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+{"uid": "id_0", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influence 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries, and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools which allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or 11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to linages of a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through home work, the growth of after school activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare, and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "In 20 th century almost all children needed to go to school in full time schedule", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_1", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influence 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries, and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools which allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or 11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to linages of a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through home work, the growth of after school activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare, and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "By the aid of half-time schools, most children went to school in the mid of 19 th century.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_2", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influence 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries, and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools which allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or 11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to linages of a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through home work, the growth of after school activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare, and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "the rise of trade union majorly contributed to the protection children from exploitation in 19 th century", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_3", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influence 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries, and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools which allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or 11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to linages of a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through home work, the growth of after school activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare, and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "Scientists think that overworked labor damages the health of young children", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_4", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influence 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries, and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools which allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or 11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to linages of a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through home work, the growth of after school activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare, and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "Aries pointed out that children did different types of work as adults during the Middle Age.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_5", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influence 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries, and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools which allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or 11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to linages of a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through home work, the growth of after school activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare, and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "During the Middle Age, going to work necessarily means children were unloved indicated by Aries.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_6", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influential 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense, children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops, and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development, and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child, has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools that allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to images of7a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior, and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through /home/ work, the growth of after school7 activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "By the aid of half-time schools, most children went to school in the mid of 19 century.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_7", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influential 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense, children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops, and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development, and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child, has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools that allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to images of7a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior, and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through /home/ work, the growth of after school7 activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "the rise of trade union majorly contributed to the protection of children from exploitation in the 19th century", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_8", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influential 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense, children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops, and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development, and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child, has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools that allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to images of7a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior, and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through /home/ work, the growth of after school7 activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "Nowadays, childrens needs were much differentiated and categorized based on how old they are", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_9", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influential 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense, children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops, and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development, and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child, has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools that allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to images of7a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior, and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through /home/ work, the growth of after school7 activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "In 20 century almost all children need to go to school in a full-time schedule.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_10", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influential 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense, children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops, and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development, and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child, has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools that allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to images of7a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior, and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through /home/ work, the growth of after school7 activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "Scientists think that overworked labor damages the health of young children", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_11", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influential 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense, children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops, and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development, and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child, has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools that allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to images of7a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior, and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through /home/ work, the growth of after school7 activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "During the Middle Age, going to work necessarily means children were unloved indicated by Aries.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_12", "premise": "The concept of childhood in the western countries The history of childhood has been a topic of interest in social history since the highly influential 1960 book Centuries of Childhood, written by French historian Philippe Aries. He argued that childhood is a concept created by modern society. One of the most hotly debated issues in the history of childhood has been whether childhood is itself a recent invention. The historian Philippe Aries argued that in Western Europe during the Middle Ages (up to about the end of the fifteenth century) children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies. He scrutinized medieval pictures and diaries and found no distinction between children and adults as they shared similar leisure activities and often the same type of work. Aries, however, pointed out that this is not to suggest that children were neglected, forsaken or despised. The idea of childhood is not to be confused with affection for children; it corresponds to an awareness of the particular nature of childhood, that particular nature which distinguishes the child from the adult, even the young adult. There is a long tradition of the children of the poor playing a functional role in contributing to the family income by working either inside or outside the home. In this sense, children are seen as useful. Back in the Middle Ages, children as young as 5 or 6 did important chores for their parents and, from the sixteenth century, were often encouraged (or forced) to leave the family by the age of 9 or 10 to work as servants for wealthier families or to be apprenticed to a trade. With industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a new demand for child labor was created, and many children were forced to work for long hours, in mines, workshops, and factories. Social reformers began to question whether laboring long hours from an early age would harm childrens growing bodies. They began to recognize the potential of carrying out systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be affecting childrens development. Gradually, the concerns of the reformers began to impact on the working conditions of children. In Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the beginning of legal protection of children from exploitation and was linked to the rise of schools for factory children. The worst forms of child exploitation were gradually eliminated, partly through factory reform but also through the influence of trade unions and economic changes during the nineteenth century which made some forms of child labor redundant. Childhood was increasingly seen as a time for play and education for all children, not just for a privileged minority. Initiating children into work as useful children became less of a priority. As the age for starting full-time work was delayed, so childhood was increasingly understood as a more extended phase of dependency, development, and learning. Even so, work continued to play a significant, if less central role in childrens lives throughout the later nineteenth and twentieth century. And the useful child, has become a controversial image during the first decade of the twenty-first century especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of the worlds children engaged in child labor. The Factory Act of 1833 established half-time schools that allowed children to work and attend school. But in the 1840s, a large proportion of children never went to school, and if they did, they left by the age of 10 or11. The situation was very different by the end of the nineteenth century in Britain. The school became central to images of7a normal childhood. Attending school was no longer a privilege and all children were expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. By going to school, childrens lives were now separated from domestic life at home and from the adult world of work. School became an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, behavior, and morals of the young. Education dominated the management of childrens waking hours, not just through the hours spent in classrooms but through /home/ work, the growth of after school7 activities and the importance attached to parental involvement. Industrialization, urbanization and mass schooling also set new challenges for those responsible for protecting childrens welfare and promoting their learning. Increasingly, children were being treated as a group with distinctive needs and they were organized into groups according to their age. For example, teachers needed to know what to expect of children in their classrooms, what kinds of instruction were appropriate for different age groups and how best to assess childrens progress. They also wanted tools that could enable them to sort and select children according to their abilities and potential.", "hypothesis": "Aries pointed out that children did different types of work as adults during the Middle Age.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_13", "premise": "The concept of intelligence Looked at in one way, everyone knows what intelligence is; looked at in another way, no one does. In other words, people all have unconscious notions - known as 'implicit theories'- of intelligence, but no one knows for certain what it actually is. This chapter addresses how people conceptualize intelligence, whatever it may actually be. But why should we even care what people think intelligence is, as opposed only to valuing whatever it actually is? There are at least four reasons people's conceptions of intelligence matter. First, implicit theories of intelligence drive the way in which people perceive and evaluate their own intelligence and that of others. To better understand the judgments people make about their own and others' abilities, it is useful to learn about people's implicit theories. For example, parents' implicit theories of their children's language development will determine at what ages they will be willing to make various corrections in their children's speech. More generally, parents' implicit theories of intelligence will determine at what ages they believe their children are ready to perform various cognitive tasks. Job interviewers will make hiring decisions on the basis of their implicit theories of intelligence. People will decide who to be friends with on the basis of such theories. In sum, knowledge about implicit theories of intelligence is important because this knowledge is so often used by people to make judgments in the course of their everyday lives. Second, the implicit theories of scientific investigators ultimately give rise to their explicit theories. Thus it is useful to find out what these implicit theories are. Implicit theories provide a framework that is useful in defining the general scope of a phenomenon - especially a not-well-understood phenomenon. These implicit theories can suggest what aspects of the phenomenon have been more or less attended to in previous investigations. Third, implicit theories can be useful when an investigator suspects that existing explicit theories are wrong or misleading. If an investigation of implicit theories reveals little correspondence between the extant implicit and explicit theories, the implicit theories may be wrong. But the possibility also needs to be taken into account that the explicit theories are wrong and in need of correction or supplementation. For example, some implicit theories of intelligence suggest the need for expansion of some of our explicit theories of the construct. Finally, understanding implicit theories of intelligence can help elucidate developmental and cross-cultural differences. As mentioned earlier, people have expectations for intellectual performances that differ for children of different ages. How these expectations differ is in part a function of culture. For example, expectations for children who participate in Western-style schooling are almost certain to be different from those for children who do not participate in such schooling. I have suggested that there are three major implicit theories of how intelligence relates to society as a whole (Sternberg, 1997). These might be called Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and Jacksonian. These views are not based strictly, but rather, loosely, on the philosophies of Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson, three great statesmen in the history of the United States. The Hamiltonian view, which is similar to the Platonic view, is that people are born with different levels of intelligence and that those who are less intelligent need the good offices of the more intelligent to keep them in line, whether they are called government officials or, in Plato's term, philosopher-kings. Herrnstein and Murray (1994) seem to have shared this belief when they wrote about the emergence of a cognitive (high-IQ) elite, which eventually would have to take responsibility for the largely irresponsible masses of non-elite (low-IQ) people who cannot take care of themselves. Left to themselves, the unintelligent would create, as they always have created, a kind of chaos. The Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal opportunities, but they do not necessarily avail themselves equally of these opportunities and are not necessarily equally rewarded for their accomplishments. People are rewarded for what they accomplish, if given equal opportunity. Low achievers are not rewarded to the same extent as high achievers. In the Jeffersonian view, the goal of education is not to favor or foster an elite, as in the Hamiltonian tradition, but rather to allow children the opportunities to make full use of the skills they have. My own views are similar to these (Sternberg, 1997). The Jacksonian view is that all people are equal, not only as human beings but in terms of their competencies - that one person would serve as well as another in government or on a jury or in almost any position of responsibility. In this view of democracy, people are essentially intersubstitutable except for specialized skills, all of which can be learned. In this view, we do not need or want any institutions that might lead to favoring one group over another. Implicit theories of intelligence and of the relationship of intelligence to society perhaps need to be considered more carefully than they have been because they often serve as underlying presuppositions for explicit theories and even experimental designs that are then taken as scientific contributions. Until scholars are able to discuss their implicit theories and thus their assumptions, they are likely to miss the point of what others are saying when discussing their explicit theories and their data.", "hypothesis": "Slow language development in children is likely to prove disappointing to their parents.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_14", "premise": "The concept of intelligence Looked at in one way, everyone knows what intelligence is; looked at in another way, no one does. In other words, people all have unconscious notions - known as 'implicit theories'- of intelligence, but no one knows for certain what it actually is. This chapter addresses how people conceptualize intelligence, whatever it may actually be. But why should we even care what people think intelligence is, as opposed only to valuing whatever it actually is? There are at least four reasons people's conceptions of intelligence matter. First, implicit theories of intelligence drive the way in which people perceive and evaluate their own intelligence and that of others. To better understand the judgments people make about their own and others' abilities, it is useful to learn about people's implicit theories. For example, parents' implicit theories of their children's language development will determine at what ages they will be willing to make various corrections in their children's speech. More generally, parents' implicit theories of intelligence will determine at what ages they believe their children are ready to perform various cognitive tasks. Job interviewers will make hiring decisions on the basis of their implicit theories of intelligence. People will decide who to be friends with on the basis of such theories. In sum, knowledge about implicit theories of intelligence is important because this knowledge is so often used by people to make judgments in the course of their everyday lives. Second, the implicit theories of scientific investigators ultimately give rise to their explicit theories. Thus it is useful to find out what these implicit theories are. Implicit theories provide a framework that is useful in defining the general scope of a phenomenon - especially a not-well-understood phenomenon. These implicit theories can suggest what aspects of the phenomenon have been more or less attended to in previous investigations. Third, implicit theories can be useful when an investigator suspects that existing explicit theories are wrong or misleading. If an investigation of implicit theories reveals little correspondence between the extant implicit and explicit theories, the implicit theories may be wrong. But the possibility also needs to be taken into account that the explicit theories are wrong and in need of correction or supplementation. For example, some implicit theories of intelligence suggest the need for expansion of some of our explicit theories of the construct. Finally, understanding implicit theories of intelligence can help elucidate developmental and cross-cultural differences. As mentioned earlier, people have expectations for intellectual performances that differ for children of different ages. How these expectations differ is in part a function of culture. For example, expectations for children who participate in Western-style schooling are almost certain to be different from those for children who do not participate in such schooling. I have suggested that there are three major implicit theories of how intelligence relates to society as a whole (Sternberg, 1997). These might be called Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and Jacksonian. These views are not based strictly, but rather, loosely, on the philosophies of Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson, three great statesmen in the history of the United States. The Hamiltonian view, which is similar to the Platonic view, is that people are born with different levels of intelligence and that those who are less intelligent need the good offices of the more intelligent to keep them in line, whether they are called government officials or, in Plato's term, philosopher-kings. Herrnstein and Murray (1994) seem to have shared this belief when they wrote about the emergence of a cognitive (high-IQ) elite, which eventually would have to take responsibility for the largely irresponsible masses of non-elite (low-IQ) people who cannot take care of themselves. Left to themselves, the unintelligent would create, as they always have created, a kind of chaos. The Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal opportunities, but they do not necessarily avail themselves equally of these opportunities and are not necessarily equally rewarded for their accomplishments. People are rewarded for what they accomplish, if given equal opportunity. Low achievers are not rewarded to the same extent as high achievers. In the Jeffersonian view, the goal of education is not to favor or foster an elite, as in the Hamiltonian tradition, but rather to allow children the opportunities to make full use of the skills they have. My own views are similar to these (Sternberg, 1997). The Jacksonian view is that all people are equal, not only as human beings but in terms of their competencies - that one person would serve as well as another in government or on a jury or in almost any position of responsibility. In this view of democracy, people are essentially intersubstitutable except for specialized skills, all of which can be learned. In this view, we do not need or want any institutions that might lead to favoring one group over another. Implicit theories of intelligence and of the relationship of intelligence to society perhaps need to be considered more carefully than they have been because they often serve as underlying presuppositions for explicit theories and even experimental designs that are then taken as scientific contributions. Until scholars are able to discuss their implicit theories and thus their assumptions, they are likely to miss the point of what others are saying when discussing their explicit theories and their data.", "hypothesis": "People's expectations of what children should gain from education are universal.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_15", "premise": "The concept of intelligence Looked at in one way, everyone knows what intelligence is; looked at in another way, no one does. In other words, people all have unconscious notions - known as 'implicit theories'- of intelligence, but no one knows for certain what it actually is. This chapter addresses how people conceptualize intelligence, whatever it may actually be. But why should we even care what people think intelligence is, as opposed only to valuing whatever it actually is? There are at least four reasons people's conceptions of intelligence matter. First, implicit theories of intelligence drive the way in which people perceive and evaluate their own intelligence and that of others. To better understand the judgments people make about their own and others' abilities, it is useful to learn about people's implicit theories. For example, parents' implicit theories of their children's language development will determine at what ages they will be willing to make various corrections in their children's speech. More generally, parents' implicit theories of intelligence will determine at what ages they believe their children are ready to perform various cognitive tasks. Job interviewers will make hiring decisions on the basis of their implicit theories of intelligence. People will decide who to be friends with on the basis of such theories. In sum, knowledge about implicit theories of intelligence is important because this knowledge is so often used by people to make judgments in the course of their everyday lives. Second, the implicit theories of scientific investigators ultimately give rise to their explicit theories. Thus it is useful to find out what these implicit theories are. Implicit theories provide a framework that is useful in defining the general scope of a phenomenon - especially a not-well-understood phenomenon. These implicit theories can suggest what aspects of the phenomenon have been more or less attended to in previous investigations. Third, implicit theories can be useful when an investigator suspects that existing explicit theories are wrong or misleading. If an investigation of implicit theories reveals little correspondence between the extant implicit and explicit theories, the implicit theories may be wrong. But the possibility also needs to be taken into account that the explicit theories are wrong and in need of correction or supplementation. For example, some implicit theories of intelligence suggest the need for expansion of some of our explicit theories of the construct. Finally, understanding implicit theories of intelligence can help elucidate developmental and cross-cultural differences. As mentioned earlier, people have expectations for intellectual performances that differ for children of different ages. How these expectations differ is in part a function of culture. For example, expectations for children who participate in Western-style schooling are almost certain to be different from those for children who do not participate in such schooling. I have suggested that there are three major implicit theories of how intelligence relates to society as a whole (Sternberg, 1997). These might be called Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and Jacksonian. These views are not based strictly, but rather, loosely, on the philosophies of Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson, three great statesmen in the history of the United States. The Hamiltonian view, which is similar to the Platonic view, is that people are born with different levels of intelligence and that those who are less intelligent need the good offices of the more intelligent to keep them in line, whether they are called government officials or, in Plato's term, philosopher-kings. Herrnstein and Murray (1994) seem to have shared this belief when they wrote about the emergence of a cognitive (high-IQ) elite, which eventually would have to take responsibility for the largely irresponsible masses of non-elite (low-IQ) people who cannot take care of themselves. Left to themselves, the unintelligent would create, as they always have created, a kind of chaos. The Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal opportunities, but they do not necessarily avail themselves equally of these opportunities and are not necessarily equally rewarded for their accomplishments. People are rewarded for what they accomplish, if given equal opportunity. Low achievers are not rewarded to the same extent as high achievers. In the Jeffersonian view, the goal of education is not to favor or foster an elite, as in the Hamiltonian tradition, but rather to allow children the opportunities to make full use of the skills they have. My own views are similar to these (Sternberg, 1997). The Jacksonian view is that all people are equal, not only as human beings but in terms of their competencies - that one person would serve as well as another in government or on a jury or in almost any position of responsibility. In this view of democracy, people are essentially intersubstitutable except for specialized skills, all of which can be learned. In this view, we do not need or want any institutions that might lead to favoring one group over another. Implicit theories of intelligence and of the relationship of intelligence to society perhaps need to be considered more carefully than they have been because they often serve as underlying presuppositions for explicit theories and even experimental designs that are then taken as scientific contributions. Until scholars are able to discuss their implicit theories and thus their assumptions, they are likely to miss the point of what others are saying when discussing their explicit theories and their data.", "hypothesis": "Scholars may discuss theories without fully understanding each other.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_16", "premise": "The construction of roads and bridges Roads Although there were highway links in Mesopotamia from as early as 3500 bc, the Romans were probably the first road-builders with fixed engineering standards. At the peak of the Roman Empire in the first century ad, Rome had road connections totalling about 85,000 kilometres. Roman roads were constructed with a deep stone surface for stability and load-bearing. They had straight alignments and therefore were often hilly. The Roman roads remained the main arteries of European transport for many centuries, and even today many roads follow the Roman routes. New roads were generally of inferior quality, and the achievements of Roman builders were largely unsurpassed until the resurgence of road-building in the eighteenth century. With horse-drawn coaches in mind, eighteenth-century engineers preferred to curve their roads to avoid hills. The road surface was regarded as merely a face to absorb wear, the load-bearing strength being obtained from a properly prepared and well-drained foundation. Immediately above this, the Scottish engineer John McAdam (1756-1836) typically laid crushed stone, to which stone dust mixed with water was added, and which was compacted to a thickness of just five centimetres, and then rolled. McAdams surface layer hot tar onto which a layer of stone chips was laid became known as tarmacadam, or tarmac. Roads of this kind were known as flexible pavements. By the early nineteenth century the start of the railway age men such as John McAdam and Thomas Telford had created a British road network totalling some 200,000 km, of which about one sixth was privately owned toll roads called turnpikes. In the first half of the nineteenth century, many roads in the US were built to the new standards, of which the National Pike from West Virginia to Illinois was perhaps the most notable. In the twentieth century, the ever-increasing use of motor vehicles threatened to break up roads built to nineteenth-century standards, so new techniques had to be developed. On routes with heavy traffic, flexible pavements were replaced by rigid pavements, in which the top layer was concrete, 15 to 30 centimetres thick, laid on a prepared bed. Nowadays steel bars are laid within the concrete. This not only restrains shrinkage during setting, but also reduces expansion in warm weather. As a result, it is, possible to lay long slabs without danger of cracking. The demands of heavy traffic led to the concept of high-speed, long-distance roads, with access or slip-lanes spaced widely apart. The US Bronx River Parkway of 1925 was followed by several variants Germanys autobahns and the Pan American Highway. Such roads especially the intercity autobahns with their separate multi-lane carriageways for each direction were the predecessors of todays motorways. Bridges The development by the Romans of the arched bridge marked the beginning of scientific bridge-building; hitherto, bridges had generally been crossings in the form of felled trees or flat stone blocks. Absorbing the load by compression, arched bridges are very strong. Most were built of stone, but brick and timber were also used. A fine early example is at Alcantara in Spain, built of granite by the Romans in AD 105 to span the River Tagus. In modern times, metal and concrete arched bridges have been constructed. The first significant metal bridge, built of cast iron in 1779, still stands at Ironbridge in England. Steel, with its superior strength-to-weight ratio, soon replaced iron in metal bridge-work. In the railway age, the truss (or girder) bridge became popular. Built of wood or metal, the truss beam consists of upper and lower horizontal booms joined by vertical or inclined members. The suspension bridge has a deck supported by suspenders that drop from one or more overhead cables. It requires strong anchorage at each end to resist the inward tension of the cables, and the deck is strengthened to control distortion by moving loads or high winds. Such bridges are nevertheless light, and therefore the most suitable for very long spans. The Clifton Suspension Bridge in the UK, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunei (180659) to span the Avon Gorge in England, is famous both for its beautiful setting and for its elegant design. The 1998 Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan has a span of 1,991 metres, which is the longest to date. Cantilever bridges, such as the 1889 Forth Rail Bridge in Scotland, exploit the potential of steel construction to produce a wide clearwater space. The spans have a central supporting pier and meet midstream. The downward thrust, where the spans meet, is countered by firm anchorage of the spans at their other ends. Although the suspension bridge can span a wider gap, the cantilever is relatively stable, and this was important for nineteenth-century railway builders. The worlds longest cantilever span 549 metres is that of the Quebec rail bridge in Canada, constructed in 1918.", "hypothesis": "In Britain, during the nineteenth century, only the very rich could afford to use toll roads.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_17", "premise": "The construction of roads and bridges Roads Although there were highway links in Mesopotamia from as early as 3500 bc, the Romans were probably the first road-builders with fixed engineering standards. At the peak of the Roman Empire in the first century ad, Rome had road connections totalling about 85,000 kilometres. Roman roads were constructed with a deep stone surface for stability and load-bearing. They had straight alignments and therefore were often hilly. The Roman roads remained the main arteries of European transport for many centuries, and even today many roads follow the Roman routes. New roads were generally of inferior quality, and the achievements of Roman builders were largely unsurpassed until the resurgence of road-building in the eighteenth century. With horse-drawn coaches in mind, eighteenth-century engineers preferred to curve their roads to avoid hills. The road surface was regarded as merely a face to absorb wear, the load-bearing strength being obtained from a properly prepared and well-drained foundation. Immediately above this, the Scottish engineer John McAdam (1756-1836) typically laid crushed stone, to which stone dust mixed with water was added, and which was compacted to a thickness of just five centimetres, and then rolled. McAdams surface layer hot tar onto which a layer of stone chips was laid became known as tarmacadam, or tarmac. Roads of this kind were known as flexible pavements. By the early nineteenth century the start of the railway age men such as John McAdam and Thomas Telford had created a British road network totalling some 200,000 km, of which about one sixth was privately owned toll roads called turnpikes. In the first half of the nineteenth century, many roads in the US were built to the new standards, of which the National Pike from West Virginia to Illinois was perhaps the most notable. In the twentieth century, the ever-increasing use of motor vehicles threatened to break up roads built to nineteenth-century standards, so new techniques had to be developed. On routes with heavy traffic, flexible pavements were replaced by rigid pavements, in which the top layer was concrete, 15 to 30 centimetres thick, laid on a prepared bed. Nowadays steel bars are laid within the concrete. This not only restrains shrinkage during setting, but also reduces expansion in warm weather. As a result, it is, possible to lay long slabs without danger of cracking. The demands of heavy traffic led to the concept of high-speed, long-distance roads, with access or slip-lanes spaced widely apart. The US Bronx River Parkway of 1925 was followed by several variants Germanys autobahns and the Pan American Highway. Such roads especially the intercity autobahns with their separate multi-lane carriageways for each direction were the predecessors of todays motorways. Bridges The development by the Romans of the arched bridge marked the beginning of scientific bridge-building; hitherto, bridges had generally been crossings in the form of felled trees or flat stone blocks. Absorbing the load by compression, arched bridges are very strong. Most were built of stone, but brick and timber were also used. A fine early example is at Alcantara in Spain, built of granite by the Romans in AD 105 to span the River Tagus. In modern times, metal and concrete arched bridges have been constructed. The first significant metal bridge, built of cast iron in 1779, still stands at Ironbridge in England. Steel, with its superior strength-to-weight ratio, soon replaced iron in metal bridge-work. In the railway age, the truss (or girder) bridge became popular. Built of wood or metal, the truss beam consists of upper and lower horizontal booms joined by vertical or inclined members. The suspension bridge has a deck supported by suspenders that drop from one or more overhead cables. It requires strong anchorage at each end to resist the inward tension of the cables, and the deck is strengthened to control distortion by moving loads or high winds. Such bridges are nevertheless light, and therefore the most suitable for very long spans. The Clifton Suspension Bridge in the UK, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunei (180659) to span the Avon Gorge in England, is famous both for its beautiful setting and for its elegant design. The 1998 Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan has a span of 1,991 metres, which is the longest to date. Cantilever bridges, such as the 1889 Forth Rail Bridge in Scotland, exploit the potential of steel construction to produce a wide clearwater space. The spans have a central supporting pier and meet midstream. The downward thrust, where the spans meet, is countered by firm anchorage of the spans at their other ends. Although the suspension bridge can span a wider gap, the cantilever is relatively stable, and this was important for nineteenth-century railway builders. The worlds longest cantilever span 549 metres is that of the Quebec rail bridge in Canada, constructed in 1918.", "hypothesis": "Road construction improved continuously between the first and eighteenth centuries.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_18", "premise": "The construction of roads and bridges Roads Although there were highway links in Mesopotamia from as early as 3500 bc, the Romans were probably the first road-builders with fixed engineering standards. At the peak of the Roman Empire in the first century ad, Rome had road connections totalling about 85,000 kilometres. Roman roads were constructed with a deep stone surface for stability and load-bearing. They had straight alignments and therefore were often hilly. The Roman roads remained the main arteries of European transport for many centuries, and even today many roads follow the Roman routes. New roads were generally of inferior quality, and the achievements of Roman builders were largely unsurpassed until the resurgence of road-building in the eighteenth century. With horse-drawn coaches in mind, eighteenth-century engineers preferred to curve their roads to avoid hills. The road surface was regarded as merely a face to absorb wear, the load-bearing strength being obtained from a properly prepared and well-drained foundation. Immediately above this, the Scottish engineer John McAdam (1756-1836) typically laid crushed stone, to which stone dust mixed with water was added, and which was compacted to a thickness of just five centimetres, and then rolled. McAdams surface layer hot tar onto which a layer of stone chips was laid became known as tarmacadam, or tarmac. Roads of this kind were known as flexible pavements. By the early nineteenth century the start of the railway age men such as John McAdam and Thomas Telford had created a British road network totalling some 200,000 km, of which about one sixth was privately owned toll roads called turnpikes. In the first half of the nineteenth century, many roads in the US were built to the new standards, of which the National Pike from West Virginia to Illinois was perhaps the most notable. In the twentieth century, the ever-increasing use of motor vehicles threatened to break up roads built to nineteenth-century standards, so new techniques had to be developed. On routes with heavy traffic, flexible pavements were replaced by rigid pavements, in which the top layer was concrete, 15 to 30 centimetres thick, laid on a prepared bed. Nowadays steel bars are laid within the concrete. This not only restrains shrinkage during setting, but also reduces expansion in warm weather. As a result, it is, possible to lay long slabs without danger of cracking. The demands of heavy traffic led to the concept of high-speed, long-distance roads, with access or slip-lanes spaced widely apart. The US Bronx River Parkway of 1925 was followed by several variants Germanys autobahns and the Pan American Highway. Such roads especially the intercity autobahns with their separate multi-lane carriageways for each direction were the predecessors of todays motorways. Bridges The development by the Romans of the arched bridge marked the beginning of scientific bridge-building; hitherto, bridges had generally been crossings in the form of felled trees or flat stone blocks. Absorbing the load by compression, arched bridges are very strong. Most were built of stone, but brick and timber were also used. A fine early example is at Alcantara in Spain, built of granite by the Romans in AD 105 to span the River Tagus. In modern times, metal and concrete arched bridges have been constructed. The first significant metal bridge, built of cast iron in 1779, still stands at Ironbridge in England. Steel, with its superior strength-to-weight ratio, soon replaced iron in metal bridge-work. In the railway age, the truss (or girder) bridge became popular. Built of wood or metal, the truss beam consists of upper and lower horizontal booms joined by vertical or inclined members. The suspension bridge has a deck supported by suspenders that drop from one or more overhead cables. It requires strong anchorage at each end to resist the inward tension of the cables, and the deck is strengthened to control distortion by moving loads or high winds. Such bridges are nevertheless light, and therefore the most suitable for very long spans. The Clifton Suspension Bridge in the UK, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunei (180659) to span the Avon Gorge in England, is famous both for its beautiful setting and for its elegant design. The 1998 Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan has a span of 1,991 metres, which is the longest to date. Cantilever bridges, such as the 1889 Forth Rail Bridge in Scotland, exploit the potential of steel construction to produce a wide clearwater space. The spans have a central supporting pier and meet midstream. The downward thrust, where the spans meet, is countered by firm anchorage of the spans at their other ends. Although the suspension bridge can span a wider gap, the cantilever is relatively stable, and this was important for nineteenth-century railway builders. The worlds longest cantilever span 549 metres is that of the Quebec rail bridge in Canada, constructed in 1918.", "hypothesis": "Traffic speeds on long-distance highways were unregulated in the early part of the twentieth century.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_19", "premise": "The construction of roads and bridges Roads Although there were highway links in Mesopotamia from as early as 3500 bc, the Romans were probably the first road-builders with fixed engineering standards. At the peak of the Roman Empire in the first century ad, Rome had road connections totalling about 85,000 kilometres. Roman roads were constructed with a deep stone surface for stability and load-bearing. They had straight alignments and therefore were often hilly. The Roman roads remained the main arteries of European transport for many centuries, and even today many roads follow the Roman routes. New roads were generally of inferior quality, and the achievements of Roman builders were largely unsurpassed until the resurgence of road-building in the eighteenth century. With horse-drawn coaches in mind, eighteenth-century engineers preferred to curve their roads to avoid hills. The road surface was regarded as merely a face to absorb wear, the load-bearing strength being obtained from a properly prepared and well-drained foundation. Immediately above this, the Scottish engineer John McAdam (1756-1836) typically laid crushed stone, to which stone dust mixed with water was added, and which was compacted to a thickness of just five centimetres, and then rolled. McAdams surface layer hot tar onto which a layer of stone chips was laid became known as tarmacadam, or tarmac. Roads of this kind were known as flexible pavements. By the early nineteenth century the start of the railway age men such as John McAdam and Thomas Telford had created a British road network totalling some 200,000 km, of which about one sixth was privately owned toll roads called turnpikes. In the first half of the nineteenth century, many roads in the US were built to the new standards, of which the National Pike from West Virginia to Illinois was perhaps the most notable. In the twentieth century, the ever-increasing use of motor vehicles threatened to break up roads built to nineteenth-century standards, so new techniques had to be developed. On routes with heavy traffic, flexible pavements were replaced by rigid pavements, in which the top layer was concrete, 15 to 30 centimetres thick, laid on a prepared bed. Nowadays steel bars are laid within the concrete. This not only restrains shrinkage during setting, but also reduces expansion in warm weather. As a result, it is, possible to lay long slabs without danger of cracking. The demands of heavy traffic led to the concept of high-speed, long-distance roads, with access or slip-lanes spaced widely apart. The US Bronx River Parkway of 1925 was followed by several variants Germanys autobahns and the Pan American Highway. Such roads especially the intercity autobahns with their separate multi-lane carriageways for each direction were the predecessors of todays motorways. Bridges The development by the Romans of the arched bridge marked the beginning of scientific bridge-building; hitherto, bridges had generally been crossings in the form of felled trees or flat stone blocks. Absorbing the load by compression, arched bridges are very strong. Most were built of stone, but brick and timber were also used. A fine early example is at Alcantara in Spain, built of granite by the Romans in AD 105 to span the River Tagus. In modern times, metal and concrete arched bridges have been constructed. The first significant metal bridge, built of cast iron in 1779, still stands at Ironbridge in England. Steel, with its superior strength-to-weight ratio, soon replaced iron in metal bridge-work. In the railway age, the truss (or girder) bridge became popular. Built of wood or metal, the truss beam consists of upper and lower horizontal booms joined by vertical or inclined members. The suspension bridge has a deck supported by suspenders that drop from one or more overhead cables. It requires strong anchorage at each end to resist the inward tension of the cables, and the deck is strengthened to control distortion by moving loads or high winds. Such bridges are nevertheless light, and therefore the most suitable for very long spans. The Clifton Suspension Bridge in the UK, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunei (180659) to span the Avon Gorge in England, is famous both for its beautiful setting and for its elegant design. The 1998 Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan has a span of 1,991 metres, which is the longest to date. Cantilever bridges, such as the 1889 Forth Rail Bridge in Scotland, exploit the potential of steel construction to produce a wide clearwater space. The spans have a central supporting pier and meet midstream. The downward thrust, where the spans meet, is countered by firm anchorage of the spans at their other ends. Although the suspension bridge can span a wider gap, the cantilever is relatively stable, and this was important for nineteenth-century railway builders. The worlds longest cantilever span 549 metres is that of the Quebec rail bridge in Canada, constructed in 1918.", "hypothesis": "Nineteenth-century road surfaces were inadequate for heavy motor traffic.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_20", "premise": "The controversial new code on corporate governance has been reassessed and significantly changed in advance of publication. Following intense pressure from company directors many of the original proposals have been scrapped, and many others have been watered down to reduce the pressure of compliance on organizations. Overall, the revisions have resulted in the removal of rules that restrict company behaviors in favor of the introduction of a recommendations-based approach, which does not set specific standards of behavior. The changes have highlighted the divide between company directors, who generally support the changes as vital to keep away from a culture of rule avoidance, and other shareholder groups who believe that a best practice approach lacks teeth and will not result in greater board accountability.", "hypothesis": "A culture of rule avoidance leads to less board accountability.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_21", "premise": "The controversial new code on corporate governance has been reassessed and significantly changed in advance of publication. Following intense pressure from company directors many of the original proposals have been scrapped, and many others have been watered down to reduce the pressure of compliance on organizations. Overall, the revisions have resulted in the removal of rules that restrict company behaviors in favor of the introduction of a recommendations-based approach, which does not set specific standards of behavior. The changes have highlighted the divide between company directors, who generally support the changes as vital to keep away from a culture of rule avoidance, and other shareholder groups who believe that a best practice approach lacks teeth and will not result in greater board accountability.", "hypothesis": "Company directors and shareholders are in agreement that something has to be done to improve processes of corporate governance.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_22", "premise": "The controversial new code on corporate governance has been reassessed and significantly changed in advance of publication. Following intense pressure from company directors many of the original proposals have been scrapped, and many others have been watered down to reduce the pressure of compliance on organizations. Overall, the revisions have resulted in the removal of rules that restrict company behaviors in favor of the introduction of a recommendations-based approach, which does not set specific standards of behavior. The changes have highlighted the divide between company directors, who generally support the changes as vital to keep away from a culture of rule avoidance, and other shareholder groups who believe that a best practice approach lacks teeth and will not result in greater board accountability.", "hypothesis": "Following the revision, the code is now much more prescriptive in its approach to corporate governance.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_23", "premise": "The controversial new code on corporate governance has been reassessed and significantly changed in advance of publication. Following intense pressure from company directors many of the original proposals have been scrapped, and many others have been watered down to reduce the pressure of compliance on organizations. Overall, the revisions have resulted in the removal of rules that restrict company behaviors in favor of the introduction of a recommendations; based approach, which does not set specific standards of behavior. The changes have highlighted the divide between company directors, who generally support the changes as vital to keep away from a culture of rule avoidance, and other shareholder groups who believe that a best practice approach lacks teeth and will not result in greater board accountability.", "hypothesis": "Company directors and shareholders are in agreement that something has to be done to improve processes of corporate governance.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_24", "premise": "The controversial new code on corporate governance has been reassessed and significantly changed in advance of publication. Following intense pressure from company directors many of the original proposals have been scrapped, and many others have been watered down to reduce the pressure of compliance on organizations. Overall, the revisions have resulted in the removal of rules that restrict company behaviors in favor of the introduction of a recommendations; based approach, which does not set specific standards of behavior. The changes have highlighted the divide between company directors, who generally support the changes as vital to keep away from a culture of rule avoidance, and other shareholder groups who believe that a best practice approach lacks teeth and will not result in greater board accountability.", "hypothesis": "Following the revision, the code is now much more prescriptive in its approach to corporate governance.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_25", "premise": "The controversial new code on corporate governance has been reassessed and significantly changed in advance of publication. Following intense pressure from company directors many of the original proposals have been scrapped, and many others have been watered down to reduce the pressure of compliance on organizations. Overall, the revisions have resulted in the removal of rules that restrict company behaviors in favor of the introduction of a recommendations; based approach, which does not set specific standards of behavior. The changes have highlighted the divide between company directors, who generally support the changes as vital to keep away from a culture of rule avoidance, and other shareholder groups who believe that a best practice approach lacks teeth and will not result in greater board accountability.", "hypothesis": "A culture of rule avoidance leads to less board accountability.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_26", "premise": "The corporate mission statement needs detailed consideration by top management to establish the business the company is really in and to relate this consideration to future business intentions. It is a general statement that provides an integrating function for the business, from which a clear sense of business definition and direction can be achieved. By formulating a clear business statement, boundaries for the corporate entity can be conceived in the context of wider environmental trends that influence the business. This stage is often overlooked in marketing planning, and yet without it the marketing plan will lack a sense of contribution to the development of the total business.", "hypothesis": "Different functions within a business are likely to interpret the mission statement in different ways.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_27", "premise": "The corporate mission statement needs detailed consideration by top management to establish the business the company is really in and to relate this consideration to future business intentions. It is a general statement that provides an integrating function for the business, from which a clear sense of business definition and direction can be achieved. By formulating a clear business statement, boundaries for the corporate entity can be conceived in the context of wider environmental trends that influence the business. This stage is often overlooked in marketing planning, and yet without it the marketing plan will lack a sense of contribution to the development of the total business.", "hypothesis": "The boundaries of a corporate entity can only be assessed in the context of wider environment trends.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_28", "premise": "The corporate mission statement needs detailed consideration by top management to establish the business the company is really in and to relate this consideration to future business intentions. It is a general statement that provides an integrating function for the business, from which a clear sense of business definition and direction can be achieved. By formulating a clear business statement, boundaries for the corporate entity can be conceived in the context of wider environmental trends that influence the business. This stage is often overlooked in marketing planning, and yet without it the marketing plan will lack a sense of contribution to the development of the total business.", "hypothesis": "Marketing planning does not often take account of the corporate mission statement.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_29", "premise": "The corporate mission statement needs detailed consideration by top management to establish the business the company is really in and to relate this consideration to future business intentions. It is a general statement that provides an integrating function for the business, from which a clear sense of business definition and direction can be achieved. By formulating a clear business statement, boundaries for the corporate entity can be conceived in the context of wider environmental trends that influence the business. This stage is often overlooked in marketing planning, and yet without it the marketing plan will lack a sense of contribution to the development of the total business.", "hypothesis": "A corporate mission statement enables top management to define the future direction of a business.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_30", "premise": "The corporate mission statement needs detailed consideration by top management to establish the business the company is really in and to relate this consideration to future business intentions. It is a general statement that provides an integrating function for the business, from which a clear sense of business definition and direction can be achieved. By formulating a clear business statement, boundaries for the corporate entity can be conceived in the context of wider environmental trends that influence the business. This stage is often overlooked in marketing planning, and yet without it the marketing plan will lack a sense of contribution to the development of the total business.", "hypothesis": "A corporate mission statement enables top management to define the future direction of a business.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_31", "premise": "The corporate mission statement needs detailed consideration by top management to establish the business the company is really in and to relate this consideration to future business intentions. It is a general statement that provides an integrating function for the business, from which a clear sense of business definition and direction can be achieved. By formulating a clear business statement, boundaries for the corporate entity can be conceived in the context of wider environmental trends that influence the business. This stage is often overlooked in marketing planning, and yet without it the marketing plan will lack a sense of contribution to the development of the total business.", "hypothesis": "The boundaries of a corporate entity can only be assessed in the context of wider environment trends.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_32", "premise": "The corporate mission statement needs detailed consideration by top management to establish the business the company is really in and to relate this consideration to future business intentions. It is a general statement that provides an integrating function for the business, from which a clear sense of business definition and direction can be achieved. By formulating a clear business statement, boundaries for the corporate entity can be conceived in the context of wider environmental trends that influence the business. This stage is often overlooked in marketing planning, and yet without it the marketing plan will lack a sense of contribution to the development of the total business.", "hypothesis": "Different functions within a business are likely to interpret the mission statement in different ways.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_33", "premise": "The corporate mission statement needs detailed consideration by top management to establish the business the company is really in and to relate this consideration to future business intentions. It is a general statement that provides an integrating function for the business, from which a clear sense of business definition and direction can be achieved. By formulating a clear business statement, boundaries for the corporate entity can be conceived in the context of wider environmental trends that influence the business. This stage is often overlooked in marketing planning, and yet without it the marketing plan will lack a sense of contribution to the development of the total business.", "hypothesis": "Marketing planning does not often take account of the corporate mission statement.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_34", "premise": "The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is the afterglow from the Big Bang, and weak as it may be today, these primeval microwaves hold valuable information about fundamental properties of the early universe. Slight differences, or anisotropies, in the brightness and polarization of the CMB reveal clues about the nature of the primeval plasma: that the discrepancies exist at all shows that the plasma was not perfectly uniform. The variations in the brightness seen in the CMB reflect differences in the density of the primordial plasma, whereas the anisotropic polarization reveals information about the dynamics of the early universe, such as the movement of material and the number of gravitational waves. The CMB, however, is not the only source of polarized microwaves and the cosmological polarization must thus be measured at different wavelengths so as to isolate them from foreground signals.", "hypothesis": "Through studying the cosmological microwaves, one may learn about the forces of gravity in the early universe.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_35", "premise": "The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is the afterglow from the Big Bang, and weak as it may be today, these primeval microwaves hold valuable information about fundamental properties of the early universe. Slight differences, or anisotropies, in the brightness and polarization of the CMB reveal clues about the nature of the primeval plasma: that the discrepancies exist at all shows that the plasma was not perfectly uniform. The variations in the brightness seen in the CMB reflect differences in the density of the primordial plasma, whereas the anisotropic polarization reveals information about the dynamics of the early universe, such as the movement of material and the number of gravitational waves. The CMB, however, is not the only source of polarized microwaves and the cosmological polarization must thus be measured at different wavelengths so as to isolate them from foreground signals.", "hypothesis": "The wave lengths of the foreground signals are disregarded once they have been distinguished from the CMB.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_36", "premise": "The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is the afterglow from the Big Bang, and weak as it may be today, these primeval microwaves hold valuable information about fundamental properties of the early universe. Slight differences, or anisotropies, in the brightness and polarization of the CMB reveal clues about the nature of the primeval plasma: that the discrepancies exist at all shows that the plasma was not perfectly uniform. The variations in the brightness seen in the CMB reflect differences in the density of the primordial plasma, whereas the anisotropic polarization reveals information about the dynamics of the early universe, such as the movement of material and the number of gravitational waves. The CMB, however, is not the only source of polarized microwaves and the cosmological polarization must thus be measured at different wavelengths so as to isolate them from foreground signals.", "hypothesis": "The anisotropies of the CMB show solely that the primordial plasma was not uniform.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_37", "premise": "The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is the afterglow from the Big Bang, and weak as it may be today, these primeval microwaves hold valuable information about fundamental properties of the early universe. Slight differences, or anisotropies, in the brightness and polarization of the CMB reveal clues about the nature of the primeval plasma: that the discrepancies exist at all shows that the plasma was not perfectly uniform. The variations in the brightness seen in the CMB reflect differences in the density of the primordial plasma, whereas the anisotropic polarization reveals information about the dynamics of the early universe, such as the movement of material and the number of gravitational waves. The CMB, however, is not the only source of polarized microwaves and the cosmological polarization must thus be measured at different wavelengths so as to isolate them from foreground signals.", "hypothesis": "The polarization of cosmic microwaves is measured at different wavelength so as to separate the foreground from the background signals.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_38", "premise": "The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation is the afterglow from the Big Bang, and weak as it may be today, these primeval microwaves hold valuable information about fundamental properties of the early universe. Slight differences, or anisotropies, in the brightness and polarization of the CMB reveal clues about the nature of the primeval plasma: that the discrepancies exist at all shows that the plasma was not perfectly uniform. The variations in the brightness seen in the CMB reflect differences in the density of the primordial plasma, whereas the anisotropic polarization reveals information about the dynamics of the early universe, such as the movement of material and the number of gravitational waves. The CMB, however, is not the only source of polarized microwaves and the cosmological polarization must thus be measured at different wavelengths so as to isolate them from foreground signals.", "hypothesis": "Through studying the cosmological microwaves, one may learn about the forces of gravity in the early universe.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_39", "premise": "The cost of stamp duty for the average house purchase has more than doubled since 1997. In some towns the bills have risen by more than 10,000. Four successive rises in the tax on house purchases and the introduction of incremental bands, with the highest a 4% band for homes valued over 500,000, have sharply increased the amount raised by the Treasury. A spokesperson for the Treasury said that stamp duty remains a very small proportion of overall housing costs and property transaction costs are far lower in the UK than the rest of the EU and United States.", "hypothesis": "In some towns the cost of stamp duty on a house purchased in 1997 was less than 5,000.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_40", "premise": "The cost of stamp duty for the average house purchase has more than doubled since 1997. In some towns the bills have risen by more than 10,000. Four successive rises in the tax on house purchases and the introduction of incremental bands, with the highest a 4% band for homes valued over 500,000, have sharply increased the amount raised by the Treasury. A spokesperson for the Treasury said that stamp duty remains a very small proportion of overall housing costs and property transaction costs are far lower in the UK than the rest of the EU and United States.", "hypothesis": "A house sold for half a million pounds incurs a 20,000 stamp duty bill.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_41", "premise": "The cost of stamp duty for the average house purchase has more than doubled since 1997. In some towns the bills have risen by more than 10,000. Four successive rises in the tax on house purchases and the introduction of incremental bands, with the highest a 4% band for homes valued over 500,000, have sharply increased the amount raised by the Treasury. A spokesperson for the Treasury said that stamp duty remains a very small proportion of overall housing costs and property transaction costs are far lower in the UK than the rest of the EU and United States.", "hypothesis": "Taxation on property transactions in the UK has been increased four times.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_42", "premise": "The cost of using electrical items, such as tumble dryers, can be one of the greatest household expenses. For this reason, companies offering to reduce the amount of money spent yearly on such items are of increasing popularity. An example of this is provided by the website sus-it. net, which promises to save consumers up to 690 a year by following its simple tips. These tips range from changing your appliances to energy-saving options, to insulating and building advice. Such sites often provide a comparison of the usual running cost or products, allowing consumers to compare models and assess their expected savings. For example, according to the information provided by sus-it. net, a Panasonic NA washing machine can save an average of 32.80 a year compared to other models.", "hypothesis": "It is impossible to save money by changing the model of appliance.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_43", "premise": "The cost of using electrical items, such as tumble dryers, can be one of the greatest household expenses. For this reason, companies offering to reduce the amount of money spent yearly on such items are of increasing popularity. An example of this is provided by the website sus-it. net, which promises to save consumers up to 690 a year by following its simple tips. These tips range from changing your appliances to energy-saving options, to insulating and building advice. Such sites often provide a comparison of the usual running cost or products, allowing consumers to compare models and assess their expected savings. For example, according to the information provided by sus-it. net, a Panasonic NA washing machine can save an average of 32.80 a year compared to other models.", "hypothesis": "Old-fashioned methods like washing lines and brooms save money", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_44", "premise": "The cost of using electrical items, such as tumble dryers, can be one of the greatest household expenses. For this reason, companies offering to reduce the amount of money spent yearly on such items are of increasing popularity. An example of this is provided by the website sus-it. net, which promises to save consumers up to 690 a year by following its simple tips. These tips range from changing your appliances to energy-saving options, to insulating and building advice. Such sites often provide a comparison of the usual running cost or products, allowing consumers to compare models and assess their expected savings. For example, according to the information provided by sus-it. net, a Panasonic NA washing machine can save an average of 32.80 a year compared to other models.", "hypothesis": "A way to save money is to avoid using energy saving appliances.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_45", "premise": "The cost of using electrical items, such as tumble dryers, can be one of the greatest household expenses. For this reason, companies offering to reduce the amount of money spent yearly on such items are of increasing popularity. An example of this is provided by the website sus-it. net, which promises to save consumers up to 690 a year by following its simple tips. These tips range from changing your appliances to energy-saving options, to insulating and building advice. Such sites often provide a comparison of the usual running cost or products, allowing consumers to compare models and assess their expected savings. For example, according to the information provided by sus-it. net, a Panasonic NA washing machine can save an average of 32.80 a year compared to other models.", "hypothesis": "Brands claiming to amount spent on electric items are increasingly popular.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_46", "premise": "The costs of roaming - the service which allows UK customers to use their mobile phone abroad - are much higher than those in France, Germany, Sweden and Italy. Many people get caught out because they are unaware of the high prices, and that they get charged for simply receiving calls while abroad. Less than a quarter of consumers had any knowledge of the price of using a mobile phone abroad when they bought their phone. Better consumer information is vital if prices for pre-pay international roaming in the UK are to come down.", "hypothesis": "Pay-as-you-go roaming rates are lower than they are for contract customers.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_47", "premise": "The costs of roaming - the service which allows UK customers to use their mobile phone abroad - are much higher than those in France, Germany, Sweden and Italy. Many people get caught out because they are unaware of the high prices, and that they get charged for simply receiving calls while abroad. Less than a quarter of consumers had any knowledge of the price of using a mobile phone abroad when they bought their phone. Better consumer information is vital if prices for pre-pay international roaming in the UK are to come down.", "hypothesis": "Customers can be charged for calls which they do not make themselves.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_48", "premise": "The costs of roaming - the service which allows UK customers to use their mobile phone abroad - are much higher than those in France, Germany, Sweden and Italy. Many people get caught out because they are unaware of the high prices, and that they get charged for simply receiving calls while abroad. Less than a quarter of consumers had any knowledge of the price of using a mobile phone abroad when they bought their phone. Better consumer information is vital if prices for pre-pay international roaming in the UK are to come down.", "hypothesis": "It is more expensive for German customers to use a roaming service than it is for UK customers.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_49", "premise": "The costs of roaming - the service which allows UK customers to use their mobile phone abroad - are much higher than those in France, Germany, Sweden and Italy. Many people get caught out because they are unaware of the high prices, and that they get charged for simply receiving calls whilst abroad. Less than a quarter of consumers had any knowledge of the price of using a mobile phone aboard when they bought their phone. Better consumer information is vital if prices for pre-pay international roaming in the UK are to come down.", "hypothesis": "It is more expensive for German customers to use a roaming service than it is for UK customers.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_50", "premise": "The costs of roaming - the service which allows UK customers to use their mobile phone abroad - are much higher than those in France, Germany, Sweden and Italy. Many people get caught out because they are unaware of the high prices, and that they get charged for simply receiving calls whilst abroad. Less than a quarter of consumers had any knowledge of the price of using a mobile phone aboard when they bought their phone. Better consumer information is vital if prices for pre-pay international roaming in the UK are to come down.", "hypothesis": "Pay-as-you-go roaming rates are lower than they are for contract customers.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_51", "premise": "The costs of roaming - the service which allows UK customers to use their mobile phone abroad - are much higher than those in France, Germany, Sweden and Italy. Many people get caught out because they are unaware of the high prices, and that they get charged for simply receiving calls whilst abroad. Less than a quarter of consumers had any knowledge of the price of using a mobile phone aboard when they bought their phone. Better consumer information is vital if prices for pre-pay international roaming in the UK are to come down.", "hypothesis": "Customers can be charged for calls which they do not make themselves.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_52", "premise": "The creation of lasting memories Many studies of the brain processes underlying the creation of memory consolidation (lasting memories) have involved giving various human and animal subjects treatment, while training them to perform a task. These have contributed greatly to our understanding. In pioneering studies using goldfish, Bernard Agranoff found that protein synthesis inhibitors injected after training caused the goldfish to forget what they had learned. In other experiments, he administered protein synthesis inhibitors immediately before the fish were trained. The remarkable finding was that the fish learned the task completely normally, but forgot it within a few hours that is, the protein synthesis inhibitors blocked memory consolidation, but did not influence short-term memory. There is now extensive evidence that short-term memory is spared by many kinds of treatments, including electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), that block memory consolidation. On the other hand, and equally importantly, neuroscientist Ivan Izquierdo found that many drug treatments can block short-term memory without blocking memory consolidation. Contrary to the hypothesis put forward by Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb, in 1949, long-term memory does not require short-term memory, and vice versa. Such findings suggest that our experiences create parallel, and possibly independent stages of memory, each with a different life span. All of this evidence from clinical and experimental studies strongly indicates that the brain handles recent and remote memory in different ways; but why does it do that? We obviously need to have memory that is created rapidly: reacting to an ever and rapidly changing environment requires that. For example, most current building codes require that the heights of all steps in a staircase be equal. After taking a couple of steps, up or down, we implicitly remember the heights of the steps and assume that the others will be the same. If they are not the same, we are very likely to trip and fall. Lack of this kind of rapidly created implicit memory would be bad for us and for insurance companies, but perhaps good for lawyers. It would be of little value to us if we remembered the heights of the steps only after a delay of many hours, when the memory becomes consolidated. The hypothesis that lasting memory consolidates slowly over time is supported primarily by clinical and experimental evidence that the formation of long-term memory is influenced by treatments and disorders affecting brain functioning. There are also other kinds of evidence indicating more directly that the memories consolidate over time after learning. Avi Kami and Dov Sagi reported that the performance of human subjects trained in a visual skill did not improve until eight hours after the training was completed, and that improvement was even greater the following day. Furthermore, the skill was retained for several years. Studies using human brain imaging to study changes in neural activity induced by learning have also reported that the changes continue to develop for hours after learning. In an innovative study using functional imaging of the brain, Reza Shadmehr and Henry Holcomb examined brain activity in several brain regions shortly after human subjects were trained in a motor learning task requiring arm and hand movements. They found that while the performance of the subjects remained stable for several hours after completion of the training, their brain activity did not; different regions of the brain were predominantly active at different times over a period of several hours after the training. The activity shifted from the prefrontal cortex to two areas known to be involved in controlling movements, the motor cortex and cerebellar cortex. Consolidation of the motor skill appeared to involve activation of different neural systems that increased the stability of the brain processes underlying the skill. There is also evidence that learning-induced changes in the activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex continue to increase for many days after the training. In an extensive series of studies using rats with electrodes implanted in the auditory cortex, Norman Weinberger reported that, after a tone of specific frequency was paired a few times with footshock, neurons in the rats auditory cortex responded more to that specific tone and less to other tones of other frequencies. Even more interestingly, the selectivity of the neurons response to the specific tone used in training continued to increase for several days after the training was terminated. It is not intuitively obvious why our lasting memories consolidate slowly. Certainly, one can wonder why we have a form of memory that we have to rely on for many hours, days or a lifetime, that is so susceptible to disruption shortly after it is initiated. Perhaps the brain system that consolidates long-term memory over time was a late development in vertebrate evolution. Moreover, maybe we consolidate memories slowly because our mammalian brains are large and enormously complex. We can readily reject these ideas. All species of animals studied to date have both short and long-term memory; and all are susceptible to retrograde amnesia. Like humans, birds, bees, and molluscs, as well as fish and rats, make long-term memory slowly. Consolidation of memory clearly emerged early in evolution, and was conserved. Although there seems to be no compelling reason to conclude that a biological system such as a brain could not quickly make a lasting memory, the fact is that animal brains do not. Thus, memory consolidation must serve some very important adaptive function or functions. There is considerable evidence suggesting that the slow consolidation is adaptive because it enables neurobiological processes occurring shortly after learning to influence the strength of memory for experiences. The extensive evidence that memory can be enhanced, as well as impaired, by treatments administered shortly after training, provides intriguing support for this hypothesis.", "hypothesis": "Long-term memories in humans are more stable than in many other species.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_53", "premise": "The creation of lasting memories Many studies of the brain processes underlying the creation of memory consolidation (lasting memories) have involved giving various human and animal subjects treatment, while training them to perform a task. These have contributed greatly to our understanding. In pioneering studies using goldfish, Bernard Agranoff found that protein synthesis inhibitors injected after training caused the goldfish to forget what they had learned. In other experiments, he administered protein synthesis inhibitors immediately before the fish were trained. The remarkable finding was that the fish learned the task completely normally, but forgot it within a few hours that is, the protein synthesis inhibitors blocked memory consolidation, but did not influence short-term memory. There is now extensive evidence that short-term memory is spared by many kinds of treatments, including electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), that block memory consolidation. On the other hand, and equally importantly, neuroscientist Ivan Izquierdo found that many drug treatments can block short-term memory without blocking memory consolidation. Contrary to the hypothesis put forward by Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb, in 1949, long-term memory does not require short-term memory, and vice versa. Such findings suggest that our experiences create parallel, and possibly independent stages of memory, each with a different life span. All of this evidence from clinical and experimental studies strongly indicates that the brain handles recent and remote memory in different ways; but why does it do that? We obviously need to have memory that is created rapidly: reacting to an ever and rapidly changing environment requires that. For example, most current building codes require that the heights of all steps in a staircase be equal. After taking a couple of steps, up or down, we implicitly remember the heights of the steps and assume that the others will be the same. If they are not the same, we are very likely to trip and fall. Lack of this kind of rapidly created implicit memory would be bad for us and for insurance companies, but perhaps good for lawyers. It would be of little value to us if we remembered the heights of the steps only after a delay of many hours, when the memory becomes consolidated. The hypothesis that lasting memory consolidates slowly over time is supported primarily by clinical and experimental evidence that the formation of long-term memory is influenced by treatments and disorders affecting brain functioning. There are also other kinds of evidence indicating more directly that the memories consolidate over time after learning. Avi Kami and Dov Sagi reported that the performance of human subjects trained in a visual skill did not improve until eight hours after the training was completed, and that improvement was even greater the following day. Furthermore, the skill was retained for several years. Studies using human brain imaging to study changes in neural activity induced by learning have also reported that the changes continue to develop for hours after learning. In an innovative study using functional imaging of the brain, Reza Shadmehr and Henry Holcomb examined brain activity in several brain regions shortly after human subjects were trained in a motor learning task requiring arm and hand movements. They found that while the performance of the subjects remained stable for several hours after completion of the training, their brain activity did not; different regions of the brain were predominantly active at different times over a period of several hours after the training. The activity shifted from the prefrontal cortex to two areas known to be involved in controlling movements, the motor cortex and cerebellar cortex. Consolidation of the motor skill appeared to involve activation of different neural systems that increased the stability of the brain processes underlying the skill. There is also evidence that learning-induced changes in the activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex continue to increase for many days after the training. In an extensive series of studies using rats with electrodes implanted in the auditory cortex, Norman Weinberger reported that, after a tone of specific frequency was paired a few times with footshock, neurons in the rats auditory cortex responded more to that specific tone and less to other tones of other frequencies. Even more interestingly, the selectivity of the neurons response to the specific tone used in training continued to increase for several days after the training was terminated. It is not intuitively obvious why our lasting memories consolidate slowly. Certainly, one can wonder why we have a form of memory that we have to rely on for many hours, days or a lifetime, that is so susceptible to disruption shortly after it is initiated. Perhaps the brain system that consolidates long-term memory over time was a late development in vertebrate evolution. Moreover, maybe we consolidate memories slowly because our mammalian brains are large and enormously complex. We can readily reject these ideas. All species of animals studied to date have both short and long-term memory; and all are susceptible to retrograde amnesia. Like humans, birds, bees, and molluscs, as well as fish and rats, make long-term memory slowly. Consolidation of memory clearly emerged early in evolution, and was conserved. Although there seems to be no compelling reason to conclude that a biological system such as a brain could not quickly make a lasting memory, the fact is that animal brains do not. Thus, memory consolidation must serve some very important adaptive function or functions. There is considerable evidence suggesting that the slow consolidation is adaptive because it enables neurobiological processes occurring shortly after learning to influence the strength of memory for experiences. The extensive evidence that memory can be enhanced, as well as impaired, by treatments administered shortly after training, provides intriguing support for this hypothesis.", "hypothesis": "The rats in Weinbergers studies learned to associate a certain sound with a specific experience.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_54", "premise": "The creation of lasting memories Many studies of the brain processes underlying the creation of memory consolidation (lasting memories) have involved giving various human and animal subjects treatment, while training them to perform a task. These have contributed greatly to our understanding. In pioneering studies using goldfish, Bernard Agranoff found that protein synthesis inhibitors injected after training caused the goldfish to forget what they had learned. In other experiments, he administered protein synthesis inhibitors immediately before the fish were trained. The remarkable finding was that the fish learned the task completely normally, but forgot it within a few hours that is, the protein synthesis inhibitors blocked memory consolidation, but did not influence short-term memory. There is now extensive evidence that short-term memory is spared by many kinds of treatments, including electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), that block memory consolidation. On the other hand, and equally importantly, neuroscientist Ivan Izquierdo found that many drug treatments can block short-term memory without blocking memory consolidation. Contrary to the hypothesis put forward by Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb, in 1949, long-term memory does not require short-term memory, and vice versa. Such findings suggest that our experiences create parallel, and possibly independent stages of memory, each with a different life span. All of this evidence from clinical and experimental studies strongly indicates that the brain handles recent and remote memory in different ways; but why does it do that? We obviously need to have memory that is created rapidly: reacting to an ever and rapidly changing environment requires that. For example, most current building codes require that the heights of all steps in a staircase be equal. After taking a couple of steps, up or down, we implicitly remember the heights of the steps and assume that the others will be the same. If they are not the same, we are very likely to trip and fall. Lack of this kind of rapidly created implicit memory would be bad for us and for insurance companies, but perhaps good for lawyers. It would be of little value to us if we remembered the heights of the steps only after a delay of many hours, when the memory becomes consolidated. The hypothesis that lasting memory consolidates slowly over time is supported primarily by clinical and experimental evidence that the formation of long-term memory is influenced by treatments and disorders affecting brain functioning. There are also other kinds of evidence indicating more directly that the memories consolidate over time after learning. Avi Kami and Dov Sagi reported that the performance of human subjects trained in a visual skill did not improve until eight hours after the training was completed, and that improvement was even greater the following day. Furthermore, the skill was retained for several years. Studies using human brain imaging to study changes in neural activity induced by learning have also reported that the changes continue to develop for hours after learning. In an innovative study using functional imaging of the brain, Reza Shadmehr and Henry Holcomb examined brain activity in several brain regions shortly after human subjects were trained in a motor learning task requiring arm and hand movements. They found that while the performance of the subjects remained stable for several hours after completion of the training, their brain activity did not; different regions of the brain were predominantly active at different times over a period of several hours after the training. The activity shifted from the prefrontal cortex to two areas known to be involved in controlling movements, the motor cortex and cerebellar cortex. Consolidation of the motor skill appeared to involve activation of different neural systems that increased the stability of the brain processes underlying the skill. There is also evidence that learning-induced changes in the activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex continue to increase for many days after the training. In an extensive series of studies using rats with electrodes implanted in the auditory cortex, Norman Weinberger reported that, after a tone of specific frequency was paired a few times with footshock, neurons in the rats auditory cortex responded more to that specific tone and less to other tones of other frequencies. Even more interestingly, the selectivity of the neurons response to the specific tone used in training continued to increase for several days after the training was terminated. It is not intuitively obvious why our lasting memories consolidate slowly. Certainly, one can wonder why we have a form of memory that we have to rely on for many hours, days or a lifetime, that is so susceptible to disruption shortly after it is initiated. Perhaps the brain system that consolidates long-term memory over time was a late development in vertebrate evolution. Moreover, maybe we consolidate memories slowly because our mammalian brains are large and enormously complex. We can readily reject these ideas. All species of animals studied to date have both short and long-term memory; and all are susceptible to retrograde amnesia. Like humans, birds, bees, and molluscs, as well as fish and rats, make long-term memory slowly. Consolidation of memory clearly emerged early in evolution, and was conserved. Although there seems to be no compelling reason to conclude that a biological system such as a brain could not quickly make a lasting memory, the fact is that animal brains do not. Thus, memory consolidation must serve some very important adaptive function or functions. There is considerable evidence suggesting that the slow consolidation is adaptive because it enables neurobiological processes occurring shortly after learning to influence the strength of memory for experiences. The extensive evidence that memory can be enhanced, as well as impaired, by treatments administered shortly after training, provides intriguing support for this hypothesis.", "hypothesis": "The training which Kami and Sagis subjects were given was repeated over several days.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_55", "premise": "The creation of lasting memories Many studies of the brain processes underlying the creation of memory consolidation (lasting memories) have involved giving various human and animal subjects treatment, while training them to perform a task. These have contributed greatly to our understanding. In pioneering studies using goldfish, Bernard Agranoff found that protein synthesis inhibitors injected after training caused the goldfish to forget what they had learned. In other experiments, he administered protein synthesis inhibitors immediately before the fish were trained. The remarkable finding was that the fish learned the task completely normally, but forgot it within a few hours that is, the protein synthesis inhibitors blocked memory consolidation, but did not influence short-term memory. There is now extensive evidence that short-term memory is spared by many kinds of treatments, including electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), that block memory consolidation. On the other hand, and equally importantly, neuroscientist Ivan Izquierdo found that many drug treatments can block short-term memory without blocking memory consolidation. Contrary to the hypothesis put forward by Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb, in 1949, long-term memory does not require short-term memory, and vice versa. Such findings suggest that our experiences create parallel, and possibly independent stages of memory, each with a different life span. All of this evidence from clinical and experimental studies strongly indicates that the brain handles recent and remote memory in different ways; but why does it do that? We obviously need to have memory that is created rapidly: reacting to an ever and rapidly changing environment requires that. For example, most current building codes require that the heights of all steps in a staircase be equal. After taking a couple of steps, up or down, we implicitly remember the heights of the steps and assume that the others will be the same. If they are not the same, we are very likely to trip and fall. Lack of this kind of rapidly created implicit memory would be bad for us and for insurance companies, but perhaps good for lawyers. It would be of little value to us if we remembered the heights of the steps only after a delay of many hours, when the memory becomes consolidated. The hypothesis that lasting memory consolidates slowly over time is supported primarily by clinical and experimental evidence that the formation of long-term memory is influenced by treatments and disorders affecting brain functioning. There are also other kinds of evidence indicating more directly that the memories consolidate over time after learning. Avi Kami and Dov Sagi reported that the performance of human subjects trained in a visual skill did not improve until eight hours after the training was completed, and that improvement was even greater the following day. Furthermore, the skill was retained for several years. Studies using human brain imaging to study changes in neural activity induced by learning have also reported that the changes continue to develop for hours after learning. In an innovative study using functional imaging of the brain, Reza Shadmehr and Henry Holcomb examined brain activity in several brain regions shortly after human subjects were trained in a motor learning task requiring arm and hand movements. They found that while the performance of the subjects remained stable for several hours after completion of the training, their brain activity did not; different regions of the brain were predominantly active at different times over a period of several hours after the training. The activity shifted from the prefrontal cortex to two areas known to be involved in controlling movements, the motor cortex and cerebellar cortex. Consolidation of the motor skill appeared to involve activation of different neural systems that increased the stability of the brain processes underlying the skill. There is also evidence that learning-induced changes in the activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex continue to increase for many days after the training. In an extensive series of studies using rats with electrodes implanted in the auditory cortex, Norman Weinberger reported that, after a tone of specific frequency was paired a few times with footshock, neurons in the rats auditory cortex responded more to that specific tone and less to other tones of other frequencies. Even more interestingly, the selectivity of the neurons response to the specific tone used in training continued to increase for several days after the training was terminated. It is not intuitively obvious why our lasting memories consolidate slowly. Certainly, one can wonder why we have a form of memory that we have to rely on for many hours, days or a lifetime, that is so susceptible to disruption shortly after it is initiated. Perhaps the brain system that consolidates long-term memory over time was a late development in vertebrate evolution. Moreover, maybe we consolidate memories slowly because our mammalian brains are large and enormously complex. We can readily reject these ideas. All species of animals studied to date have both short and long-term memory; and all are susceptible to retrograde amnesia. Like humans, birds, bees, and molluscs, as well as fish and rats, make long-term memory slowly. Consolidation of memory clearly emerged early in evolution, and was conserved. Although there seems to be no compelling reason to conclude that a biological system such as a brain could not quickly make a lasting memory, the fact is that animal brains do not. Thus, memory consolidation must serve some very important adaptive function or functions. There is considerable evidence suggesting that the slow consolidation is adaptive because it enables neurobiological processes occurring shortly after learning to influence the strength of memory for experiences. The extensive evidence that memory can be enhanced, as well as impaired, by treatments administered shortly after training, provides intriguing support for this hypothesis.", "hypothesis": "The results of Weinbergers studies indicated that the strength of the rats learned associations increases with time.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_56", "premise": "The creation of lasting memories Many studies of the brain processes underlying the creation of memory consolidation (lasting memories) have involved giving various human and animal subjects treatment, while training them to perform a task. These have contributed greatly to our understanding. In pioneering studies using goldfish, Bernard Agranoff found that protein synthesis inhibitors injected after training caused the goldfish to forget what they had learned. In other experiments, he administered protein synthesis inhibitors immediately before the fish were trained. The remarkable finding was that the fish learned the task completely normally, but forgot it within a few hours that is, the protein synthesis inhibitors blocked memory consolidation, but did not influence short-term memory. There is now extensive evidence that short-term memory is spared by many kinds of treatments, including electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), that block memory consolidation. On the other hand, and equally importantly, neuroscientist Ivan Izquierdo found that many drug treatments can block short-term memory without blocking memory consolidation. Contrary to the hypothesis put forward by Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb, in 1949, long-term memory does not require short-term memory, and vice versa. Such findings suggest that our experiences create parallel, and possibly independent stages of memory, each with a different life span. All of this evidence from clinical and experimental studies strongly indicates that the brain handles recent and remote memory in different ways; but why does it do that? We obviously need to have memory that is created rapidly: reacting to an ever and rapidly changing environment requires that. For example, most current building codes require that the heights of all steps in a staircase be equal. After taking a couple of steps, up or down, we implicitly remember the heights of the steps and assume that the others will be the same. If they are not the same, we are very likely to trip and fall. Lack of this kind of rapidly created implicit memory would be bad for us and for insurance companies, but perhaps good for lawyers. It would be of little value to us if we remembered the heights of the steps only after a delay of many hours, when the memory becomes consolidated. The hypothesis that lasting memory consolidates slowly over time is supported primarily by clinical and experimental evidence that the formation of long-term memory is influenced by treatments and disorders affecting brain functioning. There are also other kinds of evidence indicating more directly that the memories consolidate over time after learning. Avi Kami and Dov Sagi reported that the performance of human subjects trained in a visual skill did not improve until eight hours after the training was completed, and that improvement was even greater the following day. Furthermore, the skill was retained for several years. Studies using human brain imaging to study changes in neural activity induced by learning have also reported that the changes continue to develop for hours after learning. In an innovative study using functional imaging of the brain, Reza Shadmehr and Henry Holcomb examined brain activity in several brain regions shortly after human subjects were trained in a motor learning task requiring arm and hand movements. They found that while the performance of the subjects remained stable for several hours after completion of the training, their brain activity did not; different regions of the brain were predominantly active at different times over a period of several hours after the training. The activity shifted from the prefrontal cortex to two areas known to be involved in controlling movements, the motor cortex and cerebellar cortex. Consolidation of the motor skill appeared to involve activation of different neural systems that increased the stability of the brain processes underlying the skill. There is also evidence that learning-induced changes in the activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex continue to increase for many days after the training. In an extensive series of studies using rats with electrodes implanted in the auditory cortex, Norman Weinberger reported that, after a tone of specific frequency was paired a few times with footshock, neurons in the rats auditory cortex responded more to that specific tone and less to other tones of other frequencies. Even more interestingly, the selectivity of the neurons response to the specific tone used in training continued to increase for several days after the training was terminated. It is not intuitively obvious why our lasting memories consolidate slowly. Certainly, one can wonder why we have a form of memory that we have to rely on for many hours, days or a lifetime, that is so susceptible to disruption shortly after it is initiated. Perhaps the brain system that consolidates long-term memory over time was a late development in vertebrate evolution. Moreover, maybe we consolidate memories slowly because our mammalian brains are large and enormously complex. We can readily reject these ideas. All species of animals studied to date have both short and long-term memory; and all are susceptible to retrograde amnesia. Like humans, birds, bees, and molluscs, as well as fish and rats, make long-term memory slowly. Consolidation of memory clearly emerged early in evolution, and was conserved. Although there seems to be no compelling reason to conclude that a biological system such as a brain could not quickly make a lasting memory, the fact is that animal brains do not. Thus, memory consolidation must serve some very important adaptive function or functions. There is considerable evidence suggesting that the slow consolidation is adaptive because it enables neurobiological processes occurring shortly after learning to influence the strength of memory for experiences. The extensive evidence that memory can be enhanced, as well as impaired, by treatments administered shortly after training, provides intriguing support for this hypothesis.", "hypothesis": "It is easy to see the evolutionary advantage of the way lasting memories in humans are created.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_57", "premise": "The debate over the British Museums Parthenon sculptures, also called the Elgin Marbles, has run for nearly two centuries. Marble statues were removed with official permission from the ruins of the Parthenon in 1801 by Lord Elgin, the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. He sold these ancient Greek treasures to the British Museum in 1816, where they have been housed ever since. Today, five million visitors from around the world visit the sculptures, free of charge, at the British Museum. Since gaining independence in 1830, however, the Greek government has argued for their return to Athens. Historically, the Hellenic position centred on ownership, claiming that Lord Elgin bribed authorities to acquire the marbles illegally. The counterargument is that Lord Elgin saved these classical treasures from neglect. Greece no longer disputes the British Museums ownership, but states that the sculptures should be loaned to the New Acropolis Museum in Athens, where they would be reunited with other surviving sculptures and displayed in their proper geographic and cultural context. Despite public sympathy for the return of the Elgin marbles, the British Museum believes that the Parthenon marbles are part of shared world heritage and thus should be widely accessible. Furthermore, returning the Parthenon statues would set a precedent for returning other artefacts to their land of origin.", "hypothesis": "The British Museum takes the view that the Parthenon sculptures transcend national boundaries.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_58", "premise": "The debate over the British Museums Parthenon sculptures, also called the Elgin Marbles, has run for nearly two centuries. Marble statues were removed with official permission from the ruins of the Parthenon in 1801 by Lord Elgin, the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. He sold these ancient Greek treasures to the British Museum in 1816, where they have been housed ever since. Today, five million visitors from around the world visit the sculptures, free of charge, at the British Museum. Since gaining independence in 1830, however, the Greek government has argued for their return to Athens. Historically, the Hellenic position centred on ownership, claiming that Lord Elgin bribed authorities to acquire the marbles illegally. The counterargument is that Lord Elgin saved these classical treasures from neglect. Greece no longer disputes the British Museums ownership, but states that the sculptures should be loaned to the New Acropolis Museum in Athens, where they would be reunited with other surviving sculptures and displayed in their proper geographic and cultural context. Despite public sympathy for the return of the Elgin marbles, the British Museum believes that the Parthenon marbles are part of shared world heritage and thus should be widely accessible. Furthermore, returning the Parthenon statues would set a precedent for returning other artefacts to their land of origin.", "hypothesis": "The British public cannot understand why the Greek government want the Parthenon marbles returned.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_59", "premise": "The debate over the British Museums Parthenon sculptures, also called the Elgin Marbles, has run for nearly two centuries. Marble statues were removed with official permission from the ruins of the Parthenon in 1801 by Lord Elgin, the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. He sold these ancient Greek treasures to the British Museum in 1816, where they have been housed ever since. Today, five million visitors from around the world visit the sculptures, free of charge, at the British Museum. Since gaining independence in 1830, however, the Greek government has argued for their return to Athens. Historically, the Hellenic position centred on ownership, claiming that Lord Elgin bribed authorities to acquire the marbles illegally. The counterargument is that Lord Elgin saved these classical treasures from neglect. Greece no longer disputes the British Museums ownership, but states that the sculptures should be loaned to the New Acropolis Museum in Athens, where they would be reunited with other surviving sculptures and displayed in their proper geographic and cultural context. Despite public sympathy for the return of the Elgin marbles, the British Museum believes that the Parthenon marbles are part of shared world heritage and thus should be widely accessible. Furthermore, returning the Parthenon statues would set a precedent for returning other artefacts to their land of origin.", "hypothesis": "Greeks believe that the Elgin Marbles technically do not belong to the British Museum.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_60", "premise": "The debate over the British Museums Parthenon sculptures, also called the Elgin Marbles, has run for nearly two centuries. Marble statues were removed with official permission from the ruins of the Parthenon in 1801 by Lord Elgin, the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. He sold these ancient Greek treasures to the British Museum in 1816, where they have been housed ever since. Today, five million visitors from around the world visit the sculptures, free of charge, at the British Museum. Since gaining independence in 1830, however, the Greek government has argued for their return to Athens. Historically, the Hellenic position centred on ownership, claiming that Lord Elgin bribed authorities to acquire the marbles illegally. The counterargument is that Lord Elgin saved these classical treasures from neglect. Greece no longer disputes the British Museums ownership, but states that the sculptures should be loaned to the New Acropolis Museum in Athens, where they would be reunited with other surviving sculptures and displayed in their proper geographic and cultural context. Despite public sympathy for the return of the Elgin marbles, the British Museum believes that the Parthenon marbles are part of shared world heritage and thus should be widely accessible. Furthermore, returning the Parthenon statues would set a precedent for returning other artefacts to their land of origin.", "hypothesis": "The only surviving marble statues from the Parthenon are divided between the British Museum and the New Acropolis Museum.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_61", "premise": "The debate over the British Museums Parthenon sculptures, also called the Elgin Marbles, has run for nearly two centuries. Marble statues were removed with official permission from the ruins of the Parthenon in 1801 by Lord Elgin, the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. He sold these ancient Greek treasures to the British Museum in 1816, where they have been housed ever since. Today, five million visitors from around the world visit the sculptures, free of charge, at the British Museum. Since gaining independence in 1830, however, the Greek government has argued for their return to Athens. Historically, the Hellenic position centred on ownership, claiming that Lord Elgin bribed authorities to acquire the marbles illegally. The counterargument is that Lord Elgin saved these classical treasures from neglect. Greece no longer disputes the British Museums ownership, but states that the sculptures should be loaned to the New Acropolis Museum in Athens, where they would be reunited with other surviving sculptures and displayed in their proper geographic and cultural context. Despite public sympathy for the return of the Elgin marbles, the British Museum believes that the Parthenon marbles are part of shared world heritage and thus should be widely accessible. Furthermore, returning the Parthenon statues would set a precedent for returning other artefacts to their land of origin.", "hypothesis": "Prior to 1830, Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_62", "premise": "The decline in chinas housing and construction market has had a profound knock on effect on chinas steel industry. Due to decreased demand for steel from construction, as huge construction projects around china are reduced to ghost towns by decreased investment, Chinese state owned steel companies have seen their profits drop by almost 96%. The drop in steel prices may be an indicator of things to come; lower steel prices suggest lower predicted g economic growth, and may spell disaster for chinas hopes of continued rapid growth.", "hypothesis": "Decreased steel demand is an effect of chinas construction market decline", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_63", "premise": "The decline in chinas housing and construction market has had a profound knock on effect on chinas steel industry. Due to decreased demand for steel from construction, as huge construction projects around china are reduced to ghost towns by decreased investment, Chinese state owned steel companies have seen their profits drop by almost 96%. The drop in steel prices may be an indicator of things to come; lower steel prices suggest lower predicted g economic growth, and may spell disaster for chinas hopes of continued rapid growth.", "hypothesis": "Decreased steel company profits is an effect of chinas construction market decline.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_64", "premise": "The decline in chinas housing and construction market has had a profound knock on effect on chinas steel industry. Due to decreased demand for steel from construction, as huge construction projects around china are reduced to ghost towns by decreased investment, Chinese state owned steel companies have seen their profits drop by almost 96%. The drop in steel prices may be an indicator of things to come; lower steel prices suggest lower predicted g economic growth, and may spell disaster for chinas hopes of continued rapid growth.", "hypothesis": "Decreased steel exports is an effect of chinas construction market decline.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_65", "premise": "The decline in chinas housing and construction market has had a profound knock on effect on chinas steel industry. Due to decreased demand for steel from construction, as huge construction projects around china are reduced to ghost towns by decreased investment, Chinese state owned steel companies have seen their profits drop by almost 96%. The drop in steel prices may be an indicator of things to come; lower steel prices suggest lower predicted g economic growth, and may spell disaster for chinas hopes of continued rapid growth.", "hypothesis": "Decreased steel prices is an effect of chinas construction market decline.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_66", "premise": "The democracy index, devised by the Economist intelligence unit measures the state of democracy in 167 countries around the world, 166 of which are sovereign states and 165 are members of the United Nations. In this index there are 4 different groupings which denote a countries level of democracy, at the top is a full democracy, of which many North American and western European countries belong. Next is a flawed democracy, of which many South American and Latin American countries belong. Next are hybrid regimes, of which many Asian and eastern European countries belong. Last, and therefore the least democratic counties are authoritarian regimes, which many north African and middle eastern countries belong.", "hypothesis": "tend to contain hybrid regimes Asian and eastern European countries", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_67", "premise": "The democratic peace theory holds that liberal democracies never, or rarely, go to war against each other. The first to espouse this idea was the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who posited that constitutional republics engender peace, because the majority of people will not vote to go to war unless in self-defence. More recently, the democratic peace theory was put forth in 1964 by Dean Babst. Babst carried out the first statistical research to scientifically prove that democracies never or rarely fight each other. Despite an undeniable statistical correlation between democracy and peace, the democratic peace theory is highly debated amongst political scientists. The definitions of democracy and war are one contentious issue. Some opponents of the democratic peace theory point to exceptions, such as the Spanish-American War. However, the main criticism of the theory is that it is based on flawed logic that peace between democracies is not caused by the democratic nature of those states. Furthermore, opponents argue that democracies frequently attack non-democracies, dispelling the notion that democracies are inherently pacifistic. There are several derivatives of the democratic peace theory, including the economic peace theory, which states that increased economic exchange between states helps to avoid conflict.", "hypothesis": "The economic peace theory says that countries are less likely to engage in war if their trade is independent of each other.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_68", "premise": "The democratic peace theory holds that liberal democracies never, or rarely, go to war against each other. The first to espouse this idea was the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who posited that constitutional republics engender peace, because the majority of people will not vote to go to war unless in self-defence. More recently, the democratic peace theory was put forth in 1964 by Dean Babst. Babst carried out the first statistical research to scientifically prove that democracies never or rarely fight each other. Despite an undeniable statistical correlation between democracy and peace, the democratic peace theory is highly debated amongst political scientists. The definitions of democracy and war are one contentious issue. Some opponents of the democratic peace theory point to exceptions, such as the Spanish-American War. However, the main criticism of the theory is that it is based on flawed logic that peace between democracies is not caused by the democratic nature of those states. Furthermore, opponents argue that democracies frequently attack non-democracies, dispelling the notion that democracies are inherently pacifistic. There are several derivatives of the democratic peace theory, including the economic peace theory, which states that increased economic exchange between states helps to avoid conflict.", "hypothesis": "The definition of peace is divisive amongst political scientists.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_69", "premise": "The democratic peace theory holds that liberal democracies never, or rarely, go to war against each other. The first to espouse this idea was the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who posited that constitutional republics engender peace, because the majority of people will not vote to go to war unless in self-defence. More recently, the democratic peace theory was put forth in 1964 by Dean Babst. Babst carried out the first statistical research to scientifically prove that democracies never or rarely fight each other. Despite an undeniable statistical correlation between democracy and peace, the democratic peace theory is highly debated amongst political scientists. The definitions of democracy and war are one contentious issue. Some opponents of the democratic peace theory point to exceptions, such as the Spanish-American War. However, the main criticism of the theory is that it is based on flawed logic that peace between democracies is not caused by the democratic nature of those states. Furthermore, opponents argue that democracies frequently attack non-democracies, dispelling the notion that democracies are inherently pacifistic. There are several derivatives of the democratic peace theory, including the economic peace theory, which states that increased economic exchange between states helps to avoid conflict.", "hypothesis": "Dean Babst found statistical evidence showing democracies do not fight in wars.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_70", "premise": "The democratic peace theory holds that liberal democracies never, or rarely, go to war against each other. The first to espouse this idea was the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who posited that constitutional republics engender peace, because the majority of people will not vote to go to war unless in self-defence. More recently, the democratic peace theory was put forth in 1964 by Dean Babst. Babst carried out the first statistical research to scientifically prove that democracies never or rarely fight each other. Despite an undeniable statistical correlation between democracy and peace, the democratic peace theory is highly debated amongst political scientists. The definitions of democracy and war are one contentious issue. Some opponents of the democratic peace theory point to exceptions, such as the Spanish-American War. However, the main criticism of the theory is that it is based on flawed logic that peace between democracies is not caused by the democratic nature of those states. Furthermore, opponents argue that democracies frequently attack non-democracies, dispelling the notion that democracies are inherently pacifistic. There are several derivatives of the democratic peace theory, including the economic peace theory, which states that increased economic exchange between states helps to avoid conflict.", "hypothesis": "Immanuel Kants theory about democratic peace was the first to statistically research whether democracies rarely or never fight each other.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_71", "premise": "The democratic peace theory holds that liberal democracies never, or rarely, go to war against each other. The first to espouse this idea was the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who posited that constitutional republics engender peace, because the majority of people will not vote to go to war unless in self-defence. More recently, the democratic peace theory was put forth in 1964 by Dean Babst. Babst carried out the first statistical research to scientifically prove that democracies never or rarely fight each other. Despite an undeniable statistical correlation between democracy and peace, the democratic peace theory is highly debated amongst political scientists. The definitions of democracy and war are one contentious issue. Some opponents of the democratic peace theory point to exceptions, such as the Spanish-American War. However, the main criticism of the theory is that it is based on flawed logic that peace between democracies is not caused by the democratic nature of those states. Furthermore, opponents argue that democracies frequently attack non-democracies, dispelling the notion that democracies are inherently pacifistic. There are several derivatives of the democratic peace theory, including the economic peace theory, which states that increased economic exchange between states helps to avoid conflict.", "hypothesis": "The premise for the democratic peace theory is the accountability of a democratically elected government to its electorate.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_72", "premise": "The dominant mobile network in the UK is Orange. Statistics suggest that, since purchasing T-Mobile, the Orange group provides a service to over 30% of mobile users in the United Kingdom. The second most popular network is O2. This company provides network coverage for an estimated 20% of all mobile users in the UK. O2 has proved to be the fastest growing network. This trend mirrors the range of prices offered by the network, the deals available and the amount of revenue spent on advertising. The smallest network providers in the UK are those which offer mobile services as a side-line to their main business, for example supermarket networks. Such providers are responsible for a marginal section of the total mobile service provided in the UK.", "hypothesis": "Supermarket providers provide 1% of network coverage in the UK.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_73", "premise": "The dominant mobile network in the UK is Orange. Statistics suggest that, since purchasing T-Mobile, the Orange group provides a service to over 30% of mobile users in the United Kingdom. The second most popular network is O2. This company provides network coverage for an estimated 20% of all mobile users in the UK. O2 has proved to be the fastest growing network. This trend mirrors the range of prices offered by the network, the deals available and the amount of revenue spent on advertising. The smallest network providers in the UK are those which offer mobile services as a side-line to their main business, for example supermarket networks. Such providers are responsible for a marginal section of the total mobile service provided in the UK.", "hypothesis": "O2 offers the cheapest prices.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_74", "premise": "The dominant mobile network in the UK is Orange. Statistics suggest that, since purchasing T-Mobile, the Orange group provides a service to over 30% of mobile users in the United Kingdom. The second most popular network is O2. This company provides network coverage for an estimated 20% of all mobile users in the UK. O2 has proved to be the fastest growing network. This trend mirrors the range of prices offered by the network, the deals available and the amount of revenue spent on advertising. The smallest network providers in the UK are those which offer mobile services as a side-line to their main business, for example supermarket networks. Such providers are responsible for a marginal section of the total mobile service provided in the UK.", "hypothesis": "O2 is the fastest growing network.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_75", "premise": "The dominant mobile network in the UK is Orange. Statistics suggest that, since purchasing T-Mobile, the Orange group provides a service to over 30% of mobile users in the United Kingdom. The second most popular network is O2. This company provides network coverage for an estimated 20% of all mobile users in the UK. O2 has proved to be the fastest growing network. This trend mirrors the range of prices offered by the network, the deals available and the amount of revenue spent on advertising. The smallest network providers in the UK are those which offer mobile services as a side-line to their main business, for example supermarket networks. Such providers are responsible for a marginal section of the total mobile service provided in the UK.", "hypothesis": "Since Orange bought T Mobile, its user coverage has almost doubled.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_76", "premise": "The dramatic decline of the bee population in the UK has been attributed to a number of causes such as the loss of wild flowers in the countryside. Bees require these wildflowers for food and it has been estimated that 97% of the flower-rich grassland has been lost since the 1930s. Other causes include climate change and pesticides that are toxic to bees. This is particularly problematic in the UK, which has had a 50% reduction in the honey bee population between 1985 and 2005 whilst the rest of Europe has only averaged a 20% reduction during the same time period. This loss of flowers from the British countryside has been caused by agricultural pressures. In order to increase food production, traditional farming methods have been abandoned in favour of techniques that increase productivity. These techniques, however, involve the reduction of wild flowers. Bumblebees are required to pollinate wildflowers and commercial crops. A reduction of wildflower pollination will result in their decline, which will ultimately affect other wildlife as they can be involved in a complex food chain. The commercial crops will need to be pollinated artificially using expensive methods that will ultimately drive up the price of fruits and vegetables. The global economic value of pollination from bees has been estimated at 265 billion annually.", "hypothesis": "Increasing pesticide-free fruit and vegetable growth will slow the decline in bee population", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_77", "premise": "The dramatic decline of the bee population in the UK has been attributed to a number of causes such as the loss of wild flowers in the countryside. Bees require these wildflowers for food and it has been estimated that 97% of the flower-rich grassland has been lost since the 1930s. Other causes include climate change and pesticides that are toxic to bees. This is particularly problematic in the UK, which has had a 50% reduction in the honey bee population between 1985 and 2005 whilst the rest of Europe has only averaged a 20% reduction during the same time period. This loss of flowers from the British countryside has been caused by agricultural pressures. In order to increase food production, traditional farming methods have been abandoned in favour of techniques that increase productivity. These techniques, however, involve the reduction of wild flowers. Bumblebees are required to pollinate wildflowers and commercial crops. A reduction of wildflower pollination will result in their decline, which will ultimately affect other wildlife as they can be involved in a complex food chain. The commercial crops will need to be pollinated artificially using expensive methods that will ultimately drive up the price of fruits and vegetables. The global economic value of pollination from bees has been estimated at 265 billion annually.", "hypothesis": "Artificial pollination will be capable of replacing bees if it becomes cheap enough", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_78", "premise": "The dramatic decline of the bee population in the UK has been attributed to a number of causes such as the loss of wild flowers in the countryside. Bees require these wildflowers for food and it has been estimated that 97% of the flower-rich grassland has been lost since the 1930s. Other causes include climate change and pesticides that are toxic to bees. This is particularly problematic in the UK, which has had a 50% reduction in the honey bee population between 1985 and 2005 whilst the rest of Europe has only averaged a 20% reduction during the same time period. This loss of flowers from the British countryside has been caused by agricultural pressures. In order to increase food production, traditional farming methods have been abandoned in favour of techniques that increase productivity. These techniques, however, involve the reduction of wild flowers. Bumblebees are required to pollinate wildflowers and commercial crops. A reduction of wildflower pollination will result in their decline, which will ultimately affect other wildlife as they can be involved in a complex food chain. The commercial crops will need to be pollinated artificially using expensive methods that will ultimately drive up the price of fruits and vegetables. The global economic value of pollination from bees has been estimated at 265 billion annually.", "hypothesis": "Reverting back to traditional farming methods will decrease the overall production of food", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_79", "premise": "The dramatic decline of the bee population in the UK has been attributed to a number of causes such as the loss of wild flowers in the countryside. Bees require these wildflowers for food and it has been estimated that 97% of the flower-rich grassland has been lost since the 1930s. Other causes include climate change and pesticides that are toxic to bees. This is particularly problematic in the UK, which has had a 50% reduction in the honey bee population between 1985 and 2005 whilst the rest of Europe has only averaged a 20% reduction during the same time period. This loss of flowers from the British countryside has been caused by agricultural pressures. In order to increase food production, traditional farming methods have been abandoned in favour of techniques that increase productivity. These techniques, however, involve the reduction of wild flowers. Bumblebees are required to pollinate wildflowers and commercial crops. A reduction of wildflower pollination will result in their decline, which will ultimately affect other wildlife as they can be involved in a complex food chain. The commercial crops will need to be pollinated artificially using expensive methods that will ultimately drive up the price of fruits and vegetables. The global economic value of pollination from bees has been estimated at 265 billion annually.", "hypothesis": "The UK is the country with the largest decline in bee population", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_80", "premise": "The dramatic decline of the bee population in the UK has been attributed to a number of causes such as the loss of wild flowers in the countryside. Bees require these wildflowers for food and it has been estimated that 97% of the flower-rich grassland has been lost since the 1930s. Other causes include climate change and pesticides that are toxic to bees. This is particularly problematic in the UK, which has had a 50% reduction in the honey bee population between 1985 and 2005 whilst the rest of Europe has only averaged a 20% reduction during the same time period. This loss of flowers from the British countryside has been caused by agricultural pressures. In order to increase food production, traditional farming methods have been abandoned in favour of techniques that increase productivity. These techniques, however, involve the reduction of wild flowers. Bumblebees are required to pollinate wildflowers and commercial crops. A reduction of wildflower pollination will result in their decline, which will ultimately affect other wildlife as they can be involved in a complex food chain. The commercial crops will need to be pollinated artificially using expensive methods that will ultimately drive up the price of fruits and vegetables. The global economic value of pollination from bees has been estimated at 265 billion annually.", "hypothesis": "The bee population in the UK has decreased by 97% since the 1930s.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_81", "premise": "The early manned missions visited lowlands and plains while the later missions explored highlands. Selecting a suitable site was never going to be easy as even the apparently flattest of locations were found to be on closer inspection potholed from meteorite strikes and plastered with small boulders. The moon is rugged and very mountainous and in the 1960s a number of lunar probes had photographed the moons surface during close orbit passes and even performed soft landings in the search for suitable sites for the manned missions that were to follow. In 1969 Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin in Apollo 11 made the first ever manned lunar landing. The last manned landing was made in 1972 with Apollo 17.", "hypothesis": "When referring to a suitable site in the second sentence it means suitable sites for the landing of manned missions.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_82", "premise": "The early manned missions visited lowlands and plains while the later missions explored highlands. Selecting a suitable site was never going to be easy as even the apparently flattest of locations were found to be on closer inspection potholed from meteorite strikes and plastered with small boulders. The moon is rugged and very mountainous and in the 1960s a number of lunar probes had photographed the moons surface during close orbit passes and even performed soft landings in the search for suitable sites for the manned missions that were to follow. In 1969 Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin in Apollo 11 made the first ever manned lunar landing. The last manned landing was made in 1972 with Apollo 17.", "hypothesis": "Apollo 17 visited a mountainous region of the moon.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_83", "premise": "The early manned missions visited lowlands and plains while the later missions explored highlands. Selecting a suitable site was never going to be easy as even the apparently flattest of locations were found to be on closer inspection potholed from meteorite strikes and plastered with small boulders. The moon is rugged and very mountainous and in the 1960s a number of lunar probes had photographed the moons surface during close orbit passes and even performed soft landings in the search for suitable sites for the manned missions that were to follow. In 1969 Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin in Apollo 11 made the first ever manned lunar landing. The last manned landing was made in 1972 with Apollo 17.", "hypothesis": "The first lunar landing was made in the 1960s.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_84", "premise": "The ecological footprint is a simple way to look at how sustainable people are being. It is based on the idea that all the resources taken from the Earth are finite. It is defined by how much land and water would be required to produce the resources that the population consumes within a year. It has been calculated that there are currently 11.2 billion bio-productive hectares available on the Earth. A study in 2004 has suggested that our ecological footprint is 13.5 billion hectares, meaning that we are using the Earths resources 20% faster than they are being renewed. This will ultimately result in the loss of all the Earths resources. Individual countries can look at their own ecological footprint and compare it to the size of their bio-productive capacity. Some countries are in an ecological deficit - they require more land than their bio-productive capacity to sustain them. Other countries have an ecological reserve, meaning that their bio-productive capacity is greater than their footprint. It can be difficult for individual countries to reduce their ecological footprint. This can either be performed by reducing that countries reliance on unsustainable resources or by increasing the amount of bio-productive land available. It is important, however, that a global effort is made to increase our sustainability.", "hypothesis": "The ecological footprint of a country directly depends on its population.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_85", "premise": "The ecological footprint is a simple way to look at how sustainable people are being. It is based on the idea that all the resources taken from the Earth are finite. It is defined by how much land and water would be required to produce the resources that the population consumes within a year. It has been calculated that there are currently 11.2 billion bio-productive hectares available on the Earth. A study in 2004 has suggested that our ecological footprint is 13.5 billion hectares, meaning that we are using the Earths resources 20% faster than they are being renewed. This will ultimately result in the loss of all the Earths resources. Individual countries can look at their own ecological footprint and compare it to the size of their bio-productive capacity. Some countries are in an ecological deficit - they require more land than their bio-productive capacity to sustain them. Other countries have an ecological reserve, meaning that their bio-productive capacity is greater than their footprint. It can be difficult for individual countries to reduce their ecological footprint. This can either be performed by reducing that countries reliance on unsustainable resources or by increasing the amount of bio-productive land available. It is important, however, that a global effort is made to increase our sustainability.", "hypothesis": "The combined area of the Earths land and water mass is 11.2 billion hectares", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_86", "premise": "The ecological footprint is a simple way to look at how sustainable people are being. It is based on the idea that all the resources taken from the Earth are finite. It is defined by how much land and water would be required to produce the resources that the population consumes within a year. It has been calculated that there are currently 11.2 billion bio-productive hectares available on the Earth. A study in 2004 has suggested that our ecological footprint is 13.5 billion hectares, meaning that we are using the Earths resources 20% faster than they are being renewed. This will ultimately result in the loss of all the Earths resources. Individual countries can look at their own ecological footprint and compare it to the size of their bio-productive capacity. Some countries are in an ecological deficit - they require more land than their bio-productive capacity to sustain them. Other countries have an ecological reserve, meaning that their bio-productive capacity is greater than their footprint. It can be difficult for individual countries to reduce their ecological footprint. This can either be performed by reducing that countries reliance on unsustainable resources or by increasing the amount of bio-productive land available. It is important, however, that a global effort is made to increase our sustainability.", "hypothesis": "The ecological footprint can be reduced by using sustainable resources.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_87", "premise": "The ecological footprint is a simple way to look at how sustainable people are being. It is based on the idea that all the resources taken from the Earth are finite. It is defined by how much land and water would be required to produce the resources that the population consumes within a year. It has been calculated that there are currently 11.2 billion bio-productive hectares available on the Earth. A study in 2004 has suggested that our ecological footprint is 13.5 billion hectares, meaning that we are using the Earths resources 20% faster than they are being renewed. This will ultimately result in the loss of all the Earths resources. Individual countries can look at their own ecological footprint and compare it to the size of their bio-productive capacity. Some countries are in an ecological deficit - they require more land than their bio-productive capacity to sustain them. Other countries have an ecological reserve, meaning that their bio-productive capacity is greater than their footprint. It can be difficult for individual countries to reduce their ecological footprint. This can either be performed by reducing that countries reliance on unsustainable resources or by increasing the amount of bio-productive land available. It is important, however, that a global effort is made to increase our sustainability.", "hypothesis": "Only the countries with an ecological deficit are able to tackle the global problem of sustainability.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_88", "premise": "The ecological footprint is a simple way to look at how sustainable people are being. It is based on the idea that all the resources taken from the Earth are finite. It is defined by how much land and water would be required to produce the resources that the population consumes within a year. It has been calculated that there are currently 11.2 billion bio-productive hectares available on the Earth. A study in 2004 has suggested that our ecological footprint is 13.5 billion hectares, meaning that we are using the Earths resources 20% faster than they are being renewed. This will ultimately result in the loss of all the Earths resources. Individual countries can look at their own ecological footprint and compare it to the size of their bio-productive capacity. Some countries are in an ecological deficit - they require more land than their bio-productive capacity to sustain them. Other countries have an ecological reserve, meaning that their bio-productive capacity is greater than their footprint. It can be difficult for individual countries to reduce their ecological footprint. This can either be performed by reducing that countries reliance on unsustainable resources or by increasing the amount of bio-productive land available. It is important, however, that a global effort is made to increase our sustainability.", "hypothesis": "The bio-productive capacity of the Earth is fixed.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_89", "premise": "The economic importance of coral reefs A lot of people around the world are dependent, or partly dependent, on coral reefs for their livelihoods. They often live adjacent to the reef, and their livelihood revolves around the direct extraction, processing and sale of reef resources such as shell fish and seaweeds. In addition, their homes are sheltered by the reef from wave action. Reef flats and shallow reef lagoons are accessible on foot, without the need for a boat, and so allow women, children and the elderly to engage directly in manual harvesting, or reef-gleaning. This is a significant factor distinguishing reef-based fisheries from near-shore sea fisheries. Near-shore fisheries are typically the domain of adult males, in particular where they involve the use of boats, with women and children restricted mainly to shore-based activities. However, in a coral-reef fishery the physical accessibility of the reef opens up opportunities for direct participation by women, and consequently increases their independence and the importance of their role in the community. It also provides a place for children to play, and to acquire important skills and knowledge for later in life. For example, in the South West Island of Tobi, in the Pacific Ocean, young boys use simple hand lines with a loop and bait at the end to develop the art of fishing on the reef. Similarly, in the Surin Islands of Thailand, young Moken boys spend much of their time playing, swimming and diving in shallow reef lagoons, and in doing so build crucial skills for their future daily subsistence. Secondary occupations, such as fish processing and marketing activities, are often dominated by women, and offer an important survival strategy for households with access to few other physical assets (such as boats and gear), for elderly women, widows, or the wives of infirm men. On Ulithi Atoll in the western Pacific, women have a distinct role and rights in the distribution of fish catches. This is because the canoes, made from mahogany logs from nearby Yap Island, are obtained through the exchange of cloth made by the women of Ulithi. Small-scale reef fisheries support the involvement of local women traders and their involvement can give them greater control over the household income, and in negotiating for loans or credit. Thus their role is not only important in providing income for their families, it also underpins the economy of the local village. Poor people with little access to land, labour and financial resources are particularly reliant on exploiting natural resources, and consequently they are vulnerable to seasonal changes in availability of those resources. The diversity of coral reef fisheries, combined with their physical accessibility and the protection they provide against bad weather, make them relatively stable compared with other fisheries, or land-based agricultural production. In many places, the reef may even act as a resource bank, used as a means of saving food for future times of need. In Manus, Papua New Guinea, giant clams are collected and held in walled enclosures on the reef, until they are needed during periods of rough weather. In Palau, sea cucumbers are seldom eaten during good weather in an effort to conserve their populations for months during which rough weather prohibits good fishing. Coral reef resources also act as a buffer against seasonal lows in other sectors, particularly agriculture. For example, in coastal communities in northern Mozambique, reef harvests provide key sources of food and cash when agricultural production is low, with the peak in fisheries production coinciding with the period of lowest agricultural stocks. In Papua New Guinea, while agriculture is the primary means of food production, a large proportion of the coastal population engage in sporadic subsistence fishing. In many coral-reef areas, tourism is one of the main industries bringing employment, and in many cases is promoted to provide alternatives to fisheries-based livelihoods, and to ensure that local reef resources are conserved. In the Caribbean alone, tours based on scuba-diving have attracted 20 million people in one year. The upgrading of roads and communications associated with the expansion of tourism may also bring benefits to local communities. However, plans for development must be considered carefully. The ability of the poorer members of the community to access the benefits of tourism is far from guaranteed, and requires development guided by social, cultural and environmental principles. There is growing recognition that sustainability is a key requirement, as encompassed in small-scale eco-tourism activities, for instance. Where tourism development has not been carefully planned, and the needs and priorities of the local community have not been properly recognised, conflict has sometimes arisen between tourism and local, small-scale fishers.", "hypothesis": "In coral reef fisheries, only male traders can apply for finance.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_90", "premise": "The economic importance of coral reefs A lot of people around the world are dependent, or partly dependent, on coral reefs for their livelihoods. They often live adjacent to the reef, and their livelihood revolves around the direct extraction, processing and sale of reef resources such as shell fish and seaweeds. In addition, their homes are sheltered by the reef from wave action. Reef flats and shallow reef lagoons are accessible on foot, without the need for a boat, and so allow women, children and the elderly to engage directly in manual harvesting, or reef-gleaning. This is a significant factor distinguishing reef-based fisheries from near-shore sea fisheries. Near-shore fisheries are typically the domain of adult males, in particular where they involve the use of boats, with women and children restricted mainly to shore-based activities. However, in a coral-reef fishery the physical accessibility of the reef opens up opportunities for direct participation by women, and consequently increases their independence and the importance of their role in the community. It also provides a place for children to play, and to acquire important skills and knowledge for later in life. For example, in the South West Island of Tobi, in the Pacific Ocean, young boys use simple hand lines with a loop and bait at the end to develop the art of fishing on the reef. Similarly, in the Surin Islands of Thailand, young Moken boys spend much of their time playing, swimming and diving in shallow reef lagoons, and in doing so build crucial skills for their future daily subsistence. Secondary occupations, such as fish processing and marketing activities, are often dominated by women, and offer an important survival strategy for households with access to few other physical assets (such as boats and gear), for elderly women, widows, or the wives of infirm men. On Ulithi Atoll in the western Pacific, women have a distinct role and rights in the distribution of fish catches. This is because the canoes, made from mahogany logs from nearby Yap Island, are obtained through the exchange of cloth made by the women of Ulithi. Small-scale reef fisheries support the involvement of local women traders and their involvement can give them greater control over the household income, and in negotiating for loans or credit. Thus their role is not only important in providing income for their families, it also underpins the economy of the local village. Poor people with little access to land, labour and financial resources are particularly reliant on exploiting natural resources, and consequently they are vulnerable to seasonal changes in availability of those resources. The diversity of coral reef fisheries, combined with their physical accessibility and the protection they provide against bad weather, make them relatively stable compared with other fisheries, or land-based agricultural production. In many places, the reef may even act as a resource bank, used as a means of saving food for future times of need. In Manus, Papua New Guinea, giant clams are collected and held in walled enclosures on the reef, until they are needed during periods of rough weather. In Palau, sea cucumbers are seldom eaten during good weather in an effort to conserve their populations for months during which rough weather prohibits good fishing. Coral reef resources also act as a buffer against seasonal lows in other sectors, particularly agriculture. For example, in coastal communities in northern Mozambique, reef harvests provide key sources of food and cash when agricultural production is low, with the peak in fisheries production coinciding with the period of lowest agricultural stocks. In Papua New Guinea, while agriculture is the primary means of food production, a large proportion of the coastal population engage in sporadic subsistence fishing. In many coral-reef areas, tourism is one of the main industries bringing employment, and in many cases is promoted to provide alternatives to fisheries-based livelihoods, and to ensure that local reef resources are conserved. In the Caribbean alone, tours based on scuba-diving have attracted 20 million people in one year. The upgrading of roads and communications associated with the expansion of tourism may also bring benefits to local communities. However, plans for development must be considered carefully. The ability of the poorer members of the community to access the benefits of tourism is far from guaranteed, and requires development guided by social, cultural and environmental principles. There is growing recognition that sustainability is a key requirement, as encompassed in small-scale eco-tourism activities, for instance. Where tourism development has not been carefully planned, and the needs and priorities of the local community have not been properly recognised, conflict has sometimes arisen between tourism and local, small-scale fishers.", "hypothesis": "Involvement in coral-reef-based occupations raises the status of women.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_91", "premise": "The economic importance of coral reefs A lot of people around the world are dependent, or partly dependent, on coral reefs for their livelihoods. They often live adjacent to the reef, and their livelihood revolves around the direct extraction, processing and sale of reef resources such as shell fish and seaweeds. In addition, their homes are sheltered by the reef from wave action. Reef flats and shallow reef lagoons are accessible on foot, without the need for a boat, and so allow women, children and the elderly to engage directly in manual harvesting, or reef-gleaning. This is a significant factor distinguishing reef-based fisheries from near-shore sea fisheries. Near-shore fisheries are typically the domain of adult males, in particular where they involve the use of boats, with women and children restricted mainly to shore-based activities. However, in a coral-reef fishery the physical accessibility of the reef opens up opportunities for direct participation by women, and consequently increases their independence and the importance of their role in the community. It also provides a place for children to play, and to acquire important skills and knowledge for later in life. For example, in the South West Island of Tobi, in the Pacific Ocean, young boys use simple hand lines with a loop and bait at the end to develop the art of fishing on the reef. Similarly, in the Surin Islands of Thailand, young Moken boys spend much of their time playing, swimming and diving in shallow reef lagoons, and in doing so build crucial skills for their future daily subsistence. Secondary occupations, such as fish processing and marketing activities, are often dominated by women, and offer an important survival strategy for households with access to few other physical assets (such as boats and gear), for elderly women, widows, or the wives of infirm men. On Ulithi Atoll in the western Pacific, women have a distinct role and rights in the distribution of fish catches. This is because the canoes, made from mahogany logs from nearby Yap Island, are obtained through the exchange of cloth made by the women of Ulithi. Small-scale reef fisheries support the involvement of local women traders and their involvement can give them greater control over the household income, and in negotiating for loans or credit. Thus their role is not only important in providing income for their families, it also underpins the economy of the local village. Poor people with little access to land, labour and financial resources are particularly reliant on exploiting natural resources, and consequently they are vulnerable to seasonal changes in availability of those resources. The diversity of coral reef fisheries, combined with their physical accessibility and the protection they provide against bad weather, make them relatively stable compared with other fisheries, or land-based agricultural production. In many places, the reef may even act as a resource bank, used as a means of saving food for future times of need. In Manus, Papua New Guinea, giant clams are collected and held in walled enclosures on the reef, until they are needed during periods of rough weather. In Palau, sea cucumbers are seldom eaten during good weather in an effort to conserve their populations for months during which rough weather prohibits good fishing. Coral reef resources also act as a buffer against seasonal lows in other sectors, particularly agriculture. For example, in coastal communities in northern Mozambique, reef harvests provide key sources of food and cash when agricultural production is low, with the peak in fisheries production coinciding with the period of lowest agricultural stocks. In Papua New Guinea, while agriculture is the primary means of food production, a large proportion of the coastal population engage in sporadic subsistence fishing. In many coral-reef areas, tourism is one of the main industries bringing employment, and in many cases is promoted to provide alternatives to fisheries-based livelihoods, and to ensure that local reef resources are conserved. In the Caribbean alone, tours based on scuba-diving have attracted 20 million people in one year. The upgrading of roads and communications associated with the expansion of tourism may also bring benefits to local communities. However, plans for development must be considered carefully. The ability of the poorer members of the community to access the benefits of tourism is far from guaranteed, and requires development guided by social, cultural and environmental principles. There is growing recognition that sustainability is a key requirement, as encompassed in small-scale eco-tourism activities, for instance. Where tourism development has not been carefully planned, and the needs and priorities of the local community have not been properly recognised, conflict has sometimes arisen between tourism and local, small-scale fishers.", "hypothesis": "In most places, coral-reef gleaning is normally carried out by men.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_92", "premise": "The economic importance of coral reefs A lot of people around the world are dependent, or partly dependent, on coral reefs for their livelihoods. They often live adjacent to the reef, and their livelihood revolves around the direct extraction, processing and sale of reef resources such as shell fish and seaweeds. In addition, their homes are sheltered by the reef from wave action. Reef flats and shallow reef lagoons are accessible on foot, without the need for a boat, and so allow women, children and the elderly to engage directly in manual harvesting, or reef-gleaning. This is a significant factor distinguishing reef-based fisheries from near-shore sea fisheries. Near-shore fisheries are typically the domain of adult males, in particular where they involve the use of boats, with women and children restricted mainly to shore-based activities. However, in a coral-reef fishery the physical accessibility of the reef opens up opportunities for direct participation by women, and consequently increases their independence and the importance of their role in the community. It also provides a place for children to play, and to acquire important skills and knowledge for later in life. For example, in the South West Island of Tobi, in the Pacific Ocean, young boys use simple hand lines with a loop and bait at the end to develop the art of fishing on the reef. Similarly, in the Surin Islands of Thailand, young Moken boys spend much of their time playing, swimming and diving in shallow reef lagoons, and in doing so build crucial skills for their future daily subsistence. Secondary occupations, such as fish processing and marketing activities, are often dominated by women, and offer an important survival strategy for households with access to few other physical assets (such as boats and gear), for elderly women, widows, or the wives of infirm men. On Ulithi Atoll in the western Pacific, women have a distinct role and rights in the distribution of fish catches. This is because the canoes, made from mahogany logs from nearby Yap Island, are obtained through the exchange of cloth made by the women of Ulithi. Small-scale reef fisheries support the involvement of local women traders and their involvement can give them greater control over the household income, and in negotiating for loans or credit. Thus their role is not only important in providing income for their families, it also underpins the economy of the local village. Poor people with little access to land, labour and financial resources are particularly reliant on exploiting natural resources, and consequently they are vulnerable to seasonal changes in availability of those resources. The diversity of coral reef fisheries, combined with their physical accessibility and the protection they provide against bad weather, make them relatively stable compared with other fisheries, or land-based agricultural production. In many places, the reef may even act as a resource bank, used as a means of saving food for future times of need. In Manus, Papua New Guinea, giant clams are collected and held in walled enclosures on the reef, until they are needed during periods of rough weather. In Palau, sea cucumbers are seldom eaten during good weather in an effort to conserve their populations for months during which rough weather prohibits good fishing. Coral reef resources also act as a buffer against seasonal lows in other sectors, particularly agriculture. For example, in coastal communities in northern Mozambique, reef harvests provide key sources of food and cash when agricultural production is low, with the peak in fisheries production coinciding with the period of lowest agricultural stocks. In Papua New Guinea, while agriculture is the primary means of food production, a large proportion of the coastal population engage in sporadic subsistence fishing. In many coral-reef areas, tourism is one of the main industries bringing employment, and in many cases is promoted to provide alternatives to fisheries-based livelihoods, and to ensure that local reef resources are conserved. In the Caribbean alone, tours based on scuba-diving have attracted 20 million people in one year. The upgrading of roads and communications associated with the expansion of tourism may also bring benefits to local communities. However, plans for development must be considered carefully. The ability of the poorer members of the community to access the benefits of tourism is far from guaranteed, and requires development guided by social, cultural and environmental principles. There is growing recognition that sustainability is a key requirement, as encompassed in small-scale eco-tourism activities, for instance. Where tourism development has not been carefully planned, and the needs and priorities of the local community have not been properly recognised, conflict has sometimes arisen between tourism and local, small-scale fishers.", "hypothesis": "Boats for use by the inhabitants of Ulithi are constructed on Yap Island.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_93", "premise": "The economic importance of coral reefs A lot of people around the world are dependent, or partly dependent, on coral reefs for their livelihoods. They often live adjacent to the reef, and their livelihood revolves around the direct extraction, processing and sale of reef resources such as shell fish and seaweeds. In addition, their homes are sheltered by the reef from wave action. Reef flats and shallow reef lagoons are accessible on foot, without the need for a boat, and so allow women, children and the elderly to engage directly in manual harvesting, or reef-gleaning. This is a significant factor distinguishing reef-based fisheries from near-shore sea fisheries. Near-shore fisheries are typically the domain of adult males, in particular where they involve the use of boats, with women and children restricted mainly to shore-based activities. However, in a coral-reef fishery the physical accessibility of the reef opens up opportunities for direct participation by women, and consequently increases their independence and the importance of their role in the community. It also provides a place for children to play, and to acquire important skills and knowledge for later in life. For example, in the South West Island of Tobi, in the Pacific Ocean, young boys use simple hand lines with a loop and bait at the end to develop the art of fishing on the reef. Similarly, in the Surin Islands of Thailand, young Moken boys spend much of their time playing, swimming and diving in shallow reef lagoons, and in doing so build crucial skills for their future daily subsistence. Secondary occupations, such as fish processing and marketing activities, are often dominated by women, and offer an important survival strategy for households with access to few other physical assets (such as boats and gear), for elderly women, widows, or the wives of infirm men. On Ulithi Atoll in the western Pacific, women have a distinct role and rights in the distribution of fish catches. This is because the canoes, made from mahogany logs from nearby Yap Island, are obtained through the exchange of cloth made by the women of Ulithi. Small-scale reef fisheries support the involvement of local women traders and their involvement can give them greater control over the household income, and in negotiating for loans or credit. Thus their role is not only important in providing income for their families, it also underpins the economy of the local village. Poor people with little access to land, labour and financial resources are particularly reliant on exploiting natural resources, and consequently they are vulnerable to seasonal changes in availability of those resources. The diversity of coral reef fisheries, combined with their physical accessibility and the protection they provide against bad weather, make them relatively stable compared with other fisheries, or land-based agricultural production. In many places, the reef may even act as a resource bank, used as a means of saving food for future times of need. In Manus, Papua New Guinea, giant clams are collected and held in walled enclosures on the reef, until they are needed during periods of rough weather. In Palau, sea cucumbers are seldom eaten during good weather in an effort to conserve their populations for months during which rough weather prohibits good fishing. Coral reef resources also act as a buffer against seasonal lows in other sectors, particularly agriculture. For example, in coastal communities in northern Mozambique, reef harvests provide key sources of food and cash when agricultural production is low, with the peak in fisheries production coinciding with the period of lowest agricultural stocks. In Papua New Guinea, while agriculture is the primary means of food production, a large proportion of the coastal population engage in sporadic subsistence fishing. In many coral-reef areas, tourism is one of the main industries bringing employment, and in many cases is promoted to provide alternatives to fisheries-based livelihoods, and to ensure that local reef resources are conserved. In the Caribbean alone, tours based on scuba-diving have attracted 20 million people in one year. The upgrading of roads and communications associated with the expansion of tourism may also bring benefits to local communities. However, plans for development must be considered carefully. The ability of the poorer members of the community to access the benefits of tourism is far from guaranteed, and requires development guided by social, cultural and environmental principles. There is growing recognition that sustainability is a key requirement, as encompassed in small-scale eco-tourism activities, for instance. Where tourism development has not been carefully planned, and the needs and priorities of the local community have not been properly recognised, conflict has sometimes arisen between tourism and local, small-scale fishers.", "hypothesis": "The women of Ulithi Atoll have some control over how fish catches are shared out.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_94", "premise": "The economic importance of coral reefs A lot of people around the world are dependent, or partly dependent, on coral reefs for their livelihoods. They often live adjacent to the reef, and their livelihood revolves around the direct extraction, processing and sale of reef resources such as shell fish and seaweeds. In addition, their homes are sheltered by the reef from wave action. Reef flats and shallow reef lagoons are accessible on foot, without the need for a boat, and so allow women, children and the elderly to engage directly in manual harvesting, or reef-gleaning. This is a significant factor distinguishing reef-based fisheries from near-shore sea fisheries. Near-shore fisheries are typically the domain of adult males, in particular where they involve the use of boats, with women and children restricted mainly to shore-based activities. However, in a coral-reef fishery the physical accessibility of the reef opens up opportunities for direct participation by women, and consequently increases their independence and the importance of their role in the community. It also provides a place for children to play, and to acquire important skills and knowledge for later in life. For example, in the South West Island of Tobi, in the Pacific Ocean, young boys use simple hand lines with a loop and bait at the end to develop the art of fishing on the reef. Similarly, in the Surin Islands of Thailand, young Moken boys spend much of their time playing, swimming and diving in shallow reef lagoons, and in doing so build crucial skills for their future daily subsistence. Secondary occupations, such as fish processing and marketing activities, are often dominated by women, and offer an important survival strategy for households with access to few other physical assets (such as boats and gear), for elderly women, widows, or the wives of infirm men. On Ulithi Atoll in the western Pacific, women have a distinct role and rights in the distribution of fish catches. This is because the canoes, made from mahogany logs from nearby Yap Island, are obtained through the exchange of cloth made by the women of Ulithi. Small-scale reef fisheries support the involvement of local women traders and their involvement can give them greater control over the household income, and in negotiating for loans or credit. Thus their role is not only important in providing income for their families, it also underpins the economy of the local village. Poor people with little access to land, labour and financial resources are particularly reliant on exploiting natural resources, and consequently they are vulnerable to seasonal changes in availability of those resources. The diversity of coral reef fisheries, combined with their physical accessibility and the protection they provide against bad weather, make them relatively stable compared with other fisheries, or land-based agricultural production. In many places, the reef may even act as a resource bank, used as a means of saving food for future times of need. In Manus, Papua New Guinea, giant clams are collected and held in walled enclosures on the reef, until they are needed during periods of rough weather. In Palau, sea cucumbers are seldom eaten during good weather in an effort to conserve their populations for months during which rough weather prohibits good fishing. Coral reef resources also act as a buffer against seasonal lows in other sectors, particularly agriculture. For example, in coastal communities in northern Mozambique, reef harvests provide key sources of food and cash when agricultural production is low, with the peak in fisheries production coinciding with the period of lowest agricultural stocks. In Papua New Guinea, while agriculture is the primary means of food production, a large proportion of the coastal population engage in sporadic subsistence fishing. In many coral-reef areas, tourism is one of the main industries bringing employment, and in many cases is promoted to provide alternatives to fisheries-based livelihoods, and to ensure that local reef resources are conserved. In the Caribbean alone, tours based on scuba-diving have attracted 20 million people in one year. The upgrading of roads and communications associated with the expansion of tourism may also bring benefits to local communities. However, plans for development must be considered carefully. The ability of the poorer members of the community to access the benefits of tourism is far from guaranteed, and requires development guided by social, cultural and environmental principles. There is growing recognition that sustainability is a key requirement, as encompassed in small-scale eco-tourism activities, for instance. Where tourism development has not been carefully planned, and the needs and priorities of the local community have not been properly recognised, conflict has sometimes arisen between tourism and local, small-scale fishers.", "hypothesis": "Coral reefs provide a less constant source of income than near-shore seas.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_95", "premise": "The economic importance of coral reefs A lot of people around the world are dependent, or partly dependent, on coral reefs for their livelihoods. They often live adjacent to the reef, and their livelihood revolves around the direct extraction, processing and sale of reef resources such as shell fish and seaweeds. In addition, their homes are sheltered by the reef from wave action. Reef flats and shallow reef lagoons are accessible on foot, without the need for a boat, and so allow women, children and the elderly to engage directly in manual harvesting, or reef-gleaning. This is a significant factor distinguishing reef-based fisheries from near-shore sea fisheries. Near-shore fisheries are typically the domain of adult males, in particular where they involve the use of boats, with women and children restricted mainly to shore-based activities. However, in a coral-reef fishery the physical accessibility of the reef opens up opportunities for direct participation by women, and consequently increases their independence and the importance of their role in the community. It also provides a place for children to play, and to acquire important skills and knowledge for later in life. For example, in the South West Island of Tobi, in the Pacific Ocean, young boys use simple hand lines with a loop and bait at the end to develop the art of fishing on the reef. Similarly, in the Surin Islands of Thailand, young Moken boys spend much of their time playing, swimming and diving in shallow reef lagoons, and in doing so build crucial skills for their future daily subsistence. Secondary occupations, such as fish processing and marketing activities, are often dominated by women, and offer an important survival strategy for households with access to few other physical assets (such as boats and gear), for elderly women, widows, or the wives of infirm men. On Ulithi Atoll in the western Pacific, women have a distinct role and rights in the distribution of fish catches. This is because the canoes, made from mahogany logs from nearby Yap Island, are obtained through the exchange of cloth made by the women of Ulithi. Small-scale reef fisheries support the involvement of local women traders and their involvement can give them greater control over the household income, and in negotiating for loans or credit. Thus their role is not only important in providing income for their families, it also underpins the economy of the local village. Poor people with little access to land, labour and financial resources are particularly reliant on exploiting natural resources, and consequently they are vulnerable to seasonal changes in availability of those resources. The diversity of coral reef fisheries, combined with their physical accessibility and the protection they provide against bad weather, make them relatively stable compared with other fisheries, or land-based agricultural production. In many places, the reef may even act as a resource bank, used as a means of saving food for future times of need. In Manus, Papua New Guinea, giant clams are collected and held in walled enclosures on the reef, until they are needed during periods of rough weather. In Palau, sea cucumbers are seldom eaten during good weather in an effort to conserve their populations for months during which rough weather prohibits good fishing. Coral reef resources also act as a buffer against seasonal lows in other sectors, particularly agriculture. For example, in coastal communities in northern Mozambique, reef harvests provide key sources of food and cash when agricultural production is low, with the peak in fisheries production coinciding with the period of lowest agricultural stocks. In Papua New Guinea, while agriculture is the primary means of food production, a large proportion of the coastal population engage in sporadic subsistence fishing. In many coral-reef areas, tourism is one of the main industries bringing employment, and in many cases is promoted to provide alternatives to fisheries-based livelihoods, and to ensure that local reef resources are conserved. In the Caribbean alone, tours based on scuba-diving have attracted 20 million people in one year. The upgrading of roads and communications associated with the expansion of tourism may also bring benefits to local communities. However, plans for development must be considered carefully. The ability of the poorer members of the community to access the benefits of tourism is far from guaranteed, and requires development guided by social, cultural and environmental principles. There is growing recognition that sustainability is a key requirement, as encompassed in small-scale eco-tourism activities, for instance. Where tourism development has not been carefully planned, and the needs and priorities of the local community have not been properly recognised, conflict has sometimes arisen between tourism and local, small-scale fishers.", "hypothesis": "Coral reefs provide valuable learning opportunities for young children.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_96", "premise": "The effects of light on plant and animal species Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants. Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants. Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured. The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length. The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976). The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises. Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.", "hypothesis": "Photoperiodism is restricted to certain geographic areas.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_97", "premise": "The effects of light on plant and animal species Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants. Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants. Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured. The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length. The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976). The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises. Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.", "hypothesis": "Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_98", "premise": "The effects of light on plant and animal species Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants. Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants. Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured. The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length. The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976). The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises. Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.", "hypothesis": "Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea abitifolia's seasonal rhythm.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_99", "premise": "The effects of light on plant and animal species Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants. Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants. Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured. The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length. The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976). The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises. Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.", "hypothesis": "Desert annuals are examples of long-day plants.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_100", "premise": "The effects of light on plant and animal species Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants. Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants. Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured. The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length. The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976). The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises. Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.", "hypothesis": "Eastern hemlock is a fast-growing plant.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_101", "premise": "The effects of light on plant and animal species Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants. Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants. Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured. The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length. The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976). The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises. Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.", "hypothesis": "There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_102", "premise": "The effects of light on plant and animal species Light is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly it is used as a cue for the timing, of daily and seasonal rhythms in both plants and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants. Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behaviour. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of change within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds' breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plants which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants. Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured. The adaptive significance at photoperiodism in plants is also clear. Short-day plants that flower in spring in the temperate zone are adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plants that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing season and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plants have an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favourable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length. The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusquea abietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo seeds (in some cases lying 12 to 15 centimetres deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976). The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic responses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises. Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tolerant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plants have lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of habitat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest understory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.", "hypothesis": "Bamboos flower several times during their life cycle.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_103", "premise": "The effects of smoking have been known for a very long time. The harmful and poisonous chemicals inside tobacco all have negative effects. If an individual smokes long-term they are more likely to suffer from the following: cancer, heart disease, blockage of vessels and so on. Since the 1st of July 2007, the UK government brought out new legislation which prohibited individuals from smoking in public places such as clubs, bars, pubs and restaurants. Many organisations have now incorporated a no smoking policy within staff and customer areas. In order to advertise this policy, posters and pamphlets have been specifically put in staff canteens and customer waiting rooms. Many individuals have put forward their support, either by not smoking in these buildings, or by quitting smoking all together. However, a minority feel that this is an erosion of their freedom of choice.", "hypothesis": "Due to the legislation enforced by the government many organisations now have a no smoking policy", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_104", "premise": "The effects of smoking have been known for a very long time. The harmful and poisonous chemicals inside tobacco all have negative effects. If an individual smokes long-term they are more likely to suffer from the following: cancer, heart disease, blockage of vessels and so on. Since the 1st of July 2007, the UK government brought out new legislation which prohibited individuals from smoking in public places such as clubs, bars, pubs and restaurants. Many organisations have now incorporated a no smoking policy within staff and customer areas. In order to advertise this policy, posters and pamphlets have been specifically put in staff canteens and customer waiting rooms. Many individuals have put forward their support, either by not smoking in these buildings, or by quitting smoking all together. However, a minority feel that this is an erosion of their freedom of choice.", "hypothesis": "If an individual was to smoke for at least 10 years, they are more likely to suffer from cancer, heart disease, blockage of vessels and so on", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_105", "premise": "The effects of smoking have been known for a very long time. The harmful and poisonous chemicals inside tobacco all have negative effects. If an individual smokes long-term they are more likely to suffer from the following: cancer, heart disease, blockage of vessels and so on. Since the 1st of July 2007, the UK government brought out new legislation which prohibited individuals from smoking in public places such as clubs, bars, pubs and restaurants. Many organisations have now incorporated a no smoking policy within staff and customer areas. In order to advertise this policy, posters and pamphlets have been specifically put in staff canteens and customer waiting rooms. Many individuals have put forward their support, either by not smoking in these buildings, or by quitting smoking all together. However, a minority feel that this is an erosion of their freedom of choice.", "hypothesis": "All individuals seem to be supporting the no smoking policy", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_106", "premise": "The effects of smoking have been known for a very long time. The harmful and poisonous chemicals inside tobacco all have negative effects. If an individual smokes long-term they are more likely to suffer from the following: cancer, heart disease, blockage of vessels and so on. Since the 1st of July 2007, the UK government brought out new legislation which prohibited individuals from smoking in public places such as clubs, bars, pubs and restaurants. Many organisations have now incorporated a no smoking policy within staff and customer areas. In order to advertise this policy, posters and pamphlets have been specifically put in staff canteens and customer waiting rooms. Many individuals have put forward their support, either by not smoking in these buildings, or by quitting smoking all together. However, a minority feel that this is an erosion of their freedom of choice.", "hypothesis": "Due to the enforcement of the no smoking legislation, it will be up to the organisations to comply by the rules", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_107", "premise": "The effects of spaceflight on astronauts have been an important area of study since the start of manned spaceflight. The effects of weightlessness on the body are believed to be the key problem astronauts face in medium to long term space missions. Short term weightlessness can lead to motion sickness, lethargy and nausea. Long term weightlessness may lead to the loss of bone and muscle mass, disrupted vision and weakened immune system. More research is necessary to limit the effects of weightlessness on astronauts if manned space flight is to continue.", "hypothesis": "Motion sickness is a long term effect of weightlessnes", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_108", "premise": "The effects of spaceflight on astronauts have been an important area of study since the start of manned spaceflight. The effects of weightlessness on the body are believed to be the key problem astronauts face in medium to long term space missions. Short term weightlessness can lead to motion sickness, lethargy and nausea. Long term weightlessness may lead to the loss of bone and muscle mass, disrupted vision and weakened immune system. More research is necessary to limit the effects of weightlessness on astronauts if manned space flight is to continue.", "hypothesis": "Nausea is a long term effect of weightlessnes", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_109", "premise": "The effects of spaceflight on astronauts have been an important area of study since the start of manned spaceflight. The effects of weightlessness on the body are believed to be the key problem astronauts face in medium to long term space missions. Short term weightlessness can lead to motion sickness, lethargy and nausea. Long term weightlessness may lead to the loss of bone and muscle mass, disrupted vision and weakened immune system. More research is necessary to limit the effects of weightlessness on astronauts if manned space flight is to continue.", "hypothesis": "Disrupted vision is a long term effect of weightlessnes", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_110", "premise": "The era of mass media is giving way to one of personal and participatory media. Technology has freed people from having to passively consume mass media content. They are beginning to value their own opinions and offer them online alongside those of the supposed experts. They post online ratings for their favourite restaurant, and they contribute entries to collaborative sites offering advice and answers to questions posed on every imagi- nable subject. They are quickly realizing that all too often the views of a rank amateur are as or even more interesting than those of the experts. It is only the beginning of a revolution that will encircle the globe and affect most people as access to the internet becomes even more widespread.", "hypothesis": "The passage presents what can be described as a counter argument or at least an alternative perspective.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_111", "premise": "The era of mass media is giving way to one of personal and participatory media. Technology has freed people from having to passively consume mass media content. They are beginning to value their own opinions and offer them online alongside those of the supposed experts. They post online ratings for their favourite restaurant, and they contribute entries to collaborative sites offering advice and answers to questions posed on every imagi- nable subject. They are quickly realizing that all too often the views of a rank amateur are as or even more interesting than those of the experts. It is only the beginning of a revolution that will encircle the globe and affect most people as access to the internet becomes even more widespread.", "hypothesis": "The subject of how the large traditional media corporations will respond to the challenge of the internet is touched upon in the passage.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_112", "premise": "The era of mass media is giving way to one of personal and participatory media. Technology has freed people from having to passively consume mass media content. They are beginning to value their own opinions and offer them online alongside those of the supposed experts. They post online ratings for their favourite restaurant, and they contribute entries to collaborative sites offering advice and answers to questions posed on every imagi- nable subject. They are quickly realizing that all too often the views of a rank amateur are as or even more interesting than those of the experts. It is only the beginning of a revolution that will encircle the globe and affect most people as access to the internet becomes even more widespread.", "hypothesis": "Not everything posted on the internet is correct and sometimes peoples contributions are misleading.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_113", "premise": "The era of mass media is giving way to one of personal and participatory media. Technology has freed people from having to passively consume mass media content. They are beginning to value their own opinions and offer them online alongside those of the supposed experts. They post online ratings for their favourite restaurant, and they contribute entries to collaborative sites offering advice and answers to questions posed on every imagi- nable subject. They are quickly realizing that all too often the views of a rank amateur are as or even more interesting than those of the experts. It is only the beginning of a revolution that will encircle the globe and affect most people as access to the internet becomes even more widespread.", "hypothesis": "The penultimate sentence of the passage illustrates the sort of things that people post online.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_114", "premise": "The era of mass media is giving way to one of personal and participatory media. Technology has freed people from having to passively consume mass media content. They are beginning to value their own opinions and offer them online alongside those of the supposed experts. They post online ratings for their favourite restaurant, and they contribute entries to collaborative sites offering advice and answers to questions posed on every imagi- nable subject. They are quickly realizing that all too often the views of a rank amateur are as or even more interesting than those of the experts. It is only the beginning of a revolution that will encircle the globe and affect most people as access to the internet becomes even more widespread.", "hypothesis": "When the passage was written there was no universal access to the internet.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_115", "premise": "The estimated cost to widen both sides of 240 miles of the worlds busiest motorway has been priced at a figure higher than the annual gross domestic product (GDP) of one quarter of the worlds nations. It is a major construction project but with the same sum of money many of the worlds nations fund their entire annual government expenditure, including road building. The rate of inflation for raw materials and therefore for construction is running many times higher than general inflation and given this and the fact that such projects have a record of overrunning their estimates there must exist a real possibility that the scheme will cost even more than the estimate. Construction work has not yet started but the pre-construction phase has begun even if the decision to proceed with the project has still to be made.", "hypothesis": "The sum of one quarter of the worlds nations GDP is less than the estimated cost to widen both sides of a length of the worlds busiest motorway.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_116", "premise": "The estimated cost to widen both sides of 240 miles of the worlds busiest motorway has been priced at a figure higher than the annual gross domestic product (GDP) of one quarter of the worlds nations. It is a major construction project but with the same sum of money many of the worlds nations fund their entire annual government expenditure, including road building. The rate of inflation for raw materials and therefore for construction is running many times higher than general inflation and given this and the fact that such projects have a record of overrunning their estimates there must exist a real possibility that the scheme will cost even more than the estimate. Construction work has not yet started but the pre-construction phase has begun even if the decision to proceed with the project has still to be made.", "hypothesis": "An estimate is not a commitment to spend.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_117", "premise": "The estimated cost to widen both sides of 240 miles of the worlds busiest motorway has been priced at a figure higher than the annual gross domestic product (GDP) of one quarter of the worlds nations. It is a major construction project but with the same sum of money many of the worlds nations fund their entire annual government expenditure, including road building. The rate of inflation for raw materials and therefore for construction is running many times higher than general inflation and given this and the fact that such projects have a record of overrunning their estimates there must exist a real possibility that the scheme will cost even more than the estimate. Construction work has not yet started but the pre-construction phase has begun even if the decision to proceed with the project has still to be made.", "hypothesis": "The project involves 480 miles of road building.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_118", "premise": "The fashion industry is one of the most profitable sectors of the economy. An example of this can be seen in the reported annual profit of the Arcadia Group. The Group, which owns several high-street chains such as Topshop and Miss Selfridge, reported an annual profit of one hundred and eight million pounds last year. Similar figures have also been reported by leading fashion labels Zara and Urban Outfitters. In this way, the fashion industry continues to grow despite the current economic climate. A key aspect of this is that the reported figures are from high-street companies, which promise up-to-date fashion at prices much more widely available than those of designers.", "hypothesis": "Fashion industry is the most profitable sector of the economy.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_119", "premise": "The fashion industry is one of the most profitable sectors of the economy. An example of this can be seen in the reported annual profit of the Arcadia Group. The Group, which owns several high-street chains such as Topshop and Miss Selfridge, reported an annual profit of one hundred and eight million pounds last year. Similar figures have also been reported by leading fashion labels Zara and Urban Outfitters. In this way, the fashion industry continues to grow despite the current economic climate. A key aspect of this is that the reported figures are from high-street companies, which promise up-to-date fashion at prices much more widely available than those of designers.", "hypothesis": "High-street fashion provides a higher standard of products.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_120", "premise": "The fashion industry is one of the most profitable sectors of the economy. An example of this can be seen in the reported annual profit of the Arcadia Group. The Group, which owns several high-street chains such as Topshop and Miss Selfridge, reported an annual profit of one hundred and eight million pounds last year. Similar figures have also been reported by leading fashion labels Zara and Urban Outfitters. In this way, the fashion industry continues to grow despite the current economic climate. A key aspect of this is that the reported figures are from high-street companies, which promise up-to-date fashion at prices much more widely available than those of designers.", "hypothesis": "High-street fashion is more financially accessible than designer", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_121", "premise": "The fashion industry is one of the most profitable sectors of the economy. An example of this can be seen in the reported annual profit of the Arcadia Group. The Group, which owns several high-street chains such as Topshop and Miss Selfridge, reported an annual profit of one hundred and eight million pounds last year. Similar figures have also been reported by leading fashion labels Zara and Urban Outfitters. In this way, the fashion industry continues to grow despite the current economic climate. A key aspect of this is that the reported figures are from high-street companies, which promise up-to-date fashion at prices much more widely available than those of designers.", "hypothesis": "Cheaper fashion labels provide a lower standard of products.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_122", "premise": "The first ever low-cost tablet with a three-hour battery which works only with Wi-Fi for accessing the Internet will be a game changer for Indias rural population who have been on the wrong side of the digital divide in the country. Stated Company X, the manufacturers of the tabled on their role in providing access to Internet throughout India.", "hypothesis": "The tablet would not benefit urban population in India as much as the rural population.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_123", "premise": "The first ever low-cost tablet with a three-hour battery which works only with Wi-Fi for accessing the Internet will be a game changer for Indias rural population who have been on the wrong side of the digital divide in the country. Stated Company X, the manufacturers of the tabled on their role in providing access to Internet throughout India.", "hypothesis": "A mere three-hour battery would be grossly insufficient to maximize its benefits.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_124", "premise": "The first ever low-cost tablet with a three-hour battery which works only with Wi-Fi for accessing the Internet will be a game changer for Indias rural population who have been on the wrong side of the digital divide in the country. Stated Company X, the manufacturers of the tabled on their role in providing access to Internet throughout India.", "hypothesis": "Improvement in accessibility to Internet would help education sector the most.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_125", "premise": "The first ever low-cost tablet with a three-hour battery which works only with Wi-Fi for accessing the Internet will be a game changer for Indias rural population who have been on the wrong side of the digital divide in the country. Stated Company X, the manufacturers of the tabled on their role in providing access to Internet throughout India.", "hypothesis": "Wi-Fi connections are already available in rural parts of India.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_126", "premise": "The first ever low-cost tablet with a three-hour battery which works only with Wi-Fi for accessing the Internet will be a game changer for Indias rural population who have been on the wrong side of the digital divide in the country. Stated Company X, the manufacturers of the tabled on their role in providing access to Internet throughout India.", "hypothesis": "Other tablets did not have the features such as Wi-Fi connectivity.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_127", "premise": "The first problem with financial statements is that they are in the past; however detailed, they just provide a snap shot of the business at one moment in time. There is also a lack of detail in financial statements, giving little use for the running of a business. Financial statements are provided for legal reasons to meet with accounting regulations and are used largely by city analysts who compute share prices and give advice to shareholders. Accounts often have hidden information and may also be inconsistent it is difficult to compare different companies accounts, despite there being standards, as there is much leeway in these standards.", "hypothesis": "Companies create financial statements as part of their legal obligations.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_128", "premise": "The first problem with financial statements is that they are in the past; however detailed, they just provide a snap shot of the business at one moment in time. There is also a lack of detail in financial statements, giving little use for the running of a business. Financial statements are provided for legal reasons to meet with accounting regulations and are used largely by city analysts who compute share prices and give advice to shareholders. Accounts often have hidden information and may also be inconsistent it is difficult to compare different companies accounts, despite there being standards, as there is much leeway in these standards.", "hypothesis": "If account-recording standards were changed, it would be easier to compare the performance of different companies.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_129", "premise": "The first problem with financial statements is that they are in the past; however detailed, they just provide a snap shot of the business at one moment in time. There is also a lack of detail in financial statements, giving little use for the running of a business. Financial statements are provided for legal reasons to meet with accounting regulations and are used largely by city analysts who compute share prices and give advice to shareholders. Accounts often have hidden information and may also be inconsistent it is difficult to compare different companies accounts, despite there being standards, as there is much leeway in these standards.", "hypothesis": "Financial statements tell analysts what is going to happen to a business in the future.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_130", "premise": "The first problem with financial statements is that they are in the past; however detailed, they provide just a snap-shot of the business at one moment in time. There is also a lack of detail in financial statements, giving little use in the running of a business. Financial statements are provided for legal reasons to meet with accounting regulations and are used mainly by City analysts who compute share prices and give guidance to shareholders. Accounts often have hidden information and may also be inconsistent; it is difficult to compare different companies accounts, despite there being standards, as there is much leeway in the standards.", "hypothesis": "If account reporting standards were tightened, it would be easier to compare the performance of different companies.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_131", "premise": "The first problem with financial statements is that they are in the past; however detailed, they provide just a snap-shot of the business at one moment in time. There is also a lack of detail in financial statements, giving little use in the running of a business. Financial statements are provided for legal reasons to meet with accounting regulations and are used mainly by City analysts who compute share prices and give guidance to shareholders. Accounts often have hidden information and may also be inconsistent; it is difficult to compare different companies accounts, despite there being standards, as there is much leeway in the standards.", "hypothesis": "Companies create financial statements in order to comply with their legal obligations.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_132", "premise": "The first problem with financial statements is that they are in the past; however detailed, they provide just a snap-shot of the business at one moment in time. There is also a lack of detail in financial statements, giving little use in the running of a business. Financial statements are provided for legal reasons to meet with accounting regulations and are used mainly by City analysts who compute share prices and give guidance to shareholders. Accounts often have hidden information and may also be inconsistent; it is difficult to compare different companies accounts, despite there being standards, as there is much leeway in the standards.", "hypothesis": "Financial statements are useful for businesses to understand their financial activities.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_133", "premise": "The first salmon farms were in the Atlantic islands but the industry fell into dramatic decline with the value of the farmed fish when the farming method became discredited because of the use of chemicals and concerns over the feed used. Now they are farming cod in the Atlantic isles, only this time they have set rules for fish welfare and are feeding the cod on fish meal produced only from the by-products of fish already caught for human consumption. The enclosure nets in which the fish are grown are cleaned mechanically rather than treated with chemicals to stop them becoming fouled with weed. Cod, unlike salmon, are a gregarious species that naturally shoal and, unlike salmon, they do not need to be treated with insecticide to control fish lice.", "hypothesis": "The cod farmers are taking measures to avoid the mistakes of the salmon farmers.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_134", "premise": "The first salmon farms were in the Atlantic islands but the industry fell into dramatic decline with the value of the farmed fish when the farming method became discredited because of the use of chemicals and concerns over the feed used. Now they are farming cod in the Atlantic isles, only this time they have set rules for fish welfare and are feeding the cod on fish meal produced only from the by-products of fish already caught for human consumption. The enclosure nets in which the fish are grown are cleaned mechanically rather than treated with chemicals to stop them becoming fouled with weed. Cod, unlike salmon, are a gregarious species that naturally shoal and, unlike salmon, they do not need to be treated with insecticide to control fish lice.", "hypothesis": "A gregarious species of fish will be happier to swim around a net enclosure with a lot of other fish.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_135", "premise": "The first salmon farms were in the Atlantic islands but the industry fell into dramatic decline with the value of the farmed fish when the farming method became discredited because of the use of chemicals and concerns over the feed used. Now they are farming cod in the Atlantic isles, only this time they have set rules for fish welfare and are feeding the cod on fish meal produced only from the by-products of fish already caught for human consumption. The enclosure nets in which the fish are grown are cleaned mechanically rather than treated with chemicals to stop them becoming fouled with weed. Cod, unlike salmon, are a gregarious species that naturally shoal and, unlike salmon, they do not need to be treated with insecticide to control fish lice.", "hypothesis": "Measures are being taken to raise the cod humanely.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_136", "premise": "The first time a single German nation existed was in 1871 when Wilhelm the 1st became Emperor and Bismarck Chancellor. The unified Germany became a great economic and military power, and empire, but defeat in the two World Wars led to its break-up in 1945 into East and West Germany. At that time the Berlin Wall was built and served to separate East from West. In 1990 the wall was demolished and Germany was unified once again.", "hypothesis": "The passage suggests two reasons for the break-up of Germany in 1945.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_137", "premise": "The first time a single German nation existed was in 1871 when Wilhelm the 1st became Emperor and Bismarck Chancellor. The unified Germany became a great economic and military power, and empire, but defeat in the two World Wars led to its break-up in 1945 into East and West Germany. At that time the Berlin Wall was built and served to separate East from West. In 1990 the wall was demolished and Germany was unified once again.", "hypothesis": "You can correctly infer from the passage that the Berlin Wall stood for 45 years.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_138", "premise": "The first time a single German nation existed was in 1871 when Wilhelm the 1st became Emperor and Bismarck Chancellor. The unified Germany became a great economic and military power, and empire, but defeat in the two World Wars led to its break-up in 1945 into East and West Germany. At that time the Berlin Wall was built and served to separate East from West. In 1990 the wall was demolished and Germany was unified once again.", "hypothesis": "The author may well agree with the statement that a reunified Germany will once again become a great economic and military power.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_139", "premise": "The first time a single German nation existed was in 1871 when Wilhelm the 1st became Emperor and Bismarck Chancellor. The unified Germany became a great economic and military power, and empire, but defeat in the two World Wars led to its break-up in 1945 into East and West Germany. At that time the Berlin Wall was built and served to separate East from West. In 1990 the wall was demolished and Germany was unified once again.", "hypothesis": "The Berlin Wall is mentioned in the passage in relation to the countries reunification in 1990.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_140", "premise": "The first time a single German nation existed was in 1871 when Wilhelm the 1st became Emperor and Bismarck Chancellor. The unified Germany became a great economic and military power, and empire, but defeat in the two World Wars led to its break-up in 1945 into East and West Germany. At that time the Berlin Wall was built and served to separate East from West. In 1990 the wall was demolished and Germany was unified once again.", "hypothesis": "Germany has been unified as anationon three occasions.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_141", "premise": "The first tranche of sovereign gold bonds that closed on November 20 received an encouraging response despite falling gold prices, suggesting that the scheme may be successful in reducing imports of the metal.", "hypothesis": "The scheme will encourage bulk depositors such as Hindu undivided families and institutions to participate.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_142", "premise": "The first tranche of sovereign gold bonds that closed on November 20 received an encouraging response despite falling gold prices, suggesting that the scheme may be successful in reducing imports of the metal.", "hypothesis": "The positive response to the gold scheme has elicited response from across the country.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_143", "premise": "The first tranche of sovereign gold bonds that closed on November 20 received an encouraging response despite falling gold prices, suggesting that the scheme may be successful in reducing imports of the metal.", "hypothesis": "Investment in gold is considered safe by the people.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_144", "premise": "The first tranche of sovereign gold bonds that closed on November 20 received an encouraging response despite falling gold prices, suggesting that the scheme may be successful in reducing imports of the metal.", "hypothesis": "Country imports of gold will fall.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_145", "premise": "The first tranche of sovereign gold bonds that closed on November 20 received an encouraging response despite falling gold prices, suggesting that the scheme may be successful in reducing imports of the metal.", "hypothesis": "Investment in gold is considered to give good returns.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_146", "premise": "The following extract is taken from Freuds book Dream Psychology: Psychoanalysis for Beginners In what we may term pre-scientific days, people were in no uncertainty about the interpretation of dreams. When they were recalled after awakening they were regarded as either the friendly or hostile manifestation of some higher powers, demoniacal and divine. With the rise of scientific thought the whole of this expressive mythology was transferred to psychology; today there is but a small minority among educated persons who doubt that the dream is the dreamers own psychical act. But since the downfall of the mythological hypothesis an interpretation of the dream has been wanting. The conditions of its origin; its relationship to our psychical life when we are awake; its independence of disturbances which, during the state of sleep, seem to compel notice; its many peculiarities repugnant to our waking thought; the incongruence between its images and the feelings they engender; then the dreams evanescence, the way in which, on awakening, our thoughts thrust it aside as something bizarre, and our reminiscences mutilating or rejecting itall these and many other problems have for many hundred years demanded answers which up till now could never have been satisfactory. Before all there is the question as to the meaning of the dream, a question that is in itself double-sided. There is, firstly, the psychical significance of the dream, its position with regard to the psychical processes, as to a possible biological function; secondly, has the dream a meaningcan sense be made of each single dream as of other mental syntheses?", "hypothesis": "Human society has never had a hypothesis to explain dreams that has satisfied them.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_147", "premise": "The following extract is taken from Freuds book Dream Psychology: Psychoanalysis for Beginners In what we may term pre-scientific days, people were in no uncertainty about the interpretation of dreams. When they were recalled after awakening they were regarded as either the friendly or hostile manifestation of some higher powers, demoniacal and divine. With the rise of scientific thought the whole of this expressive mythology was transferred to psychology; today there is but a small minority among educated persons who doubt that the dream is the dreamers own psychical act. But since the downfall of the mythological hypothesis an interpretation of the dream has been wanting. The conditions of its origin; its relationship to our psychical life when we are awake; its independence of disturbances which, during the state of sleep, seem to compel notice; its many peculiarities repugnant to our waking thought; the incongruence between its images and the feelings they engender; then the dreams evanescence, the way in which, on awakening, our thoughts thrust it aside as something bizarre, and our reminiscences mutilating or rejecting itall these and many other problems have for many hundred years demanded answers which up till now could never have been satisfactory. Before all there is the question as to the meaning of the dream, a question that is in itself double-sided. There is, firstly, the psychical significance of the dream, its position with regard to the psychical processes, as to a possible biological function; secondly, has the dream a meaningcan sense be made of each single dream as of other mental syntheses?", "hypothesis": "The origin of the dream has been scientifically sourced.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_148", "premise": "The following extract is taken from Freuds book Dream Psychology: Psychoanalysis for Beginners In what we may term pre-scientific days, people were in no uncertainty about the interpretation of dreams. When they were recalled after awakening they were regarded as either the friendly or hostile manifestation of some higher powers, demoniacal and divine. With the rise of scientific thought the whole of this expressive mythology was transferred to psychology; today there is but a small minority among educated persons who doubt that the dream is the dreamers own psychical act. But since the downfall of the mythological hypothesis an interpretation of the dream has been wanting. The conditions of its origin; its relationship to our psychical life when we are awake; its independence of disturbances which, during the state of sleep, seem to compel notice; its many peculiarities repugnant to our waking thought; the incongruence between its images and the feelings they engender; then the dreams evanescence, the way in which, on awakening, our thoughts thrust it aside as something bizarre, and our reminiscences mutilating or rejecting itall these and many other problems have for many hundred years demanded answers which up till now could never have been satisfactory. Before all there is the question as to the meaning of the dream, a question that is in itself double-sided. There is, firstly, the psychical significance of the dream, its position with regard to the psychical processes, as to a possible biological function; secondly, has the dream a meaningcan sense be made of each single dream as of other mental syntheses?", "hypothesis": "A memory of a dream may be untrustworthy.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_149", "premise": "The following extract is taken from Freuds book Dream Psychology: Psychoanalysis for Beginners In what we may term pre-scientific days, people were in no uncertainty about the interpretation of dreams. When they were recalled after awakening they were regarded as either the friendly or hostile manifestation of some higher powers, demoniacal and divine. With the rise of scientific thought the whole of this expressive mythology was transferred to psychology; today there is but a small minority among educated persons who doubt that the dream is the dreamers own psychical act. But since the downfall of the mythological hypothesis an interpretation of the dream has been wanting. The conditions of its origin; its relationship to our psychical life when we are awake; its independence of disturbances which, during the state of sleep, seem to compel notice; its many peculiarities repugnant to our waking thought; the incongruence between its images and the feelings they engender; then the dreams evanescence, the way in which, on awakening, our thoughts thrust it aside as something bizarre, and our reminiscences mutilating or rejecting itall these and many other problems have for many hundred years demanded answers which up till now could never have been satisfactory. Before all there is the question as to the meaning of the dream, a question that is in itself double-sided. There is, firstly, the psychical significance of the dream, its position with regard to the psychical processes, as to a possible biological function; secondly, has the dream a meaningcan sense be made of each single dream as of other mental syntheses?", "hypothesis": "The passage wonders about the significance of individual dreams.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_150", "premise": "The following extract is taken from Freuds book Dream Psychology: Psychoanalysis for Beginners In what we may term pre-scientific days, people were in no uncertainty about the interpretation of dreams. When they were recalled after awakening they were regarded as either the friendly or hostile manifestation of some higher powers, demoniacal and divine. With the rise of scientific thought the whole of this expressive mythology was transferred to psychology; today there is but a small minority among educated persons who doubt that the dream is the dreamers own psychical act. But since the downfall of the mythological hypothesis an interpretation of the dream has been wanting. The conditions of its origin; its relationship to our psychical life when we are awake; its independence of disturbances which, during the state of sleep, seem to compel notice; its many peculiarities repugnant to our waking thought; the incongruence between its images and the feelings they engender; then the dreams evanescence, the way in which, on awakening, our thoughts thrust it aside as something bizarre, and our reminiscences mutilating or rejecting itall these and many other problems have for many hundred years demanded answers which up till now could never have been satisfactory. Before all there is the question as to the meaning of the dream, a question that is in itself double-sided. There is, firstly, the psychical significance of the dream, its position with regard to the psychical processes, as to a possible biological function; secondly, has the dream a meaningcan sense be made of each single dream as of other mental syntheses?", "hypothesis": "There is a definite link between the waking and dreaming self.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_151", "premise": "The following extract is taken from Freuds book Dream Psychology: Psychoanalysis for Beginners In what we may term pre-scientific days, people were in no uncertainty about the interpretation of dreams. When they were recalled after awakening they were regarded as either the friendly or hostile manifestation of some higher powers, demoniacal and divine. With the rise of scientific thought the whole of this expressive mythology was transferred to psychology; today there is but a small minority among educated persons who doubt that the dream is the dreamers own psychical act. But since the downfall of the mythological hypothesis an interpretation of the dream has been wanting. The conditions of its origin; its relationship to our psychical life when we are awake; its independence of disturbances which, during the state of sleep, seem to compel notice; its many peculiarities repugnant to our waking thought; the incongruence between its images and the feelings they engender; then the dreams evanescence, the way in which, on awakening, our thoughts thrust it aside as something bizarre, and our reminiscences mutilating or rejecting itall these and many other problems have for many hundred years demanded answers which up till now could never have been satisfactory. Before all there is the question as to the meaning of the dream, a question that is in itself double-sided. There is, firstly, the psychical significance of the dream, its position with regard to the psychical processes, as to a possible biological function; secondly, has the dream a meaningcan sense be made of each single dream as of other mental syntheses?", "hypothesis": "Dreams used to be regarded as having a potentially religious quality.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_152", "premise": "The following is taken from a book about Norway published in 1909: In a country like Norway, with its vast forests and waste moorlands, it is only natural to find a considerable variety of animals and birds. Some of these are peculiar to Scandinavia. Some, though only occasionally found in the British Isles, are not rare in Norway; whilst others (more especially among the birds) are equally common in both countries. There was a time when the people of England lived in a state of fear and dread of the ravages of wolves and bears, and the Norwegians of the country districts even now have to guard their flocks and herds from these destroyers. Except in the forest tracts of the Far North, however, bears are not numerous, but in some parts, even in the South, they are sufficiently so to be a nuisance, and are ruthlessly hunted down by the farmers. As far as wolves are concerned civilisation is, fortunately, driving them farther afield each year, and only in themost out-of-the-way parts are they ever encountered nowadays. Stories of packs of hungry wolves following in the wake of a sleigh are still told to the children in Norway, but they relate to bygone timeshalf a century or more ago, and such wild excitements no longer enter into the Norsemens lives.", "hypothesis": "The variety of birds and animals to be found in Norway is unique to that country.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_153", "premise": "The following is taken from a book about Norway published in 1909: In a country like Norway, with its vast forests and waste moorlands, it is only natural to find a considerable variety of animals and birds. Some of these are peculiar to Scandinavia. Some, though only occasionally found in the British Isles, are not rare in Norway; whilst others (more especially among the birds) are equally common in both countries. There was a time when the people of England lived in a state of fear and dread of the ravages of wolves and bears, and the Norwegians of the country districts even now have to guard their flocks and herds from these destroyers. Except in the forest tracts of the Far North, however, bears are not numerous, but in some parts, even in the South, they are sufficiently so to be a nuisance, and are ruthlessly hunted down by the farmers. As far as wolves are concerned civilisation is, fortunately, driving them farther afield each year, and only in themost out-of-the-way parts are they ever encountered nowadays. Stories of packs of hungry wolves following in the wake of a sleigh are still told to the children in Norway, but they relate to bygone timeshalf a century or more ago, and such wild excitements no longer enter into the Norsemens lives.", "hypothesis": "England and Norway have similar geographical features.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_154", "premise": "The following is taken from a book about Norway published in 1909: In a country like Norway, with its vast forests and waste moorlands, it is only natural to find a considerable variety of animals and birds. Some of these are peculiar to Scandinavia. Some, though only occasionally found in the British Isles, are not rare in Norway; whilst others (more especially among the birds) are equally common in both countries. There was a time when the people of England lived in a state of fear and dread of the ravages of wolves and bears, and the Norwegians of the country districts even now have to guard their flocks and herds from these destroyers. Except in the forest tracts of the Far North, however, bears are not numerous, but in some parts, even in the South, they are sufficiently so to be a nuisance, and are ruthlessly hunted down by the farmers. As far as wolves are concerned civilisation is, fortunately, driving them farther afield each year, and only in themost out-of-the-way parts are they ever encountered nowadays. Stories of packs of hungry wolves following in the wake of a sleigh are still told to the children in Norway, but they relate to bygone timeshalf a century or more ago, and such wild excitements no longer enter into the Norsemens lives.", "hypothesis": "By having forests, a country is more likely to have a variety of birds and animals.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_155", "premise": "The following is taken from a book about Norway published in 1909: In a country like Norway, with its vast forests and waste moorlands, it is only natural to find a considerable variety of animals and birds. Some of these are peculiar to Scandinavia. Some, though only occasionally found in the British Isles, are not rare in Norway; whilst others (more especially among the birds) are equally common in both countries. There was a time when the people of England lived in a state of fear and dread of the ravages of wolves and bears, and the Norwegians of the country districts even now have to guard their flocks and herds from these destroyers. Except in the forest tracts of the Far North, however, bears are not numerous, but in some parts, even in the South, they are sufficiently so to be a nuisance, and are ruthlessly hunted down by the farmers. As far as wolves are concerned civilisation is, fortunately, driving them farther afield each year, and only in themost out-of-the-way parts are they ever encountered nowadays. Stories of packs of hungry wolves following in the wake of a sleigh are still told to the children in Norway, but they relate to bygone timeshalf a century or more ago, and such wild excitements no longer enter into the Norsemens lives.", "hypothesis": "The variety of birds and animals to be found in Norway is common to all European countries.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_156", "premise": "The following passage is found in a book on nature published in 1899: Five women out of every ten who walk the streets of Chicago and other Illinois cities, says a prominent journal, by wearing dead birds upon their hats proclaim themselves as lawbreakers. For the first time in the history of Illinois laws it has been made an offence punishable by fine and imprisonment, or both, to have in possession any dead, harmless bird except game birds, which may be possessed in their proper season. The wearing of a tern, or a gull, a woodpecker, or a jay is an offence against the laws majesty, and any policeman with a mind rigidly bent upon enforcing the law could round up, without a written warrant, a wagon load of the offenders any hour in the day, and carry them off to the lockup. What moral suasion cannot do, a crusade of this sort undoubtedly would. Thanks to the personal influence of the Princess of Wales, the osprey plume, so long a feature of the uniforms of a number of the cavalry regiments of the British army, has been abolished. After Dec. 31, 1899, the osprey plume, by order of Field Marshal Lord Wolseley, is to be replaced by one of ostrich feathers. It was the wearing of these plumes by the officers of all the hussar and rifle regiments, as well as of the Royal Horse Artillery, which so sadly interfered with the crusade inaugurated by the Princess against the use of osprey plumes. The fact that these plumes, to be of any marketable value, have to be torn from the living bird during the nesting season induced the Queen, the Princess of Wales, and other ladies of the royal family to set their faces against the use of both the osprey plume and the aigrette as articles of fashionable wear.", "hypothesis": "Games birds could be possessed by citizens of Illinois all year round.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_157", "premise": "The following passage provides information regarding the most popular type of foods in the United Kingdom. Such information has been compiled by the UK Foods Standards Agency since 1990 as part of an on-going project to encourage consumers to purchase healthier products, such as fruit and vegetables, whole grain foods and foods low in saturated fat. Currently, the most popular types of food in the UK are those which are easy to prepare. Items requiring time consuming preparation continue to suffer comparatively lower sales rates. In this way, the Foods Standards Agency has found that pack items, those containing ready-measured baking ingredients, are more popular than buying fresh ingredients in bulk. Similarly, ready baked items, such as bread and biscuits, continue to sell well.", "hypothesis": "Since 1990, the UK Foods Standards Agency has discouraged the purchase of pack-items", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_158", "premise": "The following passage provides information regarding the most popular type of foods in the United Kingdom. Such information has been compiled by the UK Foods Standards Agency since 1990 as part of an on-going project to encourage consumers to purchase healthier products, such as fruit and vegetables, whole grain foods and foods low in saturated fat. Currently, the most popular types of food in the UK are those which are easy to prepare. Items requiring time consuming preparation continue to suffer comparatively lower sales rates. In this way, the Foods Standards Agency has found that pack items, those containing ready-measured baking ingredients, are more popular than buying fresh ingredients in bulk. Similarly, ready baked items, such as bread and biscuits, continue to sell well.", "hypothesis": "Since 1990, the UK Foods Standards Agency has encouraged consumers to purchase items with no fat.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_159", "premise": "The following passage provides information regarding the most popular type of foods in the United Kingdom. Such information has been compiled by the UK Foods Standards Agency since 1990 as part of an on-going project to encourage consumers to purchase healthier products, such as fruit and vegetables, whole grain foods and foods low in saturated fat. Currently, the most popular types of food in the UK are those which are easy to prepare. Items requiring time consuming preparation continue to suffer comparatively lower sales rates. In this way, the Foods Standards Agency has found that pack items, those containing ready-measured baking ingredients, are more popular than buying fresh ingredients in bulk. Similarly, ready baked items, such as bread and biscuits, continue to sell well.", "hypothesis": "Since 1990, the UK Foods Standards Agency has encouraged consumers to purchase items that are easy to prepare.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_160", "premise": "The following passage provides information regarding the most popular type of foods in the United Kingdom. Such information has been compiled by the UK Foods Standards Agency since 1990 as part of an on-going project to encourage consumers to purchase healthier products, such as fruit and vegetables, whole grain foods and foods low in saturated fat. Currently, the most popular types of food in the UK are those which are easy to prepare. Items requiring time consuming preparation continue to suffer comparatively lower sales rates. In this way, the Foods Standards Agency has found that pack items, those containing ready-measured baking ingredients, are more popular than buying fresh ingredients in bulk. Similarly, ready baked items, such as bread and biscuits, continue to sell well.", "hypothesis": "Since 1990, the UK Foods Standards Agency has encouraged consumers to purchase items such as fruit.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_161", "premise": "The frequency of MRSA bemg given as the cause of death on death certificates has been increasng significantly for several years. MRSA 1s an infection-causing bacterium that has developed a resistance to penicillin and many other antibiotics. MRSA infections represent a particular danger for hospital patients with weakened immune systems or open wounds. Scientific trials are testing whether MRSA develops resistance after exposure to new drugs. A research breakthrough would herald a cure for the MRSA threat.", "hypothesis": "MRSA can prove fatal.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_162", "premise": "The frequency of MRSA bemg given as the cause of death on death certificates has been increasng significantly for several years. MRSA 1s an infection-causing bacterium that has developed a resistance to penicillin and many other antibiotics. MRSA infections represent a particular danger for hospital patients with weakened immune systems or open wounds. Scientific trials are testing whether MRSA develops resistance after exposure to new drugs. A research breakthrough would herald a cure for the MRSA threat.", "hypothesis": "Further research is bemg conducted to study MRSA.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_163", "premise": "The frequency of MRSA bemg given as the cause of death on death certificates has been increasng significantly for several years. MRSA 1s an infection-causing bacterium that has developed a resistance to penicillin and many other antibiotics. MRSA infections represent a particular danger for hospital patients with weakened immune systems or open wounds. Scientific trials are testing whether MRSA develops resistance after exposure to new drugs. A research breakthrough would herald a cure for the MRSA threat.", "hypothesis": "MRSA-related deaths are now more common.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_164", "premise": "The frequency of MRSA bemg given as the cause of death on death certificates has been increasng significantly for several years. MRSA 1s an infection-causing bacterium that has developed a resistance to penicillin and many other antibiotics. MRSA infections represent a particular danger for hospital patients with weakened immune systems or open wounds. Scientific trials are testing whether MRSA develops resistance after exposure to new drugs. A research breakthrough would herald a cure for the MRSA threat.", "hypothesis": "MRSA 5s resistant to all antibiotics.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_165", "premise": "The frequency of MRSA bemg given as the cause of death on death certificates has been increasng significantly for several years. MRSA 1s an infection-causing bacterium that has developed a resistance to penicillin and many other antibiotics. MRSA infections represent a particular danger for hospital patients with weakened immune systems or open wounds. Scientific trials are testing whether MRSA develops resistance after exposure to new drugs. A research breakthrough would herald a cure for the MRSA threat.", "hypothesis": "Penicillin is an effective treatment for MRSA.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_166", "premise": "The future never dies? The prospects for humanity and for the world as a whole are somewhere between glorious and dire. It is hard to be much more precise. By glorious I mean that our descendants - all who are born on to this Earth - could live very comfortably and securely, and could continue to do so for as long as the Earth can support life, which should be for a very long time indeed. We should at least be thinking in terms of the next million years. Furthermore, our descendants could continue to enjoy the company of other species - establishing a much better relationship with them than we have now. Other animals need not live in constant fear of us. Many of those fellow species now seem bound to become extinct, but a significant proportion could and should continue to live alongside US. Such a future may seem ideal, and so it is. Yet I do not believe it is fanciful. There is nothing in the physical fabric of the Earth or in our own biology to suggest that this is not possible. Dire means that we human beings could be in deep trouble within the next few centuries, living but also dying in large numbers in political terror and from starvation, while huge numbers of our fellow creatures would simply disappear, leaving only the ones that we find convenient - chickens, cattle - or that we can'tshake off, like flies and mice. I'm taking it to be self-evident that glory is preferable. Our future is not entirely in our own hands because the Earth has its own rules, is part of the solar system and is neither stable nor innately safe. Other planets in the solar system are quite beyond habitation, because their temperature is far too high or too low to be endured, and ours, too, in principle could tip either way. Even relatively unspectacular changes in the atmosphere could do the trick. The core of the Earth is hot, which in many ways is good for living creatures, but every now and again, the molten rock bursts through volcanoes on the surface. Among the biggest volcanic eruptions in recent memory was Mount St Helens, in the USA, which threw out a cubic kilometre of ash - fortunately in an area where very few people live. In 1815, Tambora (in present-day Indonesia) expelled so much ash into the upper atmosphere that climatic effects seriously harmed food production around the world for season after season. Entire civilisations have been destroyed by volcanoes. Yet nothing we have so far experienced shows what volcanoes can really do. Yellowstone National Park in the USA occupies the caldera (the crater formed when a volcano collapses) of an exceedingly ancient volcano of extraordinary magnitude. Modem surveys show that its centre is now rising. Sometime in the next 200 million years, Yellowstone could erupt again, and when it does, the whole world will be transformed. Yellowstone could erupt tomorrow. But there's a very good chance that it will give US another million years, and that surely is enough to be going on with. It seems sensible to assume that this will be the case. The universe at large is dangerous, too: in particular, we share the sky with vast numbers of asteroids, and every now and again, they come into our planet's atmosphere. An asteroid the size of a small island, hitting the Earth at 15,000 kilometres an hour (a relatively modest speed by the standards of heavenly bodies), would strike the ocean bed like a rock in a puddle, send a tidal wave around the world as high as a small mountain and as fast as a jumbo jet, and propel us into an ice age that could last for centuries. There are plans to head off such disasters (including rockets to push approaching asteroids into new trajectories), but in truth it's down to luck. On the other hand, the archaeological and the fossil evidence shows that no truly devastating asteroid has struck since the one that seems to have accounted for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. So again, there seems no immediate reason for despair. The Earth is indeed an uncertain place, in an uncertain universe, but with average luck, it should do us well enough. If the world does become inhospitable in the next few thousand or million years, then it will probably be our own fault. In short, despite the underlying uncertainty, our own future and that of our fellow creatures is very much in our own hands. Given average luck on the geological and the cosmic scale, the difference between glory and disaster will be made, and is being made, by politics. Certain kinds of political systems and strategies would predispose US to long-term survival (and indeed to comfort and security and the pleasure of being alive), while others would take us more and more frenetically towards collapse. The broad point is, though, that we need to look at ourselves - humanity - and at the world in general in a quite new light. Our material problems are fundamentally those of biology. We need to think, and we need our politicians to think, biologically. Do that, and take the ideas seriously, and we are in with a chance. Ignore biology and we and our fellow creatures haven't a hope.", "hypothesis": "If the world becomes uninhabitable, It is most likely to be as a result of a natural disaster.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_167", "premise": "The future never dies? The prospects for humanity and for the world as a whole are somewhere between glorious and dire. It is hard to be much more precise. By glorious I mean that our descendants - all who are born on to this Earth - could live very comfortably and securely, and could continue to do so for as long as the Earth can support life, which should be for a very long time indeed. We should at least be thinking in terms of the next million years. Furthermore, our descendants could continue to enjoy the company of other species - establishing a much better relationship with them than we have now. Other animals need not live in constant fear of us. Many of those fellow species now seem bound to become extinct, but a significant proportion could and should continue to live alongside US. Such a future may seem ideal, and so it is. Yet I do not believe it is fanciful. There is nothing in the physical fabric of the Earth or in our own biology to suggest that this is not possible. Dire means that we human beings could be in deep trouble within the next few centuries, living but also dying in large numbers in political terror and from starvation, while huge numbers of our fellow creatures would simply disappear, leaving only the ones that we find convenient - chickens, cattle - or that we can'tshake off, like flies and mice. I'm taking it to be self-evident that glory is preferable. Our future is not entirely in our own hands because the Earth has its own rules, is part of the solar system and is neither stable nor innately safe. Other planets in the solar system are quite beyond habitation, because their temperature is far too high or too low to be endured, and ours, too, in principle could tip either way. Even relatively unspectacular changes in the atmosphere could do the trick. The core of the Earth is hot, which in many ways is good for living creatures, but every now and again, the molten rock bursts through volcanoes on the surface. Among the biggest volcanic eruptions in recent memory was Mount St Helens, in the USA, which threw out a cubic kilometre of ash - fortunately in an area where very few people live. In 1815, Tambora (in present-day Indonesia) expelled so much ash into the upper atmosphere that climatic effects seriously harmed food production around the world for season after season. Entire civilisations have been destroyed by volcanoes. Yet nothing we have so far experienced shows what volcanoes can really do. Yellowstone National Park in the USA occupies the caldera (the crater formed when a volcano collapses) of an exceedingly ancient volcano of extraordinary magnitude. Modem surveys show that its centre is now rising. Sometime in the next 200 million years, Yellowstone could erupt again, and when it does, the whole world will be transformed. Yellowstone could erupt tomorrow. But there's a very good chance that it will give US another million years, and that surely is enough to be going on with. It seems sensible to assume that this will be the case. The universe at large is dangerous, too: in particular, we share the sky with vast numbers of asteroids, and every now and again, they come into our planet's atmosphere. An asteroid the size of a small island, hitting the Earth at 15,000 kilometres an hour (a relatively modest speed by the standards of heavenly bodies), would strike the ocean bed like a rock in a puddle, send a tidal wave around the world as high as a small mountain and as fast as a jumbo jet, and propel us into an ice age that could last for centuries. There are plans to head off such disasters (including rockets to push approaching asteroids into new trajectories), but in truth it's down to luck. On the other hand, the archaeological and the fossil evidence shows that no truly devastating asteroid has struck since the one that seems to have accounted for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. So again, there seems no immediate reason for despair. The Earth is indeed an uncertain place, in an uncertain universe, but with average luck, it should do us well enough. If the world does become inhospitable in the next few thousand or million years, then it will probably be our own fault. In short, despite the underlying uncertainty, our own future and that of our fellow creatures is very much in our own hands. Given average luck on the geological and the cosmic scale, the difference between glory and disaster will be made, and is being made, by politics. Certain kinds of political systems and strategies would predispose US to long-term survival (and indeed to comfort and security and the pleasure of being alive), while others would take us more and more frenetically towards collapse. The broad point is, though, that we need to look at ourselves - humanity - and at the world in general in a quite new light. Our material problems are fundamentally those of biology. We need to think, and we need our politicians to think, biologically. Do that, and take the ideas seriously, and we are in with a chance. Ignore biology and we and our fellow creatures haven't a hope.", "hypothesis": "It seems predictable that some species will disappear.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_168", "premise": "The future never dies? The prospects for humanity and for the world as a whole are somewhere between glorious and dire. It is hard to be much more precise. By glorious I mean that our descendants - all who are born on to this Earth - could live very comfortably and securely, and could continue to do so for as long as the Earth can support life, which should be for a very long time indeed. We should at least be thinking in terms of the next million years. Furthermore, our descendants could continue to enjoy the company of other species - establishing a much better relationship with them than we have now. Other animals need not live in constant fear of us. Many of those fellow species now seem bound to become extinct, but a significant proportion could and should continue to live alongside US. Such a future may seem ideal, and so it is. Yet I do not believe it is fanciful. There is nothing in the physical fabric of the Earth or in our own biology to suggest that this is not possible. Dire means that we human beings could be in deep trouble within the next few centuries, living but also dying in large numbers in political terror and from starvation, while huge numbers of our fellow creatures would simply disappear, leaving only the ones that we find convenient - chickens, cattle - or that we can'tshake off, like flies and mice. I'm taking it to be self-evident that glory is preferable. Our future is not entirely in our own hands because the Earth has its own rules, is part of the solar system and is neither stable nor innately safe. Other planets in the solar system are quite beyond habitation, because their temperature is far too high or too low to be endured, and ours, too, in principle could tip either way. Even relatively unspectacular changes in the atmosphere could do the trick. The core of the Earth is hot, which in many ways is good for living creatures, but every now and again, the molten rock bursts through volcanoes on the surface. Among the biggest volcanic eruptions in recent memory was Mount St Helens, in the USA, which threw out a cubic kilometre of ash - fortunately in an area where very few people live. In 1815, Tambora (in present-day Indonesia) expelled so much ash into the upper atmosphere that climatic effects seriously harmed food production around the world for season after season. Entire civilisations have been destroyed by volcanoes. Yet nothing we have so far experienced shows what volcanoes can really do. Yellowstone National Park in the USA occupies the caldera (the crater formed when a volcano collapses) of an exceedingly ancient volcano of extraordinary magnitude. Modem surveys show that its centre is now rising. Sometime in the next 200 million years, Yellowstone could erupt again, and when it does, the whole world will be transformed. Yellowstone could erupt tomorrow. But there's a very good chance that it will give US another million years, and that surely is enough to be going on with. It seems sensible to assume that this will be the case. The universe at large is dangerous, too: in particular, we share the sky with vast numbers of asteroids, and every now and again, they come into our planet's atmosphere. An asteroid the size of a small island, hitting the Earth at 15,000 kilometres an hour (a relatively modest speed by the standards of heavenly bodies), would strike the ocean bed like a rock in a puddle, send a tidal wave around the world as high as a small mountain and as fast as a jumbo jet, and propel us into an ice age that could last for centuries. There are plans to head off such disasters (including rockets to push approaching asteroids into new trajectories), but in truth it's down to luck. On the other hand, the archaeological and the fossil evidence shows that no truly devastating asteroid has struck since the one that seems to have accounted for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. So again, there seems no immediate reason for despair. The Earth is indeed an uncertain place, in an uncertain universe, but with average luck, it should do us well enough. If the world does become inhospitable in the next few thousand or million years, then it will probably be our own fault. In short, despite the underlying uncertainty, our own future and that of our fellow creatures is very much in our own hands. Given average luck on the geological and the cosmic scale, the difference between glory and disaster will be made, and is being made, by politics. Certain kinds of political systems and strategies would predispose US to long-term survival (and indeed to comfort and security and the pleasure of being alive), while others would take us more and more frenetically towards collapse. The broad point is, though, that we need to look at ourselves - humanity - and at the world in general in a quite new light. Our material problems are fundamentally those of biology. We need to think, and we need our politicians to think, biologically. Do that, and take the ideas seriously, and we are in with a chance. Ignore biology and we and our fellow creatures haven't a hope.", "hypothesis": "The nature of the Earth and human biology make it impossible for human beings to survive another million years,", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_169", "premise": "The future never dies? The prospects for humanity and for the world as a whole are somewhere between glorious and dire. It is hard to be much more precise. By glorious I mean that our descendants - all who are born on to this Earth - could live very comfortably and securely, and could continue to do so for as long as the Earth can support life, which should be for a very long time indeed. We should at least be thinking in terms of the next million years. Furthermore, our descendants could continue to enjoy the company of other species - establishing a much better relationship with them than we have now. Other animals need not live in constant fear of us. Many of those fellow species now seem bound to become extinct, but a significant proportion could and should continue to live alongside US. Such a future may seem ideal, and so it is. Yet I do not believe it is fanciful. There is nothing in the physical fabric of the Earth or in our own biology to suggest that this is not possible. Dire means that we human beings could be in deep trouble within the next few centuries, living but also dying in large numbers in political terror and from starvation, while huge numbers of our fellow creatures would simply disappear, leaving only the ones that we find convenient - chickens, cattle - or that we can'tshake off, like flies and mice. I'm taking it to be self-evident that glory is preferable. Our future is not entirely in our own hands because the Earth has its own rules, is part of the solar system and is neither stable nor innately safe. Other planets in the solar system are quite beyond habitation, because their temperature is far too high or too low to be endured, and ours, too, in principle could tip either way. Even relatively unspectacular changes in the atmosphere could do the trick. The core of the Earth is hot, which in many ways is good for living creatures, but every now and again, the molten rock bursts through volcanoes on the surface. Among the biggest volcanic eruptions in recent memory was Mount St Helens, in the USA, which threw out a cubic kilometre of ash - fortunately in an area where very few people live. In 1815, Tambora (in present-day Indonesia) expelled so much ash into the upper atmosphere that climatic effects seriously harmed food production around the world for season after season. Entire civilisations have been destroyed by volcanoes. Yet nothing we have so far experienced shows what volcanoes can really do. Yellowstone National Park in the USA occupies the caldera (the crater formed when a volcano collapses) of an exceedingly ancient volcano of extraordinary magnitude. Modem surveys show that its centre is now rising. Sometime in the next 200 million years, Yellowstone could erupt again, and when it does, the whole world will be transformed. Yellowstone could erupt tomorrow. But there's a very good chance that it will give US another million years, and that surely is enough to be going on with. It seems sensible to assume that this will be the case. The universe at large is dangerous, too: in particular, we share the sky with vast numbers of asteroids, and every now and again, they come into our planet's atmosphere. An asteroid the size of a small island, hitting the Earth at 15,000 kilometres an hour (a relatively modest speed by the standards of heavenly bodies), would strike the ocean bed like a rock in a puddle, send a tidal wave around the world as high as a small mountain and as fast as a jumbo jet, and propel us into an ice age that could last for centuries. There are plans to head off such disasters (including rockets to push approaching asteroids into new trajectories), but in truth it's down to luck. On the other hand, the archaeological and the fossil evidence shows that no truly devastating asteroid has struck since the one that seems to have accounted for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. So again, there seems no immediate reason for despair. The Earth is indeed an uncertain place, in an uncertain universe, but with average luck, it should do us well enough. If the world does become inhospitable in the next few thousand or million years, then it will probably be our own fault. In short, despite the underlying uncertainty, our own future and that of our fellow creatures is very much in our own hands. Given average luck on the geological and the cosmic scale, the difference between glory and disaster will be made, and is being made, by politics. Certain kinds of political systems and strategies would predispose US to long-term survival (and indeed to comfort and security and the pleasure of being alive), while others would take us more and more frenetically towards collapse. The broad point is, though, that we need to look at ourselves - humanity - and at the world in general in a quite new light. Our material problems are fundamentally those of biology. We need to think, and we need our politicians to think, biologically. Do that, and take the ideas seriously, and we are in with a chance. Ignore biology and we and our fellow creatures haven't a hope.", "hypothesis": "Politicians currently in power seem unlikely to change their way of thinking.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_170", "premise": "The future never dies? The prospects for humanity and for the world as a whole are somewhere between glorious and dire. It is hard to be much more precise. By glorious I mean that our descendants - all who are born on to this Earth - could live very comfortably and securely, and could continue to do so for as long as the Earth can support life, which should be for a very long time indeed. We should at least be thinking in terms of the next million years. Furthermore, our descendants could continue to enjoy the company of other species - establishing a much better relationship with them than we have now. Other animals need not live in constant fear of us. Many of those fellow species now seem bound to become extinct, but a significant proportion could and should continue to live alongside US. Such a future may seem ideal, and so it is. Yet I do not believe it is fanciful. There is nothing in the physical fabric of the Earth or in our own biology to suggest that this is not possible. Dire means that we human beings could be in deep trouble within the next few centuries, living but also dying in large numbers in political terror and from starvation, while huge numbers of our fellow creatures would simply disappear, leaving only the ones that we find convenient - chickens, cattle - or that we can'tshake off, like flies and mice. I'm taking it to be self-evident that glory is preferable. Our future is not entirely in our own hands because the Earth has its own rules, is part of the solar system and is neither stable nor innately safe. Other planets in the solar system are quite beyond habitation, because their temperature is far too high or too low to be endured, and ours, too, in principle could tip either way. Even relatively unspectacular changes in the atmosphere could do the trick. The core of the Earth is hot, which in many ways is good for living creatures, but every now and again, the molten rock bursts through volcanoes on the surface. Among the biggest volcanic eruptions in recent memory was Mount St Helens, in the USA, which threw out a cubic kilometre of ash - fortunately in an area where very few people live. In 1815, Tambora (in present-day Indonesia) expelled so much ash into the upper atmosphere that climatic effects seriously harmed food production around the world for season after season. Entire civilisations have been destroyed by volcanoes. Yet nothing we have so far experienced shows what volcanoes can really do. Yellowstone National Park in the USA occupies the caldera (the crater formed when a volcano collapses) of an exceedingly ancient volcano of extraordinary magnitude. Modem surveys show that its centre is now rising. Sometime in the next 200 million years, Yellowstone could erupt again, and when it does, the whole world will be transformed. Yellowstone could erupt tomorrow. But there's a very good chance that it will give US another million years, and that surely is enough to be going on with. It seems sensible to assume that this will be the case. The universe at large is dangerous, too: in particular, we share the sky with vast numbers of asteroids, and every now and again, they come into our planet's atmosphere. An asteroid the size of a small island, hitting the Earth at 15,000 kilometres an hour (a relatively modest speed by the standards of heavenly bodies), would strike the ocean bed like a rock in a puddle, send a tidal wave around the world as high as a small mountain and as fast as a jumbo jet, and propel us into an ice age that could last for centuries. There are plans to head off such disasters (including rockets to push approaching asteroids into new trajectories), but in truth it's down to luck. On the other hand, the archaeological and the fossil evidence shows that no truly devastating asteroid has struck since the one that seems to have accounted for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. So again, there seems no immediate reason for despair. The Earth is indeed an uncertain place, in an uncertain universe, but with average luck, it should do us well enough. If the world does become inhospitable in the next few thousand or million years, then it will probably be our own fault. In short, despite the underlying uncertainty, our own future and that of our fellow creatures is very much in our own hands. Given average luck on the geological and the cosmic scale, the difference between glory and disaster will be made, and is being made, by politics. Certain kinds of political systems and strategies would predispose US to long-term survival (and indeed to comfort and security and the pleasure of being alive), while others would take us more and more frenetically towards collapse. The broad point is, though, that we need to look at ourselves - humanity - and at the world in general in a quite new light. Our material problems are fundamentally those of biology. We need to think, and we need our politicians to think, biologically. Do that, and take the ideas seriously, and we are in with a chance. Ignore biology and we and our fellow creatures haven't a hope.", "hypothesis": "There 18 a greater chance of the Earth being hit by small asteroids than by large ones.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_171", "premise": "The future never dies? The prospects for humanity and for the world as a whole are somewhere between glorious and dire. It is hard to be much more precise. By glorious I mean that our descendants - all who are born on to this Earth - could live very comfortably and securely, and could continue to do so for as long as the Earth can support life, which should be for a very long time indeed. We should at least be thinking in terms of the next million years. Furthermore, our descendants could continue to enjoy the company of other species - establishing a much better relationship with them than we have now. Other animals need not live in constant fear of us. Many of those fellow species now seem bound to become extinct, but a significant proportion could and should continue to live alongside US. Such a future may seem ideal, and so it is. Yet I do not believe it is fanciful. There is nothing in the physical fabric of the Earth or in our own biology to suggest that this is not possible. Dire means that we human beings could be in deep trouble within the next few centuries, living but also dying in large numbers in political terror and from starvation, while huge numbers of our fellow creatures would simply disappear, leaving only the ones that we find convenient - chickens, cattle - or that we can'tshake off, like flies and mice. I'm taking it to be self-evident that glory is preferable. Our future is not entirely in our own hands because the Earth has its own rules, is part of the solar system and is neither stable nor innately safe. Other planets in the solar system are quite beyond habitation, because their temperature is far too high or too low to be endured, and ours, too, in principle could tip either way. Even relatively unspectacular changes in the atmosphere could do the trick. The core of the Earth is hot, which in many ways is good for living creatures, but every now and again, the molten rock bursts through volcanoes on the surface. Among the biggest volcanic eruptions in recent memory was Mount St Helens, in the USA, which threw out a cubic kilometre of ash - fortunately in an area where very few people live. In 1815, Tambora (in present-day Indonesia) expelled so much ash into the upper atmosphere that climatic effects seriously harmed food production around the world for season after season. Entire civilisations have been destroyed by volcanoes. Yet nothing we have so far experienced shows what volcanoes can really do. Yellowstone National Park in the USA occupies the caldera (the crater formed when a volcano collapses) of an exceedingly ancient volcano of extraordinary magnitude. Modem surveys show that its centre is now rising. Sometime in the next 200 million years, Yellowstone could erupt again, and when it does, the whole world will be transformed. Yellowstone could erupt tomorrow. But there's a very good chance that it will give US another million years, and that surely is enough to be going on with. It seems sensible to assume that this will be the case. The universe at large is dangerous, too: in particular, we share the sky with vast numbers of asteroids, and every now and again, they come into our planet's atmosphere. An asteroid the size of a small island, hitting the Earth at 15,000 kilometres an hour (a relatively modest speed by the standards of heavenly bodies), would strike the ocean bed like a rock in a puddle, send a tidal wave around the world as high as a small mountain and as fast as a jumbo jet, and propel us into an ice age that could last for centuries. There are plans to head off such disasters (including rockets to push approaching asteroids into new trajectories), but in truth it's down to luck. On the other hand, the archaeological and the fossil evidence shows that no truly devastating asteroid has struck since the one that seems to have accounted for the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. So again, there seems no immediate reason for despair. The Earth is indeed an uncertain place, in an uncertain universe, but with average luck, it should do us well enough. If the world does become inhospitable in the next few thousand or million years, then it will probably be our own fault. In short, despite the underlying uncertainty, our own future and that of our fellow creatures is very much in our own hands. Given average luck on the geological and the cosmic scale, the difference between glory and disaster will be made, and is being made, by politics. Certain kinds of political systems and strategies would predispose US to long-term survival (and indeed to comfort and security and the pleasure of being alive), while others would take us more and more frenetically towards collapse. The broad point is, though, that we need to look at ourselves - humanity - and at the world in general in a quite new light. Our material problems are fundamentally those of biology. We need to think, and we need our politicians to think, biologically. Do that, and take the ideas seriously, and we are in with a chance. Ignore biology and we and our fellow creatures haven't a hope.", "hypothesis": "An eruption by Yellowstone is likely to be more destructive than previous volcanic eruptions.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_172", "premise": "The future of the Worlds Language Of the worlds 6,500 living languages, around half are expected to the out by the end of this century, according to UNESCO. Just 11 are spoken by more than half of the earths population, so it is little wonder that those used by only a few are being left behind as we become a more homogenous, global society. In short, 95 percent of the worlds languages are spoken by only five percent of its populationa remarkable level of linguistic diversity stored in tiny pockets of speakers around the world. Mark Turin, a university professor, has launched WOLP (World Oral Language Project) to prevent the language from the brink of extinction. He is trying to encourage indigenous communities to collaborate with anthropologists around the world to record what he calls oral literature through video cameras, voice recorders and other multimedia tools by awarding grants from a 30,000 pot that the project has secured this year. The idea is to collate this literature in a digital archive that can be accessed on demand and will make the nuts and bolts of lost cultures readily available. For many of these communities, the oral tradition is at the heart of their culture. The stories they tell are creative as well as communicative. Unlike the languages with celebrated written traditions, such as Sanskrit, Hebrew and Ancient Greek, few indigenous communities have recorded their own languages or ever had them recorded until now. The project suggested itself when Turin was teaching in Nepal. He wanted to study for a PhD in endangered languages and, while discussing it with his professor at Leiden University in the Netherlands, was drawn to a map on his tutors wall. The map was full of pins of a variety of colours which represented all the worlds languages that were completely undocumented. At random, Turin chose a pin to document. It happened to belong to the Thangmi tribe, an indigenous community in the hills east of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Many of the choices anthropologists and linguists who work on these traditional field-work projects are quite random, he admits. Continuing his work with the Thangmi community in the 1990s, Turin began to record the language he was hearing, realising that not only was this language and its culture entirely undocumented, it was known to few outside the tiny community. He set about trying to record their language and myth of origins. I wrote 1,000 pages of grammar in English that nobody could usebut I realised that wasnt enough. It wasnt enough for me, it wasnt enough for them. It simply wasnt going to work as something for the community. So then I produced this trilingual word list in Thangmi, Nepali and English. In short, it was the first ever publication of that language. That small dictionary is still sold in local schools for a modest 20 rupees, and used as part of a wider cultural regeneration process to educate children about their heritage and language. The task is no small undertaking: Nepal itself is a country of massive ethnic and linguistic diversity, home to 100 languages from four different language families. Whats more, even fewer ethnic Thangmi speak the Thangmi language. Many of the community members have taken to speaking Nepali, the national language taught in schools and spread through the media, and community elders are dying without passing on their knowledge. Despite Turins enthusiasm for his subject, he is baffled by many linguists refusal to engage in the issue he is working on. Of the 6,500 languages spoken on Earth, many do not have written traditions and many of these spoken forms are endangered, he says. There are more linguists in universities around the world than there are spoken languagesbut most of them arent working on this issue. To me its amazing that in this day and age, we still have an entirely incomplete image of the worlds linguistic diversity. People do PhDs on the apostrophe in French, yet we still dont know how many languages are spoken. When a language becomes endangered, so too does a cultural world view. We want to engage with indigenous people to document their myths and folklore, which can be harder to find funding for if you are based outside Western universities. Yet, despite the struggles facing initiatives such as the World Oral Literature Project, there are historical examples that point to the possibility that language restoration is no mere academic pipe dream. The revival of a modern form of Hebrew in the 19th century is often cited as one of the best proofs that languages long dead, belonging to small communities, can be resurrected and embraced by a large number of people. By the 20th century, Hebrew was well on its way to becoming the main language of the Jewish population of both Ottoman and British Palestine. It is now spoken by more than seven million people in Israel. Yet, despite the difficulties these communities face in saving their languages, Dr Turin believes that the fate of the worlds endangered languages is not sealed, and globalisation is not necessarily the nefarious perpetrator of evil it is often presented to be. I call it the globalisation paradox: on the one hand globalisation and rapid socio-economic change are the things that are eroding and challenging diversity But on the other, globalisation is providing us with new and very exciting tools and facilities to get to places to document those things that globalisation is eroding. Also, the communities at the coal-face of change are excited by what globalisation has to offer. In the meantime, the race is on to collect and protect as many of the languages as possible, so that the Rai Shaman in eastern Nepal and those in the generations that follow him can continue their traditions and have a sense of identity. And it certainly is a race: Turin knows his projects limits and believes it inevitable that a large number of those languages will disappear. We have to be wholly realistic. A project like ours is in no position, and was not designed, to keep languages alive. The only people who can help languages survive are the people in those communities themselves. They need to be reminded that its good to speak their own language and I think we can help them do thatbecoming modem doesnt mean you have to lose your language.", "hypothesis": "Some Nepalese schools lack resources to devote to language teaching.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_173", "premise": "The future of the Worlds Language Of the worlds 6,500 living languages, around half are expected to the out by the end of this century, according to UNESCO. Just 11 are spoken by more than half of the earths population, so it is little wonder that those used by only a few are being left behind as we become a more homogenous, global society. In short, 95 percent of the worlds languages are spoken by only five percent of its populationa remarkable level of linguistic diversity stored in tiny pockets of speakers around the world. Mark Turin, a university professor, has launched WOLP (World Oral Language Project) to prevent the language from the brink of extinction. He is trying to encourage indigenous communities to collaborate with anthropologists around the world to record what he calls oral literature through video cameras, voice recorders and other multimedia tools by awarding grants from a 30,000 pot that the project has secured this year. The idea is to collate this literature in a digital archive that can be accessed on demand and will make the nuts and bolts of lost cultures readily available. For many of these communities, the oral tradition is at the heart of their culture. The stories they tell are creative as well as communicative. Unlike the languages with celebrated written traditions, such as Sanskrit, Hebrew and Ancient Greek, few indigenous communities have recorded their own languages or ever had them recorded until now. The project suggested itself when Turin was teaching in Nepal. He wanted to study for a PhD in endangered languages and, while discussing it with his professor at Leiden University in the Netherlands, was drawn to a map on his tutors wall. The map was full of pins of a variety of colours which represented all the worlds languages that were completely undocumented. At random, Turin chose a pin to document. It happened to belong to the Thangmi tribe, an indigenous community in the hills east of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Many of the choices anthropologists and linguists who work on these traditional field-work projects are quite random, he admits. Continuing his work with the Thangmi community in the 1990s, Turin began to record the language he was hearing, realising that not only was this language and its culture entirely undocumented, it was known to few outside the tiny community. He set about trying to record their language and myth of origins. I wrote 1,000 pages of grammar in English that nobody could usebut I realised that wasnt enough. It wasnt enough for me, it wasnt enough for them. It simply wasnt going to work as something for the community. So then I produced this trilingual word list in Thangmi, Nepali and English. In short, it was the first ever publication of that language. That small dictionary is still sold in local schools for a modest 20 rupees, and used as part of a wider cultural regeneration process to educate children about their heritage and language. The task is no small undertaking: Nepal itself is a country of massive ethnic and linguistic diversity, home to 100 languages from four different language families. Whats more, even fewer ethnic Thangmi speak the Thangmi language. Many of the community members have taken to speaking Nepali, the national language taught in schools and spread through the media, and community elders are dying without passing on their knowledge. Despite Turins enthusiasm for his subject, he is baffled by many linguists refusal to engage in the issue he is working on. Of the 6,500 languages spoken on Earth, many do not have written traditions and many of these spoken forms are endangered, he says. There are more linguists in universities around the world than there are spoken languagesbut most of them arent working on this issue. To me its amazing that in this day and age, we still have an entirely incomplete image of the worlds linguistic diversity. People do PhDs on the apostrophe in French, yet we still dont know how many languages are spoken. When a language becomes endangered, so too does a cultural world view. We want to engage with indigenous people to document their myths and folklore, which can be harder to find funding for if you are based outside Western universities. Yet, despite the struggles facing initiatives such as the World Oral Literature Project, there are historical examples that point to the possibility that language restoration is no mere academic pipe dream. The revival of a modern form of Hebrew in the 19th century is often cited as one of the best proofs that languages long dead, belonging to small communities, can be resurrected and embraced by a large number of people. By the 20th century, Hebrew was well on its way to becoming the main language of the Jewish population of both Ottoman and British Palestine. It is now spoken by more than seven million people in Israel. Yet, despite the difficulties these communities face in saving their languages, Dr Turin believes that the fate of the worlds endangered languages is not sealed, and globalisation is not necessarily the nefarious perpetrator of evil it is often presented to be. I call it the globalisation paradox: on the one hand globalisation and rapid socio-economic change are the things that are eroding and challenging diversity But on the other, globalisation is providing us with new and very exciting tools and facilities to get to places to document those things that globalisation is eroding. Also, the communities at the coal-face of change are excited by what globalisation has to offer. In the meantime, the race is on to collect and protect as many of the languages as possible, so that the Rai Shaman in eastern Nepal and those in the generations that follow him can continue their traditions and have a sense of identity. And it certainly is a race: Turin knows his projects limits and believes it inevitable that a large number of those languages will disappear. We have to be wholly realistic. A project like ours is in no position, and was not designed, to keep languages alive. The only people who can help languages survive are the people in those communities themselves. They need to be reminded that its good to speak their own language and I think we can help them do thatbecoming modem doesnt mean you have to lose your language.", "hypothesis": "Turin concluded that the Thangmi language had few similarities with other languages.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_174", "premise": "The future of the Worlds Language Of the worlds 6,500 living languages, around half are expected to the out by the end of this century, according to UNESCO. Just 11 are spoken by more than half of the earths population, so it is little wonder that those used by only a few are being left behind as we become a more homogenous, global society. In short, 95 percent of the worlds languages are spoken by only five percent of its populationa remarkable level of linguistic diversity stored in tiny pockets of speakers around the world. Mark Turin, a university professor, has launched WOLP (World Oral Language Project) to prevent the language from the brink of extinction. He is trying to encourage indigenous communities to collaborate with anthropologists around the world to record what he calls oral literature through video cameras, voice recorders and other multimedia tools by awarding grants from a 30,000 pot that the project has secured this year. The idea is to collate this literature in a digital archive that can be accessed on demand and will make the nuts and bolts of lost cultures readily available. For many of these communities, the oral tradition is at the heart of their culture. The stories they tell are creative as well as communicative. Unlike the languages with celebrated written traditions, such as Sanskrit, Hebrew and Ancient Greek, few indigenous communities have recorded their own languages or ever had them recorded until now. The project suggested itself when Turin was teaching in Nepal. He wanted to study for a PhD in endangered languages and, while discussing it with his professor at Leiden University in the Netherlands, was drawn to a map on his tutors wall. The map was full of pins of a variety of colours which represented all the worlds languages that were completely undocumented. At random, Turin chose a pin to document. It happened to belong to the Thangmi tribe, an indigenous community in the hills east of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Many of the choices anthropologists and linguists who work on these traditional field-work projects are quite random, he admits. Continuing his work with the Thangmi community in the 1990s, Turin began to record the language he was hearing, realising that not only was this language and its culture entirely undocumented, it was known to few outside the tiny community. He set about trying to record their language and myth of origins. I wrote 1,000 pages of grammar in English that nobody could usebut I realised that wasnt enough. It wasnt enough for me, it wasnt enough for them. It simply wasnt going to work as something for the community. So then I produced this trilingual word list in Thangmi, Nepali and English. In short, it was the first ever publication of that language. That small dictionary is still sold in local schools for a modest 20 rupees, and used as part of a wider cultural regeneration process to educate children about their heritage and language. The task is no small undertaking: Nepal itself is a country of massive ethnic and linguistic diversity, home to 100 languages from four different language families. Whats more, even fewer ethnic Thangmi speak the Thangmi language. Many of the community members have taken to speaking Nepali, the national language taught in schools and spread through the media, and community elders are dying without passing on their knowledge. Despite Turins enthusiasm for his subject, he is baffled by many linguists refusal to engage in the issue he is working on. Of the 6,500 languages spoken on Earth, many do not have written traditions and many of these spoken forms are endangered, he says. There are more linguists in universities around the world than there are spoken languagesbut most of them arent working on this issue. To me its amazing that in this day and age, we still have an entirely incomplete image of the worlds linguistic diversity. People do PhDs on the apostrophe in French, yet we still dont know how many languages are spoken. When a language becomes endangered, so too does a cultural world view. We want to engage with indigenous people to document their myths and folklore, which can be harder to find funding for if you are based outside Western universities. Yet, despite the struggles facing initiatives such as the World Oral Literature Project, there are historical examples that point to the possibility that language restoration is no mere academic pipe dream. The revival of a modern form of Hebrew in the 19th century is often cited as one of the best proofs that languages long dead, belonging to small communities, can be resurrected and embraced by a large number of people. By the 20th century, Hebrew was well on its way to becoming the main language of the Jewish population of both Ottoman and British Palestine. It is now spoken by more than seven million people in Israel. Yet, despite the difficulties these communities face in saving their languages, Dr Turin believes that the fate of the worlds endangered languages is not sealed, and globalisation is not necessarily the nefarious perpetrator of evil it is often presented to be. I call it the globalisation paradox: on the one hand globalisation and rapid socio-economic change are the things that are eroding and challenging diversity But on the other, globalisation is providing us with new and very exciting tools and facilities to get to places to document those things that globalisation is eroding. Also, the communities at the coal-face of change are excited by what globalisation has to offer. In the meantime, the race is on to collect and protect as many of the languages as possible, so that the Rai Shaman in eastern Nepal and those in the generations that follow him can continue their traditions and have a sense of identity. And it certainly is a race: Turin knows his projects limits and believes it inevitable that a large number of those languages will disappear. We have to be wholly realistic. A project like ours is in no position, and was not designed, to keep languages alive. The only people who can help languages survive are the people in those communities themselves. They need to be reminded that its good to speak their own language and I think we can help them do thatbecoming modem doesnt mean you have to lose your language.", "hypothesis": "Turin argued that anthropologists and linguists usually think carefully before selecting an area to research.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_175", "premise": "The future of the Worlds Language Of the worlds 6,500 living languages, around half are expected to the out by the end of this century, according to UNESCO. Just 11 are spoken by more than half of the earths population, so it is little wonder that those used by only a few are being left behind as we become a more homogenous, global society. In short, 95 percent of the worlds languages are spoken by only five percent of its populationa remarkable level of linguistic diversity stored in tiny pockets of speakers around the world. Mark Turin, a university professor, has launched WOLP (World Oral Language Project) to prevent the language from the brink of extinction. He is trying to encourage indigenous communities to collaborate with anthropologists around the world to record what he calls oral literature through video cameras, voice recorders and other multimedia tools by awarding grants from a 30,000 pot that the project has secured this year. The idea is to collate this literature in a digital archive that can be accessed on demand and will make the nuts and bolts of lost cultures readily available. For many of these communities, the oral tradition is at the heart of their culture. The stories they tell are creative as well as communicative. Unlike the languages with celebrated written traditions, such as Sanskrit, Hebrew and Ancient Greek, few indigenous communities have recorded their own languages or ever had them recorded until now. The project suggested itself when Turin was teaching in Nepal. He wanted to study for a PhD in endangered languages and, while discussing it with his professor at Leiden University in the Netherlands, was drawn to a map on his tutors wall. The map was full of pins of a variety of colours which represented all the worlds languages that were completely undocumented. At random, Turin chose a pin to document. It happened to belong to the Thangmi tribe, an indigenous community in the hills east of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Many of the choices anthropologists and linguists who work on these traditional field-work projects are quite random, he admits. Continuing his work with the Thangmi community in the 1990s, Turin began to record the language he was hearing, realising that not only was this language and its culture entirely undocumented, it was known to few outside the tiny community. He set about trying to record their language and myth of origins. I wrote 1,000 pages of grammar in English that nobody could usebut I realised that wasnt enough. It wasnt enough for me, it wasnt enough for them. It simply wasnt going to work as something for the community. So then I produced this trilingual word list in Thangmi, Nepali and English. In short, it was the first ever publication of that language. That small dictionary is still sold in local schools for a modest 20 rupees, and used as part of a wider cultural regeneration process to educate children about their heritage and language. The task is no small undertaking: Nepal itself is a country of massive ethnic and linguistic diversity, home to 100 languages from four different language families. Whats more, even fewer ethnic Thangmi speak the Thangmi language. Many of the community members have taken to speaking Nepali, the national language taught in schools and spread through the media, and community elders are dying without passing on their knowledge. Despite Turins enthusiasm for his subject, he is baffled by many linguists refusal to engage in the issue he is working on. Of the 6,500 languages spoken on Earth, many do not have written traditions and many of these spoken forms are endangered, he says. There are more linguists in universities around the world than there are spoken languagesbut most of them arent working on this issue. To me its amazing that in this day and age, we still have an entirely incomplete image of the worlds linguistic diversity. People do PhDs on the apostrophe in French, yet we still dont know how many languages are spoken. When a language becomes endangered, so too does a cultural world view. We want to engage with indigenous people to document their myths and folklore, which can be harder to find funding for if you are based outside Western universities. Yet, despite the struggles facing initiatives such as the World Oral Literature Project, there are historical examples that point to the possibility that language restoration is no mere academic pipe dream. The revival of a modern form of Hebrew in the 19th century is often cited as one of the best proofs that languages long dead, belonging to small communities, can be resurrected and embraced by a large number of people. By the 20th century, Hebrew was well on its way to becoming the main language of the Jewish population of both Ottoman and British Palestine. It is now spoken by more than seven million people in Israel. Yet, despite the difficulties these communities face in saving their languages, Dr Turin believes that the fate of the worlds endangered languages is not sealed, and globalisation is not necessarily the nefarious perpetrator of evil it is often presented to be. I call it the globalisation paradox: on the one hand globalisation and rapid socio-economic change are the things that are eroding and challenging diversity But on the other, globalisation is providing us with new and very exciting tools and facilities to get to places to document those things that globalisation is eroding. Also, the communities at the coal-face of change are excited by what globalisation has to offer. In the meantime, the race is on to collect and protect as many of the languages as possible, so that the Rai Shaman in eastern Nepal and those in the generations that follow him can continue their traditions and have a sense of identity. And it certainly is a race: Turin knows his projects limits and believes it inevitable that a large number of those languages will disappear. We have to be wholly realistic. A project like ours is in no position, and was not designed, to keep languages alive. The only people who can help languages survive are the people in those communities themselves. They need to be reminded that its good to speak their own language and I think we can help them do thatbecoming modem doesnt mean you have to lose your language.", "hypothesis": "Turin has written that 1000-page document was inappropriate for Thangmi community;", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_176", "premise": "The genus of plants called Narcissus, many of the species of which are highly esteemed by the floriculturist and lover of cultivated plants, belongs to the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidace. ) This family includes about seventy genera and over eight hundred species that are mostly native in tropical or semi-tropical countries, though a few are found in temperate climates. Many of the species are sought for ornamental purposes and, on account of their beauty and remarkable odour, they are more prized by many than are the species of the Lily family. In this group is classed the American Aloe (Agave Americana) valued not only for cultivation, but also by the Mexicans on account of the sweet fluid which is yielded by its central bud. This liquid, after fermentation, forms an intoxicating liquor known as pulque. By distillation, this yields a liquid, very similar to rum, called by the Mexicans mescal. The leaves furnish a strong fibre, known as vegetable silk, from which, since remote times, paper has been manufactured. The popular opinion is that this plant flowers but once in a century; hence the name Century Plant is often applied to it, though under proper culture it will blossom more frequently.", "hypothesis": "A genus belongs to a family.25. Members of the Narcissus genus are used for their soothing properties.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_177", "premise": "The genus of plants called Narcissus, many of the species of which are highly esteemed by the floriculturist and lover of cultivated plants, belongs to the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidace. ) This family includes about seventy genera and over eight hundred species that are mostly native in tropical or semi-tropical countries, though a few are found in temperate climates. Many of the species are sought for ornamental purposes and, on account of their beauty and remarkable odour, they are more prized by many than are the species of the Lily family. In this group is classed the American Aloe (Agave Americana) valued not only for cultivation, but also by the Mexicans on account of the sweet fluid which is yielded by its central bud. This liquid, after fermentation, forms an intoxicating liquor known as pulque. By distillation, this yields a liquid, very similar to rum, called by the Mexicans mescal. The leaves furnish a strong fibre, known as vegetable silk, from which, since remote times, paper has been manufactured. The popular opinion is that this plant flowers but once in a century; hence the name Century Plant is often applied to it, though under proper culture it will blossom more frequently.", "hypothesis": "The members of the Narcissus genus have a distinctive smell.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_178", "premise": "The genus of plants called Narcissus, many of the species of which are highly esteemed by the floriculturist and lover of cultivated plants, belongs to the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidace. ) This family includes about seventy genera and over eight hundred species that are mostly native in tropical or semi-tropical countries, though a few are found in temperate climates. Many of the species are sought for ornamental purposes and, on account of their beauty and remarkable odour, they are more prized by many than are the species of the Lily family. In this group is classed the American Aloe (Agave Americana) valued not only for cultivation, but also by the Mexicans on account of the sweet fluid which is yielded by its central bud. This liquid, after fermentation, forms an intoxicating liquor known as pulque. By distillation, this yields a liquid, very similar to rum, called by the Mexicans mescal. The leaves furnish a strong fibre, known as vegetable silk, from which, since remote times, paper has been manufactured. The popular opinion is that this plant flowers but once in a century; hence the name Century Plant is often applied to it, though under proper culture it will blossom more frequently.", "hypothesis": "Members of the Narcissus genus can be found in all climates.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_179", "premise": "The genus of plants called Narcissus, many of the species of which are highly esteemed by the floriculturist and lover of cultivated plants, belongs to the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidace. ) This family includes about seventy genera and over eight hundred species that are mostly native in tropical or semi-tropical countries, though a few are found in temperate climates. Many of the species are sought for ornamental purposes and, on account of their beauty and remarkable odour, they are more prized by many than are the species of the Lily family. In this group is classed the American Aloe (Agave Americana) valued not only for cultivation, but also by the Mexicans on account of the sweet fluid which is yielded by its central bud. This liquid, after fermentation, forms an intoxicating liquor known as pulque. By distillation, this yields a liquid, very similar to rum, called by the Mexicans mescal. The leaves furnish a strong fibre, known as vegetable silk, from which, since remote times, paper has been manufactured. The popular opinion is that this plant flowers but once in a century; hence the name Century Plant is often applied to it, though under proper culture it will blossom more frequently.", "hypothesis": "The Amaryllis family contains more than six hundred species of Narcissus.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_180", "premise": "The genus of plants called Narcissus, many of the species of which are highly esteemed by the floriculturist and lover of cultivated plants, belongs to the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidace. ) This family includes about seventy genera and over eight hundred species that are mostly native in tropical or semi-tropical countries, though a few are found in temperate climates. Many of the species are sought for ornamental purposes and, on account of their beauty and remarkable odour, they are more prized by many than are the species of the Lily family. In this group is classed the American Aloe (Agave Americana) valued not only for cultivation, but also by the Mexicans on account of the sweet fluid which is yielded by its central bud. This liquid, after fermentation, forms an intoxicating liquor known as pulque. By distillation, this yields a liquid, very similar to rum, called by the Mexicans mescal. The leaves furnish a strong fibre, known as vegetable silk, from which, since remote times, paper has been manufactured. The popular opinion is that this plant flowers but once in a century; hence the name Century Plant is often applied to it, though under proper culture it will blossom more frequently.", "hypothesis": "Members of the Narcissus genus are a welcome addition to any household.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_181", "premise": "The genus of plants called Narcissus, many of the species of which are highly esteemed by the floriculturist and lover of cultivated plants, belongs to the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidace. ) This family includes about seventy genera and over eight hundred species that are mostly native in tropical or semi-tropical countries, though a few are found in temperate climates. Many of the species are sought for ornamental purposes and, on account of their beauty and remarkable odour, they are more prized by many than are the species of the Lily family. In this group is classed the American Aloe (Agave Americana) valued not only for cultivation, but also by the Mexicans on account of the sweet fluid which is yielded by its central bud. This liquid, after fermentation, forms an intoxicating liquor known as pulque. By distillation, this yields a liquid, very similar to rum, called by the Mexicans mescal. The leaves furnish a strong fibre, known as vegetable silk, from which, since remote times, paper has been manufactured. The popular opinion is that this plant flowers but once in a century; hence the name Century Plant is often applied to it, though under proper culture it will blossom more frequently.", "hypothesis": "A number are people prefer members of the Narcissus genus over Lilies.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_182", "premise": "The genus of plants called Narcissus, many of the species of which are highly esteemed by the floriculturist and lover of cultivated plants, belongs to the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidace. ) This family includes about seventy genera and over eight hundred species that are mostly native in tropical or semi-tropical countries, though a few are found in temperate climates. Many of the species are sought for ornamental purposes and, on account of their beauty and remarkable odour, they are more prized by many than are the species of the Lily family. In this group is classed the American Aloe (Agave Americana) valued not only for cultivation, but also by the Mexicans on account of the sweet fluid which is yielded by its central bud. This liquid, after fermentation, forms an intoxicating liquor known as pulque. By distillation, this yields a liquid, very similar to rum, called by the Mexicans mescal. The leaves furnish a strong fibre, known as vegetable silk, from which, since remote times, paper has been manufactured. The popular opinion is that this plant flowers but once in a century; hence the name Century Plant is often applied to it, though under proper culture it will blossom more frequently.", "hypothesis": "Lilies are famously not as attractive as members of the Narcissus genus.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_183", "premise": "The genus of plants called Narcissus, many of the species of which are highly esteemed by the floriculturist and lover of cultivated plants, belongs to the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidace. ) This family includes about seventy genera and over eight hundred species that are mostly native in tropical or semi-tropical countries, though a few are found in temperate climates. Many of the species are sought for ornamental purposes and, on account of their beauty and remarkable odour, they are more prized by many than are the species of the Lily family. In this group is classed the American Aloe (Agave Americana) valued not only for cultivation, but also by the Mexicans on account of the sweet fluid which is yielded by its central bud. This liquid, after fermentation, forms an intoxicating liquor known as pulque. By distillation, this yields a liquid, very similar to rum, called by the Mexicans mescal. The leaves furnish a strong fibre, known as vegetable silk, from which, since remote times, paper has been manufactured. The popular opinion is that this plant flowers but once in a century; hence the name Century Plant is often applied to it, though under proper culture it will blossom more frequently.", "hypothesis": "Lilies are generally valued less than members of the Narcissus genus.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_184", "premise": "The genus of plants called Narcissus, many of the species of which are highly esteemed by the floriculturist and lover of cultivated plants, belongs to the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidace. ) This family includes about seventy genera and over eight hundred species that are mostly native in tropical or semi-tropical countries, though a few are found in temperate climates. Many of the species are sought for ornamental purposes and, on account of their beauty and remarkable odour, they are more prized by many than are the species of the Lily family. In this group is classed the American Aloe (Agave Americana) valued not only for cultivation, but also by the Mexicans on account of the sweet fluid which is yielded by its central bud. This liquid, after fermentation, forms an intoxicating liquor known as pulque. By distillation, this yields a liquid, very similar to rum, called by the Mexicans mescal. The leaves furnish a strong fibre, known as vegetable silk, from which, since remote times, paper has been manufactured. The popular opinion is that this plant flowers but once in a century; hence the name Century Plant is often applied to it, though under proper culture it will blossom more frequently.", "hypothesis": "American Aloe can be used to make rum.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_185", "premise": "The genus of plants called Narcissus, many of the species of which are highly esteemed by the floriculturist and lover of cultivated plants, belongs to the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidace. ) This family includes about seventy genera and over eight hundred species that are mostly native in tropical or semi-tropical countries, though a few are found in temperate climates. Many of the species are sought for ornamental purposes and, on account of their beauty and remarkable odour, they are more prized by many than are the species of the Lily family. In this group is classed the American Aloe (Agave Americana) valued not only for cultivation, but also by the Mexicans on account of the sweet fluid which is yielded by its central bud. This liquid, after fermentation, forms an intoxicating liquor known as pulque. By distillation, this yields a liquid, very similar to rum, called by the Mexicans mescal. The leaves furnish a strong fibre, known as vegetable silk, from which, since remote times, paper has been manufactured. The popular opinion is that this plant flowers but once in a century; hence the name Century Plant is often applied to it, though under proper culture it will blossom more frequently.", "hypothesis": "Agave syrup can be collected by American Aloe.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_186", "premise": "The genus of plants called Narcissus, many of the species of which are highly esteemed by the floriculturist and lover of cultivated plants, belongs to the Amaryllis family (Amaryllidace. ) This family includes about seventy genera and over eight hundred species that are mostly native in tropical or semi-tropical countries, though a few are found in temperate climates. Many of the species are sought for ornamental purposes and, on account of their beauty and remarkable odour, they are more prized by many than are the species of the Lily family. In this group is classed the American Aloe (Agave Americana) valued not only for cultivation, but also by the Mexicans on account of the sweet fluid which is yielded by its central bud. This liquid, after fermentation, forms an intoxicating liquor known as pulque. By distillation, this yields a liquid, very similar to rum, called by the Mexicans mescal. The leaves furnish a strong fibre, known as vegetable silk, from which, since remote times, paper has been manufactured. The popular opinion is that this plant flowers but once in a century; hence the name Century Plant is often applied to it, though under proper culture it will blossom more frequently.", "hypothesis": "The Narcissus genus is named after the mythical character, famed for his beauty.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_187", "premise": "The giant wind turbines on the nearby hill supply the community with 8 million kilowatt hours of electricity each year. Several hundred homeowners have erected solar panels on their roofs to provide most of their summer-time hot water needs. Bio-waste is collected for fermentation to produce methane gas which drives a local generator to augment the towns electricity needs when there is insufficient wind to fully power the turbines. Better insulation has cut the fuel requirements of many homes. Local generation in this isolated, rural community has led to saving on the investment cost of additional transmission lines in the national network. Further efficiencies are gained because the local production of power avoids losses to electrical resistance in the long-distance transmission of power.", "hypothesis": "The motives for this community's investment in the local generation of its energy needs are rising fuel costs and climate worries.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_188", "premise": "The giant wind turbines on the nearby hill supply the community with 8 million kilowatt hours of electricity each year. Several hundred homeowners have erected solar panels on their roofs to provide most of their summer-time hot water needs. Bio-waste is collected for fermentation to produce methane gas which drives a local generator to augment the towns electricity needs when there is insufficient wind to fully power the turbines. Better insulation has cut the fuel requirements of many homes. Local generation in this isolated, rural community has led to saving on the investment cost of additional transmission lines in the national network. Further efficiencies are gained because the local production of power avoids losses to electrical resistance in the long-distance transmission of power.", "hypothesis": "When the wind is blowing and the sun is shining, locally generated power accounts for most of this community's energy needs.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_189", "premise": "The giant wind turbines on the nearby hill supply the community with 8 million kilowatt hours of electricity each year. Several hundred homeowners have erected solar panels on their roofs to provide most of their summer-time hot water needs. Bio-waste is collected for fermentation to produce methane gas which drives a local generator to augment the towns electricity needs when there is insufficient wind to fully power the turbines. Better insulation has cut the fuel requirements of many homes. Local generation in this isolated, rural community has led to saving on the investment cost of additional transmission lines in the national network. Further efficiencies are gained because the local production of power avoids losses to electrical resistance in the long-distance transmission of power.", "hypothesis": "This isolated rural community is located in a part of the world where the national power network is practically non-existent.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_190", "premise": "The government has decided to disinvest large chunk of its equity in select public sector undertakings for a better fiscal management.", "hypothesis": "The amount generated out of the disinvestment process may reduce substantially the mounting fiscal deficits.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_191", "premise": "The government has decided to disinvest large chunk of its equity in select public sector undertakings for a better fiscal management.", "hypothesis": "There will be enough demand in the market for the shares of these undertakings.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_192", "premise": "The government has decided to pay compensation to the tune of Rs. 1 lakh to the family members of those who are killed in railway accidents.", "hypothesis": "There may be reduction in incidents of railway accidents in near future.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_193", "premise": "The government has decided to pay compensation to the tune of Rs. 1 lakh to the family members of those who are killed in railway accidents.", "hypothesis": "The government has enough funds to meet the expenses due to compensation", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_194", "premise": "The government has decided to run all commercial vehicles on bio-fuels in order to save the depleting fossil fuel reserves.", "hypothesis": "Sufficient amount of bio-fuels can be produced in the country to run all commercial vehicles. Syndicate Bank (PO)", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_195", "premise": "The government has decided to run all commercial vehicles on bio-fuels in order to save the depleting fossil fuel reserves.", "hypothesis": "It is possible to switch over from fossil fuels to bio-fuels for vehicles", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_196", "premise": "The government wants 50 per cent of people aged 18 to 30 to go to university, and many of these new students are expected to study for shorter foundation degrees. These last two years and combine study with hands-on experience while in paid relevant work. Already more than 20,000 people are taking foundation degrees in 1,000 different courses. Self-discipline and strong motivation are critical if the student is to succeed because most foundation degrees are by distance learning and are part-time. While foundation degrees are not for the faint-hearted, they may appeal to many students who currently follow conventional university courses and who leave university with average debts of 30,000 and then have to compete for a graduate-level job against other foundation degree graduates with work-related experience.", "hypothesis": "It can be inferred from the passage that part-time study by distant learning demands a higher level of self-discipline than shown by students on conventional degree courses.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_197", "premise": "The government wants 50 per cent of people aged 18 to 30 to go to university, and many of these new students are expected to study for shorter foundation degrees. These last two years and combine study with hands-on experience while in paid relevant work. Already more than 20,000 people are taking foundation degrees in 1,000 different courses. Self-discipline and strong motivation are critical if the student is to succeed because most foundation degrees are by distance learning and are part-time. While foundation degrees are not for the faint-hearted, they may appeal to many students who currently follow conventional university courses and who leave university with average debts of 30,000 and then have to compete for a graduate-level job against other foundation degree graduates with work-related experience.", "hypothesis": "To undertake a foundation degree does not require one to go to university.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_198", "premise": "The government wants 50 per cent of people aged 18 to 30 to go to university, and many of these new students are expected to study for shorter foundation degrees. These last two years and combine study with hands-on experience while in paid relevant work. Already more than 20,000 people are taking foundation degrees in 1,000 different courses. Self-discipline and strong motivation are critical if the student is to succeed because most foundation degrees are by distance learning and are part-time. While foundation degrees are not for the faint-hearted, they may appeal to many students who currently follow conventional university courses and who leave university with average debts of 30,000 and then have to compete for a graduate-level job against other foundation degree graduates with work-related experience.", "hypothesis": "The case made for doing a foundation degree rather than a conventional degree is purely economic.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_199", "premise": "The growth of intelligence No one doubts that intelligence develops as children grow older. Yet the concept of intelligence has proved both quite difficult to define in unambiguous terms and unexpectedly controversial in some respects. Although, at one level, there seem to be almost as many definitions of intelligence as people who have tried to define it, there is broad agreement on two key features. That is, intelligence involves the capacity not only to learn from experience but also to adapt to ones environment. However, we cannot leave the concept there. Before turning to what is known about the development of intelligence, it is necessary to consider whether we are considering the growth of one or many skills. That question has been tackled in rather different ways by psychometricians and by developmentalists. The former group has examined the issue by determining how childrens abilities on a wide range of tasks intercorrelate, or go together. Statistical techniques have been used to find out whether the patterns are best explained by one broad underlying capacity, general intelligence, or by a set of multiple, relatively separate, special skills in domains such as verbal and visuospatial ability. While it cannot be claimed that everyone agrees on what the results mean, most people now accept that for practical purposes it is reasonable to suppose that both are involved. In brief, the evidence in favour of some kind of general intellectual capacity is that people who are superior (or inferior) on one type of task tend also to be superior (or inferior) on others. Moreover, general measures of intelligence tend to have considerable powers to predict a persons performance on a wide range of tasks requiring special skills. Nevertheless, it is plain that it is not at all uncommon for individuals to be very good at some sorts of task and yet quite poor at some others. Furthermore the influences that affect verbal skills are not quite the same as those that affect other skills. This approach to investigating intelligence is based on the nature of the task involved, but studies of age-related changes show that this is not the only, or necessarily the most important, approach. For instance, some decades ago, Horn and Cattell argued for a differentiation between what they termed fluid and crystallised intelligence. Fluid abilities are best assessed by tests that require mental manipulation of abstract symbols. Crystallised abilities, by contrast, reflect knowledge of the environment in which we live and past experience of similar tasks; they may be assessed by tests of comprehension and information. It seems that fluid abilities peak in early adult life, whereas crystallised abilities increase up to advanced old age. Developmental studies also show that the interconnections between different skills vary with age. Thus in the first year of life an interest in perceptual patterns is a major contributor to cognitive abilities, whereas verbal abilities are more important later on. These findings seemed to suggest a substantial lack of continuity between infancy and middle childhood. However, it is important to realise that the apparent discontinuity will vary according to which of the cognitive skills were assessed in infancy. It has been found that tests of coping with novelty do predict later intelligence. These findings reinforce the view that young childrens intellectual performance needs to be assessed from their interest in and curiosity about the environment, and the extent to which this is applied to new situations, as well as by standardised intelligence testing. These psychometric approaches have focused on childrens increase in cognitive skills as they grow older. Piaget brought about a revolution in the approach to cognitive development through his arguments (backed up by observations) that the focus should be on the thinking processes involved rather than on levels of cognitive achievement. These ideas of Piaget gave rise to an immense body of research and it would be true to say that subsequent thinking has been heavily dependent on his genius in opening up new ways of thinking about cognitive development. Nevertheless, most of his concepts have had to be so radically revised, or rejected, that his theory no longer provides an appropriate basis for thinking about cognitive development. To appreciate why that is so, we need to focus on some rather different elements of Piagets theorising. The first element, which has stood the test of time, is his view that the child is an active agent of learning and of the importance of this activity in cognitive development. Numerous studies have shown how infants actively scan their environment; how they prefer patterned to non-patterned objects, how they choose novel over familiar stimuli, and how they explore their environment as if to see how it works. Childrens questions and comments vividly illustrate the ways in which they are constantly constructing schemes of what they know and trying out their ideas of how to fit new knowledge into those schemes or deciding that the schemes need modification. Moreover, a variety of studies have shown that active experiences have a greater effect on learning than comparable passive experiences. However, a second element concerns the notion that development proceeds through a series of separate stages that have to be gone through step-by-step, in a set order, each of which is characterised by a particular cognitive structure. That has turned out to be a rather misleading way of thinking about cognitive development, although it is not wholly wrong.", "hypothesis": "A surprising number of academics have come to the same conclusion about what the term intelligence means.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_200", "premise": "The growth of intelligence No one doubts that intelligence develops as children grow older. Yet the concept of intelligence has proved both quite difficult to define in unambiguous terms and unexpectedly controversial in some respects. Although, at one level, there seem to be almost as many definitions of intelligence as people who have tried to define it, there is broad agreement on two key features. That is, intelligence involves the capacity not only to learn from experience but also to adapt to ones environment. However, we cannot leave the concept there. Before turning to what is known about the development of intelligence, it is necessary to consider whether we are considering the growth of one or many skills. That question has been tackled in rather different ways by psychometricians and by developmentalists. The former group has examined the issue by determining how childrens abilities on a wide range of tasks intercorrelate, or go together. Statistical techniques have been used to find out whether the patterns are best explained by one broad underlying capacity, general intelligence, or by a set of multiple, relatively separate, special skills in domains such as verbal and visuospatial ability. While it cannot be claimed that everyone agrees on what the results mean, most people now accept that for practical purposes it is reasonable to suppose that both are involved. In brief, the evidence in favour of some kind of general intellectual capacity is that people who are superior (or inferior) on one type of task tend also to be superior (or inferior) on others. Moreover, general measures of intelligence tend to have considerable powers to predict a persons performance on a wide range of tasks requiring special skills. Nevertheless, it is plain that it is not at all uncommon for individuals to be very good at some sorts of task and yet quite poor at some others. Furthermore the influences that affect verbal skills are not quite the same as those that affect other skills. This approach to investigating intelligence is based on the nature of the task involved, but studies of age-related changes show that this is not the only, or necessarily the most important, approach. For instance, some decades ago, Horn and Cattell argued for a differentiation between what they termed fluid and crystallised intelligence. Fluid abilities are best assessed by tests that require mental manipulation of abstract symbols. Crystallised abilities, by contrast, reflect knowledge of the environment in which we live and past experience of similar tasks; they may be assessed by tests of comprehension and information. It seems that fluid abilities peak in early adult life, whereas crystallised abilities increase up to advanced old age. Developmental studies also show that the interconnections between different skills vary with age. Thus in the first year of life an interest in perceptual patterns is a major contributor to cognitive abilities, whereas verbal abilities are more important later on. These findings seemed to suggest a substantial lack of continuity between infancy and middle childhood. However, it is important to realise that the apparent discontinuity will vary according to which of the cognitive skills were assessed in infancy. It has been found that tests of coping with novelty do predict later intelligence. These findings reinforce the view that young childrens intellectual performance needs to be assessed from their interest in and curiosity about the environment, and the extent to which this is applied to new situations, as well as by standardised intelligence testing. These psychometric approaches have focused on childrens increase in cognitive skills as they grow older. Piaget brought about a revolution in the approach to cognitive development through his arguments (backed up by observations) that the focus should be on the thinking processes involved rather than on levels of cognitive achievement. These ideas of Piaget gave rise to an immense body of research and it would be true to say that subsequent thinking has been heavily dependent on his genius in opening up new ways of thinking about cognitive development. Nevertheless, most of his concepts have had to be so radically revised, or rejected, that his theory no longer provides an appropriate basis for thinking about cognitive development. To appreciate why that is so, we need to focus on some rather different elements of Piagets theorising. The first element, which has stood the test of time, is his view that the child is an active agent of learning and of the importance of this activity in cognitive development. Numerous studies have shown how infants actively scan their environment; how they prefer patterned to non-patterned objects, how they choose novel over familiar stimuli, and how they explore their environment as if to see how it works. Childrens questions and comments vividly illustrate the ways in which they are constantly constructing schemes of what they know and trying out their ideas of how to fit new knowledge into those schemes or deciding that the schemes need modification. Moreover, a variety of studies have shown that active experiences have a greater effect on learning than comparable passive experiences. However, a second element concerns the notion that development proceeds through a series of separate stages that have to be gone through step-by-step, in a set order, each of which is characterised by a particular cognitive structure. That has turned out to be a rather misleading way of thinking about cognitive development, although it is not wholly wrong.", "hypothesis": "The elderly perform less well on comprehension tests than young adults.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_201", "premise": "The growth of intelligence No one doubts that intelligence develops as children grow older. Yet the concept of intelligence has proved both quite difficult to define in unambiguous terms and unexpectedly controversial in some respects. Although, at one level, there seem to be almost as many definitions of intelligence as people who have tried to define it, there is broad agreement on two key features. That is, intelligence involves the capacity not only to learn from experience but also to adapt to ones environment. However, we cannot leave the concept there. Before turning to what is known about the development of intelligence, it is necessary to consider whether we are considering the growth of one or many skills. That question has been tackled in rather different ways by psychometricians and by developmentalists. The former group has examined the issue by determining how childrens abilities on a wide range of tasks intercorrelate, or go together. Statistical techniques have been used to find out whether the patterns are best explained by one broad underlying capacity, general intelligence, or by a set of multiple, relatively separate, special skills in domains such as verbal and visuospatial ability. While it cannot be claimed that everyone agrees on what the results mean, most people now accept that for practical purposes it is reasonable to suppose that both are involved. In brief, the evidence in favour of some kind of general intellectual capacity is that people who are superior (or inferior) on one type of task tend also to be superior (or inferior) on others. Moreover, general measures of intelligence tend to have considerable powers to predict a persons performance on a wide range of tasks requiring special skills. Nevertheless, it is plain that it is not at all uncommon for individuals to be very good at some sorts of task and yet quite poor at some others. Furthermore the influences that affect verbal skills are not quite the same as those that affect other skills. This approach to investigating intelligence is based on the nature of the task involved, but studies of age-related changes show that this is not the only, or necessarily the most important, approach. For instance, some decades ago, Horn and Cattell argued for a differentiation between what they termed fluid and crystallised intelligence. Fluid abilities are best assessed by tests that require mental manipulation of abstract symbols. Crystallised abilities, by contrast, reflect knowledge of the environment in which we live and past experience of similar tasks; they may be assessed by tests of comprehension and information. It seems that fluid abilities peak in early adult life, whereas crystallised abilities increase up to advanced old age. Developmental studies also show that the interconnections between different skills vary with age. Thus in the first year of life an interest in perceptual patterns is a major contributor to cognitive abilities, whereas verbal abilities are more important later on. These findings seemed to suggest a substantial lack of continuity between infancy and middle childhood. However, it is important to realise that the apparent discontinuity will vary according to which of the cognitive skills were assessed in infancy. It has been found that tests of coping with novelty do predict later intelligence. These findings reinforce the view that young childrens intellectual performance needs to be assessed from their interest in and curiosity about the environment, and the extent to which this is applied to new situations, as well as by standardised intelligence testing. These psychometric approaches have focused on childrens increase in cognitive skills as they grow older. Piaget brought about a revolution in the approach to cognitive development through his arguments (backed up by observations) that the focus should be on the thinking processes involved rather than on levels of cognitive achievement. These ideas of Piaget gave rise to an immense body of research and it would be true to say that subsequent thinking has been heavily dependent on his genius in opening up new ways of thinking about cognitive development. Nevertheless, most of his concepts have had to be so radically revised, or rejected, that his theory no longer provides an appropriate basis for thinking about cognitive development. To appreciate why that is so, we need to focus on some rather different elements of Piagets theorising. The first element, which has stood the test of time, is his view that the child is an active agent of learning and of the importance of this activity in cognitive development. Numerous studies have shown how infants actively scan their environment; how they prefer patterned to non-patterned objects, how they choose novel over familiar stimuli, and how they explore their environment as if to see how it works. Childrens questions and comments vividly illustrate the ways in which they are constantly constructing schemes of what they know and trying out their ideas of how to fit new knowledge into those schemes or deciding that the schemes need modification. Moreover, a variety of studies have shown that active experiences have a greater effect on learning than comparable passive experiences. However, a second element concerns the notion that development proceeds through a series of separate stages that have to be gone through step-by-step, in a set order, each of which is characterised by a particular cognitive structure. That has turned out to be a rather misleading way of thinking about cognitive development, although it is not wholly wrong.", "hypothesis": "We must take into account which skills are tested when comparing intelligence at different ages.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_202", "premise": "The growth of intelligence No one doubts that intelligence develops as children grow older. Yet the concept of intelligence has proved both quite difficult to define in unambiguous terms and unexpectedly controversial in some respects. Although, at one level, there seem to be almost as many definitions of intelligence as people who have tried to define it, there is broad agreement on two key features. That is, intelligence involves the capacity not only to learn from experience but also to adapt to ones environment. However, we cannot leave the concept there. Before turning to what is known about the development of intelligence, it is necessary to consider whether we are considering the growth of one or many skills. That question has been tackled in rather different ways by psychometricians and by developmentalists. The former group has examined the issue by determining how childrens abilities on a wide range of tasks intercorrelate, or go together. Statistical techniques have been used to find out whether the patterns are best explained by one broad underlying capacity, general intelligence, or by a set of multiple, relatively separate, special skills in domains such as verbal and visuospatial ability. While it cannot be claimed that everyone agrees on what the results mean, most people now accept that for practical purposes it is reasonable to suppose that both are involved. In brief, the evidence in favour of some kind of general intellectual capacity is that people who are superior (or inferior) on one type of task tend also to be superior (or inferior) on others. Moreover, general measures of intelligence tend to have considerable powers to predict a persons performance on a wide range of tasks requiring special skills. Nevertheless, it is plain that it is not at all uncommon for individuals to be very good at some sorts of task and yet quite poor at some others. Furthermore the influences that affect verbal skills are not quite the same as those that affect other skills. This approach to investigating intelligence is based on the nature of the task involved, but studies of age-related changes show that this is not the only, or necessarily the most important, approach. For instance, some decades ago, Horn and Cattell argued for a differentiation between what they termed fluid and crystallised intelligence. Fluid abilities are best assessed by tests that require mental manipulation of abstract symbols. Crystallised abilities, by contrast, reflect knowledge of the environment in which we live and past experience of similar tasks; they may be assessed by tests of comprehension and information. It seems that fluid abilities peak in early adult life, whereas crystallised abilities increase up to advanced old age. Developmental studies also show that the interconnections between different skills vary with age. Thus in the first year of life an interest in perceptual patterns is a major contributor to cognitive abilities, whereas verbal abilities are more important later on. These findings seemed to suggest a substantial lack of continuity between infancy and middle childhood. However, it is important to realise that the apparent discontinuity will vary according to which of the cognitive skills were assessed in infancy. It has been found that tests of coping with novelty do predict later intelligence. These findings reinforce the view that young childrens intellectual performance needs to be assessed from their interest in and curiosity about the environment, and the extent to which this is applied to new situations, as well as by standardised intelligence testing. These psychometric approaches have focused on childrens increase in cognitive skills as they grow older. Piaget brought about a revolution in the approach to cognitive development through his arguments (backed up by observations) that the focus should be on the thinking processes involved rather than on levels of cognitive achievement. These ideas of Piaget gave rise to an immense body of research and it would be true to say that subsequent thinking has been heavily dependent on his genius in opening up new ways of thinking about cognitive development. Nevertheless, most of his concepts have had to be so radically revised, or rejected, that his theory no longer provides an appropriate basis for thinking about cognitive development. To appreciate why that is so, we need to focus on some rather different elements of Piagets theorising. The first element, which has stood the test of time, is his view that the child is an active agent of learning and of the importance of this activity in cognitive development. Numerous studies have shown how infants actively scan their environment; how they prefer patterned to non-patterned objects, how they choose novel over familiar stimuli, and how they explore their environment as if to see how it works. Childrens questions and comments vividly illustrate the ways in which they are constantly constructing schemes of what they know and trying out their ideas of how to fit new knowledge into those schemes or deciding that the schemes need modification. Moreover, a variety of studies have shown that active experiences have a greater effect on learning than comparable passive experiences. However, a second element concerns the notion that development proceeds through a series of separate stages that have to be gone through step-by-step, in a set order, each of which is characterised by a particular cognitive structure. That has turned out to be a rather misleading way of thinking about cognitive development, although it is not wholly wrong.", "hypothesis": "Piagets work influenced theoretical studies more than practical research.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_203", "premise": "The growth of intelligence No one doubts that intelligence develops as children grow older. Yet the concept of intelligence has proved both quite difficult to define in unambiguous terms and unexpectedly controversial in some respects. Although, at one level, there seem to be almost as many definitions of intelligence as people who have tried to define it, there is broad agreement on two key features. That is, intelligence involves the capacity not only to learn from experience but also to adapt to ones environment. However, we cannot leave the concept there. Before turning to what is known about the development of intelligence, it is necessary to consider whether we are considering the growth of one or many skills. That question has been tackled in rather different ways by psychometricians and by developmentalists. The former group has examined the issue by determining how childrens abilities on a wide range of tasks intercorrelate, or go together. Statistical techniques have been used to find out whether the patterns are best explained by one broad underlying capacity, general intelligence, or by a set of multiple, relatively separate, special skills in domains such as verbal and visuospatial ability. While it cannot be claimed that everyone agrees on what the results mean, most people now accept that for practical purposes it is reasonable to suppose that both are involved. In brief, the evidence in favour of some kind of general intellectual capacity is that people who are superior (or inferior) on one type of task tend also to be superior (or inferior) on others. Moreover, general measures of intelligence tend to have considerable powers to predict a persons performance on a wide range of tasks requiring special skills. Nevertheless, it is plain that it is not at all uncommon for individuals to be very good at some sorts of task and yet quite poor at some others. Furthermore the influences that affect verbal skills are not quite the same as those that affect other skills. This approach to investigating intelligence is based on the nature of the task involved, but studies of age-related changes show that this is not the only, or necessarily the most important, approach. For instance, some decades ago, Horn and Cattell argued for a differentiation between what they termed fluid and crystallised intelligence. Fluid abilities are best assessed by tests that require mental manipulation of abstract symbols. Crystallised abilities, by contrast, reflect knowledge of the environment in which we live and past experience of similar tasks; they may be assessed by tests of comprehension and information. It seems that fluid abilities peak in early adult life, whereas crystallised abilities increase up to advanced old age. Developmental studies also show that the interconnections between different skills vary with age. Thus in the first year of life an interest in perceptual patterns is a major contributor to cognitive abilities, whereas verbal abilities are more important later on. These findings seemed to suggest a substantial lack of continuity between infancy and middle childhood. However, it is important to realise that the apparent discontinuity will vary according to which of the cognitive skills were assessed in infancy. It has been found that tests of coping with novelty do predict later intelligence. These findings reinforce the view that young childrens intellectual performance needs to be assessed from their interest in and curiosity about the environment, and the extent to which this is applied to new situations, as well as by standardised intelligence testing. These psychometric approaches have focused on childrens increase in cognitive skills as they grow older. Piaget brought about a revolution in the approach to cognitive development through his arguments (backed up by observations) that the focus should be on the thinking processes involved rather than on levels of cognitive achievement. These ideas of Piaget gave rise to an immense body of research and it would be true to say that subsequent thinking has been heavily dependent on his genius in opening up new ways of thinking about cognitive development. Nevertheless, most of his concepts have had to be so radically revised, or rejected, that his theory no longer provides an appropriate basis for thinking about cognitive development. To appreciate why that is so, we need to focus on some rather different elements of Piagets theorising. The first element, which has stood the test of time, is his view that the child is an active agent of learning and of the importance of this activity in cognitive development. Numerous studies have shown how infants actively scan their environment; how they prefer patterned to non-patterned objects, how they choose novel over familiar stimuli, and how they explore their environment as if to see how it works. Childrens questions and comments vividly illustrate the ways in which they are constantly constructing schemes of what they know and trying out their ideas of how to fit new knowledge into those schemes or deciding that the schemes need modification. Moreover, a variety of studies have shown that active experiences have a greater effect on learning than comparable passive experiences. However, a second element concerns the notion that development proceeds through a series of separate stages that have to be gone through step-by-step, in a set order, each of which is characterised by a particular cognitive structure. That has turned out to be a rather misleading way of thinking about cognitive development, although it is not wholly wrong.", "hypothesis": "Piagets emphasis on active learning has been discredited by later researchers.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_204", "premise": "The growth of intelligence No one doubts that intelligence develops as children grow older. Yet the concept of intelligence has proved both quite difficult to define in unambiguous terms and unexpectedly controversial in some respects. Although, at one level, there seem to be almost as many definitions of intelligence as people who have tried to define it, there is broad agreement on two key features. That is, intelligence involves the capacity not only to learn from experience but also to adapt to ones environment. However, we cannot leave the concept there. Before turning to what is known about the development of intelligence, it is necessary to consider whether we are considering the growth of one or many skills. That question has been tackled in rather different ways by psychometricians and by developmentalists. The former group has examined the issue by determining how childrens abilities on a wide range of tasks intercorrelate, or go together. Statistical techniques have been used to find out whether the patterns are best explained by one broad underlying capacity, general intelligence, or by a set of multiple, relatively separate, special skills in domains such as verbal and visuospatial ability. While it cannot be claimed that everyone agrees on what the results mean, most people now accept that for practical purposes it is reasonable to suppose that both are involved. In brief, the evidence in favour of some kind of general intellectual capacity is that people who are superior (or inferior) on one type of task tend also to be superior (or inferior) on others. Moreover, general measures of intelligence tend to have considerable powers to predict a persons performance on a wide range of tasks requiring special skills. Nevertheless, it is plain that it is not at all uncommon for individuals to be very good at some sorts of task and yet quite poor at some others. Furthermore the influences that affect verbal skills are not quite the same as those that affect other skills. This approach to investigating intelligence is based on the nature of the task involved, but studies of age-related changes show that this is not the only, or necessarily the most important, approach. For instance, some decades ago, Horn and Cattell argued for a differentiation between what they termed fluid and crystallised intelligence. Fluid abilities are best assessed by tests that require mental manipulation of abstract symbols. Crystallised abilities, by contrast, reflect knowledge of the environment in which we live and past experience of similar tasks; they may be assessed by tests of comprehension and information. It seems that fluid abilities peak in early adult life, whereas crystallised abilities increase up to advanced old age. Developmental studies also show that the interconnections between different skills vary with age. Thus in the first year of life an interest in perceptual patterns is a major contributor to cognitive abilities, whereas verbal abilities are more important later on. These findings seemed to suggest a substantial lack of continuity between infancy and middle childhood. However, it is important to realise that the apparent discontinuity will vary according to which of the cognitive skills were assessed in infancy. It has been found that tests of coping with novelty do predict later intelligence. These findings reinforce the view that young childrens intellectual performance needs to be assessed from their interest in and curiosity about the environment, and the extent to which this is applied to new situations, as well as by standardised intelligence testing. These psychometric approaches have focused on childrens increase in cognitive skills as they grow older. Piaget brought about a revolution in the approach to cognitive development through his arguments (backed up by observations) that the focus should be on the thinking processes involved rather than on levels of cognitive achievement. These ideas of Piaget gave rise to an immense body of research and it would be true to say that subsequent thinking has been heavily dependent on his genius in opening up new ways of thinking about cognitive development. Nevertheless, most of his concepts have had to be so radically revised, or rejected, that his theory no longer provides an appropriate basis for thinking about cognitive development. To appreciate why that is so, we need to focus on some rather different elements of Piagets theorising. The first element, which has stood the test of time, is his view that the child is an active agent of learning and of the importance of this activity in cognitive development. Numerous studies have shown how infants actively scan their environment; how they prefer patterned to non-patterned objects, how they choose novel over familiar stimuli, and how they explore their environment as if to see how it works. Childrens questions and comments vividly illustrate the ways in which they are constantly constructing schemes of what they know and trying out their ideas of how to fit new knowledge into those schemes or deciding that the schemes need modification. Moreover, a variety of studies have shown that active experiences have a greater effect on learning than comparable passive experiences. However, a second element concerns the notion that development proceeds through a series of separate stages that have to be gone through step-by-step, in a set order, each of which is characterised by a particular cognitive structure. That has turned out to be a rather misleading way of thinking about cognitive development, although it is not wholly wrong.", "hypothesis": "A general test of intelligence is unlikely to indicate the level of performance in every type of task.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_205", "premise": "The guillotine was a machine used to kill people by chopping off their head. It consists of a heavy blade attached to a frame. When the blade was released, it would fall down under its own weight and chop off the victims head, killing them instantly. It was commonly used in France during the French Revolution as it was the only legal method of execution in order to enact the death penalty. The guillotine was named after a French doctor called Joseph Guillotin. He decided that a more humane way of executing someone was needed as he realised he was unable to get rid of the death penalty. He decided that using an automatic mechanical device for decapitation would be more humane than by a person with an axe. The first guillotine built was then tested on animals to see if the axe would have enough force to decapitate its victim. Before the guillotine was used in execution, the criminal would be hanged. This was seen to be less humane as the victim was supposed to die from the impact of the rope snapping their necks, however this did not happen all the time. The victim could be in agony for up to forty minutes before eventually dying from asphyxiation.", "hypothesis": "Joseph Guillotin agreed with the death penalty.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_206", "premise": "The guillotine was a machine used to kill people by chopping off their head. It consists of a heavy blade attached to a frame. When the blade was released, it would fall down under its own weight and chop off the victims head, killing them instantly. It was commonly used in France during the French Revolution as it was the only legal method of execution in order to enact the death penalty. The guillotine was named after a French doctor called Joseph Guillotin. He decided that a more humane way of executing someone was needed as he realised he was unable to get rid of the death penalty. He decided that using an automatic mechanical device for decapitation would be more humane than by a person with an axe. The first guillotine built was then tested on animals to see if the axe would have enough force to decapitate its victim. Before the guillotine was used in execution, the criminal would be hanged. This was seen to be less humane as the victim was supposed to die from the impact of the rope snapping their necks, however this did not happen all the time. The victim could be in agony for up to forty minutes before eventually dying from asphyxiation.", "hypothesis": "During the French Revolution, hanging was the common form of execution.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_207", "premise": "The guillotine was a machine used to kill people by chopping off their head. It consists of a heavy blade attached to a frame. When the blade was released, it would fall down under its own weight and chop off the victims head, killing them instantly. It was commonly used in France during the French Revolution as it was the only legal method of execution in order to enact the death penalty. The guillotine was named after a French doctor called Joseph Guillotin. He decided that a more humane way of executing someone was needed as he realised he was unable to get rid of the death penalty. He decided that using an automatic mechanical device for decapitation would be more humane than by a person with an axe. The first guillotine built was then tested on animals to see if the axe would have enough force to decapitate its victim. Before the guillotine was used in execution, the criminal would be hanged. This was seen to be less humane as the victim was supposed to die from the impact of the rope snapping their necks, however this did not happen all the time. The victim could be in agony for up to forty minutes before eventually dying from asphyxiation.", "hypothesis": "The guillotine was seen as being more humane as it was automatic with the blade falling through its own weight.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_208", "premise": "The guillotine was a machine used to kill people by chopping off their head. It consists of a heavy blade attached to a frame. When the blade was released, it would fall down under its own weight and chop off the victims head, killing them instantly. It was commonly used in France during the French Revolution as it was the only legal method of execution in order to enact the death penalty. The guillotine was named after a French doctor called Joseph Guillotin. He decided that a more humane way of executing someone was needed as he realised he was unable to get rid of the death penalty. He decided that using an automatic mechanical device for decapitation would be more humane than by a person with an axe. The first guillotine built was then tested on animals to see if the axe would have enough force to decapitate its victim. Before the guillotine was used in execution, the criminal would be hanged. This was seen to be less humane as the victim was supposed to die from the impact of the rope snapping their necks, however this did not happen all the time. The victim could be in agony for up to forty minutes before eventually dying from asphyxiation.", "hypothesis": "Hanging usually causes death by asphyxiation.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_209", "premise": "The guillotine was a machine used to kill people by chopping off their head. It consists of a heavy blade attached to a frame. When the blade was released, it would fall down under its own weight and chop off the victims head, killing them instantly. It was commonly used in France during the French Revolution as it was the only legal method of execution in order to enact the death penalty. The guillotine was named after a French doctor called Joseph Guillotin. He decided that a more humane way of executing someone was needed as he realised he was unable to get rid of the death penalty. He decided that using an automatic mechanical device for decapitation would be more humane than by a person with an axe. The first guillotine built was then tested on animals to see if the axe would have enough force to decapitate its victim. Before the guillotine was used in execution, the criminal would be hanged. This was seen to be less humane as the victim was supposed to die from the impact of the rope snapping their necks, however this did not happen all the time. The victim could be in agony for up to forty minutes before eventually dying from asphyxiation.", "hypothesis": "According to the passage, the guillotine was used for execution before the French Revolution.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_210", "premise": "The happy planet index is an index of human wellbeing and environmental impact that was introduced by the new economics foundation. The index is designed up challenge the well- established indices of countries development, such as gross domestic product, human development index and quality of life index. Furthermore, it is believed that the notion of sustainable development requires a measure of environment costs in pursuing happiness and health. On this index Costa Rica was ranked the highest in HPI, and Zimbabwe was ranked the lowest in HPI.", "hypothesis": "happy planet index challenges gross domestic product", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_211", "premise": "The happy planet index is an index of human wellbeing and environmental impact that was introduced by the new economics foundation. The index is designed up challenge the well- established indices of countries development, such as gross domestic product, human development index and quality of life index. Furthermore, it is believed that the notion of sustainable development requires a measure of environment costs in pursuing happiness and health. On this index Costa Rica was ranked the highest in HPI, and Zimbabwe was ranked the lowest in HPI.", "hypothesis": "happy planet index challenges quality of life index", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_212", "premise": "The happy planet index is an index of human wellbeing and environmental impact that was introduced by the new economics foundation. The index is designed up challenge the well- established indices of countries development, such as gross domestic product, human development index and quality of life index. Furthermore, it is believed that the notion of sustainable development requires a measure of environment costs in pursuing happiness and health. On this index Costa Rica was ranked the highest in HPI, and Zimbabwe was ranked the lowest in HPI.", "hypothesis": "happy planet index challenges human development index.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_213", "premise": "The happy planet index is an index of human wellbeing and environmental impact that was introduced by the new economics foundation. The index is designed up challenge the well- established indices of countries development, such as gross domestic product, human development index and quality of life index. Furthermore, it is believed that the notion of sustainable development requires a measure of environment costs in pursuing happiness and health. On this index Costa Rica was ranked the highest in HPI, and Zimbabwe was ranked the lowest in HPI.", "hypothesis": "happy planet index challenges gross national happiness.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_214", "premise": "The head of the organization congratulated the entire staff in his speech for their sincere effort to bring down the deficit and urged them to give their best for attaining a more profitable position in future.", "hypothesis": "The employees may get motivated and maintain and if possible enhance their present level of work.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_215", "premise": "The head of the organization congratulated the entire staff in his speech for their sincere effort to bring down the deficit and urged them to give their best for attaining a more profitable position in future.", "hypothesis": "The employees may now relax and slow down in their day to day work as there is no immediate threat of huge deficit", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_216", "premise": "The hidden histories of exploration exhibition We have all heard tales of lone, heroic explorers, but what about the local individuals who guided and protected European explorers in many different parts of the globe? Or the go-betweens including interpreters and traders who translated the needs and demands of explorers into a language that locals could understand? Such questions have received surprisingly little attention in standard histories, where European explorers are usually the heroes, sometimes the villains. The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition at Britains Royal Geographical Society in London sets out to present an alternative view, in which exploration is a fundamentally collective experience of work, involving many different people. Many of the most famous examples of explorers said to have been lone travellers say, Mungo Park or David Livingstone in Africa were anything but alone on their travels. They depended on local support of various kinds for food, shelter, protection, information, guidance and solace as well as on other resources from elsewhere. The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) seeks to record this story in its Hidden Histories project, using its astonishingly rich collections. The storage of geographical information was one of the main rationales for the foundation of the RGS in 1830, and the Societys collections now contain more than two million individual items, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs art-works, artefacts and film a rich storehouse of material reflecting the wide geographical extent of British interest across the globe. In addition to their remarkable scope and range, these collections contain a striking visual record of exploration: the impulse to collect the world is reflected in a large and diverse image archive. For the researcher, this archive can vield many surprises: materials gathered for one purpose say, maps relating to an international boundary dispute or photographs taken on a scientific expedition may today be put to quite different uses In their published narratives, European explorers rarely portrayed themselves as vulnerable or dependent on others, despite the fact that without this support they were quite literally lost. Archival research confirms that Europeans were not merely dependent on the work of porters soldiers translators, cooks, pilots, guides, hunters and collectors: they also relied on local expertise. Such assistance was essential in identifying potential dangers poisonous species, unpredictable rivers, uncharted territories which could mean the difference between life and death. The assistants themselves were usually in a strong bargaining position. In the Amazon, for example access to entire regions would depend on the willingness of local crew members and other assistants to enter areas inhabited by relatively powerful Amerindian groups. In an account of his journey across South America published in 1836, William Smyth thus complained of frequent desertion by his helpers: without them it was impossible to get on. Those providing local support and information to explorers were themselves often not locals. For example, the history of African exploration in the nineteenth century is dominated by the use of Zanzibar as a recruiting station for porters, soldiers and guides who would then travel thousands of miles across the continent. In some accounts, the leading African members of expedition parties the officers or foremen are identified, and their portraits published alongside those of European explorers. The information provided by locals and intermediaries was of potential importance to geographical science. How was this evidence judged? The formal procedures of scientific evaluation provided one framework. Alongside these were more common sense notions of veracity and reliability, religiously-inspired judgments about the authenticity of testimony, and the routine procedures for cross-checking empirical observations developed in many professions. Given explorers need for local information and support, it was in their interests to develop effective working partnerships with knowledgeable intermediaries who could act as brokers in their dealings with local inhabitants. Many of these people acquired far more experience of exploration than most Europeans could hope to attain. Some managed large groups of men and women, piloted the explorers river craft, or undertook mapping work. The tradition was continued with the Everest expeditions in the 1920s and 1930s, which regularly employed the Tibetan interpreter Karma Paul. In Europe, exploration was increasingly thought of as a career; the same might be said of the non-Europeans on whom their expeditions depended. These individuals often forged close working relationships with European explorers. Such partnerships depended on mutual respect, though they were not always easy or intimate, as is particularly clear from the history of the Everest expeditions depicted in the Hidden Histories exhibition. The entire back wall is covered by an enlarged version of a single sheet of photographs of Sherpas taken during the 1936 Everest expedition. The document is a powerful reminder of the manpower on which European mountaineering expeditions depended, and also of the importance of local knowledge and assistance. Transformed from archive to wall display, it tells a powerful story through the medium of individual portraits including Karma Paul, veteran of previous expeditions, and the young Tensing Norgay, 17 years before his successful 1953 ascent. This was a highly charged and transitional moment as the contribution of the Sherpas, depicted here with identity tags round their necks, was beginning to be much more widely recognised. These touching portraits encourage us to see them as agents rather than simply colonial subjects or paid employees. Here is a living history, which looks beyond what we already know about exploration: a larger history in which we come to recognise the contribution of everyone involved.", "hypothesis": "In their publications, European explorers often describe their dependence on their helpers.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_217", "premise": "The hidden histories of exploration exhibition We have all heard tales of lone, heroic explorers, but what about the local individuals who guided and protected European explorers in many different parts of the globe? Or the go-betweens including interpreters and traders who translated the needs and demands of explorers into a language that locals could understand? Such questions have received surprisingly little attention in standard histories, where European explorers are usually the heroes, sometimes the villains. The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition at Britains Royal Geographical Society in London sets out to present an alternative view, in which exploration is a fundamentally collective experience of work, involving many different people. Many of the most famous examples of explorers said to have been lone travellers say, Mungo Park or David Livingstone in Africa were anything but alone on their travels. They depended on local support of various kinds for food, shelter, protection, information, guidance and solace as well as on other resources from elsewhere. The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) seeks to record this story in its Hidden Histories project, using its astonishingly rich collections. The storage of geographical information was one of the main rationales for the foundation of the RGS in 1830, and the Societys collections now contain more than two million individual items, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs art-works, artefacts and film a rich storehouse of material reflecting the wide geographical extent of British interest across the globe. In addition to their remarkable scope and range, these collections contain a striking visual record of exploration: the impulse to collect the world is reflected in a large and diverse image archive. For the researcher, this archive can vield many surprises: materials gathered for one purpose say, maps relating to an international boundary dispute or photographs taken on a scientific expedition may today be put to quite different uses In their published narratives, European explorers rarely portrayed themselves as vulnerable or dependent on others, despite the fact that without this support they were quite literally lost. Archival research confirms that Europeans were not merely dependent on the work of porters soldiers translators, cooks, pilots, guides, hunters and collectors: they also relied on local expertise. Such assistance was essential in identifying potential dangers poisonous species, unpredictable rivers, uncharted territories which could mean the difference between life and death. The assistants themselves were usually in a strong bargaining position. In the Amazon, for example access to entire regions would depend on the willingness of local crew members and other assistants to enter areas inhabited by relatively powerful Amerindian groups. In an account of his journey across South America published in 1836, William Smyth thus complained of frequent desertion by his helpers: without them it was impossible to get on. Those providing local support and information to explorers were themselves often not locals. For example, the history of African exploration in the nineteenth century is dominated by the use of Zanzibar as a recruiting station for porters, soldiers and guides who would then travel thousands of miles across the continent. In some accounts, the leading African members of expedition parties the officers or foremen are identified, and their portraits published alongside those of European explorers. The information provided by locals and intermediaries was of potential importance to geographical science. How was this evidence judged? The formal procedures of scientific evaluation provided one framework. Alongside these were more common sense notions of veracity and reliability, religiously-inspired judgments about the authenticity of testimony, and the routine procedures for cross-checking empirical observations developed in many professions. Given explorers need for local information and support, it was in their interests to develop effective working partnerships with knowledgeable intermediaries who could act as brokers in their dealings with local inhabitants. Many of these people acquired far more experience of exploration than most Europeans could hope to attain. Some managed large groups of men and women, piloted the explorers river craft, or undertook mapping work. The tradition was continued with the Everest expeditions in the 1920s and 1930s, which regularly employed the Tibetan interpreter Karma Paul. In Europe, exploration was increasingly thought of as a career; the same might be said of the non-Europeans on whom their expeditions depended. These individuals often forged close working relationships with European explorers. Such partnerships depended on mutual respect, though they were not always easy or intimate, as is particularly clear from the history of the Everest expeditions depicted in the Hidden Histories exhibition. The entire back wall is covered by an enlarged version of a single sheet of photographs of Sherpas taken during the 1936 Everest expedition. The document is a powerful reminder of the manpower on which European mountaineering expeditions depended, and also of the importance of local knowledge and assistance. Transformed from archive to wall display, it tells a powerful story through the medium of individual portraits including Karma Paul, veteran of previous expeditions, and the young Tensing Norgay, 17 years before his successful 1953 ascent. This was a highly charged and transitional moment as the contribution of the Sherpas, depicted here with identity tags round their necks, was beginning to be much more widely recognised. These touching portraits encourage us to see them as agents rather than simply colonial subjects or paid employees. Here is a living history, which looks beyond what we already know about exploration: a larger history in which we come to recognise the contribution of everyone involved.", "hypothesis": "The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition aims to show the wide range of people involved in expeditions.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_218", "premise": "The hidden histories of exploration exhibition We have all heard tales of lone, heroic explorers, but what about the local individuals who guided and protected European explorers in many different parts of the globe? Or the go-betweens including interpreters and traders who translated the needs and demands of explorers into a language that locals could understand? Such questions have received surprisingly little attention in standard histories, where European explorers are usually the heroes, sometimes the villains. The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition at Britains Royal Geographical Society in London sets out to present an alternative view, in which exploration is a fundamentally collective experience of work, involving many different people. Many of the most famous examples of explorers said to have been lone travellers say, Mungo Park or David Livingstone in Africa were anything but alone on their travels. They depended on local support of various kinds for food, shelter, protection, information, guidance and solace as well as on other resources from elsewhere. The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) seeks to record this story in its Hidden Histories project, using its astonishingly rich collections. The storage of geographical information was one of the main rationales for the foundation of the RGS in 1830, and the Societys collections now contain more than two million individual items, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs art-works, artefacts and film a rich storehouse of material reflecting the wide geographical extent of British interest across the globe. In addition to their remarkable scope and range, these collections contain a striking visual record of exploration: the impulse to collect the world is reflected in a large and diverse image archive. For the researcher, this archive can vield many surprises: materials gathered for one purpose say, maps relating to an international boundary dispute or photographs taken on a scientific expedition may today be put to quite different uses In their published narratives, European explorers rarely portrayed themselves as vulnerable or dependent on others, despite the fact that without this support they were quite literally lost. Archival research confirms that Europeans were not merely dependent on the work of porters soldiers translators, cooks, pilots, guides, hunters and collectors: they also relied on local expertise. Such assistance was essential in identifying potential dangers poisonous species, unpredictable rivers, uncharted territories which could mean the difference between life and death. The assistants themselves were usually in a strong bargaining position. In the Amazon, for example access to entire regions would depend on the willingness of local crew members and other assistants to enter areas inhabited by relatively powerful Amerindian groups. In an account of his journey across South America published in 1836, William Smyth thus complained of frequent desertion by his helpers: without them it was impossible to get on. Those providing local support and information to explorers were themselves often not locals. For example, the history of African exploration in the nineteenth century is dominated by the use of Zanzibar as a recruiting station for porters, soldiers and guides who would then travel thousands of miles across the continent. In some accounts, the leading African members of expedition parties the officers or foremen are identified, and their portraits published alongside those of European explorers. The information provided by locals and intermediaries was of potential importance to geographical science. How was this evidence judged? The formal procedures of scientific evaluation provided one framework. Alongside these were more common sense notions of veracity and reliability, religiously-inspired judgments about the authenticity of testimony, and the routine procedures for cross-checking empirical observations developed in many professions. Given explorers need for local information and support, it was in their interests to develop effective working partnerships with knowledgeable intermediaries who could act as brokers in their dealings with local inhabitants. Many of these people acquired far more experience of exploration than most Europeans could hope to attain. Some managed large groups of men and women, piloted the explorers river craft, or undertook mapping work. The tradition was continued with the Everest expeditions in the 1920s and 1930s, which regularly employed the Tibetan interpreter Karma Paul. In Europe, exploration was increasingly thought of as a career; the same might be said of the non-Europeans on whom their expeditions depended. These individuals often forged close working relationships with European explorers. Such partnerships depended on mutual respect, though they were not always easy or intimate, as is particularly clear from the history of the Everest expeditions depicted in the Hidden Histories exhibition. The entire back wall is covered by an enlarged version of a single sheet of photographs of Sherpas taken during the 1936 Everest expedition. The document is a powerful reminder of the manpower on which European mountaineering expeditions depended, and also of the importance of local knowledge and assistance. Transformed from archive to wall display, it tells a powerful story through the medium of individual portraits including Karma Paul, veteran of previous expeditions, and the young Tensing Norgay, 17 years before his successful 1953 ascent. This was a highly charged and transitional moment as the contribution of the Sherpas, depicted here with identity tags round their necks, was beginning to be much more widely recognised. These touching portraits encourage us to see them as agents rather than simply colonial subjects or paid employees. Here is a living history, which looks beyond what we already know about exploration: a larger history in which we come to recognise the contribution of everyone involved.", "hypothesis": "The common belief about how Park and Livingstone travelled is accurate.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_219", "premise": "The hidden histories of exploration exhibition We have all heard tales of lone, heroic explorers, but what about the local individuals who guided and protected European explorers in many different parts of the globe? Or the go-betweens including interpreters and traders who translated the needs and demands of explorers into a language that locals could understand? Such questions have received surprisingly little attention in standard histories, where European explorers are usually the heroes, sometimes the villains. The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition at Britains Royal Geographical Society in London sets out to present an alternative view, in which exploration is a fundamentally collective experience of work, involving many different people. Many of the most famous examples of explorers said to have been lone travellers say, Mungo Park or David Livingstone in Africa were anything but alone on their travels. They depended on local support of various kinds for food, shelter, protection, information, guidance and solace as well as on other resources from elsewhere. The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) seeks to record this story in its Hidden Histories project, using its astonishingly rich collections. The storage of geographical information was one of the main rationales for the foundation of the RGS in 1830, and the Societys collections now contain more than two million individual items, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs art-works, artefacts and film a rich storehouse of material reflecting the wide geographical extent of British interest across the globe. In addition to their remarkable scope and range, these collections contain a striking visual record of exploration: the impulse to collect the world is reflected in a large and diverse image archive. For the researcher, this archive can vield many surprises: materials gathered for one purpose say, maps relating to an international boundary dispute or photographs taken on a scientific expedition may today be put to quite different uses In their published narratives, European explorers rarely portrayed themselves as vulnerable or dependent on others, despite the fact that without this support they were quite literally lost. Archival research confirms that Europeans were not merely dependent on the work of porters soldiers translators, cooks, pilots, guides, hunters and collectors: they also relied on local expertise. Such assistance was essential in identifying potential dangers poisonous species, unpredictable rivers, uncharted territories which could mean the difference between life and death. The assistants themselves were usually in a strong bargaining position. In the Amazon, for example access to entire regions would depend on the willingness of local crew members and other assistants to enter areas inhabited by relatively powerful Amerindian groups. In an account of his journey across South America published in 1836, William Smyth thus complained of frequent desertion by his helpers: without them it was impossible to get on. Those providing local support and information to explorers were themselves often not locals. For example, the history of African exploration in the nineteenth century is dominated by the use of Zanzibar as a recruiting station for porters, soldiers and guides who would then travel thousands of miles across the continent. In some accounts, the leading African members of expedition parties the officers or foremen are identified, and their portraits published alongside those of European explorers. The information provided by locals and intermediaries was of potential importance to geographical science. How was this evidence judged? The formal procedures of scientific evaluation provided one framework. Alongside these were more common sense notions of veracity and reliability, religiously-inspired judgments about the authenticity of testimony, and the routine procedures for cross-checking empirical observations developed in many professions. Given explorers need for local information and support, it was in their interests to develop effective working partnerships with knowledgeable intermediaries who could act as brokers in their dealings with local inhabitants. Many of these people acquired far more experience of exploration than most Europeans could hope to attain. Some managed large groups of men and women, piloted the explorers river craft, or undertook mapping work. The tradition was continued with the Everest expeditions in the 1920s and 1930s, which regularly employed the Tibetan interpreter Karma Paul. In Europe, exploration was increasingly thought of as a career; the same might be said of the non-Europeans on whom their expeditions depended. These individuals often forged close working relationships with European explorers. Such partnerships depended on mutual respect, though they were not always easy or intimate, as is particularly clear from the history of the Everest expeditions depicted in the Hidden Histories exhibition. The entire back wall is covered by an enlarged version of a single sheet of photographs of Sherpas taken during the 1936 Everest expedition. The document is a powerful reminder of the manpower on which European mountaineering expeditions depended, and also of the importance of local knowledge and assistance. Transformed from archive to wall display, it tells a powerful story through the medium of individual portraits including Karma Paul, veteran of previous expeditions, and the young Tensing Norgay, 17 years before his successful 1953 ascent. This was a highly charged and transitional moment as the contribution of the Sherpas, depicted here with identity tags round their necks, was beginning to be much more widely recognised. These touching portraits encourage us to see them as agents rather than simply colonial subjects or paid employees. Here is a living history, which looks beyond what we already know about exploration: a larger history in which we come to recognise the contribution of everyone involved.", "hypothesis": "Materials owned by the RGS can be used in ways that were not originally intended.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_220", "premise": "The hidden histories of exploration exhibition We have all heard tales of lone, heroic explorers, but what about the local individuals who guided and protected European explorers in many different parts of the globe? Or the go-betweens including interpreters and traders who translated the needs and demands of explorers into a language that locals could understand? Such questions have received surprisingly little attention in standard histories, where European explorers are usually the heroes, sometimes the villains. The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition at Britains Royal Geographical Society in London sets out to present an alternative view, in which exploration is a fundamentally collective experience of work, involving many different people. Many of the most famous examples of explorers said to have been lone travellers say, Mungo Park or David Livingstone in Africa were anything but alone on their travels. They depended on local support of various kinds for food, shelter, protection, information, guidance and solace as well as on other resources from elsewhere. The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) seeks to record this story in its Hidden Histories project, using its astonishingly rich collections. The storage of geographical information was one of the main rationales for the foundation of the RGS in 1830, and the Societys collections now contain more than two million individual items, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs art-works, artefacts and film a rich storehouse of material reflecting the wide geographical extent of British interest across the globe. In addition to their remarkable scope and range, these collections contain a striking visual record of exploration: the impulse to collect the world is reflected in a large and diverse image archive. For the researcher, this archive can vield many surprises: materials gathered for one purpose say, maps relating to an international boundary dispute or photographs taken on a scientific expedition may today be put to quite different uses In their published narratives, European explorers rarely portrayed themselves as vulnerable or dependent on others, despite the fact that without this support they were quite literally lost. Archival research confirms that Europeans were not merely dependent on the work of porters soldiers translators, cooks, pilots, guides, hunters and collectors: they also relied on local expertise. Such assistance was essential in identifying potential dangers poisonous species, unpredictable rivers, uncharted territories which could mean the difference between life and death. The assistants themselves were usually in a strong bargaining position. In the Amazon, for example access to entire regions would depend on the willingness of local crew members and other assistants to enter areas inhabited by relatively powerful Amerindian groups. In an account of his journey across South America published in 1836, William Smyth thus complained of frequent desertion by his helpers: without them it was impossible to get on. Those providing local support and information to explorers were themselves often not locals. For example, the history of African exploration in the nineteenth century is dominated by the use of Zanzibar as a recruiting station for porters, soldiers and guides who would then travel thousands of miles across the continent. In some accounts, the leading African members of expedition parties the officers or foremen are identified, and their portraits published alongside those of European explorers. The information provided by locals and intermediaries was of potential importance to geographical science. How was this evidence judged? The formal procedures of scientific evaluation provided one framework. Alongside these were more common sense notions of veracity and reliability, religiously-inspired judgments about the authenticity of testimony, and the routine procedures for cross-checking empirical observations developed in many professions. Given explorers need for local information and support, it was in their interests to develop effective working partnerships with knowledgeable intermediaries who could act as brokers in their dealings with local inhabitants. Many of these people acquired far more experience of exploration than most Europeans could hope to attain. Some managed large groups of men and women, piloted the explorers river craft, or undertook mapping work. The tradition was continued with the Everest expeditions in the 1920s and 1930s, which regularly employed the Tibetan interpreter Karma Paul. In Europe, exploration was increasingly thought of as a career; the same might be said of the non-Europeans on whom their expeditions depended. These individuals often forged close working relationships with European explorers. Such partnerships depended on mutual respect, though they were not always easy or intimate, as is particularly clear from the history of the Everest expeditions depicted in the Hidden Histories exhibition. The entire back wall is covered by an enlarged version of a single sheet of photographs of Sherpas taken during the 1936 Everest expedition. The document is a powerful reminder of the manpower on which European mountaineering expeditions depended, and also of the importance of local knowledge and assistance. Transformed from archive to wall display, it tells a powerful story through the medium of individual portraits including Karma Paul, veteran of previous expeditions, and the young Tensing Norgay, 17 years before his successful 1953 ascent. This was a highly charged and transitional moment as the contribution of the Sherpas, depicted here with identity tags round their necks, was beginning to be much more widely recognised. These touching portraits encourage us to see them as agents rather than simply colonial subjects or paid employees. Here is a living history, which looks beyond what we already know about exploration: a larger history in which we come to recognise the contribution of everyone involved.", "hypothesis": "Some of the records in the RGS archives are more useful than others.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_221", "premise": "The hidden histories of exploration exhibition We have all heard tales of lone, heroic explorers, but what about the local individuals who guided and protected European explorers in many different parts of the globe? Or the go-betweens including interpreters and traders who translated the needs and demands of explorers into a language that locals could understand? Such questions have received surprisingly little attention in standard histories, where European explorers are usually the heroes, sometimes the villains. The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition at Britains Royal Geographical Society in London sets out to present an alternative view, in which exploration is a fundamentally collective experience of work, involving many different people. Many of the most famous examples of explorers said to have been lone travellers say, Mungo Park or David Livingstone in Africa were anything but alone on their travels. They depended on local support of various kinds for food, shelter, protection, information, guidance and solace as well as on other resources from elsewhere. The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) seeks to record this story in its Hidden Histories project, using its astonishingly rich collections. The storage of geographical information was one of the main rationales for the foundation of the RGS in 1830, and the Societys collections now contain more than two million individual items, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs art-works, artefacts and film a rich storehouse of material reflecting the wide geographical extent of British interest across the globe. In addition to their remarkable scope and range, these collections contain a striking visual record of exploration: the impulse to collect the world is reflected in a large and diverse image archive. For the researcher, this archive can vield many surprises: materials gathered for one purpose say, maps relating to an international boundary dispute or photographs taken on a scientific expedition may today be put to quite different uses In their published narratives, European explorers rarely portrayed themselves as vulnerable or dependent on others, despite the fact that without this support they were quite literally lost. Archival research confirms that Europeans were not merely dependent on the work of porters soldiers translators, cooks, pilots, guides, hunters and collectors: they also relied on local expertise. Such assistance was essential in identifying potential dangers poisonous species, unpredictable rivers, uncharted territories which could mean the difference between life and death. The assistants themselves were usually in a strong bargaining position. In the Amazon, for example access to entire regions would depend on the willingness of local crew members and other assistants to enter areas inhabited by relatively powerful Amerindian groups. In an account of his journey across South America published in 1836, William Smyth thus complained of frequent desertion by his helpers: without them it was impossible to get on. Those providing local support and information to explorers were themselves often not locals. For example, the history of African exploration in the nineteenth century is dominated by the use of Zanzibar as a recruiting station for porters, soldiers and guides who would then travel thousands of miles across the continent. In some accounts, the leading African members of expedition parties the officers or foremen are identified, and their portraits published alongside those of European explorers. The information provided by locals and intermediaries was of potential importance to geographical science. How was this evidence judged? The formal procedures of scientific evaluation provided one framework. Alongside these were more common sense notions of veracity and reliability, religiously-inspired judgments about the authenticity of testimony, and the routine procedures for cross-checking empirical observations developed in many professions. Given explorers need for local information and support, it was in their interests to develop effective working partnerships with knowledgeable intermediaries who could act as brokers in their dealings with local inhabitants. Many of these people acquired far more experience of exploration than most Europeans could hope to attain. Some managed large groups of men and women, piloted the explorers river craft, or undertook mapping work. The tradition was continued with the Everest expeditions in the 1920s and 1930s, which regularly employed the Tibetan interpreter Karma Paul. In Europe, exploration was increasingly thought of as a career; the same might be said of the non-Europeans on whom their expeditions depended. These individuals often forged close working relationships with European explorers. Such partnerships depended on mutual respect, though they were not always easy or intimate, as is particularly clear from the history of the Everest expeditions depicted in the Hidden Histories exhibition. The entire back wall is covered by an enlarged version of a single sheet of photographs of Sherpas taken during the 1936 Everest expedition. The document is a powerful reminder of the manpower on which European mountaineering expeditions depended, and also of the importance of local knowledge and assistance. Transformed from archive to wall display, it tells a powerful story through the medium of individual portraits including Karma Paul, veteran of previous expeditions, and the young Tensing Norgay, 17 years before his successful 1953 ascent. This was a highly charged and transitional moment as the contribution of the Sherpas, depicted here with identity tags round their necks, was beginning to be much more widely recognised. These touching portraits encourage us to see them as agents rather than simply colonial subjects or paid employees. Here is a living history, which looks beyond what we already know about exploration: a larger history in which we come to recognise the contribution of everyone involved.", "hypothesis": "Local helpers refused to accompany William Smyth during parts of his journey.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_222", "premise": "The hidden histories of exploration exhibition We have all heard tales of lone, heroic explorers, but what about the local individuals who guided and protected European explorers in many different parts of the globe? Or the go-betweens including interpreters and traders who translated the needs and demands of explorers into a language that locals could understand? Such questions have received surprisingly little attention in standard histories, where European explorers are usually the heroes, sometimes the villains. The Hidden Histories of Exploration exhibition at Britains Royal Geographical Society in London sets out to present an alternative view, in which exploration is a fundamentally collective experience of work, involving many different people. Many of the most famous examples of explorers said to have been lone travellers say, Mungo Park or David Livingstone in Africa were anything but alone on their travels. They depended on local support of various kinds for food, shelter, protection, information, guidance and solace as well as on other resources from elsewhere. The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) seeks to record this story in its Hidden Histories project, using its astonishingly rich collections. The storage of geographical information was one of the main rationales for the foundation of the RGS in 1830, and the Societys collections now contain more than two million individual items, including books, manuscripts, maps, photographs art-works, artefacts and film a rich storehouse of material reflecting the wide geographical extent of British interest across the globe. In addition to their remarkable scope and range, these collections contain a striking visual record of exploration: the impulse to collect the world is reflected in a large and diverse image archive. For the researcher, this archive can vield many surprises: materials gathered for one purpose say, maps relating to an international boundary dispute or photographs taken on a scientific expedition may today be put to quite different uses In their published narratives, European explorers rarely portrayed themselves as vulnerable or dependent on others, despite the fact that without this support they were quite literally lost. Archival research confirms that Europeans were not merely dependent on the work of porters soldiers translators, cooks, pilots, guides, hunters and collectors: they also relied on local expertise. Such assistance was essential in identifying potential dangers poisonous species, unpredictable rivers, uncharted territories which could mean the difference between life and death. The assistants themselves were usually in a strong bargaining position. In the Amazon, for example access to entire regions would depend on the willingness of local crew members and other assistants to enter areas inhabited by relatively powerful Amerindian groups. In an account of his journey across South America published in 1836, William Smyth thus complained of frequent desertion by his helpers: without them it was impossible to get on. Those providing local support and information to explorers were themselves often not locals. For example, the history of African exploration in the nineteenth century is dominated by the use of Zanzibar as a recruiting station for porters, soldiers and guides who would then travel thousands of miles across the continent. In some accounts, the leading African members of expedition parties the officers or foremen are identified, and their portraits published alongside those of European explorers. The information provided by locals and intermediaries was of potential importance to geographical science. How was this evidence judged? The formal procedures of scientific evaluation provided one framework. Alongside these were more common sense notions of veracity and reliability, religiously-inspired judgments about the authenticity of testimony, and the routine procedures for cross-checking empirical observations developed in many professions. Given explorers need for local information and support, it was in their interests to develop effective working partnerships with knowledgeable intermediaries who could act as brokers in their dealings with local inhabitants. Many of these people acquired far more experience of exploration than most Europeans could hope to attain. Some managed large groups of men and women, piloted the explorers river craft, or undertook mapping work. The tradition was continued with the Everest expeditions in the 1920s and 1930s, which regularly employed the Tibetan interpreter Karma Paul. In Europe, exploration was increasingly thought of as a career; the same might be said of the non-Europeans on whom their expeditions depended. These individuals often forged close working relationships with European explorers. Such partnerships depended on mutual respect, though they were not always easy or intimate, as is particularly clear from the history of the Everest expeditions depicted in the Hidden Histories exhibition. The entire back wall is covered by an enlarged version of a single sheet of photographs of Sherpas taken during the 1936 Everest expedition. The document is a powerful reminder of the manpower on which European mountaineering expeditions depended, and also of the importance of local knowledge and assistance. Transformed from archive to wall display, it tells a powerful story through the medium of individual portraits including Karma Paul, veteran of previous expeditions, and the young Tensing Norgay, 17 years before his successful 1953 ascent. This was a highly charged and transitional moment as the contribution of the Sherpas, depicted here with identity tags round their necks, was beginning to be much more widely recognised. These touching portraits encourage us to see them as agents rather than simply colonial subjects or paid employees. Here is a living history, which looks beyond what we already know about exploration: a larger history in which we come to recognise the contribution of everyone involved.", "hypothesis": "The RGS has organised a number of exhibitions since it was founded.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_223", "premise": "The hippocampus region of the brain usually starts to shrink when we reach the age of 30. This contraction is held to be responsible for age-related memory loss, and the older we get the worse it becomes. The process may be reversible though, as the hippocampus is the only region of the brain in which neurons can grow. New research suggests that the secret to growing them is physical exercise, which raises the possibility of us working out to boost our brain power. Unfortunately, it is not just any sort of exercise that stimulates the growth of neurons and this explains why physically active people suffer the same memory loss as the more sedentary.", "hypothesis": "By saying that contraction of the hippocampus is held to be responsible, the author indicates that there may be disagreement on the point.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_224", "premise": "The hippocampus region of the brain usually starts to shrink when we reach the age of 30. This contraction is held to be responsible for age-related memory loss, and the older we get the worse it becomes. The process may be reversible though, as the hippocampus is the only region of the brain in which neurons can grow. New research suggests that the secret to growing them is physical exercise, which raises the possibility of us working out to boost our brain power. Unfortunately, it is not just any sort of exercise that stimulates the growth of neurons and this explains why physically active people suffer the same memory loss as the more sedentary.", "hypothesis": "The intended audience of the passage is the physically inactive rather than the general population.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_225", "premise": "The hippocampus region of the brain usually starts to shrink when we reach the age of 30. This contraction is held to be responsible for age-related memory loss, and the older we get the worse it becomes. The process may be reversible though, as the hippocampus is the only region of the brain in which neurons can grow. New research suggests that the secret to growing them is physical exercise, which raises the possibility of us working out to boost our brain power. Unfortunately, it is not just any sort of exercise that stimulates the growth of neurons and this explains why physically active people suffer the same memory loss as the more sedentary.", "hypothesis": "Researchers have identified the forms of physical exercise that stimulate the growth of neurons in the hippocampus.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_226", "premise": "The history of bread and cake starts with Neolithic cooks and marches through time according to ingredient availability, advances in technology, economic conditions, socio- cultural influences, legal rights (Medieval guilds), and evolving taste. The earliest breads were unleavened. Variations in grain, thickness, shape, and texture varied from culture to culture. Archaelogical evidence confirms yeast (both as leavening agent and for brewing ale) was used in Egypt as early as 4000 B. C. Food historians generally cite this date for the discovery of leavened bread and genesis of the brewing industry. There is an alternate theory regarding the invention of brewing. Some historians believe it is possible that brewing began when the first cereal crops were domesticated. Sources generally agree the discovery of the powers of yeast was accidental. \"No one has yet managed to date the origins of beer with any precision, and it is probably an impossible task. Indeed, there are scholars who have theorized that a taste for ale prompted the beginning of agriculture, in which case humans have been brewing for some 10,000 years... Most archaeological evidence, however, suggests that fermentation was being used in one manner or another by around 4000 to 3500 B. C. Some of this evidence-from an ancient Mesopotamian trading outpost called Godin Tepe in present-day Iran- indicates that barley was being fermented at that location around 3500 B. C. Additional evidence recovered at Hacinegi Tepe (a similar site in southern Turkey) also suggest that ancient Mesopotamians were fermenting barley at a very early date.", "hypothesis": "Some historians believe that cereal crops are responsible for the beginning of brewing.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_227", "premise": "The history of bread and cake starts with Neolithic cooks and marches through time according to ingredient availability, advances in technology, economic conditions, socio- cultural influences, legal rights (Medieval guilds), and evolving taste. The earliest breads were unleavened. Variations in grain, thickness, shape, and texture varied from culture to culture. Archaelogical evidence confirms yeast (both as leavening agent and for brewing ale) was used in Egypt as early as 4000 B. C. Food historians generally cite this date for the discovery of leavened bread and genesis of the brewing industry. There is an alternate theory regarding the invention of brewing. Some historians believe it is possible that brewing began when the first cereal crops were domesticated. Sources generally agree the discovery of the powers of yeast was accidental. \"No one has yet managed to date the origins of beer with any precision, and it is probably an impossible task. Indeed, there are scholars who have theorized that a taste for ale prompted the beginning of agriculture, in which case humans have been brewing for some 10,000 years... Most archaeological evidence, however, suggests that fermentation was being used in one manner or another by around 4000 to 3500 B. C. Some of this evidence-from an ancient Mesopotamian trading outpost called Godin Tepe in present-day Iran- indicates that barley was being fermented at that location around 3500 B. C. Additional evidence recovered at Hacinegi Tepe (a similar site in southern Turkey) also suggest that ancient Mesopotamians were fermenting barley at a very early date.", "hypothesis": "Hacinegi Tepe is only found in Northern Turkey", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_228", "premise": "The history of bread and cake starts with Neolithic cooks and marches through time according to ingredient availability, advances in technology, economic conditions, socio- cultural influences, legal rights (Medieval guilds), and evolving taste. The earliest breads were unleavened. Variations in grain, thickness, shape, and texture varied from culture to culture. Archaelogical evidence confirms yeast (both as leavening agent and for brewing ale) was used in Egypt as early as 4000 B. C. Food historians generally cite this date for the discovery of leavened bread and genesis of the brewing industry. There is an alternate theory regarding the invention of brewing. Some historians believe it is possible that brewing began when the first cereal crops were domesticated. Sources generally agree the discovery of the powers of yeast was accidental. \"No one has yet managed to date the origins of beer with any precision, and it is probably an impossible task. Indeed, there are scholars who have theorized that a taste for ale prompted the beginning of agriculture, in which case humans have been brewing for some 10,000 years... Most archaeological evidence, however, suggests that fermentation was being used in one manner or another by around 4000 to 3500 B. C. Some of this evidence-from an ancient Mesopotamian trading outpost called Godin Tepe in present-day Iran- indicates that barley was being fermented at that location around 3500 B. C. Additional evidence recovered at Hacinegi Tepe (a similar site in southern Turkey) also suggest that ancient Mesopotamians were fermenting barley at a very early date.", "hypothesis": "It can be assumed that yeast was discovered accidentally.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_229", "premise": "The history of bread and cake starts with Neolithic cooks and marches through time according to ingredient availability, advances in technology, economic conditions, socio- cultural influences, legal rights (Medieval guilds), and evolving taste. The earliest breads were unleavened. Variations in grain, thickness, shape, and texture varied from culture to culture. Archaelogical evidence confirms yeast (both as leavening agent and for brewing ale) was used in Egypt as early as 4000 B. C. Food historians generally cite this date for the discovery of leavened bread and genesis of the brewing industry. There is an alternate theory regarding the invention of brewing. Some historians believe it is possible that brewing began when the first cereal crops were domesticated. Sources generally agree the discovery of the powers of yeast was accidental. \"No one has yet managed to date the origins of beer with any precision, and it is probably an impossible task. Indeed, there are scholars who have theorized that a taste for ale prompted the beginning of agriculture, in which case humans have been brewing for some 10,000 years... Most archaeological evidence, however, suggests that fermentation was being used in one manner or another by around 4000 to 3500 B. C. Some of this evidence-from an ancient Mesopotamian trading outpost called Godin Tepe in present-day Iran- indicates that barley was being fermented at that location around 3500 B. C. Additional evidence recovered at Hacinegi Tepe (a similar site in southern Turkey) also suggest that ancient Mesopotamians were fermenting barley at a very early date.", "hypothesis": "Yeast was used in 4004 B. C", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_230", "premise": "The history of the tortoise If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustnt forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened. Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thoroughgoing land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They dont even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches. There is evidence that all modem turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modem turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes its obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs. Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the wet cluster of sea turtles and the dry cluster of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P quenstedti and JR talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water. You might think, therefore, that modem land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family tree of all modem turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Todays land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modem land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P 30talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then re- emerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times. Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.", "hypothesis": "Turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_231", "premise": "The history of the tortoise If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustnt forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened. Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thoroughgoing land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They dont even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches. There is evidence that all modem turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modem turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes its obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs. Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the wet cluster of sea turtles and the dry cluster of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P quenstedti and JR talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water. You might think, therefore, that modem land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family tree of all modem turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Todays land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modem land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P 30talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then re- emerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times. Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.", "hypothesis": "It is always difficult to determine where an animal lived when its fossilised remains are incomplete.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_232", "premise": "The history of the tortoise If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustnt forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened. Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thoroughgoing land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They dont even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches. There is evidence that all modem turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modem turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes its obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs. Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the wet cluster of sea turtles and the dry cluster of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P quenstedti and JR talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water. You might think, therefore, that modem land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family tree of all modem turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Todays land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modem land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P 30talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then re- emerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times. Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.", "hypothesis": "The habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_233", "premise": "The history of the tortoise. If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustnt forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened. Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thorough going land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They dont even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches. There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Plaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes its obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs. Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the wet cluster of sea turtles and the dry cluster of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water. You might think, therefore, that modern land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family three of all modern turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Todays land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modern land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then reemerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times. Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.", "hypothesis": "Turtles were among the first group of animals to migrate back to the sea.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_234", "premise": "The history of the tortoise. If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustnt forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened. Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thorough going land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They dont even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches. There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Plaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes its obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs. Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the wet cluster of sea turtles and the dry cluster of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water. You might think, therefore, that modern land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family three of all modern turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Todays land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modern land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then reemerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times. Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.", "hypothesis": "It is always difficult to determine where an animal lived when its fossilised remains are incomplete.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_235", "premise": "The history of the tortoise. If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustnt forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened. Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thorough going land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They dont even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches. There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Plaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes its obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs. Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the wet cluster of sea turtles and the dry cluster of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water. You might think, therefore, that modern land tortoises have probably stayed on land ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family three of all modern turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Todays land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modern land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then reemerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times. Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.", "hypothesis": "The habitat of ichthyosaurs can be determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_236", "premise": "The horse used to be an indispensable part of human life and it was used for transport, war, industry and for fun. In order to support societys dependence on the horse, whole industries grew up around it. There were sectors to breed them, shoe them, saddle them, teach people to ride them, feed them, care for them and finally to dispose of them at the end of their useful lives. The industrial revolution and in particular the invention of the internal combustion engine was the end of the horses central role in peoples lives. Today, it seems there is a further threat to the horse that is causing a drop in its numbers. The American Horse Council (AHC) recently addressed this decline at its national issues forum. Leaders from various stakeholders spoke about the decrease in registered horses and the impact on their segment of the horse industry. There has been an enthusiastic response to the forums discussions. People have been talking about decline in horse numbers for some time, however, this is the first time the issue has been discussed in a comprehensive fashion said AHC president Jay Hickey. It was a very good program and attendees now have a better comprehension of current conditions and what actions are being taken. Tim Capps, Director of the Equine industry program at the University of Louisville, gave the opening address at the forum and tried to pinpoint the reasons for the drop in todays numbers of registered horses. The economy was cited by Capps as the single largest factor, but there are probably several other factors as well. Capps believes the horse industry was in a bubble that peaked about six years ago, which was similar to an earlier bubble in 1980s. The bubble burst and caused the resulting damage to the horse industry. Capps also cites the roles of increasing cost of horse ownership and participation in shows, concerns about welfare, and increased competition for leisure and gambling dollars. In addition, Capps explained that there has been a decline in the number of young horses and registered horses over the last several years that is impacting all breeds and segments of the industry and the leaders of the industry are aware of this decline and are taking actions. Capps also noted that this is not the first such decline in the number of horses, and in previous instances there was later a strong rebound in numbers. Examples of this were most notable during the Great Depression and in the mid 1980s. Capps pointed out the horse industry often parallels the wider economy and current situation closely mirrors the impact of Great Depression had on the industry. In the past, the growth following such declines was often propelled by individuals outside the industry becoming interested and investing in the industry, noted Capps. He believes it will again be important to look beyond current horse industry participants to promote growth in the industry now and in the future. Jim Gagliano, Jockey Club President, reported on the effects of the drop in numbers on the horse racing industry. The thoroughbred foal crop has been declining and is responsible for a drop in number of starts, number of horses in the field, the number of owners, and the number of racing days. This in turn has led to a drop in turnover for all sectors in the industry and makes the industry a less attractive one for new entrants and existing businesses. Forum attendees also heard what actions are being taken by the racing industry. Gagliano said that organisations are working to promote the best races and make better use of social media and online resources to attract a younger demographic and develop new owners. Following up on the need for more and better marketing, Patti Colbert of PCE Enterprises has come up with the Time to Ride initiative. This ambitious national campaign and contest targets the goal of giving 100,000 new people a horse experience in the following calendar year. Colbert reported that Time to Ride had accomplished its initial goal to sign up 1,000 stables, instructors, new participants and others in the horse community to host events. Colbert enthusiastically explained the next step. These hosts will now compete for $100,000 in cash and prizes and several have already hosted their first event. The forum also heard from associated service providers who are also being impacted. Jeff Blea, president of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) talked about the impact on the veterinarian community and how fewer horses mean less work for horse vets. Blea additionally spoke about the AAEP programs to help veterinarian create long-term and successful relationships with horse owners and support an increase in horse breeding. The forum has clearly identified that the problem is not only a decline in the number of registered horses, but also a decline in horse owners and people participating in horse activities. However, there is also good news as industry organisations are taking actions both individually and collectively. Hickey, explains why people are not overly worried just yet. The industry also has one great advantage: the enduring appeal of the horse. With continued effort on the part of the entire horse community, the industry will come out of the current economic climate even more robust.", "hypothesis": "The current decline in horse industry is still a reaction to the economic slump in the 1980s.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_237", "premise": "The horse used to be an indispensable part of human life and it was used for transport, war, industry and for fun. In order to support societys dependence on the horse, whole industries grew up around it. There were sectors to breed them, shoe them, saddle them, teach people to ride them, feed them, care for them and finally to dispose of them at the end of their useful lives. The industrial revolution and in particular the invention of the internal combustion engine was the end of the horses central role in peoples lives. Today, it seems there is a further threat to the horse that is causing a drop in its numbers. The American Horse Council (AHC) recently addressed this decline at its national issues forum. Leaders from various stakeholders spoke about the decrease in registered horses and the impact on their segment of the horse industry. There has been an enthusiastic response to the forums discussions. People have been talking about decline in horse numbers for some time, however, this is the first time the issue has been discussed in a comprehensive fashion said AHC president Jay Hickey. It was a very good program and attendees now have a better comprehension of current conditions and what actions are being taken. Tim Capps, Director of the Equine industry program at the University of Louisville, gave the opening address at the forum and tried to pinpoint the reasons for the drop in todays numbers of registered horses. The economy was cited by Capps as the single largest factor, but there are probably several other factors as well. Capps believes the horse industry was in a bubble that peaked about six years ago, which was similar to an earlier bubble in 1980s. The bubble burst and caused the resulting damage to the horse industry. Capps also cites the roles of increasing cost of horse ownership and participation in shows, concerns about welfare, and increased competition for leisure and gambling dollars. In addition, Capps explained that there has been a decline in the number of young horses and registered horses over the last several years that is impacting all breeds and segments of the industry and the leaders of the industry are aware of this decline and are taking actions. Capps also noted that this is not the first such decline in the number of horses, and in previous instances there was later a strong rebound in numbers. Examples of this were most notable during the Great Depression and in the mid 1980s. Capps pointed out the horse industry often parallels the wider economy and current situation closely mirrors the impact of Great Depression had on the industry. In the past, the growth following such declines was often propelled by individuals outside the industry becoming interested and investing in the industry, noted Capps. He believes it will again be important to look beyond current horse industry participants to promote growth in the industry now and in the future. Jim Gagliano, Jockey Club President, reported on the effects of the drop in numbers on the horse racing industry. The thoroughbred foal crop has been declining and is responsible for a drop in number of starts, number of horses in the field, the number of owners, and the number of racing days. This in turn has led to a drop in turnover for all sectors in the industry and makes the industry a less attractive one for new entrants and existing businesses. Forum attendees also heard what actions are being taken by the racing industry. Gagliano said that organisations are working to promote the best races and make better use of social media and online resources to attract a younger demographic and develop new owners. Following up on the need for more and better marketing, Patti Colbert of PCE Enterprises has come up with the Time to Ride initiative. This ambitious national campaign and contest targets the goal of giving 100,000 new people a horse experience in the following calendar year. Colbert reported that Time to Ride had accomplished its initial goal to sign up 1,000 stables, instructors, new participants and others in the horse community to host events. Colbert enthusiastically explained the next step. These hosts will now compete for $100,000 in cash and prizes and several have already hosted their first event. The forum also heard from associated service providers who are also being impacted. Jeff Blea, president of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) talked about the impact on the veterinarian community and how fewer horses mean less work for horse vets. Blea additionally spoke about the AAEP programs to help veterinarian create long-term and successful relationships with horse owners and support an increase in horse breeding. The forum has clearly identified that the problem is not only a decline in the number of registered horses, but also a decline in horse owners and people participating in horse activities. However, there is also good news as industry organisations are taking actions both individually and collectively. Hickey, explains why people are not overly worried just yet. The industry also has one great advantage: the enduring appeal of the horse. With continued effort on the part of the entire horse community, the industry will come out of the current economic climate even more robust.", "hypothesis": "The Time to Ride movement has gained political as well as industry support.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_238", "premise": "The horse used to be an indispensable part of human life and it was used for transport, war, industry and for fun. In order to support societys dependence on the horse, whole industries grew up around it. There were sectors to breed them, shoe them, saddle them, teach people to ride them, feed them, care for them and finally to dispose of them at the end of their useful lives. The industrial revolution and in particular the invention of the internal combustion engine was the end of the horses central role in peoples lives. Today, it seems there is a further threat to the horse that is causing a drop in its numbers. The American Horse Council (AHC) recently addressed this decline at its national issues forum. Leaders from various stakeholders spoke about the decrease in registered horses and the impact on their segment of the horse industry. There has been an enthusiastic response to the forums discussions. People have been talking about decline in horse numbers for some time, however, this is the first time the issue has been discussed in a comprehensive fashion said AHC president Jay Hickey. It was a very good program and attendees now have a better comprehension of current conditions and what actions are being taken. Tim Capps, Director of the Equine industry program at the University of Louisville, gave the opening address at the forum and tried to pinpoint the reasons for the drop in todays numbers of registered horses. The economy was cited by Capps as the single largest factor, but there are probably several other factors as well. Capps believes the horse industry was in a bubble that peaked about six years ago, which was similar to an earlier bubble in 1980s. The bubble burst and caused the resulting damage to the horse industry. Capps also cites the roles of increasing cost of horse ownership and participation in shows, concerns about welfare, and increased competition for leisure and gambling dollars. In addition, Capps explained that there has been a decline in the number of young horses and registered horses over the last several years that is impacting all breeds and segments of the industry and the leaders of the industry are aware of this decline and are taking actions. Capps also noted that this is not the first such decline in the number of horses, and in previous instances there was later a strong rebound in numbers. Examples of this were most notable during the Great Depression and in the mid 1980s. Capps pointed out the horse industry often parallels the wider economy and current situation closely mirrors the impact of Great Depression had on the industry. In the past, the growth following such declines was often propelled by individuals outside the industry becoming interested and investing in the industry, noted Capps. He believes it will again be important to look beyond current horse industry participants to promote growth in the industry now and in the future. Jim Gagliano, Jockey Club President, reported on the effects of the drop in numbers on the horse racing industry. The thoroughbred foal crop has been declining and is responsible for a drop in number of starts, number of horses in the field, the number of owners, and the number of racing days. This in turn has led to a drop in turnover for all sectors in the industry and makes the industry a less attractive one for new entrants and existing businesses. Forum attendees also heard what actions are being taken by the racing industry. Gagliano said that organisations are working to promote the best races and make better use of social media and online resources to attract a younger demographic and develop new owners. Following up on the need for more and better marketing, Patti Colbert of PCE Enterprises has come up with the Time to Ride initiative. This ambitious national campaign and contest targets the goal of giving 100,000 new people a horse experience in the following calendar year. Colbert reported that Time to Ride had accomplished its initial goal to sign up 1,000 stables, instructors, new participants and others in the horse community to host events. Colbert enthusiastically explained the next step. These hosts will now compete for $100,000 in cash and prizes and several have already hosted their first event. The forum also heard from associated service providers who are also being impacted. Jeff Blea, president of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) talked about the impact on the veterinarian community and how fewer horses mean less work for horse vets. Blea additionally spoke about the AAEP programs to help veterinarian create long-term and successful relationships with horse owners and support an increase in horse breeding. The forum has clearly identified that the problem is not only a decline in the number of registered horses, but also a decline in horse owners and people participating in horse activities. However, there is also good news as industry organisations are taking actions both individually and collectively. Hickey, explains why people are not overly worried just yet. The industry also has one great advantage: the enduring appeal of the horse. With continued effort on the part of the entire horse community, the industry will come out of the current economic climate even more robust.", "hypothesis": "The industrial revolution led to increase in numbers of horses required in industry and transportation.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_239", "premise": "The horse used to be an indispensable part of human life and it was used for transport, war, industry and for fun. In order to support societys dependence on the horse, whole industries grew up around it. There were sectors to breed them, shoe them, saddle them, teach people to ride them, feed them, care for them and finally to dispose of them at the end of their useful lives. The industrial revolution and in particular the invention of the internal combustion engine was the end of the horses central role in peoples lives. Today, it seems there is a further threat to the horse that is causing a drop in its numbers. The American Horse Council (AHC) recently addressed this decline at its national issues forum. Leaders from various stakeholders spoke about the decrease in registered horses and the impact on their segment of the horse industry. There has been an enthusiastic response to the forums discussions. People have been talking about decline in horse numbers for some time, however, this is the first time the issue has been discussed in a comprehensive fashion said AHC president Jay Hickey. It was a very good program and attendees now have a better comprehension of current conditions and what actions are being taken. Tim Capps, Director of the Equine industry program at the University of Louisville, gave the opening address at the forum and tried to pinpoint the reasons for the drop in todays numbers of registered horses. The economy was cited by Capps as the single largest factor, but there are probably several other factors as well. Capps believes the horse industry was in a bubble that peaked about six years ago, which was similar to an earlier bubble in 1980s. The bubble burst and caused the resulting damage to the horse industry. Capps also cites the roles of increasing cost of horse ownership and participation in shows, concerns about welfare, and increased competition for leisure and gambling dollars. In addition, Capps explained that there has been a decline in the number of young horses and registered horses over the last several years that is impacting all breeds and segments of the industry and the leaders of the industry are aware of this decline and are taking actions. Capps also noted that this is not the first such decline in the number of horses, and in previous instances there was later a strong rebound in numbers. Examples of this were most notable during the Great Depression and in the mid 1980s. Capps pointed out the horse industry often parallels the wider economy and current situation closely mirrors the impact of Great Depression had on the industry. In the past, the growth following such declines was often propelled by individuals outside the industry becoming interested and investing in the industry, noted Capps. He believes it will again be important to look beyond current horse industry participants to promote growth in the industry now and in the future. Jim Gagliano, Jockey Club President, reported on the effects of the drop in numbers on the horse racing industry. The thoroughbred foal crop has been declining and is responsible for a drop in number of starts, number of horses in the field, the number of owners, and the number of racing days. This in turn has led to a drop in turnover for all sectors in the industry and makes the industry a less attractive one for new entrants and existing businesses. Forum attendees also heard what actions are being taken by the racing industry. Gagliano said that organisations are working to promote the best races and make better use of social media and online resources to attract a younger demographic and develop new owners. Following up on the need for more and better marketing, Patti Colbert of PCE Enterprises has come up with the Time to Ride initiative. This ambitious national campaign and contest targets the goal of giving 100,000 new people a horse experience in the following calendar year. Colbert reported that Time to Ride had accomplished its initial goal to sign up 1,000 stables, instructors, new participants and others in the horse community to host events. Colbert enthusiastically explained the next step. These hosts will now compete for $100,000 in cash and prizes and several have already hosted their first event. The forum also heard from associated service providers who are also being impacted. Jeff Blea, president of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) talked about the impact on the veterinarian community and how fewer horses mean less work for horse vets. Blea additionally spoke about the AAEP programs to help veterinarian create long-term and successful relationships with horse owners and support an increase in horse breeding. The forum has clearly identified that the problem is not only a decline in the number of registered horses, but also a decline in horse owners and people participating in horse activities. However, there is also good news as industry organisations are taking actions both individually and collectively. Hickey, explains why people are not overly worried just yet. The industry also has one great advantage: the enduring appeal of the horse. With continued effort on the part of the entire horse community, the industry will come out of the current economic climate even more robust.", "hypothesis": "The horse industry has reacted well to previous drops in the number of horses.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_240", "premise": "The hotel is two blocks east of the drugstore. The market is one block west of the hotel.", "hypothesis": "The drugstore is west of the market.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_241", "premise": "The hottest month According to the Met Office, the UK had its warmest July day ever on July 1, when temperatures hit 36.7 C near London. There were record heat waves in many countries including Spain, while the African continent had the second-warmest July on record. While the impact of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a key driver of rising temperatures, another important factor is El Nino. This natural phenomenon, which appears as a large swathe of warm water in the Pacific every few years, is known to push up global temperatures. In recent days there have been reports that this year's El Nino will be particularly intense. As a result, many experts believe that 2015 will be the warmest year on record by some margin. The seas have also been soaking up a large amount of heat, the NOAA said, with record warming in large expanses of the Pacific and Indian Oceans Peter Stott, head of climate monitoring and attribution at the UK Met Office, said: \"A strong El Nino is under way in the tropical Pacific and this, combined with the long-term global warming trend, means there is the potential to see some very warm months throughout this year - as the new figures for July appear to show.", "hypothesis": "2015 might be the hottest year in the history.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_242", "premise": "The hottest month According to the Met Office, the UK had its warmest July day ever on July 1, when temperatures hit 36.7 C near London. There were record heat waves in many countries including Spain, while the African continent had the second-warmest July on record. While the impact of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a key driver of rising temperatures, another important factor is El Nino. This natural phenomenon, which appears as a large swathe of warm water in the Pacific every few years, is known to push up global temperatures. In recent days there have been reports that this year's El Nino will be particularly intense. As a result, many experts believe that 2015 will be the warmest year on record by some margin. The seas have also been soaking up a large amount of heat, the NOAA said, with record warming in large expanses of the Pacific and Indian Oceans Peter Stott, head of climate monitoring and attribution at the UK Met Office, said: \"A strong El Nino is under way in the tropical Pacific and this, combined with the long-term global warming trend, means there is the potential to see some very warm months throughout this year - as the new figures for July appear to show.", "hypothesis": "The year 2015 might very well consist of a number of very warm months.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_243", "premise": "The hottest month According to the Met Office, the UK had its warmest July day ever on July 1, when temperatures hit 36.7 C near London. There were record heat waves in many countries including Spain, while the African continent had the second-warmest July on record. While the impact of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a key driver of rising temperatures, another important factor is El Nino. This natural phenomenon, which appears as a large swathe of warm water in the Pacific every few years, is known to push up global temperatures. In recent days there have been reports that this year's El Nino will be particularly intense. As a result, many experts believe that 2015 will be the warmest year on record by some margin. The seas have also been soaking up a large amount of heat, the NOAA said, with record warming in large expanses of the Pacific and Indian Oceans Peter Stott, head of climate monitoring and attribution at the UK Met Office, said: \"A strong El Nino is under way in the tropical Pacific and this, combined with the long-term global warming trend, means there is the potential to see some very warm months throughout this year - as the new figures for July appear to show.", "hypothesis": "Africa had the warmest July day ever on July 1.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_244", "premise": "The hottest month According to the Met Office, the UK had its warmest July day ever on July 1, when temperatures hit 36.7 C near London. There were record heat waves in many countries including Spain, while the African continent had the second-warmest July on record. While the impact of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a key driver of rising temperatures, another important factor is El Nino. This natural phenomenon, which appears as a large swathe of warm water in the Pacific every few years, is known to push up global temperatures. In recent days there have been reports that this year's El Nino will be particularly intense. As a result, many experts believe that 2015 will be the warmest year on record by some margin. The seas have also been soaking up a large amount of heat, the NOAA said, with record warming in large expanses of the Pacific and Indian Oceans Peter Stott, head of climate monitoring and attribution at the UK Met Office, said: \"A strong El Nino is under way in the tropical Pacific and this, combined with the long-term global warming trend, means there is the potential to see some very warm months throughout this year - as the new figures for July appear to show.", "hypothesis": "The temperature is rising due to the increased level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_245", "premise": "The hottest month According to the Met Office, the UK had its warmest July day ever on July 1, when temperatures hit 36.7 C near London. There were record heat waves in many countries including Spain, while the African continent had the second-warmest July on record. While the impact of increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a key driver of rising temperatures, another important factor is El Nino. This natural phenomenon, which appears as a large swathe of warm water in the Pacific every few years, is known to push up global temperatures. In recent days there have been reports that this year's El Nino will be particularly intense. As a result, many experts believe that 2015 will be the warmest year on record by some margin. The seas have also been soaking up a large amount of heat, the NOAA said, with record warming in large expanses of the Pacific and Indian Oceans Peter Stott, head of climate monitoring and attribution at the UK Met Office, said: \"A strong El Nino is under way in the tropical Pacific and this, combined with the long-term global warming trend, means there is the potential to see some very warm months throughout this year - as the new figures for July appear to show.", "hypothesis": "Record warming was recorded in various seas, such as Black and Azov Sea.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_246", "premise": "The immaculate white porcelain suddenly fell from vogue, to be replaced by painted porcelain. What was to become known as blue and white ware because of its blue coloured designs over a white background, was greatly in demand for the export markets and used the newly discovered and imported Persian cobalt as an underglazing paint. So great was this trade that the plates and dishes decorated with dragons, phoenixes and flowers graced many European homes and featured in contemporary still-life paintings and portraits. In time the style evolved to include red, yellow and green overgrazes applied over blue outlines. Increasingly, designs depicted symbols of well-being such as groups of children, sages or animals. Five timed realistic tests with interpretations of your score 191", "hypothesis": "Persian cobalt gives porcelain a rich emerald-toned green colour.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_247", "premise": "The immaculate white porcelain suddenly fell from vogue, to be replaced by painted porcelain. What was to become known as blue and white ware because of its blue coloured designs over a white background, was greatly in demand for the export markets and used the newly discovered and imported Persian cobalt as an underglazing paint. So great was this trade that the plates and dishes decorated with dragons, phoenixes and flowers graced many European homes and featured in contemporary still-life paintings and portraits. In time the style evolved to include red, yellow and green overgrazes applied over blue outlines. Increasingly, designs depicted symbols of well-being such as groups of children, sages or animals. Five timed realistic tests with interpretations of your score 191", "hypothesis": "It can be deduced from the passage that painted porcelain became more popular than its predecessor.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_248", "premise": "The immaculate white porcelain suddenly fell from vogue, to be replaced by painted porcelain. What was to become known as blue and white ware because of its blue coloured designs over a white background, was greatly in demand for the export markets and used the newly discovered and imported Persian cobalt as an underglazing paint. So great was this trade that the plates and dishes decorated with dragons, phoenixes and flowers graced many European homes and featured in contemporary still-life paintings and portraits. In time the style evolved to include red, yellow and green overgrazes applied over blue outlines. Increasingly, designs depicted symbols of well-being such as groups of children, sages or animals. Five timed realistic tests with interpretations of your score 191", "hypothesis": "The passage describes the development of Chinese ceramics.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_249", "premise": "The increasing fragility of the rural economy will be the biggest challenge facing country communities over the next ten years. Agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of rural job, is in decline. Tourism provides no more than half this number of job. The rural manufacturing sector, however, has grown over last ten years. Despite this, it still employs fewer than one in twenty people living in rural area, and is threatened by companies based in industrial areas, which benefit from access to a larger skilled workforce and better transportation networks.", "hypothesis": "Industries based in rural areas benefit from better transport links.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_250", "premise": "The increasing fragility of the rural economy will be the biggest challenge facing country communities over the next ten years. Agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of rural job, is in decline. Tourism provides no more than half this number of job. The rural manufacturing sector, however, has grown over last ten years. Despite this, it still employs fewer than one in twenty people living in rural area, and is threatened by companies based in industrial areas, which benefit from access to a larger skilled workforce and better transportation networks.", "hypothesis": "Manufacturing provides the fewest jobs in the countryside.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_251", "premise": "The increasing fragility of the rural economy will be the biggest challenge facing country communities over the next ten years. Agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of rural job, is in decline. Tourism provides no more than half this number of job. The rural manufacturing sector, however, has grown over last ten years. Despite this, it still employs fewer than one in twenty people living in rural area, and is threatened by companies based in industrial areas, which benefit from access to a larger skilled workforce and better transportation networks.", "hypothesis": "The manufacturing sector is likely to be the main source of employment for rural workers in the future.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_252", "premise": "The increasing fragility of the rural economy will be the biggest challenge facing country communities over the next ten years. Agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of rural job, is in decline. Tourism provides no more than half this number of job. The rural manufacturing sector, however, has grown over last ten years. Despite this, it still employs fewer than one in twenty people living in rural area, and is threatened by companies based in industrial areas, which benefit from access to a larger skilled workforce and better transportation networks.", "hypothesis": "Industries based in rural areas suffer from poorer transport links.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_253", "premise": "The increasing fragility of the rural economy will be the biggest challenge facing country communities over the next ten years. Agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of rural job, is in decline. Tourism provides no more than half this number of job. The rural manufacturing sector, however, has grown over last ten years. Despite this, it still employs fewer than one in twenty people living in rural area, and is threatened by companies based in industrial areas, which benefit from access to a larger skilled workforce and better transportation networks.", "hypothesis": "Manufacturing provides the fewest jobs in the countryside.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_254", "premise": "The increasing fragility of the rural economy will be the biggest challenge facing country communities over the next ten years. Agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of rural job, is in decline. Tourism provides no more than half this number of job. The rural manufacturing sector, however, has grown over last ten years. Despite this, it still employs fewer than one in twenty people living in rural area, and is threatened by companies based in industrial areas, which benefit from access to a larger skilled workforce and better transportation networks.", "hypothesis": "Industries based in rural areas suffer from poorer transport links.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_255", "premise": "The increasing fragility of the rural economy will be the biggest challenge facing country communities over the next ten years. Agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of rural job, is in decline. Tourism provides no more than half this number of job. The rural manufacturing sector, however, has grown over last ten years. Despite this, it still employs fewer than one in twenty people living in rural area, and is threatened by companies based in industrial areas, which benefit from access to a larger skilled workforce and better transportation networks.", "hypothesis": "The manufacturing sector is likely to be the main source of employment for rural workers in the future.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_256", "premise": "The increasing fragility of the rural economy will be the biggest challenge facing country communities over the next ten years. Agriculture, which accounts for a quarter of rural job, is in decline. Tourism provides no more than half this number of job. The rural manufacturing sector, however, has grown over last ten years. Despite this, it still employs fewer than one in twenty people living in rural area, and is threatened by companies based in industrial areas, which benefit from access to a larger skilled workforce and better transportation networks.", "hypothesis": "Industries based in rural areas benefit from better transport links.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_257", "premise": "The indigenous Australians are the native people of Australia, also known as the Aborigines. It is believed that they arrived in Australia 50,000 years ago from South-east Asia. They lived a traditional life, which involved living in wooded areas and hunting animals with spears and boomerangs. This lifestyle would not harm the environment of Australia as they believe that the land, with all of its animals and plants, is sacred. When the British people came to Australia in 1788, there were not many people living in Australia. According to British law, any land could be claimed for the monarchy if they believed that nobody owned it and so they claimed all of the land. It was later agreed by the Australian government in 1976 that the aboriginal people would have the rights to the land where they were originally located if they could prove that they have been living there. Nowadays, many of the 517,000 aboriginal people in Australia have chosen to integrate with the modern ways of life. They live in cities and towns and some of them have acquired professional jobs. Others have decided to maintain their traditional aboriginal way of living. Few have been unfortunate in that they havent been educated enough to benefit from Australian society but have also lost their traditional aboriginal ways.", "hypothesis": "Most Aborigines have received enough education to integrate with Australian culture.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_258", "premise": "The indigenous Australians are the native people of Australia, also known as the Aborigines. It is believed that they arrived in Australia 50,000 years ago from South-east Asia. They lived a traditional life, which involved living in wooded areas and hunting animals with spears and boomerangs. This lifestyle would not harm the environment of Australia as they believe that the land, with all of its animals and plants, is sacred. When the British people came to Australia in 1788, there were not many people living in Australia. According to British law, any land could be claimed for the monarchy if they believed that nobody owned it and so they claimed all of the land. It was later agreed by the Australian government in 1976 that the aboriginal people would have the rights to the land where they were originally located if they could prove that they have been living there. Nowadays, many of the 517,000 aboriginal people in Australia have chosen to integrate with the modern ways of life. They live in cities and towns and some of them have acquired professional jobs. Others have decided to maintain their traditional aboriginal way of living. Few have been unfortunate in that they havent been educated enough to benefit from Australian society but have also lost their traditional aboriginal ways.", "hypothesis": "The British people claimed the Australian land because the Aborigines only lived in the wooded areas.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_259", "premise": "The indigenous Australians are the native people of Australia, also known as the Aborigines. It is believed that they arrived in Australia 50,000 years ago from South-east Asia. They lived a traditional life, which involved living in wooded areas and hunting animals with spears and boomerangs. This lifestyle would not harm the environment of Australia as they believe that the land, with all of its animals and plants, is sacred. When the British people came to Australia in 1788, there were not many people living in Australia. According to British law, any land could be claimed for the monarchy if they believed that nobody owned it and so they claimed all of the land. It was later agreed by the Australian government in 1976 that the aboriginal people would have the rights to the land where they were originally located if they could prove that they have been living there. Nowadays, many of the 517,000 aboriginal people in Australia have chosen to integrate with the modern ways of life. They live in cities and towns and some of them have acquired professional jobs. Others have decided to maintain their traditional aboriginal way of living. Few have been unfortunate in that they havent been educated enough to benefit from Australian society but have also lost their traditional aboriginal ways.", "hypothesis": "There are 517,000 Aborigines currently living in the cities and towns of Australia.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_260", "premise": "The indigenous Australians are the native people of Australia, also known as the Aborigines. It is believed that they arrived in Australia 50,000 years ago from South-east Asia. They lived a traditional life, which involved living in wooded areas and hunting animals with spears and boomerangs. This lifestyle would not harm the environment of Australia as they believe that the land, with all of its animals and plants, is sacred. When the British people came to Australia in 1788, there were not many people living in Australia. According to British law, any land could be claimed for the monarchy if they believed that nobody owned it and so they claimed all of the land. It was later agreed by the Australian government in 1976 that the aboriginal people would have the rights to the land where they were originally located if they could prove that they have been living there. Nowadays, many of the 517,000 aboriginal people in Australia have chosen to integrate with the modern ways of life. They live in cities and towns and some of them have acquired professional jobs. Others have decided to maintain their traditional aboriginal way of living. Few have been unfortunate in that they havent been educated enough to benefit from Australian society but have also lost their traditional aboriginal ways.", "hypothesis": "The aboriginal people were able to reclaim all their land in 1976.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_261", "premise": "The indigenous Australians are the native people of Australia, also known as the Aborigines. It is believed that they arrived in Australia 50,000 years ago from South-east Asia. They lived a traditional life, which involved living in wooded areas and hunting animals with spears and boomerangs. This lifestyle would not harm the environment of Australia as they believe that the land, with all of its animals and plants, is sacred. When the British people came to Australia in 1788, there were not many people living in Australia. According to British law, any land could be claimed for the monarchy if they believed that nobody owned it and so they claimed all of the land. It was later agreed by the Australian government in 1976 that the aboriginal people would have the rights to the land where they were originally located if they could prove that they have been living there. Nowadays, many of the 517,000 aboriginal people in Australia have chosen to integrate with the modern ways of life. They live in cities and towns and some of them have acquired professional jobs. Others have decided to maintain their traditional aboriginal way of living. Few have been unfortunate in that they havent been educated enough to benefit from Australian society but have also lost their traditional aboriginal ways.", "hypothesis": "The Aborigine lifestyle is similar to that of the south-east Asians from 50,000 years ago.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_262", "premise": "The ineptly titled \"America Invents Act, \" S. 23 and H. R. 1249, currently meandering through Congress is likely to bring woe to small inventors and startup businesses that collectively drive the nation's economy. A key feature of the current patent system is the incentive for inventors to disclose their invention in a patent application in exchange for the possibility that they may achieve a patent grant in return. The subsequent publication of the patent application serves to inform the public about the invention, and thus enables others, including competitors, to build upon it. However, the new law would award the patent to the first person to file a patent application on the invention, rather than the one who is actually the first to invent. Another provision would eliminate the \"grace period\" that has traditionally allowed an inventor to get his invention \"off the ground\" without forgoing the opportunity to patent it.", "hypothesis": "The current patent law fosters inventiveness by encouraging inventors to keep sole claim to the knowledge behind the invention, allowing them to reap all the rewards of his own creativity and effort.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_263", "premise": "The ineptly titled \"America Invents Act, \" S. 23 and H. R. 1249, currently meandering through Congress is likely to bring woe to small inventors and startup businesses that collectively drive the nation's economy. A key feature of the current patent system is the incentive for inventors to disclose their invention in a patent application in exchange for the possibility that they may achieve a patent grant in return. The subsequent publication of the patent application serves to inform the public about the invention, and thus enables others, including competitors, to build upon it. However, the new law would award the patent to the first person to file a patent application on the invention, rather than the one who is actually the first to invent. Another provision would eliminate the \"grace period\" that has traditionally allowed an inventor to get his invention \"off the ground\" without forgoing the opportunity to patent it.", "hypothesis": "The U. S. will lose its innovative edge in the world if the \"American Invents Act\" is passed into law.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_264", "premise": "The ineptly titled \"America Invents Act, \" S. 23 and H. R. 1249, currently meandering through Congress is likely to bring woe to small inventors and startup businesses that collectively drive the nation's economy. A key feature of the current patent system is the incentive for inventors to disclose their invention in a patent application in exchange for the possibility that they may achieve a patent grant in return. The subsequent publication of the patent application serves to inform the public about the invention, and thus enables others, including competitors, to build upon it. However, the new law would award the patent to the first person to file a patent application on the invention, rather than the one who is actually the first to invent. Another provision would eliminate the \"grace period\" that has traditionally allowed an inventor to get his invention \"off the ground\" without forgoing the opportunity to patent it.", "hypothesis": "Under the new proposal, inventors may fear that they can't possibly win a race to the patent office and can't properly deliberate their invention with others before filing.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_265", "premise": "The internet is a convenient place to search for vast amounts of information and to conduct online shopping. However, it has been noted that there is an increased rate of fraud when individuals have purchased items over the internet. The two most popular types of fraud perpetrated on the internet are Rogue Trading and Identity Fraud. Rogue trading is attempted by dishonest individuals who may advertise their items using false descriptions. There may actually be cases where the items do not even exist. Rogue traders are also deceitful when they purposely advertise items without delivery or transportation rates. These rates are then revealed towards the end of the buying process, by which time the individuals payment details may have been received and it may possibly be too late to cancel the transaction. Identity fraud occurs when fraudulent traders gain access to your personal details, such as your credit card number. In most cases an item is usually delivered, hence the buyer will also have to give details of their address. These two personal details combined usually make it easier for a fraudster to withdraw money from their victims bank account.", "hypothesis": "The internet is always a prudent place to search for information and to shop for goods", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_266", "premise": "The internet is a convenient place to search for vast amounts of information and to conduct online shopping. However, it has been noted that there is an increased rate of fraud when individuals have purchased items over the internet. The two most popular types of fraud perpetrated on the internet are Rogue Trading and Identity Fraud. Rogue trading is attempted by dishonest individuals who may advertise their items using false descriptions. There may actually be cases where the items do not even exist. Rogue traders are also deceitful when they purposely advertise items without delivery or transportation rates. These rates are then revealed towards the end of the buying process, by which time the individuals payment details may have been received and it may possibly be too late to cancel the transaction. Identity fraud occurs when fraudulent traders gain access to your personal details, such as your credit card number. In most cases an item is usually delivered, hence the buyer will also have to give details of their address. These two personal details combined usually make it easier for a fraudster to withdraw money from their victims bank account.", "hypothesis": "Internet fraud can be divided into two categories: Rogue Trading and Identity Fraud", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_267", "premise": "The internet is a convenient place to search for vast amounts of information and to conduct online shopping. However, it has been noted that there is an increased rate of fraud when individuals have purchased items over the internet. The two most popular types of fraud perpetrated on the internet are Rogue Trading and Identity Fraud. Rogue trading is attempted by dishonest individuals who may advertise their items using false descriptions. There may actually be cases where the items do not even exist. Rogue traders are also deceitful when they purposely advertise items without delivery or transportation rates. These rates are then revealed towards the end of the buying process, by which time the individuals payment details may have been received and it may possibly be too late to cancel the transaction. Identity fraud occurs when fraudulent traders gain access to your personal details, such as your credit card number. In most cases an item is usually delivered, hence the buyer will also have to give details of their address. These two personal details combined usually make it easier for a fraudster to withdraw money from their victims bank account.", "hypothesis": "Fraudsters advertising items under false pretences is an illustration of identity deception", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_268", "premise": "The internet is a convenient place to search for vast amounts of information and to conduct online shopping. However, it has been noted that there is an increased rate of fraud when individuals have purchased items over the internet. The two most popular types of fraud perpetrated on the internet are Rogue Trading and Identity Fraud. Rogue trading is attempted by dishonest individuals who may advertise their items using false descriptions. There may actually be cases where the items do not even exist. Rogue traders are also deceitful when they purposely advertise items without delivery or transportation rates. These rates are then revealed towards the end of the buying process, by which time the individuals payment details may have been received and it may possibly be too late to cancel the transaction. Identity fraud occurs when fraudulent traders gain access to your personal details, such as your credit card number. In most cases an item is usually delivered, hence the buyer will also have to give details of their address. These two personal details combined usually make it easier for a fraudster to withdraw money from their victims bank account.", "hypothesis": "Fraud is universally prevalent on the internet", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_269", "premise": "The jet stream is a two-mile-high column of wind and in this part of the world it deter- mines the boundary between the Arctic and Atlantic air. When it moves south, much of northern Europe and North America is subjected to cold air and when it moves north, northern Europe and North America enjoy warmer air. In the spring and autumn the jet stream moves much more than at other times of the year and this largely explains why spring and autumn weather in the northern hemisphere can be so changeable. In a matter of a few days the position of the jet stream can fluctuate and warm and possibly wet spring or autumn weather can suddenly be replaced by cold air and dry, clear skies.", "hypothesis": "It can be inferred from the information provided that in relative terms Arctic air is cold and Atlantic air is warm.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_270", "premise": "The jet stream is a two-mile-high column of wind and in this part of the world it deter- mines the boundary between the Arctic and Atlantic air. When it moves south, much of northern Europe and North America is subjected to cold air and when it moves north, northern Europe and North America enjoy warmer air. In the spring and autumn the jet stream moves much more than at other times of the year and this largely explains why spring and autumn weather in the northern hemisphere can be so changeable. In a matter of a few days the position of the jet stream can fluctuate and warm and possibly wet spring or autumn weather can suddenly be replaced by cold air and dry, clear skies.", "hypothesis": "By this part of the world it implies northern Europe.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_271", "premise": "The jet stream is a two-mile-high column of wind and in this part of the world it deter- mines the boundary between the Arctic and Atlantic air. When it moves south, much of northern Europe and North America is subjected to cold air and when it moves north, northern Europe and North America enjoy warmer air. In the spring and autumn the jet stream moves much more than at other times of the year and this largely explains why spring and autumn weather in the northern hemisphere can be so changeable. In a matter of a few days the position of the jet stream can fluctuate and warm and possibly wet spring or autumn weather can suddenly be replaced by cold air and dry, clear skies.", "hypothesis": "If it were in fact untrue that the jet stream was a two-mile-high column of wind then the explanation of why spring and autumn weather in the northern hemisphere is so changeable would be compromised.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_272", "premise": "The largest thing in the universe More than ten years ago, while taking the temperature of the universe, astronomers found something odd. They discovered that a patch of sky, spanning the width of 20 moons, was unusually cold. The astronomers were measuring the thermal radiation that bathes the entire universe, a glowing relic of the big bang. To gaze at this cosmic microwave background, or CMB, is to glimpse the primordial1 universe, a time when it was less than 400,000 years old. The CMB blankets the sky, and looks pretty much the same everywhere, existing at a feebly cold temperature of 2.725 kelvins - just a couple degrees warmer than absolute zero. But armed with the newly launched WMAP satellite, the astronomers had set out to probe temperature variations as tiny as one part in 100,000. Born from the quantum froth that was the universe a half-moment after the big bang, those random fluctuations help scientists understand what the cosmos is made of and how it all came to be. And standing out amidst those fluctuations was a cold spot. Over the years, astronomers have come up with all sorts of ideas to explain it, ranging from instrumental error to parallel universes. But now, they're homing in on a prime suspect: an enormous cavern of emptiness called a cosmic supervoid, so big that it might be the largest structure in the universe. According to theory, such a vast void, in which nary a star or galaxy exists, can leave a frigid imprint on the CMB. The answer to the mystery, then, might simply be a whole lot of nothing. Yet puzzles remain, and the case is far from closed. Primordial1 - ancient, existing a very long time.", "hypothesis": "The CMB varies from extremely low to very high temperatures.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_273", "premise": "The largest thing in the universe More than ten years ago, while taking the temperature of the universe, astronomers found something odd. They discovered that a patch of sky, spanning the width of 20 moons, was unusually cold. The astronomers were measuring the thermal radiation that bathes the entire universe, a glowing relic of the big bang. To gaze at this cosmic microwave background, or CMB, is to glimpse the primordial1 universe, a time when it was less than 400,000 years old. The CMB blankets the sky, and looks pretty much the same everywhere, existing at a feebly cold temperature of 2.725 kelvins - just a couple degrees warmer than absolute zero. But armed with the newly launched WMAP satellite, the astronomers had set out to probe temperature variations as tiny as one part in 100,000. Born from the quantum froth that was the universe a half-moment after the big bang, those random fluctuations help scientists understand what the cosmos is made of and how it all came to be. And standing out amidst those fluctuations was a cold spot. Over the years, astronomers have come up with all sorts of ideas to explain it, ranging from instrumental error to parallel universes. But now, they're homing in on a prime suspect: an enormous cavern of emptiness called a cosmic supervoid, so big that it might be the largest structure in the universe. According to theory, such a vast void, in which nary a star or galaxy exists, can leave a frigid imprint on the CMB. The answer to the mystery, then, might simply be a whole lot of nothing. Yet puzzles remain, and the case is far from closed. Primordial1 - ancient, existing a very long time.", "hypothesis": "Investigation of fluctuations of temperature in the space help scientists to understand what the cosmos is made of.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_274", "premise": "The largest thing in the universe More than ten years ago, while taking the temperature of the universe, astronomers found something odd. They discovered that a patch of sky, spanning the width of 20 moons, was unusually cold. The astronomers were measuring the thermal radiation that bathes the entire universe, a glowing relic of the big bang. To gaze at this cosmic microwave background, or CMB, is to glimpse the primordial1 universe, a time when it was less than 400,000 years old. The CMB blankets the sky, and looks pretty much the same everywhere, existing at a feebly cold temperature of 2.725 kelvins - just a couple degrees warmer than absolute zero. But armed with the newly launched WMAP satellite, the astronomers had set out to probe temperature variations as tiny as one part in 100,000. Born from the quantum froth that was the universe a half-moment after the big bang, those random fluctuations help scientists understand what the cosmos is made of and how it all came to be. And standing out amidst those fluctuations was a cold spot. Over the years, astronomers have come up with all sorts of ideas to explain it, ranging from instrumental error to parallel universes. But now, they're homing in on a prime suspect: an enormous cavern of emptiness called a cosmic supervoid, so big that it might be the largest structure in the universe. According to theory, such a vast void, in which nary a star or galaxy exists, can leave a frigid imprint on the CMB. The answer to the mystery, then, might simply be a whole lot of nothing. Yet puzzles remain, and the case is far from closed. Primordial1 - ancient, existing a very long time.", "hypothesis": "The CMB is the thermal radiation across the entire universe.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_275", "premise": "The largest thing in the universe More than ten years ago, while taking the temperature of the universe, astronomers found something odd. They discovered that a patch of sky, spanning the width of 20 moons, was unusually cold. The astronomers were measuring the thermal radiation that bathes the entire universe, a glowing relic of the big bang. To gaze at this cosmic microwave background, or CMB, is to glimpse the primordial1 universe, a time when it was less than 400,000 years old. The CMB blankets the sky, and looks pretty much the same everywhere, existing at a feebly cold temperature of 2.725 kelvins - just a couple degrees warmer than absolute zero. But armed with the newly launched WMAP satellite, the astronomers had set out to probe temperature variations as tiny as one part in 100,000. Born from the quantum froth that was the universe a half-moment after the big bang, those random fluctuations help scientists understand what the cosmos is made of and how it all came to be. And standing out amidst those fluctuations was a cold spot. Over the years, astronomers have come up with all sorts of ideas to explain it, ranging from instrumental error to parallel universes. But now, they're homing in on a prime suspect: an enormous cavern of emptiness called a cosmic supervoid, so big that it might be the largest structure in the universe. According to theory, such a vast void, in which nary a star or galaxy exists, can leave a frigid imprint on the CMB. The answer to the mystery, then, might simply be a whole lot of nothing. Yet puzzles remain, and the case is far from closed. Primordial1 - ancient, existing a very long time.", "hypothesis": "Astronomers often find something odd on the sky.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_276", "premise": "The largest thing in the universe More than ten years ago, while taking the temperature of the universe, astronomers found something odd. They discovered that a patch of sky, spanning the width of 20 moons, was unusually cold. The astronomers were measuring the thermal radiation that bathes the entire universe, a glowing relic of the big bang. To gaze at this cosmic microwave background, or CMB, is to glimpse the primordial1 universe, a time when it was less than 400,000 years old. The CMB blankets the sky, and looks pretty much the same everywhere, existing at a feebly cold temperature of 2.725 kelvins - just a couple degrees warmer than absolute zero. But armed with the newly launched WMAP satellite, the astronomers had set out to probe temperature variations as tiny as one part in 100,000. Born from the quantum froth that was the universe a half-moment after the big bang, those random fluctuations help scientists understand what the cosmos is made of and how it all came to be. And standing out amidst those fluctuations was a cold spot. Over the years, astronomers have come up with all sorts of ideas to explain it, ranging from instrumental error to parallel universes. But now, they're homing in on a prime suspect: an enormous cavern of emptiness called a cosmic supervoid, so big that it might be the largest structure in the universe. According to theory, such a vast void, in which nary a star or galaxy exists, can leave a frigid imprint on the CMB. The answer to the mystery, then, might simply be a whole lot of nothing. Yet puzzles remain, and the case is far from closed. Primordial1 - ancient, existing a very long time.", "hypothesis": "The cosmic supervoid is the largest structure in the universe.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_277", "premise": "The law of benefits is a difficult channel, which requires careful sailing or rude boats. It is not the office of a man to receive gifts. How dare you give them? We wish to be self-sustained. We do not quite forgive a forgiver. The hand that feeds us is in some danger of being bitten. We can receive anything from love, for that is a way of receiving it from ourselves (hence the fitness of beautiful, not useful things for a gift); but not from anyone who assumes to bestow. We sometimes hate the meat that we eat, because there seems something of degrading dependence in living by it. He is a good man, who can receive a gift well. We are either glad or sorry at a gift, and both emotions are unbecoming. Some violence, I think, is done, some degradation borne, when I rejoice or grieve at a gift. I am sorry when my independence is invaded, or when a gift comes from such as do not know my spirit, and so the act is not supported; and if the gift pleases me overmuch, then I should be ashamed that the donor should read my heart and see that I love his commodity, and not him. This giving is flat usurpation, and therefore, when the beneficiary is ungrateful, as all beneficiaries hate all Timons, not at all considering the value of the gift, but looking back to the greater store it was taken from, I rather sympathise with the beneficiary than with the anger of my lord, Timon. For, the expectation of gratitude is mean and is continually punished by the total insensibility of the obliged person.", "hypothesis": "The author of this passage does not like to receive gifts.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_278", "premise": "The leaders of a society might argue they have abolished poverty if they ensure that no citizens are homeless or starving. In developed Western societies, few would accept so narrow a definition. They are very likely to add further indicators such as the level of income, the standard of housing, the quality of diet, and access to everyday commodities such as heating, running hot water, a bath and a washing machine. The list soon grows from items essential to support life to include things that a society views as impracticable to be without. It is clear, therefore, that most people do not mean absolute poverty when they use the term, but something much more relative and dependent on the society in which they live. Because for most people poverty is a relative concept, its abolition is much more difficult. Poverty ends up being defined in terms of people who live on a percentage of the median income.", "hypothesis": "Absolute poverty would be cured if the poorest in society were fed, clothed and housed.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_279", "premise": "The leaders of a society might argue they have abolished poverty if they ensure that no citizens are homeless or starving. In developed Western societies, few would accept so narrow a definition. They are very likely to add further indicators such as the level of income, the standard of housing, the quality of diet, and access to everyday commodities such as heating, running hot water, a bath and a washing machine. The list soon grows from items essential to support life to include things that a society views as impracticable to be without. It is clear, therefore, that most people do not mean absolute poverty when they use the term, but something much more relative and dependent on the society in which they live. Because for most people poverty is a relative concept, its abolition is much more difficult. Poverty ends up being defined in terms of people who live on a percentage of the median income.", "hypothesis": "If poverty is defined in terms of people who live on a percentage of the median income, then the number of people classed as in poverty could increase not because people are poorer but because they are not becoming richer as fast as the majority in their society.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_280", "premise": "The leaders of a society might argue they have abolished poverty if they ensure that no citizens are homeless or starving. In developed Western societies, few would accept so narrow a definition. They are very likely to add further indicators such as the level of income, the standard of housing, the quality of diet, and access to everyday commodities such as heating, running hot water, a bath and a washing machine. The list soon grows from items essential to support life to include things that a society views as impracticable to be without. It is clear, therefore, that most people do not mean absolute poverty when they use the term, but something much more relative and dependent on the society in which they live. Because for most people poverty is a relative concept, its abolition is much more difficult. Poverty ends up being defined in terms of people who live on a percentage of the median income.", "hypothesis": "A hundred years ago people would have included in their definition of poverty many of the items listed in the passage as indicators of poverty in developed Western societies.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_281", "premise": "The legal term double jeopardy refers to a second prosecution of an individual for an offence for which he has already been prosecuted. Double jeopardy is famously prohibited in the Fifth Amendment of the United States constitution, which states that no person shall, be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. Not only does the double jeopardy doctrine uphold the finality of criminal proceedings, it also protects individuals from the stress of multiple prosecutions. Despite dating back to Roman times, this legal rule is often challenged. Some legal reform advocates believe that a second trial should be permitted if significant new evidence becomes available for example DNA evidence can reveal more using more recent technology. Double jeopardy laws are intended to protect innocent people from continual harassment by the state. They also prevent a defendant from receiving successive trials for the same offence for instance, someone found guilty of murder cannot also be tried for manslaughter for the same act. Some exceptions exist. A new trial is allowed if the original trial is declared a mistrial, or if an appeal against a conviction is successful. The rules also do not restrict a different sovereignty from prosecuting for the same offence. Similarly, in the United States, civil proceedings can be brought against someone who has already been acquitted or convicted of committing the offence.", "hypothesis": "Under double jeopardy rules, someone who has been acquitted of a crime can never be retried for the same offence.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_282", "premise": "The legal term double jeopardy refers to a second prosecution of an individual for an offence for which he has already been prosecuted. Double jeopardy is famously prohibited in the Fifth Amendment of the United States constitution, which states that no person shall, be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. Not only does the double jeopardy doctrine uphold the finality of criminal proceedings, it also protects individuals from the stress of multiple prosecutions. Despite dating back to Roman times, this legal rule is often challenged. Some legal reform advocates believe that a second trial should be permitted if significant new evidence becomes available for example DNA evidence can reveal more using more recent technology. Double jeopardy laws are intended to protect innocent people from continual harassment by the state. They also prevent a defendant from receiving successive trials for the same offence for instance, someone found guilty of murder cannot also be tried for manslaughter for the same act. Some exceptions exist. A new trial is allowed if the original trial is declared a mistrial, or if an appeal against a conviction is successful. The rules also do not restrict a different sovereignty from prosecuting for the same offence. Similarly, in the United States, civil proceedings can be brought against someone who has already been acquitted or convicted of committing the offence.", "hypothesis": "Double jeopardy laws exist to prevent the government from persecuting innocent individuals.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_283", "premise": "The legal term double jeopardy refers to a second prosecution of an individual for an offence for which he has already been prosecuted. Double jeopardy is famously prohibited in the Fifth Amendment of the United States constitution, which states that no person shall, be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. Not only does the double jeopardy doctrine uphold the finality of criminal proceedings, it also protects individuals from the stress of multiple prosecutions. Despite dating back to Roman times, this legal rule is often challenged. Some legal reform advocates believe that a second trial should be permitted if significant new evidence becomes available for example DNA evidence can reveal more using more recent technology. Double jeopardy laws are intended to protect innocent people from continual harassment by the state. They also prevent a defendant from receiving successive trials for the same offence for instance, someone found guilty of murder cannot also be tried for manslaughter for the same act. Some exceptions exist. A new trial is allowed if the original trial is declared a mistrial, or if an appeal against a conviction is successful. The rules also do not restrict a different sovereignty from prosecuting for the same offence. Similarly, in the United States, civil proceedings can be brought against someone who has already been acquitted or convicted of committing the offence.", "hypothesis": "The double jeopardy rule was first expressed in the Fifth Amendment of the United States constitution.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_284", "premise": "The legal term double jeopardy refers to a second prosecution of an individual for an offence for which he has already been prosecuted. Double jeopardy is famously prohibited in the Fifth Amendment of the United States constitution, which states that no person shall, be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. Not only does the double jeopardy doctrine uphold the finality of criminal proceedings, it also protects individuals from the stress of multiple prosecutions. Despite dating back to Roman times, this legal rule is often challenged. Some legal reform advocates believe that a second trial should be permitted if significant new evidence becomes available for example DNA evidence can reveal more using more recent technology. Double jeopardy laws are intended to protect innocent people from continual harassment by the state. They also prevent a defendant from receiving successive trials for the same offence for instance, someone found guilty of murder cannot also be tried for manslaughter for the same act. Some exceptions exist. A new trial is allowed if the original trial is declared a mistrial, or if an appeal against a conviction is successful. The rules also do not restrict a different sovereignty from prosecuting for the same offence. Similarly, in the United States, civil proceedings can be brought against someone who has already been acquitted or convicted of committing the offence.", "hypothesis": "New technology can shed new light on old cases.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_285", "premise": "The legal term double jeopardy refers to a second prosecution of an individual for an offence for which he has already been prosecuted. Double jeopardy is famously prohibited in the Fifth Amendment of the United States constitution, which states that no person shall, be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb. Not only does the double jeopardy doctrine uphold the finality of criminal proceedings, it also protects individuals from the stress of multiple prosecutions. Despite dating back to Roman times, this legal rule is often challenged. Some legal reform advocates believe that a second trial should be permitted if significant new evidence becomes available for example DNA evidence can reveal more using more recent technology. Double jeopardy laws are intended to protect innocent people from continual harassment by the state. They also prevent a defendant from receiving successive trials for the same offence for instance, someone found guilty of murder cannot also be tried for manslaughter for the same act. Some exceptions exist. A new trial is allowed if the original trial is declared a mistrial, or if an appeal against a conviction is successful. The rules also do not restrict a different sovereignty from prosecuting for the same offence. Similarly, in the United States, civil proceedings can be brought against someone who has already been acquitted or convicted of committing the offence.", "hypothesis": "Criminal and civil proceedings fulfil different objectives in the United States.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_286", "premise": "The legislative maternity privileges shape a minimum standard of protection recognised by Parliament. Women and their employers (or their legislative bodies) are able to negotiate and consent to more constructive provision on a voluntary or contractual foundation, if they feel that this would be more beneficial in the long term. Where an employer and employee have agreed diverse provisions, an employee will always be able to declare her statutory rights if these are better than those agreed with her employer, therefore if the employee wishes a term by maternity privileges she is able to do so. This therefore means that an employee will not be obliged to accept maternity arrangements which are not as good as the legislative rights. In order to qualify for Statutory Maternity Pay, an employee will have to be an employed earner, therefore the employee will need to work for an organisation that is liable to pay the employees share of National Insurance contributions. To qualify for Maternity Allowance an employee must be, or have recently been either an employed or self-employed earner. The majority of people, who qualify for leave will also qualify for pay, and vice versa. All employees who are parents to new babies have a right to statutory leave with pay. However, there are a few legal clauses. For instance, the privileges relating to time off for antenatal care, to maternity leave and to protection against detriment or unfair dismissal in connection with maternity leave do not apply to the following groups: members of the police force, MPs, the judiciary and various company directors, or to masters or crew members engaged in share fishing paid solely by how much stock they have caught.", "hypothesis": "The statement is false as it refers to Maternity Allowance instead of Statutory Maternity Pay (where the grounds to qualify are dependant on the employer paying the employees share of National Insurance contributions). Do not make the mistake of assuming different terms mean the same thing. C Men are allowed time off if they are a parent to a new baby", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_287", "premise": "The legislative maternity privileges shape a minimum standard of protection recognised by Parliament. Women and their employers (or their legislative bodies) are able to negotiate and consent to more constructive provision on a voluntary or contractual foundation, if they feel that this would be more beneficial in the long term. Where an employer and employee have agreed diverse provisions, an employee will always be able to declare her statutory rights if these are better than those agreed with her employer, therefore if the employee wishes a term by maternity privileges she is able to do so. This therefore means that an employee will not be obliged to accept maternity arrangements which are not as good as the legislative rights. In order to qualify for Statutory Maternity Pay, an employee will have to be an employed earner, therefore the employee will need to work for an organisation that is liable to pay the employees share of National Insurance contributions. To qualify for Maternity Allowance an employee must be, or have recently been either an employed or self-employed earner. The majority of people, who qualify for leave will also qualify for pay, and vice versa. All employees who are parents to new babies have a right to statutory leave with pay. However, there are a few legal clauses. For instance, the privileges relating to time off for antenatal care, to maternity leave and to protection against detriment or unfair dismissal in connection with maternity leave do not apply to the following groups: members of the police force, MPs, the judiciary and various company directors, or to masters or crew members engaged in share fishing paid solely by how much stock they have caught.", "hypothesis": "In order for an individual to qualify for maternity allowance, an employee will have to work for an organisation who are liable to pay the employees share of National Insurance contributions", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_288", "premise": "The legislative maternity privileges shape a minimum standard of protection recognised by Parliament. Women and their employers (or their legislative bodies) are able to negotiate and consent to more constructive provision on a voluntary or contractual foundation, if they feel that this would be more beneficial in the long term. Where an employer and employee have agreed diverse provisions, an employee will always be able to declare her statutory rights if these are better than those agreed with her employer, therefore if the employee wishes a term by maternity privileges she is able to do so. This therefore means that an employee will not be obliged to accept maternity arrangements which are not as good as the legislative rights. In order to qualify for Statutory Maternity Pay, an employee will have to be an employed earner, therefore the employee will need to work for an organisation that is liable to pay the employees share of National Insurance contributions. To qualify for Maternity Allowance an employee must be, or have recently been either an employed or self-employed earner. The majority of people, who qualify for leave will also qualify for pay, and vice versa. All employees who are parents to new babies have a right to statutory leave with pay. However, there are a few legal clauses. For instance, the privileges relating to time off for antenatal care, to maternity leave and to protection against detriment or unfair dismissal in connection with maternity leave do not apply to the following groups: members of the police force, MPs, the judiciary and various company directors, or to masters or crew members engaged in share fishing paid solely by how much stock they have caught.", "hypothesis": "All women are entitled to legislative maternity privileges", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_289", "premise": "The legislative maternity privileges shape a minimum standard of protection recognised by Parliament. Women and their employers (or their legislative bodies) are able to negotiate and consent to more constructive provision on a voluntary or contractual foundation, if they feel that this would be more beneficial in the long term. Where an employer and employee have agreed diverse provisions, an employee will always be able to declare her statutory rights if these are better than those agreed with her employer, therefore if the employee wishes a term by maternity privileges she is able to do so. This therefore means that an employee will not be obliged to accept maternity arrangements which are not as good as the legislative rights. In order to qualify for Statutory Maternity Pay, an employee will have to be an employed earner, therefore the employee will need to work for an organisation that is liable to pay the employees share of National Insurance contributions. To qualify for Maternity Allowance an employee must be, or have recently been either an employed or self-employed earner. The majority of people, who qualify for leave will also qualify for pay, and vice versa. All employees who are parents to new babies have a right to statutory leave with pay. However, there are a few legal clauses. For instance, the privileges relating to time off for antenatal care, to maternity leave and to protection against detriment or unfair dismissal in connection with maternity leave do not apply to the following groups: members of the police force, MPs, the judiciary and various company directors, or to masters or crew members engaged in share fishing paid solely by how much stock they have caught.", "hypothesis": "Men are allowed time off if they are a parent to a new baby", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_290", "premise": "The legislative maternity privileges shape a minimum standard of protection recognised by Parliament. Women and their employers (or their legislative bodies) are able to negotiate and consent to more constructive provision on a voluntary or contractual foundation, if they feel that this would be more beneficial in the long term. Where an employer and employee have agreed diverse provisions, an employee will always be able to declare her statutory rights if these are better than those agreed with her employer, therefore if the employee wishes a term by maternity privileges she is able to do so. This therefore means that an employee will not be obliged to accept maternity arrangements which are not as good as the legislative rights. In order to qualify for Statutory Maternity Pay, an employee will have to be an employed earner, therefore the employee will need to work for an organisation that is liable to pay the employees share of National Insurance contributions. To qualify for Maternity Allowance an employee must be, or have recently been either an employed or self-employed earner. The majority of people, who qualify for leave will also qualify for pay, and vice versa. All employees who are parents to new babies have a right to statutory leave with pay. However, there are a few legal clauses. For instance, the privileges relating to time off for antenatal care, to maternity leave and to protection against detriment or unfair dismissal in connection with maternity leave do not apply to the following groups: members of the police force, MPs, the judiciary and various company directors, or to masters or crew members engaged in share fishing paid solely by how much stock they have caught.", "hypothesis": "The rights described in the passage above only relate to employees and not those who are unemployed.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_291", "premise": "The level of air pollution in London is at a record high, with the level of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) the highest of any EU country. As a result of such high levels of pollution, the UK has received a number of warnings from the EU for its failure to comply with European laws, and may face a possible fine. In addition to this, experts warn that the levels of pollution will affect the weather; leading to periods of storm like weather throughout the summer months and an increase in temperature in the winter. Such pollutants are particularly problematic for those who run in the city on a regular basis; leading to chest pains, a decrease in lung capacity and coughing and other problems.", "hypothesis": "The UK has been fined for the high levels of pollution in London.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_292", "premise": "The level of air pollution in London is at a record high, with the level of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) the highest of any EU country. As a result of such high levels of pollution, the UK has received a number of warnings from the EU for its failure to comply with European laws, and may face a possible fine. In addition to this, experts warn that the levels of pollution will affect the weather; leading to periods of storm like weather throughout the summer months and an increase in temperature in the winter. Such pollutants are particularly problematic for those who run in the city on a regular basis; leading to chest pains, a decrease in lung capacity and coughing and other problems.", "hypothesis": "London has the highest level of nitrogen dioxide in Europe.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_293", "premise": "The level of air pollution in London is at a record high, with the level of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) the highest of any EU country. As a result of such high levels of pollution, the UK has received a number of warnings from the EU for its failure to comply with European laws, and may face a possible fine. In addition to this, experts warn that the levels of pollution will affect the weather; leading to periods of storm like weather throughout the summer months and an increase in temperature in the winter. Such pollutants are particularly problematic for those who run in the city on a regular basis; leading to chest pains, a decrease in lung capacity and coughing and other problems.", "hypothesis": "Running often in the city does not cause chest pains", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_294", "premise": "The level of air pollution in London is at a record high, with the level of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) the highest of any EU country. As a result of such high levels of pollution, the UK has received a number of warnings from the EU for its failure to comply with European laws, and may face a possible fine. In addition to this, experts warn that the levels of pollution will affect the weather; leading to periods of storm like weather throughout the summer months and an increase in temperature in the winter. Such pollutants are particularly problematic for those who run in the city on a regular basis; leading to chest pains, a decrease in lung capacity and coughing and other problems.", "hypothesis": "European laws ban the production of nitrogen dioxide.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_295", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia's medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerel's discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called 'radioactivity', Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie's pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Marie's two daughters, Irene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband's death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies', used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her 36fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curie's outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulateintense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Marie took over the teaching position her husband had held.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_296", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia's medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerel's discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called 'radioactivity', Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie's pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Marie's two daughters, Irene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband's death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies', used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her 36fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curie's outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulateintense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Marie stopped doing research for several years when her children were born.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_297", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia's medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerel's discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called 'radioactivity', Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie's pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Marie's two daughters, Irene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband's death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies', used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her 36fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curie's outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulateintense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Maries sister Bronia studied the medical uses of radioactivity.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_298", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia's medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerel's discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called 'radioactivity', Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie's pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Marie's two daughters, Irene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband's death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies', used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her 36fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curie's outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulateintense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Marie Curies husband was a joint winner of both Maries Nobel Prizes.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_299", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia's medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerel's discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called 'radioactivity', Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie's pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Marie's two daughters, Irene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband's death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies', used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her 36fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curie's outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulateintense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Marie was able to attend the Sorbonne because of her sisters financial contribution.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_300", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronia's medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerel's discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called 'radioactivity', Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie's pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Marie's two daughters, Irene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband's death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies', used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her 36fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curie's outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulateintense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by Irene and Frederic Joliot-Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Marie became interested in science when she was a child.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_301", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronias medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie.", "hypothesis": "Marie was able to attend the Sorbonne because of her sisters financial contribution.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_302", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronias medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie.", "hypothesis": "Marie became interested in science when she was a child.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_303", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronias medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie.", "hypothesis": "Marie Curies husband was a joint winner of both Maries Nobel Prizes.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_304", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie. Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. Form her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronias medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerels discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called radioactivity, Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curies pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Maries two daughters, lrene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husbands death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Noble Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies, used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curies outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by lrene and Frederic Joliot Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Marie was able to attend the Sorbonne because of her sisters financial contribution.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_305", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie. Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. Form her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronias medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerels discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called radioactivity, Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curies pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Maries two daughters, lrene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husbands death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Noble Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies, used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curies outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by lrene and Frederic Joliot Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Marie became interested in science when she was a child.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_306", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie. Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. Form her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronias medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerels discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called radioactivity, Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curies pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Maries two daughters, lrene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husbands death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Noble Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies, used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curies outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by lrene and Frederic Joliot Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Marie stopped doing research for several years when her children were born.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_307", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie. Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. Form her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronias medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerels discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called radioactivity, Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curies pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Maries two daughters, lrene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husbands death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Noble Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies, used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curies outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by lrene and Frederic Joliot Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Marie Curies husband was a joint winner of both Maries Nobel Prizes.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_308", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie. Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. Form her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronias medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerels discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called radioactivity, Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curies pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Maries two daughters, lrene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husbands death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Noble Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies, used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curies outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by lrene and Frederic Joliot Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Marie took over the teaching position her husband had held.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_309", "premise": "The life and work of Marie Curie. Marie Curie is probably the most famous woman scientist who has ever lived. Born Maria Sklodowska in Poland in 1867, she is famous for her work on radioactivity, and was twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics, and was then sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. From childhood, Marie was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education. Because her father lost his savings through bad investment, she then had to take work as a teacher. Form her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronias medical studies in Paris, on the understanding that Bronia would, in turn, later help her to get an education. In 1891 this promise was fulfilled and Marie went to Paris and began to study at the Sorbonne (the University of Paris). She often worked far into the night and lived on little more than bread and butter and tea. She came first in the examination in the physical sciences in 1893, and in 1894 was placed second in the examination in mathematical sciences. It was not until the spring of that year that she was introduced to Pierre Curie. Their marriage in 1895 marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance. Following Henri Becquerels discovery in 1896 of a new phenomenon, which Marie later called radioactivity, Marie Curie decided to find out if the radioactivity discovered in uranium was to be found in other elements. She discovered that this was true for thorium. Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose radioactivity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem, and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state. This was achieved with the help of the chemist Andre-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curies pupils. Based on the results of this research, Marie Curie received her Doctorate of Science, and in 1903 Marie and Pierre shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity. The births of Maries two daughters, lrene and Eve, in 1897 and 1904 failed to interrupt her scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the Ecole Normale Superieure for girls in Sevres, France (1900), and introduced a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie. The sudden death of her husband in 1906 was a bitter blow to Marie Curie, but was also a turning point in her career: henceforth she was to devote all her energy to completing alone the scientific work that they had undertaken. On May 13, 1906, she was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husbands death, becoming the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne. In 1911 she was awarded the Noble Prize for Chemistry for the isolation of a pure form of radium. During World War I, Marie Curie, with the help of her daughter Irene, devoted herself to the development of the use of X-radiography, including the mobile units which came to be known as Little Curies, used for the treatment of wounded soldiers. In 1918 the Radium Institute, whose staff Irene had joined, began to operate in earnest, and became a centre for nuclear physics and chemistry. Marie Curie, now at the highest point of her fame and, from 1922, a member of the Academy of Medicine, researched the chemistry of radioactive substances and their medical applications. In 1921, accompanied by her two daughters, Marie Curie made a triumphant journey to the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Women there presented her with a gram of radium for her campaign. Marie also gave lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain and Czechoslovakia and, in addition, had the satisfaction of seeing the development of the Curie Foundation in Paris, and the inauguration in 1932 in Warsaw of the Radium Institute, where her sister Bronia became director. One of Marie Curies outstanding achievements was to have understood the need to accumulate intense radioactive sources, not only to treat illness but also to maintain an abundant supply for research. The existence in Paris at the Radium Institute of a stock of 1.5 grams of radium made a decisive contribution to the success of the experiments undertaken in the years around 1930. This work prepared the way for the discovery of the neutron by Sir James Chadwick and, above all, for the discovery in 1934 by lrene and Frederic Joliot Curie of artificial radioactivity. A few months after this discovery, Marie Curie died as a result of leukaemia caused by exposure to radiation. She had often carried test tubes containing radioactive isotopes in her pocket, remarking on the pretty blue-green light they gave off. Her contribution to physics had been immense, not only in her own work, the importance of which had been demonstrated by her two Nobel Prizes, but because of her influence on subsequent generations of nuclear physicists and chemists.", "hypothesis": "Maries sister Bronia studied the medical uses of radioactivity.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_310", "premise": "The living wage represents the minimum hourly rate for employment which allows an individual to cover their basic costs of living. This wage is set at 9.15 per hour in London and 7.85 per hour in the rest of the UK. This difference in living wage between London and the rest of the UK is explained by the significant costs associated with living in London. The minimum wage is currently 6.50 for employees aged over 21 and 5.13 for employees aged between 18 and 20. This is lower than the living wage values quoted above and represents the legal minimum wage. It would be illegal for an employer to pay less than these values. Although many employers have agreed to pay a living wage, they are not legally obliged to do so. The introduction of the living wage in companies has been argued to be beneficial for these companies. Many employers found that employees who were paid the living wage were able to work harder with better quality. It has also improved the quality of life for the families of employees as it has allowed those who are parents to spend more time with their children. However, some employers have argued that the introduction of the living wage would force them to fire some workers, forcing others to work harder.", "hypothesis": "Paying someone a living wage will only benefit that individual", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_311", "premise": "The living wage represents the minimum hourly rate for employment which allows an individual to cover their basic costs of living. This wage is set at 9.15 per hour in London and 7.85 per hour in the rest of the UK. This difference in living wage between London and the rest of the UK is explained by the significant costs associated with living in London. The minimum wage is currently 6.50 for employees aged over 21 and 5.13 for employees aged between 18 and 20. This is lower than the living wage values quoted above and represents the legal minimum wage. It would be illegal for an employer to pay less than these values. Although many employers have agreed to pay a living wage, they are not legally obliged to do so. The introduction of the living wage in companies has been argued to be beneficial for these companies. Many employers found that employees who were paid the living wage were able to work harder with better quality. It has also improved the quality of life for the families of employees as it has allowed those who are parents to spend more time with their children. However, some employers have argued that the introduction of the living wage would force them to fire some workers, forcing others to work harder.", "hypothesis": "The living cost across UK cities is approximately equal.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_312", "premise": "The living wage represents the minimum hourly rate for employment which allows an individual to cover their basic costs of living. This wage is set at 9.15 per hour in London and 7.85 per hour in the rest of the UK. This difference in living wage between London and the rest of the UK is explained by the significant costs associated with living in London. The minimum wage is currently 6.50 for employees aged over 21 and 5.13 for employees aged between 18 and 20. This is lower than the living wage values quoted above and represents the legal minimum wage. It would be illegal for an employer to pay less than these values. Although many employers have agreed to pay a living wage, they are not legally obliged to do so. The introduction of the living wage in companies has been argued to be beneficial for these companies. Many employers found that employees who were paid the living wage were able to work harder with better quality. It has also improved the quality of life for the families of employees as it has allowed those who are parents to spend more time with their children. However, some employers have argued that the introduction of the living wage would force them to fire some workers, forcing others to work harder.", "hypothesis": "Introducing a living wage would be beneficial for all employees.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_313", "premise": "The living wage represents the minimum hourly rate for employment which allows an individual to cover their basic costs of living. This wage is set at 9.15 per hour in London and 7.85 per hour in the rest of the UK. This difference in living wage between London and the rest of the UK is explained by the significant costs associated with living in London. The minimum wage is currently 6.50 for employees aged over 21 and 5.13 for employees aged between 18 and 20. This is lower than the living wage values quoted above and represents the legal minimum wage. It would be illegal for an employer to pay less than these values. Although many employers have agreed to pay a living wage, they are not legally obliged to do so. The introduction of the living wage in companies has been argued to be beneficial for these companies. Many employers found that employees who were paid the living wage were able to work harder with better quality. It has also improved the quality of life for the families of employees as it has allowed those who are parents to spend more time with their children. However, some employers have argued that the introduction of the living wage would force them to fire some workers, forcing others to work harder.", "hypothesis": "Companies introduce the living wage to avoid the legal complications of underpaying their employees.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_314", "premise": "The living wage represents the minimum hourly rate for employment which allows an individual to cover their basic costs of living. This wage is set at 9.15 per hour in London and 7.85 per hour in the rest of the UK. This difference in living wage between London and the rest of the UK is explained by the significant costs associated with living in London. The minimum wage is currently 6.50 for employees aged over 21 and 5.13 for employees aged between 18 and 20. This is lower than the living wage values quoted above and represents the legal minimum wage. It would be illegal for an employer to pay less than these values. Although many employers have agreed to pay a living wage, they are not legally obliged to do so. The introduction of the living wage in companies has been argued to be beneficial for these companies. Many employers found that employees who were paid the living wage were able to work harder with better quality. It has also improved the quality of life for the families of employees as it has allowed those who are parents to spend more time with their children. However, some employers have argued that the introduction of the living wage would force them to fire some workers, forcing others to work harder.", "hypothesis": "A 24 year old working at minimum wage would be able to live comfortably in Manchester", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_315", "premise": "The local citizens group submitted a memorandum to the civic authority for allowing them to convert the vacant plot in the locality into a garden at their on cost.", "hypothesis": "The civic authority may not accede to the request of the local citizen group.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_316", "premise": "The local citizens group submitted a memorandum to the civic authority for allowing them to convert the vacant plot in the locality into a garden at their on cost.", "hypothesis": "The local citizen group may be able to gather enough funds to develop the garden", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_317", "premise": "The location of a shop operated by a charity in an affluent neighborhood could be deemed extremely advantageous because this increases the potential for a continuous supply of highly valuable donations. However, this may be counterbalanced by an exorbitant rent for the property. Of fundamental importance to the success of the shop is a dedicated group of volunteers who should sort through donations promptly to ensure that items are quickly made available for purchase, in order to promote financial prosperity. Volunteers and staff must be vigilant of thieves, to which these shops are particularly susceptible, usually due to a lack of security cameras or bar codes on the item.", "hypothesis": "If the rent for a shop operated by a charity is high, a supply of good quality donations may be compensatory.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_318", "premise": "The location of a shop operated by a charity in an affluent neighborhood could be deemed extremely advantageous because this increases the potential for a continuous supply of highly valuable donations. However, this may be counterbalanced by an exorbitant rent for the property. Of fundamental importance to the success of the shop is a dedicated group of volunteers who should sort through donations promptly to ensure that items are quickly made available for purchase, in order to promote financial prosperity. Volunteers and staff must be vigilant of thieves, to which these shops are particularly susceptible, usually due to a lack of security cameras or bar codes on the item.", "hypothesis": "Before the introduction of bar codes and security cameras, shops operated by charitable organizations were as vulnerable to theft as other shops.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_319", "premise": "The location of a shop operated by a charity in an affluent neighborhood could be deemed extremely advantageous because this increases the potential for a continuous supply of highly valuable donations. However, this may be counterbalanced by an exorbitant rent for the property. Of fundamental importance to the success of the shop is a dedicated group of volunteers who should sort through donations promptly to ensure that items are quickly made available for purchase, in order to promote financial prosperity. Volunteers and staff must be vigilant of thieves, to which these shops are particularly susceptible, usually due to a lack of security cameras or bar codes on the item.", "hypothesis": "If volunteers do not sort the donations hastily, this could lead to a potential loss in sales.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_320", "premise": "The location of a shop operated by a charity in an affluent neighborhood could be deemed extremely advantageous because this increases the potential for a continuous supply of highly valuable donations. However, this may be counterbalanced by an exorbitant rent for the property. Of fundamental importance to the success of the shop is a dedicated group of volunteers who should sort through donations promptly to ensure that items are quickly made available for purchase, in order to promote financial prosperity. Volunteers and staff must be vigilant of thieves, to which these shops are particularly susceptible, usually due to a lack of security cameras or bar codes on the item.", "hypothesis": "An increase in security measures in shops operated by charities will usually encourage individuals from affluent areas to donate more high quality items.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_321", "premise": "The location of a shop operated by a charity in an affluent neighborhood could be deemed extremely advantageous because this increases the potential for a continuous supply of highly valuable donations. However, this may be counterbalanced by an exorbitant rent for the property. Of fundamental importance to the success of the shop is a dedicated group of volunteers who should sort through donations promptly to ensure that items are quickly made available for purchase, in order to promote financial prosperity. Volunteers and staff must be vigilant of thieves, to which these shops are particularly susceptible, usually due to a lack of security cameras or bar codes on the item.", "hypothesis": "It is less likely that shops operated by charities which are situated in affluent neighborhoods will have volunteers who are more dedicated, than those in less wealthy neighborhoods.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_322", "premise": "The location of a shop operated by a charity in an affluent neighborhood could be deemed extremely advantageous because this increases the potential for a continuous supply of highly valuable donations. However, this may be counterbalanced by an exorbitant rent for the property. Of fundamental importance to the success of the shop is a dedicated group of volunteers who should sort through donations promptly to ensure that items are quickly made available for purchase, in order to promote financial prosperity. Volunteers and staff must be vigilant of thieves, to which these shops are particularly susceptible, usually due to a lack of security cameras or bar codes on the item.", "hypothesis": "The only factor affecting the financial success of a shop operated by a charity is its location.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_323", "premise": "The location of a shop operated by a charity in an affluent neighborhood could be deemed extremely advantageous because this increases the potential for a continuous supply of highly valuable donations. However, this may be counterbalanced by an exorbitant rent for the property. Of fundamental importance to the success of the shop is a dedicated group of volunteers who should sort through donations promptly to ensure that items are quickly made available for purchase, in order to promote financial prosperity. Volunteers and staff must be vigilant of thieves, to which these shops are particularly susceptible, usually due to a lack of security cameras or bar codes on the item.", "hypothesis": "Shops operated by charitable organizations are particularly vulnerable to shoplifter if there are no security cameras or bar codes on items.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_324", "premise": "The luxury goods market has seen a sudden slump in sales in China thanks to the emergence of Chinese labels. While Chinas love of Western brands, such as Prada and Louis Vuitton, shows no sign of ending, a new group of smaller luxury Chinese companies is gaining in popularity. Such companies try to promote traditional Chinese values, rather than the exclusivity of Western labels that have been ever popular in China. Feedback for the new rivals has been positive so far, yet they are expected to face an up-hill struggle as Western heavy- weights rise to meet the challenge.", "hypothesis": "Luxury Chinese labels decreased sales of western luxury goods.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_325", "premise": "The luxury goods market has seen a sudden slump in sales in China thanks to the emergence of Chinese labels. While Chinas love of Western brands, such as Prada and Louis Vuitton, shows no sign of ending, a new group of smaller luxury Chinese companies is gaining in popularity. Such companies try to promote traditional Chinese values, rather than the exclusivity of Western labels that have been ever popular in China. Feedback for the new rivals has been positive so far, yet they are expected to face an up-hill struggle as Western heavy- weights rise to meet the challenge.", "hypothesis": "The Western market is rising to the challenge of Chinese companies.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_326", "premise": "The luxury goods market has seen a sudden slump in sales in China thanks to the emergence of Chinese labels. While Chinas love of Western brands, such as Prada and Louis Vuitton, shows no sign of ending, a new group of smaller luxury Chinese companies is gaining in popularity. Such companies try to promote traditional Chinese values, rather than the exclusivity of Western labels that have been ever popular in China. Feedback for the new rivals has been positive so far, yet they are expected to face an up-hill struggle as Western heavy- weights rise to meet the challenge.", "hypothesis": "Chinese companies are trying to promote traditional values", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_327", "premise": "The luxury goods market has seen a sudden slump in sales in China thanks to the emergence of Chinese labels. While Chinas love of Western brands, such as Prada and Louis Vuitton, shows no sign of ending, a new group of smaller luxury Chinese companies is gaining in popularity. Such companies try to promote traditional Chinese values, rather than the exclusivity of Western labels that have been ever popular in China. Feedback for the new rivals has been positive so far, yet they are expected to face an up-hill struggle as Western heavy- weights rise to meet the challenge.", "hypothesis": "Chinese companies are emulating the exclusivity of Western luxury goods", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_328", "premise": "The main monetary policy objective is to reduce substantially, the import surplus of the coming years while resuming economic growth. Realisation of this goal entails a marked structural change of the economy, which can be brought about by freezing the standard of living (per capita private consumption plus public services) and restricting investments that do not further exports.", "hypothesis": "If people consume less, the economy grows.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_329", "premise": "The main monetary policy objective is to reduce substantially, the import surplus of the coming years while resuming economic growth. Realisation of this goal entails a marked structural change of the economy, which can be brought about by freezing the standard of living (per capita private consumption plus public services) and restricting investments that do not further exports.", "hypothesis": "Economic growth will lead to structural changes in the economy.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_330", "premise": "The main monetary policy objective is to reduce substantially, the import surplus of the coming years while resuming economic growth. Realisation of this goal entails a marked structural change of the economy, which can be brought about by freezing the standard of living (per capita private consumption plus public services) and restricting investments that do not further exports.", "hypothesis": "In order to reduce import surplus investment needs to be restricted.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_331", "premise": "The main monetary policy objective is to reduce substantially, the import surplus of the coming years while resuming economic growth. Realisation of this goal entails a marked structural change of the economy, which can be brought about by freezing the standard of living (per capita private consumption plus public services) and restricting investments that do not further exports.", "hypothesis": "People should be persuaded to give up consumption in order to achieve the national good.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_332", "premise": "The majority of Member States have been holding discussions in recent years regarding the introduction of new taxes on the financial sector and the impact they would have on pensions. They recognise that creating additional taxes on the financial sector could be a path to alleviating the problems they now face in relation to pensions and the lack of funds available to run them. However, the reason for such debate relates to the role that the banks and other financial service institutions played in the causes of the crises as well as the current government support offered to the financial sector. There is also a general perception that, as financial activities are generally exempt from VAT, the financial sector is under-taxed currently. One potential new tax rule being considered is that which would introduce a tax on as broad a range of financial transactions as possible. This could include bonds, shares and derivatives as a starting point. Almost all financial institutions would be liable but there would be exemptions for some day to day activities such as mortgages and payment services. An impact assessment of the likely revenue this tax could generate was close to 6 billion Euros per year. That said though, as the tax revenue would be collected on the basis of the principle of residence of the financial institute, one has to consider the possibility that a bank based in the area which is liable could transfer its transactions to a subsidiary outside of the relevant jurisdiction.", "hypothesis": "it is important to find a way to generate extra income to alleviate the problems our pensions face", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_333", "premise": "The management of XYZ Pvt. Ltd. Asked the workers union to call off strike immediately otherwise the management would be forced to close down the factory.", "hypothesis": "People like a glowing complexion", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_334", "premise": "The management of XYZ Pvt. Ltd. Asked the workers union to call off strike immediately otherwise the management would be forced to close down the factory.", "hypothesis": "No alternative other than closing down the factory is left for the management of XYZ Pvt. Ltd.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_335", "premise": "The management of XYZ Pvt. Ltd. Asked the workers union to call off strike immediately otherwise the management would be forced to close down the factory.", "hypothesis": "Complexion becomes dull in the absence of circulation.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_336", "premise": "The management of XYZ Pvt. Ltd. Asked the workers union to call off strike immediately otherwise the management would be forced to close down the factory.", "hypothesis": "Such threat may have some effect on the workers union.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_337", "premise": "The medieval period lasted from 1000 to 1500. It was preceded by the Dark Ages. Many towns were formed across Europe during this period as trade and populations increased. Kings ruled and with the leaders of the church they decided state affairs. Most people lived in the countryside and worked on the land. They gave a share of their produce to the local lord in return for protection and as rent. They had to work very hard and for much of their lives lived in abject poverty. Life expectancy for the commoner was much shorter than it is today. As a result of the expansion of trade coins became commonplace.", "hypothesis": "The medieval period lasted for 500 years.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_338", "premise": "The medieval period lasted from 1000 to 1500. It was preceded by the Dark Ages. Many towns were formed across Europe during this period as trade and populations increased. Kings ruled and with the leaders of the church they decided state affairs. Most people lived in the countryside and worked on the land. They gave a share of their produce to the local lord in return for protection and as rent. They had to work very hard and for much of their lives lived in abject poverty. Life expectancy for the commoner was much shorter than it is today. As a result of the expansion of trade coins became commonplace.", "hypothesis": "When a harvest failed or was poor the commoner risked starvation.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_339", "premise": "The medieval period lasted from 1000 to 1500. It was preceded by the Dark Ages. Many towns were formed across Europe during this period as trade and populations increased. Kings ruled and with the leaders of the church they decided state affairs. Most people lived in the countryside and worked on the land. They gave a share of their produce to the local lord in return for protection and as rent. They had to work very hard and for much of their lives lived in abject poverty. Life expectancy for the commoner was much shorter than it is today. As a result of the expansion of trade coins became commonplace.", "hypothesis": "The Dark Ages followed the medieval period.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_340", "premise": "The medieval period lasted from 1000 to 1500. It was preceded by the Dark Ages. Many towns were formed across Europe during this period as trade and populations increased. Kings ruled and with the leaders of the church they decided state affairs. Most people lived in the countryside and worked on the land. They gave a share of their produce to the local lord in return for protection and as rent. They had to work very hard and for much of their lives lived in abject poverty. Life expectancy for the commoner was much shorter than it is today. As a result of the expansion of trade coins became commonplace.", "hypothesis": "The majority of the population lived in the countryside.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_341", "premise": "The megafires of California Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. There's a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or more - 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century- long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. ' In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters' union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. ' That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood - and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state's commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, ' says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the 58strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the state's Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California- based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "Personnel in the past have been criticised for mishandling fire containment.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_342", "premise": "The megafires of California Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. There's a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or more - 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century- long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. ' In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters' union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. ' That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood - and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state's commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, ' says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the 58strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the state's Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California- based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "Many experts believe California has made little progress in readying itself to fight fires.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_343", "premise": "The megafires of California Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. There's a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or more - 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century- long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. ' In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters' union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. ' That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood - and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state's commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, ' says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the 58strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the state's Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California- based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "California has replaced a range of firefighting tools.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_344", "premise": "The megafires of California Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. There's a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or more - 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century- long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. ' In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters' union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. ' That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood - and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state's commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, ' says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the 58strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the state's Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California- based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "The amount of open space in California has diminished over the last ten years.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_345", "premise": "The megafires of California Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. There's a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or more - 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century- long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. ' In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters' union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. ' That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood - and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state's commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, ' says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the 58strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the state's Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California- based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "More firefighters have been hired to improve fire-fighting capacity.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_346", "premise": "The megafires of California Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. There's a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or more - 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century- long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. ' In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters' union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. ' That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood - and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state's commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, ' says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the 58strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the state's Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California- based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "Citizens and government groups disapprove of the efforts of different states and agencies working together.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_347", "premise": "The megafires of California Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. There's a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres or more - 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century- long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. ' In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters' union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. ' That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood - and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state's commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, ' says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the 58strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the state's Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California- based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "Randy Jacobs believes that loss of life from fires will continue at the same levels, despite changes made.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_348", "premise": "The megafires of California. Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. Theres a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500, 000 acres or more 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century-long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600, 000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the states commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the states Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California-based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "Citizens and government groups disapprove of the efforts of different states and agencies working together.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_349", "premise": "The megafires of California. Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. Theres a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500, 000 acres or more 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century-long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600, 000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the states commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the states Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California-based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "More firefighters have been hired to improve fire-fighting capacity.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_350", "premise": "The megafires of California. Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. Theres a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500, 000 acres or more 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century-long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600, 000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the states commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the states Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California-based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "Randy Jacobs believes that loss of life from fires will continue at the same levels, despite changes made.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_351", "premise": "The megafires of California. Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. Theres a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500, 000 acres or more 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century-long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600, 000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the states commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the states Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California-based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "California has replaced a range of firefighting tools.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_352", "premise": "The megafires of California. Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. Theres a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500, 000 acres or more 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century-long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600, 000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the states commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the states Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California-based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "Many experts believe California has made little progress in readying itself to fight fires.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_353", "premise": "The megafires of California. Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. Theres a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500, 000 acres or more 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century-long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600, 000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the states commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the states Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California-based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "The amount of open space in California has diminished over the last ten years.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_354", "premise": "The megafires of California. Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. Theres a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Santa Ana Winds. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past. Megafires, also called siege fires, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500, 000 acres or more 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports. One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century-long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires. Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas. We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems, says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano. In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600, 000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity, says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters union. With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job. That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say. State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the states commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and has come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought, says Mr. McHale of the firefighters union. Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the strategies to run them. In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them, says Kim Zagaris, chief of the states Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response has become far more professional and responsive, he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past siege fire situations. In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed, says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California-based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place, he says.", "hypothesis": "Personnel in the past have been criticised for mishandling fire containment.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_355", "premise": "The merger between the Australian owned BHT and British owned Billis has formed a world class leader in the natural resources sector. Financially weaker Billis has brought to the merger its diversified business portfolio and high profitability whilst BHT brought substantial capital and a strong governmental lobby as a leading Australian organisation. Whilst oil, copper, coal and uranium will remain the main products of the newly merged company BHT Billis is looking to penetrate other markets such as additional oils, gases, silver, titanium, other minerals and diamonds.", "hypothesis": "BHT Billis wants to shift business focus from oil, copper, coal and uranium to new markets like gas, silver, titanium, minerals and diamonds.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_356", "premise": "The merger between the Australian owned BHT and British owned Billis has formed a world class leader in the natural resources sector. Financially weaker Billis has brought to the merger its diversified business portfolio and high profitability whilst BHT brought substantial capital and a strong governmental lobby as a leading Australian organisation. Whilst oil, copper, coal and uranium will remain the main products of the newly merged company BHT Billis is looking to penetrate other markets such as additional oils, gases, silver, titanium, other minerals and diamonds.", "hypothesis": "Billis provided the major financial support for the merger.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_357", "premise": "The merger between the Australian owned BHT and British owned Billis has formed a world class leader in the natural resources sector. Financially weaker Billis has brought to the merger its diversified business portfolio and high profitability whilst BHT brought substantial capital and a strong governmental lobby as a leading Australian organisation. Whilst oil, copper, coal and uranium will remain the main products of the newly merged company BHT Billis is looking to penetrate other markets such as additional oils, gases, silver, titanium, other minerals and diamonds.", "hypothesis": "Shareholders should expect greater return on the value of their shares as a result of the merger.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_358", "premise": "The merits of single-sex education have long been debated in the United States, where demand for single-sex schools is on the rise. Title IV, a 1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination in education, was amended in 2006, allowing for the establishment of single-sex state schools so long as a co- educational alternative is available. While critics view single-sex schools as discriminatory and inadequate preparation for adult life, advocates claim that children, and particularly girls, benefit from a single-sex education. Some American research shows that girls attending single-sex schools have higher self-esteem, participate more in class, and score higher on aptitude tests than their counterparts in co-educational schools. A 2005 study claimed that both girls and boys attending single-sex schools spent more time on homework and had less disciplinary problems. Single-sex schools subvert stereotypical course-taking patterns and results. Advocates of single-sex schooling argue that educators can teach more effectively by tailoring their tuition to reflect current research about gender-based brain development. Many experts, however, believe that research into single-sex education is inconclusive, and that so long as the education provided is gender-fair, both girls and boys can thrive in a co-educational environment.", "hypothesis": "Critics of single-sex education believe that such schools reinforce pre- existing gender stereotypes.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_359", "premise": "The merits of single-sex education have long been debated in the United States, where demand for single-sex schools is on the rise. Title IV, a 1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination in education, was amended in 2006, allowing for the establishment of single-sex state schools so long as a co- educational alternative is available. While critics view single-sex schools as discriminatory and inadequate preparation for adult life, advocates claim that children, and particularly girls, benefit from a single-sex education. Some American research shows that girls attending single-sex schools have higher self-esteem, participate more in class, and score higher on aptitude tests than their counterparts in co-educational schools. A 2005 study claimed that both girls and boys attending single-sex schools spent more time on homework and had less disciplinary problems. Single-sex schools subvert stereotypical course-taking patterns and results. Advocates of single-sex schooling argue that educators can teach more effectively by tailoring their tuition to reflect current research about gender-based brain development. Many experts, however, believe that research into single-sex education is inconclusive, and that so long as the education provided is gender-fair, both girls and boys can thrive in a co-educational environment.", "hypothesis": "Girls who attend single-sex schools perform better in maths and sciences than their counterparts in co-educational schools.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_360", "premise": "The merits of single-sex education have long been debated in the United States, where demand for single-sex schools is on the rise. Title IV, a 1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination in education, was amended in 2006, allowing for the establishment of single-sex state schools so long as a co- educational alternative is available. While critics view single-sex schools as discriminatory and inadequate preparation for adult life, advocates claim that children, and particularly girls, benefit from a single-sex education. Some American research shows that girls attending single-sex schools have higher self-esteem, participate more in class, and score higher on aptitude tests than their counterparts in co-educational schools. A 2005 study claimed that both girls and boys attending single-sex schools spent more time on homework and had less disciplinary problems. Single-sex schools subvert stereotypical course-taking patterns and results. Advocates of single-sex schooling argue that educators can teach more effectively by tailoring their tuition to reflect current research about gender-based brain development. Many experts, however, believe that research into single-sex education is inconclusive, and that so long as the education provided is gender-fair, both girls and boys can thrive in a co-educational environment.", "hypothesis": "The trend towards American single-sex state education is a relatively recent phenomenon.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_361", "premise": "The merits of single-sex education have long been debated in the United States, where demand for single-sex schools is on the rise. Title IV, a 1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination in education, was amended in 2006, allowing for the establishment of single-sex state schools so long as a co- educational alternative is available. While critics view single-sex schools as discriminatory and inadequate preparation for adult life, advocates claim that children, and particularly girls, benefit from a single-sex education. Some American research shows that girls attending single-sex schools have higher self-esteem, participate more in class, and score higher on aptitude tests than their counterparts in co-educational schools. A 2005 study claimed that both girls and boys attending single-sex schools spent more time on homework and had less disciplinary problems. Single-sex schools subvert stereotypical course-taking patterns and results. Advocates of single-sex schooling argue that educators can teach more effectively by tailoring their tuition to reflect current research about gender-based brain development. Many experts, however, believe that research into single-sex education is inconclusive, and that so long as the education provided is gender-fair, both girls and boys can thrive in a co-educational environment.", "hypothesis": "Proponents of single-sex education believe there are neurological differences between the two genders.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_362", "premise": "The merits of single-sex education have long been debated in the United States, where demand for single-sex schools is on the rise. Title IV, a 1972 law prohibiting sex discrimination in education, was amended in 2006, allowing for the establishment of single-sex state schools so long as a co- educational alternative is available. While critics view single-sex schools as discriminatory and inadequate preparation for adult life, advocates claim that children, and particularly girls, benefit from a single-sex education. Some American research shows that girls attending single-sex schools have higher self-esteem, participate more in class, and score higher on aptitude tests than their counterparts in co-educational schools. A 2005 study claimed that both girls and boys attending single-sex schools spent more time on homework and had less disciplinary problems. Single-sex schools subvert stereotypical course-taking patterns and results. Advocates of single-sex schooling argue that educators can teach more effectively by tailoring their tuition to reflect current research about gender-based brain development. Many experts, however, believe that research into single-sex education is inconclusive, and that so long as the education provided is gender-fair, both girls and boys can thrive in a co-educational environment.", "hypothesis": "Whereas girls benefit academically from single-sex education, the only advantage for boys is improved discipline.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_363", "premise": "The ministry of railways has decided to develop 400 identified railway stations under the innovative Swiss Challenge method; it has decided to go ahead with the development of a few stations on its own.", "hypothesis": "Railways has decided to develop stations into commercial hubs along with all the amenities for passengers.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_364", "premise": "The ministry of railways has decided to develop 400 identified railway stations under the innovative Swiss Challenge method; it has decided to go ahead with the development of a few stations on its own.", "hypothesis": "There are several methods to develop a railway station.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_365", "premise": "The ministry of railways has decided to develop 400 identified railway stations under the innovative Swiss Challenge method; it has decided to go ahead with the development of a few stations on its own.", "hypothesis": "Railways has decided to revamp the railway stations with the help of private sector.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_366", "premise": "The ministry of railways has decided to develop 400 identified railway stations under the innovative Swiss Challenge method; it has decided to go ahead with the development of a few stations on its own.", "hypothesis": "Railways has decided to upgrade a few stations with the help of the public sector.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_367", "premise": "The model of consumer behavior on which neo-classical demand theory is based implies that consumers are perfectly informed about the price and quality characteristics of the products on offer, and are constantly altering their expenditure patterns in response to price and quality changes, so as to maximize their total utility(satisfaction). This model is unrealistic, as the range of products on offer in modern markets is immense, and no consumer has the knowledge or inclination to acquire the information that would be needed to make choices in this way.", "hypothesis": "Being up to date with product information plays little part in neo-classical demand theory.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_368", "premise": "The model of consumer behavior on which neo-classical demand theory is based implies that consumers are perfectly informed about the price and quality characteristics of the products on offer, and are constantly altering their expenditure patterns in response to price and quality changes, so as to maximize their total utility(satisfaction). This model is unrealistic, as the range of products on offer in modern markets is immense, and no consumer has the knowledge or inclination to acquire the information that would be needed to make choices in this way.", "hypothesis": "Neo-classical demand theory is only one of a number of models of consumer behavior.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_369", "premise": "The model of consumer behavior on which neo-classical demand theory is based implies that consumers are perfectly informed about the price and quality characteristics of the products on offer, and are constantly altering their expenditure patterns in response to price and quality changes, so as to maximize their total utility(satisfaction). This model is unrealistic, as the range of products on offer in modern markets is immense, and no consumer has the knowledge or inclination to acquire the information that would be needed to make choices in this way.", "hypothesis": "Maximizing the total utility of a product purchase implies consideration of both price and quality characteristics.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_370", "premise": "The model of consumer behavior on which neo-classical demand theory is based implies that consumers are perfectly informed about the price and quality characteristics of the products on offer, and are constantly altering their expenditure patterns in response to price and quality changes, so as to maximize their total utility(satisfaction). This model is unrealistic, as the range of products on offer in modern markets is immense, and no consumer has the knowledge or inclination to acquire the information that would be needed to make choices in this way.", "hypothesis": "There are some consumers who are perfectly informed about the price and quality characteristics of products on offer.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_371", "premise": "The model of consumer behaviour on which neo-classical demand theory is based implies that consumers are perfectly informed about the price and quality characteristics of the products on offer, and are constantly altering their expenditure patterns in response to price and quality changes, so as to maximise their total utility (satisfaction). This model is unrealistic, as the range of products on offer in modern markets is immense, and no consumer has the knowledge or inclination to acquire the information that would be needed to make choices in this way.", "hypothesis": "Being up to date with product information plays little part in neo-classical demand theory.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_372", "premise": "The model of consumer behaviour on which neo-classical demand theory is based implies that consumers are perfectly informed about the price and quality characteristics of the products on offer, and are constantly altering their expenditure patterns in response to price and quality changes, so as to maximise their total utility (satisfaction). This model is unrealistic, as the range of products on offer in modern markets is immense, and no consumer has the knowledge or inclination to acquire the information that would be needed to make choices in this way.", "hypothesis": "Neo-classical demand theory is only one of a number of models of consumer behaviour.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_373", "premise": "The model of consumer behaviour on which neo-classical demand theory is based implies that consumers are perfectly informed about the price and quality characteristics of the products on offer, and are constantly altering their expenditure patterns in response to price and quality changes, so as to maximise their total utility (satisfaction). This model is unrealistic, as the range of products on offer in modern markets is immense, and no consumer has the knowledge or inclination to acquire the information that would be needed to make choices in this way.", "hypothesis": "There are some consumers who are perfectly informed about the price and quality characteristics of products on offer.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_374", "premise": "The model of consumer behaviour on which neo-classical demand theory is based implies that consumers are perfectly informed about the price and quality characteristics of the products on offer, and are constantly altering their expenditure patterns in response to price and quality changes, so as to maximise their total utility (satisfaction). This model is unrealistic, as the range of products on offer in modern markets is immense, and no consumer has the knowledge or inclination to acquire the information that would be needed to make choices in this way.", "hypothesis": "Maximising the total utility of a product purchase implies consideration of both price and quality characteristics.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_375", "premise": "The most commonly cited reasons for companies to use the internet for recruitment were cost-effectiveness, ease of use and the potential to access a larger number of candidates. In the past year the number of organizations using the internet to fill jobs has risen by almost a third. Now 12 million job seekers are expected to apply online in the UK each year. In the United States 51% of all jobs were advertised online; the UK figure is around 27%, so analysts feel that there is still considerable growth left in the UK market. The age of online recruitment seems to have arrived, but many companies are using it only as one part of a multimedia recruitment strategy.", "hypothesis": "One reason for online recruitments popularity is because it represents good value.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_376", "premise": "The most commonly cited reasons for companies to use the internet for recruitment were cost-effectiveness, ease of use and the potential to access a larger number of candidates. In the past year the number of organizations using the internet to fill jobs has risen by almost a third. Now 12 million job seekers are expected to apply online in the UK each year. In the United States 51% of all jobs were advertised online; the UK figure is around 27%, so analysts feel that there is still considerable growth left in the UK market. The age of online recruitment seems to have arrived, but many companies are using it only as one part of a multimedia recruitment strategy.", "hypothesis": "The majority of UK jobs are now advertised on the internet.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_377", "premise": "The most commonly cited reasons for companies to use the internet for recruitment were cost-effectiveness, ease of use and the potential to access a larger number of candidates. In the past year the number of organizations using the internet to fill jobs has risen by almost a third. Now 12 million job seekers are expected to apply online in the UK each year. In the United States 51% of all jobs were advertised online; the UK figure is around 27%, so analysts feel that there is still considerable growth left in the UK market. The age of online recruitment seems to have arrived, but many companies are using it only as one part of a multimedia recruitment strategy.", "hypothesis": "To be sure to access an even larger number of candidates a company must advertise vacancies on the internet as well as through more traditional media.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_378", "premise": "The most prevalent neurological condition in the developed world, migraine is characterised by severe, recurrent headaches, with additional symptoms including nausea and sensitivity to light and sound. The frequency and duration of migraine attacks are variable: attacks may occur a few times a year or several times per month, while pain may last between four hours and three days. Approximately one third of sufferers experience an aura a perceptual disturbance occurring before the migraines onset. There are numerous theories on the cause of migraines. The vascular theory posits that migraines are caused by problems with blood vessels in the brain. A more widely held view is that migraines result from low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Prophylactic drug treatment, which prevents the onset of migraines, has declined in recent years, because of side effects and also improvements in medications treating an actual attack. Whereas older varieties of pain medication are potentially addictive, newer drugs called triptans work by reducing pain information travelling to the brain. Treatment plans typically include avoidance of known migraine triggers, such as diet, alcohol, and stress, as overuse of medication can lead to chronic rebound headaches. Not only do migraines have a debilitating effect on sufferers, they are also bad for the economy, with an estimated 25 million days lost from work every year in the UK alone.", "hypothesis": "The vascular theory has been discredited.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_379", "premise": "The most prevalent neurological condition in the developed world, migraine is characterised by severe, recurrent headaches, with additional symptoms including nausea and sensitivity to light and sound. The frequency and duration of migraine attacks are variable: attacks may occur a few times a year or several times per month, while pain may last between four hours and three days. Approximately one third of sufferers experience an aura a perceptual disturbance occurring before the migraines onset. There are numerous theories on the cause of migraines. The vascular theory posits that migraines are caused by problems with blood vessels in the brain. A more widely held view is that migraines result from low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Prophylactic drug treatment, which prevents the onset of migraines, has declined in recent years, because of side effects and also improvements in medications treating an actual attack. Whereas older varieties of pain medication are potentially addictive, newer drugs called triptans work by reducing pain information travelling to the brain. Treatment plans typically include avoidance of known migraine triggers, such as diet, alcohol, and stress, as overuse of medication can lead to chronic rebound headaches. Not only do migraines have a debilitating effect on sufferers, they are also bad for the economy, with an estimated 25 million days lost from work every year in the UK alone.", "hypothesis": "The passage states that it is not possible to work when suffering from a migraine.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_380", "premise": "The most prevalent neurological condition in the developed world, migraine is characterised by severe, recurrent headaches, with additional symptoms including nausea and sensitivity to light and sound. The frequency and duration of migraine attacks are variable: attacks may occur a few times a year or several times per month, while pain may last between four hours and three days. Approximately one third of sufferers experience an aura a perceptual disturbance occurring before the migraines onset. There are numerous theories on the cause of migraines. The vascular theory posits that migraines are caused by problems with blood vessels in the brain. A more widely held view is that migraines result from low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Prophylactic drug treatment, which prevents the onset of migraines, has declined in recent years, because of side effects and also improvements in medications treating an actual attack. Whereas older varieties of pain medication are potentially addictive, newer drugs called triptans work by reducing pain information travelling to the brain. Treatment plans typically include avoidance of known migraine triggers, such as diet, alcohol, and stress, as overuse of medication can lead to chronic rebound headaches. Not only do migraines have a debilitating effect on sufferers, they are also bad for the economy, with an estimated 25 million days lost from work every year in the UK alone.", "hypothesis": "One third of migraines are preceded by a heightened sensitivity to light.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_381", "premise": "The most prevalent neurological condition in the developed world, migraine is characterised by severe, recurrent headaches, with additional symptoms including nausea and sensitivity to light and sound. The frequency and duration of migraine attacks are variable: attacks may occur a few times a year or several times per month, while pain may last between four hours and three days. Approximately one third of sufferers experience an aura a perceptual disturbance occurring before the migraines onset. There are numerous theories on the cause of migraines. The vascular theory posits that migraines are caused by problems with blood vessels in the brain. A more widely held view is that migraines result from low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Prophylactic drug treatment, which prevents the onset of migraines, has declined in recent years, because of side effects and also improvements in medications treating an actual attack. Whereas older varieties of pain medication are potentially addictive, newer drugs called triptans work by reducing pain information travelling to the brain. Treatment plans typically include avoidance of known migraine triggers, such as diet, alcohol, and stress, as overuse of medication can lead to chronic rebound headaches. Not only do migraines have a debilitating effect on sufferers, they are also bad for the economy, with an estimated 25 million days lost from work every year in the UK alone.", "hypothesis": "Triptans are a new form of prophylactic drug which are less addictive than older medications.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_382", "premise": "The most prevalent neurological condition in the developed world, migraine is characterised by severe, recurrent headaches, with additional symptoms including nausea and sensitivity to light and sound. The frequency and duration of migraine attacks are variable: attacks may occur a few times a year or several times per month, while pain may last between four hours and three days. Approximately one third of sufferers experience an aura a perceptual disturbance occurring before the migraines onset. There are numerous theories on the cause of migraines. The vascular theory posits that migraines are caused by problems with blood vessels in the brain. A more widely held view is that migraines result from low levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Prophylactic drug treatment, which prevents the onset of migraines, has declined in recent years, because of side effects and also improvements in medications treating an actual attack. Whereas older varieties of pain medication are potentially addictive, newer drugs called triptans work by reducing pain information travelling to the brain. Treatment plans typically include avoidance of known migraine triggers, such as diet, alcohol, and stress, as overuse of medication can lead to chronic rebound headaches. Not only do migraines have a debilitating effect on sufferers, they are also bad for the economy, with an estimated 25 million days lost from work every year in the UK alone.", "hypothesis": "Although the cause of migraines is unknown, serotonin deficiency is the most commonly held theory.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_383", "premise": "The music industry continues to be one of the fastest growing sectors of the British economy. This trend can be traced to the large range of medias available, such as concerts and downloads, and the wide ranging target audience. For example, the music industry confidently boasts to be the only form of media enjoyed by both the youngest and oldest individuals in society. In comparison, forms of media, such as gaming, are enjoyed a by a marginal sector of society. However, statistics suggest that not all forms of music are enjoying this boom. Sales figures for operatic music continue to decrease steadily. In this way, it is feared that the dominance of the music industry, catering to popular culture, comes at the expense of long-standing art forms.", "hypothesis": "the music industry the fastest growing sector in the British economy because it caters to a wide target audience.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_384", "premise": "The music, film and video game retailer HMV recently reported annual loss of 38.6 million due to declining sales and restructuring costs. The main reason attributed to this decline in sales is the rise of online music and film download websites. Music and film lovers are now able to download songs and film at the click of a button, without requiring a stop at their local HMV or retailer. Only time will tell if the online music and film industry will make HMV, the CD and the DVD obsolete in favour of a fully online entertainment industry.", "hypothesis": "HMVs reported annual loss was 38.6 Million", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_385", "premise": "The name is a reference to the colour scheme that the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) created to give the movement a uniform, nationwide image. By doing so, it became one of the first groups to project a corporate identity, and it is this advanced marketing strategy, along with the other organisational and commercial achievements of the WSPU, to which the exhibition is devoted. The suffragette movement, which campaigned for votes for women in the early twentieth century, is most commonly associated with the Pankhurst family and militant acts of varying degrees of violence. The Museum of London has drawn on its archive collection to convey a fresh picture with its exhibition The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London 1906- Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put womens suffrage on the political agenda. New Zealand, Australia and parts of the United States had already enfranchised women, and growing numbers of their British counterparts wanted the same opportunity. With their slogan Deeds not words, and the introduction of the colour scheme, the WSPU soon brought the movement the cohesion and focus it had previously lacked. Membership grew rapidly as women deserted the many other, less directed, groups and joined it. By 1906 the WSPU headquarters, called the Womens Press Shop, had been established in Charing Cross Road and in spite of limited communications (no radio or television, and minimal use of the telephone) the message had spread around the country, with members and branch officers stretching to as far away as Scotland. The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later The Suffragette, played a vital role in this communication. Both were sold throughout the country and proved an invaluable way of informing members of meetings, marches, fund-raising events and the latest news and views on the movement. Equally importantly for a rising political group, the newspaper returned a profit. This was partly becauseReading advertising space was bought in the paper by large department stores such as Selfridges, and jewellers such as Mappin & Webb. These two, together with other like- minded commercial enterprises sympathetic to the cause, had quickly identified a direct way to reach a huge market of women, many with money to spend. The creation of the colour scheme provided another money-making opportunity which the WSPU was quick to exploit. The group began to sell playing cards, board games, Christmas and greeting cards, and countless other goods, all in the purple, white and green colours. In 1906 such merchandising of a corporate identity was a new marketing concept. But the paper and merchandising activities alone did not provide sufficient funds for the WSPU to meet organisational costs, so numerous other fund-raising activities combined to fill the coffers of the war chest. The most notable of these was the Womans Exhibition, which took place in 1909 in a Knightsbridge ice-skating rink, and in 10 days raised the equivalent of 250,000 today. The Museum of Londons exhibition is largely visual, with a huge number of items on show. Against a quiet background hum of street sounds, copies of The Suffragette, campaign banners and photographs are all on display, together with one of Mrs Pankhursts shoes and a number of purple, white and green trinkets. Photographs depict vivid scenes of a suffragettes life: WSPU members on a self- proclaimed monster march, wearing their official uniforms of a white frock decorated with purple, white and green accessories; women selling The Suffragette at street corners, or chalking up pavements with details of a forthcoming meeting. Windows display postcards and greeting cards designed by women artists for the movement, and the quality of the artwork indicates the wealth of resources the WSPU could call on from its talented members. Visitors can watch a short film made up of old newsreels and cinema material which clearly reveals the political mood of the day towards the suffragettes. The programme begins with a short film devised by the antis - those opposed to women having the vote -depicting a suffragette as a fierce harridan bullying her poor, abused husband. Original newsreel footage shows the suffragette Emily Wilding Davison throwing herself under King George Vs horse at a famous race- Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved. It demonstrates how advanced the suffragettes were in their thinking, in the marketing of their campaign, and in their work as shrewd and skilful image-builders. It also conveys a sense of the energy and ability the suffragettes brought to their fight for freedom and equality. And it illustrates the intelligence employed by women who were at that time deemed by several politicians to have brains too small to know how to vote.", "hypothesis": "The Museum of London exhibition includes some of the goods sold by the movement.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_386", "premise": "The name is a reference to the colour scheme that the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) created to give the movement a uniform, nationwide image. By doing so, it became one of the first groups to project a corporate identity, and it is this advanced marketing strategy, along with the other organisational and commercial achievements of the WSPU, to which the exhibition is devoted. The suffragette movement, which campaigned for votes for women in the early twentieth century, is most commonly associated with the Pankhurst family and militant acts of varying degrees of violence. The Museum of London has drawn on its archive collection to convey a fresh picture with its exhibition The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London 1906- Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put womens suffrage on the political agenda. New Zealand, Australia and parts of the United States had already enfranchised women, and growing numbers of their British counterparts wanted the same opportunity. With their slogan Deeds not words, and the introduction of the colour scheme, the WSPU soon brought the movement the cohesion and focus it had previously lacked. Membership grew rapidly as women deserted the many other, less directed, groups and joined it. By 1906 the WSPU headquarters, called the Womens Press Shop, had been established in Charing Cross Road and in spite of limited communications (no radio or television, and minimal use of the telephone) the message had spread around the country, with members and branch officers stretching to as far away as Scotland. The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later The Suffragette, played a vital role in this communication. Both were sold throughout the country and proved an invaluable way of informing members of meetings, marches, fund-raising events and the latest news and views on the movement. Equally importantly for a rising political group, the newspaper returned a profit. This was partly becauseReading advertising space was bought in the paper by large department stores such as Selfridges, and jewellers such as Mappin & Webb. These two, together with other like- minded commercial enterprises sympathetic to the cause, had quickly identified a direct way to reach a huge market of women, many with money to spend. The creation of the colour scheme provided another money-making opportunity which the WSPU was quick to exploit. The group began to sell playing cards, board games, Christmas and greeting cards, and countless other goods, all in the purple, white and green colours. In 1906 such merchandising of a corporate identity was a new marketing concept. But the paper and merchandising activities alone did not provide sufficient funds for the WSPU to meet organisational costs, so numerous other fund-raising activities combined to fill the coffers of the war chest. The most notable of these was the Womans Exhibition, which took place in 1909 in a Knightsbridge ice-skating rink, and in 10 days raised the equivalent of 250,000 today. The Museum of Londons exhibition is largely visual, with a huge number of items on show. Against a quiet background hum of street sounds, copies of The Suffragette, campaign banners and photographs are all on display, together with one of Mrs Pankhursts shoes and a number of purple, white and green trinkets. Photographs depict vivid scenes of a suffragettes life: WSPU members on a self- proclaimed monster march, wearing their official uniforms of a white frock decorated with purple, white and green accessories; women selling The Suffragette at street corners, or chalking up pavements with details of a forthcoming meeting. Windows display postcards and greeting cards designed by women artists for the movement, and the quality of the artwork indicates the wealth of resources the WSPU could call on from its talented members. Visitors can watch a short film made up of old newsreels and cinema material which clearly reveals the political mood of the day towards the suffragettes. The programme begins with a short film devised by the antis - those opposed to women having the vote -depicting a suffragette as a fierce harridan bullying her poor, abused husband. Original newsreel footage shows the suffragette Emily Wilding Davison throwing herself under King George Vs horse at a famous race- Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved. It demonstrates how advanced the suffragettes were in their thinking, in the marketing of their campaign, and in their work as shrewd and skilful image-builders. It also conveys a sense of the energy and ability the suffragettes brought to their fight for freedom and equality. And it illustrates the intelligence employed by women who were at that time deemed by several politicians to have brains too small to know how to vote.", "hypothesis": "The opponents of the suffragettes made films opposing the movement.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_387", "premise": "The name is a reference to the colour scheme that the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) created to give the movement a uniform, nationwide image. By doing so, it became one of the first groups to project a corporate identity, and it is this advanced marketing strategy, along with the other organisational and commercial achievements of the WSPU, to which the exhibition is devoted. The suffragette movement, which campaigned for votes for women in the early twentieth century, is most commonly associated with the Pankhurst family and militant acts of varying degrees of violence. The Museum of London has drawn on its archive collection to convey a fresh picture with its exhibition The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London 1906- Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put womens suffrage on the political agenda. New Zealand, Australia and parts of the United States had already enfranchised women, and growing numbers of their British counterparts wanted the same opportunity. With their slogan Deeds not words, and the introduction of the colour scheme, the WSPU soon brought the movement the cohesion and focus it had previously lacked. Membership grew rapidly as women deserted the many other, less directed, groups and joined it. By 1906 the WSPU headquarters, called the Womens Press Shop, had been established in Charing Cross Road and in spite of limited communications (no radio or television, and minimal use of the telephone) the message had spread around the country, with members and branch officers stretching to as far away as Scotland. The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later The Suffragette, played a vital role in this communication. Both were sold throughout the country and proved an invaluable way of informing members of meetings, marches, fund-raising events and the latest news and views on the movement. Equally importantly for a rising political group, the newspaper returned a profit. This was partly becauseReading advertising space was bought in the paper by large department stores such as Selfridges, and jewellers such as Mappin & Webb. These two, together with other like- minded commercial enterprises sympathetic to the cause, had quickly identified a direct way to reach a huge market of women, many with money to spend. The creation of the colour scheme provided another money-making opportunity which the WSPU was quick to exploit. The group began to sell playing cards, board games, Christmas and greeting cards, and countless other goods, all in the purple, white and green colours. In 1906 such merchandising of a corporate identity was a new marketing concept. But the paper and merchandising activities alone did not provide sufficient funds for the WSPU to meet organisational costs, so numerous other fund-raising activities combined to fill the coffers of the war chest. The most notable of these was the Womans Exhibition, which took place in 1909 in a Knightsbridge ice-skating rink, and in 10 days raised the equivalent of 250,000 today. The Museum of Londons exhibition is largely visual, with a huge number of items on show. Against a quiet background hum of street sounds, copies of The Suffragette, campaign banners and photographs are all on display, together with one of Mrs Pankhursts shoes and a number of purple, white and green trinkets. Photographs depict vivid scenes of a suffragettes life: WSPU members on a self- proclaimed monster march, wearing their official uniforms of a white frock decorated with purple, white and green accessories; women selling The Suffragette at street corners, or chalking up pavements with details of a forthcoming meeting. Windows display postcards and greeting cards designed by women artists for the movement, and the quality of the artwork indicates the wealth of resources the WSPU could call on from its talented members. Visitors can watch a short film made up of old newsreels and cinema material which clearly reveals the political mood of the day towards the suffragettes. The programme begins with a short film devised by the antis - those opposed to women having the vote -depicting a suffragette as a fierce harridan bullying her poor, abused husband. Original newsreel footage shows the suffragette Emily Wilding Davison throwing herself under King George Vs horse at a famous race- Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved. It demonstrates how advanced the suffragettes were in their thinking, in the marketing of their campaign, and in their work as shrewd and skilful image-builders. It also conveys a sense of the energy and ability the suffragettes brought to their fight for freedom and equality. And it illustrates the intelligence employed by women who were at that time deemed by several politicians to have brains too small to know how to vote.", "hypothesis": "The WSPUs newspapers were mainly devoted to society news and gossip.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_388", "premise": "The name is a reference to the colour scheme that the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) created to give the movement a uniform, nationwide image. By doing so, it became one of the first groups to project a corporate identity, and it is this advanced marketing strategy, along with the other organisational and commercial achievements of the WSPU, to which the exhibition is devoted. The suffragette movement, which campaigned for votes for women in the early twentieth century, is most commonly associated with the Pankhurst family and militant acts of varying degrees of violence. The Museum of London has drawn on its archive collection to convey a fresh picture with its exhibition The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London 1906- Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put womens suffrage on the political agenda. New Zealand, Australia and parts of the United States had already enfranchised women, and growing numbers of their British counterparts wanted the same opportunity. With their slogan Deeds not words, and the introduction of the colour scheme, the WSPU soon brought the movement the cohesion and focus it had previously lacked. Membership grew rapidly as women deserted the many other, less directed, groups and joined it. By 1906 the WSPU headquarters, called the Womens Press Shop, had been established in Charing Cross Road and in spite of limited communications (no radio or television, and minimal use of the telephone) the message had spread around the country, with members and branch officers stretching to as far away as Scotland. The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later The Suffragette, played a vital role in this communication. Both were sold throughout the country and proved an invaluable way of informing members of meetings, marches, fund-raising events and the latest news and views on the movement. Equally importantly for a rising political group, the newspaper returned a profit. This was partly becauseReading advertising space was bought in the paper by large department stores such as Selfridges, and jewellers such as Mappin & Webb. These two, together with other like- minded commercial enterprises sympathetic to the cause, had quickly identified a direct way to reach a huge market of women, many with money to spend. The creation of the colour scheme provided another money-making opportunity which the WSPU was quick to exploit. The group began to sell playing cards, board games, Christmas and greeting cards, and countless other goods, all in the purple, white and green colours. In 1906 such merchandising of a corporate identity was a new marketing concept. But the paper and merchandising activities alone did not provide sufficient funds for the WSPU to meet organisational costs, so numerous other fund-raising activities combined to fill the coffers of the war chest. The most notable of these was the Womans Exhibition, which took place in 1909 in a Knightsbridge ice-skating rink, and in 10 days raised the equivalent of 250,000 today. The Museum of Londons exhibition is largely visual, with a huge number of items on show. Against a quiet background hum of street sounds, copies of The Suffragette, campaign banners and photographs are all on display, together with one of Mrs Pankhursts shoes and a number of purple, white and green trinkets. Photographs depict vivid scenes of a suffragettes life: WSPU members on a self- proclaimed monster march, wearing their official uniforms of a white frock decorated with purple, white and green accessories; women selling The Suffragette at street corners, or chalking up pavements with details of a forthcoming meeting. Windows display postcards and greeting cards designed by women artists for the movement, and the quality of the artwork indicates the wealth of resources the WSPU could call on from its talented members. Visitors can watch a short film made up of old newsreels and cinema material which clearly reveals the political mood of the day towards the suffragettes. The programme begins with a short film devised by the antis - those opposed to women having the vote -depicting a suffragette as a fierce harridan bullying her poor, abused husband. Original newsreel footage shows the suffragette Emily Wilding Davison throwing herself under King George Vs horse at a famous race- Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved. It demonstrates how advanced the suffragettes were in their thinking, in the marketing of their campaign, and in their work as shrewd and skilful image-builders. It also conveys a sense of the energy and ability the suffragettes brought to their fight for freedom and equality. And it illustrates the intelligence employed by women who were at that time deemed by several politicians to have brains too small to know how to vote.", "hypothesis": "The Womans Exhibition in 1909 met with great opposition from Parliament.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_389", "premise": "The name is a reference to the colour scheme that the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) created to give the movement a uniform, nationwide image. By doing so, it became one of the first groups to project a corporate identity, and it is this advanced marketing strategy, along with the other organisational and commercial achievements of the WSPU, to which the exhibition is devoted. The suffragette movement, which campaigned for votes for women in the early twentieth century, is most commonly associated with the Pankhurst family and militant acts of varying degrees of violence. The Museum of London has drawn on its archive collection to convey a fresh picture with its exhibition The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London 1906- Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put womens suffrage on the political agenda. New Zealand, Australia and parts of the United States had already enfranchised women, and growing numbers of their British counterparts wanted the same opportunity. With their slogan Deeds not words, and the introduction of the colour scheme, the WSPU soon brought the movement the cohesion and focus it had previously lacked. Membership grew rapidly as women deserted the many other, less directed, groups and joined it. By 1906 the WSPU headquarters, called the Womens Press Shop, had been established in Charing Cross Road and in spite of limited communications (no radio or television, and minimal use of the telephone) the message had spread around the country, with members and branch officers stretching to as far away as Scotland. The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later The Suffragette, played a vital role in this communication. Both were sold throughout the country and proved an invaluable way of informing members of meetings, marches, fund-raising events and the latest news and views on the movement. Equally importantly for a rising political group, the newspaper returned a profit. This was partly becauseReading advertising space was bought in the paper by large department stores such as Selfridges, and jewellers such as Mappin & Webb. These two, together with other like- minded commercial enterprises sympathetic to the cause, had quickly identified a direct way to reach a huge market of women, many with money to spend. The creation of the colour scheme provided another money-making opportunity which the WSPU was quick to exploit. The group began to sell playing cards, board games, Christmas and greeting cards, and countless other goods, all in the purple, white and green colours. In 1906 such merchandising of a corporate identity was a new marketing concept. But the paper and merchandising activities alone did not provide sufficient funds for the WSPU to meet organisational costs, so numerous other fund-raising activities combined to fill the coffers of the war chest. The most notable of these was the Womans Exhibition, which took place in 1909 in a Knightsbridge ice-skating rink, and in 10 days raised the equivalent of 250,000 today. The Museum of Londons exhibition is largely visual, with a huge number of items on show. Against a quiet background hum of street sounds, copies of The Suffragette, campaign banners and photographs are all on display, together with one of Mrs Pankhursts shoes and a number of purple, white and green trinkets. Photographs depict vivid scenes of a suffragettes life: WSPU members on a self- proclaimed monster march, wearing their official uniforms of a white frock decorated with purple, white and green accessories; women selling The Suffragette at street corners, or chalking up pavements with details of a forthcoming meeting. Windows display postcards and greeting cards designed by women artists for the movement, and the quality of the artwork indicates the wealth of resources the WSPU could call on from its talented members. Visitors can watch a short film made up of old newsreels and cinema material which clearly reveals the political mood of the day towards the suffragettes. The programme begins with a short film devised by the antis - those opposed to women having the vote -depicting a suffragette as a fierce harridan bullying her poor, abused husband. Original newsreel footage shows the suffragette Emily Wilding Davison throwing herself under King George Vs horse at a famous race- Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved. It demonstrates how advanced the suffragettes were in their thinking, in the marketing of their campaign, and in their work as shrewd and skilful image-builders. It also conveys a sense of the energy and ability the suffragettes brought to their fight for freedom and equality. And it illustrates the intelligence employed by women who were at that time deemed by several politicians to have brains too small to know how to vote.", "hypothesis": "In 1903 women in Australia were still not allowed to vote.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_390", "premise": "The name is a reference to the colour scheme that the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) created to give the movement a uniform, nationwide image. By doing so, it became one of the first groups to project a corporate identity, and it is this advanced marketing strategy, along with the other organisational and commercial achievements of the WSPU, to which the exhibition is devoted. The suffragette movement, which campaigned for votes for women in the early twentieth century, is most commonly associated with the Pankhurst family and militant acts of varying degrees of violence. The Museum of London has drawn on its archive collection to convey a fresh picture with its exhibition The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London 1906- Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put womens suffrage on the political agenda. New Zealand, Australia and parts of the United States had already enfranchised women, and growing numbers of their British counterparts wanted the same opportunity. With their slogan Deeds not words, and the introduction of the colour scheme, the WSPU soon brought the movement the cohesion and focus it had previously lacked. Membership grew rapidly as women deserted the many other, less directed, groups and joined it. By 1906 the WSPU headquarters, called the Womens Press Shop, had been established in Charing Cross Road and in spite of limited communications (no radio or television, and minimal use of the telephone) the message had spread around the country, with members and branch officers stretching to as far away as Scotland. The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later The Suffragette, played a vital role in this communication. Both were sold throughout the country and proved an invaluable way of informing members of meetings, marches, fund-raising events and the latest news and views on the movement. Equally importantly for a rising political group, the newspaper returned a profit. This was partly becauseReading advertising space was bought in the paper by large department stores such as Selfridges, and jewellers such as Mappin & Webb. These two, together with other like- minded commercial enterprises sympathetic to the cause, had quickly identified a direct way to reach a huge market of women, many with money to spend. The creation of the colour scheme provided another money-making opportunity which the WSPU was quick to exploit. The group began to sell playing cards, board games, Christmas and greeting cards, and countless other goods, all in the purple, white and green colours. In 1906 such merchandising of a corporate identity was a new marketing concept. But the paper and merchandising activities alone did not provide sufficient funds for the WSPU to meet organisational costs, so numerous other fund-raising activities combined to fill the coffers of the war chest. The most notable of these was the Womans Exhibition, which took place in 1909 in a Knightsbridge ice-skating rink, and in 10 days raised the equivalent of 250,000 today. The Museum of Londons exhibition is largely visual, with a huge number of items on show. Against a quiet background hum of street sounds, copies of The Suffragette, campaign banners and photographs are all on display, together with one of Mrs Pankhursts shoes and a number of purple, white and green trinkets. Photographs depict vivid scenes of a suffragettes life: WSPU members on a self- proclaimed monster march, wearing their official uniforms of a white frock decorated with purple, white and green accessories; women selling The Suffragette at street corners, or chalking up pavements with details of a forthcoming meeting. Windows display postcards and greeting cards designed by women artists for the movement, and the quality of the artwork indicates the wealth of resources the WSPU could call on from its talented members. Visitors can watch a short film made up of old newsreels and cinema material which clearly reveals the political mood of the day towards the suffragettes. The programme begins with a short film devised by the antis - those opposed to women having the vote -depicting a suffragette as a fierce harridan bullying her poor, abused husband. Original newsreel footage shows the suffragette Emily Wilding Davison throwing herself under King George Vs horse at a famous race- Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved. It demonstrates how advanced the suffragettes were in their thinking, in the marketing of their campaign, and in their work as shrewd and skilful image-builders. It also conveys a sense of the energy and ability the suffragettes brought to their fight for freedom and equality. And it illustrates the intelligence employed by women who were at that time deemed by several politicians to have brains too small to know how to vote.", "hypothesis": "The main organs of communication for the WSPU were its two newspapers.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_391", "premise": "The name is a reference to the colour scheme that the Womens Social and Political Union (WSPU) created to give the movement a uniform, nationwide image. By doing so, it became one of the first groups to project a corporate identity, and it is this advanced marketing strategy, along with the other organisational and commercial achievements of the WSPU, to which the exhibition is devoted. The suffragette movement, which campaigned for votes for women in the early twentieth century, is most commonly associated with the Pankhurst family and militant acts of varying degrees of violence. The Museum of London has drawn on its archive collection to convey a fresh picture with its exhibition The Purple, White and Green: Suffragettes in London 1906- Formed in 1903 by the political campaigner Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia, the WSPU began an educated campaign to put womens suffrage on the political agenda. New Zealand, Australia and parts of the United States had already enfranchised women, and growing numbers of their British counterparts wanted the same opportunity. With their slogan Deeds not words, and the introduction of the colour scheme, the WSPU soon brought the movement the cohesion and focus it had previously lacked. Membership grew rapidly as women deserted the many other, less directed, groups and joined it. By 1906 the WSPU headquarters, called the Womens Press Shop, had been established in Charing Cross Road and in spite of limited communications (no radio or television, and minimal use of the telephone) the message had spread around the country, with members and branch officers stretching to as far away as Scotland. The newspapers produced by the WSPU, first Votes for Women and later The Suffragette, played a vital role in this communication. Both were sold throughout the country and proved an invaluable way of informing members of meetings, marches, fund-raising events and the latest news and views on the movement. Equally importantly for a rising political group, the newspaper returned a profit. This was partly becauseReading advertising space was bought in the paper by large department stores such as Selfridges, and jewellers such as Mappin & Webb. These two, together with other like- minded commercial enterprises sympathetic to the cause, had quickly identified a direct way to reach a huge market of women, many with money to spend. The creation of the colour scheme provided another money-making opportunity which the WSPU was quick to exploit. The group began to sell playing cards, board games, Christmas and greeting cards, and countless other goods, all in the purple, white and green colours. In 1906 such merchandising of a corporate identity was a new marketing concept. But the paper and merchandising activities alone did not provide sufficient funds for the WSPU to meet organisational costs, so numerous other fund-raising activities combined to fill the coffers of the war chest. The most notable of these was the Womans Exhibition, which took place in 1909 in a Knightsbridge ice-skating rink, and in 10 days raised the equivalent of 250,000 today. The Museum of Londons exhibition is largely visual, with a huge number of items on show. Against a quiet background hum of street sounds, copies of The Suffragette, campaign banners and photographs are all on display, together with one of Mrs Pankhursts shoes and a number of purple, white and green trinkets. Photographs depict vivid scenes of a suffragettes life: WSPU members on a self- proclaimed monster march, wearing their official uniforms of a white frock decorated with purple, white and green accessories; women selling The Suffragette at street corners, or chalking up pavements with details of a forthcoming meeting. Windows display postcards and greeting cards designed by women artists for the movement, and the quality of the artwork indicates the wealth of resources the WSPU could call on from its talented members. Visitors can watch a short film made up of old newsreels and cinema material which clearly reveals the political mood of the day towards the suffragettes. The programme begins with a short film devised by the antis - those opposed to women having the vote -depicting a suffragette as a fierce harridan bullying her poor, abused husband. Original newsreel footage shows the suffragette Emily Wilding Davison throwing herself under King George Vs horse at a famous race- Although the exhibition officially charts the years 1906 to 1914, graphic display boards outlining the bills of enfranchisement of 1918 and 1928, which gave the adult female populace of Britain the vote, show what was achieved. It demonstrates how advanced the suffragettes were in their thinking, in the marketing of their campaign, and in their work as shrewd and skilful image-builders. It also conveys a sense of the energy and ability the suffragettes brought to their fight for freedom and equality. And it illustrates the intelligence employed by women who were at that time deemed by several politicians to have brains too small to know how to vote.", "hypothesis": "The work of the WSPU was mainly confined to London and the south.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_392", "premise": "The nature of modern humans Recent work in the field of evolutionary anthropology has made it possible to compare modern humans with other related species. Genetic analysis resulted in several new findings. First, despite the length of time for which Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis had developed separately, (24).......................... did take place. Secondly, genes which evolved after modern humans split from Neanderthals are connected with cognitive ability and skeletal (25)......................... The potential for this line of research to shed light on the nature of modern humans was further strengthened when analysis of a (26)...................... led to the discovery of a new human species. The Future of fish The face of the ocean has changed completely since the first commercial fishers cast their nets and hooks over a thousand years ago. Fisheries intensified over the centuries, but even by the nineteenth century it was still felt, justifiably, that the plentiful resources of the sea were for the most part beyond the reach of fishing, and so there was little need to restrict fishing or create protected areas. The twentieth century heralded an escalation in fishing intensity that is unprecedented in the history of the oceans, and modern fishing technologies leave fish no place to hide. Today, the only refuges from fishing are those we deliberately create. Unhappily, the sea trails far behind the land in terms of the area and the quality of protection given. For centuries, as fishing and commerce have expanded, we have held onto the notion that the sea is different from the land. We still view it as a place where people and nations should be free to come and go at will, as well as somewhere that should be free for us to exploit. Perhaps this is why we have been so reluctant to protect the sea. On land, protected areas have proliferated as human populations have grown. Here, compared to the sea, we have made greater headway in our struggle to maintain the richness and variety of wildlife and landscape. Twelve percent of the worlds land is now contained in protected areas, whereas the corresponding figure for the sea is but three-fifths of one percent. Worse still, most marine protected areas allow some fishing to continue. Areas off-limits to all exploitation cover something like one five-thousandth of the total area of the worlds seas. Today, we are belatedly coming to realise that natural refuges from fishing have played a critical role in sustaining fisheries, and maintaining healthy and diverse marine ecosystems. This does not mean that marine reserves can rebuild fisheries on their own other management measures are also required for that. However, places that are off-limits to fishing constitute the last and most important part of our package of reform for fisheries management. They underpin and enhance all our other efforts. There are limits to protection though. Reserves cannot bring back what has died out. We can never resurrect globally extinct species, and restoring locally extinct animals may require reintroductions from elsewhere, if natural dispersal from remaining populations is insufficient. We are also seeing, in cases such as northern cod in Canada, that fishing can shift marine ecosystems into different states, where different mixes of species prevail. In many cases, these species are less desirable, since the prime fishing targets have gone or are much reduced in numbers, and changes may be difficult to reverse, even with a complete moratorium on fishing. The Mediterranean sailed by Ulysses, the legendary king of ancient Greece, supported abundant monk seals, loggerhead turtles and porpoises. Their disappearance through hunting and overfishing has totally restructured food webs, and recovery is likely to be much harder to achieve than their destruction was. This means that the sooner we act to protect marine life, the more certain will be our success. To some people, creating marine reserves is an admission of failure. According to their logic, reserves should not be necessary if we have done our work properly in managing the uses we make of the sea. Many fisheries managers are still wedded to the idea that one day their models will work, and politicians will listen to their advice. Just give the approach time, and success will be theirs. How much time have we got? This approach has been tried and refined for the last 50 years. There have been few successes which to feather the managers caps, but a growing litany of failure. The Common Fisheries Policy, the European Unions instrument for the management of fisheries and aquaculture, exemplifies the worst pitfalls: flawed models, flawed advice, watered-down recommendations from government bureaucrats and then the disregard of much of this advice by politicians. When it all went wrong, as it inevitably had to, Europe sent its boats to other countries in order to obtain fish for far less than they were actually worth. We are squandering the wealth of oceans. If we dont break out of this cycle of failure, humanity will lose a key source of protein, and much more besides. Disrupting natural ecosystem processes, such as water purification, nutrient cycling, and carbon storage, could have ramifications for human life itself. We can go a long way to avoiding this catastrophic mistake with simple common sense management. Marine reserves lie at the heart of the reform. But they will not be sufficient if they are implemented only here and there to shore up the crumbling edifice of the rational fisheries management envisioned by scientists in the 1940s and 1950s. They have to be placed centre stage as a fundamental underpinning for everything we do in the oceans. Reserves are a first resort, not a final resort when all else fails.", "hypothesis": "The re-introduction of certain mammals to the Mediterranean is a straightforward task.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_393", "premise": "The nature of modern humans Recent work in the field of evolutionary anthropology has made it possible to compare modern humans with other related species. Genetic analysis resulted in several new findings. First, despite the length of time for which Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis had developed separately, (24).......................... did take place. Secondly, genes which evolved after modern humans split from Neanderthals are connected with cognitive ability and skeletal (25)......................... The potential for this line of research to shed light on the nature of modern humans was further strengthened when analysis of a (26)...................... led to the discovery of a new human species. The Future of fish The face of the ocean has changed completely since the first commercial fishers cast their nets and hooks over a thousand years ago. Fisheries intensified over the centuries, but even by the nineteenth century it was still felt, justifiably, that the plentiful resources of the sea were for the most part beyond the reach of fishing, and so there was little need to restrict fishing or create protected areas. The twentieth century heralded an escalation in fishing intensity that is unprecedented in the history of the oceans, and modern fishing technologies leave fish no place to hide. Today, the only refuges from fishing are those we deliberately create. Unhappily, the sea trails far behind the land in terms of the area and the quality of protection given. For centuries, as fishing and commerce have expanded, we have held onto the notion that the sea is different from the land. We still view it as a place where people and nations should be free to come and go at will, as well as somewhere that should be free for us to exploit. Perhaps this is why we have been so reluctant to protect the sea. On land, protected areas have proliferated as human populations have grown. Here, compared to the sea, we have made greater headway in our struggle to maintain the richness and variety of wildlife and landscape. Twelve percent of the worlds land is now contained in protected areas, whereas the corresponding figure for the sea is but three-fifths of one percent. Worse still, most marine protected areas allow some fishing to continue. Areas off-limits to all exploitation cover something like one five-thousandth of the total area of the worlds seas. Today, we are belatedly coming to realise that natural refuges from fishing have played a critical role in sustaining fisheries, and maintaining healthy and diverse marine ecosystems. This does not mean that marine reserves can rebuild fisheries on their own other management measures are also required for that. However, places that are off-limits to fishing constitute the last and most important part of our package of reform for fisheries management. They underpin and enhance all our other efforts. There are limits to protection though. Reserves cannot bring back what has died out. We can never resurrect globally extinct species, and restoring locally extinct animals may require reintroductions from elsewhere, if natural dispersal from remaining populations is insufficient. We are also seeing, in cases such as northern cod in Canada, that fishing can shift marine ecosystems into different states, where different mixes of species prevail. In many cases, these species are less desirable, since the prime fishing targets have gone or are much reduced in numbers, and changes may be difficult to reverse, even with a complete moratorium on fishing. The Mediterranean sailed by Ulysses, the legendary king of ancient Greece, supported abundant monk seals, loggerhead turtles and porpoises. Their disappearance through hunting and overfishing has totally restructured food webs, and recovery is likely to be much harder to achieve than their destruction was. This means that the sooner we act to protect marine life, the more certain will be our success. To some people, creating marine reserves is an admission of failure. According to their logic, reserves should not be necessary if we have done our work properly in managing the uses we make of the sea. Many fisheries managers are still wedded to the idea that one day their models will work, and politicians will listen to their advice. Just give the approach time, and success will be theirs. How much time have we got? This approach has been tried and refined for the last 50 years. There have been few successes which to feather the managers caps, but a growing litany of failure. The Common Fisheries Policy, the European Unions instrument for the management of fisheries and aquaculture, exemplifies the worst pitfalls: flawed models, flawed advice, watered-down recommendations from government bureaucrats and then the disregard of much of this advice by politicians. When it all went wrong, as it inevitably had to, Europe sent its boats to other countries in order to obtain fish for far less than they were actually worth. We are squandering the wealth of oceans. If we dont break out of this cycle of failure, humanity will lose a key source of protein, and much more besides. Disrupting natural ecosystem processes, such as water purification, nutrient cycling, and carbon storage, could have ramifications for human life itself. We can go a long way to avoiding this catastrophic mistake with simple common sense management. Marine reserves lie at the heart of the reform. But they will not be sufficient if they are implemented only here and there to shore up the crumbling edifice of the rational fisheries management envisioned by scientists in the 1940s and 1950s. They have to be placed centre stage as a fundamental underpinning for everything we do in the oceans. Reserves are a first resort, not a final resort when all else fails.", "hypothesis": "People should be encouraged to reduce the amount of fish they eat.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_394", "premise": "The nature of modern humans Recent work in the field of evolutionary anthropology has made it possible to compare modern humans with other related species. Genetic analysis resulted in several new findings. First, despite the length of time for which Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis had developed separately, (24).......................... did take place. Secondly, genes which evolved after modern humans split from Neanderthals are connected with cognitive ability and skeletal (25)......................... The potential for this line of research to shed light on the nature of modern humans was further strengthened when analysis of a (26)...................... led to the discovery of a new human species. The Future of fish The face of the ocean has changed completely since the first commercial fishers cast their nets and hooks over a thousand years ago. Fisheries intensified over the centuries, but even by the nineteenth century it was still felt, justifiably, that the plentiful resources of the sea were for the most part beyond the reach of fishing, and so there was little need to restrict fishing or create protected areas. The twentieth century heralded an escalation in fishing intensity that is unprecedented in the history of the oceans, and modern fishing technologies leave fish no place to hide. Today, the only refuges from fishing are those we deliberately create. Unhappily, the sea trails far behind the land in terms of the area and the quality of protection given. For centuries, as fishing and commerce have expanded, we have held onto the notion that the sea is different from the land. We still view it as a place where people and nations should be free to come and go at will, as well as somewhere that should be free for us to exploit. Perhaps this is why we have been so reluctant to protect the sea. On land, protected areas have proliferated as human populations have grown. Here, compared to the sea, we have made greater headway in our struggle to maintain the richness and variety of wildlife and landscape. Twelve percent of the worlds land is now contained in protected areas, whereas the corresponding figure for the sea is but three-fifths of one percent. Worse still, most marine protected areas allow some fishing to continue. Areas off-limits to all exploitation cover something like one five-thousandth of the total area of the worlds seas. Today, we are belatedly coming to realise that natural refuges from fishing have played a critical role in sustaining fisheries, and maintaining healthy and diverse marine ecosystems. This does not mean that marine reserves can rebuild fisheries on their own other management measures are also required for that. However, places that are off-limits to fishing constitute the last and most important part of our package of reform for fisheries management. They underpin and enhance all our other efforts. There are limits to protection though. Reserves cannot bring back what has died out. We can never resurrect globally extinct species, and restoring locally extinct animals may require reintroductions from elsewhere, if natural dispersal from remaining populations is insufficient. We are also seeing, in cases such as northern cod in Canada, that fishing can shift marine ecosystems into different states, where different mixes of species prevail. In many cases, these species are less desirable, since the prime fishing targets have gone or are much reduced in numbers, and changes may be difficult to reverse, even with a complete moratorium on fishing. The Mediterranean sailed by Ulysses, the legendary king of ancient Greece, supported abundant monk seals, loggerhead turtles and porpoises. Their disappearance through hunting and overfishing has totally restructured food webs, and recovery is likely to be much harder to achieve than their destruction was. This means that the sooner we act to protect marine life, the more certain will be our success. To some people, creating marine reserves is an admission of failure. According to their logic, reserves should not be necessary if we have done our work properly in managing the uses we make of the sea. Many fisheries managers are still wedded to the idea that one day their models will work, and politicians will listen to their advice. Just give the approach time, and success will be theirs. How much time have we got? This approach has been tried and refined for the last 50 years. There have been few successes which to feather the managers caps, but a growing litany of failure. The Common Fisheries Policy, the European Unions instrument for the management of fisheries and aquaculture, exemplifies the worst pitfalls: flawed models, flawed advice, watered-down recommendations from government bureaucrats and then the disregard of much of this advice by politicians. When it all went wrong, as it inevitably had to, Europe sent its boats to other countries in order to obtain fish for far less than they were actually worth. We are squandering the wealth of oceans. If we dont break out of this cycle of failure, humanity will lose a key source of protein, and much more besides. Disrupting natural ecosystem processes, such as water purification, nutrient cycling, and carbon storage, could have ramifications for human life itself. We can go a long way to avoiding this catastrophic mistake with simple common sense management. Marine reserves lie at the heart of the reform. But they will not be sufficient if they are implemented only here and there to shore up the crumbling edifice of the rational fisheries management envisioned by scientists in the 1940s and 1950s. They have to be placed centre stage as a fundamental underpinning for everything we do in the oceans. Reserves are a first resort, not a final resort when all else fails.", "hypothesis": "Sea fishing is now completely banned in the majority of protected areas.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_395", "premise": "The nature of modern humans Recent work in the field of evolutionary anthropology has made it possible to compare modern humans with other related species. Genetic analysis resulted in several new findings. First, despite the length of time for which Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis had developed separately, (24).......................... did take place. Secondly, genes which evolved after modern humans split from Neanderthals are connected with cognitive ability and skeletal (25)......................... The potential for this line of research to shed light on the nature of modern humans was further strengthened when analysis of a (26)...................... led to the discovery of a new human species. The Future of fish The face of the ocean has changed completely since the first commercial fishers cast their nets and hooks over a thousand years ago. Fisheries intensified over the centuries, but even by the nineteenth century it was still felt, justifiably, that the plentiful resources of the sea were for the most part beyond the reach of fishing, and so there was little need to restrict fishing or create protected areas. The twentieth century heralded an escalation in fishing intensity that is unprecedented in the history of the oceans, and modern fishing technologies leave fish no place to hide. Today, the only refuges from fishing are those we deliberately create. Unhappily, the sea trails far behind the land in terms of the area and the quality of protection given. For centuries, as fishing and commerce have expanded, we have held onto the notion that the sea is different from the land. We still view it as a place where people and nations should be free to come and go at will, as well as somewhere that should be free for us to exploit. Perhaps this is why we have been so reluctant to protect the sea. On land, protected areas have proliferated as human populations have grown. Here, compared to the sea, we have made greater headway in our struggle to maintain the richness and variety of wildlife and landscape. Twelve percent of the worlds land is now contained in protected areas, whereas the corresponding figure for the sea is but three-fifths of one percent. Worse still, most marine protected areas allow some fishing to continue. Areas off-limits to all exploitation cover something like one five-thousandth of the total area of the worlds seas. Today, we are belatedly coming to realise that natural refuges from fishing have played a critical role in sustaining fisheries, and maintaining healthy and diverse marine ecosystems. This does not mean that marine reserves can rebuild fisheries on their own other management measures are also required for that. However, places that are off-limits to fishing constitute the last and most important part of our package of reform for fisheries management. They underpin and enhance all our other efforts. There are limits to protection though. Reserves cannot bring back what has died out. We can never resurrect globally extinct species, and restoring locally extinct animals may require reintroductions from elsewhere, if natural dispersal from remaining populations is insufficient. We are also seeing, in cases such as northern cod in Canada, that fishing can shift marine ecosystems into different states, where different mixes of species prevail. In many cases, these species are less desirable, since the prime fishing targets have gone or are much reduced in numbers, and changes may be difficult to reverse, even with a complete moratorium on fishing. The Mediterranean sailed by Ulysses, the legendary king of ancient Greece, supported abundant monk seals, loggerhead turtles and porpoises. Their disappearance through hunting and overfishing has totally restructured food webs, and recovery is likely to be much harder to achieve than their destruction was. This means that the sooner we act to protect marine life, the more certain will be our success. To some people, creating marine reserves is an admission of failure. According to their logic, reserves should not be necessary if we have done our work properly in managing the uses we make of the sea. Many fisheries managers are still wedded to the idea that one day their models will work, and politicians will listen to their advice. Just give the approach time, and success will be theirs. How much time have we got? This approach has been tried and refined for the last 50 years. There have been few successes which to feather the managers caps, but a growing litany of failure. The Common Fisheries Policy, the European Unions instrument for the management of fisheries and aquaculture, exemplifies the worst pitfalls: flawed models, flawed advice, watered-down recommendations from government bureaucrats and then the disregard of much of this advice by politicians. When it all went wrong, as it inevitably had to, Europe sent its boats to other countries in order to obtain fish for far less than they were actually worth. We are squandering the wealth of oceans. If we dont break out of this cycle of failure, humanity will lose a key source of protein, and much more besides. Disrupting natural ecosystem processes, such as water purification, nutrient cycling, and carbon storage, could have ramifications for human life itself. We can go a long way to avoiding this catastrophic mistake with simple common sense management. Marine reserves lie at the heart of the reform. But they will not be sufficient if they are implemented only here and there to shore up the crumbling edifice of the rational fisheries management envisioned by scientists in the 1940s and 1950s. They have to be placed centre stage as a fundamental underpinning for everything we do in the oceans. Reserves are a first resort, not a final resort when all else fails.", "hypothesis": "In general, open access to the oceans is still regarded as desirable.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_396", "premise": "The nature of modern humans Recent work in the field of evolutionary anthropology has made it possible to compare modern humans with other related species. Genetic analysis resulted in several new findings. First, despite the length of time for which Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis had developed separately, (24).......................... did take place. Secondly, genes which evolved after modern humans split from Neanderthals are connected with cognitive ability and skeletal (25)......................... The potential for this line of research to shed light on the nature of modern humans was further strengthened when analysis of a (26)...................... led to the discovery of a new human species. The Future of fish The face of the ocean has changed completely since the first commercial fishers cast their nets and hooks over a thousand years ago. Fisheries intensified over the centuries, but even by the nineteenth century it was still felt, justifiably, that the plentiful resources of the sea were for the most part beyond the reach of fishing, and so there was little need to restrict fishing or create protected areas. The twentieth century heralded an escalation in fishing intensity that is unprecedented in the history of the oceans, and modern fishing technologies leave fish no place to hide. Today, the only refuges from fishing are those we deliberately create. Unhappily, the sea trails far behind the land in terms of the area and the quality of protection given. For centuries, as fishing and commerce have expanded, we have held onto the notion that the sea is different from the land. We still view it as a place where people and nations should be free to come and go at will, as well as somewhere that should be free for us to exploit. Perhaps this is why we have been so reluctant to protect the sea. On land, protected areas have proliferated as human populations have grown. Here, compared to the sea, we have made greater headway in our struggle to maintain the richness and variety of wildlife and landscape. Twelve percent of the worlds land is now contained in protected areas, whereas the corresponding figure for the sea is but three-fifths of one percent. Worse still, most marine protected areas allow some fishing to continue. Areas off-limits to all exploitation cover something like one five-thousandth of the total area of the worlds seas. Today, we are belatedly coming to realise that natural refuges from fishing have played a critical role in sustaining fisheries, and maintaining healthy and diverse marine ecosystems. This does not mean that marine reserves can rebuild fisheries on their own other management measures are also required for that. However, places that are off-limits to fishing constitute the last and most important part of our package of reform for fisheries management. They underpin and enhance all our other efforts. There are limits to protection though. Reserves cannot bring back what has died out. We can never resurrect globally extinct species, and restoring locally extinct animals may require reintroductions from elsewhere, if natural dispersal from remaining populations is insufficient. We are also seeing, in cases such as northern cod in Canada, that fishing can shift marine ecosystems into different states, where different mixes of species prevail. In many cases, these species are less desirable, since the prime fishing targets have gone or are much reduced in numbers, and changes may be difficult to reverse, even with a complete moratorium on fishing. The Mediterranean sailed by Ulysses, the legendary king of ancient Greece, supported abundant monk seals, loggerhead turtles and porpoises. Their disappearance through hunting and overfishing has totally restructured food webs, and recovery is likely to be much harder to achieve than their destruction was. This means that the sooner we act to protect marine life, the more certain will be our success. To some people, creating marine reserves is an admission of failure. According to their logic, reserves should not be necessary if we have done our work properly in managing the uses we make of the sea. Many fisheries managers are still wedded to the idea that one day their models will work, and politicians will listen to their advice. Just give the approach time, and success will be theirs. How much time have we got? This approach has been tried and refined for the last 50 years. There have been few successes which to feather the managers caps, but a growing litany of failure. The Common Fisheries Policy, the European Unions instrument for the management of fisheries and aquaculture, exemplifies the worst pitfalls: flawed models, flawed advice, watered-down recommendations from government bureaucrats and then the disregard of much of this advice by politicians. When it all went wrong, as it inevitably had to, Europe sent its boats to other countries in order to obtain fish for far less than they were actually worth. We are squandering the wealth of oceans. If we dont break out of this cycle of failure, humanity will lose a key source of protein, and much more besides. Disrupting natural ecosystem processes, such as water purification, nutrient cycling, and carbon storage, could have ramifications for human life itself. We can go a long way to avoiding this catastrophic mistake with simple common sense management. Marine reserves lie at the heart of the reform. But they will not be sufficient if they are implemented only here and there to shore up the crumbling edifice of the rational fisheries management envisioned by scientists in the 1940s and 1950s. They have to be placed centre stage as a fundamental underpinning for everything we do in the oceans. Reserves are a first resort, not a final resort when all else fails.", "hypothesis": "It is more than a thousand years since people started to catch fish for commercial use.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_397", "premise": "The need for a satisfactory education is more important than ever before. Nowadays, without a qualification from a reputable school or university, the odds of landing that plum job advertised in the paper are considerably shortened. Moreover, one's present level of education could fall well short of future career requirements. It is no secret that competition is the driving force behind the need to obtain increasingly higher qualifications. In the majority of cases, the urge to upgrade is no longer the result of an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The pressure is coming from within the workplace to compete with ever more qualified job applicants, and in many occupations one must now battle with colleagues in the reshuffle for the position one already holds. Striving to become better educated is hardly a new concept. Wealthy parents have always been willing to spend the vast amounts of extra money necessary to send their children to schools with a perceived educational edge. Working adults have long attended night schools and refresher courses. Competition for employment has been around since the curse of working for a living began. Is the present situation so very different to that of the past? The difference now is that the push is universal and from without as well as within. A student at secondary school receiving low grades is no longer as easily accepted by his or her peers as was once the case. Similarly, in the workplace, unless employees are engaged in part-time study, they may be frowned upon by their employers and peers and have difficulty even standing still. In fact, in these cases, the expectation is for careers to go backwards and earning capacity to take an appreciable nosedive. At first glance, the situation would seem to be laudable; a positive response to the exhortation by a former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, for australia to become the `clever country'. Yet there are serious ramifications according to at least one educational psychologist. Dr Brendan Gatsby has caused some controversy in academic circles by suggesting that a bias towards what he terms `paper' excellence might cause more problems than it is supposed to solve. Gatsby raises a number of issues that affect the individual as well as society in general. Firstly, he believes the extra workload involved is resulting in abnormally high stress levels in both students at secondary school and adults studying after working hours. Secondly, skills which might be more relevant to the undertaking of a sought_after job are being overlooked by employers interviewing candidates without qualifications on paper. These two areas of concern for the individual are causing physical and emotional stress respectively. Gatsby also argues that there are attitudinal changes within society to the exalted role education now plays in determining how the spoils of working life are distributed. Individuals of all ages are being driven by social pressures to achieve academic success solely for monetary considerations instead of for the joy of enlightenment. There is the danger that some universities are becoming degree factories with an attendant drop in standards. Furthermore, our education system may be rewarding doggedness above creativity; the very thing Australians have been encouraged to avoid. But the most undesirable effect of this academic paper chase, Gatsby says, is the disadvantage that `user pays' higher education confers on the poor, who invariably lose out to the more financially favoured. Naturally, although there is agreement that learning can cause stress, Gatsby's comments regarding university standards have been roundly criticised as alarmist by most educationists who point out that, by any standard of measurement, Australia's education system overall, at both secondary and tertiary levels, is equal to that of any in the world.", "hypothesis": "Some parents spend extra on their children's education because of the prestige attached to certain schools", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_398", "premise": "The need for a satisfactory education is more important than ever before. Nowadays, without a qualification from a reputable school or university, the odds of landing that plum job advertised in the paper are considerably shortened. Moreover, one's present level of education could fall well short of future career requirements. It is no secret that competition is the driving force behind the need to obtain increasingly higher qualifications. In the majority of cases, the urge to upgrade is no longer the result of an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The pressure is coming from within the workplace to compete with ever more qualified job applicants, and in many occupations one must now battle with colleagues in the reshuffle for the position one already holds. Striving to become better educated is hardly a new concept. Wealthy parents have always been willing to spend the vast amounts of extra money necessary to send their children to schools with a perceived educational edge. Working adults have long attended night schools and refresher courses. Competition for employment has been around since the curse of working for a living began. Is the present situation so very different to that of the past? The difference now is that the push is universal and from without as well as within. A student at secondary school receiving low grades is no longer as easily accepted by his or her peers as was once the case. Similarly, in the workplace, unless employees are engaged in part-time study, they may be frowned upon by their employers and peers and have difficulty even standing still. In fact, in these cases, the expectation is for careers to go backwards and earning capacity to take an appreciable nosedive. At first glance, the situation would seem to be laudable; a positive response to the exhortation by a former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, for australia to become the `clever country'. Yet there are serious ramifications according to at least one educational psychologist. Dr Brendan Gatsby has caused some controversy in academic circles by suggesting that a bias towards what he terms `paper' excellence might cause more problems than it is supposed to solve. Gatsby raises a number of issues that affect the individual as well as society in general. Firstly, he believes the extra workload involved is resulting in abnormally high stress levels in both students at secondary school and adults studying after working hours. Secondly, skills which might be more relevant to the undertaking of a sought_after job are being overlooked by employers interviewing candidates without qualifications on paper. These two areas of concern for the individual are causing physical and emotional stress respectively. Gatsby also argues that there are attitudinal changes within society to the exalted role education now plays in determining how the spoils of working life are distributed. Individuals of all ages are being driven by social pressures to achieve academic success solely for monetary considerations instead of for the joy of enlightenment. There is the danger that some universities are becoming degree factories with an attendant drop in standards. Furthermore, our education system may be rewarding doggedness above creativity; the very thing Australians have been encouraged to avoid. But the most undesirable effect of this academic paper chase, Gatsby says, is the disadvantage that `user pays' higher education confers on the poor, who invariably lose out to the more financially favoured. Naturally, although there is agreement that learning can cause stress, Gatsby's comments regarding university standards have been roundly criticised as alarmist by most educationists who point out that, by any standard of measurement, Australia's education system overall, at both secondary and tertiary levels, is equal to that of any in the world.", "hypothesis": "Employees who do not undertake extra study may find their salary decreased by employers.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_399", "premise": "The need for a satisfactory education is more important than ever before. Nowadays, without a qualification from a reputable school or university, the odds of landing that plum job advertised in the paper are considerably shortened. Moreover, one's present level of education could fall well short of future career requirements. It is no secret that competition is the driving force behind the need to obtain increasingly higher qualifications. In the majority of cases, the urge to upgrade is no longer the result of an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The pressure is coming from within the workplace to compete with ever more qualified job applicants, and in many occupations one must now battle with colleagues in the reshuffle for the position one already holds. Striving to become better educated is hardly a new concept. Wealthy parents have always been willing to spend the vast amounts of extra money necessary to send their children to schools with a perceived educational edge. Working adults have long attended night schools and refresher courses. Competition for employment has been around since the curse of working for a living began. Is the present situation so very different to that of the past? The difference now is that the push is universal and from without as well as within. A student at secondary school receiving low grades is no longer as easily accepted by his or her peers as was once the case. Similarly, in the workplace, unless employees are engaged in part-time study, they may be frowned upon by their employers and peers and have difficulty even standing still. In fact, in these cases, the expectation is for careers to go backwards and earning capacity to take an appreciable nosedive. At first glance, the situation would seem to be laudable; a positive response to the exhortation by a former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, for australia to become the `clever country'. Yet there are serious ramifications according to at least one educational psychologist. Dr Brendan Gatsby has caused some controversy in academic circles by suggesting that a bias towards what he terms `paper' excellence might cause more problems than it is supposed to solve. Gatsby raises a number of issues that affect the individual as well as society in general. Firstly, he believes the extra workload involved is resulting in abnormally high stress levels in both students at secondary school and adults studying after working hours. Secondly, skills which might be more relevant to the undertaking of a sought_after job are being overlooked by employers interviewing candidates without qualifications on paper. These two areas of concern for the individual are causing physical and emotional stress respectively. Gatsby also argues that there are attitudinal changes within society to the exalted role education now plays in determining how the spoils of working life are distributed. Individuals of all ages are being driven by social pressures to achieve academic success solely for monetary considerations instead of for the joy of enlightenment. There is the danger that some universities are becoming degree factories with an attendant drop in standards. Furthermore, our education system may be rewarding doggedness above creativity; the very thing Australians have been encouraged to avoid. But the most undesirable effect of this academic paper chase, Gatsby says, is the disadvantage that `user pays' higher education confers on the poor, who invariably lose out to the more financially favoured. Naturally, although there is agreement that learning can cause stress, Gatsby's comments regarding university standards have been roundly criticised as alarmist by most educationists who point out that, by any standard of measurement, Australia's education system overall, at both secondary and tertiary levels, is equal to that of any in the world.", "hypothesis": "According to the text, students who performed bally at school used to be accepted by their classmates.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_400", "premise": "The need for a satisfactory education is more important than ever before. Nowadays, without a qualification from a reputable school or university, the odds of landing that plum job advertised in the paper are considerably shortened. Moreover, one's present level of education could fall well short of future career requirements. It is no secret that competition is the driving force behind the need to obtain increasingly higher qualifications. In the majority of cases, the urge to upgrade is no longer the result of an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The pressure is coming from within the workplace to compete with ever more qualified job applicants, and in many occupations one must now battle with colleagues in the reshuffle for the position one already holds. Striving to become better educated is hardly a new concept. Wealthy parents have always been willing to spend the vast amounts of extra money necessary to send their children to schools with a perceived educational edge. Working adults have long attended night schools and refresher courses. Competition for employment has been around since the curse of working for a living began. Is the present situation so very different to that of the past? The difference now is that the push is universal and from without as well as within. A student at secondary school receiving low grades is no longer as easily accepted by his or her peers as was once the case. Similarly, in the workplace, unless employees are engaged in part-time study, they may be frowned upon by their employers and peers and have difficulty even standing still. In fact, in these cases, the expectation is for careers to go backwards and earning capacity to take an appreciable nosedive. At first glance, the situation would seem to be laudable; a positive response to the exhortation by a former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, for australia to become the `clever country'. Yet there are serious ramifications according to at least one educational psychologist. Dr Brendan Gatsby has caused some controversy in academic circles by suggesting that a bias towards what he terms `paper' excellence might cause more problems than it is supposed to solve. Gatsby raises a number of issues that affect the individual as well as society in general. Firstly, he believes the extra workload involved is resulting in abnormally high stress levels in both students at secondary school and adults studying after working hours. Secondly, skills which might be more relevant to the undertaking of a sought_after job are being overlooked by employers interviewing candidates without qualifications on paper. These two areas of concern for the individual are causing physical and emotional stress respectively. Gatsby also argues that there are attitudinal changes within society to the exalted role education now plays in determining how the spoils of working life are distributed. Individuals of all ages are being driven by social pressures to achieve academic success solely for monetary considerations instead of for the joy of enlightenment. There is the danger that some universities are becoming degree factories with an attendant drop in standards. Furthermore, our education system may be rewarding doggedness above creativity; the very thing Australians have been encouraged to avoid. But the most undesirable effect of this academic paper chase, Gatsby says, is the disadvantage that `user pays' higher education confers on the poor, who invariably lose out to the more financially favoured. Naturally, although there is agreement that learning can cause stress, Gatsby's comments regarding university standards have been roundly criticised as alarmist by most educationists who point out that, by any standard of measurement, Australia's education system overall, at both secondary and tertiary levels, is equal to that of any in the world.", "hypothesis": "Australians appear to have responded to the call by a former Prime Minister to become better qualified.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_401", "premise": "The need for a satisfactory education is more important than ever before. Nowadays, without a qualification from a reputable school or university, the odds of landing that plum job advertised in the paper are considerably shortened. Moreover, one's present level of education could fall well short of future career requirements. It is no secret that competition is the driving force behind the need to obtain increasingly higher qualifications. In the majority of cases, the urge to upgrade is no longer the result of an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The pressure is coming from within the workplace to compete with ever more qualified job applicants, and in many occupations one must now battle with colleagues in the reshuffle for the position one already holds. Striving to become better educated is hardly a new concept. Wealthy parents have always been willing to spend the vast amounts of extra money necessary to send their children to schools with a perceived educational edge. Working adults have long attended night schools and refresher courses. Competition for employment has been around since the curse of working for a living began. Is the present situation so very different to that of the past? The difference now is that the push is universal and from without as well as within. A student at secondary school receiving low grades is no longer as easily accepted by his or her peers as was once the case. Similarly, in the workplace, unless employees are engaged in part-time study, they may be frowned upon by their employers and peers and have difficulty even standing still. In fact, in these cases, the expectation is for careers to go backwards and earning capacity to take an appreciable nosedive. At first glance, the situation would seem to be laudable; a positive response to the exhortation by a former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, for australia to become the `clever country'. Yet there are serious ramifications according to at least one educational psychologist. Dr Brendan Gatsby has caused some controversy in academic circles by suggesting that a bias towards what he terms `paper' excellence might cause more problems than it is supposed to solve. Gatsby raises a number of issues that affect the individual as well as society in general. Firstly, he believes the extra workload involved is resulting in abnormally high stress levels in both students at secondary school and adults studying after working hours. Secondly, skills which might be more relevant to the undertaking of a sought_after job are being overlooked by employers interviewing candidates without qualifications on paper. These two areas of concern for the individual are causing physical and emotional stress respectively. Gatsby also argues that there are attitudinal changes within society to the exalted role education now plays in determining how the spoils of working life are distributed. Individuals of all ages are being driven by social pressures to achieve academic success solely for monetary considerations instead of for the joy of enlightenment. There is the danger that some universities are becoming degree factories with an attendant drop in standards. Furthermore, our education system may be rewarding doggedness above creativity; the very thing Australians have been encouraged to avoid. But the most undesirable effect of this academic paper chase, Gatsby says, is the disadvantage that `user pays' higher education confers on the poor, who invariably lose out to the more financially favoured. Naturally, although there is agreement that learning can cause stress, Gatsby's comments regarding university standards have been roundly criticised as alarmist by most educationists who point out that, by any standard of measurement, Australia's education system overall, at both secondary and tertiary levels, is equal to that of any in the world.", "hypothesis": "In some jobs, the position you hold must be reapplied for.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_402", "premise": "The need for a satisfactory education is more important than ever before. Nowadays, without a qualification from a reputable school or university, the odds of landing that plum job advertised in the paper are considerably shortened. Moreover, one's present level of education could fall well short of future career requirements. It is no secret that competition is the driving force behind the need to obtain increasingly higher qualifications. In the majority of cases, the urge to upgrade is no longer the result of an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The pressure is coming from within the workplace to compete with ever more qualified job applicants, and in many occupations one must now battle with colleagues in the reshuffle for the position one already holds. Striving to become better educated is hardly a new concept. Wealthy parents have always been willing to spend the vast amounts of extra money necessary to send their children to schools with a perceived educational edge. Working adults have long attended night schools and refresher courses. Competition for employment has been around since the curse of working for a living began. Is the present situation so very different to that of the past? The difference now is that the push is universal and from without as well as within. A student at secondary school receiving low grades is no longer as easily accepted by his or her peers as was once the case. Similarly, in the workplace, unless employees are engaged in part-time study, they may be frowned upon by their employers and peers and have difficulty even standing still. In fact, in these cases, the expectation is for careers to go backwards and earning capacity to take an appreciable nosedive. At first glance, the situation would seem to be laudable; a positive response to the exhortation by a former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, for australia to become the `clever country'. Yet there are serious ramifications according to at least one educational psychologist. Dr Brendan Gatsby has caused some controversy in academic circles by suggesting that a bias towards what he terms `paper' excellence might cause more problems than it is supposed to solve. Gatsby raises a number of issues that affect the individual as well as society in general. Firstly, he believes the extra workload involved is resulting in abnormally high stress levels in both students at secondary school and adults studying after working hours. Secondly, skills which might be more relevant to the undertaking of a sought_after job are being overlooked by employers interviewing candidates without qualifications on paper. These two areas of concern for the individual are causing physical and emotional stress respectively. Gatsby also argues that there are attitudinal changes within society to the exalted role education now plays in determining how the spoils of working life are distributed. Individuals of all ages are being driven by social pressures to achieve academic success solely for monetary considerations instead of for the joy of enlightenment. There is the danger that some universities are becoming degree factories with an attendant drop in standards. Furthermore, our education system may be rewarding doggedness above creativity; the very thing Australians have been encouraged to avoid. But the most undesirable effect of this academic paper chase, Gatsby says, is the disadvantage that `user pays' higher education confers on the poor, who invariably lose out to the more financially favoured. Naturally, although there is agreement that learning can cause stress, Gatsby's comments regarding university standards have been roundly criticised as alarmist by most educationists who point out that, by any standard of measurement, Australia's education system overall, at both secondary and tertiary levels, is equal to that of any in the world.", "hypothesis": "Most people who upgrade their qualifications do so for the joy of learning.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_403", "premise": "The need for a satisfactory education is more important than ever before. Nowadays, without a qualification from a reputable school or university, the odds of landing that plum job advertised in the paper are considerably shortened. Moreover, one's present level of education could fall well short of future career requirements. It is no secret that competition is the driving force behind the need to obtain increasingly higher qualifications. In the majority of cases, the urge to upgrade is no longer the result of an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The pressure is coming from within the workplace to compete with ever more qualified job applicants, and in many occupations one must now battle with colleagues in the reshuffle for the position one already holds. Striving to become better educated is hardly a new concept. Wealthy parents have always been willing to spend the vast amounts of extra money necessary to send their children to schools with a perceived educational edge. Working adults have long attended night schools and refresher courses. Competition for employment has been around since the curse of working for a living began. Is the present situation so very different to that of the past? The difference now is that the push is universal and from without as well as within. A student at secondary school receiving low grades is no longer as easily accepted by his or her peers as was once the case. Similarly, in the workplace, unless employees are engaged in part-time study, they may be frowned upon by their employers and peers and have difficulty even standing still. In fact, in these cases, the expectation is for careers to go backwards and earning capacity to take an appreciable nosedive. At first glance, the situation would seem to be laudable; a positive response to the exhortation by a former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, for australia to become the `clever country'. Yet there are serious ramifications according to at least one educational psychologist. Dr Brendan Gatsby has caused some controversy in academic circles by suggesting that a bias towards what he terms `paper' excellence might cause more problems than it is supposed to solve. Gatsby raises a number of issues that affect the individual as well as society in general. Firstly, he believes the extra workload involved is resulting in abnormally high stress levels in both students at secondary school and adults studying after working hours. Secondly, skills which might be more relevant to the undertaking of a sought_after job are being overlooked by employers interviewing candidates without qualifications on paper. These two areas of concern for the individual are causing physical and emotional stress respectively. Gatsby also argues that there are attitudinal changes within society to the exalted role education now plays in determining how the spoils of working life are distributed. Individuals of all ages are being driven by social pressures to achieve academic success solely for monetary considerations instead of for the joy of enlightenment. There is the danger that some universities are becoming degree factories with an attendant drop in standards. Furthermore, our education system may be rewarding doggedness above creativity; the very thing Australians have been encouraged to avoid. But the most undesirable effect of this academic paper chase, Gatsby says, is the disadvantage that `user pays' higher education confers on the poor, who invariably lose out to the more financially favoured. Naturally, although there is agreement that learning can cause stress, Gatsby's comments regarding university standards have been roundly criticised as alarmist by most educationists who point out that, by any standard of measurement, Australia's education system overall, at both secondary and tertiary levels, is equal to that of any in the world.", "hypothesis": "It is impossible these days to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_404", "premise": "The need for a satisfactory education is more important than ever before. Nowadays, without a qualification from a reputable school or university, the odds of landing that plum job advertised in the paper are considerably shortened. Moreover, one's present level of education could fall well short of future career requirements. It is no secret that competition is the driving force behind the need to obtain increasingly higher qualifications. In the majority of cases, the urge to upgrade is no longer the result of an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The pressure is coming from within the workplace to compete with ever more qualified job applicants, and in many occupations one must now battle with colleagues in the reshuffle for the position one already holds. Striving to become better educated is hardly a new concept. Wealthy parents have always been willing to spend the vast amounts of extra money necessary to send their children to schools with a perceived educational edge. Working adults have long attended night schools and refresher courses. Competition for employment has been around since the curse of working for a living began. Is the present situation so very different to that of the past? The difference now is that the push is universal and from without as well as within. A student at secondary school receiving low grades is no longer as easily accepted by his or her peers as was once the case. Similarly, in the workplace, unless employees are engaged in part-time study, they may be frowned upon by their employers and peers and have difficulty even standing still. In fact, in these cases, the expectation is for careers to go backwards and earning capacity to take an appreciable nosedive. At first glance, the situation would seem to be laudable; a positive response to the exhortation by a former Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, for australia to become the `clever country'. Yet there are serious ramifications according to at least one educational psychologist. Dr Brendan Gatsby has caused some controversy in academic circles by suggesting that a bias towards what he terms `paper' excellence might cause more problems than it is supposed to solve. Gatsby raises a number of issues that affect the individual as well as society in general. Firstly, he believes the extra workload involved is resulting in abnormally high stress levels in both students at secondary school and adults studying after working hours. Secondly, skills which might be more relevant to the undertaking of a sought_after job are being overlooked by employers interviewing candidates without qualifications on paper. These two areas of concern for the individual are causing physical and emotional stress respectively. Gatsby also argues that there are attitudinal changes within society to the exalted role education now plays in determining how the spoils of working life are distributed. Individuals of all ages are being driven by social pressures to achieve academic success solely for monetary considerations instead of for the joy of enlightenment. There is the danger that some universities are becoming degree factories with an attendant drop in standards. Furthermore, our education system may be rewarding doggedness above creativity; the very thing Australians have been encouraged to avoid. But the most undesirable effect of this academic paper chase, Gatsby says, is the disadvantage that `user pays' higher education confers on the poor, who invariably lose out to the more financially favoured. Naturally, although there is agreement that learning can cause stress, Gatsby's comments regarding university standards have been roundly criticised as alarmist by most educationists who point out that, by any standard of measurement, Australia's education system overall, at both secondary and tertiary levels, is equal to that of any in the world.", "hypothesis": "Australia's education system is equal to any in the world in the opinion of most educationists.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_405", "premise": "The new health and safety regulations state that helmets should be worn and fastened and the head torch operating at all times whilst working within the mine. The use of other safety devices would be prioritised according to the previous depth regulations and in accordance to the mine's security engineer daily instructions. On dates of detonations maximal safety wear should be implemented inside as well as within a 500 meters external diameter outside the mine with no exception.", "hypothesis": "The new health and safety regulations are more demanding than the previous ones.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_406", "premise": "The new health and safety regulations state that helmets should be worn and fastened and the head torch operating at all times whilst working within the mine. The use of other safety devices would be prioritised according to the previous depth regulations and in accordance to the mine's security engineer daily instructions. On dates of detonations maximal safety wear should be implemented inside as well as within a 500 meters external diameter outside the mine with no exception.", "hypothesis": "The mine's security engineer is the only source of authority to decide which safety gear is worn by miners.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_407", "premise": "The new health and safety regulations state that helmets should be worn and fastened and the head torch operating at all times whilst working within the mine. The use of other safety devices would be prioritised according to the previous depth regulations and in accordance to the mine's security engineer daily instructions. On dates of detonations maximal safety wear should be implemented inside as well as within a 500 meters external diameter outside the mine with no exception.", "hypothesis": "Miners working on the upper surface of the mine, near the mine's entrance, are not ever expected to wear safety devices other than a helmet and a head torch.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_408", "premise": "The new sports club at Dolchem was vandalized on Friday evening after the boy scouts had finished their weekly meeting in the new hall. Damages are expected to be over 4,000. It is also known that: The Parish Council was in debt after the construction of the new sports club. Local teenagers opposed the proposal to charge people to use the clubs facilities. The boy scouts have abandoned the old village hall where they used to have their meetings. There is a high level of youth unemployment in Dolchem. Witnesses saw a group of five youths running away from the club at 21.30 on Friday. Spray cans were used on the club walls, liquid paint and faeces were deposited on the floor and windows were smashed.", "hypothesis": "Five young men were seen running away from the club at 21.30 on Friday.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_409", "premise": "The new sports club at Dolchem was vandalized on Friday evening after the boy scouts had finished their weekly meeting in the new hall. Damages are expected to be over 4,000. It is also known that: The Parish Council was in debt after the construction of the new sports club. Local teenagers opposed the proposal to charge people to use the clubs facilities. The boy scouts have abandoned the old village hall where they used to have their meetings. There is a high level of youth unemployment in Dolchem. Witnesses saw a group of five youths running away from the club at 21.30 on Friday. Spray cans were used on the club walls, liquid paint and faeces were deposited on the floor and windows were smashed.", "hypothesis": "The boy scouts are willing to pay to use the new club.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_410", "premise": "The new sports club at Dolchem was vandalized on Friday evening after the boy scouts had finished their weekly meeting in the new hall. Damages are expected to be over 4,000. It is also known that: The Parish Council was in debt after the construction of the new sports club. Local teenagers opposed the proposal to charge people to use the clubs facilities. The boy scouts have abandoned the old village hall where they used to have their meetings. There is a high level of youth unemployment in Dolchem. Witnesses saw a group of five youths running away from the club at 21.30 on Friday. Spray cans were used on the club walls, liquid paint and faeces were deposited on the floor and windows were smashed.", "hypothesis": "The youth of Dolchem had a motive to vandalize the new sports club.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_411", "premise": "The new sports club at Dolchem was vandalized on Friday evening after the boy scouts had finished their weekly meeting in the new hall. Damages are expected to be over 4,000. It is also known that: The Parish Council was in debt after the construction of the new sports club. Local teenagers opposed the proposal to charge people to use the clubs facilities. The boy scouts have abandoned the old village hall where they used to have their meetings. There is a high level of youth unemployment in Dolchem. Witnesses saw a group of five youths running away from the club at 21.30 on Friday. Spray cans were used on the club walls, liquid paint and faeces were deposited on the floor and windows were smashed.", "hypothesis": "The Parish Council had profited from the construction of the new sports club.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_412", "premise": "The new sports club at Dolchem was vandalized on Friday evening after the boy scouts had finished their weekly meeting in the new hall. Damages are expected to be over 4,000. It is also known that: The Parish Council was in debt after the construction of the new sports club. Local teenagers opposed the proposal to charge people to use the clubs facilities. The boy scouts have abandoned the old village hall where they used to have their meetings. There is a high level of youth unemployment in Dolchem. Witnesses saw a group of five youths running away from the club at 21.30 on Friday. Spray cans were used on the club walls, liquid paint and faeces were deposited on the floor and windows were smashed.", "hypothesis": "The idea of charging people to use the new sports facilities had caused some opposition amongst the younger members of the community.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_413", "premise": "The newly deployed ground-based mid-course missile defence system comprises 10 interceptor missiles, each of which is intended to collide in outer space with an incoming hostile missile. So far in field trials the system has successfully intercepted target missiles in five out of eight flight tests. Critics say that these trials prove very little. Live tests are very expensive, take a great deal of organization and are usually limited by concerns over safety (you really do not want one of these missiles going astray and crashing into a city centre, for example). For these reasons, a lot of the development programme has relied on models and simulations rather than real flight tests. Both critics and supporters of the programme accept that these models do a far better job of predicting the performance of system components than of predicting the performance of the system overall.", "hypothesis": "Simulation and theoretical models cannot capture all the variables that can occur in a real missile engagement.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_414", "premise": "The newly deployed ground-based mid-course missile defence system comprises 10 interceptor missiles, each of which is intended to collide in outer space with an incoming hostile missile. So far in field trials the system has successfully intercepted target missiles in five out of eight flight tests. Critics say that these trials prove very little. Live tests are very expensive, take a great deal of organization and are usually limited by concerns over safety (you really do not want one of these missiles going astray and crashing into a city centre, for example). For these reasons, a lot of the development programme has relied on models and simulations rather than real flight tests. Both critics and supporters of the programme accept that these models do a far better job of predicting the performance of system components than of predicting the performance of the system overall.", "hypothesis": "So far only eight tests have been conducted.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_415", "premise": "The newly deployed ground-based mid-course missile defence system comprises 10 interceptor missiles, each of which is intended to collide in outer space with an incoming hostile missile. So far in field trials the system has successfully intercepted target missiles in five out of eight flight tests. Critics say that these trials prove very little. Live tests are very expensive, take a great deal of organization and are usually limited by concerns over safety (you really do not want one of these missiles going astray and crashing into a city centre, for example). For these reasons, a lot of the development programme has relied on models and simulations rather than real flight tests. Both critics and supporters of the programme accept that these models do a far better job of predicting the performance of system components than of predicting the performance of the system overall.", "hypothesis": "The primary verification tool for the efficiency of the missile defence system has been virtual.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_416", "premise": "The number of very young children with diabetes has risen dramatically in the past 20 years. The number of children under 5 who have the type 1 form of the condition has increased fivefold. This dramatic increase is either the symptom of a marked improvement in diagnosis, or because more genetically suscep- tible children are surviving birth and infancy, or it suggests that the environment in which we raise our children has become more dangerous for their future health. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to be at least in part inherited. The chances of a child developing type 1 diabetes remains low, but the recent increase is too great to be explained by genetic factors alone. It may be that we are exposing our children to something new and that is the cause, or that we have reduced exposure to something that was preventing it previously.", "hypothesis": "A plausible explanation of the increase could be that the principal age at which the condition is diagnosed has become lower.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_417", "premise": "The number of very young children with diabetes has risen dramatically in the past 20 years. The number of children under 5 who have the type 1 form of the condition has increased fivefold. This dramatic increase is either the symptom of a marked improvement in diagnosis, or because more genetically suscep- tible children are surviving birth and infancy, or it suggests that the environment in which we raise our children has become more dangerous for their future health. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to be at least in part inherited. The chances of a child developing type 1 diabetes remains low, but the recent increase is too great to be explained by genetic factors alone. It may be that we are exposing our children to something new and that is the cause, or that we have reduced exposure to something that was preventing it previously.", "hypothesis": "It is reasonable to conclude from the passage that five times as many young children develop diabetes now than did 20 years ago.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_418", "premise": "The number of very young children with diabetes has risen dramatically in the past 20 years. The number of children under 5 who have the type 1 form of the condition has increased fivefold. This dramatic increase is either the symptom of a marked improvement in diagnosis, or because more genetically suscep- tible children are surviving birth and infancy, or it suggests that the environment in which we raise our children has become more dangerous for their future health. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to be at least in part inherited. The chances of a child developing type 1 diabetes remains low, but the recent increase is too great to be explained by genetic factors alone. It may be that we are exposing our children to something new and that is the cause, or that we have reduced exposure to something that was preventing it previously.", "hypothesis": "If the cause is environmental, then the author would agree that we must be exposing our children to something new and dangerous to their health.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_419", "premise": "The outlook for Irelands economy looked bleak at the end of 2011, as the Central Statistics Office (CSO) announced that the nations economy had shrunk by three percent. Economists suggest that this is the result of the Irish governments austerity measures, which have knocked consumer confidence and reduced spending. Not all parts of the Irish economy have suffered, however, as agricultural exports are up by ten percent. The worst affected industry is that of construction, which recorded a record drop of twenty-five percent.", "hypothesis": "The construction industry of the Irish economy has been worst hit", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_420", "premise": "The outsourcing of jobs to India from Europe and America has evolved from giving them relatively low-skilled work to passing on highly skilled roles. Multinationals have decreased the number of employees in Europe and America that undertake engineering design, science and software writing and instead now employ tens of thousands of skilled Indian workers in these challenging roles. Some are establishing second headquarters in the country because they have so many senior executives working on key projects there. The shift is in part due to it being easier in India to fill highly skilled, English-speaking positions and because, for the time being anyway, the wages for these roles are notably lower than wages in Europe and America. But it is also because companies want to position their businesses where they believe the future lies. India is one of the worlds three biggest pools of highly skilled English-speaking labour and some commentators believe that as many as 30 million European and American skilled jobs are at risk of being moved.", "hypothesis": "The case that many more skilled jobs will be moved to India would be strengthened if even more than 30 million European and American jobs were at risk of moving.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_421", "premise": "The outsourcing of jobs to India from Europe and America has evolved from giving them relatively low-skilled work to passing on highly skilled roles. Multinationals have decreased the number of employees in Europe and America that undertake engineering design, science and software writing and instead now employ tens of thousands of skilled Indian workers in these challenging roles. Some are establishing second headquarters in the country because they have so many senior executives working on key projects there. The shift is in part due to it being easier in India to fill highly skilled, English-speaking positions and because, for the time being anyway, the wages for these roles are notably lower than wages in Europe and America. But it is also because companies want to position their businesses where they believe the future lies. India is one of the worlds three biggest pools of highly skilled English-speaking labour and some commentators believe that as many as 30 million European and American skilled jobs are at risk of being moved.", "hypothesis": "The claim that American and European jobs are being lost to India because Indian workers are prepared to work harder than their American and European counter- parts can be rebutted.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_422", "premise": "The outsourcing of jobs to India from Europe and America has evolved from giving them relatively low-skilled work to passing on highly skilled roles. Multinationals have decreased the number of employees in Europe and America that undertake engineering design, science and software writing and instead now employ tens of thousands of skilled Indian workers in these challenging roles. Some are establishing second headquarters in the country because they have so many senior executives working on key projects there. The shift is in part due to it being easier in India to fill highly skilled, English-speaking positions and because, for the time being anyway, the wages for these roles are notably lower than wages in Europe and America. But it is also because companies want to position their businesses where they believe the future lies. India is one of the worlds three biggest pools of highly skilled English-speaking labour and some commentators believe that as many as 30 million European and American skilled jobs are at risk of being moved.", "hypothesis": "Three rationales for the outsourcing to India are portrayed.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_423", "premise": "The passage denies that 20,000,000 homes at the point of writing wasted at least a slice of bread a day.", "hypothesis": "Responsibility lies with the person who keeps the house.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_424", "premise": "The passage denies that 20,000,000 homes at the point of writing wasted at least a slice of bread a day.", "hypothesis": "The government has taken responsibility for public waste.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_425", "premise": "The passage denies that 20,000,000 homes at the point of writing wasted at least a slice of bread a day.", "hypothesis": "The government should do more to inform the public about waste.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_426", "premise": "The passage denies that 20,000,000 homes at the point of writing wasted at least a slice of bread a day.", "hypothesis": "The writer has received much criticism for his views.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_427", "premise": "The passage denies that 20,000,000 homes at the point of writing wasted at least a slice of bread a day.", "hypothesis": "According to the above passage, a slice of bread is an unimportant thing.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_428", "premise": "The passage details circumstances where a clients confidentiality might be broken by all the mentioned professions.", "hypothesis": "All professions have a confidentiality code but some are stricter than others.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_429", "premise": "The passage details circumstances where a clients confidentiality might be broken by all the mentioned professions.", "hypothesis": "The passage states that a doctor can be prosecuted if he or she does not report a patient who has suffered gunshot wounds.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_430", "premise": "The people of ancient Egypt emerged as one of the first Western civilisations. Sustained by the River Nile and protected by vast deserts, the Egyptians lived in comparative security, prosperity and peace for thousands of years. When such conditions exist, the civilisation and its arts usually flourish. To this day, many of the Egyptian artistic creations display the wealth, splendour and talent of this great civilisation. Ancient Egypt has been called a land of temples and tombs. For centuries people have been filled with wonder at the ingenuity of the Egyptians, whose impressive works have withstood the ravages of time so well. Had it not been for the long-lasting nature of their monuments and carved inscriptions in the form of hieroglyphics, much evidence of their activities would have vanished from all historical records. In about 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under the first pharaoh, and generally from that time until the invasion by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, Egypt prospered as a nation of skilful craftsmen and artists. The Egyptians were an industrious, highly civilised and deeply religious people, who obediently accepted the supreme authority of their pharaohs. The people were content to serve and work for the state in return for a secure livelihood. They considered this earthly life to be a segment in a great cycle, at the end of which everything would be returned to its original form. The richer and more important the person, the more careful and elaborate would be his or her burial, and the stronger and safer the tomb in which they would be buried. The burial of the dead in the ground was not considered sufficiently safe for kings, queens and court officials, so sunken, sealed tombs were ingeniously constructed to protect personal treasures, food and instructions for the safe conduct of the soul after death. The design of these tombs developed into the stepped pyramid, and finally into the square pyramid that we know today. There are about 80 ancient pyramids in Egypt. The Great Pyramid at Giza, which King Cheops built as his tomb 5000 years ago, holds most interest. It stands with two other pyramids on a slight rise overlooking the River Nile. At the centre of the pyramid is the Kings Chamber and leading down from there is a long narrow area known as the Grand Gallery. The pyramid covers 13 acres and contains 2,300,000 blocks of limestone, each weighing an average of 1.5 tons. Its pyramidal form has a perfectly square base with sides of 756 feet and a height of 481 feet. Situated directly below the Kings Chamber is the Queens Chamber and there are two air channels leading upwards from the centre of the pyramid to the outside. Originally the exterior was covered in highly polished limestone slabs, all of which have been stolen over the years. It is estimated that a total of 100,000 men laboured for 20 years to build this gigantic structure, and although architecturally unimportant in design, it has aroused the curiosity of millions of people because of the uncanny accuracy of its measurements and proportions. It reveals the remarkable ingenuity and the great organising ability of the ancient Egyptians. Near these pyramids stands the Great Sphinx, the origin and purpose of which constitutes one of the worlds most famous puzzles. Shaped from an outcrop of stone in the form of a humanheaded lion, the face is possibly a portrait of King Khafra, the son of Cheops, who was buried in the second largest pyramid. The Sphinx is one of the biggest statues ever made. The Egyptian people showed reverence towards natural objects such as the lotus flower, the scarab beetle, the falcon, the lion, the sun and the River Nile. All these subjects and many more were used symbolically and conventionally as motifs in low-relief carving and painting. It was the custom of the Egyptians to depict the various parts of the human figure, usually in the most characteristic positions. The head was shown in profile except for the eye, which was represented from the front, the shoulders and a portion of the arms were portrayed from the front, while the hips and legs were side views. Wall decoration showed little or no attempt to indicate depth or perspective, except by placing distant objects above near things. It was essentially two-dimensional, and relative size indicated the status of the person, so the pharaoh was the largest figure in the composition. Egyptian art is characterised by a passion for permanence, a desire to impress by size, and a determination to make each item serve its function without much regard for the whole. It is obvious that art among these people reached a very high level and the strong influence of Egyptian art can be seen in the work of nearby civilisations. The fortunate discovery and subsequent deciphering in 1822 of the Rosetta Stone, which showed the same laws inscribed both in Egyptian hieroglyphics and the Egyptian demotic, or popular version of their language, as well as the Greek language, eventually gave the key to the meaning of Egyptian inscriptions, and therefore the significance of much Egyptian art.", "hypothesis": "Egyptian carvings were often based on things found in nature.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_431", "premise": "The people of ancient Egypt emerged as one of the first Western civilisations. Sustained by the River Nile and protected by vast deserts, the Egyptians lived in comparative security, prosperity and peace for thousands of years. When such conditions exist, the civilisation and its arts usually flourish. To this day, many of the Egyptian artistic creations display the wealth, splendour and talent of this great civilisation. Ancient Egypt has been called a land of temples and tombs. For centuries people have been filled with wonder at the ingenuity of the Egyptians, whose impressive works have withstood the ravages of time so well. Had it not been for the long-lasting nature of their monuments and carved inscriptions in the form of hieroglyphics, much evidence of their activities would have vanished from all historical records. In about 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under the first pharaoh, and generally from that time until the invasion by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, Egypt prospered as a nation of skilful craftsmen and artists. The Egyptians were an industrious, highly civilised and deeply religious people, who obediently accepted the supreme authority of their pharaohs. The people were content to serve and work for the state in return for a secure livelihood. They considered this earthly life to be a segment in a great cycle, at the end of which everything would be returned to its original form. The richer and more important the person, the more careful and elaborate would be his or her burial, and the stronger and safer the tomb in which they would be buried. The burial of the dead in the ground was not considered sufficiently safe for kings, queens and court officials, so sunken, sealed tombs were ingeniously constructed to protect personal treasures, food and instructions for the safe conduct of the soul after death. The design of these tombs developed into the stepped pyramid, and finally into the square pyramid that we know today. There are about 80 ancient pyramids in Egypt. The Great Pyramid at Giza, which King Cheops built as his tomb 5000 years ago, holds most interest. It stands with two other pyramids on a slight rise overlooking the River Nile. At the centre of the pyramid is the Kings Chamber and leading down from there is a long narrow area known as the Grand Gallery. The pyramid covers 13 acres and contains 2,300,000 blocks of limestone, each weighing an average of 1.5 tons. Its pyramidal form has a perfectly square base with sides of 756 feet and a height of 481 feet. Situated directly below the Kings Chamber is the Queens Chamber and there are two air channels leading upwards from the centre of the pyramid to the outside. Originally the exterior was covered in highly polished limestone slabs, all of which have been stolen over the years. It is estimated that a total of 100,000 men laboured for 20 years to build this gigantic structure, and although architecturally unimportant in design, it has aroused the curiosity of millions of people because of the uncanny accuracy of its measurements and proportions. It reveals the remarkable ingenuity and the great organising ability of the ancient Egyptians. Near these pyramids stands the Great Sphinx, the origin and purpose of which constitutes one of the worlds most famous puzzles. Shaped from an outcrop of stone in the form of a humanheaded lion, the face is possibly a portrait of King Khafra, the son of Cheops, who was buried in the second largest pyramid. The Sphinx is one of the biggest statues ever made. The Egyptian people showed reverence towards natural objects such as the lotus flower, the scarab beetle, the falcon, the lion, the sun and the River Nile. All these subjects and many more were used symbolically and conventionally as motifs in low-relief carving and painting. It was the custom of the Egyptians to depict the various parts of the human figure, usually in the most characteristic positions. The head was shown in profile except for the eye, which was represented from the front, the shoulders and a portion of the arms were portrayed from the front, while the hips and legs were side views. Wall decoration showed little or no attempt to indicate depth or perspective, except by placing distant objects above near things. It was essentially two-dimensional, and relative size indicated the status of the person, so the pharaoh was the largest figure in the composition. Egyptian art is characterised by a passion for permanence, a desire to impress by size, and a determination to make each item serve its function without much regard for the whole. It is obvious that art among these people reached a very high level and the strong influence of Egyptian art can be seen in the work of nearby civilisations. The fortunate discovery and subsequent deciphering in 1822 of the Rosetta Stone, which showed the same laws inscribed both in Egyptian hieroglyphics and the Egyptian demotic, or popular version of their language, as well as the Greek language, eventually gave the key to the meaning of Egyptian inscriptions, and therefore the significance of much Egyptian art.", "hypothesis": "Important characters in Egyptian carvings were bigger than less important characters.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_432", "premise": "The people of ancient Egypt emerged as one of the first Western civilisations. Sustained by the River Nile and protected by vast deserts, the Egyptians lived in comparative security, prosperity and peace for thousands of years. When such conditions exist, the civilisation and its arts usually flourish. To this day, many of the Egyptian artistic creations display the wealth, splendour and talent of this great civilisation. Ancient Egypt has been called a land of temples and tombs. For centuries people have been filled with wonder at the ingenuity of the Egyptians, whose impressive works have withstood the ravages of time so well. Had it not been for the long-lasting nature of their monuments and carved inscriptions in the form of hieroglyphics, much evidence of their activities would have vanished from all historical records. In about 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under the first pharaoh, and generally from that time until the invasion by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, Egypt prospered as a nation of skilful craftsmen and artists. The Egyptians were an industrious, highly civilised and deeply religious people, who obediently accepted the supreme authority of their pharaohs. The people were content to serve and work for the state in return for a secure livelihood. They considered this earthly life to be a segment in a great cycle, at the end of which everything would be returned to its original form. The richer and more important the person, the more careful and elaborate would be his or her burial, and the stronger and safer the tomb in which they would be buried. The burial of the dead in the ground was not considered sufficiently safe for kings, queens and court officials, so sunken, sealed tombs were ingeniously constructed to protect personal treasures, food and instructions for the safe conduct of the soul after death. The design of these tombs developed into the stepped pyramid, and finally into the square pyramid that we know today. There are about 80 ancient pyramids in Egypt. The Great Pyramid at Giza, which King Cheops built as his tomb 5000 years ago, holds most interest. It stands with two other pyramids on a slight rise overlooking the River Nile. At the centre of the pyramid is the Kings Chamber and leading down from there is a long narrow area known as the Grand Gallery. The pyramid covers 13 acres and contains 2,300,000 blocks of limestone, each weighing an average of 1.5 tons. Its pyramidal form has a perfectly square base with sides of 756 feet and a height of 481 feet. Situated directly below the Kings Chamber is the Queens Chamber and there are two air channels leading upwards from the centre of the pyramid to the outside. Originally the exterior was covered in highly polished limestone slabs, all of which have been stolen over the years. It is estimated that a total of 100,000 men laboured for 20 years to build this gigantic structure, and although architecturally unimportant in design, it has aroused the curiosity of millions of people because of the uncanny accuracy of its measurements and proportions. It reveals the remarkable ingenuity and the great organising ability of the ancient Egyptians. Near these pyramids stands the Great Sphinx, the origin and purpose of which constitutes one of the worlds most famous puzzles. Shaped from an outcrop of stone in the form of a humanheaded lion, the face is possibly a portrait of King Khafra, the son of Cheops, who was buried in the second largest pyramid. The Sphinx is one of the biggest statues ever made. The Egyptian people showed reverence towards natural objects such as the lotus flower, the scarab beetle, the falcon, the lion, the sun and the River Nile. All these subjects and many more were used symbolically and conventionally as motifs in low-relief carving and painting. It was the custom of the Egyptians to depict the various parts of the human figure, usually in the most characteristic positions. The head was shown in profile except for the eye, which was represented from the front, the shoulders and a portion of the arms were portrayed from the front, while the hips and legs were side views. Wall decoration showed little or no attempt to indicate depth or perspective, except by placing distant objects above near things. It was essentially two-dimensional, and relative size indicated the status of the person, so the pharaoh was the largest figure in the composition. Egyptian art is characterised by a passion for permanence, a desire to impress by size, and a determination to make each item serve its function without much regard for the whole. It is obvious that art among these people reached a very high level and the strong influence of Egyptian art can be seen in the work of nearby civilisations. The fortunate discovery and subsequent deciphering in 1822 of the Rosetta Stone, which showed the same laws inscribed both in Egyptian hieroglyphics and the Egyptian demotic, or popular version of their language, as well as the Greek language, eventually gave the key to the meaning of Egyptian inscriptions, and therefore the significance of much Egyptian art.", "hypothesis": "Egyptian art was greatly influenced by the art of neighbouring cultures.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_433", "premise": "The people of ancient Egypt emerged as one of the first Western civilisations. Sustained by the River Nile and protected by vast deserts, the Egyptians lived in comparative security, prosperity and peace for thousands of years. When such conditions exist, the civilisation and its arts usually flourish. To this day, many of the Egyptian artistic creations display the wealth, splendour and talent of this great civilisation. Ancient Egypt has been called a land of temples and tombs. For centuries people have been filled with wonder at the ingenuity of the Egyptians, whose impressive works have withstood the ravages of time so well. Had it not been for the long-lasting nature of their monuments and carved inscriptions in the form of hieroglyphics, much evidence of their activities would have vanished from all historical records. In about 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under the first pharaoh, and generally from that time until the invasion by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, Egypt prospered as a nation of skilful craftsmen and artists. The Egyptians were an industrious, highly civilised and deeply religious people, who obediently accepted the supreme authority of their pharaohs. The people were content to serve and work for the state in return for a secure livelihood. They considered this earthly life to be a segment in a great cycle, at the end of which everything would be returned to its original form. The richer and more important the person, the more careful and elaborate would be his or her burial, and the stronger and safer the tomb in which they would be buried. The burial of the dead in the ground was not considered sufficiently safe for kings, queens and court officials, so sunken, sealed tombs were ingeniously constructed to protect personal treasures, food and instructions for the safe conduct of the soul after death. The design of these tombs developed into the stepped pyramid, and finally into the square pyramid that we know today. There are about 80 ancient pyramids in Egypt. The Great Pyramid at Giza, which King Cheops built as his tomb 5000 years ago, holds most interest. It stands with two other pyramids on a slight rise overlooking the River Nile. At the centre of the pyramid is the Kings Chamber and leading down from there is a long narrow area known as the Grand Gallery. The pyramid covers 13 acres and contains 2,300,000 blocks of limestone, each weighing an average of 1.5 tons. Its pyramidal form has a perfectly square base with sides of 756 feet and a height of 481 feet. Situated directly below the Kings Chamber is the Queens Chamber and there are two air channels leading upwards from the centre of the pyramid to the outside. Originally the exterior was covered in highly polished limestone slabs, all of which have been stolen over the years. It is estimated that a total of 100,000 men laboured for 20 years to build this gigantic structure, and although architecturally unimportant in design, it has aroused the curiosity of millions of people because of the uncanny accuracy of its measurements and proportions. It reveals the remarkable ingenuity and the great organising ability of the ancient Egyptians. Near these pyramids stands the Great Sphinx, the origin and purpose of which constitutes one of the worlds most famous puzzles. Shaped from an outcrop of stone in the form of a humanheaded lion, the face is possibly a portrait of King Khafra, the son of Cheops, who was buried in the second largest pyramid. The Sphinx is one of the biggest statues ever made. The Egyptian people showed reverence towards natural objects such as the lotus flower, the scarab beetle, the falcon, the lion, the sun and the River Nile. All these subjects and many more were used symbolically and conventionally as motifs in low-relief carving and painting. It was the custom of the Egyptians to depict the various parts of the human figure, usually in the most characteristic positions. The head was shown in profile except for the eye, which was represented from the front, the shoulders and a portion of the arms were portrayed from the front, while the hips and legs were side views. Wall decoration showed little or no attempt to indicate depth or perspective, except by placing distant objects above near things. It was essentially two-dimensional, and relative size indicated the status of the person, so the pharaoh was the largest figure in the composition. Egyptian art is characterised by a passion for permanence, a desire to impress by size, and a determination to make each item serve its function without much regard for the whole. It is obvious that art among these people reached a very high level and the strong influence of Egyptian art can be seen in the work of nearby civilisations. The fortunate discovery and subsequent deciphering in 1822 of the Rosetta Stone, which showed the same laws inscribed both in Egyptian hieroglyphics and the Egyptian demotic, or popular version of their language, as well as the Greek language, eventually gave the key to the meaning of Egyptian inscriptions, and therefore the significance of much Egyptian art.", "hypothesis": "The surface of the Great Pyramid is covered in polished limestone slabs.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_434", "premise": "The people of ancient Egypt emerged as one of the first Western civilisations. Sustained by the River Nile and protected by vast deserts, the Egyptians lived in comparative security, prosperity and peace for thousands of years. When such conditions exist, the civilisation and its arts usually flourish. To this day, many of the Egyptian artistic creations display the wealth, splendour and talent of this great civilisation. Ancient Egypt has been called a land of temples and tombs. For centuries people have been filled with wonder at the ingenuity of the Egyptians, whose impressive works have withstood the ravages of time so well. Had it not been for the long-lasting nature of their monuments and carved inscriptions in the form of hieroglyphics, much evidence of their activities would have vanished from all historical records. In about 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united under the first pharaoh, and generally from that time until the invasion by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, Egypt prospered as a nation of skilful craftsmen and artists. The Egyptians were an industrious, highly civilised and deeply religious people, who obediently accepted the supreme authority of their pharaohs. The people were content to serve and work for the state in return for a secure livelihood. They considered this earthly life to be a segment in a great cycle, at the end of which everything would be returned to its original form. The richer and more important the person, the more careful and elaborate would be his or her burial, and the stronger and safer the tomb in which they would be buried. The burial of the dead in the ground was not considered sufficiently safe for kings, queens and court officials, so sunken, sealed tombs were ingeniously constructed to protect personal treasures, food and instructions for the safe conduct of the soul after death. The design of these tombs developed into the stepped pyramid, and finally into the square pyramid that we know today. There are about 80 ancient pyramids in Egypt. The Great Pyramid at Giza, which King Cheops built as his tomb 5000 years ago, holds most interest. It stands with two other pyramids on a slight rise overlooking the River Nile. At the centre of the pyramid is the Kings Chamber and leading down from there is a long narrow area known as the Grand Gallery. The pyramid covers 13 acres and contains 2,300,000 blocks of limestone, each weighing an average of 1.5 tons. Its pyramidal form has a perfectly square base with sides of 756 feet and a height of 481 feet. Situated directly below the Kings Chamber is the Queens Chamber and there are two air channels leading upwards from the centre of the pyramid to the outside. Originally the exterior was covered in highly polished limestone slabs, all of which have been stolen over the years. It is estimated that a total of 100,000 men laboured for 20 years to build this gigantic structure, and although architecturally unimportant in design, it has aroused the curiosity of millions of people because of the uncanny accuracy of its measurements and proportions. It reveals the remarkable ingenuity and the great organising ability of the ancient Egyptians. Near these pyramids stands the Great Sphinx, the origin and purpose of which constitutes one of the worlds most famous puzzles. Shaped from an outcrop of stone in the form of a humanheaded lion, the face is possibly a portrait of King Khafra, the son of Cheops, who was buried in the second largest pyramid. The Sphinx is one of the biggest statues ever made. The Egyptian people showed reverence towards natural objects such as the lotus flower, the scarab beetle, the falcon, the lion, the sun and the River Nile. All these subjects and many more were used symbolically and conventionally as motifs in low-relief carving and painting. It was the custom of the Egyptians to depict the various parts of the human figure, usually in the most characteristic positions. The head was shown in profile except for the eye, which was represented from the front, the shoulders and a portion of the arms were portrayed from the front, while the hips and legs were side views. Wall decoration showed little or no attempt to indicate depth or perspective, except by placing distant objects above near things. It was essentially two-dimensional, and relative size indicated the status of the person, so the pharaoh was the largest figure in the composition. Egyptian art is characterised by a passion for permanence, a desire to impress by size, and a determination to make each item serve its function without much regard for the whole. It is obvious that art among these people reached a very high level and the strong influence of Egyptian art can be seen in the work of nearby civilisations. The fortunate discovery and subsequent deciphering in 1822 of the Rosetta Stone, which showed the same laws inscribed both in Egyptian hieroglyphics and the Egyptian demotic, or popular version of their language, as well as the Greek language, eventually gave the key to the meaning of Egyptian inscriptions, and therefore the significance of much Egyptian art.", "hypothesis": "King Khafra died before King Cheops.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_435", "premise": "The peoples republic of china has enjoyed a rapidly growing economy for decades, with chinas export market the key factor in its economic success. However recently economic growth, import and export growth have been declining and are at their lowest rates since the late 2000 economic crisis. These may be indications of a slowing economy, which could spell disaster for the Peoples Republic, which have set their sights at competing with America for economic superpower status. It is possible that the increase in living standards and wages throughout china has increased the prices of its exports, making them less financially desirable. Only time will tell if the worlds second largest economy still has the steam to maintain high rates of growth.", "hypothesis": "Increase in wages is the suggested reason for chinas slowed growth", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_436", "premise": "The phenomenon of bottled water has given rise to the creation of a billion pound industry. The cost of bottled water can be up to 10,000 times higher than that of tap water. However, a reported 53 billion gallons of bottled water are consumed each year. This is a shocking figure, when considering the fact that much bottled water is actually from municipal water sources; in other words, taps. In addition, the process of bottling and transporting the water can have detrimental effects on the environment. Last year over 16 million barrels of oil were used in the production of bottled water. This is enough oil to fuel over half a million cars for an entire year. Finally, statistics suggest that only one in six plastic water bottles are recycled. In this way, the bottled water industry can be seen as not only overly expensive for consumers, but also as damaging for the environment.", "hypothesis": "Bottled water can be up to 10,000 times higher than the cost of tap water.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_437", "premise": "The phenomenon of bottled water has given rise to the creation of a billion pound industry. The cost of bottled water can be up to 10,000 times higher than that of tap water. However, a reported 53 billion gallons of bottled water are consumed each year. This is a shocking figure, when considering the fact that much bottled water is actually from municipal water sources; in other words, taps. In addition, the process of bottling and transporting the water can have detrimental effects on the environment. Last year over 16 million barrels of oil were used in the production of bottled water. This is enough oil to fuel over half a million cars for an entire year. Finally, statistics suggest that only one in six plastic water bottles are recycled. In this way, the bottled water industry can be seen as not only overly expensive for consumers, but also as damaging for the environment.", "hypothesis": "Bottled water is 10,000 times higher than the cost of tap water.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_438", "premise": "The phenomenon of bottled water has given rise to the creation of a billion pound industry. The cost of bottled water can be up to 10,000 times higher than that of tap water. However, a reported 53 billion gallons of bottled water are consumed each year. This is a shocking figure, when considering the fact that much bottled water is actually from municipal water sources; in other words, taps. In addition, the process of bottling and transporting the water can have detrimental effects on the environment. Last year over 16 million barrels of oil were used in the production of bottled water. This is enough oil to fuel over half a million cars for an entire year. Finally, statistics suggest that only one in six plastic water bottles are recycled. In this way, the bottled water industry can be seen as not only overly expensive for consumers, but also as damaging for the environment.", "hypothesis": "The bottled water industry may have a negative effect on the environment.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_439", "premise": "The phenomenon of bottled water has given rise to the creation of a billion pound industry. The cost of bottled water can be up to 10,000 times higher than that of tap water. However, a reported 53 billion gallons of bottled water are consumed each year. This is a shocking figure, when considering the fact that much bottled water is actually from municipal water sources; in other words, taps. In addition, the process of bottling and transporting the water can have detrimental effects on the environment. Last year over 16 million barrels of oil were used in the production of bottled water. This is enough oil to fuel over half a million cars for an entire year. Finally, statistics suggest that only one in six plastic water bottles are recycled. In this way, the bottled water industry can be seen as not only overly expensive for consumers, but also as damaging for the environment.", "hypothesis": "The oil from last years production of bottled water could fuel 500,000 cars", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_440", "premise": "The polar bear is the worlds largest land carnivore and also the largest species of bear, along with the Kodiak bear. The polar bear is on average twice as large as the Siberian tiger and adult males weigh between 350-700kg in the wild. Adult females are roughly half the size, weighing between 150-250kg. Polar bears are insulated with up to 10 cm of blubber, which causes them to overheat at temperatures above 10 C. Unlike brown bears, polar bears are unlikely to become obese in captivity, likely due to warm conditions in most zoos. Polar bears are excellent swimmers and individuals have been seen on open arctic waters as far as 300 km from land.", "hypothesis": "The polar bears blubber is an adaption to their cold arctic climate.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_441", "premise": "The polar bear is the worlds largest land carnivore and also the largest species of bear, along with the Kodiak bear. The polar bear is on average twice as large as the Siberian tiger and adult males weigh between 350-700kg in the wild. Adult females are roughly half the size, weighing between 150-250kg. Polar bears are insulated with up to 10 cm of blubber, which causes them to overheat at temperatures above 10 C. Unlike brown bears, polar bears are unlikely to become obese in captivity, likely due to warm conditions in most zoos. Polar bears are excellent swimmers and individuals have been seen on open arctic waters as far as 300 km from land.", "hypothesis": "On average, the Kodiak bear is twice the size of the Siberian tiger.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_442", "premise": "The polar bear is the worlds largest land carnivore and also the largest species of bear, along with the Kodiak bear. The polar bear is on average twice as large as the Siberian tiger and adult males weigh between 350-700kg in the wild. Adult females are roughly half the size, weighing between 150-250kg. Polar bears are insulated with up to 10 cm of blubber, which causes them to overheat at temperatures above 10 C. Unlike brown bears, polar bears are unlikely to become obese in captivity, likely due to warm conditions in most zoos. Polar bears are excellent swimmers and individuals have been seen on open arctic waters as far as 300 km from land.", "hypothesis": "The Polar bear spends more time in water than on land.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_443", "premise": "The polar bear is the worlds largest land carnivore and also the largest species of bear, along with the Kodiak bear. The polar bear is on average twice as large as the Siberian tiger and adult males weigh between 350-700kg in the wild. Adult females are roughly half the size, weighing between 150-250kg. Polar bears are insulated with up to 10 cm of blubber, which causes them to overheat at temperatures above 10 C. Unlike brown bears, polar bears are unlikely to become obese in captivity, likely due to warm conditions in most zoos. Polar bears are excellent swimmers and individuals have been seen on open arctic waters as far as 300 km from land.", "hypothesis": "The Kodiak bear is the worlds largest carnivore.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_444", "premise": "The polar bear is the worlds largest land carnivore and also the largest species of bear, along with the Kodiak bear. The polar bear is on average twice as large as the Siberian tiger and adult males weigh between 350-700kg in the wild. Adult females are roughly half the size, weighing between 150-250kg. Polar bears are insulated with up to 10 cm of blubber, which causes them to overheat at temperatures above 10 C. Unlike brown bears, polar bears are unlikely to become obese in captivity, likely due to warm conditions in most zoos. Polar bears are excellent swimmers and individuals have been seen on open arctic waters as far as 300 km from land.", "hypothesis": "Polar bears in captivity are much larger than those in the wild.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_445", "premise": "The police are looking for a man aged about 30 who is suspected of committing an assault on a pair of senior citizens outside their home in Chapel Street, Northwell. The alleged assault occurred shortly after 23.00 hours on Thursday 8 July when the couple, Monica and Albert Smart, were returning home from a social evening at their local Community Centre. The following facts are also known: Monica and Albert Smith are both aged over 65 and have recently retired. An unknown assailant snatched and ran off with Monicas handbag, but Albert refused to hand over his wallet despite being threatened by the thief. After the attack, Albert was taken to the A&E Department of City Hospital suffering from severe shock, but was later allowed to return home. Bill James aged 32, an unemployed neighbour of the Smarts, was visited by debt collectors on the day of the assault.", "hypothesis": "The police are looking for Bill James who is under suspicion for committing the assault on Albert and Monica Smart.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_446", "premise": "The police are looking for a man aged about 30 who is suspected of committing an assault on a pair of senior citizens outside their home in Chapel Street, Northwell. The alleged assault occurred shortly after 23.00 hours on Thursday 8 July when the couple, Monica and Albert Smart, were returning home from a social evening at their local Community Centre. The following facts are also known: Monica and Albert Smith are both aged over 65 and have recently retired. An unknown assailant snatched and ran off with Monicas handbag, but Albert refused to hand over his wallet despite being threatened by the thief. After the attack, Albert was taken to the A&E Department of City Hospital suffering from severe shock, but was later allowed to return home. Bill James aged 32, an unemployed neighbour of the Smarts, was visited by debt collectors on the day of the assault.", "hypothesis": "Bill James, a neighbour of Mr and Mrs Smart, is currently experiencing financial difficulties.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_447", "premise": "The police are looking for a man aged about 30 who is suspected of committing an assault on a pair of senior citizens outside their home in Chapel Street, Northwell. The alleged assault occurred shortly after 23.00 hours on Thursday 8 July when the couple, Monica and Albert Smart, were returning home from a social evening at their local Community Centre. The following facts are also known: Monica and Albert Smith are both aged over 65 and have recently retired. An unknown assailant snatched and ran off with Monicas handbag, but Albert refused to hand over his wallet despite being threatened by the thief. After the attack, Albert was taken to the A&E Department of City Hospital suffering from severe shock, but was later allowed to return home. Bill James aged 32, an unemployed neighbour of the Smarts, was visited by debt collectors on the day of the assault.", "hypothesis": "Mr and Mrs Smart are long-term residents of Chapel Street, Northwell.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_448", "premise": "The police are looking for a man aged about 30 who is suspected of committing an assault on a pair of senior citizens outside their home in Chapel Street, Northwell. The alleged assault occurred shortly after 23.00 hours on Thursday 8 July when the couple, Monica and Albert Smart, were returning home from a social evening at their local Community Centre. The following facts are also known: Monica and Albert Smith are both aged over 65 and have recently retired. An unknown assailant snatched and ran off with Monicas handbag, but Albert refused to hand over his wallet despite being threatened by the thief. After the attack, Albert was taken to the A&E Department of City Hospital suffering from severe shock, but was later allowed to return home. Bill James aged 32, an unemployed neighbour of the Smarts, was visited by debt collectors on the day of the assault.", "hypothesis": "Albert Smart resisted the thiefs attempts to steal his wallet, and was taken to the hospital afterwards to have his injuries treated.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_449", "premise": "The police are looking for a man aged about 30 who is suspected of committing an assault on a pair of senior citizens outside their home in Chapel Street, Northwell. The alleged assault occurred shortly after 23.00 hours on Thursday 8 July when the couple, Monica and Albert Smart, were returning home from a social evening at their local Community Centre. The following facts are also known: Monica and Albert Smith are both aged over 65 and have recently retired. An unknown assailant snatched and ran off with Monicas handbag, but Albert refused to hand over his wallet despite being threatened by the thief. After the attack, Albert was taken to the A&E Department of City Hospital suffering from severe shock, but was later allowed to return home. Bill James aged 32, an unemployed neighbour of the Smarts, was visited by debt collectors on the day of the assault.", "hypothesis": "Theft was the prime motive for the attack on Monica and Albert Smart, a pair of recently retired senior citizens.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_450", "premise": "The police report that they have obtained CCTV images of a robbery that took place at a mini-supermarket in a suburb of Littleton. The recordings show that three masked men entered the store in North Road as the duty manager Debra Mooney and her assistants were preparing to close down at about 23.50 BST on Friday 20 April. The following facts are also known: Two of the men jumped over the counter and grabbed a quantity of cash from the tills. The other man threatened the staff with what appeared to be a kitchen knife. None of the staff was injured in the incident but they were badly shaken by the experience. Bret Desmond, the brother of one of the assistants, was recently released from prison after serving a sentence for robbery. The owner of a nearby hardware store had reported to the police that a set of kitchen knives had been stolen from his shop on the afternoon of Friday 20 April.", "hypothesis": "The knife used in the robbery at the mini-supermarket had been stolen from a local hardware shop earlier that day.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_451", "premise": "The police report that they have obtained CCTV images of a robbery that took place at a mini-supermarket in a suburb of Littleton. The recordings show that three masked men entered the store in North Road as the duty manager Debra Mooney and her assistants were preparing to close down at about 23.50 BST on Friday 20 April. The following facts are also known: Two of the men jumped over the counter and grabbed a quantity of cash from the tills. The other man threatened the staff with what appeared to be a kitchen knife. None of the staff was injured in the incident but they were badly shaken by the experience. Bret Desmond, the brother of one of the assistants, was recently released from prison after serving a sentence for robbery. The owner of a nearby hardware store had reported to the police that a set of kitchen knives had been stolen from his shop on the afternoon of Friday 20 April.", "hypothesis": "The raid on the mini-supermarket took place shortly before midnight on the last Friday in April.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_452", "premise": "The police report that they have obtained CCTV images of a robbery that took place at a mini-supermarket in a suburb of Littleton. The recordings show that three masked men entered the store in North Road as the duty manager Debra Mooney and her assistants were preparing to close down at about 23.50 BST on Friday 20 April. The following facts are also known: Two of the men jumped over the counter and grabbed a quantity of cash from the tills. The other man threatened the staff with what appeared to be a kitchen knife. None of the staff was injured in the incident but they were badly shaken by the experience. Bret Desmond, the brother of one of the assistants, was recently released from prison after serving a sentence for robbery. The owner of a nearby hardware store had reported to the police that a set of kitchen knives had been stolen from his shop on the afternoon of Friday 20 April.", "hypothesis": "The duty manager Debra Mooney and her assistants were subjected to physical violence during the course of the incident.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_453", "premise": "The police report that they have obtained CCTV images of a robbery that took place at a mini-supermarket in a suburb of Littleton. The recordings show that three masked men entered the store in North Road as the duty manager Debra Mooney and her assistants were preparing to close down at about 23.50 BST on Friday 20 April. The following facts are also known: Two of the men jumped over the counter and grabbed a quantity of cash from the tills. The other man threatened the staff with what appeared to be a kitchen knife. None of the staff was injured in the incident but they were badly shaken by the experience. Bret Desmond, the brother of one of the assistants, was recently released from prison after serving a sentence for robbery. The owner of a nearby hardware store had reported to the police that a set of kitchen knives had been stolen from his shop on the afternoon of Friday 20 April.", "hypothesis": "The CCTV images will enable the police to identify the three men who committed the robbery at the store.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_454", "premise": "The police report that they have obtained CCTV images of a robbery that took place at a mini-supermarket in a suburb of Littleton. The recordings show that three masked men entered the store in North Road as the duty manager Debra Mooney and her assistants were preparing to close down at about 23.50 BST on Friday 20 April. The following facts are also known: Two of the men jumped over the counter and grabbed a quantity of cash from the tills. The other man threatened the staff with what appeared to be a kitchen knife. None of the staff was injured in the incident but they were badly shaken by the experience. Bret Desmond, the brother of one of the assistants, was recently released from prison after serving a sentence for robbery. The owner of a nearby hardware store had reported to the police that a set of kitchen knives had been stolen from his shop on the afternoon of Friday 20 April.", "hypothesis": "Bret Desmond, the brother of one of the assistants at the store, has a criminal record.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_455", "premise": "The politics of pessimism Newspaper headlines and TV or radio news bulletins would have us believe erroneously that a new age has come upon us, the Age of Cassandra. People are being assailed not just with contemporary doom, or past gloom, but with prophecies of disasters about to befall. The dawn of the new millennium has now passed; the earth is still intact, and the fin de siecle Jeremiahs have now gone off to configure a new date for the apocalypse. It can, I believe, be said with some certainty that the doom-mongers will never run out of business. Human nature has an inclination for pessimism and anxiety, with each age having its demagogues, foretelling doom or dragging it in their wake. But what makes the modern age so different is that the catastrophes are more in your face, Their assault on our senses is relentless. Whether it be sub-conscious or not, this is a situation not lost on politicians. They play upon peoples propensity for unease, turning it into a very effective political tool. Deluding the general public All too often, when politicians want to change the status quo, they take advantage of peoples fears of the unknown and their uncertainties about the future. For example, details about a new policy may be leaked to the press. Of course, the worst case scenario is presented in all its depressing detail. When the general public reacts in horror, the government appears to cave in. And then accepting some of the suggestions from their critics, ministers water down their proposals. This allows the government to get what It wants, while at the same time fooling the public into believing that they have got one over on the government. Or even that they have some say in the making of policy. There are several principles at play here. And both are rather simple: unsettle people and then play on their fears; and second, people must be given an opportunity to make a contribution, however insignificant, in a given situation; otherwise, they become dissatisfied, not fearful or anxious. A similar ruse, at a local level, will further illustrate how easily peoples base fears are exploited. A common practice is to give people a number of options, say in a housing development, ranging from no change to radical transformation of an area. The aim is to persuade people to agree significant modifications, which may involve disruption to their lives, and possibly extra expenditure. The individuals, fearful of the worst possible outcome, plump for the middle course. And this, incidentally, is invariably the option favoured by the authorities. Everything is achieved under the guise of market research, but it is obviously a blatant exercise in the manipulation of peoples fears. Fear and survival Fear and anxieties about the future affect us still. People are wracked with self-doubt and low self-esteem. In the struggle to exist and advance in life, a seemingly endless string, of obstacles is encountered, so many, in fact, that any accomplishment seems surprising. liven when people do succeed they are still nagged by uncertainty. Not surprisingly, feelings like doubt, fear, anxiety and pessimism are usually associated with failure. Yet, if properly harnessed, they are the driving force behind success, the very engines of genius. if things turn out well for a long time, there is a further anxiety: that of constantly waiting for something to go wrong. People then find themselves propitiating the gods: not walking on lines on the pavements, performing rituals before public performances, wearing particular clothes and colours so that they can blame the ritual not themselves when things go wrong, But surely the real terror cornea when success continues uninterrupted for such a long period of time that we forget what failure is like! We crave for and are fed a daily diet of anxiety, Horror films and disaster movies have an increasing appeal. Nostradamus pops his head up now and again. And other would-be prophets make a brief appearance, predicting the demise of human kind. Perhaps, this is all just a vestige of the hardships of early man our attempt to recreate the struggles of a past age, as its becomes more and more comfortable. Mankind cannot live by contentment alone. And so, a world awash with anxieties and pessimism has been created. Being optimistic is you struggle. Hut survival dictates that mankind remain ever sanguine.", "hypothesis": "People perform certain rituals to try to avoid failure.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_456", "premise": "The politics of pessimism Newspaper headlines and TV or radio news bulletins would have us believe erroneously that a new age has come upon us, the Age of Cassandra. People are being assailed not just with contemporary doom, or past gloom, but with prophecies of disasters about to befall. The dawn of the new millennium has now passed; the earth is still intact, and the fin de siecle Jeremiahs have now gone off to configure a new date for the apocalypse. It can, I believe, be said with some certainty that the doom-mongers will never run out of business. Human nature has an inclination for pessimism and anxiety, with each age having its demagogues, foretelling doom or dragging it in their wake. But what makes the modern age so different is that the catastrophes are more in your face, Their assault on our senses is relentless. Whether it be sub-conscious or not, this is a situation not lost on politicians. They play upon peoples propensity for unease, turning it into a very effective political tool. Deluding the general public All too often, when politicians want to change the status quo, they take advantage of peoples fears of the unknown and their uncertainties about the future. For example, details about a new policy may be leaked to the press. Of course, the worst case scenario is presented in all its depressing detail. When the general public reacts in horror, the government appears to cave in. And then accepting some of the suggestions from their critics, ministers water down their proposals. This allows the government to get what It wants, while at the same time fooling the public into believing that they have got one over on the government. Or even that they have some say in the making of policy. There are several principles at play here. And both are rather simple: unsettle people and then play on their fears; and second, people must be given an opportunity to make a contribution, however insignificant, in a given situation; otherwise, they become dissatisfied, not fearful or anxious. A similar ruse, at a local level, will further illustrate how easily peoples base fears are exploited. A common practice is to give people a number of options, say in a housing development, ranging from no change to radical transformation of an area. The aim is to persuade people to agree significant modifications, which may involve disruption to their lives, and possibly extra expenditure. The individuals, fearful of the worst possible outcome, plump for the middle course. And this, incidentally, is invariably the option favoured by the authorities. Everything is achieved under the guise of market research, but it is obviously a blatant exercise in the manipulation of peoples fears. Fear and survival Fear and anxieties about the future affect us still. People are wracked with self-doubt and low self-esteem. In the struggle to exist and advance in life, a seemingly endless string, of obstacles is encountered, so many, in fact, that any accomplishment seems surprising. liven when people do succeed they are still nagged by uncertainty. Not surprisingly, feelings like doubt, fear, anxiety and pessimism are usually associated with failure. Yet, if properly harnessed, they are the driving force behind success, the very engines of genius. if things turn out well for a long time, there is a further anxiety: that of constantly waiting for something to go wrong. People then find themselves propitiating the gods: not walking on lines on the pavements, performing rituals before public performances, wearing particular clothes and colours so that they can blame the ritual not themselves when things go wrong, But surely the real terror cornea when success continues uninterrupted for such a long period of time that we forget what failure is like! We crave for and are fed a daily diet of anxiety, Horror films and disaster movies have an increasing appeal. Nostradamus pops his head up now and again. And other would-be prophets make a brief appearance, predicting the demise of human kind. Perhaps, this is all just a vestige of the hardships of early man our attempt to recreate the struggles of a past age, as its becomes more and more comfortable. Mankind cannot live by contentment alone. And so, a world awash with anxieties and pessimism has been created. Being optimistic is you struggle. Hut survival dictates that mankind remain ever sanguine.", "hypothesis": "The complex relationship between failure and success needs to be addressed carefully.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_457", "premise": "The politics of pessimism Newspaper headlines and TV or radio news bulletins would have us believe erroneously that a new age has come upon us, the Age of Cassandra. People are being assailed not just with contemporary doom, or past gloom, but with prophecies of disasters about to befall. The dawn of the new millennium has now passed; the earth is still intact, and the fin de siecle Jeremiahs have now gone off to configure a new date for the apocalypse. It can, I believe, be said with some certainty that the doom-mongers will never run out of business. Human nature has an inclination for pessimism and anxiety, with each age having its demagogues, foretelling doom or dragging it in their wake. But what makes the modern age so different is that the catastrophes are more in your face, Their assault on our senses is relentless. Whether it be sub-conscious or not, this is a situation not lost on politicians. They play upon peoples propensity for unease, turning it into a very effective political tool. Deluding the general public All too often, when politicians want to change the status quo, they take advantage of peoples fears of the unknown and their uncertainties about the future. For example, details about a new policy may be leaked to the press. Of course, the worst case scenario is presented in all its depressing detail. When the general public reacts in horror, the government appears to cave in. And then accepting some of the suggestions from their critics, ministers water down their proposals. This allows the government to get what It wants, while at the same time fooling the public into believing that they have got one over on the government. Or even that they have some say in the making of policy. There are several principles at play here. And both are rather simple: unsettle people and then play on their fears; and second, people must be given an opportunity to make a contribution, however insignificant, in a given situation; otherwise, they become dissatisfied, not fearful or anxious. A similar ruse, at a local level, will further illustrate how easily peoples base fears are exploited. A common practice is to give people a number of options, say in a housing development, ranging from no change to radical transformation of an area. The aim is to persuade people to agree significant modifications, which may involve disruption to their lives, and possibly extra expenditure. The individuals, fearful of the worst possible outcome, plump for the middle course. And this, incidentally, is invariably the option favoured by the authorities. Everything is achieved under the guise of market research, but it is obviously a blatant exercise in the manipulation of peoples fears. Fear and survival Fear and anxieties about the future affect us still. People are wracked with self-doubt and low self-esteem. In the struggle to exist and advance in life, a seemingly endless string, of obstacles is encountered, so many, in fact, that any accomplishment seems surprising. liven when people do succeed they are still nagged by uncertainty. Not surprisingly, feelings like doubt, fear, anxiety and pessimism are usually associated with failure. Yet, if properly harnessed, they are the driving force behind success, the very engines of genius. if things turn out well for a long time, there is a further anxiety: that of constantly waiting for something to go wrong. People then find themselves propitiating the gods: not walking on lines on the pavements, performing rituals before public performances, wearing particular clothes and colours so that they can blame the ritual not themselves when things go wrong, But surely the real terror cornea when success continues uninterrupted for such a long period of time that we forget what failure is like! We crave for and are fed a daily diet of anxiety, Horror films and disaster movies have an increasing appeal. Nostradamus pops his head up now and again. And other would-be prophets make a brief appearance, predicting the demise of human kind. Perhaps, this is all just a vestige of the hardships of early man our attempt to recreate the struggles of a past age, as its becomes more and more comfortable. Mankind cannot live by contentment alone. And so, a world awash with anxieties and pessimism has been created. Being optimistic is you struggle. Hut survival dictates that mankind remain ever sanguine.", "hypothesis": "The writer believes that Nostradamus and certain other prophets are right about their predictions for the end of the human race.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_458", "premise": "The politics of pessimism Newspaper headlines and TV or radio news bulletins would have us believe erroneously that a new age has come upon us, the Age of Cassandra. People are being assailed not just with contemporary doom, or past gloom, but with prophecies of disasters about to befall. The dawn of the new millennium has now passed; the earth is still intact, and the fin de siecle Jeremiahs have now gone off to configure a new date for the apocalypse. It can, I believe, be said with some certainty that the doom-mongers will never run out of business. Human nature has an inclination for pessimism and anxiety, with each age having its demagogues, foretelling doom or dragging it in their wake. But what makes the modern age so different is that the catastrophes are more in your face, Their assault on our senses is relentless. Whether it be sub-conscious or not, this is a situation not lost on politicians. They play upon peoples propensity for unease, turning it into a very effective political tool. Deluding the general public All too often, when politicians want to change the status quo, they take advantage of peoples fears of the unknown and their uncertainties about the future. For example, details about a new policy may be leaked to the press. Of course, the worst case scenario is presented in all its depressing detail. When the general public reacts in horror, the government appears to cave in. And then accepting some of the suggestions from their critics, ministers water down their proposals. This allows the government to get what It wants, while at the same time fooling the public into believing that they have got one over on the government. Or even that they have some say in the making of policy. There are several principles at play here. And both are rather simple: unsettle people and then play on their fears; and second, people must be given an opportunity to make a contribution, however insignificant, in a given situation; otherwise, they become dissatisfied, not fearful or anxious. A similar ruse, at a local level, will further illustrate how easily peoples base fears are exploited. A common practice is to give people a number of options, say in a housing development, ranging from no change to radical transformation of an area. The aim is to persuade people to agree significant modifications, which may involve disruption to their lives, and possibly extra expenditure. The individuals, fearful of the worst possible outcome, plump for the middle course. And this, incidentally, is invariably the option favoured by the authorities. Everything is achieved under the guise of market research, but it is obviously a blatant exercise in the manipulation of peoples fears. Fear and survival Fear and anxieties about the future affect us still. People are wracked with self-doubt and low self-esteem. In the struggle to exist and advance in life, a seemingly endless string, of obstacles is encountered, so many, in fact, that any accomplishment seems surprising. liven when people do succeed they are still nagged by uncertainty. Not surprisingly, feelings like doubt, fear, anxiety and pessimism are usually associated with failure. Yet, if properly harnessed, they are the driving force behind success, the very engines of genius. if things turn out well for a long time, there is a further anxiety: that of constantly waiting for something to go wrong. People then find themselves propitiating the gods: not walking on lines on the pavements, performing rituals before public performances, wearing particular clothes and colours so that they can blame the ritual not themselves when things go wrong, But surely the real terror cornea when success continues uninterrupted for such a long period of time that we forget what failure is like! We crave for and are fed a daily diet of anxiety, Horror films and disaster movies have an increasing appeal. Nostradamus pops his head up now and again. And other would-be prophets make a brief appearance, predicting the demise of human kind. Perhaps, this is all just a vestige of the hardships of early man our attempt to recreate the struggles of a past age, as its becomes more and more comfortable. Mankind cannot live by contentment alone. And so, a world awash with anxieties and pessimism has been created. Being optimistic is you struggle. Hut survival dictates that mankind remain ever sanguine.", "hypothesis": "Anxiety in daily life is what we want.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_459", "premise": "The population of the United Kingdom is ageing. It has increased from 55.9 million in 1971 to 60.2 million in 2005. That is almost an eight percent increase. However, this change is not spread out evenly across all age groups. In the last thirty or so years, the population aged 65 or over has increased from 13 percent to 16 percent. Within this age group the proportion of the population aged 65 and over and 85 and over increased from 7 percent in the 1970s to 12 percent in 2005. However, the percentage of the population living under the age of 16 has declined from 25 percent in 1971 to 19 percent in 2005. Over the last thirty years, the mean age of the UK population increased from 34.1 years in 1971 to 38.8 in 2005. This ageing is principally due to fertility, although in recent times there has been a decrease in mortality rates, with particular emphasis on older ages.", "hypothesis": "There were more older people than younger people living in 2005", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_460", "premise": "The population of the United Kingdom is ageing. It has increased from 55.9 million in 1971 to 60.2 million in 2005. That is almost an eight percent increase. However, this change is not spread out evenly across all age groups. In the last thirty or so years, the population aged 65 or over has increased from 13 percent to 16 percent. Within this age group the proportion of the population aged 65 and over and 85 and over increased from 7 percent in the 1970s to 12 percent in 2005. However, the percentage of the population living under the age of 16 has declined from 25 percent in 1971 to 19 percent in 2005. Over the last thirty years, the mean age of the UK population increased from 34.1 years in 1971 to 38.8 in 2005. This ageing is principally due to fertility, although in recent times there has been a decrease in mortality rates, with particular emphasis on older ages.", "hypothesis": "There has been a population increase of 4.3 million from the 1970s to 2005", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_461", "premise": "The population of the United Kingdom is ageing. It has increased from 55.9 million in 1971 to 60.2 million in 2005. That is almost an eight percent increase. However, this change is not spread out evenly across all age groups. In the last thirty or so years, the population aged 65 or over has increased from 13 percent to 16 percent. Within this age group the proportion of the population aged 65 and over and 85 and over increased from 7 percent in the 1970s to 12 percent in 2005. However, the percentage of the population living under the age of 16 has declined from 25 percent in 1971 to 19 percent in 2005. Over the last thirty years, the mean age of the UK population increased from 34.1 years in 1971 to 38.8 in 2005. This ageing is principally due to fertility, although in recent times there has been a decrease in mortality rates, with particular emphasis on older ages.", "hypothesis": "Due to the enforcement of the no smoking legislation, it will be up to the organisations to comply by the rules", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_462", "premise": "The population of the United Kingdom is ageing. It has increased from 55.9 million in 1971 to 60.2 million in 2005. That is almost an eight percent increase. However, this change is not spread out evenly across all age groups. In the last thirty or so years, the population aged 65 or over has increased from 13 percent to 16 percent. Within this age group the proportion of the population aged 65 and over and 85 and over increased from 7 percent in the 1970s to 12 percent in 2005. However, the percentage of the population living under the age of 16 has declined from 25 percent in 1971 to 19 percent in 2005. Over the last thirty years, the mean age of the UK population increased from 34.1 years in 1971 to 38.8 in 2005. This ageing is principally due to fertility, although in recent times there has been a decrease in mortality rates, with particular emphasis on older ages.", "hypothesis": "All individuals seem to be supporting the no smoking policy", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_463", "premise": "The population of the United Kingdom is ageing. It has increased from 55.9 million in 1971 to 60.2 million in 2005. That is almost an eight percent increase. However, this change is not spread out evenly across all age groups. In the last thirty or so years, the population aged 65 or over has increased from 13 percent to 16 percent. Within this age group the proportion of the population aged 65 and over and 85 and over increased from 7 percent in the 1970s to 12 percent in 2005. However, the percentage of the population living under the age of 16 has declined from 25 percent in 1971 to 19 percent in 2005. Over the last thirty years, the mean age of the UK population increased from 34.1 years in 1971 to 38.8 in 2005. This ageing is principally due to fertility, although in recent times there has been a decrease in mortality rates, with particular emphasis on older ages.", "hypothesis": "If an individual was to smoke for at least 10 years, they are more likely to suffer from cancer, heart disease, blockage of vessels and so on", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_464", "premise": "The population of the United Kingdom is ageing. It has increased from 55.9 million in 1971 to 60.2 million in 2005. That is almost an eight percent increase. However, this change is not spread out evenly across all age groups. In the last thirty or so years, the population aged 65 or over has increased from 13 percent to 16 percent. Within this age group the proportion of the population aged 65 and over and 85 and over increased from 7 percent in the 1970s to 12 percent in 2005. However, the percentage of the population living under the age of 16 has declined from 25 percent in 1971 to 19 percent in 2005. Over the last thirty years, the mean age of the UK population increased from 34.1 years in 1971 to 38.8 in 2005. This ageing is principally due to fertility, although in recent times there has been a decrease in mortality rates, with particular emphasis on older ages.", "hypothesis": "Due to the legislation enforced by the government many organisations now have a no smoking policy", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_465", "premise": "The population of the United Kingdom is ageing. It has increased from 55.9 million in 1971 to 60.2 million in 2005. That is almost an eight percent increase. However, this change is not spread out evenly across all age groups. In the last thirty or so years, the population aged 65 or over has increased from 13 percent to 16 percent. Within this age group the proportion of the population aged 65 and over and 85 and over increased from 7 percent in the 1970s to 12 percent in 2005. However, the percentage of the population living under the age of 16 has declined from 25 percent in 1971 to 19 percent in 2005. Over the last thirty years, the mean age of the UK population increased from 34.1 years in 1971 to 38.8 in 2005. This ageing is principally due to fertility, although in recent times there has been a decrease in mortality rates, with particular emphasis on older ages.", "hypothesis": "Younger people are living much longer as they now have healthy lifestyles", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_466", "premise": "The population of the United Kingdom is ageing. It has increased from 55.9 million in 1971 to 60.2 million in 2005. That is almost an eight percent increase. However, this change is not spread out evenly across all age groups. In the last thirty or so years, the population aged 65 or over has increased from 13 percent to 16 percent. Within this age group the proportion of the population aged 65 and over and 85 and over increased from 7 percent in the 1970s to 12 percent in 2005. However, the percentage of the population living under the age of 16 has declined from 25 percent in 1971 to 19 percent in 2005. Over the last thirty years, the mean age of the UK population increased from 34.1 years in 1971 to 38.8 in 2005. This ageing is principally due to fertility, although in recent times there has been a decrease in mortality rates, with particular emphasis on older ages.", "hypothesis": "Over the last three decades there has been a decrease in the population aged 65 and over", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_467", "premise": "The power of play Virtually every child, the world over, plays. The drive to play is so intense that children will do so in any circumstances, for instance when they have no real toys, or when parents do not actively encourage the behavior. In the eyes of a young child, running, pretending, and building are fun. Researchers and educators know that these playful activities benefit the development of the whole child across social, cognitive, physical, and emotional domains. Indeed, play is such an instrumental component to healthy child development that the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights (1989) recognized play as a fundamental right of every child. Yet, while experts continue to expound a powerful argument for the importance of play in children's lives, the actual time children spend playing continues to decrease. Today, children play eight hours less each week than their counterparts did two decades ago (Elkind 2008). Under pressure of rising academic standards, play is being replaced by test preparation in kindergartens and grade schools, and parents who aim to give their preschoolers a leg up are led to believe that flashcards and educational 'toys' are the path to success. Our society has created a false dichotomy between play and learning. Through play, children learn to regulate their behavior, lay the foundations for later learning in science and mathematics, figure out the complex negotiations of social relationships, build a repertoire of creative problem-solving skills, and so much more. There is also an important role for adults in guiding children through playful learning opportunities. Full consensus on a formal definition of play continues to elude the researchers and theorists who study it. Definitions range from discrete descriptions of various types of play such as physical, construction, language, or symbolic play (Miller & Almon 2009), to lists of broad criteria, based on observations and attitudes, that are meant to capture the essence of all play behaviors (e. g. Rubin et al. 1983). A majority of the contemporary definitions of play focus on several key criteria. The founder of the National Institute for Play, Stuart Brown, has described play as 'anything that spontaneously is done for its own sake'. More specifically, he says it 'appears purposeless, produces pleasure and joy, and leads one to the next stage of mastery' (as quoted in Tippett 2008). Similarly, Miller and Almon (2009) say that play includes 'activities that are freely chosen and directed by children and arise from intrinsic motivation'. Often, play is defined along a continuum as more or less playful using the following set of behavioral and dispositional criteria (e. g. Rubin et al. 1983): Play is pleasurable: Children must enjoy the activity or it is not play. It is intrinsically motivated: Children engage in play simply for the satisfaction the behavior itself brings. It has no extrinsically motivated function or goal. Play is process oriented: When children play, the means are more important than the ends. It is freely chosen, spontaneous and voluntary. If a child is pressured, they will likely not think of the activity as play. Play is actively engaged: Players must be physically and/or mentally involved in the activity. Play is non-literal. It involves make-believe. According to this view, children's playful behaviors can range in degree from 0% to 100% playful. Rubin and colleagues did not assign greater weight to any one dimension in determining playfulness; however, other researchers have suggested that process orientation and a lack of obvious functional purpose may be the most important aspects of play (e. g. Pellegrini 2009). From the perspective of a continuum, play can thus blend with other motives and attitudes that are less playful, such as work. Unlike play, work is typically not viewed as enjoyable and it is extrinsically motivated (i. e. it is goal oriented). Researcher Joan Goodman (1994) suggested that hybrid forms of work and play are not a detriment to learning; rather, they can provide optimal contexts for learning. For example, a child may be engaged in a difficult, goal-directed activity set up by their teacher, but they may still be actively engaged and intrinsically motivated. At this mid-point between play and work, the child's motivation, coupled with guidance from an adult, can create robust opportunities for playful learning. Critically, recent research supports the idea that adults can facilitate children's learning while maintaining a playful approach in interactions known as 'guided play' (Fisher et al. 2011). The adult's role in play varies as a function of their educational goals and the child's developmental level (Hirsch-Pasek et al. 2009). Guided play takes two forms. At a very basic level, adults can enrich the child's environment by providing objects or experiences that promote aspects of a curriculum. In the more direct form of guided play, parents or other adults can support children's play by joining in the fun as a co-player, raising thoughtful questions, commenting on children's discoveries, or encouraging further exploration or new facets to the child's activity. Although playful learning can be somewhat structured, it must also be child-centered (Nicolopolou et al. 2006). Play should stem from the child's own desire. Both free and guided play are essential elements in a child-centered approach to playful learning. Intrinsically motivated free play provides the child with true autonomy, while guided play is an avenue through which parents and educators can provide more targeted learning experiences. In either case, play should be actively engaged, it should be predominantly child-directed, and it must be fun.", "hypothesis": "Work and play differ in terms of whether or not they have a target.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_468", "premise": "The power of play Virtually every child, the world over, plays. The drive to play is so intense that children will do so in any circumstances, for instance when they have no real toys, or when parents do not actively encourage the behavior. In the eyes of a young child, running, pretending, and building are fun. Researchers and educators know that these playful activities benefit the development of the whole child across social, cognitive, physical, and emotional domains. Indeed, play is such an instrumental component to healthy child development that the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights (1989) recognized play as a fundamental right of every child. Yet, while experts continue to expound a powerful argument for the importance of play in children's lives, the actual time children spend playing continues to decrease. Today, children play eight hours less each week than their counterparts did two decades ago (Elkind 2008). Under pressure of rising academic standards, play is being replaced by test preparation in kindergartens and grade schools, and parents who aim to give their preschoolers a leg up are led to believe that flashcards and educational 'toys' are the path to success. Our society has created a false dichotomy between play and learning. Through play, children learn to regulate their behavior, lay the foundations for later learning in science and mathematics, figure out the complex negotiations of social relationships, build a repertoire of creative problem-solving skills, and so much more. There is also an important role for adults in guiding children through playful learning opportunities. Full consensus on a formal definition of play continues to elude the researchers and theorists who study it. Definitions range from discrete descriptions of various types of play such as physical, construction, language, or symbolic play (Miller & Almon 2009), to lists of broad criteria, based on observations and attitudes, that are meant to capture the essence of all play behaviors (e. g. Rubin et al. 1983). A majority of the contemporary definitions of play focus on several key criteria. The founder of the National Institute for Play, Stuart Brown, has described play as 'anything that spontaneously is done for its own sake'. More specifically, he says it 'appears purposeless, produces pleasure and joy, and leads one to the next stage of mastery' (as quoted in Tippett 2008). Similarly, Miller and Almon (2009) say that play includes 'activities that are freely chosen and directed by children and arise from intrinsic motivation'. Often, play is defined along a continuum as more or less playful using the following set of behavioral and dispositional criteria (e. g. Rubin et al. 1983): Play is pleasurable: Children must enjoy the activity or it is not play. It is intrinsically motivated: Children engage in play simply for the satisfaction the behavior itself brings. It has no extrinsically motivated function or goal. Play is process oriented: When children play, the means are more important than the ends. It is freely chosen, spontaneous and voluntary. If a child is pressured, they will likely not think of the activity as play. Play is actively engaged: Players must be physically and/or mentally involved in the activity. Play is non-literal. It involves make-believe. According to this view, children's playful behaviors can range in degree from 0% to 100% playful. Rubin and colleagues did not assign greater weight to any one dimension in determining playfulness; however, other researchers have suggested that process orientation and a lack of obvious functional purpose may be the most important aspects of play (e. g. Pellegrini 2009). From the perspective of a continuum, play can thus blend with other motives and attitudes that are less playful, such as work. Unlike play, work is typically not viewed as enjoyable and it is extrinsically motivated (i. e. it is goal oriented). Researcher Joan Goodman (1994) suggested that hybrid forms of work and play are not a detriment to learning; rather, they can provide optimal contexts for learning. For example, a child may be engaged in a difficult, goal-directed activity set up by their teacher, but they may still be actively engaged and intrinsically motivated. At this mid-point between play and work, the child's motivation, coupled with guidance from an adult, can create robust opportunities for playful learning. Critically, recent research supports the idea that adults can facilitate children's learning while maintaining a playful approach in interactions known as 'guided play' (Fisher et al. 2011). The adult's role in play varies as a function of their educational goals and the child's developmental level (Hirsch-Pasek et al. 2009). Guided play takes two forms. At a very basic level, adults can enrich the child's environment by providing objects or experiences that promote aspects of a curriculum. In the more direct form of guided play, parents or other adults can support children's play by joining in the fun as a co-player, raising thoughtful questions, commenting on children's discoveries, or encouraging further exploration or new facets to the child's activity. Although playful learning can be somewhat structured, it must also be child-centered (Nicolopolou et al. 2006). Play should stem from the child's own desire. Both free and guided play are essential elements in a child-centered approach to playful learning. Intrinsically motivated free play provides the child with true autonomy, while guided play is an avenue through which parents and educators can provide more targeted learning experiences. In either case, play should be actively engaged, it should be predominantly child-directed, and it must be fun.", "hypothesis": "Researchers have agreed on a definition of play.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_469", "premise": "The power of play Virtually every child, the world over, plays. The drive to play is so intense that children will do so in any circumstances, for instance when they have no real toys, or when parents do not actively encourage the behavior. In the eyes of a young child, running, pretending, and building are fun. Researchers and educators know that these playful activities benefit the development of the whole child across social, cognitive, physical, and emotional domains. Indeed, play is such an instrumental component to healthy child development that the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights (1989) recognized play as a fundamental right of every child. Yet, while experts continue to expound a powerful argument for the importance of play in children's lives, the actual time children spend playing continues to decrease. Today, children play eight hours less each week than their counterparts did two decades ago (Elkind 2008). Under pressure of rising academic standards, play is being replaced by test preparation in kindergartens and grade schools, and parents who aim to give their preschoolers a leg up are led to believe that flashcards and educational 'toys' are the path to success. Our society has created a false dichotomy between play and learning. Through play, children learn to regulate their behavior, lay the foundations for later learning in science and mathematics, figure out the complex negotiations of social relationships, build a repertoire of creative problem-solving skills, and so much more. There is also an important role for adults in guiding children through playful learning opportunities. Full consensus on a formal definition of play continues to elude the researchers and theorists who study it. Definitions range from discrete descriptions of various types of play such as physical, construction, language, or symbolic play (Miller & Almon 2009), to lists of broad criteria, based on observations and attitudes, that are meant to capture the essence of all play behaviors (e. g. Rubin et al. 1983). A majority of the contemporary definitions of play focus on several key criteria. The founder of the National Institute for Play, Stuart Brown, has described play as 'anything that spontaneously is done for its own sake'. More specifically, he says it 'appears purposeless, produces pleasure and joy, and leads one to the next stage of mastery' (as quoted in Tippett 2008). Similarly, Miller and Almon (2009) say that play includes 'activities that are freely chosen and directed by children and arise from intrinsic motivation'. Often, play is defined along a continuum as more or less playful using the following set of behavioral and dispositional criteria (e. g. Rubin et al. 1983): Play is pleasurable: Children must enjoy the activity or it is not play. It is intrinsically motivated: Children engage in play simply for the satisfaction the behavior itself brings. It has no extrinsically motivated function or goal. Play is process oriented: When children play, the means are more important than the ends. It is freely chosen, spontaneous and voluntary. If a child is pressured, they will likely not think of the activity as play. Play is actively engaged: Players must be physically and/or mentally involved in the activity. Play is non-literal. It involves make-believe. According to this view, children's playful behaviors can range in degree from 0% to 100% playful. Rubin and colleagues did not assign greater weight to any one dimension in determining playfulness; however, other researchers have suggested that process orientation and a lack of obvious functional purpose may be the most important aspects of play (e. g. Pellegrini 2009). From the perspective of a continuum, play can thus blend with other motives and attitudes that are less playful, such as work. Unlike play, work is typically not viewed as enjoyable and it is extrinsically motivated (i. e. it is goal oriented). Researcher Joan Goodman (1994) suggested that hybrid forms of work and play are not a detriment to learning; rather, they can provide optimal contexts for learning. For example, a child may be engaged in a difficult, goal-directed activity set up by their teacher, but they may still be actively engaged and intrinsically motivated. At this mid-point between play and work, the child's motivation, coupled with guidance from an adult, can create robust opportunities for playful learning. Critically, recent research supports the idea that adults can facilitate children's learning while maintaining a playful approach in interactions known as 'guided play' (Fisher et al. 2011). The adult's role in play varies as a function of their educational goals and the child's developmental level (Hirsch-Pasek et al. 2009). Guided play takes two forms. At a very basic level, adults can enrich the child's environment by providing objects or experiences that promote aspects of a curriculum. In the more direct form of guided play, parents or other adults can support children's play by joining in the fun as a co-player, raising thoughtful questions, commenting on children's discoveries, or encouraging further exploration or new facets to the child's activity. Although playful learning can be somewhat structured, it must also be child-centered (Nicolopolou et al. 2006). Play should stem from the child's own desire. Both free and guided play are essential elements in a child-centered approach to playful learning. Intrinsically motivated free play provides the child with true autonomy, while guided play is an avenue through which parents and educators can provide more targeted learning experiences. In either case, play should be actively engaged, it should be predominantly child-directed, and it must be fun.", "hypothesis": "Play helps children to develop their artistic talents.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_470", "premise": "The power of play Virtually every child, the world over, plays. The drive to play is so intense that children will do so in any circumstances, for instance when they have no real toys, or when parents do not actively encourage the behavior. In the eyes of a young child, running, pretending, and building are fun. Researchers and educators know that these playful activities benefit the development of the whole child across social, cognitive, physical, and emotional domains. Indeed, play is such an instrumental component to healthy child development that the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights (1989) recognized play as a fundamental right of every child. Yet, while experts continue to expound a powerful argument for the importance of play in children's lives, the actual time children spend playing continues to decrease. Today, children play eight hours less each week than their counterparts did two decades ago (Elkind 2008). Under pressure of rising academic standards, play is being replaced by test preparation in kindergartens and grade schools, and parents who aim to give their preschoolers a leg up are led to believe that flashcards and educational 'toys' are the path to success. Our society has created a false dichotomy between play and learning. Through play, children learn to regulate their behavior, lay the foundations for later learning in science and mathematics, figure out the complex negotiations of social relationships, build a repertoire of creative problem-solving skills, and so much more. There is also an important role for adults in guiding children through playful learning opportunities. Full consensus on a formal definition of play continues to elude the researchers and theorists who study it. Definitions range from discrete descriptions of various types of play such as physical, construction, language, or symbolic play (Miller & Almon 2009), to lists of broad criteria, based on observations and attitudes, that are meant to capture the essence of all play behaviors (e. g. Rubin et al. 1983). A majority of the contemporary definitions of play focus on several key criteria. The founder of the National Institute for Play, Stuart Brown, has described play as 'anything that spontaneously is done for its own sake'. More specifically, he says it 'appears purposeless, produces pleasure and joy, and leads one to the next stage of mastery' (as quoted in Tippett 2008). Similarly, Miller and Almon (2009) say that play includes 'activities that are freely chosen and directed by children and arise from intrinsic motivation'. Often, play is defined along a continuum as more or less playful using the following set of behavioral and dispositional criteria (e. g. Rubin et al. 1983): Play is pleasurable: Children must enjoy the activity or it is not play. It is intrinsically motivated: Children engage in play simply for the satisfaction the behavior itself brings. It has no extrinsically motivated function or goal. Play is process oriented: When children play, the means are more important than the ends. It is freely chosen, spontaneous and voluntary. If a child is pressured, they will likely not think of the activity as play. Play is actively engaged: Players must be physically and/or mentally involved in the activity. Play is non-literal. It involves make-believe. According to this view, children's playful behaviors can range in degree from 0% to 100% playful. Rubin and colleagues did not assign greater weight to any one dimension in determining playfulness; however, other researchers have suggested that process orientation and a lack of obvious functional purpose may be the most important aspects of play (e. g. Pellegrini 2009). From the perspective of a continuum, play can thus blend with other motives and attitudes that are less playful, such as work. Unlike play, work is typically not viewed as enjoyable and it is extrinsically motivated (i. e. it is goal oriented). Researcher Joan Goodman (1994) suggested that hybrid forms of work and play are not a detriment to learning; rather, they can provide optimal contexts for learning. For example, a child may be engaged in a difficult, goal-directed activity set up by their teacher, but they may still be actively engaged and intrinsically motivated. At this mid-point between play and work, the child's motivation, coupled with guidance from an adult, can create robust opportunities for playful learning. Critically, recent research supports the idea that adults can facilitate children's learning while maintaining a playful approach in interactions known as 'guided play' (Fisher et al. 2011). The adult's role in play varies as a function of their educational goals and the child's developmental level (Hirsch-Pasek et al. 2009). Guided play takes two forms. At a very basic level, adults can enrich the child's environment by providing objects or experiences that promote aspects of a curriculum. In the more direct form of guided play, parents or other adults can support children's play by joining in the fun as a co-player, raising thoughtful questions, commenting on children's discoveries, or encouraging further exploration or new facets to the child's activity. Although playful learning can be somewhat structured, it must also be child-centered (Nicolopolou et al. 2006). Play should stem from the child's own desire. Both free and guided play are essential elements in a child-centered approach to playful learning. Intrinsically motivated free play provides the child with true autonomy, while guided play is an avenue through which parents and educators can provide more targeted learning experiences. In either case, play should be actively engaged, it should be predominantly child-directed, and it must be fun.", "hypothesis": "It is a mistake to treat play and learning as separate types of activities.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_471", "premise": "The power of play Virtually every child, the world over, plays. The drive to play is so intense that children will do so in any circumstances, for instance when they have no real toys, or when parents do not actively encourage the behavior. In the eyes of a young child, running, pretending, and building are fun. Researchers and educators know that these playful activities benefit the development of the whole child across social, cognitive, physical, and emotional domains. Indeed, play is such an instrumental component to healthy child development that the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights (1989) recognized play as a fundamental right of every child. Yet, while experts continue to expound a powerful argument for the importance of play in children's lives, the actual time children spend playing continues to decrease. Today, children play eight hours less each week than their counterparts did two decades ago (Elkind 2008). Under pressure of rising academic standards, play is being replaced by test preparation in kindergartens and grade schools, and parents who aim to give their preschoolers a leg up are led to believe that flashcards and educational 'toys' are the path to success. Our society has created a false dichotomy between play and learning. Through play, children learn to regulate their behavior, lay the foundations for later learning in science and mathematics, figure out the complex negotiations of social relationships, build a repertoire of creative problem-solving skills, and so much more. There is also an important role for adults in guiding children through playful learning opportunities. Full consensus on a formal definition of play continues to elude the researchers and theorists who study it. Definitions range from discrete descriptions of various types of play such as physical, construction, language, or symbolic play (Miller & Almon 2009), to lists of broad criteria, based on observations and attitudes, that are meant to capture the essence of all play behaviors (e. g. Rubin et al. 1983). A majority of the contemporary definitions of play focus on several key criteria. The founder of the National Institute for Play, Stuart Brown, has described play as 'anything that spontaneously is done for its own sake'. More specifically, he says it 'appears purposeless, produces pleasure and joy, and leads one to the next stage of mastery' (as quoted in Tippett 2008). Similarly, Miller and Almon (2009) say that play includes 'activities that are freely chosen and directed by children and arise from intrinsic motivation'. Often, play is defined along a continuum as more or less playful using the following set of behavioral and dispositional criteria (e. g. Rubin et al. 1983): Play is pleasurable: Children must enjoy the activity or it is not play. It is intrinsically motivated: Children engage in play simply for the satisfaction the behavior itself brings. It has no extrinsically motivated function or goal. Play is process oriented: When children play, the means are more important than the ends. It is freely chosen, spontaneous and voluntary. If a child is pressured, they will likely not think of the activity as play. Play is actively engaged: Players must be physically and/or mentally involved in the activity. Play is non-literal. It involves make-believe. According to this view, children's playful behaviors can range in degree from 0% to 100% playful. Rubin and colleagues did not assign greater weight to any one dimension in determining playfulness; however, other researchers have suggested that process orientation and a lack of obvious functional purpose may be the most important aspects of play (e. g. Pellegrini 2009). From the perspective of a continuum, play can thus blend with other motives and attitudes that are less playful, such as work. Unlike play, work is typically not viewed as enjoyable and it is extrinsically motivated (i. e. it is goal oriented). Researcher Joan Goodman (1994) suggested that hybrid forms of work and play are not a detriment to learning; rather, they can provide optimal contexts for learning. For example, a child may be engaged in a difficult, goal-directed activity set up by their teacher, but they may still be actively engaged and intrinsically motivated. At this mid-point between play and work, the child's motivation, coupled with guidance from an adult, can create robust opportunities for playful learning. Critically, recent research supports the idea that adults can facilitate children's learning while maintaining a playful approach in interactions known as 'guided play' (Fisher et al. 2011). The adult's role in play varies as a function of their educational goals and the child's developmental level (Hirsch-Pasek et al. 2009). Guided play takes two forms. At a very basic level, adults can enrich the child's environment by providing objects or experiences that promote aspects of a curriculum. In the more direct form of guided play, parents or other adults can support children's play by joining in the fun as a co-player, raising thoughtful questions, commenting on children's discoveries, or encouraging further exploration or new facets to the child's activity. Although playful learning can be somewhat structured, it must also be child-centered (Nicolopolou et al. 2006). Play should stem from the child's own desire. Both free and guided play are essential elements in a child-centered approach to playful learning. Intrinsically motivated free play provides the child with true autonomy, while guided play is an avenue through which parents and educators can provide more targeted learning experiences. In either case, play should be actively engaged, it should be predominantly child-directed, and it must be fun.", "hypothesis": "Children need toys in order to play.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_472", "premise": "The price of gold has increased by almost thirty-five percent across the globe over the last year. As a result, previously abandoned gold mines, which were once seen as financially unviable, have been re-opened. An example of this can be seen at the southern Indian state of Karnataka, where companies are re-opening gold mines as even low grade ore becomes valuable. India is currently the largest consumer of gold globally; however, the majority of this demand is currently met by import. Commentators question whether this trend will continue as more and more abandoned mines are re-opened.", "hypothesis": "The majority of Indias demand for gold is met by import", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_473", "premise": "The price of gold has increased by almost thirty-five percent across the globe over the last year. As a result, previously abandoned gold mines, which were once seen as financially unviable, have been re-opened. An example of this can be seen at the southern Indian state of Karnataka, where companies are re-opening gold mines as even low grade ore becomes valuable. India is currently the largest consumer of gold globally; however, the majority of this demand is currently met by import. Commentators question whether this trend will continue as more and more abandoned mines are re-opened.", "hypothesis": "Indias demand for imported old is increasing", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_474", "premise": "The price of gold has increased by almost thirty-five percent across the globe over the last year. As a result, previously abandoned gold mines, which were once seen as financially unviable, have been re-opened. An example of this can be seen at the southern Indian state of Karnataka, where companies are re-opening gold mines as even low grade ore becomes valuable. India is currently the largest consumer of gold globally; however, the majority of this demand is currently met by import. Commentators question whether this trend will continue as more and more abandoned mines are re-opened.", "hypothesis": "Indias demand for gold is increasing", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_475", "premise": "The prime minister described climate change as the greatest long- term challenge facing the human race. In 1997 he committed Britain to cutting emissions of carbon dioxide by 20 per cent, with 2010 set as the date by which this reduction was to be achieved. This target was beyond the Kyoto target to reduce emis- sions and was self-imposed. Unfortunately, after initial success, progress towards the target slowed then stopped, and since 2002 carbon dioxide emissions have risen slightly. In 2005 the government admitted the obvious by conceding that the 20 per cent by 2010 target would not be realized. Some of the reasons are beyond the governments control. Very high prices for natural gas have in recent years meant that energy companies are switching to burning more and dirtier coal. Economic growth has exceeded expectations and resulted in higher than forecast levels of emissions. The government must also take a share of the blame. There has been a whole raft of reports, recommendations and policies directed at countering the causes of climate change. However, few of these initiatives are aimed at cutting emissions or providing incentives to change polluting behaviour. Instead, they largely fall into the category of raising awareness.", "hypothesis": "The passage states that emissions would be lower than the current level if the British government had adopted more radical policies to counter carbon emissions.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_476", "premise": "The prime minister described climate change as the greatest long- term challenge facing the human race. In 1997 he committed Britain to cutting emissions of carbon dioxide by 20 per cent, with 2010 set as the date by which this reduction was to be achieved. This target was beyond the Kyoto target to reduce emis- sions and was self-imposed. Unfortunately, after initial success, progress towards the target slowed then stopped, and since 2002 carbon dioxide emissions have risen slightly. In 2005 the government admitted the obvious by conceding that the 20 per cent by 2010 target would not be realized. Some of the reasons are beyond the governments control. Very high prices for natural gas have in recent years meant that energy companies are switching to burning more and dirtier coal. Economic growth has exceeded expectations and resulted in higher than forecast levels of emissions. The government must also take a share of the blame. There has been a whole raft of reports, recommendations and policies directed at countering the causes of climate change. However, few of these initiatives are aimed at cutting emissions or providing incentives to change polluting behaviour. Instead, they largely fall into the category of raising awareness.", "hypothesis": "The passage follows events chronologically.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_477", "premise": "The prime minister described climate change as the greatest long- term challenge facing the human race. In 1997 he committed Britain to cutting emissions of carbon dioxide by 20 per cent, with 2010 set as the date by which this reduction was to be achieved. This target was beyond the Kyoto target to reduce emis- sions and was self-imposed. Unfortunately, after initial success, progress towards the target slowed then stopped, and since 2002 carbon dioxide emissions have risen slightly. In 2005 the government admitted the obvious by conceding that the 20 per cent by 2010 target would not be realized. Some of the reasons are beyond the governments control. Very high prices for natural gas have in recent years meant that energy companies are switching to burning more and dirtier coal. Economic growth has exceeded expectations and resulted in higher than forecast levels of emissions. The government must also take a share of the blame. There has been a whole raft of reports, recommendations and policies directed at countering the causes of climate change. However, few of these initiatives are aimed at cutting emissions or providing incentives to change polluting behaviour. Instead, they largely fall into the category of raising awareness.", "hypothesis": "Britain will fail to realize its self-imposed target of a 20 per cent reduction by 2010 but will achieve the lower Kyoto target.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_478", "premise": "The prime minister recently announced a new plan to kick-start social recovery and troubleshoot dysfunctional families. Under this scheme, the government plans to invest 450 million into families; providing more case workers, probation officers and social workers. While forty percent of the total bill is expected to be provided by central government, the remaining sixty percent is to be provided by local councils. Those in opposition appear sceptical as to the worth of the scheme, highlighting that the funding must be gained by cuts to other key areas. In this way, the prime minister has been accused of taking with one hand while giving with the other.", "hypothesis": "The author means the scheme will be detrimental to families when he refers to the proposed scheme as taking with one hand while giving with the other", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_479", "premise": "The prime minister recently announced a new plan to kick-start social recovery and troubleshoot dysfunctional families. Under this scheme, the government plans to invest 450 million into families; providing more case workers, probation officers and social workers. While forty percent of the total bill is expected to be provided by central government, the remaining sixty percent is to be provided by local councils. Those in opposition appear sceptical as to the worth of the scheme, highlighting that the funding must be gained by cuts to other key areas. In this way, the prime minister has been accused of taking with one hand while giving with the other.", "hypothesis": "The author means funding for the scheme may come from other areas when he refers to the proposed scheme as taking with one hand while giving with the other", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_480", "premise": "The prime minister recently announced a new plan to kick-start social recovery and troubleshoot dysfunctional families. Under this scheme, the government plans to invest 450 million into families; providing more case workers, probation officers and social workers. While forty percent of the total bill is expected to be provided by central government, the remaining sixty percent is to be provided by local councils. Those in opposition appear sceptical as to the worth of the scheme, highlighting that the funding must be gained by cuts to other key areas. In this way, the prime minister has been accused of taking with one hand while giving with the other.", "hypothesis": "The author means that only local government will be giving funds, when he refers to the proposed scheme as taking with one hand while giving with the other", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_481", "premise": "The prime minister recently announced a new plan to kick-start social recovery and troubleshoot dysfunctional families. Under this scheme, the government plans to invest 450 million into families; providing more case workers, probation officers and social workers. While forty percent of the total bill is expected to be provided by central government, the remaining sixty percent is to be provided by local councils. Those in opposition appear sceptical as to the worth of the scheme, highlighting that the funding must be gained by cuts to other key areas. In this way, the prime minister has been accused of taking with one hand while giving with the other.", "hypothesis": "The author means that funds will come from companies when he refers to the proposed scheme as taking with one hand while giving with the other", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_482", "premise": "The principal instructed all the teachers to be careful in class because some students may disturb other students.", "hypothesis": "The students will welcome the decision of Principal.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_483", "premise": "The principal instructed all the teachers to be careful in class because some students may disturb other students.", "hypothesis": "The teachers will handle the situation properly and they will point out the naughty students", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_484", "premise": "The problem is not so great with hydroelectric schemes in temperate regions. But, before more hydropower schemes are built in tropical zones, the United Nations wants experts to examine the emissions produced by existing schemes and to recommend ways in which they can be made more environmentally friendly. A lot of the tropical hydropower plants were created by flooding forests, and as drowned plants and trees rot millions of tons of greenhouse gases are released. Despite burning no fossil fuels, the greenhouse emissions from these hydropower plants are higher than comparable fossil fuel-burning power plants. The most polluting hydropower installations are those that were created by the flooding of vast areas of carbon-rich land. These are usually shallow reservoirs, and over the first 10 years of their life it is estimated that they generate four times more greenhouse gases than equivalent modern coal-burning power stations to produce the same power output.", "hypothesis": "You can infer that the United Nations does not think that using the movement of flowing water to drive turbines to generate electricity is necessarily a green source, even though it does not burn fossil fuels.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_485", "premise": "The problem is not so great with hydroelectric schemes in temperate regions. But, before more hydropower schemes are built in tropical zones, the United Nations wants experts to examine the emissions produced by existing schemes and to recommend ways in which they can be made more environmentally friendly. A lot of the tropical hydropower plants were created by flooding forests, and as drowned plants and trees rot millions of tons of greenhouse gases are released. Despite burning no fossil fuels, the greenhouse emissions from these hydropower plants are higher than comparable fossil fuel-burning power plants. The most polluting hydropower installations are those that were created by the flooding of vast areas of carbon-rich land. These are usually shallow reservoirs, and over the first 10 years of their life it is estimated that they generate four times more greenhouse gases than equivalent modern coal-burning power stations to produce the same power output.", "hypothesis": "The greenhouse gas that is largely responsible for the problem is methane, produced as the lush vegetation flooded by tropical reservoirs rots.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_486", "premise": "The problem is not so great with hydroelectric schemes in temperate regions. But, before more hydropower schemes are built in tropical zones, the United Nations wants experts to examine the emissions produced by existing schemes and to recommend ways in which they can be made more environmentally friendly. A lot of the tropical hydropower plants were created by flooding forests, and as drowned plants and trees rot millions of tons of greenhouse gases are released. Despite burning no fossil fuels, the greenhouse emissions from these hydropower plants are higher than comparable fossil fuel-burning power plants. The most polluting hydropower installations are those that were created by the flooding of vast areas of carbon-rich land. These are usually shallow reservoirs, and over the first 10 years of their life it is estimated that they generate four times more greenhouse gases than equivalent modern coal-burning power stations to produce the same power output.", "hypothesis": "The problem is not so great from hydroelectric schemes in temperate regions because the cooler temperatures mean that much less greenhouse gases are produced.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_487", "premise": "The problem with the notion of technology is that there are various meanings of the term. It no longer has a precise and limited meaning, but rather a vague and expansive one. The term is used to describe not only instruments and machines but also skills, methods and procedures, among other things. Some commentators have argued that technology is a factor that determines key facets of organisations. However, others have argued that there is no cause and effect relationship between adoption of the technologies and the structural and performance outcomes that may be associated with them.", "hypothesis": "When people talk about technology they are always referring to machines, such as computers.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_488", "premise": "The problem with the notion of technology is that there are various meanings of the term. It no longer has a precise and limited meaning, but rather a vague and expansive one. The term is used to describe not only instruments and machines but also skills, methods and procedures, among other things. Some commentators have argued that technology is a factor that determines key facets of organisations. However, others have argued that there is no cause and effect relationship between adoption of the technologies and the structural and performance outcomes that may be associated with them.", "hypothesis": "Everyone agrees with the single definition of technology.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_489", "premise": "The problem with the notion of technology is that there are various meanings of the term. It no longer has a precise and limited meaning, but rather a vague and expansive one. The term is used to describe not only instruments and machines but also skills, methods and procedures, among other things. Some commentators have argued that technology is a factor that determines key facets of organisations. However, others have argued that there is no cause and effect relationship between adoption of the technologies and the structural and performance outcomes that may be associated with them.", "hypothesis": "Some people have argued that technology is a determining factor in a number of key areas of an organisation.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_490", "premise": "The product X that you have asked for is not with us but can be made available against firm order form you", "hypothesis": "The product X is not in great demand", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_491", "premise": "The product X that you have asked for is not with us but can be made available against firm order form you", "hypothesis": "The product X is out of stock as new model is coming up.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_492", "premise": "The production of organic food products supplied in food stores continues to increase considerably with demand particularly high in Europe and North America. Health awareness and higher standards of living are both enhancing consumption and the market is likely to triple over the next decade. The organic food industry is facing the challenge of how it will cope with the forecasted future demand.", "hypothesis": "Food stores in Europe and North America have increased their production of organic food products, due to an increased demand.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_493", "premise": "The production of organic food products supplied in food stores continues to increase considerably with demand particularly high in Europe and North America. Health awareness and higher standards of living are both enhancing consumption and the market is likely to triple over the next decade. The organic food industry is facing the challenge of how it will cope with the forecasted future demand.", "hypothesis": "Organic food production is the fastest growing field in the food industry.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_494", "premise": "The production of organic food products supplied in food stores continues to increase considerably with demand particularly high in Europe and North America. Health awareness and higher standards of living are both enhancing consumption and the market is likely to triple over the next decade. The organic food industry is facing the challenge of how it will cope with the forecasted future demand.", "hypothesis": "The main cause of enhanced organic food consumption is the higher general standard of living.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_495", "premise": "The project of the road construction (work) has crossed its first deadline as far as pre-monsoon road work are concerned. In the major city the road works are given great emphasis and these are the places where road work has been completed.", "hypothesis": "It takes several hours travelling via these roads.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_496", "premise": "The project of the road construction (work) has crossed its first deadline as far as pre-monsoon road work are concerned. In the major city the road works are given great emphasis and these are the places where road work has been completed.", "hypothesis": "The work of the road is going on", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_497", "premise": "The project of the road construction (work) has crossed its first deadline as far as pre-monsoon road work are concerned. In the major city the road works are given great emphasis and these are the places where road work has been completed.", "hypothesis": "They will start the road works well in advance", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_498", "premise": "The project of the road construction (work) has crossed its first deadline as far as pre-monsoon road work are concerned. In the major city the road works are given great emphasis and these are the places where road work has been completed.", "hypothesis": "To start the work of the road one has to go through a lot of tiresome paperwork before starting the repair work which delays the whole work of the road.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_499", "premise": "The project was ambitious in its size, complexity, triparty nature, and in its pioneering of the Private Finance Initiative. This difficulty was unavoidable and contributed to the projects failure. However, a more prudent estimation of the unknown difficulties and timescales would have enabled the Department to better prepare for the project, and increase its chance of success. In December 1997 XSoft indicated they needed more time to complete the project, which should have been inevitable. If the Department knew from the start how long the project would take, it is questionable whether they would have considered inception; especially considering the implications of delay on overall profitability for the venture.", "hypothesis": "XSoft witheld information from the Department regarding how long the project would take.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_500", "premise": "The project was ambitious in its size, complexity, triparty nature, and in its pioneering of the Private Finance Initiative. This difficulty was unavoidable and contributed to the projects failure. However, a more prudent estimation of the unknown difficulties and timescales would have enabled the Department to better prepare for the project, and increase its chance of success. In December 1997 XSoft indicated they needed more time to complete the project, which should have been inevitable. If the Department knew from the start how long the project would take, it is questionable whether they would have considered inception; especially considering the implications of delay on overall profitability for the venture.", "hypothesis": "If more care had been put into estimating the difficulties, it is less likely the project would have failed.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_501", "premise": "The project was ambitious in its size, complexity, triparty nature, and in its pioneering of the Private Finance Initiative. This difficulty was unavoidable and contributed to the projects failure. However, a more prudent estimation of the unknown difficulties and timescales would have enabled the Department to better prepare for the project, and increase its chance of success. In December 1997 XSoft indicated they needed more time to complete the project, which should have been inevitable. If the Department knew from the start how long the project would take, it is questionable whether they would have considered inception; especially considering the implications of delay on overall profitability for the venture.", "hypothesis": "The Departments profits were dependent upon how long the project took.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_502", "premise": "The project was ambitious in its size, complexity, triparty nature, and in its pioneering of the Private Finance Initiative. This difficulty was unavoidable and contributed to the projects failure. However, a more thorough estimate of the unknown difficulties and timescales would have enabled the Department to better prepare for the project, and increase its chance of success. In December 1997 XSoft indicated they needed time to complete the project, which should have been inevitable. If the Department knew from the start how long the project would take, it is questionable whether they would have considered inception, especially considering the implications of delay on the overall profitability for the venture.", "hypothesis": "If more care had been put into estimating the difficulties, it is less likely the project would have failed.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_503", "premise": "The project was ambitious in its size, complexity, triparty nature, and in its pioneering of the Private Finance Initiative. This difficulty was unavoidable and contributed to the projects failure. However, a more thorough estimate of the unknown difficulties and timescales would have enabled the Department to better prepare for the project, and increase its chance of success. In December 1997 XSoft indicated they needed time to complete the project, which should have been inevitable. If the Department knew from the start how long the project would take, it is questionable whether they would have considered inception, especially considering the implications of delay on the overall profitability for the venture.", "hypothesis": "XSoft withheld information from the Department regarding how long the project would take.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_504", "premise": "The project was ambitious in its size, complexity, triparty nature, and in its pioneering of the Private Finance Initiative. This difficulty was unavoidable and contributed to the projects failure. However, a more thorough estimate of the unknown difficulties and timescales would have enabled the Department to better prepare for the project, and increase its chance of success. In December 1997 XSoft indicated they needed time to complete the project, which should have been inevitable. If the Department knew from the start how long the project would take, it is questionable whether they would have considered inception, especially considering the implications of delay on the overall profitability for the venture.", "hypothesis": "The Departments profits were dependent upon how long the project took.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_505", "premise": "The prospect of accepting negative feedback about ourselves elicits conflict, as we need to assess the immediate emotional costs of negative information about ourselves against the long-term benefits of gaining useful feedback. Studies have confirmed what most managers seem to have known already, that the mood we in whilst receiving feedback often influences the relative weight people assign to emotional costs versus the informational benefits of receiving negative feedback. The studies that have been carried out have demonstrated that positive moods can function as a buffer and therefore enable people affected in this way to both accept, as well as better handle, the emotional costs of negative self-related information.", "hypothesis": "Accepting negative feedback involves a trade; off between short; term and long; term costs and benefits.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_506", "premise": "The prospect of accepting negative feedback about ourselves elicits conflict, as we need to assess the immediate emotional costs of negative information about ourselves against the long-term benefits of gaining useful feedback. Studies have confirmed what most managers seem to have known already, that the mood we in whilst receiving feedback often influences the relative weight people assign to emotional costs versus the informational benefits of receiving negative feedback. The studies that have been carried out have demonstrated that positive moods can function as a buffer and therefore enable people affected in this way to both accept, as well as better handle, the emotional costs of negative self-related information.", "hypothesis": "An individuals mood will have no effect on how negative feedback is received.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_507", "premise": "The prospect of accepting negative feedback about ourselves elicits conflict, as we need to assess the immediate emotional costs of negative information about ourselves against the long-term benefits of gaining useful feedback. Studies have confirmed what most managers seem to have known already, that the mood we in whilst receiving feedback often influences the relative weight people assign to emotional costs versus the informational benefits of receiving negative feedback. The studies that have been carried out have demonstrated that positive moods can function as a buffer and therefore enable people affected in this way to both accept, as well as better handle, the emotional costs of negative self-related information.", "hypothesis": "A positive mood enhances the perception of there being long-term benefits associated with receiving negative feedback.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_508", "premise": "The prospect of accepting negative feedback about ourselves elicits conflict, as we need to assess the immediate emotional costs of negative information about ourselves against the long-term benefits of gaining useful feedback. Studies have confirmed what most managers seem to have known already, that the mood we in whilst receiving feedback often influences the relative weight people assign to emotional costs versus the informational benefits of receiving negative feedback. The studies that have been carried out have demonstrated that positive moods can function as a buffer and therefore enable people affected in this way to both accept, as well as better handle, the emotional costs of negative self-related information.", "hypothesis": "Accepting negative feedback involves a trade-off between short-term and long-term costs and benefits.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_509", "premise": "The prospect of accepting negative feedback about ourselves elicits conflict, as we need to assess the immediate emotional costs of negative information about ourselves against the long-term benefits of gaining useful feedback. Studies have confirmed what most managers seem to have known already, that the mood we in whilst receiving feedback often influences the relative weight people assign to emotional costs versus the informational benefits of receiving negative feedback. The studies that have been carried out have demonstrated that positive moods can function as a buffer and therefore enable people affected in this way to both accept, as well as better handle, the emotional costs of negative self-related information.", "hypothesis": "Managers are increasingly taking employees moods into consideration when providing them with negative feedback regarding their performance.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_510", "premise": "The prudence rule, which is sometimes known as conservatism, arises out of the need to make a number of estimates in preparing periodic accounts. Managers and owners are often naturally over-optimistic about future events. As a result, there is a tendency to be too confident about the future, and not to be altogether realistic about the organisation s prospects. There may, for example, be undue optimism over the credit-worthiness of new customers. Insufficient allowance may therefore be made for the possibility of bad debt. In turn, this might have the effect of overstating profit.", "hypothesis": "Accountants should avoid making estimates when preparing periodic accounts.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_511", "premise": "The prudence rule, which is sometimes known as conservatism, arises out of the need to make a number of estimates in preparing periodic accounts. Managers and owners are often naturally over-optimistic about future events. As a result, there is a tendency to be too confident about the future, and not to be altogether realistic about the organisation s prospects. There may, for example, be undue optimism over the credit-worthiness of new customers. Insufficient allowance may therefore be made for the possibility of bad debt. In turn, this might have the effect of overstating profit.", "hypothesis": "Most new customers are credit-worthy.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_512", "premise": "The prudence rule, which is sometimes known as conservatism, arises out of the need to make a number of estimates in preparing periodic accounts. Managers and owners are often naturally over-optimistic about future events. As a result, there is a tendency to be too confident about the future, and not to be altogether realistic about the organisation s prospects. There may, for example, be undue optimism over the credit-worthiness of new customers. Insufficient allowance may therefore be made for the possibility of bad debt. In turn, this might have the effect of overstating profit.", "hypothesis": "Managers or owners are not often good judges of their customers willingness or ability to pay.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_513", "premise": "The prudence rule, which is sometimes known as conservatism, arises out of the need to make a number of estimates in preparing periodic accounts. Managers and owners are often naturally over-optimistic about future events. As a result, there is a tendency to be too confident about the future, and not to be altogether realistic about the organisation s prospects. There may, for example, be undue optimism over the credit-worthiness of new customers. Insufficient allowance may therefore be made for the possibility of bad debt. In turn, this might have the effect of overstating profit.", "hypothesis": "The prudence rule prevents bad debt from arising.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_514", "premise": "The prudence rule, which is sometimes known as conservatism, arises out of the need to make a number of estimates in preparing periodic accounts. Managers and owners are often naturally over-optimistic about future events. As a result, there is a tendency to be too confident about the future, and not to be altogether realistic about the organizations prospects. There may, for example, be undue optimism over the credit-worthiness of new customers. Insufficient allowance may therefore be made for the possibility of bad debt. In turn, this might have the effect of overstating profit.", "hypothesis": "Most new customers are credit-worthy.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_515", "premise": "The prudence rule, which is sometimes known as conservatism, arises out of the need to make a number of estimates in preparing periodic accounts. Managers and owners are often naturally over-optimistic about future events. As a result, there is a tendency to be too confident about the future, and not to be altogether realistic about the organizations prospects. There may, for example, be undue optimism over the credit-worthiness of new customers. Insufficient allowance may therefore be made for the possibility of bad debt. In turn, this might have the effect of overstating profit.", "hypothesis": "managers or owners are not often good judges of their customers willingness or ability to pay.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_516", "premise": "The prudence rule, which is sometimes known as conservatism, arises out of the need to make a number of estimates in preparing periodic accounts. Managers and owners are often naturally over-optimistic about future events. As a result, there is a tendency to be too confident about the future, and not to be altogether realistic about the organizations prospects. There may, for example, be undue optimism over the credit-worthiness of new customers. Insufficient allowance may therefore be made for the possibility of bad debt. In turn, this might have the effect of overstating profit.", "hypothesis": "The prudence rule prevents bad debt from arising.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_517", "premise": "The prudence rule, which is sometimes known as conservatism, arises out of the need to make a number of estimates in preparing periodic accounts. Managers and owners are often naturally over-optimistic about future events. As a result, there is a tendency to be too confident about the future, and not to be altogether realistic about the organizations prospects. There may, for example, be undue optimism over the credit-worthiness of new customers. Insufficient allowance may therefore be made for the possibility of bad debt. In turn, this might have the effect of overstating profit.", "hypothesis": "Accountants should avoid making estimates when preparing periodic account.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_518", "premise": "The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesnt make them feel at all creative. And there are those who dont have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully. For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies dont succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employees values and a companys values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, theyre still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances. One of the most famous photographs in the story of rocknroll emphasises Ciaidinis views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Suns million-dollar quartet could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasnt inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label. The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe. Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counterintuitive -they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward. Managing innovation is a delicate art. Its easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, its also easy for small pockets of innovation to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You cant brief people just by saying, Were going in this direction and Im going to take you with me. Cialdini believes that this follow-the-leader syndrome, is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. Its been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field. To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they werent the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, was so intelligent she rarely sought advice. Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we dont even recognise it, says Cialdini. If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it. Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any bosss speech. 76Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individuals engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: I like Kelloggs Com Flakes because... . The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it. Authority doesnt have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly their. He calls it captainitis because, he says, crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing. At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom the only rule was that there were no rule. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design. Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.", "hypothesis": "A managers approval of an idea is more persuasive than that of a colleague.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_519", "premise": "The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesnt make them feel at all creative. And there are those who dont have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully. For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies dont succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employees values and a companys values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, theyre still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances. One of the most famous photographs in the story of rocknroll emphasises Ciaidinis views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Suns million-dollar quartet could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasnt inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label. The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe. Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counterintuitive -they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward. Managing innovation is a delicate art. Its easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, its also easy for small pockets of innovation to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You cant brief people just by saying, Were going in this direction and Im going to take you with me. Cialdini believes that this follow-the-leader syndrome, is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. Its been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field. To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they werent the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, was so intelligent she rarely sought advice. Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we dont even recognise it, says Cialdini. If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it. Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any bosss speech. 76Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individuals engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: I like Kelloggs Com Flakes because... . The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it. Authority doesnt have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly their. He calls it captainitis because, he says, crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing. At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom the only rule was that there were no rule. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design. Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.", "hypothesis": "The physical surroundings in which a person works play a key role in determining their creativity.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_520", "premise": "The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesnt make them feel at all creative. And there are those who dont have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully. For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies dont succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employees values and a companys values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, theyre still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances. One of the most famous photographs in the story of rocknroll emphasises Ciaidinis views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Suns million-dollar quartet could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasnt inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label. The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe. Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counterintuitive -they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward. Managing innovation is a delicate art. Its easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, its also easy for small pockets of innovation to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You cant brief people just by saying, Were going in this direction and Im going to take you with me. Cialdini believes that this follow-the-leader syndrome, is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. Its been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field. To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they werent the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, was so intelligent she rarely sought advice. Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we dont even recognise it, says Cialdini. If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it. Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any bosss speech. 76Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individuals engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: I like Kelloggs Com Flakes because... . The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it. Authority doesnt have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly their. He calls it captainitis because, he says, crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing. At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom the only rule was that there were no rule. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design. Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.", "hypothesis": "It is easier for smaller companies to be innovative.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_521", "premise": "The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesnt make them feel at all creative. And there are those who dont have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully. For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies dont succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employees values and a companys values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, theyre still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances. One of the most famous photographs in the story of rocknroll emphasises Ciaidinis views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Suns million-dollar quartet could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasnt inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label. The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe. Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counterintuitive -they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward. Managing innovation is a delicate art. Its easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, its also easy for small pockets of innovation to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You cant brief people just by saying, Were going in this direction and Im going to take you with me. Cialdini believes that this follow-the-leader syndrome, is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. Its been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field. To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they werent the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, was so intelligent she rarely sought advice. Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we dont even recognise it, says Cialdini. If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it. Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any bosss speech. 76Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individuals engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: I like Kelloggs Com Flakes because... . The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it. Authority doesnt have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly their. He calls it captainitis because, he says, crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing. At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom the only rule was that there were no rule. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design. Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.", "hypothesis": "Most people have the potential to be creative.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_522", "premise": "The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesnt make them feel at all creative. And there are those who dont have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully. For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies dont succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employees values and a companys values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, theyre still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances. One of the most famous photographs in the story of rocknroll emphasises Ciaidinis views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Suns million-dollar quartet could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasnt inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label. The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe. Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counterintuitive -they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward. Managing innovation is a delicate art. Its easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, its also easy for small pockets of innovation to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You cant brief people just by saying, Were going in this direction and Im going to take you with me. Cialdini believes that this follow-the-leader syndrome, is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. Its been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field. To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they werent the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, was so intelligent she rarely sought advice. Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we dont even recognise it, says Cialdini. If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it. Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any bosss speech. 76Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individuals engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: I like Kelloggs Com Flakes because... . The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it. Authority doesnt have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly their. He calls it captainitis because, he says, crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing. At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom the only rule was that there were no rule. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design. Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.", "hypothesis": "Teams work best when their members are of equally matched intelligence.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_523", "premise": "The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesnt make them feel at all creative. And there are those who dont have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully. For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies dont succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employees values and a companys values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, theyre still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances. One of the most famous photographs in the story of rocknroll emphasises Ciaidinis views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Suns million-dollar quartet could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison, a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasnt inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label. The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe. Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counter? intuitive they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward. Managing innovation is a delicate art. Its easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, it's also easy for small pockets of innovation to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You cant brief people just by saying, Were going in this direction and Im going to take you with me. Cialdini believes that this follow-the-leader syndrome is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. It's been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field. To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they werent the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, was so intelligent she rarely sought advice. Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we don't even recognise it, says Cialdini. If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it. Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss's speech. Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individuals engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: I like Kelloggs Com Flakes because... . The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it. Authority doesnt have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs. He calls it captainitis because, he says, crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing. At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom the only rule was that there were no rules. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design. Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention. The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.", "hypothesis": "It is easier for smaller companies to be innovative.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_524", "premise": "The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesnt make them feel at all creative. And there are those who dont have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully. For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies dont succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employees values and a companys values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, theyre still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances. One of the most famous photographs in the story of rocknroll emphasises Ciaidinis views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Suns million-dollar quartet could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison, a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasnt inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label. The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe. Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counter? intuitive they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward. Managing innovation is a delicate art. Its easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, it's also easy for small pockets of innovation to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You cant brief people just by saying, Were going in this direction and Im going to take you with me. Cialdini believes that this follow-the-leader syndrome is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. It's been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field. To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they werent the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, was so intelligent she rarely sought advice. Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we don't even recognise it, says Cialdini. If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it. Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss's speech. Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individuals engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: I like Kelloggs Com Flakes because... . The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it. Authority doesnt have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs. He calls it captainitis because, he says, crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing. At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom the only rule was that there were no rules. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design. Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention. The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.", "hypothesis": "The physical surroundings in which a person works play a key role in determining their creativity.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_525", "premise": "The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesnt make them feel at all creative. And there are those who dont have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully. For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies dont succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employees values and a companys values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, theyre still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances. One of the most famous photographs in the story of rocknroll emphasises Ciaidinis views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Suns million-dollar quartet could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison, a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasnt inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label. The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe. Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counter? intuitive they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward. Managing innovation is a delicate art. Its easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, it's also easy for small pockets of innovation to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You cant brief people just by saying, Were going in this direction and Im going to take you with me. Cialdini believes that this follow-the-leader syndrome is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. It's been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field. To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they werent the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, was so intelligent she rarely sought advice. Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we don't even recognise it, says Cialdini. If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it. Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss's speech. Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individuals engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: I like Kelloggs Com Flakes because... . The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it. Authority doesnt have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs. He calls it captainitis because, he says, crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing. At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom the only rule was that there were no rules. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design. Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention. The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.", "hypothesis": "Most people have the potential to be creative.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_526", "premise": "The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesnt make them feel at all creative. And there are those who dont have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully. For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies dont succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employees values and a companys values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, theyre still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances. One of the most famous photographs in the story of rocknroll emphasises Ciaidinis views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Suns million-dollar quartet could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison, a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasnt inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label. The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe. Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counter? intuitive they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward. Managing innovation is a delicate art. Its easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, it's also easy for small pockets of innovation to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You cant brief people just by saying, Were going in this direction and Im going to take you with me. Cialdini believes that this follow-the-leader syndrome is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. It's been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field. To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they werent the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, was so intelligent she rarely sought advice. Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we don't even recognise it, says Cialdini. If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it. Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss's speech. Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individuals engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: I like Kelloggs Com Flakes because... . The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it. Authority doesnt have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs. He calls it captainitis because, he says, crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing. At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom the only rule was that there were no rules. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design. Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention. The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.", "hypothesis": "A managers approval of an idea is more persuasive than that of a colleague.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_527", "premise": "The psychology of innovation Why are so few companies truly innovative? Innovation is key to business survival, and companies put substantial resources into inspiring employees to develop new ideas. There are, nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the-art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find that their environment doesnt make them feel at all creative. And there are those who dont have a budget, or much space, but who innovate successfully. For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Arizona State University, one reason that companies dont succeed as often as they should is that innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows that the fit between an employees values and a companys values makes a difference to what contribution they make and whether, two years after they join, theyre still at the company. Studies at Harvard Business School show that, although some individuals may be more creative than others, almost every individual can be creative in the right circumstances. One of the most famous photographs in the story of rocknroll emphasises Ciaidinis views. The 1956 picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Suns million-dollar quartet could have been a quintet. Missing from the picture is Roy Orbison, a greater natural singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music with songs that fused black and white music, and country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis instinctively understood Phillipss ambition and believed in it. Orbison wasnt inspired by the goal, and only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label. The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under that pressure we, as a species, behave differently, When things change, we are hard-wired to play it safe. Managers should therefore adopt an approach that appears counter? intuitive they should explain what stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably take more gambles when threatened with a loss than when offered a reward. Managing innovation is a delicate art. Its easy for a company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the marketing, product development, and finance departments each get different feedback from different sets of people. And without a system which ensures collaborative exchanges within the company, it's also easy for small pockets of innovation to disappear. Innovation is a contact sport. You cant brief people just by saying, Were going in this direction and Im going to take you with me. Cialdini believes that this follow-the-leader syndrome is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses to go it alone. It's been scientifically proven that three people will be better than one at solving problems, even if that one person is the smartest person in the field. To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson, together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living organisms. When asked how they had cracked the code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival investigators, he said something that stunned me. He said he and Crick had succeeded because they were aware that they werent the most intelligent of the scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, was so intelligent she rarely sought advice. Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human behaviour. The principle of social proof is so pervasive that we don't even recognise it, says Cialdini. If your project is being resisted, for example, by a group of veteran employees, ask another old-timer to speak up for it. Cialdini is not alone in advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more powerful than any boss's speech. Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research papers and historical events that prove that even something as simple as writing deepens every individuals engagement in the project. It is, he says, the reason why all those competitions on breakfast cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no more than 10 words: I like Kelloggs Com Flakes because... . The very act of writing makes us more likely to believe it. Authority doesnt have to inhibit innovation but it often does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Cialdini calls captainitis, the regrettable tendency of team members to opt out of team responsibilities that are properly theirs. He calls it captainitis because, he says, crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain makes a clearly wrong-headed decision. This behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can happen in any workplace where the leader is overbearing. At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis design collective, a group of young designers for whom the only rule was that there were no rules. This environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, which led to more creativity with form, function, colour and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture design. Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini says: Leaders should encourage everyone to contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned that every recommendation is important to making the right decision and will be given full attention. The frustrating thing about innovation is that there are many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture can make their job a lot easier by recognising these psychological realities.", "hypothesis": "Teams work best when their members are of equally matched intelligence.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_528", "premise": "The radio audience measurement society is considering whether its quarterly figures for audience numbers should be released earlier to all radio companies but it is concerned to avoid share-price-sensitive information being leaked to the markets. The current situation involves the commercial stations receiving the results 12 hours later than the public channels. A number of commercial stations have questioned this practice, arguing that they too would like to receive the information earlier so that they could prepare press releases before the markets open. The issue has become significant because the commercial stations share prices tend to move sharply in the hours before the figures are released.", "hypothesis": "The passage author fails to present a case for the status quo.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_529", "premise": "The radio audience measurement society is considering whether its quarterly figures for audience numbers should be released earlier to all radio companies but it is concerned to avoid share-price-sensitive information being leaked to the markets. The current situation involves the commercial stations receiving the results 12 hours later than the public channels. A number of commercial stations have questioned this practice, arguing that they too would like to receive the information earlier so that they could prepare press releases before the markets open. The issue has become significant because the commercial stations share prices tend to move sharply in the hours before the figures are released.", "hypothesis": "The commercial stations share price will go down if the figures show a fall in audience numbers.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_530", "premise": "The radio audience measurement society is considering whether its quarterly figures for audience numbers should be released earlier to all radio companies but it is concerned to avoid share-price-sensitive information being leaked to the markets. The current situation involves the commercial stations receiving the results 12 hours later than the public channels. A number of commercial stations have questioned this practice, arguing that they too would like to receive the information earlier so that they could prepare press releases before the markets open. The issue has become significant because the commercial stations share prices tend to move sharply in the hours before the figures are released.", "hypothesis": "An alternative proposal would involve neither type of organization receiving the information early.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_531", "premise": "The reason that is most commonly quoted for nationalisation of foreign companies is a change in governance. Nationalisation tends to cover a wide range of industries and is not selective to the country of ownership of the foreign company.", "hypothesis": "Sharing ownership with local nationals will forestall takeovers by foreign governments.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_532", "premise": "The reason that is most commonly quoted for nationalisation of foreign companies is a change in governance. Nationalisation tends to cover a wide range of industries and is not selective to the country of ownership of the foreign company.", "hypothesis": "Some critical industries are more likely to be nationalised than others which might not be so critical.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_533", "premise": "The reason that is most commonly quoted for nationalisation of foreign companies is a change in governance. Nationalisation tends to cover a wide range of industries and is not selective to the country of ownership of the foreign company.", "hypothesis": "The process of nationalisation is not limited to any particular industry or country.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_534", "premise": "The reason that is most commonly quoted for nationalisation of foreign companies is a change in governance. Nationalisation tends to cover a wide range of industries and is not selective to the country of ownership of the foreign company.", "hypothesis": "Nationalisation of businesses is so widespread as to cause concern at the international level.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_535", "premise": "The refectory opens at 6:30 a. m. to serve breakfast which must be ordered by 9:30 a. m. Lunch is served between 11:45 a. m. and 2:30 p. m. Dinner is served between 6:00 p. m. and 8:30 p. m. Guests can be accommodated at lunchtimes and dinnertimes provided that 24 hours notice has been given. Vegetarian options are always available but vegans should notify the catering coordinator at the beginning of each term as should anyone with special dietary requirements. This includes nut, gluten and soybean allergies etc.", "hypothesis": "You can order lunch at 9:45 a. m. if you wish.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_536", "premise": "The refectory opens at 6:30 a. m. to serve breakfast which must be ordered by 9:30 a. m. Lunch is served between 11:45 a. m. and 2:30 p. m. Dinner is served between 6:00 p. m. and 8:30 p. m. Guests can be accommodated at lunchtimes and dinnertimes provided that 24 hours notice has been given. Vegetarian options are always available but vegans should notify the catering coordinator at the beginning of each term as should anyone with special dietary requirements. This includes nut, gluten and soybean allergies etc.", "hypothesis": "Someone allergic to eggs should notify the catering coordinator.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_537", "premise": "The refectory opens at 6:30 a. m. to serve breakfast which must be ordered by 9:30 a. m. Lunch is served between 11:45 a. m. and 2:30 p. m. Dinner is served between 6:00 p. m. and 8:30 p. m. Guests can be accommodated at lunchtimes and dinnertimes provided that 24 hours notice has been given. Vegetarian options are always available but vegans should notify the catering coordinator at the beginning of each term as should anyone with special dietary requirements. This includes nut, gluten and soybean allergies etc.", "hypothesis": "Vegetarians should notify the catering coordinator.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_538", "premise": "The refectory opens at 6:30 a. m. to serve breakfast which must be ordered by 9:30 a. m. Lunch is served between 11:45 a. m. and 2:30 p. m. Dinner is served between 6:00 p. m. and 8:30 p. m. Guests can be accommodated at lunchtimes and dinnertimes provided that 24 hours notice has been given. Vegetarian options are always available but vegans should notify the catering coordinator at the beginning of each term as should anyone with special dietary requirements. This includes nut, gluten and soybean allergies etc.", "hypothesis": "Dinner can be ordered before 6:00 p. m.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_539", "premise": "The refectory opens at 6:30 a. m. to serve breakfast which must be ordered by 9:30 a. m. Lunch is served between 11:45 a. m. and 2:30 p. m. Dinner is served between 6:00 p. m. and 8:30 p. m. Guests can be accommodated at lunchtimes and dinnertimes provided that 24 hours notice has been given. Vegetarian options are always available but vegans should notify the catering coordinator at the beginning of each term as should anyone with special dietary requirements. This includes nut, gluten and soybean allergies etc.", "hypothesis": "Guests cannot be accommodated at breakfast time.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_540", "premise": "The right of those working in the public sector to strike is controversial. Many private sector workers are of the opinion that the cost to tax payers and delays or closures in services outweighs any benefit that may be achieved through industrial action. In addition to this, employers have been criticised for their inability to prevent their workers from striking; it is the responsibility of employers to provide for the continual smooth running of public services, many of which provide a vital aspect of day to day life. An example of this can be seen in the transport industry, where severe delays can have a knock-on effect on the functioning of other industries. Unions should be encouraged to find a less disruptive way of settling disputes.", "hypothesis": "Delays or closures in services, such as public transport is a problem caused by industrial action", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_541", "premise": "The right of those working in the public sector to strike splits opinion. Many private sector workers are of the opinion that the cost to tax payers and the consequences of delays or closures in services outweighs any benefit that may be achieved through industrial action. In addition to this, public sector employers have been criticised for their inability to prevent their workers from striking since it is the responsibility of government to provide for the continual smooth running of public services, many of which provide a vital aspect of day to day life. An example of this can be seen in the transport industry, where severe delays can have a knock-on effect on the functioning of other industries, both public and private. Unions should be encouraged to find a less disruptive way of settling disputes, and it is said by some that unions in the public sector shouldnt exist at all. But then how does the voice of the employee get heard if there is no union, or at least none which gets taken seriously?", "hypothesis": "Some strikes are not disruptive to the economy.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_542", "premise": "The right of those working in the public sector to strike splits opinion. Many private sector workers are of the opinion that the cost to tax payers and the consequences of delays or closures in services outweighs any benefit that may be achieved through industrial action. In addition to this, public sector employers have been criticised for their inability to prevent their workers from striking since it is the responsibility of government to provide for the continual smooth running of public services, many of which provide a vital aspect of day to day life. An example of this can be seen in the transport industry, where severe delays can have a knock-on effect on the functioning of other industries, both public and private. Unions should be encouraged to find a less disruptive way of settling disputes, and it is said by some that unions in the public sector shouldnt exist at all. But then how does the voice of the employee get heard if there is no union, or at least none which gets taken seriously?", "hypothesis": "Government has a responsibility to deliver uninterrupted public services.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_543", "premise": "The right of those working in the public sector to strike splits opinion. Many private sector workers are of the opinion that the cost to tax payers and the consequences of delays or closures in services outweighs any benefit that may be achieved through industrial action. In addition to this, public sector employers have been criticised for their inability to prevent their workers from striking since it is the responsibility of government to provide for the continual smooth running of public services, many of which provide a vital aspect of day to day life. An example of this can be seen in the transport industry, where severe delays can have a knock-on effect on the functioning of other industries, both public and private. Unions should be encouraged to find a less disruptive way of settling disputes, and it is said by some that unions in the public sector shouldnt exist at all. But then how does the voice of the employee get heard if there is no union, or at least none which gets taken seriously?", "hypothesis": "There is general consensus that all employees should have the right to strike.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_544", "premise": "The rise and fall in the annual gross income of Britains biggest supermarkets is well documented. For this reason it came as no surprise to many when Tescos annual figures represented a loss this quarter. Official figures suggest that a price-cutting campaign by Britains biggest retailer failed to plug the losses, as Tesco made its fourth quarterly loss in a row. Commentators suggest that the fall in sales is a result of the current economic climate, with shoppers not only spending less on clothing and electronic items, but also on their weekly food shops. However, this view is controversial as smaller competitors, such as Sainsburys and Morrisons, continue to make a profit.", "hypothesis": "Competitors, such as Sainsburys and Morrisons continue to make a profit on clothing and electrical items.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_545", "premise": "The rise and fall in the annual gross income of Britains biggest supermarkets is well documented. For this reason it came as no surprise to many when Tescos annual figures represented a loss this quarter. Official figures suggest that a price-cutting campaign by Britains biggest retailer failed to plug the losses, as Tesco made its fourth quarterly loss in a row. Commentators suggest that the fall in sales is a result of the current economic climate, with shoppers not only spending less on clothing and electronic items, but also on their weekly food shops. However, this view is controversial as smaller competitors, such as Sainsburys and Morrisons, continue to make a profit.", "hypothesis": "Competitors, such as Sainsburys and Morrisons continually made a loss in the last four quarters.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_546", "premise": "The rise and fall in the annual gross income of Britains biggest supermarkets is well documented. For this reason it came as no surprise to many when Tescos annual figures represented a loss this quarter. Official figures suggest that a price-cutting campaign by Britains biggest retailer failed to plug the losses, as Tesco made its fourth quarterly loss in a row. Commentators suggest that the fall in sales is a result of the current economic climate, with shoppers not only spending less on clothing and electronic items, but also on their weekly food shops. However, this view is controversial as smaller competitors, such as Sainsburys and Morrisons, continue to make a profit.", "hypothesis": "Competitors, such as Sainsburys and Morrisons continually pose a threat to Tesco.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_547", "premise": "The rise and fall in the annual gross income of Britains biggest supermarkets is well documented. For this reason it came as no surprise to many when Tescos annual figures represented a loss this quarter. Official figures suggest that a price-cutting campaign by Britains biggest retailer failed to plug the losses, as Tesco made its fourth quarterly loss in a row. Commentators suggest that the fall in sales is a result of the current economic climate, with shoppers not only spending less on clothing and electronic items, but also on their weekly food shops. However, this view is controversial as smaller competitors, such as Sainsburys and Morrisons, continue to make a profit.", "hypothesis": "Competitors, such as Sainsburys and Morrisons continue to make a profit, despite the economic downturn.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_548", "premise": "The rise of agribots The next time you stand at the supermarket checkout, spare a thought for the farmers who helped fill your shopping basket as life is hard for them right now. This, in turn, inevitably means bigger grocery bills for consumers, and greater hardship for the millions in countries where food shortages are a matter of life and death. Worse, studies suggest that the world will need twice as much food by 2050. Yet while farmers must squeeze more out of the land, they must also address the necessity of reducing their impact on the soil, waterways and atmosphere. All this means rethinking how agriculture is practiced, and taking automation to a whole new level. On the new model farms of the future, precision will be key. Why dose a whole field with chemicals if you can spray only where they are needed? Each plant could get exactly the right amount of everything, no more or less, an approach that could slash chemical use and improve yields in one move. But this is easier said than done; the largest farms in Europe and the U. S. can cover thousands of acres. Thats why automation is key to precision farming. Specifically, say agricultural engineers, precision farming needs robot farmers. One day, we might see fields with agribots (agricultural robots) that can identify individual seedlings and encourage them along with drops of fertilizer. Other machines would distinguish problem weeds from crops and eliminate them with shots from high-power lasers or a microdot of pesticide. These machines will also be able to identify and harvest all kinds of vegetables. More than a century of mechanization has already turned farming into an industrial-scale activity in much of the world, with farms that grow cereals being the most heavily automated. But a variety of other crops, including oranges and tomatoes destined to become processed foods, are also picked mechanically, albeit to a slightly lesser extent. Yet the next wave of autonomous farm machinery is already at work. You probably havent even noticed, for these robots are disguised as tractors. Many are self-steering, use GPS to cross a field, and can even talk to their implements a plough or sprayer, for example. And the implements can talk back, telling the tractor that its going too fast or needs to move to the left. This kind of communication is also being developed in other farm vehicles. A new system allows a combine harvester, say, to send a call over to a tractor- trailer so the driver can unload the grain as and when necessary. However, when fully autonomous systems take to the field, theyll look nothing like tractors. With their enormous size and weight, todays farm machines have significant downsides: they compact the soil, reducing porosity and killing beneficial life, meaning crops dont grow so well. Simon Blackmore, who researches agricultural technology at Harper Adams University College in England believes that fleets of lightweight autonomous robots have the potential to solve this problem and that replacing brute force with precision is key. A seed only needs one cubic centimeter of soil to grow. If we cultivate just that we only put tiny amounts of energy in and the plants still grow nicely. There is another reason why automation may be the way forward according to Eldert van Henten, a robotics researcher at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. While the population is growing and needs to be fed, a rapidly shrinking number of people are willing to work in agriculture, he points out. Other researchers such as Linda Calvin, an economist at the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Philip Martin at the University of California, Davis, have studied trends in mechanization to predict how US farms might fare. Calvin and Martin have observed how rising employment costs have led to the adoption of labour-saving farm technology in the past, citing the raisin industry as an example. In 2000, a bumper harvest crashed prices and, with profits squeezed, farmers looked for a solution. With labour one of their biggest costs 42 percent of production expenses on U. S. farms, on average they started using a mechanical harvester adapted from a machine used by wine makers. By 2007, almost half of Californias raisins were mechanically harvested and a labour force once numbering 50,000 had shrunk to 30,000. As well as having an impact on the job market, the widespread adoption of agribots might bring changes at the supermarket. Lewis Holloway, who studies agriculture at the University of Hull, UK, says that robotic milking is likely to influence the genetics of dairy herds as farmers opt for robot-friendly cows, with udder shape, and even attitudes, suited to automated milking. Similarly, he says, its conceivable that agribots could influence what fruit or vegetable varieties get to the shops, since farmers may prefer to grow those with, say, leaf shapes that are easier for their robots to discriminate from weeds. Almost inevitably, these machines will eventually alter the landscape, too. The real tipping point for robot agriculture will come when farms are being designed with agribots in mind, says Salah Sukkarieh, a robotics researcher at the Australian Center for Field Robotics, Sydney. This could mean a return to smaller fields, with crops planted in grids rather than rows and fruit trees pruned into two-dimensional shapes to make harvesting easier. This alien terrain tended by robots is still a while away, he says but it will happen.", "hypothesis": "Governments should do more to ensure that food is generally affordable.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_549", "premise": "The rise of agribots The next time you stand at the supermarket checkout, spare a thought for the farmers who helped fill your shopping basket as life is hard for them right now. This, in turn, inevitably means bigger grocery bills for consumers, and greater hardship for the millions in countries where food shortages are a matter of life and death. Worse, studies suggest that the world will need twice as much food by 2050. Yet while farmers must squeeze more out of the land, they must also address the necessity of reducing their impact on the soil, waterways and atmosphere. All this means rethinking how agriculture is practiced, and taking automation to a whole new level. On the new model farms of the future, precision will be key. Why dose a whole field with chemicals if you can spray only where they are needed? Each plant could get exactly the right amount of everything, no more or less, an approach that could slash chemical use and improve yields in one move. But this is easier said than done; the largest farms in Europe and the U. S. can cover thousands of acres. Thats why automation is key to precision farming. Specifically, say agricultural engineers, precision farming needs robot farmers. One day, we might see fields with agribots (agricultural robots) that can identify individual seedlings and encourage them along with drops of fertilizer. Other machines would distinguish problem weeds from crops and eliminate them with shots from high-power lasers or a microdot of pesticide. These machines will also be able to identify and harvest all kinds of vegetables. More than a century of mechanization has already turned farming into an industrial-scale activity in much of the world, with farms that grow cereals being the most heavily automated. But a variety of other crops, including oranges and tomatoes destined to become processed foods, are also picked mechanically, albeit to a slightly lesser extent. Yet the next wave of autonomous farm machinery is already at work. You probably havent even noticed, for these robots are disguised as tractors. Many are self-steering, use GPS to cross a field, and can even talk to their implements a plough or sprayer, for example. And the implements can talk back, telling the tractor that its going too fast or needs to move to the left. This kind of communication is also being developed in other farm vehicles. A new system allows a combine harvester, say, to send a call over to a tractor- trailer so the driver can unload the grain as and when necessary. However, when fully autonomous systems take to the field, theyll look nothing like tractors. With their enormous size and weight, todays farm machines have significant downsides: they compact the soil, reducing porosity and killing beneficial life, meaning crops dont grow so well. Simon Blackmore, who researches agricultural technology at Harper Adams University College in England believes that fleets of lightweight autonomous robots have the potential to solve this problem and that replacing brute force with precision is key. A seed only needs one cubic centimeter of soil to grow. If we cultivate just that we only put tiny amounts of energy in and the plants still grow nicely. There is another reason why automation may be the way forward according to Eldert van Henten, a robotics researcher at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. While the population is growing and needs to be fed, a rapidly shrinking number of people are willing to work in agriculture, he points out. Other researchers such as Linda Calvin, an economist at the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Philip Martin at the University of California, Davis, have studied trends in mechanization to predict how US farms might fare. Calvin and Martin have observed how rising employment costs have led to the adoption of labour-saving farm technology in the past, citing the raisin industry as an example. In 2000, a bumper harvest crashed prices and, with profits squeezed, farmers looked for a solution. With labour one of their biggest costs 42 percent of production expenses on U. S. farms, on average they started using a mechanical harvester adapted from a machine used by wine makers. By 2007, almost half of Californias raisins were mechanically harvested and a labour force once numbering 50,000 had shrunk to 30,000. As well as having an impact on the job market, the widespread adoption of agribots might bring changes at the supermarket. Lewis Holloway, who studies agriculture at the University of Hull, UK, says that robotic milking is likely to influence the genetics of dairy herds as farmers opt for robot-friendly cows, with udder shape, and even attitudes, suited to automated milking. Similarly, he says, its conceivable that agribots could influence what fruit or vegetable varieties get to the shops, since farmers may prefer to grow those with, say, leaf shapes that are easier for their robots to discriminate from weeds. Almost inevitably, these machines will eventually alter the landscape, too. The real tipping point for robot agriculture will come when farms are being designed with agribots in mind, says Salah Sukkarieh, a robotics researcher at the Australian Center for Field Robotics, Sydney. This could mean a return to smaller fields, with crops planted in grids rather than rows and fruit trees pruned into two-dimensional shapes to make harvesting easier. This alien terrain tended by robots is still a while away, he says but it will happen.", "hypothesis": "Farmers need to reduce the harm they do to the environment.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_550", "premise": "The rise of agribots The next time you stand at the supermarket checkout, spare a thought for the farmers who helped fill your shopping basket as life is hard for them right now. This, in turn, inevitably means bigger grocery bills for consumers, and greater hardship for the millions in countries where food shortages are a matter of life and death. Worse, studies suggest that the world will need twice as much food by 2050. Yet while farmers must squeeze more out of the land, they must also address the necessity of reducing their impact on the soil, waterways and atmosphere. All this means rethinking how agriculture is practiced, and taking automation to a whole new level. On the new model farms of the future, precision will be key. Why dose a whole field with chemicals if you can spray only where they are needed? Each plant could get exactly the right amount of everything, no more or less, an approach that could slash chemical use and improve yields in one move. But this is easier said than done; the largest farms in Europe and the U. S. can cover thousands of acres. Thats why automation is key to precision farming. Specifically, say agricultural engineers, precision farming needs robot farmers. One day, we might see fields with agribots (agricultural robots) that can identify individual seedlings and encourage them along with drops of fertilizer. Other machines would distinguish problem weeds from crops and eliminate them with shots from high-power lasers or a microdot of pesticide. These machines will also be able to identify and harvest all kinds of vegetables. More than a century of mechanization has already turned farming into an industrial-scale activity in much of the world, with farms that grow cereals being the most heavily automated. But a variety of other crops, including oranges and tomatoes destined to become processed foods, are also picked mechanically, albeit to a slightly lesser extent. Yet the next wave of autonomous farm machinery is already at work. You probably havent even noticed, for these robots are disguised as tractors. Many are self-steering, use GPS to cross a field, and can even talk to their implements a plough or sprayer, for example. And the implements can talk back, telling the tractor that its going too fast or needs to move to the left. This kind of communication is also being developed in other farm vehicles. A new system allows a combine harvester, say, to send a call over to a tractor- trailer so the driver can unload the grain as and when necessary. However, when fully autonomous systems take to the field, theyll look nothing like tractors. With their enormous size and weight, todays farm machines have significant downsides: they compact the soil, reducing porosity and killing beneficial life, meaning crops dont grow so well. Simon Blackmore, who researches agricultural technology at Harper Adams University College in England believes that fleets of lightweight autonomous robots have the potential to solve this problem and that replacing brute force with precision is key. A seed only needs one cubic centimeter of soil to grow. If we cultivate just that we only put tiny amounts of energy in and the plants still grow nicely. There is another reason why automation may be the way forward according to Eldert van Henten, a robotics researcher at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. While the population is growing and needs to be fed, a rapidly shrinking number of people are willing to work in agriculture, he points out. Other researchers such as Linda Calvin, an economist at the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Philip Martin at the University of California, Davis, have studied trends in mechanization to predict how US farms might fare. Calvin and Martin have observed how rising employment costs have led to the adoption of labour-saving farm technology in the past, citing the raisin industry as an example. In 2000, a bumper harvest crashed prices and, with profits squeezed, farmers looked for a solution. With labour one of their biggest costs 42 percent of production expenses on U. S. farms, on average they started using a mechanical harvester adapted from a machine used by wine makers. By 2007, almost half of Californias raisins were mechanically harvested and a labour force once numbering 50,000 had shrunk to 30,000. As well as having an impact on the job market, the widespread adoption of agribots might bring changes at the supermarket. Lewis Holloway, who studies agriculture at the University of Hull, UK, says that robotic milking is likely to influence the genetics of dairy herds as farmers opt for robot-friendly cows, with udder shape, and even attitudes, suited to automated milking. Similarly, he says, its conceivable that agribots could influence what fruit or vegetable varieties get to the shops, since farmers may prefer to grow those with, say, leaf shapes that are easier for their robots to discriminate from weeds. Almost inevitably, these machines will eventually alter the landscape, too. The real tipping point for robot agriculture will come when farms are being designed with agribots in mind, says Salah Sukkarieh, a robotics researcher at the Australian Center for Field Robotics, Sydney. This could mean a return to smaller fields, with crops planted in grids rather than rows and fruit trees pruned into two-dimensional shapes to make harvesting easier. This alien terrain tended by robots is still a while away, he says but it will happen.", "hypothesis": "In the future, farmers are likely to increase their dependency on chemicals.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_551", "premise": "The rise of agribots The next time you stand at the supermarket checkout, spare a thought for the farmers who helped fill your shopping basket as life is hard for them right now. This, in turn, inevitably means bigger grocery bills for consumers, and greater hardship for the millions in countries where food shortages are a matter of life and death. Worse, studies suggest that the world will need twice as much food by 2050. Yet while farmers must squeeze more out of the land, they must also address the necessity of reducing their impact on the soil, waterways and atmosphere. All this means rethinking how agriculture is practiced, and taking automation to a whole new level. On the new model farms of the future, precision will be key. Why dose a whole field with chemicals if you can spray only where they are needed? Each plant could get exactly the right amount of everything, no more or less, an approach that could slash chemical use and improve yields in one move. But this is easier said than done; the largest farms in Europe and the U. S. can cover thousands of acres. Thats why automation is key to precision farming. Specifically, say agricultural engineers, precision farming needs robot farmers. One day, we might see fields with agribots (agricultural robots) that can identify individual seedlings and encourage them along with drops of fertilizer. Other machines would distinguish problem weeds from crops and eliminate them with shots from high-power lasers or a microdot of pesticide. These machines will also be able to identify and harvest all kinds of vegetables. More than a century of mechanization has already turned farming into an industrial-scale activity in much of the world, with farms that grow cereals being the most heavily automated. But a variety of other crops, including oranges and tomatoes destined to become processed foods, are also picked mechanically, albeit to a slightly lesser extent. Yet the next wave of autonomous farm machinery is already at work. You probably havent even noticed, for these robots are disguised as tractors. Many are self-steering, use GPS to cross a field, and can even talk to their implements a plough or sprayer, for example. And the implements can talk back, telling the tractor that its going too fast or needs to move to the left. This kind of communication is also being developed in other farm vehicles. A new system allows a combine harvester, say, to send a call over to a tractor- trailer so the driver can unload the grain as and when necessary. However, when fully autonomous systems take to the field, theyll look nothing like tractors. With their enormous size and weight, todays farm machines have significant downsides: they compact the soil, reducing porosity and killing beneficial life, meaning crops dont grow so well. Simon Blackmore, who researches agricultural technology at Harper Adams University College in England believes that fleets of lightweight autonomous robots have the potential to solve this problem and that replacing brute force with precision is key. A seed only needs one cubic centimeter of soil to grow. If we cultivate just that we only put tiny amounts of energy in and the plants still grow nicely. There is another reason why automation may be the way forward according to Eldert van Henten, a robotics researcher at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. While the population is growing and needs to be fed, a rapidly shrinking number of people are willing to work in agriculture, he points out. Other researchers such as Linda Calvin, an economist at the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Philip Martin at the University of California, Davis, have studied trends in mechanization to predict how US farms might fare. Calvin and Martin have observed how rising employment costs have led to the adoption of labour-saving farm technology in the past, citing the raisin industry as an example. In 2000, a bumper harvest crashed prices and, with profits squeezed, farmers looked for a solution. With labour one of their biggest costs 42 percent of production expenses on U. S. farms, on average they started using a mechanical harvester adapted from a machine used by wine makers. By 2007, almost half of Californias raisins were mechanically harvested and a labour force once numbering 50,000 had shrunk to 30,000. As well as having an impact on the job market, the widespread adoption of agribots might bring changes at the supermarket. Lewis Holloway, who studies agriculture at the University of Hull, UK, says that robotic milking is likely to influence the genetics of dairy herds as farmers opt for robot-friendly cows, with udder shape, and even attitudes, suited to automated milking. Similarly, he says, its conceivable that agribots could influence what fruit or vegetable varieties get to the shops, since farmers may prefer to grow those with, say, leaf shapes that are easier for their robots to discriminate from weeds. Almost inevitably, these machines will eventually alter the landscape, too. The real tipping point for robot agriculture will come when farms are being designed with agribots in mind, says Salah Sukkarieh, a robotics researcher at the Australian Center for Field Robotics, Sydney. This could mean a return to smaller fields, with crops planted in grids rather than rows and fruit trees pruned into two-dimensional shapes to make harvesting easier. This alien terrain tended by robots is still a while away, he says but it will happen.", "hypothesis": "Farms in Europe and the US may find it hard to adapt to precision farming.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_552", "premise": "The school authorities have decided to increase the number of students in each classroom to seventy from the next academic session to bridge the gap between the income and the expenditure to a large extent.", "hypothesis": "The income generated by way of fees of the additional students will be sufficient enough to bridge the gap", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_553", "premise": "The school authorities have decided to increase the number of students in each classroom to seventy from the next academic session to bridge the gap between the income and the expenditure to a large extent.", "hypothesis": "The school will get all the additional students in each class from the next academic session.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_554", "premise": "The school authority has decided to increase the number of students in each classroom to seventy from the next academic session to bridge the gap between income and expenditure to a largest extent.", "hypothesis": "The income generated by way of fees of the additional students will be sufficient enough to bridge the gap.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_555", "premise": "The school authority has decided to increase the number of students in each classroom to seventy from the next academic session to bridge the gap between income and expenditure to a largest extent.", "hypothesis": "The school will get all the additional students in each class from the next academic session. Canara Bank", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_556", "premise": "The science of laterality the study of mental functions and the side of the brain from which they originate was advanced recently by research that found that around 30 per cent of dogs were either left- or right-pawed and the remainder were ambidex- trous. The research became of commercial interest when it was realized that the dogs that showed no preference for left or right were more likely to react badly to loud noises such as fireworks or thunderstorms. Such behaviour makes a dog unsuitable for a career sniffing out drugs or guiding the blind. As things stand, one in every two dogs fails the training programmes for these roles because of an intolerance of loud noise.", "hypothesis": "The case made in the passage would be strengthened if an intolerance to loud noise were manifest in dogs before they began training for careers as guides for the blind or to sniff out drugs.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_557", "premise": "The science of laterality the study of mental functions and the side of the brain from which they originate was advanced recently by research that found that around 30 per cent of dogs were either left- or right-pawed and the remainder were ambidex- trous. The research became of commercial interest when it was realized that the dogs that showed no preference for left or right were more likely to react badly to loud noises such as fireworks or thunderstorms. Such behaviour makes a dog unsuitable for a career sniffing out drugs or guiding the blind. As things stand, one in every two dogs fails the training programmes for these roles because of an intolerance of loud noise.", "hypothesis": "The commercial interest mentioned in the passage can be taken to relate to a hope that a test of paw preference will improve the selection process by which dogs are chosen for these careers.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_558", "premise": "The science of laterality the study of mental functions and the side of the brain from which they originate was advanced recently by research that found that around 30 per cent of dogs were either left- or right-pawed and the remainder were ambidex- trous. The research became of commercial interest when it was realized that the dogs that showed no preference for left or right were more likely to react badly to loud noises such as fireworks or thunderstorms. Such behaviour makes a dog unsuitable for a career sniffing out drugs or guiding the blind. As things stand, one in every two dogs fails the training programmes for these roles because of an intolerance of loud noise.", "hypothesis": "In relation to dogs, the term ambidextrous can be taken to mean that they showed no preference as to which paw they use.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_559", "premise": "The secret of staying young Pheidole dentata, a native ant of the south-eastern U. S. , isn't immortal. But scientists have found that it doesn't seem to show any signs of aging. Old worker ants can do everything just as well as the youngsters, and their brains appear just as sharp. 'We get a picture that these ants really don't decline, ' says Ysabel Giraldo, who studied the ants for her doctoral thesis at Boston University. Such age-defying feats are rare in the animal kingdom. Naked mole rats can live for almost 30 years and stay fit for nearly their entire lives. They can still reproduce even when old, and they never get cancer. But the vast majority of animals deteriorate with age just like people do. Like the naked mole rat, ants are social creatures that usually live in highly organised colonies. 'It's this social complexity that makes P. dentata useful for studying aging in people, ' says Giraldo, now at the California Institute of Technology. Humans are also highly social, a trait that has been connected to healthier aging. By contrast, most animal studies of aging use mice, worms or fruit flies, which all lead much more isolated lives. In the lab, P. dentata worker ants typically live for around 140 days. Giraldo focused on ants at four age ranges: 20 to 22 days, 45 to 47 days, 95 to 97 days and 120 to 122 days. Unlike all previous studies, which only estimated how old the ants were, her work tracked the ants from the time the pupae became adults, so she knew their exact ages. Then she put them through a range of tests. Giraldo watched how well the ants took care of the young of the colony, recording how often each ant attended to, carried and fed them. She compared how well 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants followed the telltale scent that the insects usually leave to mark a trail to food. She tested how ants responded to light and also measured how active they were by counting how often ants in a small dish walked across a line. And she experimented with how ants react to live prey: a tethered fruit fly. Giraldo expected the older ants to perform poorly in all these tasks. But the elderly insects were all good caretakers and trail-followersthe 95-day-old ants could track the scent even longer than their younger counterparts. They all responded to light well, and the older ants were more active. And when it came to reacting to prey, the older ants attacked the poor fruit fly just as aggressively as the young ones did, flaring their mandibles or pulling at the fly's legs. Then Giraldo compared the brains of 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants, identifying any cells that were close to death. She saw no major differences with age, nor was there any difference in the location of the dying cells, showing that age didn't seem to affect specific brain functions. Ants and other insects have structures in their brains called mushroom bodies, which are important for processing information, learning and memory. She also wanted to see if aging affects the density of synaptic complexes within these structuresregions where neurons come together. Again, the answer was no. What was more, the old ants didn't experience any drop in the levels of either serotonin or dopaminebrain chemicals whose decline often coincides with aging. In humans, for example, a decrease in serotonin has been linked to Alzheimer's disease. 'This is the first time anyone has looked at both behavioral and neural changes in these ants so thoroughly, ' says Giraldo, who recently published the findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Scientists have looked at some similar aspects in bees, but the results of recent bee studies were mixedsome studies showed age-related declines, which biologists call senescence, and others didn't. 'For now, the study raises more questions than it answers, ' Giraldo says, 'including how P. dentata stays in such good shape. ' Also, if the ants don't deteriorate with age, why do they die at all? Out in the wild, the ants probably don't live for a full 140 days thanks to predators, disease and just being in an environment that's much harsher than the comforts of the lab. 'The lucky ants that do live into old age may suffer a steep decline just before dying, ' Giraldo says, but she can't say for sure because her study wasn't designed to follow an ant's final moments. 'It will be important to extend these findings to other species of social insects, ' says Gene E. Robinson, an entomologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This ant might be unique, or it might represent a broader pattern among other social bugs with possible clues to the science of aging in larger animals. Either way, it seems that for these ants, age really doesn't matter.", "hypothesis": "The ants in Giraldo's experiments behaved as she had predicted that they would.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_560", "premise": "The secret of staying young Pheidole dentata, a native ant of the south-eastern U. S. , isn't immortal. But scientists have found that it doesn't seem to show any signs of aging. Old worker ants can do everything just as well as the youngsters, and their brains appear just as sharp. 'We get a picture that these ants really don't decline, ' says Ysabel Giraldo, who studied the ants for her doctoral thesis at Boston University. Such age-defying feats are rare in the animal kingdom. Naked mole rats can live for almost 30 years and stay fit for nearly their entire lives. They can still reproduce even when old, and they never get cancer. But the vast majority of animals deteriorate with age just like people do. Like the naked mole rat, ants are social creatures that usually live in highly organised colonies. 'It's this social complexity that makes P. dentata useful for studying aging in people, ' says Giraldo, now at the California Institute of Technology. Humans are also highly social, a trait that has been connected to healthier aging. By contrast, most animal studies of aging use mice, worms or fruit flies, which all lead much more isolated lives. In the lab, P. dentata worker ants typically live for around 140 days. Giraldo focused on ants at four age ranges: 20 to 22 days, 45 to 47 days, 95 to 97 days and 120 to 122 days. Unlike all previous studies, which only estimated how old the ants were, her work tracked the ants from the time the pupae became adults, so she knew their exact ages. Then she put them through a range of tests. Giraldo watched how well the ants took care of the young of the colony, recording how often each ant attended to, carried and fed them. She compared how well 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants followed the telltale scent that the insects usually leave to mark a trail to food. She tested how ants responded to light and also measured how active they were by counting how often ants in a small dish walked across a line. And she experimented with how ants react to live prey: a tethered fruit fly. Giraldo expected the older ants to perform poorly in all these tasks. But the elderly insects were all good caretakers and trail-followersthe 95-day-old ants could track the scent even longer than their younger counterparts. They all responded to light well, and the older ants were more active. And when it came to reacting to prey, the older ants attacked the poor fruit fly just as aggressively as the young ones did, flaring their mandibles or pulling at the fly's legs. Then Giraldo compared the brains of 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants, identifying any cells that were close to death. She saw no major differences with age, nor was there any difference in the location of the dying cells, showing that age didn't seem to affect specific brain functions. Ants and other insects have structures in their brains called mushroom bodies, which are important for processing information, learning and memory. She also wanted to see if aging affects the density of synaptic complexes within these structuresregions where neurons come together. Again, the answer was no. What was more, the old ants didn't experience any drop in the levels of either serotonin or dopaminebrain chemicals whose decline often coincides with aging. In humans, for example, a decrease in serotonin has been linked to Alzheimer's disease. 'This is the first time anyone has looked at both behavioral and neural changes in these ants so thoroughly, ' says Giraldo, who recently published the findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Scientists have looked at some similar aspects in bees, but the results of recent bee studies were mixedsome studies showed age-related declines, which biologists call senescence, and others didn't. 'For now, the study raises more questions than it answers, ' Giraldo says, 'including how P. dentata stays in such good shape. ' Also, if the ants don't deteriorate with age, why do they die at all? Out in the wild, the ants probably don't live for a full 140 days thanks to predators, disease and just being in an environment that's much harsher than the comforts of the lab. 'The lucky ants that do live into old age may suffer a steep decline just before dying, ' Giraldo says, but she can't say for sure because her study wasn't designed to follow an ant's final moments. 'It will be important to extend these findings to other species of social insects, ' says Gene E. Robinson, an entomologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This ant might be unique, or it might represent a broader pattern among other social bugs with possible clues to the science of aging in larger animals. Either way, it seems that for these ants, age really doesn't matter.", "hypothesis": "Ysabel Giraldo was the first person to study Pheidole dentata ants using precise data about the insects' ages.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_561", "premise": "The secret of staying young Pheidole dentata, a native ant of the south-eastern U. S. , isn't immortal. But scientists have found that it doesn't seem to show any signs of aging. Old worker ants can do everything just as well as the youngsters, and their brains appear just as sharp. 'We get a picture that these ants really don't decline, ' says Ysabel Giraldo, who studied the ants for her doctoral thesis at Boston University. Such age-defying feats are rare in the animal kingdom. Naked mole rats can live for almost 30 years and stay fit for nearly their entire lives. They can still reproduce even when old, and they never get cancer. But the vast majority of animals deteriorate with age just like people do. Like the naked mole rat, ants are social creatures that usually live in highly organised colonies. 'It's this social complexity that makes P. dentata useful for studying aging in people, ' says Giraldo, now at the California Institute of Technology. Humans are also highly social, a trait that has been connected to healthier aging. By contrast, most animal studies of aging use mice, worms or fruit flies, which all lead much more isolated lives. In the lab, P. dentata worker ants typically live for around 140 days. Giraldo focused on ants at four age ranges: 20 to 22 days, 45 to 47 days, 95 to 97 days and 120 to 122 days. Unlike all previous studies, which only estimated how old the ants were, her work tracked the ants from the time the pupae became adults, so she knew their exact ages. Then she put them through a range of tests. Giraldo watched how well the ants took care of the young of the colony, recording how often each ant attended to, carried and fed them. She compared how well 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants followed the telltale scent that the insects usually leave to mark a trail to food. She tested how ants responded to light and also measured how active they were by counting how often ants in a small dish walked across a line. And she experimented with how ants react to live prey: a tethered fruit fly. Giraldo expected the older ants to perform poorly in all these tasks. But the elderly insects were all good caretakers and trail-followersthe 95-day-old ants could track the scent even longer than their younger counterparts. They all responded to light well, and the older ants were more active. And when it came to reacting to prey, the older ants attacked the poor fruit fly just as aggressively as the young ones did, flaring their mandibles or pulling at the fly's legs. Then Giraldo compared the brains of 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants, identifying any cells that were close to death. She saw no major differences with age, nor was there any difference in the location of the dying cells, showing that age didn't seem to affect specific brain functions. Ants and other insects have structures in their brains called mushroom bodies, which are important for processing information, learning and memory. She also wanted to see if aging affects the density of synaptic complexes within these structuresregions where neurons come together. Again, the answer was no. What was more, the old ants didn't experience any drop in the levels of either serotonin or dopaminebrain chemicals whose decline often coincides with aging. In humans, for example, a decrease in serotonin has been linked to Alzheimer's disease. 'This is the first time anyone has looked at both behavioral and neural changes in these ants so thoroughly, ' says Giraldo, who recently published the findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Scientists have looked at some similar aspects in bees, but the results of recent bee studies were mixedsome studies showed age-related declines, which biologists call senescence, and others didn't. 'For now, the study raises more questions than it answers, ' Giraldo says, 'including how P. dentata stays in such good shape. ' Also, if the ants don't deteriorate with age, why do they die at all? Out in the wild, the ants probably don't live for a full 140 days thanks to predators, disease and just being in an environment that's much harsher than the comforts of the lab. 'The lucky ants that do live into old age may suffer a steep decline just before dying, ' Giraldo says, but she can't say for sure because her study wasn't designed to follow an ant's final moments. 'It will be important to extend these findings to other species of social insects, ' says Gene E. Robinson, an entomologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This ant might be unique, or it might represent a broader pattern among other social bugs with possible clues to the science of aging in larger animals. Either way, it seems that for these ants, age really doesn't matter.", "hypothesis": "Pheidole dentata ants are the only known animals which remain active for almost their whole lives.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_562", "premise": "The secret of staying young Pheidole dentata, a native ant of the south-eastern U. S. , isn't immortal. But scientists have found that it doesn't seem to show any signs of aging. Old worker ants can do everything just as well as the youngsters, and their brains appear just as sharp. 'We get a picture that these ants really don't decline, ' says Ysabel Giraldo, who studied the ants for her doctoral thesis at Boston University. Such age-defying feats are rare in the animal kingdom. Naked mole rats can live for almost 30 years and stay fit for nearly their entire lives. They can still reproduce even when old, and they never get cancer. But the vast majority of animals deteriorate with age just like people do. Like the naked mole rat, ants are social creatures that usually live in highly organised colonies. 'It's this social complexity that makes P. dentata useful for studying aging in people, ' says Giraldo, now at the California Institute of Technology. Humans are also highly social, a trait that has been connected to healthier aging. By contrast, most animal studies of aging use mice, worms or fruit flies, which all lead much more isolated lives. In the lab, P. dentata worker ants typically live for around 140 days. Giraldo focused on ants at four age ranges: 20 to 22 days, 45 to 47 days, 95 to 97 days and 120 to 122 days. Unlike all previous studies, which only estimated how old the ants were, her work tracked the ants from the time the pupae became adults, so she knew their exact ages. Then she put them through a range of tests. Giraldo watched how well the ants took care of the young of the colony, recording how often each ant attended to, carried and fed them. She compared how well 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants followed the telltale scent that the insects usually leave to mark a trail to food. She tested how ants responded to light and also measured how active they were by counting how often ants in a small dish walked across a line. And she experimented with how ants react to live prey: a tethered fruit fly. Giraldo expected the older ants to perform poorly in all these tasks. But the elderly insects were all good caretakers and trail-followersthe 95-day-old ants could track the scent even longer than their younger counterparts. They all responded to light well, and the older ants were more active. And when it came to reacting to prey, the older ants attacked the poor fruit fly just as aggressively as the young ones did, flaring their mandibles or pulling at the fly's legs. Then Giraldo compared the brains of 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants, identifying any cells that were close to death. She saw no major differences with age, nor was there any difference in the location of the dying cells, showing that age didn't seem to affect specific brain functions. Ants and other insects have structures in their brains called mushroom bodies, which are important for processing information, learning and memory. She also wanted to see if aging affects the density of synaptic complexes within these structuresregions where neurons come together. Again, the answer was no. What was more, the old ants didn't experience any drop in the levels of either serotonin or dopaminebrain chemicals whose decline often coincides with aging. In humans, for example, a decrease in serotonin has been linked to Alzheimer's disease. 'This is the first time anyone has looked at both behavioral and neural changes in these ants so thoroughly, ' says Giraldo, who recently published the findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Scientists have looked at some similar aspects in bees, but the results of recent bee studies were mixedsome studies showed age-related declines, which biologists call senescence, and others didn't. 'For now, the study raises more questions than it answers, ' Giraldo says, 'including how P. dentata stays in such good shape. ' Also, if the ants don't deteriorate with age, why do they die at all? Out in the wild, the ants probably don't live for a full 140 days thanks to predators, disease and just being in an environment that's much harsher than the comforts of the lab. 'The lucky ants that do live into old age may suffer a steep decline just before dying, ' Giraldo says, but she can't say for sure because her study wasn't designed to follow an ant's final moments. 'It will be important to extend these findings to other species of social insects, ' says Gene E. Robinson, an entomologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This ant might be unique, or it might represent a broader pattern among other social bugs with possible clues to the science of aging in larger animals. Either way, it seems that for these ants, age really doesn't matter.", "hypothesis": "The recent studies of bees used different methods of measuring age-related decline.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_563", "premise": "The secret of staying young Pheidole dentata, a native ant of the south-eastern U. S. , isn't immortal. But scientists have found that it doesn't seem to show any signs of aging. Old worker ants can do everything just as well as the youngsters, and their brains appear just as sharp. 'We get a picture that these ants really don't decline, ' says Ysabel Giraldo, who studied the ants for her doctoral thesis at Boston University. Such age-defying feats are rare in the animal kingdom. Naked mole rats can live for almost 30 years and stay fit for nearly their entire lives. They can still reproduce even when old, and they never get cancer. But the vast majority of animals deteriorate with age just like people do. Like the naked mole rat, ants are social creatures that usually live in highly organised colonies. 'It's this social complexity that makes P. dentata useful for studying aging in people, ' says Giraldo, now at the California Institute of Technology. Humans are also highly social, a trait that has been connected to healthier aging. By contrast, most animal studies of aging use mice, worms or fruit flies, which all lead much more isolated lives. In the lab, P. dentata worker ants typically live for around 140 days. Giraldo focused on ants at four age ranges: 20 to 22 days, 45 to 47 days, 95 to 97 days and 120 to 122 days. Unlike all previous studies, which only estimated how old the ants were, her work tracked the ants from the time the pupae became adults, so she knew their exact ages. Then she put them through a range of tests. Giraldo watched how well the ants took care of the young of the colony, recording how often each ant attended to, carried and fed them. She compared how well 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants followed the telltale scent that the insects usually leave to mark a trail to food. She tested how ants responded to light and also measured how active they were by counting how often ants in a small dish walked across a line. And she experimented with how ants react to live prey: a tethered fruit fly. Giraldo expected the older ants to perform poorly in all these tasks. But the elderly insects were all good caretakers and trail-followersthe 95-day-old ants could track the scent even longer than their younger counterparts. They all responded to light well, and the older ants were more active. And when it came to reacting to prey, the older ants attacked the poor fruit fly just as aggressively as the young ones did, flaring their mandibles or pulling at the fly's legs. Then Giraldo compared the brains of 20-day-old and 95-day-old ants, identifying any cells that were close to death. She saw no major differences with age, nor was there any difference in the location of the dying cells, showing that age didn't seem to affect specific brain functions. Ants and other insects have structures in their brains called mushroom bodies, which are important for processing information, learning and memory. She also wanted to see if aging affects the density of synaptic complexes within these structuresregions where neurons come together. Again, the answer was no. What was more, the old ants didn't experience any drop in the levels of either serotonin or dopaminebrain chemicals whose decline often coincides with aging. In humans, for example, a decrease in serotonin has been linked to Alzheimer's disease. 'This is the first time anyone has looked at both behavioral and neural changes in these ants so thoroughly, ' says Giraldo, who recently published the findings in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Scientists have looked at some similar aspects in bees, but the results of recent bee studies were mixedsome studies showed age-related declines, which biologists call senescence, and others didn't. 'For now, the study raises more questions than it answers, ' Giraldo says, 'including how P. dentata stays in such good shape. ' Also, if the ants don't deteriorate with age, why do they die at all? Out in the wild, the ants probably don't live for a full 140 days thanks to predators, disease and just being in an environment that's much harsher than the comforts of the lab. 'The lucky ants that do live into old age may suffer a steep decline just before dying, ' Giraldo says, but she can't say for sure because her study wasn't designed to follow an ant's final moments. 'It will be important to extend these findings to other species of social insects, ' says Gene E. Robinson, an entomologist at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This ant might be unique, or it might represent a broader pattern among other social bugs with possible clues to the science of aging in larger animals. Either way, it seems that for these ants, age really doesn't matter.", "hypothesis": "Pheidole dentata ants kept in laboratory conditions tend to live longer lives.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_564", "premise": "The secret of the Yawn A. When a scientist began to study yawning in the 1980s, it was difficult to convince some of his research students of the merits of \"yawning science. \" Although it may appear quirky, his decision to study yawning was a logical extension to human beings of my research in developmental neuroscience, reported in such papers as \"Wing-flapping during Development and Evolution. \" As a neurobehavioral problem, there is not much difference between the wing- flapping of birds and the face-and body-flapping of human yawners. B. Yawning is an ancient, primitive act. Humans do it even before they are born, opening wide in the womb. Some snakes unhinge then jaws to do it. One species of penguins yawns as part of mating. Only now are researchers beginning to understand why we yawn, when we yawn and why we yawn back. A professor of cognitive neuroscience at Drexel Universityin Philadelphia, Steven Platek, studies the act of contagious yawning, something done only by people and other primates. C. In his first experiment, he used a psychological test to rank people on then empathic feelings. He found that participants who did not score high on compassion did not yawn back. \"We literally had people saying, 'Why am I looking at people yawning? \" 1 Professor Platek said. \"It just had no effect. \" D. For his second experiment, he put 10 students in an magnetic resonance imaging machine as they watched video tapes of people yawning. When the students watched the videos, the part of the brain which reacted was the part scientists believe controls empathy - the posterior cingulate, in the brain's middle rear. \" I don't know if it's necessarily that nice people yawn more, but I think it's a good indicator of a state of mind, \" said Professor Platek. \"It's also a good indicator if you're empathizing with me and paying attention. \" E. His third experiment is studying yawning in those with brain disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, in which victims have difficulty connecting emotionally with others. A psychology professor at the University of Maryland, Robert Provine, is one of the few other researchers into yawning. He found the basic yawn lasts about six seconds and they come in bouts with an interval of about 68 seconds. Men and women yawn or half- yawn equally often, but men are significantly less likely to cover then mouths which may indicate complex distinction in genders. \" A watched yawner never yawns, \" Professor Provine said. However, the physical root of yawning remains a mystery. Some researchers say it's coordinated within the lypothal of the brain, the area that also controls breathing. F. Yawning and stretching also share properties and may be performed together as parts of a global motor complex. But they do notalways co-occur people usually yawn when we stretch, but we don't always stretch when we yawn, especially before bedtime. Studies by J. I. P, G. H. A. Visser and H. F. Prechtl in the early 1980s, charting movement in the developing fetus using ultrasound, observed not just yawning but a link between yawning and stretching as early as the end of the first prenatal trimester G. The most extraordinary demonstration of the yawn-stretch linkage occurs in many people paralyzed on one side of their body because of brain damage caused by a stroke. The prominent British neurologist Sir Francis Walshe noted in 1923 that when these hemiplegics yawn, they are startled and mystified to observe that then otherwise paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically in what neurologists term an \"associated response. \" Yawning apparently activates undamaged, unconsciously controlled connections between the brain and the cord motor system innervating the paralyzed limb. It is not known whether the associated response is a positive prognosis for recovery, nor whether yawning is therapeutic for reinnervation or prevention of muscular atrophy. H. Clinical neurology offers other surprises. Some patients with \"locked-in\" syndrome, who are almost totally deprived of the ability to move voluntarily, can yawn normally. The neural circuits for spontaneous yawning must exist in the brain stem near other respiratory and vasomotor centers, because yawning is performed by anencephalic who possess only the medulla oblongata. The multiplicity of stimuli of contagious yawning, by contrast, implicates many higher brain regions.", "hypothesis": "Yawning can show an affirmative impact on the recovery from brain damage brought by a stroke.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_565", "premise": "The secret of the Yawn A. When a scientist began to study yawning in the 1980s, it was difficult to convince some of his research students of the merits of \"yawning science. \" Although it may appear quirky, his decision to study yawning was a logical extension to human beings of my research in developmental neuroscience, reported in such papers as \"Wing-flapping during Development and Evolution. \" As a neurobehavioral problem, there is not much difference between the wing- flapping of birds and the face-and body-flapping of human yawners. B. Yawning is an ancient, primitive act. Humans do it even before they are born, opening wide in the womb. Some snakes unhinge then jaws to do it. One species of penguins yawns as part of mating. Only now are researchers beginning to understand why we yawn, when we yawn and why we yawn back. A professor of cognitive neuroscience at Drexel Universityin Philadelphia, Steven Platek, studies the act of contagious yawning, something done only by people and other primates. C. In his first experiment, he used a psychological test to rank people on then empathic feelings. He found that participants who did not score high on compassion did not yawn back. \"We literally had people saying, 'Why am I looking at people yawning? \" 1 Professor Platek said. \"It just had no effect. \" D. For his second experiment, he put 10 students in an magnetic resonance imaging machine as they watched video tapes of people yawning. When the students watched the videos, the part of the brain which reacted was the part scientists believe controls empathy - the posterior cingulate, in the brain's middle rear. \" I don't know if it's necessarily that nice people yawn more, but I think it's a good indicator of a state of mind, \" said Professor Platek. \"It's also a good indicator if you're empathizing with me and paying attention. \" E. His third experiment is studying yawning in those with brain disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, in which victims have difficulty connecting emotionally with others. A psychology professor at the University of Maryland, Robert Provine, is one of the few other researchers into yawning. He found the basic yawn lasts about six seconds and they come in bouts with an interval of about 68 seconds. Men and women yawn or half- yawn equally often, but men are significantly less likely to cover then mouths which may indicate complex distinction in genders. \" A watched yawner never yawns, \" Professor Provine said. However, the physical root of yawning remains a mystery. Some researchers say it's coordinated within the lypothal of the brain, the area that also controls breathing. F. Yawning and stretching also share properties and may be performed together as parts of a global motor complex. But they do notalways co-occur people usually yawn when we stretch, but we don't always stretch when we yawn, especially before bedtime. Studies by J. I. P, G. H. A. Visser and H. F. Prechtl in the early 1980s, charting movement in the developing fetus using ultrasound, observed not just yawning but a link between yawning and stretching as early as the end of the first prenatal trimester G. The most extraordinary demonstration of the yawn-stretch linkage occurs in many people paralyzed on one side of their body because of brain damage caused by a stroke. The prominent British neurologist Sir Francis Walshe noted in 1923 that when these hemiplegics yawn, they are startled and mystified to observe that then otherwise paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically in what neurologists term an \"associated response. \" Yawning apparently activates undamaged, unconsciously controlled connections between the brain and the cord motor system innervating the paralyzed limb. It is not known whether the associated response is a positive prognosis for recovery, nor whether yawning is therapeutic for reinnervation or prevention of muscular atrophy. H. Clinical neurology offers other surprises. Some patients with \"locked-in\" syndrome, who are almost totally deprived of the ability to move voluntarily, can yawn normally. The neural circuits for spontaneous yawning must exist in the brain stem near other respiratory and vasomotor centers, because yawning is performed by anencephalic who possess only the medulla oblongata. The multiplicity of stimuli of contagious yawning, by contrast, implicates many higher brain regions.", "hypothesis": "Some results from certain experiment indicate the link between yawning and compassion.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_566", "premise": "The secret of the Yawn A. When a scientist began to study yawning in the 1980s, it was difficult to convince some of his research students of the merits of \"yawning science. \" Although it may appear quirky, his decision to study yawning was a logical extension to human beings of my research in developmental neuroscience, reported in such papers as \"Wing-flapping during Development and Evolution. \" As a neurobehavioral problem, there is not much difference between the wing- flapping of birds and the face-and body-flapping of human yawners. B. Yawning is an ancient, primitive act. Humans do it even before they are born, opening wide in the womb. Some snakes unhinge then jaws to do it. One species of penguins yawns as part of mating. Only now are researchers beginning to understand why we yawn, when we yawn and why we yawn back. A professor of cognitive neuroscience at Drexel Universityin Philadelphia, Steven Platek, studies the act of contagious yawning, something done only by people and other primates. C. In his first experiment, he used a psychological test to rank people on then empathic feelings. He found that participants who did not score high on compassion did not yawn back. \"We literally had people saying, 'Why am I looking at people yawning? \" 1 Professor Platek said. \"It just had no effect. \" D. For his second experiment, he put 10 students in an magnetic resonance imaging machine as they watched video tapes of people yawning. When the students watched the videos, the part of the brain which reacted was the part scientists believe controls empathy - the posterior cingulate, in the brain's middle rear. \" I don't know if it's necessarily that nice people yawn more, but I think it's a good indicator of a state of mind, \" said Professor Platek. \"It's also a good indicator if you're empathizing with me and paying attention. \" E. His third experiment is studying yawning in those with brain disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia, in which victims have difficulty connecting emotionally with others. A psychology professor at the University of Maryland, Robert Provine, is one of the few other researchers into yawning. He found the basic yawn lasts about six seconds and they come in bouts with an interval of about 68 seconds. Men and women yawn or half- yawn equally often, but men are significantly less likely to cover then mouths which may indicate complex distinction in genders. \" A watched yawner never yawns, \" Professor Provine said. However, the physical root of yawning remains a mystery. Some researchers say it's coordinated within the lypothal of the brain, the area that also controls breathing. F. Yawning and stretching also share properties and may be performed together as parts of a global motor complex. But they do notalways co-occur people usually yawn when we stretch, but we don't always stretch when we yawn, especially before bedtime. Studies by J. I. P, G. H. A. Visser and H. F. Prechtl in the early 1980s, charting movement in the developing fetus using ultrasound, observed not just yawning but a link between yawning and stretching as early as the end of the first prenatal trimester G. The most extraordinary demonstration of the yawn-stretch linkage occurs in many people paralyzed on one side of their body because of brain damage caused by a stroke. The prominent British neurologist Sir Francis Walshe noted in 1923 that when these hemiplegics yawn, they are startled and mystified to observe that then otherwise paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically in what neurologists term an \"associated response. \" Yawning apparently activates undamaged, unconsciously controlled connections between the brain and the cord motor system innervating the paralyzed limb. It is not known whether the associated response is a positive prognosis for recovery, nor whether yawning is therapeutic for reinnervation or prevention of muscular atrophy. H. Clinical neurology offers other surprises. Some patients with \"locked-in\" syndrome, who are almost totally deprived of the ability to move voluntarily, can yawn normally. The neural circuits for spontaneous yawning must exist in the brain stem near other respiratory and vasomotor centers, because yawning is performed by anencephalic who possess only the medulla oblongata. The multiplicity of stimuli of contagious yawning, by contrast, implicates many higher brain regions.", "hypothesis": "Several students in Plateks experiment did not comprehend why then tutor ask them to yawn back.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_567", "premise": "The secret to success in business is entrepreneurial spirit at all levels of the company. Employees who are identified as entrepreneurs in their own right are more motivated their own financial success becomes integrated with the company's. Those who are oriented towards personal entrepreneurship will work long hours to develop their own tried-and-tested business practices and strategies, contributing as willing partners to the achievements of the company as a whole. Orientation and value-formation training can induce this kind of thinking in new staff recruits, inculcating the notion of how quickly it is possible to achieve financial security through hard work and innovative business approaches, combined with the impression that to miss out on opportunities for such rapid economic and social advancement would be at best unwise and at worst catastrophic.", "hypothesis": "New staff members can be indoctrinated with the virtues of entrepreneurship.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_568", "premise": "The secret to success in business is entrepreneurial spirit at all levels of the company. Employees who are identified as entrepreneurs in their own right are more motivated their own financial success becomes integrated with the company's. Those who are oriented towards personal entrepreneurship will work long hours to develop their own tried-and-tested business practices and strategies, contributing as willing partners to the achievements of the company as a whole. Orientation and value-formation training can induce this kind of thinking in new staff recruits, inculcating the notion of how quickly it is possible to achieve financial security through hard work and innovative business approaches, combined with the impression that to miss out on opportunities for such rapid economic and social advancement would be at best unwise and at worst catastrophic.", "hypothesis": "Employees encouraged to think of themselves as entrepreneurs work fewer hours than other staff members.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_569", "premise": "The secret to success in business is entrepreneurial spirit at all levels of the company. Employees who are identified as entrepreneurs in their own right are more motivated their own financial success becomes integrated with the company's. Those who are oriented towards personal entrepreneurship will work long hours to develop their own tried-and-tested business practices and strategies, contributing as willing partners to the achievements of the company as a whole. Orientation and value-formation training can induce this kind of thinking in new staff recruits, inculcating the notion of how quickly it is possible to achieve financial security through hard work and innovative business approaches, combined with the impression that to miss out on opportunities for such rapid economic and social advancement would be at best unwise and at worst catastrophic.", "hypothesis": "Employees instilled with the idea of personal entrepreneurship will be less willing to contribute to the success of the company as a whole.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_570", "premise": "The significant role of mother tongue language in education One consequence of population mobility is an increasing diversity within schools. To illustrate, in the city of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils come from homes where English is not language of communication. Schools in Europe and North America have experienced this diversity for years, but educational policies and practices vary widely between countries and even within countries. Some political parties and groups search for ways to solve the problem of diverse communities and their integration in schools and society. They see few positive consequences for the host society and worry that diversity threaten the identity of the host society . Consequently, they promote unfortunate educational policies that will make the problem disappear. If students retain their culture and language, they are viewed as less capable of identifying with the mainstream culture and learning the mainstream language of the society. The challenge for educators and policy-makers is to shape the evolution of national identity in such a way that the rights of all citizens (including school children) are respected, and the cultural, linguistic, and economic resources of the nation are maximized. To waste the resources of the nation by discouraging children from developing their mother tongues is quite simply unintelligent from the point of view of national self-interest. A first step in Providing an appropriate education for culturally and linguistically diverse children is to examine what the existing research says about the role of childrens mother tongues in their educational development. In fact, the research is very clear. When children continue to develop their abilities in two or more languages throughout their primary school, they gain a deeper understanding of language and how to use it effectively. They have more practice in processing language, especially when they develop literacy in both. More than 150 research studies conducted during the past 35 years strongly support what Goethe, the famous eighteenth-century German philosopher, once said: that the person who knows only one language does not truly know that language. Research suggests that bilingual children may also develop more flexibility in their thinking as a result of processing information through two different languages. The level of development of childrens mother tongue is a strong predictor of their second language development. Children who come to school with a solid foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger literacy abilities in the school language. When parents and other caregivers (e. g. grandparents) are able to spend time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them in a way that develops their mother tongue, children come to school well-prepared to learn the school language and succeed educationally. Childrens knowledge and skills transfer across languages from the mother tongue to the school language. Transfer across languages can be two-way: both languages nurture each other when the educational environment permits children access to both languages. Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching programs because they worry that they take time away from the majority language. For example, in a bilingual program where 50% of the time is spent teaching through childrens home language and 50% through the majority language, surely childrens wont progress as far in the letter? One of the most strongly established findings of educational research, however, is that well-implemented bilingual programs can promote literacy and subject- matter knowledge in a minority language without any negative effects on childrens development in the majority language. Within Europe, the Foyer program in Belgium, which develops childrens speaking and literacy abilities in three languages (their mother tongue, Dutch and French), most clearly illustrates the benefits of bilingual and trilingual education (see Cummins, 2000). It is easy to understand how this happens. When children are learning through a minority language, they are learning concepts and intellectual skills too. Pupils who know how to tell the time in their mother tongue understand the concept of telling time. In order to tell time in the majority language they do not need to re-learn the concept. Similarly, at more advanced stages, there is transfer across languages in other skills such as knowing how to distinguish the main idea from the supporting details of a written passage or story, and distinguishing fact from opinion, Studies of secondary school pupils are providing interesting findings in this area, and it would be worth extending this research. Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to pick up conversational skills in the majority language at school (although it takes much longer for them to catch up to native speakers in academic language skills). However, educators are often much less aware of how quickly children can lose their ability to use their mother tongue, even in the home context. The extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the concentration of families from a particular linguistic group in the neighborhood. Where the mother tongue is used extensively in the community, then language loss among young children will be less. However, where language communities are not concentrated in particular neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to communicate in their mother tongue within 2-3 years of starting school. They may retain receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority language in speaking with their peers and siblings and in responding to their parents. By the time children become adolescents, the linguistic division between parents and children has become an emotional chasm. Pupils frequently become alienated from the cultures of both home and school with predictable results.", "hypothesis": "the foyer Program is to be accepted by the French education system.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_571", "premise": "The significant role of mother tongue language in education One consequence of population mobility is an increasing diversity within schools. To illustrate, in the city of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils come from homes where English is not language of communication. Schools in Europe and North America have experienced this diversity for years, but educational policies and practices vary widely between countries and even within countries. Some political parties and groups search for ways to solve the problem of diverse communities and their integration in schools and society. They see few positive consequences for the host society and worry that diversity threaten the identity of the host society . Consequently, they promote unfortunate educational policies that will make the problem disappear. If students retain their culture and language, they are viewed as less capable of identifying with the mainstream culture and learning the mainstream language of the society. The challenge for educators and policy-makers is to shape the evolution of national identity in such a way that the rights of all citizens (including school children) are respected, and the cultural, linguistic, and economic resources of the nation are maximized. To waste the resources of the nation by discouraging children from developing their mother tongues is quite simply unintelligent from the point of view of national self-interest. A first step in Providing an appropriate education for culturally and linguistically diverse children is to examine what the existing research says about the role of childrens mother tongues in their educational development. In fact, the research is very clear. When children continue to develop their abilities in two or more languages throughout their primary school, they gain a deeper understanding of language and how to use it effectively. They have more practice in processing language, especially when they develop literacy in both. More than 150 research studies conducted during the past 35 years strongly support what Goethe, the famous eighteenth-century German philosopher, once said: that the person who knows only one language does not truly know that language. Research suggests that bilingual children may also develop more flexibility in their thinking as a result of processing information through two different languages. The level of development of childrens mother tongue is a strong predictor of their second language development. Children who come to school with a solid foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger literacy abilities in the school language. When parents and other caregivers (e. g. grandparents) are able to spend time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them in a way that develops their mother tongue, children come to school well-prepared to learn the school language and succeed educationally. Childrens knowledge and skills transfer across languages from the mother tongue to the school language. Transfer across languages can be two-way: both languages nurture each other when the educational environment permits children access to both languages. Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching programs because they worry that they take time away from the majority language. For example, in a bilingual program where 50% of the time is spent teaching through childrens home language and 50% through the majority language, surely childrens wont progress as far in the letter? One of the most strongly established findings of educational research, however, is that well-implemented bilingual programs can promote literacy and subject- matter knowledge in a minority language without any negative effects on childrens development in the majority language. Within Europe, the Foyer program in Belgium, which develops childrens speaking and literacy abilities in three languages (their mother tongue, Dutch and French), most clearly illustrates the benefits of bilingual and trilingual education (see Cummins, 2000). It is easy to understand how this happens. When children are learning through a minority language, they are learning concepts and intellectual skills too. Pupils who know how to tell the time in their mother tongue understand the concept of telling time. In order to tell time in the majority language they do not need to re-learn the concept. Similarly, at more advanced stages, there is transfer across languages in other skills such as knowing how to distinguish the main idea from the supporting details of a written passage or story, and distinguishing fact from opinion, Studies of secondary school pupils are providing interesting findings in this area, and it would be worth extending this research. Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to pick up conversational skills in the majority language at school (although it takes much longer for them to catch up to native speakers in academic language skills). However, educators are often much less aware of how quickly children can lose their ability to use their mother tongue, even in the home context. The extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the concentration of families from a particular linguistic group in the neighborhood. Where the mother tongue is used extensively in the community, then language loss among young children will be less. However, where language communities are not concentrated in particular neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to communicate in their mother tongue within 2-3 years of starting school. They may retain receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority language in speaking with their peers and siblings and in responding to their parents. By the time children become adolescents, the linguistic division between parents and children has become an emotional chasm. Pupils frequently become alienated from the cultures of both home and school with predictable results.", "hypothesis": "Research proves that learning the host country language at school can have an adverse effect on a childs mother tongue.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_572", "premise": "The significant role of mother tongue language in education One consequence of population mobility is an increasing diversity within schools. To illustrate, in the city of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils come from homes where English is not language of communication. Schools in Europe and North America have experienced this diversity for years, but educational policies and practices vary widely between countries and even within countries. Some political parties and groups search for ways to solve the problem of diverse communities and their integration in schools and society. They see few positive consequences for the host society and worry that diversity threaten the identity of the host society . Consequently, they promote unfortunate educational policies that will make the problem disappear. If students retain their culture and language, they are viewed as less capable of identifying with the mainstream culture and learning the mainstream language of the society. The challenge for educators and policy-makers is to shape the evolution of national identity in such a way that the rights of all citizens (including school children) are respected, and the cultural, linguistic, and economic resources of the nation are maximized. To waste the resources of the nation by discouraging children from developing their mother tongues is quite simply unintelligent from the point of view of national self-interest. A first step in Providing an appropriate education for culturally and linguistically diverse children is to examine what the existing research says about the role of childrens mother tongues in their educational development. In fact, the research is very clear. When children continue to develop their abilities in two or more languages throughout their primary school, they gain a deeper understanding of language and how to use it effectively. They have more practice in processing language, especially when they develop literacy in both. More than 150 research studies conducted during the past 35 years strongly support what Goethe, the famous eighteenth-century German philosopher, once said: that the person who knows only one language does not truly know that language. Research suggests that bilingual children may also develop more flexibility in their thinking as a result of processing information through two different languages. The level of development of childrens mother tongue is a strong predictor of their second language development. Children who come to school with a solid foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger literacy abilities in the school language. When parents and other caregivers (e. g. grandparents) are able to spend time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them in a way that develops their mother tongue, children come to school well-prepared to learn the school language and succeed educationally. Childrens knowledge and skills transfer across languages from the mother tongue to the school language. Transfer across languages can be two-way: both languages nurture each other when the educational environment permits children access to both languages. Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching programs because they worry that they take time away from the majority language. For example, in a bilingual program where 50% of the time is spent teaching through childrens home language and 50% through the majority language, surely childrens wont progress as far in the letter? One of the most strongly established findings of educational research, however, is that well-implemented bilingual programs can promote literacy and subject- matter knowledge in a minority language without any negative effects on childrens development in the majority language. Within Europe, the Foyer program in Belgium, which develops childrens speaking and literacy abilities in three languages (their mother tongue, Dutch and French), most clearly illustrates the benefits of bilingual and trilingual education (see Cummins, 2000). It is easy to understand how this happens. When children are learning through a minority language, they are learning concepts and intellectual skills too. Pupils who know how to tell the time in their mother tongue understand the concept of telling time. In order to tell time in the majority language they do not need to re-learn the concept. Similarly, at more advanced stages, there is transfer across languages in other skills such as knowing how to distinguish the main idea from the supporting details of a written passage or story, and distinguishing fact from opinion, Studies of secondary school pupils are providing interesting findings in this area, and it would be worth extending this research. Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to pick up conversational skills in the majority language at school (although it takes much longer for them to catch up to native speakers in academic language skills). However, educators are often much less aware of how quickly children can lose their ability to use their mother tongue, even in the home context. The extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the concentration of families from a particular linguistic group in the neighborhood. Where the mother tongue is used extensively in the community, then language loss among young children will be less. However, where language communities are not concentrated in particular neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to communicate in their mother tongue within 2-3 years of starting school. They may retain receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority language in speaking with their peers and siblings and in responding to their parents. By the time children become adolescents, the linguistic division between parents and children has become an emotional chasm. Pupils frequently become alienated from the cultures of both home and school with predictable results.", "hypothesis": "Less than half the children who attend kindergarten in Toronto have English as their Mother tongue.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_573", "premise": "The significant role of mother tongue language in education One consequence of population mobility is an increasing diversity within schools. To illustrate, in the city of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils come from homes where English is not language of communication. Schools in Europe and North America have experienced this diversity for years, but educational policies and practices vary widely between countries and even within countries. Some political parties and groups search for ways to solve the problem of diverse communities and their integration in schools and society. They see few positive consequences for the host society and worry that diversity threaten the identity of the host society . Consequently, they promote unfortunate educational policies that will make the problem disappear. If students retain their culture and language, they are viewed as less capable of identifying with the mainstream culture and learning the mainstream language of the society. The challenge for educators and policy-makers is to shape the evolution of national identity in such a way that the rights of all citizens (including school children) are respected, and the cultural, linguistic, and economic resources of the nation are maximized. To waste the resources of the nation by discouraging children from developing their mother tongues is quite simply unintelligent from the point of view of national self-interest. A first step in Providing an appropriate education for culturally and linguistically diverse children is to examine what the existing research says about the role of childrens mother tongues in their educational development. In fact, the research is very clear. When children continue to develop their abilities in two or more languages throughout their primary school, they gain a deeper understanding of language and how to use it effectively. They have more practice in processing language, especially when they develop literacy in both. More than 150 research studies conducted during the past 35 years strongly support what Goethe, the famous eighteenth-century German philosopher, once said: that the person who knows only one language does not truly know that language. Research suggests that bilingual children may also develop more flexibility in their thinking as a result of processing information through two different languages. The level of development of childrens mother tongue is a strong predictor of their second language development. Children who come to school with a solid foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger literacy abilities in the school language. When parents and other caregivers (e. g. grandparents) are able to spend time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them in a way that develops their mother tongue, children come to school well-prepared to learn the school language and succeed educationally. Childrens knowledge and skills transfer across languages from the mother tongue to the school language. Transfer across languages can be two-way: both languages nurture each other when the educational environment permits children access to both languages. Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching programs because they worry that they take time away from the majority language. For example, in a bilingual program where 50% of the time is spent teaching through childrens home language and 50% through the majority language, surely childrens wont progress as far in the letter? One of the most strongly established findings of educational research, however, is that well-implemented bilingual programs can promote literacy and subject- matter knowledge in a minority language without any negative effects on childrens development in the majority language. Within Europe, the Foyer program in Belgium, which develops childrens speaking and literacy abilities in three languages (their mother tongue, Dutch and French), most clearly illustrates the benefits of bilingual and trilingual education (see Cummins, 2000). It is easy to understand how this happens. When children are learning through a minority language, they are learning concepts and intellectual skills too. Pupils who know how to tell the time in their mother tongue understand the concept of telling time. In order to tell time in the majority language they do not need to re-learn the concept. Similarly, at more advanced stages, there is transfer across languages in other skills such as knowing how to distinguish the main idea from the supporting details of a written passage or story, and distinguishing fact from opinion, Studies of secondary school pupils are providing interesting findings in this area, and it would be worth extending this research. Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to pick up conversational skills in the majority language at school (although it takes much longer for them to catch up to native speakers in academic language skills). However, educators are often much less aware of how quickly children can lose their ability to use their mother tongue, even in the home context. The extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the concentration of families from a particular linguistic group in the neighborhood. Where the mother tongue is used extensively in the community, then language loss among young children will be less. However, where language communities are not concentrated in particular neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to communicate in their mother tongue within 2-3 years of starting school. They may retain receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority language in speaking with their peers and siblings and in responding to their parents. By the time children become adolescents, the linguistic division between parents and children has become an emotional chasm. Pupils frequently become alienated from the cultures of both home and school with predictable results.", "hypothesis": "Bilingual children are taught to tell the time earlier than monolingual children.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_574", "premise": "The significant role of mother tongue language in education One consequence of population mobility is an increasing diversity within schools. To illustrate, in the city of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils come from homes where English is not language of communication. Schools in Europe and North America have experienced this diversity for years, but educational policies and practices vary widely between countries and even within countries. Some political parties and groups search for ways to solve the problem of diverse communities and their integration in schools and society. They see few positive consequences for the host society and worry that diversity threaten the identity of the host society . Consequently, they promote unfortunate educational policies that will make the problem disappear. If students retain their culture and language, they are viewed as less capable of identifying with the mainstream culture and learning the mainstream language of the society. The challenge for educators and policy-makers is to shape the evolution of national identity in such a way that the rights of all citizens (including school children) are respected, and the cultural, linguistic, and economic resources of the nation are maximized. To waste the resources of the nation by discouraging children from developing their mother tongues is quite simply unintelligent from the point of view of national self-interest. A first step in Providing an appropriate education for culturally and linguistically diverse children is to examine what the existing research says about the role of childrens mother tongues in their educational development. In fact, the research is very clear. When children continue to develop their abilities in two or more languages throughout their primary school, they gain a deeper understanding of language and how to use it effectively. They have more practice in processing language, especially when they develop literacy in both. More than 150 research studies conducted during the past 35 years strongly support what Goethe, the famous eighteenth-century German philosopher, once said: that the person who knows only one language does not truly know that language. Research suggests that bilingual children may also develop more flexibility in their thinking as a result of processing information through two different languages. The level of development of childrens mother tongue is a strong predictor of their second language development. Children who come to school with a solid foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger literacy abilities in the school language. When parents and other caregivers (e. g. grandparents) are able to spend time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them in a way that develops their mother tongue, children come to school well-prepared to learn the school language and succeed educationally. Childrens knowledge and skills transfer across languages from the mother tongue to the school language. Transfer across languages can be two-way: both languages nurture each other when the educational environment permits children access to both languages. Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching programs because they worry that they take time away from the majority language. For example, in a bilingual program where 50% of the time is spent teaching through childrens home language and 50% through the majority language, surely childrens wont progress as far in the letter? One of the most strongly established findings of educational research, however, is that well-implemented bilingual programs can promote literacy and subject- matter knowledge in a minority language without any negative effects on childrens development in the majority language. Within Europe, the Foyer program in Belgium, which develops childrens speaking and literacy abilities in three languages (their mother tongue, Dutch and French), most clearly illustrates the benefits of bilingual and trilingual education (see Cummins, 2000). It is easy to understand how this happens. When children are learning through a minority language, they are learning concepts and intellectual skills too. Pupils who know how to tell the time in their mother tongue understand the concept of telling time. In order to tell time in the majority language they do not need to re-learn the concept. Similarly, at more advanced stages, there is transfer across languages in other skills such as knowing how to distinguish the main idea from the supporting details of a written passage or story, and distinguishing fact from opinion, Studies of secondary school pupils are providing interesting findings in this area, and it would be worth extending this research. Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to pick up conversational skills in the majority language at school (although it takes much longer for them to catch up to native speakers in academic language skills). However, educators are often much less aware of how quickly children can lose their ability to use their mother tongue, even in the home context. The extent and rapidity of language loss will vary according to the concentration of families from a particular linguistic group in the neighborhood. Where the mother tongue is used extensively in the community, then language loss among young children will be less. However, where language communities are not concentrated in particular neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to communicate in their mother tongue within 2-3 years of starting school. They may retain receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority language in speaking with their peers and siblings and in responding to their parents. By the time children become adolescents, the linguistic division between parents and children has become an emotional chasm. Pupils frequently become alienated from the cultures of both home and school with predictable results.", "hypothesis": "Bilingual children can eventually apply reading comprehension strategies acquired in one language when reading in the other.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_575", "premise": "The slow development of the innovative universal home remote control system is rather surprising following high expectations this system has raised a decade ago when it was first presented. Whilst having a prototype ready that impressively controlled most of the home electrical appliances using a single, simple and user friendly device, when manufactured in a production line many faults have occurred that were not discovered by the manufacturer quality control systems. The result was devastating. Thousands of these systems were returned by furious clients who paid substantial sums only to find that this luxurious device fails to reliably operate designated appliances and some also activated the wrong electrical device resulting in serious damages. The disastrous launch of the product into the market was largely the fault of line managers who did not commit themselves to ensure the excellence and quality of their work as well as senior managers who have failed to closely monitor the production activities and have focused merely on marketing and P. R.", "hypothesis": "After the disastrous start, the universal home remote control system is now gaining momentum.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_576", "premise": "The slow development of the innovative universal home remote control system is rather surprising following high expectations this system has raised a decade ago when it was first presented. Whilst having a prototype ready that impressively controlled most of the home electrical appliances using a single, simple and user friendly device, when manufactured in a production line many faults have occurred that were not discovered by the manufacturer quality control systems. The result was devastating. Thousands of these systems were returned by furious clients who paid substantial sums only to find that this luxurious device fails to reliably operate designated appliances and some also activated the wrong electrical device resulting in serious damages. The disastrous launch of the product into the market was largely the fault of line managers who did not commit themselves to ensure the excellence and quality of their work as well as senior managers who have failed to closely monitor the production activities and have focused merely on marketing and P. R.", "hypothesis": "Failure of the universal home remote control system was a direct result of a fault causing activation of wrong electrical devices.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_577", "premise": "The slow development of the innovative universal home remote control system is rather surprising following high expectations this system has raised a decade ago when it was first presented. Whilst having a prototype ready that impressively controlled most of the home electrical appliances using a single, simple and user friendly device, when manufactured in a production line many faults have occurred that were not discovered by the manufacturer quality control systems. The result was devastating. Thousands of these systems were returned by furious clients who paid substantial sums only to find that this luxurious device fails to reliably operate designated appliances and some also activated the wrong electrical device resulting in serious damages. The disastrous launch of the product into the market was largely the fault of line managers who did not commit themselves to ensure the excellence and quality of their work as well as senior managers who have failed to closely monitor the production activities and have focused merely on marketing and P. R.", "hypothesis": "The initial product to reach the market was a reliable, simple and user-friendly device.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_578", "premise": "The social determinants of health are factors in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These factors depend on the social distribution of resources and can affect the life expectancy and quality of life that people have. These factors refer to the social context that people live in and include characteristics such as level of education, culture, stress and socioeconomic conditions as well as many others. It can be difficult to see how some of these factors may affect somebodys health but it is likely to involve a combination of multiple factors. A number of mechanisms acting together have been described to explain why someone with a poor diet would have a lower life expectancy. One such mechanism is as follows: This individual would be more likely to be malnourished which would weaken their immune system. This would ultimately increase their likelihood of suffering from infections. Recurrent infections would place strain on the body, which could eventually result in organ failure. On average, the life expectancy in the most deprived areas can be up to 10 years lower than in the least deprived areas. Many of these health inequalities are avoidable. Understanding how these social determinants affect the health of a population will allow us to improve its care. Knowledge of how social policies impact health can better allow us to monitor changes in health care, and is allowing us to reduce the gaps between those with a more disadvantaged social background from those with a privileged background.", "hypothesis": "The effects of the social determinants of health are principally measured by life expectancy.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_579", "premise": "The social determinants of health are factors in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These factors depend on the social distribution of resources and can affect the life expectancy and quality of life that people have. These factors refer to the social context that people live in and include characteristics such as level of education, culture, stress and socioeconomic conditions as well as many others. It can be difficult to see how some of these factors may affect somebodys health but it is likely to involve a combination of multiple factors. A number of mechanisms acting together have been described to explain why someone with a poor diet would have a lower life expectancy. One such mechanism is as follows: This individual would be more likely to be malnourished which would weaken their immune system. This would ultimately increase their likelihood of suffering from infections. Recurrent infections would place strain on the body, which could eventually result in organ failure. On average, the life expectancy in the most deprived areas can be up to 10 years lower than in the least deprived areas. Many of these health inequalities are avoidable. Understanding how these social determinants affect the health of a population will allow us to improve its care. Knowledge of how social policies impact health can better allow us to monitor changes in health care, and is allowing us to reduce the gaps between those with a more disadvantaged social background from those with a privileged background.", "hypothesis": "The health impact of poor diet can be avoided completely by using multivitamins that supplement the immune system.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_580", "premise": "The social determinants of health are factors in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These factors depend on the social distribution of resources and can affect the life expectancy and quality of life that people have. These factors refer to the social context that people live in and include characteristics such as level of education, culture, stress and socioeconomic conditions as well as many others. It can be difficult to see how some of these factors may affect somebodys health but it is likely to involve a combination of multiple factors. A number of mechanisms acting together have been described to explain why someone with a poor diet would have a lower life expectancy. One such mechanism is as follows: This individual would be more likely to be malnourished which would weaken their immune system. This would ultimately increase their likelihood of suffering from infections. Recurrent infections would place strain on the body, which could eventually result in organ failure. On average, the life expectancy in the most deprived areas can be up to 10 years lower than in the least deprived areas. Many of these health inequalities are avoidable. Understanding how these social determinants affect the health of a population will allow us to improve its care. Knowledge of how social policies impact health can better allow us to monitor changes in health care, and is allowing us to reduce the gaps between those with a more disadvantaged social background from those with a privileged background.", "hypothesis": "Nothing can be done to improve the health care of the poor in comparison to the rich.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_581", "premise": "The social determinants of health are factors in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These factors depend on the social distribution of resources and can affect the life expectancy and quality of life that people have. These factors refer to the social context that people live in and include characteristics such as level of education, culture, stress and socioeconomic conditions as well as many others. It can be difficult to see how some of these factors may affect somebodys health but it is likely to involve a combination of multiple factors. A number of mechanisms acting together have been described to explain why someone with a poor diet would have a lower life expectancy. One such mechanism is as follows: This individual would be more likely to be malnourished which would weaken their immune system. This would ultimately increase their likelihood of suffering from infections. Recurrent infections would place strain on the body, which could eventually result in organ failure. On average, the life expectancy in the most deprived areas can be up to 10 years lower than in the least deprived areas. Many of these health inequalities are avoidable. Understanding how these social determinants affect the health of a population will allow us to improve its care. Knowledge of how social policies impact health can better allow us to monitor changes in health care, and is allowing us to reduce the gaps between those with a more disadvantaged social background from those with a privileged background.", "hypothesis": "Alan lives in a less deprived area than Henry so Alan will live longer thanHenry.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_582", "premise": "The social determinants of health are factors in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These factors depend on the social distribution of resources and can affect the life expectancy and quality of life that people have. These factors refer to the social context that people live in and include characteristics such as level of education, culture, stress and socioeconomic conditions as well as many others. It can be difficult to see how some of these factors may affect somebodys health but it is likely to involve a combination of multiple factors. A number of mechanisms acting together have been described to explain why someone with a poor diet would have a lower life expectancy. One such mechanism is as follows: This individual would be more likely to be malnourished which would weaken their immune system. This would ultimately increase their likelihood of suffering from infections. Recurrent infections would place strain on the body, which could eventually result in organ failure. On average, the life expectancy in the most deprived areas can be up to 10 years lower than in the least deprived areas. Many of these health inequalities are avoidable. Understanding how these social determinants affect the health of a population will allow us to improve its care. Knowledge of how social policies impact health can better allow us to monitor changes in health care, and is allowing us to reduce the gaps between those with a more disadvantaged social background from those with a privileged background.", "hypothesis": "Dropping out of school can have an effect on an individuals health.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_583", "premise": "The software tools of research are typically more abundant than hardware tools in the social sciences. Software is usually thought of as meaning computer programs that tell the hardware what to do, but any tool not related to a physical device can be considered software. Included in this category are published tests and questionnaires. Often researchers want to gather information related to a general area such as personality or intelligence. For these instances, the use of a standardized test may be the best choice. With already published tests you can be sure of both validity and reliability and can save a lot of time that might otherwise be spent on test construction. Standardized tests can be classified into five main categories: achievement, aptitude, interest, personality, and intelligence. Achievement tests are designed specifically to measure an individuals previously learned knowledge or ability. They are available for many topic areas related to psychology, education, business, and other fields. Achievement tests require that prior learning take place and that this learning be demonstrated in order to pass. Aptitude tests attempt to predict an individuals performance in some activity at some point in the future. They do not require any specific prior learning although basic knowledge related to reading and writing is usually required and some preparation, such as studying up on math formulas or sentence structure, can be helpful. A well-known example of this type is the Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT), designed to predict future college performance. Interest inventories also require only general knowledge but no preparation is needed. These tests look at an individuals subjective interests in order to make predictions about some future behavior or activity. Perhaps the most used interest inventory is the Strong Interest Inventory, which compares interests related to specific careers in order to help guide an individuals career path. Endorsed interests are compared with the interests of successful individuals in various fields and predictions are made regarding the test-takers fit with the various career fields. Typically designed to assess and diagnose personality and mental health related disorders, personality tests are used extensively by psychologists in clinical, educational, and business related settings. By far the most widely used test of this type is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI-2), which compares an individuals responses on a series of true-false items to those suffering from various mental disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety. The theory behind the test argues that if you endorse items similar to the items endorsed by those with depression, for example, then the chances that you are also depressed increases. Intelligence tests could be classified as aptitude tests since they are sometimes used to predict future performance. They could also be classified as personality tests since they can be used to diagnose disorders such as learning disabilities and mental retardation. However, because of their limited scope, we will place them in their own category. The purpose of an intelligence test is to attain a summary score or intelligence quotient (IQ) of an individuals intellectual ability. Scores are compared to each other and can be broken down into different subcategories depending on the intelligence test used. The most commonly used tests of this type are the Wechsler Scales, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). Self-response questionnaires are a great way to gather large amounts of information in a relatively short amount of time. A questionnaire, similar to a survey you might see on a web page, allows subjects to respond to questions, rate responses, or offer opinions. Their responses can then be used to place them in specific categories or groups or can be compared to other subjects for data analysis. A concern with self-report, however, is the accuracy of the responses. Unlike direct observation, there is no way of knowing if the subject has told the truth or whether or not the question was understood as intended. There are several different methods for gathering information on a questionnaire or survey, including a Likert scale, the Thurstone technique, and the semantic differential. The Likert scale is a popular method used in surveys because it allows the researcher to quantify opinion based items. Questions are typically grouped together and rated or responded to based on a five-point scale. This scale typically ranges in order from one extreme to the other, such as (1) very interested; (2) somewhat interested; (3) unsure; (4) not very interested; and (5) not interested at all. Items that might be rated with this scale representing the subjects level of interest could include a list of careers or academic majors, for example.", "hypothesis": "The Likert Scale ensures greater accuracy than other techniques.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_584", "premise": "The software tools of research are typically more abundant than hardware tools in the social sciences. Software is usually thought of as meaning computer programs that tell the hardware what to do, but any tool not related to a physical device can be considered software. Included in this category are published tests and questionnaires. Often researchers want to gather information related to a general area such as personality or intelligence. For these instances, the use of a standardized test may be the best choice. With already published tests you can be sure of both validity and reliability and can save a lot of time that might otherwise be spent on test construction. Standardized tests can be classified into five main categories: achievement, aptitude, interest, personality, and intelligence. Achievement tests are designed specifically to measure an individuals previously learned knowledge or ability. They are available for many topic areas related to psychology, education, business, and other fields. Achievement tests require that prior learning take place and that this learning be demonstrated in order to pass. Aptitude tests attempt to predict an individuals performance in some activity at some point in the future. They do not require any specific prior learning although basic knowledge related to reading and writing is usually required and some preparation, such as studying up on math formulas or sentence structure, can be helpful. A well-known example of this type is the Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT), designed to predict future college performance. Interest inventories also require only general knowledge but no preparation is needed. These tests look at an individuals subjective interests in order to make predictions about some future behavior or activity. Perhaps the most used interest inventory is the Strong Interest Inventory, which compares interests related to specific careers in order to help guide an individuals career path. Endorsed interests are compared with the interests of successful individuals in various fields and predictions are made regarding the test-takers fit with the various career fields. Typically designed to assess and diagnose personality and mental health related disorders, personality tests are used extensively by psychologists in clinical, educational, and business related settings. By far the most widely used test of this type is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI-2), which compares an individuals responses on a series of true-false items to those suffering from various mental disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety. The theory behind the test argues that if you endorse items similar to the items endorsed by those with depression, for example, then the chances that you are also depressed increases. Intelligence tests could be classified as aptitude tests since they are sometimes used to predict future performance. They could also be classified as personality tests since they can be used to diagnose disorders such as learning disabilities and mental retardation. However, because of their limited scope, we will place them in their own category. The purpose of an intelligence test is to attain a summary score or intelligence quotient (IQ) of an individuals intellectual ability. Scores are compared to each other and can be broken down into different subcategories depending on the intelligence test used. The most commonly used tests of this type are the Wechsler Scales, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). Self-response questionnaires are a great way to gather large amounts of information in a relatively short amount of time. A questionnaire, similar to a survey you might see on a web page, allows subjects to respond to questions, rate responses, or offer opinions. Their responses can then be used to place them in specific categories or groups or can be compared to other subjects for data analysis. A concern with self-report, however, is the accuracy of the responses. Unlike direct observation, there is no way of knowing if the subject has told the truth or whether or not the question was understood as intended. There are several different methods for gathering information on a questionnaire or survey, including a Likert scale, the Thurstone technique, and the semantic differential. The Likert scale is a popular method used in surveys because it allows the researcher to quantify opinion based items. Questions are typically grouped together and rated or responded to based on a five-point scale. This scale typically ranges in order from one extreme to the other, such as (1) very interested; (2) somewhat interested; (3) unsure; (4) not very interested; and (5) not interested at all. Items that might be rated with this scale representing the subjects level of interest could include a list of careers or academic majors, for example.", "hypothesis": "The Wechsler Scales are the only type of intelligence test now used.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_585", "premise": "The software tools of research are typically more abundant than hardware tools in the social sciences. Software is usually thought of as meaning computer programs that tell the hardware what to do, but any tool not related to a physical device can be considered software. Included in this category are published tests and questionnaires. Often researchers want to gather information related to a general area such as personality or intelligence. For these instances, the use of a standardized test may be the best choice. With already published tests you can be sure of both validity and reliability and can save a lot of time that might otherwise be spent on test construction. Standardized tests can be classified into five main categories: achievement, aptitude, interest, personality, and intelligence. Achievement tests are designed specifically to measure an individuals previously learned knowledge or ability. They are available for many topic areas related to psychology, education, business, and other fields. Achievement tests require that prior learning take place and that this learning be demonstrated in order to pass. Aptitude tests attempt to predict an individuals performance in some activity at some point in the future. They do not require any specific prior learning although basic knowledge related to reading and writing is usually required and some preparation, such as studying up on math formulas or sentence structure, can be helpful. A well-known example of this type is the Scholastic Achievement Test (SAT), designed to predict future college performance. Interest inventories also require only general knowledge but no preparation is needed. These tests look at an individuals subjective interests in order to make predictions about some future behavior or activity. Perhaps the most used interest inventory is the Strong Interest Inventory, which compares interests related to specific careers in order to help guide an individuals career path. Endorsed interests are compared with the interests of successful individuals in various fields and predictions are made regarding the test-takers fit with the various career fields. Typically designed to assess and diagnose personality and mental health related disorders, personality tests are used extensively by psychologists in clinical, educational, and business related settings. By far the most widely used test of this type is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI-2), which compares an individuals responses on a series of true-false items to those suffering from various mental disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety. The theory behind the test argues that if you endorse items similar to the items endorsed by those with depression, for example, then the chances that you are also depressed increases. Intelligence tests could be classified as aptitude tests since they are sometimes used to predict future performance. They could also be classified as personality tests since they can be used to diagnose disorders such as learning disabilities and mental retardation. However, because of their limited scope, we will place them in their own category. The purpose of an intelligence test is to attain a summary score or intelligence quotient (IQ) of an individuals intellectual ability. Scores are compared to each other and can be broken down into different subcategories depending on the intelligence test used. The most commonly used tests of this type are the Wechsler Scales, including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). Self-response questionnaires are a great way to gather large amounts of information in a relatively short amount of time. A questionnaire, similar to a survey you might see on a web page, allows subjects to respond to questions, rate responses, or offer opinions. Their responses can then be used to place them in specific categories or groups or can be compared to other subjects for data analysis. A concern with self-report, however, is the accuracy of the responses. Unlike direct observation, there is no way of knowing if the subject has told the truth or whether or not the question was understood as intended. There are several different methods for gathering information on a questionnaire or survey, including a Likert scale, the Thurstone technique, and the semantic differential. The Likert scale is a popular method used in surveys because it allows the researcher to quantify opinion based items. Questions are typically grouped together and rated or responded to based on a five-point scale. This scale typically ranges in order from one extreme to the other, such as (1) very interested; (2) somewhat interested; (3) unsure; (4) not very interested; and (5) not interested at all. Items that might be rated with this scale representing the subjects level of interest could include a list of careers or academic majors, for example.", "hypothesis": "Where large quantities of data need to be collected fairly quickly self-response questionnaires work well.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_586", "premise": "The space race was a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to show off their technological superiority and economic power. It took place during the Cold War when there was a tense relationship between these nations. As the technology used in space exploration could also have military applications, both nations had many scientists and technicians involved. In 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite into the Earths orbit, named Sputnik. The launch of this satellite was one of the first steps towards space exploration. The Americans were worried that the Soviets could use similar technology to launch nuclear warheads. This prompted urgency within the Americans, leading President Eisenhower to found NASA, and so began the space race. The Soviets took another step forward in April 1961 when they sent the first person into space, a cosmonaut named Yuri Gagarin. This prompted President John F. Kennedy to make the unexpected claim that the US would beat the Soviets to land a man on the moon and that they would do so before the end of the decade. This led to the foundation of Project Apollo, a programme designed to do this. In 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set off for the moon on the Apollo 11 space mission and became the first astronauts to walk on the moon. Neil Armstrong famously said one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. This lunar landing led the US to win the space race that started with Sputniks launch in 1957.", "hypothesis": "The United States began their attempts at space exploration when the Soviets launched Sputnik.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_587", "premise": "The space race was a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to show off their technological superiority and economic power. It took place during the Cold War when there was a tense relationship between these nations. As the technology used in space exploration could also have military applications, both nations had many scientists and technicians involved. In 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite into the Earths orbit, named Sputnik. The launch of this satellite was one of the first steps towards space exploration. The Americans were worried that the Soviets could use similar technology to launch nuclear warheads. This prompted urgency within the Americans, leading President Eisenhower to found NASA, and so began the space race. The Soviets took another step forward in April 1961 when they sent the first person into space, a cosmonaut named Yuri Gagarin. This prompted President John F. Kennedy to make the unexpected claim that the US would beat the Soviets to land a man on the moon and that they would do so before the end of the decade. This led to the foundation of Project Apollo, a programme designed to do this. In 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set off for the moon on the Apollo 11 space mission and became the first astronauts to walk on the moon. Neil Armstrong famously said one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. This lunar landing led the US to win the space race that started with Sputniks launch in 1957.", "hypothesis": "Yuri Gagarin did not become the first man on the moon because the Soviet technology could not handle the conditions on the moon.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_588", "premise": "The space race was a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to show off their technological superiority and economic power. It took place during the Cold War when there was a tense relationship between these nations. As the technology used in space exploration could also have military applications, both nations had many scientists and technicians involved. In 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite into the Earths orbit, named Sputnik. The launch of this satellite was one of the first steps towards space exploration. The Americans were worried that the Soviets could use similar technology to launch nuclear warheads. This prompted urgency within the Americans, leading President Eisenhower to found NASA, and so began the space race. The Soviets took another step forward in April 1961 when they sent the first person into space, a cosmonaut named Yuri Gagarin. This prompted President John F. Kennedy to make the unexpected claim that the US would beat the Soviets to land a man on the moon and that they would do so before the end of the decade. This led to the foundation of Project Apollo, a programme designed to do this. In 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set off for the moon on the Apollo 11 space mission and became the first astronauts to walk on the moon. Neil Armstrong famously said one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. This lunar landing led the US to win the space race that started with Sputniks launch in 1957.", "hypothesis": "Project Apollo was founded in order for the United States to defeat the Soviet Union in the Cold War.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_589", "premise": "The space race was a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to show off their technological superiority and economic power. It took place during the Cold War when there was a tense relationship between these nations. As the technology used in space exploration could also have military applications, both nations had many scientists and technicians involved. In 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite into the Earths orbit, named Sputnik. The launch of this satellite was one of the first steps towards space exploration. The Americans were worried that the Soviets could use similar technology to launch nuclear warheads. This prompted urgency within the Americans, leading President Eisenhower to found NASA, and so began the space race. The Soviets took another step forward in April 1961 when they sent the first person into space, a cosmonaut named Yuri Gagarin. This prompted President John F. Kennedy to make the unexpected claim that the US would beat the Soviets to land a man on the moon and that they would do so before the end of the decade. This led to the foundation of Project Apollo, a programme designed to do this. In 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set off for the moon on the Apollo 11 space mission and became the first astronauts to walk on the moon. Neil Armstrong famously said one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. This lunar landing led the US to win the space race that started with Sputniks launch in 1957.", "hypothesis": "The Soviet Union were mainly concerned with launching satellites into space for a military advantage over the United States.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_590", "premise": "The space race was a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to show off their technological superiority and economic power. It took place during the Cold War when there was a tense relationship between these nations. As the technology used in space exploration could also have military applications, both nations had many scientists and technicians involved. In 1957, the USSR launched the first artificial satellite into the Earths orbit, named Sputnik. The launch of this satellite was one of the first steps towards space exploration. The Americans were worried that the Soviets could use similar technology to launch nuclear warheads. This prompted urgency within the Americans, leading President Eisenhower to found NASA, and so began the space race. The Soviets took another step forward in April 1961 when they sent the first person into space, a cosmonaut named Yuri Gagarin. This prompted President John F. Kennedy to make the unexpected claim that the US would beat the Soviets to land a man on the moon and that they would do so before the end of the decade. This led to the foundation of Project Apollo, a programme designed to do this. In 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set off for the moon on the Apollo 11 space mission and became the first astronauts to walk on the moon. Neil Armstrong famously said one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind. This lunar landing led the US to win the space race that started with Sputniks launch in 1957.", "hypothesis": "The United States were losing the space race when John F. Kennedy said they would land a man on the moon.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_591", "premise": "The state government has decided to appoint four thousand primary school teachers during the next financial year.", "hypothesis": "The eligible candidates may not be interested to apply as the Government may not finally appoint such a largest number of primary school teachers.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_592", "premise": "The state government has decided to appoint four thousand primary school teachers during the next financial year.", "hypothesis": "There are enough school in the state to accommodate four thousand primary school teachers.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_593", "premise": "The story of Romeo and Juliet, the 'star-cross'd lovers', is one of the most popular of all time, and has been told in several different versions. Best known is the play Romeo and Juliet, which nearly everyone reads in school and which introduced such famous lines as 'What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. ' Written and first performed in the 1590s, this highly poetical work of English theatre is set in Italy, where the legend of Romeo and Juliet and their warring families originates. In the 18th century, the actor and producer David Garrick adapted the original play to remove material considered indecent. Among other changes, he changed references to Rosaline, Romeo's girlfriend at the start of the play, to references to Juliet, so that Romeo already knows and loves Juliet at the start of the play, and the theme is faithfulness rather than love at first sight. The original text was restored in the 19th century, with a sensational production at Sadler'S Wells Theatre, London, starring the American sisters Charlotte and Susan Cushman as Romeo and Juliet. 'Gender-bending' is part of the play's tradition: in its early days, men played all the roles. By all accounts Charlotte Cushman was entirely convincing as Romeo. After seeing the Cushmans at Sadler's Wells, Queen Victoria noted in her journal that 'no-one would ever have imagined she was a woman. ' In the 20th century, Romeo and Juliet took to the screen in a series of films, including Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 Technicolor epic, which was the first to cast unknown teenagers as the leads and to feature a controversial nude wedding scene, and Baz Luhrmann's 1996 version for the MTV generation, with a soundtrack of pop hits and gun battles instead of sword fights. The most popular film version of Romeo and Juliet is West Side Story, in which the Jets and the Sharks, rival gangs in New York City, replace the feuding Montages and Capulets, and Romeo and Juliet become Tony and Maria. West Side Story also changes the ending so that one of the central couple survives; this version won 10 Academy Awards in 1961, making it the most acclaimed film adaptation of Romeo and Juliet to date. Who knows what twist on Romeo and Juliet we'll see next?", "hypothesis": "Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_594", "premise": "The story of Romeo and Juliet, the 'star-cross'd lovers', is one of the most popular of all time, and has been told in several different versions. Best known is the play Romeo and Juliet, which nearly everyone reads in school and which introduced such famous lines as 'What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. ' Written and first performed in the 1590s, this highly poetical work of English theatre is set in Italy, where the legend of Romeo and Juliet and their warring families originates. In the 18th century, the actor and producer David Garrick adapted the original play to remove material considered indecent. Among other changes, he changed references to Rosaline, Romeo's girlfriend at the start of the play, to references to Juliet, so that Romeo already knows and loves Juliet at the start of the play, and the theme is faithfulness rather than love at first sight. The original text was restored in the 19th century, with a sensational production at Sadler'S Wells Theatre, London, starring the American sisters Charlotte and Susan Cushman as Romeo and Juliet. 'Gender-bending' is part of the play's tradition: in its early days, men played all the roles. By all accounts Charlotte Cushman was entirely convincing as Romeo. After seeing the Cushmans at Sadler's Wells, Queen Victoria noted in her journal that 'no-one would ever have imagined she was a woman. ' In the 20th century, Romeo and Juliet took to the screen in a series of films, including Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 Technicolor epic, which was the first to cast unknown teenagers as the leads and to feature a controversial nude wedding scene, and Baz Luhrmann's 1996 version for the MTV generation, with a soundtrack of pop hits and gun battles instead of sword fights. The most popular film version of Romeo and Juliet is West Side Story, in which the Jets and the Sharks, rival gangs in New York City, replace the feuding Montages and Capulets, and Romeo and Juliet become Tony and Maria. West Side Story also changes the ending so that one of the central couple survives; this version won 10 Academy Awards in 1961, making it the most acclaimed film adaptation of Romeo and Juliet to date. Who knows what twist on Romeo and Juliet we'll see next?", "hypothesis": "Susan Cushman played Juliet.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_595", "premise": "The story of Romeo and Juliet, the 'star-cross'd lovers', is one of the most popular of all time, and has been told in several different versions. Best known is the play Romeo and Juliet, which nearly everyone reads in school and which introduced such famous lines as 'What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. ' Written and first performed in the 1590s, this highly poetical work of English theatre is set in Italy, where the legend of Romeo and Juliet and their warring families originates. In the 18th century, the actor and producer David Garrick adapted the original play to remove material considered indecent. Among other changes, he changed references to Rosaline, Romeo's girlfriend at the start of the play, to references to Juliet, so that Romeo already knows and loves Juliet at the start of the play, and the theme is faithfulness rather than love at first sight. The original text was restored in the 19th century, with a sensational production at Sadler'S Wells Theatre, London, starring the American sisters Charlotte and Susan Cushman as Romeo and Juliet. 'Gender-bending' is part of the play's tradition: in its early days, men played all the roles. By all accounts Charlotte Cushman was entirely convincing as Romeo. After seeing the Cushmans at Sadler's Wells, Queen Victoria noted in her journal that 'no-one would ever have imagined she was a woman. ' In the 20th century, Romeo and Juliet took to the screen in a series of films, including Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 Technicolor epic, which was the first to cast unknown teenagers as the leads and to feature a controversial nude wedding scene, and Baz Luhrmann's 1996 version for the MTV generation, with a soundtrack of pop hits and gun battles instead of sword fights. The most popular film version of Romeo and Juliet is West Side Story, in which the Jets and the Sharks, rival gangs in New York City, replace the feuding Montages and Capulets, and Romeo and Juliet become Tony and Maria. West Side Story also changes the ending so that one of the central couple survives; this version won 10 Academy Awards in 1961, making it the most acclaimed film adaptation of Romeo and Juliet to date. Who knows what twist on Romeo and Juliet we'll see next?", "hypothesis": "Zeffirellimade the only film that cast unknown teenagers as Romeo and Juliet", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_596", "premise": "The story of Romeo and Juliet, the 'star-cross'd lovers', is one of the most popular of all time, and has been told in several different versions. Best known is the play Romeo and Juliet, which nearly everyone reads in school and which introduced such famous lines as 'What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. ' Written and first performed in the 1590s, this highly poetical work of English theatre is set in Italy, where the legend of Romeo and Juliet and their warring families originates. In the 18th century, the actor and producer David Garrick adapted the original play to remove material considered indecent. Among other changes, he changed references to Rosaline, Romeo's girlfriend at the start of the play, to references to Juliet, so that Romeo already knows and loves Juliet at the start of the play, and the theme is faithfulness rather than love at first sight. The original text was restored in the 19th century, with a sensational production at Sadler'S Wells Theatre, London, starring the American sisters Charlotte and Susan Cushman as Romeo and Juliet. 'Gender-bending' is part of the play's tradition: in its early days, men played all the roles. By all accounts Charlotte Cushman was entirely convincing as Romeo. After seeing the Cushmans at Sadler's Wells, Queen Victoria noted in her journal that 'no-one would ever have imagined she was a woman. ' In the 20th century, Romeo and Juliet took to the screen in a series of films, including Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 Technicolor epic, which was the first to cast unknown teenagers as the leads and to feature a controversial nude wedding scene, and Baz Luhrmann's 1996 version for the MTV generation, with a soundtrack of pop hits and gun battles instead of sword fights. The most popular film version of Romeo and Juliet is West Side Story, in which the Jets and the Sharks, rival gangs in New York City, replace the feuding Montages and Capulets, and Romeo and Juliet become Tony and Maria. West Side Story also changes the ending so that one of the central couple survives; this version won 10 Academy Awards in 1961, making it the most acclaimed film adaptation of Romeo and Juliet to date. Who knows what twist on Romeo and Juliet we'll see next?", "hypothesis": "Queen Victoria never went to the theatre.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_597", "premise": "The style that individual managers choose to adopt depends in no small part on how they regard their subordinates. At one extreme, some will assume that the average employee has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if they can. They believe employees need to be controlled, directed, offered rewards or threatened with punishments to get them to make adequate efforts towards the achievement of organisational goals. On the other hand, some will take the view that, according to the conditions, work can be a source of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Employees are not seen as naturally passive, or resistant to organisational objectives, but have been made so by experience. The most significant reward that can be offered employees is the satisfaction of their need for personal growth and self-development.", "hypothesis": "Using rewards and punishments is a necessary part of organisational life.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_598", "premise": "The style that individual managers choose to adopt depends in no small part on how they regard their subordinates. At one extreme, some will assume that the average employee has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if they can. They believe employees need to be controlled, directed, offered rewards or threatened with punishments to get them to make adequate efforts towards the achievement of organizational goals. On the other hand, some will take the view that, according to the conditions, work can be a source of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Employees are not seen as naturally passive, or resistant to organizational objectives, but have been made so by experience. The most significant reward that can be offered employees is the satisfaction of their need for personal growth and self-development.", "hypothesis": "Using rewards and punishments is a necessary part of organizational life.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_599", "premise": "The temperature on Monday was lower than on Tuesday. The temperature on Wednesday was lower than on Tuesday.", "hypothesis": "The temperature on Monday was higher than on Wednesday.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_600", "premise": "The terrestrial coconut crab is the world largest living land arthropod. The coconut crab is a true crab, weighing up to 4kg, with a leg span of more than 3 feet. The coconut crab is a typical example of island gigantism, increasing in size due to the lack of predators on islands home to coconut crabs.", "hypothesis": "The coconut crab may weigh over 3.5kg.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_601", "premise": "The terrestrial coconut crab is the world largest living land arthropod. The coconut crab is a true crab, weighing up to 4kg, with a leg span of more than 3 feet. The coconut crab is a typical example of island gigantism, increasing in size due to the lack of predators on islands home to coconut crabs.", "hypothesis": "Attacks from predators have led to the increased size of the coconut crab.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_602", "premise": "The terrestrial coconut crab is the world largest living land arthropod. The coconut crab is a true crab, weighing up to 4kg, with a leg span of more than 3 feet. The coconut crab is a typical example of island gigantism, increasing in size due to the lack of predators on islands home to coconut crabs.", "hypothesis": "The coconut crab is the worlds largest species of crab.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_603", "premise": "The theory goes that everything around us is built up of tiny particles called atoms. Some materials are made up of only one type of atom; these are called elements. An example is hydrogen. Others are made up of different sorts of atom bonded together into molecules. These are called compounds. Water, for example, is a compound made up of molecules that contain two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The force which holds atoms together is called bonds. Atoms are made up of even smaller particles such as neutrons, electrons and protons. Neutrons and protons are made up of even smaller particles. These have been called quarks and gluons. The search is on for the particles that make up quarks.", "hypothesis": "The atom is the smallest particle of matter.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_604", "premise": "The theory goes that everything around us is built up of tiny particles called atoms. Some materials are made up of only one type of atom; these are called elements. An example is hydrogen. Others are made up of different sorts of atom bonded together into molecules. These are called compounds. Water, for example, is a compound made up of molecules that contain two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The force which holds atoms together is called bonds. Atoms are made up of even smaller particles such as neutrons, electrons and protons. Neutrons and protons are made up of even smaller particles. These have been called quarks and gluons. The search is on for the particles that make up quarks.", "hypothesis": "All substances are made up of elements.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_605", "premise": "The theory goes that everything around us is built up of tiny particles called atoms. Some materials are made up of only one type of atom; these are called elements. An example is hydrogen. Others are made up of different sorts of atom bonded together into molecules. These are called compounds. Water, for example, is a compound made up of molecules that contain two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The force which holds atoms together is called bonds. Atoms are made up of even smaller particles such as neutrons, electrons and protons. Neutrons and protons are made up of even smaller particles. These have been called quarks and gluons. The search is on for the particles that make up quarks.", "hypothesis": "A molecule is a cluster of atoms held together by bonds.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_606", "premise": "The theory goes that everything around us is built up of tiny particles called atoms. Some materials are made up of only one type of atom; these are called elements. An example is hydrogen. Others are made up of different sorts of atom bonded together into molecules. These are called compounds. Water, for example, is a compound made up of molecules that contain two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The force which holds atoms together is called bonds. Atoms are made up of even smaller particles such as neutrons, electrons and protons. Neutrons and protons are made up of even smaller particles. These have been called quarks and gluons. The search is on for the particles that make up quarks.", "hypothesis": "Neutrons are made up of quarks and gluons.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_607", "premise": "The theory goes that everything around us is built up of tiny particles called atoms. Some materials are made up of only one type of atom; these are called elements. An example is hydrogen. Others are made up of different sorts of atom bonded together into molecules. These are called compounds. Water, for example, is a compound made up of molecules that contain two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The force which holds atoms together is called bonds. Atoms are made up of even smaller particles such as neutrons, electrons and protons. Neutrons and protons are made up of even smaller particles. These have been called quarks and gluons. The search is on for the particles that make up quarks.", "hypothesis": "It can be inferred from the passage that molecules are made up of neutrons, electrons and protons.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_608", "premise": "The town of Newport is further west than the town of Flatpeak, although not so far west as the town of Daybridge.", "hypothesis": "Daybridge is the furthest east town.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_609", "premise": "The traditional view, that gaining a degree will provide long-term employment security, has been questioned. The traditional story goes that to get ahead in society, one must spend three to four years and, in most cases, accumulate debt along the way. To leave school with no further education is to gain an unsatisfying career with little potential. However, it can be questioned whether this pattern provides a valid representation of contemporary society. With the rise of tuition fees, the average student debt is at an all time high. In addition, there is even greater competition for graduate jobs. The Chronicle of Higher Education notes that between 2007 and 2009 the number of students going to university increased by 20% in the USA, 60% in Europe and almost 200% in Asia. With these increases in competition, it is little wonder that the traditional path is being questioned.", "hypothesis": "There has been a decrease in the number of people going to university", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_610", "premise": "The traditional view, that gaining a degree will provide long-term employment security, has been questioned. The traditional story goes that to get ahead in society, one must spend three to four years and, in most cases, accumulate debt along the way. To leave school with no further education is to gain an unsatisfying career with little potential. However, it can be questioned whether this pattern provides a valid representation of contemporary society. With the rise of tuition fees, the average student debt is at an all time high. In addition, there is even greater competition for graduate jobs. The Chronicle of Higher Education notes that between 2007 and 2009 the number of students going to university increased by 20% in the USA, 60% in Europe and almost 200% in Asia. With these increases in competition, it is little wonder that the traditional path is being questioned.", "hypothesis": "The average student debt is at an all-time high.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_611", "premise": "The traditional view, that gaining a degree will provide long-term employment security, has been questioned. The traditional story goes that to get ahead in society, one must spend three to four years and, in most cases, accumulate debt along the way. To leave school with no further education is to gain an unsatisfying career with little potential. However, it can be questioned whether this pattern provides a valid representation of contemporary society. With the rise of tuition fees, the average student debt is at an all time high. In addition, there is even greater competition for graduate jobs. The Chronicle of Higher Education notes that between 2007 and 2009 the number of students going to university increased by 20% in the USA, 60% in Europe and almost 200% in Asia. With these increases in competition, it is little wonder that the traditional path is being questioned.", "hypothesis": "There has been an increase in the number of people going to university", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_612", "premise": "The traditional view, that gaining a degree will provide long-term employment security, has been questioned. The traditional story goes that to get ahead in society, one must spend three to four years and, in most cases, accumulate debt along the way. To leave school with no further education is to gain an unsatisfying career with little potential. However, it can be questioned whether this pattern provides a valid representation of contemporary society. With the rise of tuition fees, the average student debt is at an all time high. In addition, there is even greater competition for graduate jobs. The Chronicle of Higher Education notes that between 2007 and 2009 the number of students going to university increased by 20% in the USA, 60% in Europe and almost 200% in Asia. With these increases in competition, it is little wonder that the traditional path is being questioned.", "hypothesis": "The traditional university educational path is being questioned", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_613", "premise": "The training budget is currently administered centrally. As part of a cost-cutting exercise the Board of Directors have voted unanimously in favour of the proposal that individual departments will have control of this process. This means that from the next financial year, all managers will have control of, and responsibility for, their department training budget. As a safeguard against possible falls in quality, the following rules must be observed. Firstly, all contracts for provision of training must go out to competitive tender. A minimum of three quotes must be obtained for each individual contract. These quotes must be documented and retained at the respective departments for the duration of the contract. Secondly, the award of contracts will normally be made solely on price. Procurement will consider written justifications where managers wish to award the contract to a higher quote. Finally, all suppliers must hold quality awards that are appropriate to the relevant industry.", "hypothesis": "Obtaining two quotes for a contract will not be acceptable", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_614", "premise": "The training budget is currently administered centrally. As part of a cost-cutting exercise the Board of Directors have voted unanimously in favour of the proposal that individual departments will have control of this process. This means that from the next financial year, all managers will have control of, and responsibility for, their department training budget. As a safeguard against possible falls in quality, the following rules must be observed. Firstly, all contracts for provision of training must go out to competitive tender. A minimum of three quotes must be obtained for each individual contract. These quotes must be documented and retained at the respective departments for the duration of the contract. Secondly, the award of contracts will normally be made solely on price. Procurement will consider written justifications where managers wish to award the contract to a higher quote. Finally, all suppliers must hold quality awards that are appropriate to the relevant industry.", "hypothesis": "Managers are likely to be against the proposal", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_615", "premise": "The training budget is currently administered centrally. As part of a cost-cutting exercise the Board of Directors have voted unanimously in favour of the proposal that individual departments will have control of this process. This means that from the next financial year, all managers will have control of, and responsibility for, their department training budget. As a safeguard against possible falls in quality, the following rules must be observed. Firstly, all contracts for provision of training must go out to competitive tender. A minimum of three quotes must be obtained for each individual contract. These quotes must be documented and retained at the respective departments for the duration of the contract. Secondly, the award of contracts will normally be made solely on price. Procurement will consider written justifications where managers wish to award the contract to a higher quote. Finally, all suppliers must hold quality awards that are appropriate to the relevant industry.", "hypothesis": "The lowest quote should normally be awarded the contract", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_616", "premise": "The training budget is currently administered centrally. As part of a cost-cutting exercise the Board of Directors have voted unanimously in favour of the proposal that individual departments will have control of this process. This means that from the next financial year, all managers will have control of, and responsibility for, their department training budget. As a safeguard against possible falls in quality, the following rules must be observed. Firstly, all contracts for provision of training must go out to competitive tender. A minimum of three quotes must be obtained for each individual contract. These quotes must be documented and retained at the respective departments for the duration of the contract. Secondly, the award of contracts will normally be made solely on price. Procurement will consider written justifications where managers wish to award the contract to a higher quote. Finally, all suppliers must hold quality awards that are appropriate to the relevant industry.", "hypothesis": "Some of the Board of Directors were against the proposal.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_617", "premise": "The trove of fossils at Zhucheng, China, is probably the largest single deposit of dinosaur bones in the world. While the massive quarry has given rise to nine new species of dinosaurs, the event that killed the species is still a mystery. One researcher thinks a landslide ripped the dinosaurs apart and mixed up their bones; another suspects the animals were dead and decomposing when their skeletons were swept to this spot by a massive flood or mud flow. Discoveries in Liaoning and Xinjiang are also helping scientists unravel the evolution of modern-day birds, a lineage that one Chinese palaeontologist believes begins with dinosaurs. One of his most recent discoveries, the chicken-size Xiaotingia zhengi, is giving scientists cause to rethink the classification of the Archaeopteryx, long considered the oldest-known bird. The Xiaotingia zhengi, they argue, provides evidence that both species were, in fact, feathered dinosaurs, not full-fledged birds.", "hypothesis": "The trove of fossils found in Liaoning and Xinjiang is of less importance than that found in Zhucheng.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_618", "premise": "The trove of fossils at Zhucheng, China, is probably the largest single deposit of dinosaur bones in the world. While the massive quarry has given rise to nine new species of dinosaurs, the event that killed the species is still a mystery. One researcher thinks a landslide ripped the dinosaurs apart and mixed up their bones; another suspects the animals were dead and decomposing when their skeletons were swept to this spot by a massive flood or mud flow. Discoveries in Liaoning and Xinjiang are also helping scientists unravel the evolution of modern-day birds, a lineage that one Chinese palaeontologist believes begins with dinosaurs. One of his most recent discoveries, the chicken-size Xiaotingia zhengi, is giving scientists cause to rethink the classification of the Archaeopteryx, long considered the oldest-known bird. The Xiaotingia zhengi, they argue, provides evidence that both species were, in fact, feathered dinosaurs, not full-fledged birds.", "hypothesis": "Documented knowledge of the lineage of birds should now be adjusted, to include Xiaotingia zhengi as the oldest-known bird.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_619", "premise": "The trove of fossils at Zhucheng, China, is probably the largest single deposit of dinosaur bones in the world. While the massive quarry has given rise to nine new species of dinosaurs, the event that killed the species is still a mystery. One researcher thinks a landslide ripped the dinosaurs apart and mixed up their bones; another suspects the animals were dead and decomposing when their skeletons were swept to this spot by a massive flood or mud flow. Discoveries in Liaoning and Xinjiang are also helping scientists unravel the evolution of modern-day birds, a lineage that one Chinese palaeontologist believes begins with dinosaurs. One of his most recent discoveries, the chicken-size Xiaotingia zhengi, is giving scientists cause to rethink the classification of the Archaeopteryx, long considered the oldest-known bird. The Xiaotingia zhengi, they argue, provides evidence that both species were, in fact, feathered dinosaurs, not full-fledged birds.", "hypothesis": "The two researchers agree that a natural catastrophe was involved in the appearance of dinosaur bones at Zhucheng.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_620", "premise": "The typical share-save scheme is a regular savings plan that gives employees the opportunity to purchase shares in 3.5 or 7 years time, should they choose to exercise the purchase option, at a discounted price fixed before the saving period starts. In addition to potential financial gains, the employee also has the opportunity to participate in future company development through the acquisition of shares. The employee does not have to pay income tax on any gains made on the exercise of the option to buy shares, though there may be a liability to capital gains tax if the shares are sold and the resulting gains cause that particular employees level of capital gains liability to exceed the annual exempt amount.", "hypothesis": "Employees do not automatically have to pay Capital Gains Tax as a consequence of participating in share-save scheme.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_621", "premise": "The typical share-save scheme is a regular savings plan that gives employees the opportunity to purchase shares in 3.5 or 7 years time, should they choose to exercise the purchase option, at a discounted price fixed before the saving period starts. In addition to potential financial gains, the employee also has the opportunity to participate in future company development through the acquisition of shares. The employee does not have to pay income tax on any gains made on the exercise of the option to buy shares, though there may be a liability to capital gains tax if the shares are sold and the resulting gains cause that particular employees level of capital gains liability to exceed the annual exempt amount.", "hypothesis": "Employees usually exercise the option to sell their shares at the end of the saving period.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_622", "premise": "The typical share-save scheme is a regular savings plan that gives employees the opportunity to purchase shares in 3.5 or 7 years time, should they choose to exercise the purchase option, at a discounted price fixed before the saving period starts. In addition to potential financial gains, the employee also has the opportunity to participate in future company development through the acquisition of shares. The employee does not have to pay income tax on any gains made on the exercise of the option to buy shares, though there may be a liability to capital gains tax if the shares are sold and the resulting gains cause that particular employees level of capital gains liability to exceed the annual exempt amount.", "hypothesis": "Individuals who sell shares generate no potential tax liability.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_623", "premise": "The typical share-save scheme is a regular savings plan that gives employees the opportunity to purchase shares in 3.5 or 7 years time, should they choose to exercise the purchase option, at a discounted price fixed before the saving period starts. In addition to potential financial gains, the employee also has the opportunity to participate in future company development through the acquisition of shares. The employee does not have to pay income tax on any gains made on the exercise of the option to buy shares, though there may be a liability to capital gains tax if the shares are sold and the resulting gains cause that particular employees level of capital gains liability to exceed the annual exempt amount.", "hypothesis": "Employees do not automatically have to pay Capital Gains Tax as a consequence of participating in share; save scheme.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_624", "premise": "The vast majority of citizens believe that the official statistics produced by governments are subject to political interference. They accuse opposition parties and pressure groups of the same interference and all three of using figures in wildly misleading ways to support their particular take on policy. The only difference is that governments are accused of using the figures to make the best possible case, opposition parties of taking the least favourable interpretation and pressure groups of selecting only the figures that prove their case. The media are considered just as guilty. Bad news is much more newsworthy than good news and people complain that we hear little other than a stream of stories suggesting that life is awful and getting worse. No wonder public trust in official data is at an all time low.", "hypothesis": "In the passage, governments in particular are subjected to criticism.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_625", "premise": "The vast majority of citizens believe that the official statistics produced by governments are subject to political interference. They accuse opposition parties and pressure groups of the same interference and all three of using figures in wildly misleading ways to support their particular take on policy. The only difference is that governments are accused of using the figures to make the best possible case, opposition parties of taking the least favourable interpretation and pressure groups of selecting only the figures that prove their case. The media are considered just as guilty. Bad news is much more newsworthy than good news and people complain that we hear little other than a stream of stories suggesting that life is awful and getting worse. No wonder public trust in official data is at an all time low.", "hypothesis": "It can be inferred from the passage that good news is not news worthy.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_626", "premise": "The vast majority of citizens believe that the official statistics produced by governments are subject to political interference. They accuse opposition parties and pressure groups of the same interference and all three of using figures in wildly misleading ways to support their particular take on policy. The only difference is that governments are accused of using the figures to make the best possible case, opposition parties of taking the least favourable interpretation and pressure groups of selecting only the figures that prove their case. The media are considered just as guilty. Bad news is much more newsworthy than good news and people complain that we hear little other than a stream of stories suggesting that life is awful and getting worse. No wonder public trust in official data is at an all time low.", "hypothesis": "You cannot tell from the passage if the author agrees with the vast majority of citizens.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_627", "premise": "The vast majority of citizens believe that the official statistics produced by governments are subject to political interference. They accuse opposition parties and pressure groups of the same interference and all three of using figures in wildly misleading ways to support their particular take on policy. The only difference is that governments are accused of using the figures to make the best possible case, opposition parties of taking the least favourable interpretation and pressure groups of selecting only the figures that prove their case. The media are considered just as guilty. Bad news is much more newsworthy than good news and people complain that we hear little other than a stream of stories suggesting that life is awful and getting worse. No wonder public trust in official data is at an all time low.", "hypothesis": "Public trust in governments, opposition parties, pressure groups and the media is at an all time low.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_628", "premise": "The vast majority of citizens believe that the official statistics produced by governments are subject to political interference. They accuse opposition parties and pressure groups of the same interference and all three of using figures in wildly misleading ways to support their particular take on policy. The only difference is that governments are accused of using the figures to make the best possible case, opposition parties of taking the least favourable interpretation and pressure groups of selecting only the figures that prove their case. The media are considered just as guilty. Bad news is much more newsworthy than good news and people complain that we hear little other than a stream of stories suggesting that life is awful and getting worse. No wonder public trust in official data is at an all time low.", "hypothesis": "The term all time low means that public trust in official data has never been lower but may have been as low before.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_629", "premise": "The way in which information is taught can vary greatly across cultures and time periods. Entering a British primary school classroom from the early 1900s, for example, one gains a sense of austerity, discipline, and a rigid way of teaching. Desks are typically seated apart from one another, with straight-backed wooden chairs that face directly to the teacher and the chalkboard. In the present day, British classrooms look very different. Desks are often grouped together so that students face each other rather than the teacher, and a large floor area is typically set aside for the class to come together for group discussion and learning. Traditionally, it was felt that teachers should be in firm control of the learning process, and that the teachers task was to prepare and present material for students to understand. Within this approach, the relationship students have with their teachers is not considered important, nor is the relationship students have with each other in the classroom. A students participation in class is likely to be minimal, aside from asking questions directed at the teacher, or responding to questions that the teacher has directed at the student. This style encourages students to develop respect for positions of power as a source of control and discipline. It is frequently described as the formal authority model of teaching. A less rigid form of teacher-centred education is the demonstrator model. This maintains the formal authority models notion of the teacher as a flashlight who illuminates the material for his or her class to learn, but emphasises a more individualized approach to form. The demonstrator acts as both a role model and a guide, demonstrating skills and processes and then helping students develop and apply these independently. Instructors who are drawn to the demonstrator style are generally confident that their own way of performing a task represents a good base model, but they are sensitive to differing learning styles and expect to provide students with help on an individual basis. Many education researchers argue for student-centred learning instead, and suggest that the learning process is more successful when students are in control. Within the student-centred paradigm, the delegator style is popular. The delegator teacher maintains general authority, but they delegate much of the responsibility for learning to the class as a way for students to become independent thinkers who take pride in their own work. Students are often encouraged to work on their own or in groups, and if the delegator style is implemented successfully, they will build not only a working knowledge of course specific topics, but also self-discipline and the ability to co-ordinate group work and interpersonal roles. Another style that emphasises student-centred education is the facilitator mode of learning. Here, while a set of specific curriculum demands is already in place, students are encouraged to take the initiative for creating ways to meet these learning requirements together. The teacher typically designs activities that encourage active learning, group collaboration, and problem solving, and students are encouraged to process and apply the course content in creative and original ways. Whereas the delegator style emphasises content and the responsibility students can have for generating and directing their own knowledge base, the facilitator style emphasises form and the fluid and diverse possibilities that are available in the process of learning. Until the 1960s, formal authority was common in almost all Western schools and universities. As a professor would enter a university lecture theatre, a student would be expected to rush up, take his bag to the desk, and pull out the chair for the professor to sit down on. This style has become outmoded over time. Now at university, students and professors typically have more relaxed, collegiate relationships, address each other on a first name basis, and acknowledge that students have much to contribute in class. Teacher-centred education has a lingering appeal in the form of the demonstrator style, however, which remains useful in subjects where skills must be demonstrated to an external standard and the learning process remains fixed in the earlier years of education. A student of mathematics, sewing or metalwork will likely be familiar with the demonstrator style. At the highest levels of education, however, the demonstrator approach must be abandoned in all fields as students are required to produce innovative work that makes unique contributions to knowledge. Thesis and doctoral students lead their own research in facilitation with supervisors. The delegator style is valuable when the course is likely to lead students to careers that require group projects. Often, someone who has a high level of expertise in a particular field does not make for the best employee because they have not learnt to apply their abilities in a co-ordinated manner. The delegator style confronts this problem by recognizing that interpersonal communication is not just a means to learning but an important skill set in itself. The facilitator model is probably the most creative model, and is, therefore, not suited to subjects where the practical component necessitates a careful and highly disciplined manner, such as training to be a medical practitioner. It may, however, suit more experimental and theoretical fields ranging from English, music, and the social sciences to science and medical research that takes place in research labs. In these areas, mistakes in form are important and valuable aspects of the learning and development process. Overall, a clear evolution has taken place in the West from a rigid, dogmatic, and teacher- dominated way of learning to a flexible, creative, and student-centred approach. Nevertheless, different subjects, ages, and skill levels suit different styles of teaching, and it is unlikely that there will ever be one recommended approach for everyone.", "hypothesis": "The formal authority model remains popular in educational institutions of the West", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_630", "premise": "The way in which information is taught can vary greatly across cultures and time periods. Entering a British primary school classroom from the early 1900s, for example, one gains a sense of austerity, discipline, and a rigid way of teaching. Desks are typically seated apart from one another, with straight-backed wooden chairs that face directly to the teacher and the chalkboard. In the present day, British classrooms look very different. Desks are often grouped together so that students face each other rather than the teacher, and a large floor area is typically set aside for the class to come together for group discussion and learning. Traditionally, it was felt that teachers should be in firm control of the learning process, and that the teachers task was to prepare and present material for students to understand. Within this approach, the relationship students have with their teachers is not considered important, nor is the relationship students have with each other in the classroom. A students participation in class is likely to be minimal, aside from asking questions directed at the teacher, or responding to questions that the teacher has directed at the student. This style encourages students to develop respect for positions of power as a source of control and discipline. It is frequently described as the formal authority model of teaching. A less rigid form of teacher-centred education is the demonstrator model. This maintains the formal authority models notion of the teacher as a flashlight who illuminates the material for his or her class to learn, but emphasises a more individualized approach to form. The demonstrator acts as both a role model and a guide, demonstrating skills and processes and then helping students develop and apply these independently. Instructors who are drawn to the demonstrator style are generally confident that their own way of performing a task represents a good base model, but they are sensitive to differing learning styles and expect to provide students with help on an individual basis. Many education researchers argue for student-centred learning instead, and suggest that the learning process is more successful when students are in control. Within the student-centred paradigm, the delegator style is popular. The delegator teacher maintains general authority, but they delegate much of the responsibility for learning to the class as a way for students to become independent thinkers who take pride in their own work. Students are often encouraged to work on their own or in groups, and if the delegator style is implemented successfully, they will build not only a working knowledge of course specific topics, but also self-discipline and the ability to co-ordinate group work and interpersonal roles. Another style that emphasises student-centred education is the facilitator mode of learning. Here, while a set of specific curriculum demands is already in place, students are encouraged to take the initiative for creating ways to meet these learning requirements together. The teacher typically designs activities that encourage active learning, group collaboration, and problem solving, and students are encouraged to process and apply the course content in creative and original ways. Whereas the delegator style emphasises content and the responsibility students can have for generating and directing their own knowledge base, the facilitator style emphasises form and the fluid and diverse possibilities that are available in the process of learning. Until the 1960s, formal authority was common in almost all Western schools and universities. As a professor would enter a university lecture theatre, a student would be expected to rush up, take his bag to the desk, and pull out the chair for the professor to sit down on. This style has become outmoded over time. Now at university, students and professors typically have more relaxed, collegiate relationships, address each other on a first name basis, and acknowledge that students have much to contribute in class. Teacher-centred education has a lingering appeal in the form of the demonstrator style, however, which remains useful in subjects where skills must be demonstrated to an external standard and the learning process remains fixed in the earlier years of education. A student of mathematics, sewing or metalwork will likely be familiar with the demonstrator style. At the highest levels of education, however, the demonstrator approach must be abandoned in all fields as students are required to produce innovative work that makes unique contributions to knowledge. Thesis and doctoral students lead their own research in facilitation with supervisors. The delegator style is valuable when the course is likely to lead students to careers that require group projects. Often, someone who has a high level of expertise in a particular field does not make for the best employee because they have not learnt to apply their abilities in a co-ordinated manner. The delegator style confronts this problem by recognizing that interpersonal communication is not just a means to learning but an important skill set in itself. The facilitator model is probably the most creative model, and is, therefore, not suited to subjects where the practical component necessitates a careful and highly disciplined manner, such as training to be a medical practitioner. It may, however, suit more experimental and theoretical fields ranging from English, music, and the social sciences to science and medical research that takes place in research labs. In these areas, mistakes in form are important and valuable aspects of the learning and development process. Overall, a clear evolution has taken place in the West from a rigid, dogmatic, and teacher- dominated way of learning to a flexible, creative, and student-centred approach. Nevertheless, different subjects, ages, and skill levels suit different styles of teaching, and it is unlikely that there will ever be one recommended approach for everyone.", "hypothesis": "The demonstrator model is never used at tertiary level.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_631", "premise": "The way in which information is taught can vary greatly across cultures and time periods. Entering a British primary school classroom from the early 1900s, for example, one gains a sense of austerity, discipline, and a rigid way of teaching. Desks are typically seated apart from one another, with straight-backed wooden chairs that face directly to the teacher and the chalkboard. In the present day, British classrooms look very different. Desks are often grouped together so that students face each other rather than the teacher, and a large floor area is typically set aside for the class to come together for group discussion and learning. Traditionally, it was felt that teachers should be in firm control of the learning process, and that the teachers task was to prepare and present material for students to understand. Within this approach, the relationship students have with their teachers is not considered important, nor is the relationship students have with each other in the classroom. A students participation in class is likely to be minimal, aside from asking questions directed at the teacher, or responding to questions that the teacher has directed at the student. This style encourages students to develop respect for positions of power as a source of control and discipline. It is frequently described as the formal authority model of teaching. A less rigid form of teacher-centred education is the demonstrator model. This maintains the formal authority models notion of the teacher as a flashlight who illuminates the material for his or her class to learn, but emphasises a more individualized approach to form. The demonstrator acts as both a role model and a guide, demonstrating skills and processes and then helping students develop and apply these independently. Instructors who are drawn to the demonstrator style are generally confident that their own way of performing a task represents a good base model, but they are sensitive to differing learning styles and expect to provide students with help on an individual basis. Many education researchers argue for student-centred learning instead, and suggest that the learning process is more successful when students are in control. Within the student-centred paradigm, the delegator style is popular. The delegator teacher maintains general authority, but they delegate much of the responsibility for learning to the class as a way for students to become independent thinkers who take pride in their own work. Students are often encouraged to work on their own or in groups, and if the delegator style is implemented successfully, they will build not only a working knowledge of course specific topics, but also self-discipline and the ability to co-ordinate group work and interpersonal roles. Another style that emphasises student-centred education is the facilitator mode of learning. Here, while a set of specific curriculum demands is already in place, students are encouraged to take the initiative for creating ways to meet these learning requirements together. The teacher typically designs activities that encourage active learning, group collaboration, and problem solving, and students are encouraged to process and apply the course content in creative and original ways. Whereas the delegator style emphasises content and the responsibility students can have for generating and directing their own knowledge base, the facilitator style emphasises form and the fluid and diverse possibilities that are available in the process of learning. Until the 1960s, formal authority was common in almost all Western schools and universities. As a professor would enter a university lecture theatre, a student would be expected to rush up, take his bag to the desk, and pull out the chair for the professor to sit down on. This style has become outmoded over time. Now at university, students and professors typically have more relaxed, collegiate relationships, address each other on a first name basis, and acknowledge that students have much to contribute in class. Teacher-centred education has a lingering appeal in the form of the demonstrator style, however, which remains useful in subjects where skills must be demonstrated to an external standard and the learning process remains fixed in the earlier years of education. A student of mathematics, sewing or metalwork will likely be familiar with the demonstrator style. At the highest levels of education, however, the demonstrator approach must be abandoned in all fields as students are required to produce innovative work that makes unique contributions to knowledge. Thesis and doctoral students lead their own research in facilitation with supervisors. The delegator style is valuable when the course is likely to lead students to careers that require group projects. Often, someone who has a high level of expertise in a particular field does not make for the best employee because they have not learnt to apply their abilities in a co-ordinated manner. The delegator style confronts this problem by recognizing that interpersonal communication is not just a means to learning but an important skill set in itself. The facilitator model is probably the most creative model, and is, therefore, not suited to subjects where the practical component necessitates a careful and highly disciplined manner, such as training to be a medical practitioner. It may, however, suit more experimental and theoretical fields ranging from English, music, and the social sciences to science and medical research that takes place in research labs. In these areas, mistakes in form are important and valuable aspects of the learning and development process. Overall, a clear evolution has taken place in the West from a rigid, dogmatic, and teacher- dominated way of learning to a flexible, creative, and student-centred approach. Nevertheless, different subjects, ages, and skill levels suit different styles of teaching, and it is unlikely that there will ever be one recommended approach for everyone.", "hypothesis": "Graduates of delegator style teaching are good communicators.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_632", "premise": "The way in which information is taught can vary greatly across cultures and time periods. Entering a British primary school classroom from the early 1900s, for example, one gains a sense of austerity, discipline, and a rigid way of teaching. Desks are typically seated apart from one another, with straight-backed wooden chairs that face directly to the teacher and the chalkboard. In the present day, British classrooms look very different. Desks are often grouped together so that students face each other rather than the teacher, and a large floor area is typically set aside for the class to come together for group discussion and learning. Traditionally, it was felt that teachers should be in firm control of the learning process, and that the teachers task was to prepare and present material for students to understand. Within this approach, the relationship students have with their teachers is not considered important, nor is the relationship students have with each other in the classroom. A students participation in class is likely to be minimal, aside from asking questions directed at the teacher, or responding to questions that the teacher has directed at the student. This style encourages students to develop respect for positions of power as a source of control and discipline. It is frequently described as the formal authority model of teaching. A less rigid form of teacher-centred education is the demonstrator model. This maintains the formal authority models notion of the teacher as a flashlight who illuminates the material for his or her class to learn, but emphasises a more individualized approach to form. The demonstrator acts as both a role model and a guide, demonstrating skills and processes and then helping students develop and apply these independently. Instructors who are drawn to the demonstrator style are generally confident that their own way of performing a task represents a good base model, but they are sensitive to differing learning styles and expect to provide students with help on an individual basis. Many education researchers argue for student-centred learning instead, and suggest that the learning process is more successful when students are in control. Within the student-centred paradigm, the delegator style is popular. The delegator teacher maintains general authority, but they delegate much of the responsibility for learning to the class as a way for students to become independent thinkers who take pride in their own work. Students are often encouraged to work on their own or in groups, and if the delegator style is implemented successfully, they will build not only a working knowledge of course specific topics, but also self-discipline and the ability to co-ordinate group work and interpersonal roles. Another style that emphasises student-centred education is the facilitator mode of learning. Here, while a set of specific curriculum demands is already in place, students are encouraged to take the initiative for creating ways to meet these learning requirements together. The teacher typically designs activities that encourage active learning, group collaboration, and problem solving, and students are encouraged to process and apply the course content in creative and original ways. Whereas the delegator style emphasises content and the responsibility students can have for generating and directing their own knowledge base, the facilitator style emphasises form and the fluid and diverse possibilities that are available in the process of learning. Until the 1960s, formal authority was common in almost all Western schools and universities. As a professor would enter a university lecture theatre, a student would be expected to rush up, take his bag to the desk, and pull out the chair for the professor to sit down on. This style has become outmoded over time. Now at university, students and professors typically have more relaxed, collegiate relationships, address each other on a first name basis, and acknowledge that students have much to contribute in class. Teacher-centred education has a lingering appeal in the form of the demonstrator style, however, which remains useful in subjects where skills must be demonstrated to an external standard and the learning process remains fixed in the earlier years of education. A student of mathematics, sewing or metalwork will likely be familiar with the demonstrator style. At the highest levels of education, however, the demonstrator approach must be abandoned in all fields as students are required to produce innovative work that makes unique contributions to knowledge. Thesis and doctoral students lead their own research in facilitation with supervisors. The delegator style is valuable when the course is likely to lead students to careers that require group projects. Often, someone who has a high level of expertise in a particular field does not make for the best employee because they have not learnt to apply their abilities in a co-ordinated manner. The delegator style confronts this problem by recognizing that interpersonal communication is not just a means to learning but an important skill set in itself. The facilitator model is probably the most creative model, and is, therefore, not suited to subjects where the practical component necessitates a careful and highly disciplined manner, such as training to be a medical practitioner. It may, however, suit more experimental and theoretical fields ranging from English, music, and the social sciences to science and medical research that takes place in research labs. In these areas, mistakes in form are important and valuable aspects of the learning and development process. Overall, a clear evolution has taken place in the West from a rigid, dogmatic, and teacher- dominated way of learning to a flexible, creative, and student-centred approach. Nevertheless, different subjects, ages, and skill levels suit different styles of teaching, and it is unlikely that there will ever be one recommended approach for everyone.", "hypothesis": "The facilitator style is not appropriate in the field of medicine.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_633", "premise": "The way we use the words 'procedure' and 'process' tells us something about how theydiffer. We tend to start and stop processes. We implement procedures and commenceand complete them. We process information. We do not procedure information, but weemploy a procedure to process information. We have operational processes and theremay be operational procedures. In this context, the operational process comprises theresources, people, plant and machinery, and the operational procedure contains theinstructions on how to operate. We have process interrupts but not procedure interrupts, because processes are perceived as continuous and run until physical intervention. Inour bodies we have processes, not procedures. The reproductive process, the digestiveprocess and the respiratory process are certainly continuous and stop only when anintervention takes place. They may require human intervention in which a surgeon mayemploy procedures to effect a repair.", "hypothesis": "The procedures in our bodies are continuous.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_634", "premise": "The way we use the words 'procedure' and 'process' tells us something about how theydiffer. We tend to start and stop processes. We implement procedures and commenceand complete them. We process information. We do not procedure information, but weemploy a procedure to process information. We have operational processes and theremay be operational procedures. In this context, the operational process comprises theresources, people, plant and machinery, and the operational procedure contains theinstructions on how to operate. We have process interrupts but not procedure interrupts, because processes are perceived as continuous and run until physical intervention. Inour bodies we have processes, not procedures. The reproductive process, the digestiveprocess and the respiratory process are certainly continuous and stop only when anintervention takes place. They may require human intervention in which a surgeon mayemploy procedures to effect a repair.", "hypothesis": "Although the two words sound similar, 'procedure' and 'process' cannot both be used in the same situations.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_635", "premise": "The way we use the words 'procedure' and 'process' tells us something about how theydiffer. We tend to start and stop processes. We implement procedures and commenceand complete them. We process information. We do not procedure information, but weemploy a procedure to process information. We have operational processes and theremay be operational procedures. In this context, the operational process comprises theresources, people, plant and machinery, and the operational procedure contains theinstructions on how to operate. We have process interrupts but not procedure interrupts, because processes are perceived as continuous and run until physical intervention. Inour bodies we have processes, not procedures. The reproductive process, the digestiveprocess and the respiratory process are certainly continuous and stop only when anintervention takes place. They may require human intervention in which a surgeon mayemploy procedures to effect a repair.", "hypothesis": "Procedure and process are both required elements in the way we analyze information.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_636", "premise": "The way we use the words 'procedure' and 'process' tells us something about how theydiffer. We tend to start and stop processes. We implement procedures and commenceand complete them. We process information. We do not procedure information, but weemploy a procedure to process information. We have operational processes and theremay be operational procedures. In this context, the operational process comprises theresources, people, plant and machinery, and the operational procedure contains theinstructions on how to operate. We have process interrupts but not procedure interrupts, because processes are perceived as continuous and run until physical intervention. Inour bodies we have processes, not procedures. The reproductive process, the digestiveprocess and the respiratory process are certainly continuous and stop only when anintervention takes place. They may require human intervention in which a surgeon mayemploy procedures to effect a repair.", "hypothesis": "Procedures, as opposed to processes, are perceived as continuous, which is why we have process interrupts but not procedure interrupts.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_637", "premise": "The words efficiency and effectiveness are often considered synonymous, along with terms like competency, productivity and proficiency erroneously so. In order to distinguish between effectiveness and efficiency, we must first define these terms. Effectiveness is doing the right thing, i. e. conducting the right activities and applying the best strategies needed for competitive advantage. From a process viewpoint, it is producing the required outputs and outcomes; in other words - meeting objectives. Efficiency is doing the thing right it defines whether processes are completed while using the least amount of resources in the shortest time possible. These simple definitions point to a clear distinction that has substantial implications for businesses large and small that arise from the inherent difficulty in balancing both efficiency and effectiveness.", "hypothesis": "Businesses face challenges attaining both effectiveness and efficiency.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_638", "premise": "The words efficiency and effectiveness are often considered synonymous, along with terms like competency, productivity and proficiency erroneously so. In order to distinguish between effectiveness and efficiency, we must first define these terms. Effectiveness is doing the right thing, i. e. conducting the right activities and applying the best strategies needed for competitive advantage. From a process viewpoint, it is producing the required outputs and outcomes; in other words - meeting objectives. Efficiency is doing the thing right it defines whether processes are completed while using the least amount of resources in the shortest time possible. These simple definitions point to a clear distinction that has substantial implications for businesses large and small that arise from the inherent difficulty in balancing both efficiency and effectiveness.", "hypothesis": "If you meet objectives using excessive resources then you are 'doing the thing right but not 'doing the right thing.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_639", "premise": "The words efficiency and effectiveness are often considered synonymous, along with terms like competency, productivity and proficiency erroneously so. In order to distinguish between effectiveness and efficiency, we must first define these terms. Effectiveness is doing the right thing, i. e. conducting the right activities and applying the best strategies needed for competitive advantage. From a process viewpoint, it is producing the required outputs and outcomes; in other words - meeting objectives. Efficiency is doing the thing right it defines whether processes are completed while using the least amount of resources in the shortest time possible. These simple definitions point to a clear distinction that has substantial implications for businesses large and small that arise from the inherent difficulty in balancing both efficiency and effectiveness.", "hypothesis": "A manager who aspires to be efficient must make sure processes are completed within minimal time and resources.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_640", "premise": "The world is our oyster Independent travel is on the increase and while package holidays which offer an all inclusive price for transport, accommodation and often even food are financially attractive to many, according to tourism analyst Thomas Cooper, an increasing number of people now prefer a less-tailored holiday and the freedom to make spur of the moment decisions and changes to their intended plan. Internet based information sites about backpacking destinations are prolific and publications aimed at independent travellers on a budget exist for almost every destination imaginable. Some people, particularly first-time backpackers, may elect to travel with a friend or acquaintance; however, a large percentage of backpackers travel alone, assured by the knowledge that they are likely to meet, with ease, a number of like-minded individuals throughout their journey and staying in their backpacker accommodation. Alan Park, who has travelled extensively through Europe, Australasia and several other parts of the globe, says most accommodation establishments aimed at the backpacker market are designed with communal kitchens, dormitories and entertainment areas which lend themselves to allowing residents to socialize with ease and quickly breakdown barriers with strangers that may usually exist in day to day life. Many backpackers of European origin are attracted to the Southern Hemisphere, Australia being a major destination of choice. Cooper attributes this high level of interest to the possibilities of legal working holiday visas for many nationalities and consequent short-term work opportunities making extended travel financially feasible, in addition to the attractive climate and outback appeal. Australia also has the reputation of being a relatively safe destination, with a warm and jovial population and its size and contrast between locations is alluring to many. University student Rebecca Thompson, who has just returned from a twelve month overseas trip, says that the cosmopolitan and modern nature of Australian cities such as Sydney and Melbourne contrasted with the rugged outback appeal of Western Australia and the Northern Territory, or the marine paradise of the Great Barrier Reef offer sufficient variation to attract a wide base of visitors. Sydney based travel consultant Brad Connor advises that it is also possible to obtain bargain deals on internal flights within this massive island when purchasing an international ticket, highly recommended, he says, for those who do not have the luxury of a long length of time, in order to ensure that key spots can be visited. Equal in popularity to Australia, for the backpacking market is South East Asia and Rebecca Thompson says that, in her experience, the majority of travellers on extended trips to Australasia also include a visit to one or more South East Asia destinations in their itinerary. Thailand, in particular, has a long tourism history and well-established service industry. It is often considered one of the more accessible Asian destinations for the novice European backpacker due to its reasonable prices, large volume of Western visitors and well established backpacker trails. Brian Johnson, who is currently employed by the British Consulate in Bangkok, believes that the welcoming nature and level of English spoken by Thais involved in the tourism industry has also impacted positively on the destinations overseas image. Thai food is delicious and now fairly familiar to those outside the country and while precautions such as drinking bottled water and washing of fruit and vegetables should be practiced, generally standards of accommodation and restaurants are high. Thomas Cooper says Thailands attractions are wide ranging, encompassing idyllic beaches, an insight into Buddhist culture and impressive ancient temples, mountain trekking, a vibrant nightlife and for bargain hunters bustling night markets and bazaars. South East Asia neighbour, Vietnam, alongside its rapidly developing economy has also over recent years established a solid tourism industry, the majority of visitors entering and exiting by plane via its urban centres Ho Chi Minh (formerly Saigon) in the south and Hanoi in the north. Vietnam offers incredible vistas and contrasts of rugged mountain areas, lush green rice paddies, crystal clear waters and dense forest areas. Alan Park, who spent a month travelling independently around the country, says bus and rail networks allow visitors to travel from centre to centre relatively inexpensively, though he does not recommend these forms of transport to visitors on a short time-frame as the pace is unhurried. The list of potentially safe and enjoyable backpacking destinations is endless. Technology and transport developments over recent time have resulted in more areas of the world becoming increasingly accessible, it is now possible to keep in regular contact with friends and family back home via email or even mobile phone, providing added reassurance to those concerned about travelling and their worried parents. Brian Johnson says friends, family and acquaintances who have previously travelled to the destination of choice are a useful source of first-hand advice and information and Simon Hartwell of the Backpackers Association adds travellers are advised to ensure that they are aware of visa requirements for their destination and are urged to seek medical advice regarding any necessary vaccinations or medical precautions. It is always wise to be as well informed as possible prior to embarking on a trip. The youth of today are undoubtedly becoming more adventurous, which Hartwell ascribes to higher disposable income in the developed world than were available to previous generations and also the fact that we can more easily familiarise ourselves with the unknown via the internet and other communication methods. Many travellers, particularly experienced backpackers, are keen to experience more obscure destinations well off the well-trodden backpacker trail.", "hypothesis": "Train travel in Vietnam can be too time-consuming for short visits.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_641", "premise": "The world is our oyster Independent travel is on the increase and while package holidays which offer an all inclusive price for transport, accommodation and often even food are financially attractive to many, according to tourism analyst Thomas Cooper, an increasing number of people now prefer a less-tailored holiday and the freedom to make spur of the moment decisions and changes to their intended plan. Internet based information sites about backpacking destinations are prolific and publications aimed at independent travellers on a budget exist for almost every destination imaginable. Some people, particularly first-time backpackers, may elect to travel with a friend or acquaintance; however, a large percentage of backpackers travel alone, assured by the knowledge that they are likely to meet, with ease, a number of like-minded individuals throughout their journey and staying in their backpacker accommodation. Alan Park, who has travelled extensively through Europe, Australasia and several other parts of the globe, says most accommodation establishments aimed at the backpacker market are designed with communal kitchens, dormitories and entertainment areas which lend themselves to allowing residents to socialize with ease and quickly breakdown barriers with strangers that may usually exist in day to day life. Many backpackers of European origin are attracted to the Southern Hemisphere, Australia being a major destination of choice. Cooper attributes this high level of interest to the possibilities of legal working holiday visas for many nationalities and consequent short-term work opportunities making extended travel financially feasible, in addition to the attractive climate and outback appeal. Australia also has the reputation of being a relatively safe destination, with a warm and jovial population and its size and contrast between locations is alluring to many. University student Rebecca Thompson, who has just returned from a twelve month overseas trip, says that the cosmopolitan and modern nature of Australian cities such as Sydney and Melbourne contrasted with the rugged outback appeal of Western Australia and the Northern Territory, or the marine paradise of the Great Barrier Reef offer sufficient variation to attract a wide base of visitors. Sydney based travel consultant Brad Connor advises that it is also possible to obtain bargain deals on internal flights within this massive island when purchasing an international ticket, highly recommended, he says, for those who do not have the luxury of a long length of time, in order to ensure that key spots can be visited. Equal in popularity to Australia, for the backpacking market is South East Asia and Rebecca Thompson says that, in her experience, the majority of travellers on extended trips to Australasia also include a visit to one or more South East Asia destinations in their itinerary. Thailand, in particular, has a long tourism history and well-established service industry. It is often considered one of the more accessible Asian destinations for the novice European backpacker due to its reasonable prices, large volume of Western visitors and well established backpacker trails. Brian Johnson, who is currently employed by the British Consulate in Bangkok, believes that the welcoming nature and level of English spoken by Thais involved in the tourism industry has also impacted positively on the destinations overseas image. Thai food is delicious and now fairly familiar to those outside the country and while precautions such as drinking bottled water and washing of fruit and vegetables should be practiced, generally standards of accommodation and restaurants are high. Thomas Cooper says Thailands attractions are wide ranging, encompassing idyllic beaches, an insight into Buddhist culture and impressive ancient temples, mountain trekking, a vibrant nightlife and for bargain hunters bustling night markets and bazaars. South East Asia neighbour, Vietnam, alongside its rapidly developing economy has also over recent years established a solid tourism industry, the majority of visitors entering and exiting by plane via its urban centres Ho Chi Minh (formerly Saigon) in the south and Hanoi in the north. Vietnam offers incredible vistas and contrasts of rugged mountain areas, lush green rice paddies, crystal clear waters and dense forest areas. Alan Park, who spent a month travelling independently around the country, says bus and rail networks allow visitors to travel from centre to centre relatively inexpensively, though he does not recommend these forms of transport to visitors on a short time-frame as the pace is unhurried. The list of potentially safe and enjoyable backpacking destinations is endless. Technology and transport developments over recent time have resulted in more areas of the world becoming increasingly accessible, it is now possible to keep in regular contact with friends and family back home via email or even mobile phone, providing added reassurance to those concerned about travelling and their worried parents. Brian Johnson says friends, family and acquaintances who have previously travelled to the destination of choice are a useful source of first-hand advice and information and Simon Hartwell of the Backpackers Association adds travellers are advised to ensure that they are aware of visa requirements for their destination and are urged to seek medical advice regarding any necessary vaccinations or medical precautions. It is always wise to be as well informed as possible prior to embarking on a trip. The youth of today are undoubtedly becoming more adventurous, which Hartwell ascribes to higher disposable income in the developed world than were available to previous generations and also the fact that we can more easily familiarise ourselves with the unknown via the internet and other communication methods. Many travellers, particularly experienced backpackers, are keen to experience more obscure destinations well off the well-trodden backpacker trail.", "hypothesis": "Travelling by plane to other domestic destinations in Australia is cheaper than other forms of transport.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_642", "premise": "The world is our oyster Independent travel is on the increase and while package holidays which offer an all inclusive price for transport, accommodation and often even food are financially attractive to many, according to tourism analyst Thomas Cooper, an increasing number of people now prefer a less-tailored holiday and the freedom to make spur of the moment decisions and changes to their intended plan. Internet based information sites about backpacking destinations are prolific and publications aimed at independent travellers on a budget exist for almost every destination imaginable. Some people, particularly first-time backpackers, may elect to travel with a friend or acquaintance; however, a large percentage of backpackers travel alone, assured by the knowledge that they are likely to meet, with ease, a number of like-minded individuals throughout their journey and staying in their backpacker accommodation. Alan Park, who has travelled extensively through Europe, Australasia and several other parts of the globe, says most accommodation establishments aimed at the backpacker market are designed with communal kitchens, dormitories and entertainment areas which lend themselves to allowing residents to socialize with ease and quickly breakdown barriers with strangers that may usually exist in day to day life. Many backpackers of European origin are attracted to the Southern Hemisphere, Australia being a major destination of choice. Cooper attributes this high level of interest to the possibilities of legal working holiday visas for many nationalities and consequent short-term work opportunities making extended travel financially feasible, in addition to the attractive climate and outback appeal. Australia also has the reputation of being a relatively safe destination, with a warm and jovial population and its size and contrast between locations is alluring to many. University student Rebecca Thompson, who has just returned from a twelve month overseas trip, says that the cosmopolitan and modern nature of Australian cities such as Sydney and Melbourne contrasted with the rugged outback appeal of Western Australia and the Northern Territory, or the marine paradise of the Great Barrier Reef offer sufficient variation to attract a wide base of visitors. Sydney based travel consultant Brad Connor advises that it is also possible to obtain bargain deals on internal flights within this massive island when purchasing an international ticket, highly recommended, he says, for those who do not have the luxury of a long length of time, in order to ensure that key spots can be visited. Equal in popularity to Australia, for the backpacking market is South East Asia and Rebecca Thompson says that, in her experience, the majority of travellers on extended trips to Australasia also include a visit to one or more South East Asia destinations in their itinerary. Thailand, in particular, has a long tourism history and well-established service industry. It is often considered one of the more accessible Asian destinations for the novice European backpacker due to its reasonable prices, large volume of Western visitors and well established backpacker trails. Brian Johnson, who is currently employed by the British Consulate in Bangkok, believes that the welcoming nature and level of English spoken by Thais involved in the tourism industry has also impacted positively on the destinations overseas image. Thai food is delicious and now fairly familiar to those outside the country and while precautions such as drinking bottled water and washing of fruit and vegetables should be practiced, generally standards of accommodation and restaurants are high. Thomas Cooper says Thailands attractions are wide ranging, encompassing idyllic beaches, an insight into Buddhist culture and impressive ancient temples, mountain trekking, a vibrant nightlife and for bargain hunters bustling night markets and bazaars. South East Asia neighbour, Vietnam, alongside its rapidly developing economy has also over recent years established a solid tourism industry, the majority of visitors entering and exiting by plane via its urban centres Ho Chi Minh (formerly Saigon) in the south and Hanoi in the north. Vietnam offers incredible vistas and contrasts of rugged mountain areas, lush green rice paddies, crystal clear waters and dense forest areas. Alan Park, who spent a month travelling independently around the country, says bus and rail networks allow visitors to travel from centre to centre relatively inexpensively, though he does not recommend these forms of transport to visitors on a short time-frame as the pace is unhurried. The list of potentially safe and enjoyable backpacking destinations is endless. Technology and transport developments over recent time have resulted in more areas of the world becoming increasingly accessible, it is now possible to keep in regular contact with friends and family back home via email or even mobile phone, providing added reassurance to those concerned about travelling and their worried parents. Brian Johnson says friends, family and acquaintances who have previously travelled to the destination of choice are a useful source of first-hand advice and information and Simon Hartwell of the Backpackers Association adds travellers are advised to ensure that they are aware of visa requirements for their destination and are urged to seek medical advice regarding any necessary vaccinations or medical precautions. It is always wise to be as well informed as possible prior to embarking on a trip. The youth of today are undoubtedly becoming more adventurous, which Hartwell ascribes to higher disposable income in the developed world than were available to previous generations and also the fact that we can more easily familiarise ourselves with the unknown via the internet and other communication methods. Many travellers, particularly experienced backpackers, are keen to experience more obscure destinations well off the well-trodden backpacker trail.", "hypothesis": "Interaction with others is generally more difficult when travelling alone than in normal life situations.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_643", "premise": "The world is our oyster Independent travel is on the increase and while package holidays which offer an all inclusive price for transport, accommodation and often even food are financially attractive to many, according to tourism analyst Thomas Cooper, an increasing number of people now prefer a less-tailored holiday and the freedom to make spur of the moment decisions and changes to their intended plan. Internet based information sites about backpacking destinations are prolific and publications aimed at independent travellers on a budget exist for almost every destination imaginable. Some people, particularly first-time backpackers, may elect to travel with a friend or acquaintance; however, a large percentage of backpackers travel alone, assured by the knowledge that they are likely to meet, with ease, a number of like-minded individuals throughout their journey and staying in their backpacker accommodation. Alan Park, who has travelled extensively through Europe, Australasia and several other parts of the globe, says most accommodation establishments aimed at the backpacker market are designed with communal kitchens, dormitories and entertainment areas which lend themselves to allowing residents to socialize with ease and quickly breakdown barriers with strangers that may usually exist in day to day life. Many backpackers of European origin are attracted to the Southern Hemisphere, Australia being a major destination of choice. Cooper attributes this high level of interest to the possibilities of legal working holiday visas for many nationalities and consequent short-term work opportunities making extended travel financially feasible, in addition to the attractive climate and outback appeal. Australia also has the reputation of being a relatively safe destination, with a warm and jovial population and its size and contrast between locations is alluring to many. University student Rebecca Thompson, who has just returned from a twelve month overseas trip, says that the cosmopolitan and modern nature of Australian cities such as Sydney and Melbourne contrasted with the rugged outback appeal of Western Australia and the Northern Territory, or the marine paradise of the Great Barrier Reef offer sufficient variation to attract a wide base of visitors. Sydney based travel consultant Brad Connor advises that it is also possible to obtain bargain deals on internal flights within this massive island when purchasing an international ticket, highly recommended, he says, for those who do not have the luxury of a long length of time, in order to ensure that key spots can be visited. Equal in popularity to Australia, for the backpacking market is South East Asia and Rebecca Thompson says that, in her experience, the majority of travellers on extended trips to Australasia also include a visit to one or more South East Asia destinations in their itinerary. Thailand, in particular, has a long tourism history and well-established service industry. It is often considered one of the more accessible Asian destinations for the novice European backpacker due to its reasonable prices, large volume of Western visitors and well established backpacker trails. Brian Johnson, who is currently employed by the British Consulate in Bangkok, believes that the welcoming nature and level of English spoken by Thais involved in the tourism industry has also impacted positively on the destinations overseas image. Thai food is delicious and now fairly familiar to those outside the country and while precautions such as drinking bottled water and washing of fruit and vegetables should be practiced, generally standards of accommodation and restaurants are high. Thomas Cooper says Thailands attractions are wide ranging, encompassing idyllic beaches, an insight into Buddhist culture and impressive ancient temples, mountain trekking, a vibrant nightlife and for bargain hunters bustling night markets and bazaars. South East Asia neighbour, Vietnam, alongside its rapidly developing economy has also over recent years established a solid tourism industry, the majority of visitors entering and exiting by plane via its urban centres Ho Chi Minh (formerly Saigon) in the south and Hanoi in the north. Vietnam offers incredible vistas and contrasts of rugged mountain areas, lush green rice paddies, crystal clear waters and dense forest areas. Alan Park, who spent a month travelling independently around the country, says bus and rail networks allow visitors to travel from centre to centre relatively inexpensively, though he does not recommend these forms of transport to visitors on a short time-frame as the pace is unhurried. The list of potentially safe and enjoyable backpacking destinations is endless. Technology and transport developments over recent time have resulted in more areas of the world becoming increasingly accessible, it is now possible to keep in regular contact with friends and family back home via email or even mobile phone, providing added reassurance to those concerned about travelling and their worried parents. Brian Johnson says friends, family and acquaintances who have previously travelled to the destination of choice are a useful source of first-hand advice and information and Simon Hartwell of the Backpackers Association adds travellers are advised to ensure that they are aware of visa requirements for their destination and are urged to seek medical advice regarding any necessary vaccinations or medical precautions. It is always wise to be as well informed as possible prior to embarking on a trip. The youth of today are undoubtedly becoming more adventurous, which Hartwell ascribes to higher disposable income in the developed world than were available to previous generations and also the fact that we can more easily familiarise ourselves with the unknown via the internet and other communication methods. Many travellers, particularly experienced backpackers, are keen to experience more obscure destinations well off the well-trodden backpacker trail.", "hypothesis": "Experienced backpackers rarely travel to destinations such as Australia.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_644", "premise": "The world trade organisation (WTO) is an organisation headquartered in Switzerland, tasked with supervising and liberalising international trade between nations. The WTO is comprised entirely of 159 member states, and 25 observer states, with 14 states being neither members nor observers. Accession to membership involves an application, which involves becoming an observer state prior to accession. Iran is currently the largest non-member economy and Tajikistan being the organisations newest member.", "hypothesis": "There are more member nations of the world trade organisation than there are non-member nations.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_645", "premise": "The world trade organisation (WTO) is an organisation headquartered in Switzerland, tasked with supervising and liberalising international trade between nations. The WTO is comprised entirely of 159 member states, and 25 observer states, with 14 states being neither members nor observers. Accession to membership involves an application, which involves becoming an observer state prior to accession. Iran is currently the largest non-member economy and Tajikistan being the organisations newest member.", "hypothesis": "Tajikistan was an observer state before becoming a member.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_646", "premise": "The world trade organisation (WTO) is an organisation headquartered in Switzerland, tasked with supervising and liberalising international trade between nations. The WTO is comprised entirely of 159 member states, and 25 observer states, with 14 states being neither members nor observers. Accession to membership involves an application, which involves becoming an observer state prior to accession. Iran is currently the largest non-member economy and Tajikistan being the organisations newest member.", "hypothesis": "Switzerland is a member of the world trade organisation.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_647", "premise": "The world trade organisation (WTO) is an organisation headquartered in Switzerland, tasked with supervising and liberalising international trade between nations. The WTO is comprised entirely of 159 member states, and 25 observer states, with 14 states being neither members nor observers. Accession to membership involves an application, which involves becoming an observer state prior to accession. Iran is currently the largest non-member economy and Tajikistan being the organisations newest member.", "hypothesis": "Iran is unaffiliated with the world trade organisation.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_648", "premise": "The worlds major religions are Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism and Sikhism. The oldest is Hinduism which is believed to have been worshipped for at least 5,000 years. Religion provides a sense of community, a shared set of values that shape daily life, a definition of the meaning of life and a set of beliefs as to how the world began and what happens after death. Except for Buddhism the major religions all identify a supreme god and define the way in which followers commune with that god. Religions have sacred texts, for example in Sikhism the text is called the Adi Granth, and religions have revered places for communal worship. In Judaism the synagogue is the place for communal prayer and religious learning. All religion involves ceremony and festivals and observances at points in a religious calendar and at significant stages in the life of its prophet or prophets and the lives of its followers. For example, followers of the Christian faith celebrate baptism, the rite of a persons entry into the faith, and Muslims celebrate important events in the life of the Prophet, including his birthday.", "hypothesis": "Providing an explanation of what happens after death is attributed to all major religions except for Buddhism.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_649", "premise": "The worlds major religions are Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism and Sikhism. The oldest is Hinduism which is believed to have been worshipped for at least 5,000 years. Religion provides a sense of community, a shared set of values that shape daily life, a definition of the meaning of life and a set of beliefs as to how the world began and what happens after death. Except for Buddhism the major religions all identify a supreme god and define the way in which followers commune with that god. Religions have sacred texts, for example in Sikhism the text is called the Adi Granth, and religions have revered places for communal worship. In Judaism the synagogue is the place for communal prayer and religious learning. All religion involves ceremony and festivals and observances at points in a religious calendar and at significant stages in the life of its prophet or prophets and the lives of its followers. For example, followers of the Christian faith celebrate baptism, the rite of a persons entry into the faith, and Muslims celebrate important events in the life of the Prophet, including his birthday.", "hypothesis": "The passage is illustrated with specific details from five of the six major religions of the world.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_650", "premise": "The worlds major religions are Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism and Sikhism. The oldest is Hinduism which is believed to have been worshipped for at least 5,000 years. Religion provides a sense of community, a shared set of values that shape daily life, a definition of the meaning of life and a set of beliefs as to how the world began and what happens after death. Except for Buddhism the major religions all identify a supreme god and define the way in which followers commune with that god. Religions have sacred texts, for example in Sikhism the text is called the Adi Granth, and religions have revered places for communal worship. In Judaism the synagogue is the place for communal prayer and religious learning. All religion involves ceremony and festivals and observances at points in a religious calendar and at significant stages in the life of its prophet or prophets and the lives of its followers. For example, followers of the Christian faith celebrate baptism, the rite of a persons entry into the faith, and Muslims celebrate important events in the life of the Prophet, including his birthday.", "hypothesis": "The main theme of the passage is an examination of the ceremonies, festivals and observances of the worlds major religions and the lives of the prophet or prophets and the followers.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_651", "premise": "The worlds population is determined by the balance between the birth rate and the death rate. The population of a particular area can also increase or decrease due to migration. It will increase when the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants and decrease when the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants. The make-up of a population by its age and sex and its life-expectancy will also have implications for the population size and its expected future growth or decline.", "hypothesis": "The population of a particular area will decrease if the number of immigrants is higher than the number of emigrants.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_652", "premise": "The worlds population is determined by the balance between the birth rate and the death rate. The population of a particular area can also increase or decrease due to migration. It will increase when the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants and decrease when the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants. The make-up of a population by its age and sex and its life-expectancy will also have implications for the population size and its expected future growth or decline.", "hypothesis": "The worlds population overall will not be affected by immigration or emigration.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_653", "premise": "The worlds population is determined by the balance between the birth rate and the death rate. The population of a particular area can also increase or decrease due to migration. It will increase when the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants and decrease when the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants. The make-up of a population by its age and sex and its life-expectancy will also have implications for the population size and its expected future growth or decline.", "hypothesis": "A higher birth rate will mean a growing world population.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_654", "premise": "The worlds population is determined by the balance between the birth rate and the death rate. The population of a particular area can also increase or decrease due to migration. It will increase when the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants and decrease when the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants. The make-up of a population by its age and sex and its life-expectancy will also have implications for the population size and its expected future growth or decline.", "hypothesis": "The worlds population will continue to grow.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_655", "premise": "The worlds population is expected to increase to more than 10 billion by 2050. Having a child in the developed world has a greater environmental impact than having a child in the developing world. Likewise having a large family in the developed world has a far greater environmental impact than having a large family in the developing world. This is because a child born into the developed world is much more likely to go on to have a high carbon dioxide emission lifestyle given that they are more likely to take regular flights, drive cars, live in a large energy-hungry home and so on. This has led some campaigners to argue that families in the developed world should think far more seriously about the environmental consequences of having children and should elect or be encouraged to have fewer.", "hypothesis": "If it were the case that all of the worlds future population growth was projected to occur in the developing world and that the population of most developed countries would have fallen if it wasn't for immigration, then the case made for smaller families in the developed world would be weakened.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_656", "premise": "The worlds population is expected to increase to more than 10 billion by 2050. Having a child in the developed world has a greater environmental impact than having a child in the developing world. Likewise having a large family in the developed world has a far greater environmental impact than having a large family in the developing world. This is because a child born into the developed world is much more likely to go on to have a high carbon dioxide emission lifestyle given that they are more likely to take regular flights, drive cars, live in a large energy-hungry home and so on. This has led some campaigners to argue that families in the developed world should think far more seriously about the environmental consequences of having children and should elect or be encouraged to have fewer.", "hypothesis": "If families living in the developing world were to have fewer children then they too would make a major cut in their families future carbon dioxide output.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_657", "premise": "The worlds population is growing by about 70 million people a year but the increase is uneven, with some nations populations growing rapidly and others decreasing. Among the industrialized nations, only the United States will experience significant growth by 2050, while Europe is expected to have 60 million fewer people than today. Britain is predicted to grow faster than any other European industrialized country, reaching a population of 65 million in the next 25 years. By then it will have overtaken France to become Europes second most populous country.", "hypothesis": "Britain is currently the third most populous European country.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_658", "premise": "The worlds population is growing by about 70 million people a year but the increase is uneven, with some nations populations growing rapidly and others decreasing. Among the industrialized nations, only the United States will experience significant growth by 2050, while Europe is expected to have 60 million fewer people than today. Britain is predicted to grow faster than any other European industrialized country, reaching a population of 65 million in the next 25 years. By then it will have overtaken France to become Europes second most populous country.", "hypothesis": "In all but one case the nations due to experience significant growth in their populations are not industrial.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_659", "premise": "The worlds population is growing by about 70 million people a year but the increase is uneven, with some nations populations growing rapidly and others decreasing. Among the industrialized nations, only the United States will experience significant growth by 2050, while Europe is expected to have 60 million fewer people than today. Britain is predicted to grow faster than any other European industrialized country, reaching a population of 65 million in the next 25 years. By then it will have overtaken France to become Europes second most populous country.", "hypothesis": "Britain is not expected to experience significant population growth by 2050.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_660", "premise": "The year 2003 marked a substantial shift in the working conditions of international long-distance call centre staff. This resulted from newly developed telecommunication technology as well as the change in working hours which put higher strain on employees. The typical working hours have changed dramatically to suit trans-Atlantic time zones. Throughout a shift, staff need to function dynamically and answer calls enthusiastically during unconventional hours. The late working hours has likewise caused some loss to the human interaction in the workplace in the call centre", "hypothesis": "Social interaction amongst call centre staff is higher when working regular hours.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_661", "premise": "The year 2003 marked a substantial shift in the working conditions of international long-distance call centre staff. This resulted from newly developed telecommunication technology as well as the change in working hours which put higher strain on employees. The typical working hours have changed dramatically to suit trans-Atlantic time zones. Throughout a shift, staff need to function dynamically and answer calls enthusiastically during unconventional hours. The late working hours has likewise caused some loss to the human interaction in the workplace in the call centre", "hypothesis": "Call centre employees have to answer incoming calls much more enthusiastically than in the past.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_662", "premise": "The year 2003 marked a substantial shift in the working conditions of international long-distance call centre staff. This resulted from newly developed telecommunication technology as well as the change in working hours which put higher strain on employees. The typical working hours have changed dramatically to suit trans-Atlantic time zones. Throughout a shift, staff need to function dynamically and answer calls enthusiastically during unconventional hours. The late working hours has likewise caused some loss to the human interaction in the workplace in the call centre", "hypothesis": "Call centre staff now have a more strenuous workload.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_663", "premise": "The year 2003 marked a substantial shift in the working conditions of international long-distance call centre staff. This resulted from newly developed telecommunication technology as well as the change in working hours which put higher strain on employees. The typical working hours have changed dramatically to suit trans-Atlantic time zones. Throughout a shift, staff need to function dynamically and answer calls enthusiastically during unconventional hours. The late working hours has likewise caused some loss to the human interaction in the workplace in the call centre", "hypothesis": "International long-distance call centre employees have had to change their working hours.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_664", "premise": "Theft by Check occurs when a person issues or passes a check with the intent of depriving the owner of property or service available in exchange for the check (1) knowing he or she does not have an account at the financial institution printed on the check or (2) knowing there is an open account at this institution but there isn't enough money to make payment on the check.", "hypothesis": "Leo closed out his account at Junction Bank three months ago. He still has checks left from that account, so he uses one to pay for his new stereo. This situation is the best example of Theft by Check.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_665", "premise": "Theft by Check occurs when a person issues or passes a check with the intent of depriving the owner of property or service available in exchange for the check (1) knowing he or she does not have an account at the financial institution printed on the check or (2) knowing there is an open account at this institution but there isn't enough money to make payment on the check.", "hypothesis": "Jacob closed his account today but has left enough money forthe rent check he wrote two days ago in that account to clear the bank. This situation is the best example of Theft by Check.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_666", "premise": "Theft by Check occurs when a person issues or passes a check with the intent of depriving the owner of property or service available in exchange for the check (1) knowing he or she does not have an account at the financial institution printed on the check or (2) knowing there is an open account at this institution but there isn't enough money to make payment on the check.", "hypothesis": "Perla writes a check at the Gypsy Diner. The Diner calls her two days later and tells her that her bank returned it for insufficient funds. She drives to the diner and gives them cash to cover the check. This situation is the best example of Theft by Check.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_667", "premise": "Theft by Check occurs when a person issues or passes a check with the intent of depriving the owner of property or service available in exchange for the check (1) knowing he or she does not have an account at the financial institution printed on the check or (2) knowing there is an open account at this institution but there isn't enough money to make payment on the check.", "hypothesis": "Xena writes a check to the Posey Patrol for flowers for her mother's birthday. The check bounces. The bank notifies her that it covered the check anyway but that her account will be charged $15 for this service. This situation is the best example of Theft by Check.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_668", "premise": "Theory or Practice? What is the point of research carried out by biz schools? Students go to universities and other academic institutions to prepare for their future. We pay tuition and struggle through classes in the hopes that we can find a fulfilling and exciting career. But the choice of your university has a large influence on your future. How can you know which university will prepare you the best for your future? Like other academic institutions, business schools are judged by the quality of the research carried out by their faculties. Professors must both teach students and also produce original research in their own field. The quality of this research is assessed by academic publications. At the same time, universities have another responsibility to equip their students for the real world, however that is defined. Most students learning from professors will not go into academics themselvesso how do academics best prepare them for their future careers, whatever that may be? Whether academic research actually produces anything that is useful to the practice of business, or even whether it is its job to do so, are questions that can provoke vigorous arguments on campus. The debate, which first flared during the 1950s, was reignited in August, when AACSB International. the most widely recognised global accrediting agency for business schools, announced it would consider changing the way it evaluates research. The news followed rather damning criticism in 2002 from Jeffrey Pfefler. a Stanford professor, and Christina Fong of Washington University, which questioned whether business education in its current guise was sustainable. The study found that traditional modes of academia were not adequately preparing students for the kind of careers they faced in current times. The most controversial recommendation in AACSBs draft report (which was sent round to administrators for their comment) is that the schools should be required to demonstrate the value of their faculties research not simply by listing its citations in journals, but by demonstrating the impact it has in the professional world. New qualifiers, such as average incomes, student placement in top firms and business collaborations would now be considered just as important as academic publications. AACSB justifies its stance by saying that it wants schools and faculty to play to their strengths, whether they be in pedagogy, in the research of practical applications, or in scholarly endeavor. Traditionally, universities operate in a pyramid structure. Everyone enters and stays in an attempt to be successful in their academic field. A psychology professor must publish competitive research in the top neuroscience journals. A Cultural Studies professor must send graduate students on new field research expeditions to be taken seriously. This research is the core of a universitys output. And research of any kind is expensiveAACSB points out that business schools in America alone spend more than $320m a year on it. So it seems legitimate to ask for, what purpose it is undertaken? If a school chose to specialise in professional outputs rather than academic outputs, it could use such a large sum of money and redirect it into more fruitful programs. For example, if a business school wanted a larger presence of employees at top financial firms, this money may be better spent on a career center which focuses on building the skills of students, rather than paying for more high-level research to be done through the effort of faculty. A change in evaluation could also open the door to inviting more professionals from different fields to teach as adjuncts. Students could take accredited courses from people who are currently working in their dream field. The AACSB insists that universities answer the question as to why research is the most critical component of traditional education. On one level, the question is simple to answer. Research in business schools, as anywhere else, is about expanding the boundaries of knowledge; it thrives on answering unasked questions. Surely this pursuit of knowledge is still important to the university system. Our society progresses because we learn how to do things in new ways, a process which depends heavily on research and academics. But one cannot ignore the other obvious practical uses of research publications. Research is also about cementing schools and professors reputations. Schools gain kudos from their faculties record of publication: which journals publish them, and how often. In some cases, such as with government-funded schools in Britain, it can affect how much money they receive. For professors, the mantra is often publish or perish. Their careers depend on being seen in the right journals. But at a certain point, one has to wonder whether this research is being done for the benefit of the university or for the students the university aims to teach. Greater publications will attract greater funding, which will in turn be spent on better publications. Students seeking to enter professions out of academia find this cycle frustrating, and often see their professors as being part of the Ivory Tower of academia, operating in a self-contained community that has little influence on the outside world. The research is almost universally unread by real-world managers. Part of the trouble is that the journals labour under a similar ethos. They publish more than 20,000 articles each year. Most of the research is highly quantitative, hypothesis-driven and esoteric. As a result, it is almost universally unread by real-world managers. Much of the research criticises other published research. A paper in a 2006 issue of Strategy & Leadership commented that research is not designed with managers needs in mind, nor is it communicated in the journals they read. For the most part, it has become a self-referential closed system irrelevant to corporate performance. The AACSB demands that this segregation must change for the future of higher education. If students must invest thousands of dollars for an education as part of their career path, the academics which serve the students should be more fully incorporated into the professional world. This means that universities must focus on other strengths outside of research, such as professional networks, technology skills, and connections with top business firms around the world. Though many universities resisted the report, todays world continues to change. The universities which prepare students for our changing future have little choice but to change with new trends and new standards.", "hypothesis": "The debate about the usefulness of academic research for business practices is a recent one.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_669", "premise": "Theory or Practice? What is the point of research carried out by biz schools? Students go to universities and other academic institutions to prepare for their future. We pay tuition and struggle through classes in the hopes that we can find a fulfilling and exciting career. But the choice of your university has a large influence on your future. How can you know which university will prepare you the best for your future? Like other academic institutions, business schools are judged by the quality of the research carried out by their faculties. Professors must both teach students and also produce original research in their own field. The quality of this research is assessed by academic publications. At the same time, universities have another responsibility to equip their students for the real world, however that is defined. Most students learning from professors will not go into academics themselvesso how do academics best prepare them for their future careers, whatever that may be? Whether academic research actually produces anything that is useful to the practice of business, or even whether it is its job to do so, are questions that can provoke vigorous arguments on campus. The debate, which first flared during the 1950s, was reignited in August, when AACSB International. the most widely recognised global accrediting agency for business schools, announced it would consider changing the way it evaluates research. The news followed rather damning criticism in 2002 from Jeffrey Pfefler. a Stanford professor, and Christina Fong of Washington University, which questioned whether business education in its current guise was sustainable. The study found that traditional modes of academia were not adequately preparing students for the kind of careers they faced in current times. The most controversial recommendation in AACSBs draft report (which was sent round to administrators for their comment) is that the schools should be required to demonstrate the value of their faculties research not simply by listing its citations in journals, but by demonstrating the impact it has in the professional world. New qualifiers, such as average incomes, student placement in top firms and business collaborations would now be considered just as important as academic publications. AACSB justifies its stance by saying that it wants schools and faculty to play to their strengths, whether they be in pedagogy, in the research of practical applications, or in scholarly endeavor. Traditionally, universities operate in a pyramid structure. Everyone enters and stays in an attempt to be successful in their academic field. A psychology professor must publish competitive research in the top neuroscience journals. A Cultural Studies professor must send graduate students on new field research expeditions to be taken seriously. This research is the core of a universitys output. And research of any kind is expensiveAACSB points out that business schools in America alone spend more than $320m a year on it. So it seems legitimate to ask for, what purpose it is undertaken? If a school chose to specialise in professional outputs rather than academic outputs, it could use such a large sum of money and redirect it into more fruitful programs. For example, if a business school wanted a larger presence of employees at top financial firms, this money may be better spent on a career center which focuses on building the skills of students, rather than paying for more high-level research to be done through the effort of faculty. A change in evaluation could also open the door to inviting more professionals from different fields to teach as adjuncts. Students could take accredited courses from people who are currently working in their dream field. The AACSB insists that universities answer the question as to why research is the most critical component of traditional education. On one level, the question is simple to answer. Research in business schools, as anywhere else, is about expanding the boundaries of knowledge; it thrives on answering unasked questions. Surely this pursuit of knowledge is still important to the university system. Our society progresses because we learn how to do things in new ways, a process which depends heavily on research and academics. But one cannot ignore the other obvious practical uses of research publications. Research is also about cementing schools and professors reputations. Schools gain kudos from their faculties record of publication: which journals publish them, and how often. In some cases, such as with government-funded schools in Britain, it can affect how much money they receive. For professors, the mantra is often publish or perish. Their careers depend on being seen in the right journals. But at a certain point, one has to wonder whether this research is being done for the benefit of the university or for the students the university aims to teach. Greater publications will attract greater funding, which will in turn be spent on better publications. Students seeking to enter professions out of academia find this cycle frustrating, and often see their professors as being part of the Ivory Tower of academia, operating in a self-contained community that has little influence on the outside world. The research is almost universally unread by real-world managers. Part of the trouble is that the journals labour under a similar ethos. They publish more than 20,000 articles each year. Most of the research is highly quantitative, hypothesis-driven and esoteric. As a result, it is almost universally unread by real-world managers. Much of the research criticises other published research. A paper in a 2006 issue of Strategy & Leadership commented that research is not designed with managers needs in mind, nor is it communicated in the journals they read. For the most part, it has become a self-referential closed system irrelevant to corporate performance. The AACSB demands that this segregation must change for the future of higher education. If students must invest thousands of dollars for an education as part of their career path, the academics which serve the students should be more fully incorporated into the professional world. This means that universities must focus on other strengths outside of research, such as professional networks, technology skills, and connections with top business firms around the world. Though many universities resisted the report, todays world continues to change. The universities which prepare students for our changing future have little choice but to change with new trends and new standards.", "hypothesis": "AACSBs draft report was not reviewed externally.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_670", "premise": "Theory or Practice? What is the point of research carried out by biz schools? Students go to universities and other academic institutions to prepare for their future. We pay tuition and struggle through classes in the hopes that we can find a fulfilling and exciting career. But the choice of your university has a large influence on your future. How can you know which university will prepare you the best for your future? Like other academic institutions, business schools are judged by the quality of the research carried out by their faculties. Professors must both teach students and also produce original research in their own field. The quality of this research is assessed by academic publications. At the same time, universities have another responsibility to equip their students for the real world, however that is defined. Most students learning from professors will not go into academics themselvesso how do academics best prepare them for their future careers, whatever that may be? Whether academic research actually produces anything that is useful to the practice of business, or even whether it is its job to do so, are questions that can provoke vigorous arguments on campus. The debate, which first flared during the 1950s, was reignited in August, when AACSB International. the most widely recognised global accrediting agency for business schools, announced it would consider changing the way it evaluates research. The news followed rather damning criticism in 2002 from Jeffrey Pfefler. a Stanford professor, and Christina Fong of Washington University, which questioned whether business education in its current guise was sustainable. The study found that traditional modes of academia were not adequately preparing students for the kind of careers they faced in current times. The most controversial recommendation in AACSBs draft report (which was sent round to administrators for their comment) is that the schools should be required to demonstrate the value of their faculties research not simply by listing its citations in journals, but by demonstrating the impact it has in the professional world. New qualifiers, such as average incomes, student placement in top firms and business collaborations would now be considered just as important as academic publications. AACSB justifies its stance by saying that it wants schools and faculty to play to their strengths, whether they be in pedagogy, in the research of practical applications, or in scholarly endeavor. Traditionally, universities operate in a pyramid structure. Everyone enters and stays in an attempt to be successful in their academic field. A psychology professor must publish competitive research in the top neuroscience journals. A Cultural Studies professor must send graduate students on new field research expeditions to be taken seriously. This research is the core of a universitys output. And research of any kind is expensiveAACSB points out that business schools in America alone spend more than $320m a year on it. So it seems legitimate to ask for, what purpose it is undertaken? If a school chose to specialise in professional outputs rather than academic outputs, it could use such a large sum of money and redirect it into more fruitful programs. For example, if a business school wanted a larger presence of employees at top financial firms, this money may be better spent on a career center which focuses on building the skills of students, rather than paying for more high-level research to be done through the effort of faculty. A change in evaluation could also open the door to inviting more professionals from different fields to teach as adjuncts. Students could take accredited courses from people who are currently working in their dream field. The AACSB insists that universities answer the question as to why research is the most critical component of traditional education. On one level, the question is simple to answer. Research in business schools, as anywhere else, is about expanding the boundaries of knowledge; it thrives on answering unasked questions. Surely this pursuit of knowledge is still important to the university system. Our society progresses because we learn how to do things in new ways, a process which depends heavily on research and academics. But one cannot ignore the other obvious practical uses of research publications. Research is also about cementing schools and professors reputations. Schools gain kudos from their faculties record of publication: which journals publish them, and how often. In some cases, such as with government-funded schools in Britain, it can affect how much money they receive. For professors, the mantra is often publish or perish. Their careers depend on being seen in the right journals. But at a certain point, one has to wonder whether this research is being done for the benefit of the university or for the students the university aims to teach. Greater publications will attract greater funding, which will in turn be spent on better publications. Students seeking to enter professions out of academia find this cycle frustrating, and often see their professors as being part of the Ivory Tower of academia, operating in a self-contained community that has little influence on the outside world. The research is almost universally unread by real-world managers. Part of the trouble is that the journals labour under a similar ethos. They publish more than 20,000 articles each year. Most of the research is highly quantitative, hypothesis-driven and esoteric. As a result, it is almost universally unread by real-world managers. Much of the research criticises other published research. A paper in a 2006 issue of Strategy & Leadership commented that research is not designed with managers needs in mind, nor is it communicated in the journals they read. For the most part, it has become a self-referential closed system irrelevant to corporate performance. The AACSB demands that this segregation must change for the future of higher education. If students must invest thousands of dollars for an education as part of their career path, the academics which serve the students should be more fully incorporated into the professional world. This means that universities must focus on other strengths outside of research, such as professional networks, technology skills, and connections with top business firms around the world. Though many universities resisted the report, todays world continues to change. The universities which prepare students for our changing future have little choice but to change with new trends and new standards.", "hypothesis": "Greater publications benefit professors and students as well.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_671", "premise": "Theory or Practice? What is the point of research carried out by biz schools? Students go to universities and other academic institutions to prepare for their future. We pay tuition and struggle through classes in the hopes that we can find a fulfilling and exciting career. But the choice of your university has a large influence on your future. How can you know which university will prepare you the best for your future? Like other academic institutions, business schools are judged by the quality of the research carried out by their faculties. Professors must both teach students and also produce original research in their own field. The quality of this research is assessed by academic publications. At the same time, universities have another responsibility to equip their students for the real world, however that is defined. Most students learning from professors will not go into academics themselvesso how do academics best prepare them for their future careers, whatever that may be? Whether academic research actually produces anything that is useful to the practice of business, or even whether it is its job to do so, are questions that can provoke vigorous arguments on campus. The debate, which first flared during the 1950s, was reignited in August, when AACSB International. the most widely recognised global accrediting agency for business schools, announced it would consider changing the way it evaluates research. The news followed rather damning criticism in 2002 from Jeffrey Pfefler. a Stanford professor, and Christina Fong of Washington University, which questioned whether business education in its current guise was sustainable. The study found that traditional modes of academia were not adequately preparing students for the kind of careers they faced in current times. The most controversial recommendation in AACSBs draft report (which was sent round to administrators for their comment) is that the schools should be required to demonstrate the value of their faculties research not simply by listing its citations in journals, but by demonstrating the impact it has in the professional world. New qualifiers, such as average incomes, student placement in top firms and business collaborations would now be considered just as important as academic publications. AACSB justifies its stance by saying that it wants schools and faculty to play to their strengths, whether they be in pedagogy, in the research of practical applications, or in scholarly endeavor. Traditionally, universities operate in a pyramid structure. Everyone enters and stays in an attempt to be successful in their academic field. A psychology professor must publish competitive research in the top neuroscience journals. A Cultural Studies professor must send graduate students on new field research expeditions to be taken seriously. This research is the core of a universitys output. And research of any kind is expensiveAACSB points out that business schools in America alone spend more than $320m a year on it. So it seems legitimate to ask for, what purpose it is undertaken? If a school chose to specialise in professional outputs rather than academic outputs, it could use such a large sum of money and redirect it into more fruitful programs. For example, if a business school wanted a larger presence of employees at top financial firms, this money may be better spent on a career center which focuses on building the skills of students, rather than paying for more high-level research to be done through the effort of faculty. A change in evaluation could also open the door to inviting more professionals from different fields to teach as adjuncts. Students could take accredited courses from people who are currently working in their dream field. The AACSB insists that universities answer the question as to why research is the most critical component of traditional education. On one level, the question is simple to answer. Research in business schools, as anywhere else, is about expanding the boundaries of knowledge; it thrives on answering unasked questions. Surely this pursuit of knowledge is still important to the university system. Our society progresses because we learn how to do things in new ways, a process which depends heavily on research and academics. But one cannot ignore the other obvious practical uses of research publications. Research is also about cementing schools and professors reputations. Schools gain kudos from their faculties record of publication: which journals publish them, and how often. In some cases, such as with government-funded schools in Britain, it can affect how much money they receive. For professors, the mantra is often publish or perish. Their careers depend on being seen in the right journals. But at a certain point, one has to wonder whether this research is being done for the benefit of the university or for the students the university aims to teach. Greater publications will attract greater funding, which will in turn be spent on better publications. Students seeking to enter professions out of academia find this cycle frustrating, and often see their professors as being part of the Ivory Tower of academia, operating in a self-contained community that has little influence on the outside world. The research is almost universally unread by real-world managers. Part of the trouble is that the journals labour under a similar ethos. They publish more than 20,000 articles each year. Most of the research is highly quantitative, hypothesis-driven and esoteric. As a result, it is almost universally unread by real-world managers. Much of the research criticises other published research. A paper in a 2006 issue of Strategy & Leadership commented that research is not designed with managers needs in mind, nor is it communicated in the journals they read. For the most part, it has become a self-referential closed system irrelevant to corporate performance. The AACSB demands that this segregation must change for the future of higher education. If students must invest thousands of dollars for an education as part of their career path, the academics which serve the students should be more fully incorporated into the professional world. This means that universities must focus on other strengths outside of research, such as professional networks, technology skills, and connections with top business firms around the world. Though many universities resisted the report, todays world continues to change. The universities which prepare students for our changing future have little choice but to change with new trends and new standards.", "hypothesis": "Business schools in the US spend more than 320 million dollars yearly on research.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_672", "premise": "Theory or Practice? What is the point of research carried out by biz schools? Students go to universities and other academic institutions to prepare for their future. We pay tuition and struggle through classes in the hopes that we can find a fulfilling and exciting career. But the choice of your university has a large influence on your future. How can you know which university will prepare you the best for your future? Like other academic institutions, business schools are judged by the quality of the research carried out by their faculties. Professors must both teach students and also produce original research in their own field. The quality of this research is assessed by academic publications. At the same time, universities have another responsibility to equip their students for the real world, however that is defined. Most students learning from professors will not go into academics themselvesso how do academics best prepare them for their future careers, whatever that may be? Whether academic research actually produces anything that is useful to the practice of business, or even whether it is its job to do so, are questions that can provoke vigorous arguments on campus. The debate, which first flared during the 1950s, was reignited in August, when AACSB International. the most widely recognised global accrediting agency for business schools, announced it would consider changing the way it evaluates research. The news followed rather damning criticism in 2002 from Jeffrey Pfefler. a Stanford professor, and Christina Fong of Washington University, which questioned whether business education in its current guise was sustainable. The study found that traditional modes of academia were not adequately preparing students for the kind of careers they faced in current times. The most controversial recommendation in AACSBs draft report (which was sent round to administrators for their comment) is that the schools should be required to demonstrate the value of their faculties research not simply by listing its citations in journals, but by demonstrating the impact it has in the professional world. New qualifiers, such as average incomes, student placement in top firms and business collaborations would now be considered just as important as academic publications. AACSB justifies its stance by saying that it wants schools and faculty to play to their strengths, whether they be in pedagogy, in the research of practical applications, or in scholarly endeavor. Traditionally, universities operate in a pyramid structure. Everyone enters and stays in an attempt to be successful in their academic field. A psychology professor must publish competitive research in the top neuroscience journals. A Cultural Studies professor must send graduate students on new field research expeditions to be taken seriously. This research is the core of a universitys output. And research of any kind is expensiveAACSB points out that business schools in America alone spend more than $320m a year on it. So it seems legitimate to ask for, what purpose it is undertaken? If a school chose to specialise in professional outputs rather than academic outputs, it could use such a large sum of money and redirect it into more fruitful programs. For example, if a business school wanted a larger presence of employees at top financial firms, this money may be better spent on a career center which focuses on building the skills of students, rather than paying for more high-level research to be done through the effort of faculty. A change in evaluation could also open the door to inviting more professionals from different fields to teach as adjuncts. Students could take accredited courses from people who are currently working in their dream field. The AACSB insists that universities answer the question as to why research is the most critical component of traditional education. On one level, the question is simple to answer. Research in business schools, as anywhere else, is about expanding the boundaries of knowledge; it thrives on answering unasked questions. Surely this pursuit of knowledge is still important to the university system. Our society progresses because we learn how to do things in new ways, a process which depends heavily on research and academics. But one cannot ignore the other obvious practical uses of research publications. Research is also about cementing schools and professors reputations. Schools gain kudos from their faculties record of publication: which journals publish them, and how often. In some cases, such as with government-funded schools in Britain, it can affect how much money they receive. For professors, the mantra is often publish or perish. Their careers depend on being seen in the right journals. But at a certain point, one has to wonder whether this research is being done for the benefit of the university or for the students the university aims to teach. Greater publications will attract greater funding, which will in turn be spent on better publications. Students seeking to enter professions out of academia find this cycle frustrating, and often see their professors as being part of the Ivory Tower of academia, operating in a self-contained community that has little influence on the outside world. The research is almost universally unread by real-world managers. Part of the trouble is that the journals labour under a similar ethos. They publish more than 20,000 articles each year. Most of the research is highly quantitative, hypothesis-driven and esoteric. As a result, it is almost universally unread by real-world managers. Much of the research criticises other published research. A paper in a 2006 issue of Strategy & Leadership commented that research is not designed with managers needs in mind, nor is it communicated in the journals they read. For the most part, it has become a self-referential closed system irrelevant to corporate performance. The AACSB demands that this segregation must change for the future of higher education. If students must invest thousands of dollars for an education as part of their career path, the academics which serve the students should be more fully incorporated into the professional world. This means that universities must focus on other strengths outside of research, such as professional networks, technology skills, and connections with top business firms around the world. Though many universities resisted the report, todays world continues to change. The universities which prepare students for our changing future have little choice but to change with new trends and new standards.", "hypothesis": "Many universities pursue professional outputs.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_673", "premise": "There are 150,000 criminals who have been convicted, have served a period in prison and been released early to be supervised in the community by the governments probation service. A small proportion while on probation commit further offences, including very serious crimes. Offenders on probation have been convicted of over 100 murders and a further 37 have been convicted of attempted murder. Critics point to the current auto- matic early release scheme that allows offenders to walk free after completing only a small fraction of their full sentence, as the cause of the current situation. The probation service responds by pointing out that any offending by people under their supervision is of great concern, but that the incidence of offenders who commit serious offences while on probation is low, with only 0.2 per cent of offenders being convicted of very serious crimes while on probation.", "hypothesis": "In the context of the passage, the term very serious crime can be taken to mean murder or attempted murder.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_674", "premise": "There are 150,000 criminals who have been convicted, have served a period in prison and been released early to be supervised in the community by the governments probation service. A small proportion while on probation commit further offences, including very serious crimes. Offenders on probation have been convicted of over 100 murders and a further 37 have been convicted of attempted murder. Critics point to the current auto- matic early release scheme that allows offenders to walk free after completing only a small fraction of their full sentence, as the cause of the current situation. The probation service responds by pointing out that any offending by people under their supervision is of great concern, but that the incidence of offenders who commit serious offences while on probation is low, with only 0.2 per cent of offenders being convicted of very serious crimes while on probation.", "hypothesis": "Whatever the probation service might say, 100 murders would not have occurred if it were not for the early release scheme.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_675", "premise": "There are 150,000 criminals who have been convicted, have served a period in prison and been released early to be supervised in the community by the governments probation service. A small proportion while on probation commit further offences, including very serious crimes. Offenders on probation have been convicted of over 100 murders and a further 37 have been convicted of attempted murder. Critics point to the current auto- matic early release scheme that allows offenders to walk free after completing only a small fraction of their full sentence, as the cause of the current situation. The probation service responds by pointing out that any offending by people under their supervision is of great concern, but that the incidence of offenders who commit serious offences while on probation is low, with only 0.2 per cent of offenders being convicted of very serious crimes while on probation.", "hypothesis": "A premise of the passage is that the probation service is failing to properly supervise dangerous criminals.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_676", "premise": "There are 562 federally recognized American Indian tribes, with a total of 1.7 million members. Additionally, there are hundreds of groups seeking federal recognition - or sovereignty - though less than ten percent will successfully achieve this status. Federally recognized tribes have the right to self-government, and are also eligible for federal assistance programmes. Exempt from state and local jurisdiction, tribes may enforce their own laws, request tax breaks and control regulatory activities. There are however limitations to their sovereignty including, amongst others, the ability to make war and create currency. Historically, tribes were granted federal recognition through treaties or by executive order. Since 1978 however, this has been replaced by a lengthy and stringent regulatory process which requires tribes applying for federal recognition to fulfill seven criteria, such as anthropological and historical evidence. One of the complications regarding federal recognition is the legal definition of \"Indian\". Previously, racial criteria, tribal records and personal affidavits were used to classify American Indians. Since the 1970s, however, there has been a shift to the use of a political definition - requiring membership in a federally recognized tribe in order to qualify for benefits, such as loans and educational grants. This definition, however, excludes many individuals of Native American heritage who are not tribal members.", "hypothesis": "There are only two exemptions to a federally recognized tribes powers of self-government.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_677", "premise": "There are 562 federally recognized American Indian tribes, with a total of 1.7 million members. Additionally, there are hundreds of groups seeking federal recognition - or sovereignty - though less than ten percent will successfully achieve this status. Federally recognized tribes have the right to self-government, and are also eligible for federal assistance programmes. Exempt from state and local jurisdiction, tribes may enforce their own laws, request tax breaks and control regulatory activities. There are however limitations to their sovereignty including, amongst others, the ability to make war and create currency. Historically, tribes were granted federal recognition through treaties or by executive order. Since 1978 however, this has been replaced by a lengthy and stringent regulatory process which requires tribes applying for federal recognition to fulfill seven criteria, such as anthropological and historical evidence. One of the complications regarding federal recognition is the legal definition of \"Indian\". Previously, racial criteria, tribal records and personal affidavits were used to classify American Indians. Since the 1970s, however, there has been a shift to the use of a political definition - requiring membership in a federally recognized tribe in order to qualify for benefits, such as loans and educational grants. This definition, however, excludes many individuals of Native American heritage who are not tribal members.", "hypothesis": "A large number of people who identify themselves as American Indians do not fulfil the legal definition.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_678", "premise": "There are 562 federally recognized American Indian tribes, with a total of 1.7 million members. Additionally, there are hundreds of groups seeking federal recognition - or sovereignty - though less than ten percent will successfully achieve this status. Federally recognized tribes have the right to self-government, and are also eligible for federal assistance programmes. Exempt from state and local jurisdiction, tribes may enforce their own laws, request tax breaks and control regulatory activities. There are however limitations to their sovereignty including, amongst others, the ability to make war and create currency. Historically, tribes were granted federal recognition through treaties or by executive order. Since 1978 however, this has been replaced by a lengthy and stringent regulatory process which requires tribes applying for federal recognition to fulfill seven criteria, such as anthropological and historical evidence. One of the complications regarding federal recognition is the legal definition of \"Indian\". Previously, racial criteria, tribal records and personal affidavits were used to classify American Indians. Since the 1970s, however, there has been a shift to the use of a political definition - requiring membership in a federally recognized tribe in order to qualify for benefits, such as loans and educational grants. This definition, however, excludes many individuals of Native American heritage who are not tribal members.", "hypothesis": "Demand for federal recognition is high because it is a prerequisite for benefit programmes.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_679", "premise": "There are 562 federally recognized American Indian tribes, with a total of 1.7 million members. Additionally, there are hundreds of groups seeking federal recognition - or sovereignty - though less than ten percent will successfully achieve this status. Federally recognized tribes have the right to self-government, and are also eligible for federal assistance programmes. Exempt from state and local jurisdiction, tribes may enforce their own laws, request tax breaks and control regulatory activities. There are however limitations to their sovereignty including, amongst others, the ability to make war and create currency. Historically, tribes were granted federal recognition through treaties or by executive order. Since 1978 however, this has been replaced by a lengthy and stringent regulatory process which requires tribes applying for federal recognition to fulfill seven criteria, such as anthropological and historical evidence. One of the complications regarding federal recognition is the legal definition of \"Indian\". Previously, racial criteria, tribal records and personal affidavits were used to classify American Indians. Since the 1970s, however, there has been a shift to the use of a political definition - requiring membership in a federally recognized tribe in order to qualify for benefits, such as loans and educational grants. This definition, however, excludes many individuals of Native American heritage who are not tribal members.", "hypothesis": "Federally recognized tribes are not subject to state laws and do not pay taxes.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_680", "premise": "There are 562 federally recognized American Indian tribes, with a total of 1.7 million members. Additionally, there are hundreds of groups seeking federal recognition - or sovereignty - though less than ten percent will successfully achieve this status. Federally recognized tribes have the right to self-government, and are also eligible for federal assistance programmes. Exempt from state and local jurisdiction, tribes may enforce their own laws, request tax breaks and control regulatory activities. There are however limitations to their sovereignty including, amongst others, the ability to make war and create currency. Historically, tribes were granted federal recognition through treaties or by executive order. Since 1978 however, this has been replaced by a lengthy and stringent regulatory process which requires tribes applying for federal recognition to fulfill seven criteria, such as anthropological and historical evidence. One of the complications regarding federal recognition is the legal definition of \"Indian\". Previously, racial criteria, tribal records and personal affidavits were used to classify American Indians. Since the 1970s, however, there has been a shift to the use of a political definition - requiring membership in a federally recognized tribe in order to qualify for benefits, such as loans and educational grants. This definition, however, excludes many individuals of Native American heritage who are not tribal members.", "hypothesis": "Since 1978 it has become harder for a tribe to achieve federally recognized status.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_681", "premise": "There are a number of ways in which economic recession can impact a business, beside the most obvious factor of reduced consumer spending and a resultant decrease in sales. Recession also leads to a rise in inflation, which increases a business's expenditure. These factors in turn act both to reduce competition, through less stable businesses closing down, and simultaneously also to increase it, as remaining ones compete more aggressively to stay afloat. The combined effect of these factors can lead both to fluctuating sales, and an unstable working environment tensions within the business may rise as employees are denied expected pay increases, or have to be let go to compensate for falling profits. Employers and employees alike must be flexible, and make every effort to adapt to new and less predictable economic conditions, to have the best chance of survival.", "hypothesis": "Flexible businesses which adapt to new economic conditions will survive a recession.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_682", "premise": "There are a number of ways in which economic recession can impact a business, beside the most obvious factor of reduced consumer spending and a resultant decrease in sales. Recession also leads to a rise in inflation, which increases a business's expenditure. These factors in turn act both to reduce competition, through less stable businesses closing down, and simultaneously also to increase it, as remaining ones compete more aggressively to stay afloat. The combined effect of these factors can lead both to fluctuating sales, and an unstable working environment tensions within the business may rise as employees are denied expected pay increases, or have to be let go to compensate for falling profits. Employers and employees alike must be flexible, and make every effort to adapt to new and less predictable economic conditions, to have the best chance of survival.", "hypothesis": "Reduced consumer spending leads to a rise in inflation.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_683", "premise": "There are a number of ways in which economic recession can impact a business, beside the most obvious factor of reduced consumer spending and a resultant decrease in sales. Recession also leads to a rise in inflation, which increases a business's expenditure. These factors in turn act both to reduce competition, through less stable businesses closing down, and simultaneously also to increase it, as remaining ones compete more aggressively to stay afloat. The combined effect of these factors can lead both to fluctuating sales, and an unstable working environment tensions within the business may rise as employees are denied expected pay increases, or have to be let go to compensate for falling profits. Employers and employees alike must be flexible, and make every effort to adapt to new and less predictable economic conditions, to have the best chance of survival.", "hypothesis": "Recession, via decreased sales and increased operating costs, can both reduce and increase competition in business.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_684", "premise": "There are many comic tropes a comedian or group of comedians may want to employ in their set or act, but for the purpose of this extract we shall focus on the device of the call-back. A call-back is a reference made to a previous joke, in a different context: for example, a comedian may make the joke why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side early on in his or her set, and then later on may reference this again by telling an anecdote and saying so then I crossed the road - oh, look, theres a chicken! Strange, I could have sworn he was over there a moment ago. Though the call-back may appear to simply rely on the idea that repetition is inherently funny, it actually has several desirable effects. Firstly, it means that one joke can provide more than one laugh, as the memory of the previous joke encourages renewed chuckling, and so the original quips comic potential is increased. It also builds up a relationship between comedian and audience, as it builds up a sense of familiarity with the speaker and his or her subject matter, and this bond also may encourage more laughter - the second joke creates the same feeling as an in-joke. If used at the end of a set - as a call-back often is - it gives a sense of completion, and also may lead to the ending of the act culminating in the largest laugh. In TV, a call-back often refers to a joke made in a previous episode.", "hypothesis": "Repetition is inherently funny.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_685", "premise": "There are many comic tropes a comedian or group of comedians may want to employ in their set or act, but for the purpose of this extract we shall focus on the device of the call-back. A call-back is a reference made to a previous joke, in a different context: for example, a comedian may make the joke why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side early on in his or her set, and then later on may reference this again by telling an anecdote and saying so then I crossed the road - oh, look, theres a chicken! Strange, I could have sworn he was over there a moment ago. Though the call-back may appear to simply rely on the idea that repetition is inherently funny, it actually has several desirable effects. Firstly, it means that one joke can provide more than one laugh, as the memory of the previous joke encourages renewed chuckling, and so the original quips comic potential is increased. It also builds up a relationship between comedian and audience, as it builds up a sense of familiarity with the speaker and his or her subject matter, and this bond also may encourage more laughter - the second joke creates the same feeling as an in-joke. If used at the end of a set - as a call-back often is - it gives a sense of completion, and also may lead to the ending of the act culminating in the largest laugh. In TV, a call-back often refers to a joke made in a previous episode.", "hypothesis": "A call-back is an especially important trope to consider.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_686", "premise": "There are many comic tropes a comedian or group of comedians may want to employ in their set or act, but for the purpose of this extract we shall focus on the device of the call-back. A call-back is a reference made to a previous joke, in a different context: for example, a comedian may make the joke why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side early on in his or her set, and then later on may reference this again by telling an anecdote and saying so then I crossed the road - oh, look, theres a chicken! Strange, I could have sworn he was over there a moment ago. Though the call-back may appear to simply rely on the idea that repetition is inherently funny, it actually has several desirable effects. Firstly, it means that one joke can provide more than one laugh, as the memory of the previous joke encourages renewed chuckling, and so the original quips comic potential is increased. It also builds up a relationship between comedian and audience, as it builds up a sense of familiarity with the speaker and his or her subject matter, and this bond also may encourage more laughter - the second joke creates the same feeling as an in-joke. If used at the end of a set - as a call-back often is - it gives a sense of completion, and also may lead to the ending of the act culminating in the largest laugh. In TV, a call-back often refers to a joke made in a previous episode.", "hypothesis": "A call-back creates unity through disparate TV episodes.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_687", "premise": "There are many comic tropes a comedian or group of comedians may want to employ in their set or act, but for the purpose of this extract we shall focus on the device of the call-back. A call-back is a reference made to a previous joke, in a different context: for example, a comedian may make the joke why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side early on in his or her set, and then later on may reference this again by telling an anecdote and saying so then I crossed the road - oh, look, theres a chicken! Strange, I could have sworn he was over there a moment ago. Though the call-back may appear to simply rely on the idea that repetition is inherently funny, it actually has several desirable effects. Firstly, it means that one joke can provide more than one laugh, as the memory of the previous joke encourages renewed chuckling, and so the original quips comic potential is increased. It also builds up a relationship between comedian and audience, as it builds up a sense of familiarity with the speaker and his or her subject matter, and this bond also may encourage more laughter - the second joke creates the same feeling as an in-joke. If used at the end of a set - as a call-back often is - it gives a sense of completion, and also may lead to the ending of the act culminating in the largest laugh. In TV, a call-back often refers to a joke made in a previous episode.", "hypothesis": "A call-back can be a useful addition to an individual comedians set.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_688", "premise": "There are many comic tropes a comedian or group of comedians may want to employ in their set or act, but for the purpose of this extract we shall focus on the device of the call-back. A call-back is a reference made to a previous joke, in a different context: for example, a comedian may make the joke why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side early on in his or her set, and then later on may reference this again by telling an anecdote and saying so then I crossed the road - oh, look, theres a chicken! Strange, I could have sworn he was over there a moment ago. Though the call-back may appear to simply rely on the idea that repetition is inherently funny, it actually has several desirable effects. Firstly, it means that one joke can provide more than one laugh, as the memory of the previous joke encourages renewed chuckling, and so the original quips comic potential is increased. It also builds up a relationship between comedian and audience, as it builds up a sense of familiarity with the speaker and his or her subject matter, and this bond also may encourage more laughter - the second joke creates the same feeling as an in-joke. If used at the end of a set - as a call-back often is - it gives a sense of completion, and also may lead to the ending of the act culminating in the largest laugh. In TV, a call-back often refers to a joke made in a previous episode.", "hypothesis": "For a call-back to work, the original joke has to be significantly funny.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_689", "premise": "There are many comic tropes a comedian or group of comedians may want to employ in their set or act, but for the purpose of this extract we shall focus on the device of the call-back. A call-back is a reference made to a previous joke, in a different context: for example, a comedian may make the joke why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side early on in his or her set, and then later on may reference this again by telling an anecdote and saying so then I crossed the road - oh, look, theres a chicken! Strange, I could have sworn he was over there a moment ago. Though the call-back may appear to simply rely on the idea that repetition is inherently funny, it actually has several desirable effects. Firstly, it means that one joke can provide more than one laugh, as the memory of the previous joke encourages renewed chuckling, and so the original quips comic potential is increased. It also builds up a relationship between comedian and audience, as it builds up a sense of familiarity with the speaker and his or her subject matter, and this bond also may encourage more laughter - the second joke creates the same feeling as an in-joke. If used at the end of a set - as a call-back often is - it gives a sense of completion, and also may lead to the ending of the act culminating in the largest laugh. In TV, a call-back often refers to a joke made in a previous episode.", "hypothesis": "A call-back is used to create a sense of the circle having fully come to pass.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_690", "premise": "There are many comic tropes a comedian or group of comedians may want to employ in their set or act, but for the purpose of this extract we shall focus on the device of the call-back. A call-back is a reference made to a previous joke, in a different context: for example, a comedian may make the joke why did the chicken cross the road? To get to the other side early on in his or her set, and then later on may reference this again by telling an anecdote and saying so then I crossed the road - oh, look, theres a chicken! Strange, I could have sworn he was over there a moment ago. Though the call-back may appear to simply rely on the idea that repetition is inherently funny, it actually has several desirable effects. Firstly, it means that one joke can provide more than one laugh, as the memory of the previous joke encourages renewed chuckling, and so the original quips comic potential is increased. It also builds up a relationship between comedian and audience, as it builds up a sense of familiarity with the speaker and his or her subject matter, and this bond also may encourage more laughter - the second joke creates the same feeling as an in-joke. If used at the end of a set - as a call-back often is - it gives a sense of completion, and also may lead to the ending of the act culminating in the largest laugh. In TV, a call-back often refers to a joke made in a previous episode.", "hypothesis": "A call-back cannot be used in an un-comic setting.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_691", "premise": "There are now several million cars in the UK using satellite navigation (satnav) systems. These mcreasingly popular satnav systems mean that motorists no longer have to read maps while they are driving. There are two other major advantages: reduced journey time and reduced mileage (and thus fucl consumption) on unfamihar routes. System improvements have made these devices much more features. Although some safety surveys highlight the dangers of operating dashboard devices while driving, research conducted by one satnav manufacturer showed that nearly 70 per cent of drivers felt calmer and more focused on the road when using a satnav system.", "hypothesis": "Early satnav systems were less accurate than modern ones.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_692", "premise": "There are now several million cars in the UK using satellite navigation (satnav) systems. These mcreasingly popular satnav systems mean that motorists no longer have to read maps while they are driving. There are two other major advantages: reduced journey time and reduced mileage (and thus fucl consumption) on unfamihar routes. System improvements have made these devices much more features. Although some safety surveys highlight the dangers of operating dashboard devices while driving, research conducted by one satnav manufacturer showed that nearly 70 per cent of drivers felt calmer and more focused on the road when using a satnav system.", "hypothesis": "The passage suggests that a satnav system can make navigation more efficient.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_693", "premise": "There are now several million cars in the UK using satellite navigation (satnav) systems. These mcreasingly popular satnav systems mean that motorists no longer have to read maps while they are driving. There are two other major advantages: reduced journey time and reduced mileage (and thus fucl consumption) on unfamihar routes. System improvements have made these devices much more features. Although some safety surveys highlight the dangers of operating dashboard devices while driving, research conducted by one satnav manufacturer showed that nearly 70 per cent of drivers felt calmer and more focused on the road when using a satnav system.", "hypothesis": "Satellite navigation systems are useful for those people who cant read maps.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_694", "premise": "There are now several million cars in the UK using satellite navigation (satnav) systems. These mcreasingly popular satnav systems mean that motorists no longer have to read maps while they are driving. There are two other major advantages: reduced journey time and reduced mileage (and thus fucl consumption) on unfamihar routes. System improvements have made these devices much more features. Although some safety surveys highlight the dangers of operating dashboard devices while driving, research conducted by one satnav manufacturer showed that nearly 70 per cent of drivers felt calmer and more focused on the road when using a satnav system.", "hypothesis": "Controversy remains about the effects that satnav systems have on driver concentration.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_695", "premise": "There are now several million cars in the UK using satellite navigation (satnav) systems. These mcreasingly popular satnav systems mean that motorists no longer have to read maps while they are driving. There are two other major advantages: reduced journey time and reduced mileage (and thus fucl consumption) on unfamihar routes. System improvements have made these devices much more features. Although some safety surveys highlight the dangers of operating dashboard devices while driving, research conducted by one satnav manufacturer showed that nearly 70 per cent of drivers felt calmer and more focused on the road when using a satnav system.", "hypothesis": "Most drivers feel calmer when using a satnav system.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_696", "premise": "There are seven species of deer living wild in Britain. The Red Deer and the Roe Deer are native species. Fallow Deer were introduced by the Romans and, since the seventeenth century, have been joined by three other non-native species: Sika, Muntjac and Chinese Water Deer the ancestors of which have escaped from parks. In addition, a herd of Reindeer was established in Scotland in 1952. Most of the Red Deer in Britain are found in Scotland, but there are significant wild populations in south-west and north-west England, East Anglia and the north Midlands. Red deer can interbreed with the introduced Japanese Sika deer and in some areas, hybrids are common.", "hypothesis": "Red Deer can interbreed with Fallow Deer.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_697", "premise": "There are seven species of deer living wild in Britain. The Red Deer and the Roe Deer are native species. Fallow Deer were introduced by the Romans and, since the seventeenth century, have been joined by three other non-native species: Sika, Muntjac and Chinese Water Deer the ancestors of which have escaped from parks. In addition, a herd of Reindeer was established in Scotland in 1952. Most of the Red Deer in Britain are found in Scotland, but there are significant wild populations in south-west and north-west England, East Anglia and the north Midlands. Red deer can interbreed with the introduced Japanese Sika deer and in some areas, hybrids are common.", "hypothesis": "The Fallow Deer is not native to Britain.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_698", "premise": "There are seven species of deer living wild in Britain. The Red Deer and the Roe Deer are native species. Fallow Deer were introduced by the Romans and, since the seventeenth century, have been joined by three other non-native species: Sika, Muntjac and Chinese Water Deer the ancestors of which have escaped from parks. In addition, a herd of Reindeer was established in Scotland in 1952. Most of the Red Deer in Britain are found in Scotland, but there are significant wild populations in south-west and north-west England, East Anglia and the north Midlands. Red deer can interbreed with the introduced Japanese Sika deer and in some areas, hybrids are common.", "hypothesis": "There are no Reindeer in England.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_699", "premise": "There are seven species of deer living wild in Britain. The Red Deer and the Roe Deer are native species. Fallow Deer were introduced by the Romans and, since the seventeenth century, have been joined by three other non-native species: Sika, Muntjac and Chinese Water Deer the ancestors of which have escaped from parks. In addition, a herd of Reindeer was established in Scotland in 1952. Most of the Red Deer in Britain are found in Scotland, but there are significant wild populations in south-west and north-west England, East Anglia and the north Midlands. Red deer can interbreed with the introduced Japanese Sika deer and in some areas, hybrids are common.", "hypothesis": "All of the Red Deer in Britain are found in Scotland.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_700", "premise": "There are seven species of deer living wild in Britain. The Red Deer and the Roe Deer are native species. Fallow Deer were introduced by the Romans and, since the seventeenth century, have been joined by three other non-native species: Sika, Muntjac and Chinese Water Deer the ancestors of which have escaped from parks. In addition, a herd of Reindeer was established in Scotland in 1952. Most of the Red Deer in Britain are found in Scotland, but there are significant wild populations in south-west and north-west England, East Anglia and the north Midlands. Red deer can interbreed with the introduced Japanese Sika deer and in some areas, hybrids are common.", "hypothesis": "All of the Muntjac in England have escaped from parks.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_701", "premise": "There are several forms of public transport in the UK. Statistics suggest that forms of public transport are becoming increasingly popular, due to relatively cheap cost when compared to private transport. In addition to this, public transport is often quicker and more reliable, especially when travelling in busy cities, such as London. One reason why public transport is increasingly popular in London is the ease in which people can travel around the city centre. Services such as the Underground provide the opportunity to beat traffic congestion and negate the need for often costly parking. In addition, the regularity of such services is popular. However, public transport is often less popular in less densely populated areas. A possible reason for this is that services tend to be less regular, making public transport a less practical option.", "hypothesis": "Public transport can be cheaper and more practical in busy cities.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_702", "premise": "There are several forms of public transport in the UK. Statistics suggest that forms of public transport are becoming increasingly popular, due to relatively cheap cost when compared to private transport. In addition to this, public transport is often quicker and more reliable, especially when travelling in busy cities, such as London. One reason why public transport is increasingly popular in London is the ease in which people can travel around the city centre. Services such as the Underground provide the opportunity to beat traffic congestion and negate the need for often costly parking. In addition, the regularity of such services is popular. However, public transport is often less popular in less densely populated areas. A possible reason for this is that services tend to be less regular, making public transport a less practical option.", "hypothesis": "Public transport is often safer than parking in busy cities.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_703", "premise": "There are several forms of public transport in the UK. Statistics suggest that forms of public transport are becoming increasingly popular, due to relatively cheap cost when compared to private transport. In addition to this, public transport is often quicker and more reliable, especially when travelling in busy cities, such as London. One reason why public transport is increasingly popular in London is the ease in which people can travel around the city centre. Services such as the Underground provide the opportunity to beat traffic congestion and negate the need for often costly parking. In addition, the regularity of such services is popular. However, public transport is often less popular in less densely populated areas. A possible reason for this is that services tend to be less regular, making public transport a less practical option.", "hypothesis": "Public transport offers less regular services and can be unpractical.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_704", "premise": "There are several forms of public transport in the UK. Statistics suggest that forms of public transport are becoming increasingly popular, due to relatively cheap cost when compared to private transport. In addition to this, public transport is often quicker and more reliable, especially when travelling in busy cities, such as London. One reason why public transport is increasingly popular in London is the ease in which people can travel around the city centre. Services such as the Underground provide the opportunity to beat traffic congestion and negate the need for often costly parking. In addition, the regularity of such services is popular. However, public transport is often less popular in less densely populated areas. A possible reason for this is that services tend to be less regular, making public transport a less practical option.", "hypothesis": "Public transport is more entertaining than private transport.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_705", "premise": "There are several possible reasons behind the participation in professional trade fairs - it can be an excellent sales platform providing an exposure to relevant customers and distributors as it is one of those rare occasions where customers actively seek specific products; it can be an image building expenditure aiming at strengthening a company's profile within a sector by showing novel products and a lucrative stall design; and it can be a good way to gauge your competition by accessing vital information about other products and to generally assess the direction the sector is heading. Trade fairs are extremely expensive especially as there are a number of important ones to attend every year globally and this often creates a financial burden on the minor \"players\". In many occasions the direct business impact does not seem to justify the enormous costs but as one senior manufacturer recently said \"if you're not there you don't exist\".", "hypothesis": "Professional trade fairs do not boost sales or strengthen a company's profile.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_706", "premise": "There are several possible reasons behind the participation in professional trade fairs - it can be an excellent sales platform providing an exposure to relevant customers and distributors as it is one of those rare occasions where customers actively seek specific products; it can be an image building expenditure aiming at strengthening a company's profile within a sector by showing novel products and a lucrative stall design; and it can be a good way to gauge your competition by accessing vital information about other products and to generally assess the direction the sector is heading. Trade fairs are extremely expensive especially as there are a number of important ones to attend every year globally and this often creates a financial burden on the minor \"players\". In many occasions the direct business impact does not seem to justify the enormous costs but as one senior manufacturer recently said \"if you're not there you don't exist\".", "hypothesis": "Minor players may benefit from attending professional trade fairs.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_707", "premise": "There are several possible reasons behind the participation in professional trade fairs - it can be an excellent sales platform providing an exposure to relevant customers and distributors as it is one of those rare occasions where customers actively seek specific products; it can be an image building expenditure aiming at strengthening a company's profile within a sector by showing novel products and a lucrative stall design; and it can be a good way to gauge your competition by accessing vital information about other products and to generally assess the direction the sector is heading. Trade fairs are extremely expensive especially as there are a number of important ones to attend every year globally and this often creates a financial burden on the minor \"players\". In many occasions the direct business impact does not seem to justify the enormous costs but as one senior manufacturer recently said \"if you're not there you don't exist\".", "hypothesis": "The financial payback of participating in trade fairs justifies the cost.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_708", "premise": "There are several thousand patients waiting for organ transplants in the UK. This urgent need has led to a government review of how best to increase organ donation rates. The introduction of presumed consent as found in other European countries has now been put forward as a possible solution. Such a drastic and controversial change, whereby donating organs would become the default option, would require a new legal framework. Among many other proposals, the governments review recommended establishing the following: locally adapted national policies for organ donation; a best practice framework; and a national organisation to coordinate transplants.", "hypothesis": "Implementing presumed consent would necessitate new legislation.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_709", "premise": "There are several thousand patients waiting for organ transplants in the UK. This urgent need has led to a government review of how best to increase organ donation rates. The introduction of presumed consent as found in other European countries has now been put forward as a possible solution. Such a drastic and controversial change, whereby donating organs would become the default option, would require a new legal framework. Among many other proposals, the governments review recommended establishing the following: locally adapted national policies for organ donation; a best practice framework; and a national organisation to coordinate transplants.", "hypothesis": "Presumed consent means that donating your bodily organs 1s the standard option.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_710", "premise": "There are several thousand patients waiting for organ transplants in the UK. This urgent need has led to a government review of how best to increase organ donation rates. The introduction of presumed consent as found in other European countries has now been put forward as a possible solution. Such a drastic and controversial change, whereby donating organs would become the default option, would require a new legal framework. Among many other proposals, the governments review recommended establishing the following: locally adapted national policies for organ donation; a best practice framework; and a national organisation to coordinate transplants.", "hypothesis": "One recommendation was to introduce a standard national policy for all hospitals.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_711", "premise": "There are several thousand patients waiting for organ transplants in the UK. This urgent need has led to a government review of how best to increase organ donation rates. The introduction of presumed consent as found in other European countries has now been put forward as a possible solution. Such a drastic and controversial change, whereby donating organs would become the default option, would require a new legal framework. Among many other proposals, the governments review recommended establishing the following: locally adapted national policies for organ donation; a best practice framework; and a national organisation to coordinate transplants.", "hypothesis": "Presumed consent was not proposed in the governments recommendations because it lacks popular support.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_712", "premise": "There are several thousand patients waiting for organ transplants in the UK. This urgent need has led to a government review of how best to increase organ donation rates. The introduction of presumed consent as found in other European countries has now been put forward as a possible solution. Such a drastic and controversial change, whereby donating organs would become the default option, would require a new legal framework. Among many other proposals, the governments review recommended establishing the following: locally adapted national policies for organ donation; a best practice framework; and a national organisation to coordinate transplants.", "hypothesis": "The number of patients waiting for transplants led to the governments review of the current situation.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_713", "premise": "There are statistics which suggest that in some of the most underdeveloped countries almost one half of the population is aged between 10 and 19. These countries have experienced a much smaller decrease in birth rates than has been seen in more developed countries. Charities and other agencies are calling for additional funds to be made available to provide improved education for these young people as well as easier access to contraception. Aside from this is also a global increase in the number of people aged 65 or older. In the next 50 years, 95% of this increase will happen in developing countries like India, while in countries such as Japan, Germany and Italy the percentage of the population aged 65 or more is set to rise to 40%. Increases in the numbers of the very young and the very old place stress on societies, and governments may find it difficult to cope with the demands of an increasing number of dependent elderly citizens in addition to providing healthcare and education for the young.", "hypothesis": "The world as a whole is seeing more people over the age of 65.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_714", "premise": "There are statistics which suggest that in some of the most underdeveloped countries almost one half of the population is aged between 10 and 19. These countries have experienced a much smaller decrease in birth rates than has been seen in more developed countries. Charities and other agencies are calling for additional funds to be made available to provide improved education for these young people as well as easier access to contraception. Aside from this is also a global increase in the number of people aged 65 or older. In the next 50 years, 95% of this increase will happen in developing countries like India, while in countries such as Japan, Germany and Italy the percentage of the population aged 65 or more is set to rise to 40%. Increases in the numbers of the very young and the very old place stress on societies, and governments may find it difficult to cope with the demands of an increasing number of dependent elderly citizens in addition to providing healthcare and education for the young.", "hypothesis": "The percent of the population under the age of 19 is higher in developing countries than it is in developed countries.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_715", "premise": "There are statistics which suggest that in some of the most underdeveloped countries almost one half of the population is aged between 10 and 19. These countries have experienced a much smaller decrease in birth rates than has been seen in more developed countries. Charities and other agencies are calling for additional funds to be made available to provide improved education for these young people as well as easier access to contraception. Aside from this is also a global increase in the number of people aged 65 or older. In the next 50 years, 95% of this increase will happen in developing countries like India, while in countries such as Japan, Germany and Italy the percentage of the population aged 65 or more is set to rise to 40%. Increases in the numbers of the very young and the very old place stress on societies, and governments may find it difficult to cope with the demands of an increasing number of dependent elderly citizens in addition to providing healthcare and education for the young.", "hypothesis": "Declines in birth rates are not limited to developed countries.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_716", "premise": "There has been a remarkable increase in the air traffic in India during the past few years.", "hypothesis": "Large number of people are able to afford air travel now.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_717", "premise": "There has been a remarkable increase in the air traffic in India during the past few years.", "hypothesis": "Travelling by air has become a status symbol now", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_718", "premise": "There has been a sudden increase in the occurrence of attempts by confidence tricksters to extract money from elderly people under false pretences. This has caused the police to issue warnings to senior citizens not to let strangers into their homes. So far the police have estab- lished the following facts: Mr Froode gave 75 to a dark-haired young man posing as a representative of an insurance company. Mr Grace paid 80 to a smartly dressed 30-year-old woman who claimed that she was a financial adviser. A man who tried to trick 27-year-old Ms Dodds into paying a deposit of 100 towards the cost of a new front door was the driver of a silver grey BMW. Over a two-day period a confidence trickster has contacted more than 400 households. All of the names and addresses given by the confidence tricksters have been found to be false.", "hypothesis": "The potential victims all lived in a closely-knit neighbourhood.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_719", "premise": "There has been a sudden increase in the occurrence of attempts by confidence tricksters to extract money from elderly people under false pretences. This has caused the police to issue warnings to senior citizens not to let strangers into their homes. So far the police have estab- lished the following facts: Mr Froode gave 75 to a dark-haired young man posing as a representative of an insurance company. Mr Grace paid 80 to a smartly dressed 30-year-old woman who claimed that she was a financial adviser. A man who tried to trick 27-year-old Ms Dodds into paying a deposit of 100 towards the cost of a new front door was the driver of a silver grey BMW. Over a two-day period a confidence trickster has contacted more than 400 households. All of the names and addresses given by the confidence tricksters have been found to be false.", "hypothesis": "The confidence trickster was a transvestite.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_720", "premise": "There has been a sudden increase in the occurrence of attempts by confidence tricksters to extract money from elderly people under false pretences. This has caused the police to issue warnings to senior citizens not to let strangers into their homes. So far the police have estab- lished the following facts: Mr Froode gave 75 to a dark-haired young man posing as a representative of an insurance company. Mr Grace paid 80 to a smartly dressed 30-year-old woman who claimed that she was a financial adviser. A man who tried to trick 27-year-old Ms Dodds into paying a deposit of 100 towards the cost of a new front door was the driver of a silver grey BMW. Over a two-day period a confidence trickster has contacted more than 400 households. All of the names and addresses given by the confidence tricksters have been found to be false.", "hypothesis": "Several confidence tricksters, both male and female, were working together.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_721", "premise": "There has been a sudden increase in the occurrence of attempts by confidence tricksters to extract money from elderly people under false pretences. This has caused the police to issue warnings to senior citizens not to let strangers into their homes. So far the police have estab- lished the following facts: Mr Froode gave 75 to a dark-haired young man posing as a representative of an insurance company. Mr Grace paid 80 to a smartly dressed 30-year-old woman who claimed that she was a financial adviser. A man who tried to trick 27-year-old Ms Dodds into paying a deposit of 100 towards the cost of a new front door was the driver of a silver grey BMW. Over a two-day period a confidence trickster has contacted more than 400 households. All of the names and addresses given by the confidence tricksters have been found to be false.", "hypothesis": "The confidence tricksters only approached old-age pensioners.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_722", "premise": "There has been a sudden increase in the occurrence of attempts by confidence tricksters to extract money from elderly people under false pretences. This has caused the police to issue warnings to senior citizens not to let strangers into their homes. So far the police have estab- lished the following facts: Mr Froode gave 75 to a dark-haired young man posing as a representative of an insurance company. Mr Grace paid 80 to a smartly dressed 30-year-old woman who claimed that she was a financial adviser. A man who tried to trick 27-year-old Ms Dodds into paying a deposit of 100 towards the cost of a new front door was the driver of a silver grey BMW. Over a two-day period a confidence trickster has contacted more than 400 households. All of the names and addresses given by the confidence tricksters have been found to be false.", "hypothesis": "The confidence tricksters may have contacted people first by telephone.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_723", "premise": "There is a great concern in Europe and North America about declining standards of literacy in schools. In Britain, the fact that 30 per cent of 16 year olds have a reading age of 14 or less has helped to prompt massive educational changes. The development of literacy has far-reaching effects on general intellectual development and thus anything which impedes the development of literacy is a serious matter for us all. So the hunt is on for the cause of the decline in literacy. The search so far has focused on socio-economic factors, or the effectiveness of 'traditional' versus 'modern' teaching techniques. The fruitless search for the cause of the increase in illiteracy is a tragic example of the saying They can't see the wood for the trees. When teachers use picture books, they are simply continuing a long-established tradition that is accepted without question. And for the past two decades, illustrations in reading primers have become impoverished - sometimes to the point of extinction. Amazingly, there is virtually no empirical evidence to support the use of illustrations in teaching reading. On the contrary, a great deal of empirical evidence shows that pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspect of learning to read. Despite this, from North America to the Antipodes, the first books that many school children receive are totally without text. A teacher's main concern is to help young beginner readers to develop not only the ability to recognise words, but the skills necessary to understand what these words mean. Even if a child is able to read aloud fluently, he or she may not be able to understand much of it; this is called barking at text. The teacher's task of improving comprehension is made harder by influences outside the classroom. But the adverse effects of such things as television, video games, or limited language experiences at home, can be offset by experiencing rich language at school. Instead, it is unusual for a book of 30 or more pages to have only one sentence full of repetitive phrases. The artwork is often marvellous, but the pictures make the language redundant, and the children have no need to imagine anything when they read such books. Looking at a picture actively prevents children younger than nine from creating a mental image, and can make it difficult for older children. In order to learn how to comprehend, they need to practise making their own meaning in response to text. They need to have their innate powers of imagination trained. As they grow older, many children turn aside from books without pictures, and it is a situation made more serious as our culture becomes more visual. It is hard to wean children off picture books when pictures have played a major part throughout their formative reading experiences, and when there is competition for their attention from so many other sources of entertainment. The least intelligent are most vulnerable, but tests show that even intelligent children are being affected. The response of educators has been to extend the use of pictures in books and to simplify the language, even at senior levels. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge recently held joint conferences to disease the noticeably rapid decline in literacy among their undergraduates. Pictures are also used to help motivate children to read because they are beautiful and eye-catching. But motivation to read should be provided by listening to stories well read, where children imagine in response to the story. Then, as they start to read, they have this experience to help them understand the language. If we present pictures to save children the trouble of developing these creative skills, then I think we are making a great mistake. Academic journals ranging from educational research, psychology, language learning, psycholinguistics, and so on cite experiments which demonstrate how detrimental pictures are for beginner readers. Here is a brief selection: The research results of the Canadian educationalist Dale Willows were clear and consistent: pictures affected speed and accuracy and the closer the pictures were to the words, the slower and more inaccurate the child's reading became. She claims that when children come to a word they already know, then the pictures are unnecessary and distracting. If they do not know a word and look to the picture for a clue to its meaning, they may well be misled by aspects of the pictures which are not closely related to the meaning of the word they are trying to understand. Jay Samuels, an American psychologist, found that poor readers given no pictures learnt significantly more words than those learning to read with books with pictures. He examined the work of other researchers who had reported problems with the use of pictures and who found that a word without a picture was superior to a word plus a picture. When children were given words and pictures, those who seemed to ignore the pictures and pointed at the words learnt more words than the children who pointed at the pictures, but they still learnt fewer words than the children who had no illustrated stimuli at all.", "hypothesis": "Teachers aim to teach both word recognition and word meaning.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_724", "premise": "There is a great concern in Europe and North America about declining standards of literacy in schools. In Britain, the fact that 30 per cent of 16 year olds have a reading age of 14 or less has helped to prompt massive educational changes. The development of literacy has far-reaching effects on general intellectual development and thus anything which impedes the development of literacy is a serious matter for us all. So the hunt is on for the cause of the decline in literacy. The search so far has focused on socio-economic factors, or the effectiveness of 'traditional' versus 'modern' teaching techniques. The fruitless search for the cause of the increase in illiteracy is a tragic example of the saying They can't see the wood for the trees. When teachers use picture books, they are simply continuing a long-established tradition that is accepted without question. And for the past two decades, illustrations in reading primers have become impoverished - sometimes to the point of extinction. Amazingly, there is virtually no empirical evidence to support the use of illustrations in teaching reading. On the contrary, a great deal of empirical evidence shows that pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspect of learning to read. Despite this, from North America to the Antipodes, the first books that many school children receive are totally without text. A teacher's main concern is to help young beginner readers to develop not only the ability to recognise words, but the skills necessary to understand what these words mean. Even if a child is able to read aloud fluently, he or she may not be able to understand much of it; this is called barking at text. The teacher's task of improving comprehension is made harder by influences outside the classroom. But the adverse effects of such things as television, video games, or limited language experiences at home, can be offset by experiencing rich language at school. Instead, it is unusual for a book of 30 or more pages to have only one sentence full of repetitive phrases. The artwork is often marvellous, but the pictures make the language redundant, and the children have no need to imagine anything when they read such books. Looking at a picture actively prevents children younger than nine from creating a mental image, and can make it difficult for older children. In order to learn how to comprehend, they need to practise making their own meaning in response to text. They need to have their innate powers of imagination trained. As they grow older, many children turn aside from books without pictures, and it is a situation made more serious as our culture becomes more visual. It is hard to wean children off picture books when pictures have played a major part throughout their formative reading experiences, and when there is competition for their attention from so many other sources of entertainment. The least intelligent are most vulnerable, but tests show that even intelligent children are being affected. The response of educators has been to extend the use of pictures in books and to simplify the language, even at senior levels. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge recently held joint conferences to disease the noticeably rapid decline in literacy among their undergraduates. Pictures are also used to help motivate children to read because they are beautiful and eye-catching. But motivation to read should be provided by listening to stories well read, where children imagine in response to the story. Then, as they start to read, they have this experience to help them understand the language. If we present pictures to save children the trouble of developing these creative skills, then I think we are making a great mistake. Academic journals ranging from educational research, psychology, language learning, psycholinguistics, and so on cite experiments which demonstrate how detrimental pictures are for beginner readers. Here is a brief selection: The research results of the Canadian educationalist Dale Willows were clear and consistent: pictures affected speed and accuracy and the closer the pictures were to the words, the slower and more inaccurate the child's reading became. She claims that when children come to a word they already know, then the pictures are unnecessary and distracting. If they do not know a word and look to the picture for a clue to its meaning, they may well be misled by aspects of the pictures which are not closely related to the meaning of the word they are trying to understand. Jay Samuels, an American psychologist, found that poor readers given no pictures learnt significantly more words than those learning to read with books with pictures. He examined the work of other researchers who had reported problems with the use of pictures and who found that a word without a picture was superior to a word plus a picture. When children were given words and pictures, those who seemed to ignore the pictures and pointed at the words learnt more words than the children who pointed at the pictures, but they still learnt fewer words than the children who had no illustrated stimuli at all.", "hypothesis": "It is traditionally accepted that children's books should contain few pictures.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_725", "premise": "There is a great concern in Europe and North America about declining standards of literacy in schools. In Britain, the fact that 30 per cent of 16 year olds have a reading age of 14 or less has helped to prompt massive educational changes. The development of literacy has far-reaching effects on general intellectual development and thus anything which impedes the development of literacy is a serious matter for us all. So the hunt is on for the cause of the decline in literacy. The search so far has focused on socio-economic factors, or the effectiveness of 'traditional' versus 'modern' teaching techniques. The fruitless search for the cause of the increase in illiteracy is a tragic example of the saying They can't see the wood for the trees. When teachers use picture books, they are simply continuing a long-established tradition that is accepted without question. And for the past two decades, illustrations in reading primers have become impoverished - sometimes to the point of extinction. Amazingly, there is virtually no empirical evidence to support the use of illustrations in teaching reading. On the contrary, a great deal of empirical evidence shows that pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspect of learning to read. Despite this, from North America to the Antipodes, the first books that many school children receive are totally without text. A teacher's main concern is to help young beginner readers to develop not only the ability to recognise words, but the skills necessary to understand what these words mean. Even if a child is able to read aloud fluently, he or she may not be able to understand much of it; this is called barking at text. The teacher's task of improving comprehension is made harder by influences outside the classroom. But the adverse effects of such things as television, video games, or limited language experiences at home, can be offset by experiencing rich language at school. Instead, it is unusual for a book of 30 or more pages to have only one sentence full of repetitive phrases. The artwork is often marvellous, but the pictures make the language redundant, and the children have no need to imagine anything when they read such books. Looking at a picture actively prevents children younger than nine from creating a mental image, and can make it difficult for older children. In order to learn how to comprehend, they need to practise making their own meaning in response to text. They need to have their innate powers of imagination trained. As they grow older, many children turn aside from books without pictures, and it is a situation made more serious as our culture becomes more visual. It is hard to wean children off picture books when pictures have played a major part throughout their formative reading experiences, and when there is competition for their attention from so many other sources of entertainment. The least intelligent are most vulnerable, but tests show that even intelligent children are being affected. The response of educators has been to extend the use of pictures in books and to simplify the language, even at senior levels. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge recently held joint conferences to disease the noticeably rapid decline in literacy among their undergraduates. Pictures are also used to help motivate children to read because they are beautiful and eye-catching. But motivation to read should be provided by listening to stories well read, where children imagine in response to the story. Then, as they start to read, they have this experience to help them understand the language. If we present pictures to save children the trouble of developing these creative skills, then I think we are making a great mistake. Academic journals ranging from educational research, psychology, language learning, psycholinguistics, and so on cite experiments which demonstrate how detrimental pictures are for beginner readers. Here is a brief selection: The research results of the Canadian educationalist Dale Willows were clear and consistent: pictures affected speed and accuracy and the closer the pictures were to the words, the slower and more inaccurate the child's reading became. She claims that when children come to a word they already know, then the pictures are unnecessary and distracting. If they do not know a word and look to the picture for a clue to its meaning, they may well be misled by aspects of the pictures which are not closely related to the meaning of the word they are trying to understand. Jay Samuels, an American psychologist, found that poor readers given no pictures learnt significantly more words than those learning to read with books with pictures. He examined the work of other researchers who had reported problems with the use of pictures and who found that a word without a picture was superior to a word plus a picture. When children were given words and pictures, those who seemed to ignore the pictures and pointed at the words learnt more words than the children who pointed at the pictures, but they still learnt fewer words than the children who had no illustrated stimuli at all.", "hypothesis": "Older readers are having difficulty in adjusting to texts without pictures.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_726", "premise": "There is a great concern in Europe and North America about declining standards of literacy in schools. In Britain, the fact that 30 per cent of 16 year olds have a reading age of 14 or less has helped to prompt massive educational changes. The development of literacy has far-reaching effects on general intellectual development and thus anything which impedes the development of literacy is a serious matter for us all. So the hunt is on for the cause of the decline in literacy. The search so far has focused on socio-economic factors, or the effectiveness of 'traditional' versus 'modern' teaching techniques. The fruitless search for the cause of the increase in illiteracy is a tragic example of the saying They can't see the wood for the trees. When teachers use picture books, they are simply continuing a long-established tradition that is accepted without question. And for the past two decades, illustrations in reading primers have become impoverished - sometimes to the point of extinction. Amazingly, there is virtually no empirical evidence to support the use of illustrations in teaching reading. On the contrary, a great deal of empirical evidence shows that pictures interfere in a damaging way with all aspect of learning to read. Despite this, from North America to the Antipodes, the first books that many school children receive are totally without text. A teacher's main concern is to help young beginner readers to develop not only the ability to recognise words, but the skills necessary to understand what these words mean. Even if a child is able to read aloud fluently, he or she may not be able to understand much of it; this is called barking at text. The teacher's task of improving comprehension is made harder by influences outside the classroom. But the adverse effects of such things as television, video games, or limited language experiences at home, can be offset by experiencing rich language at school. Instead, it is unusual for a book of 30 or more pages to have only one sentence full of repetitive phrases. The artwork is often marvellous, but the pictures make the language redundant, and the children have no need to imagine anything when they read such books. Looking at a picture actively prevents children younger than nine from creating a mental image, and can make it difficult for older children. In order to learn how to comprehend, they need to practise making their own meaning in response to text. They need to have their innate powers of imagination trained. As they grow older, many children turn aside from books without pictures, and it is a situation made more serious as our culture becomes more visual. It is hard to wean children off picture books when pictures have played a major part throughout their formative reading experiences, and when there is competition for their attention from so many other sources of entertainment. The least intelligent are most vulnerable, but tests show that even intelligent children are being affected. The response of educators has been to extend the use of pictures in books and to simplify the language, even at senior levels. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge recently held joint conferences to disease the noticeably rapid decline in literacy among their undergraduates. Pictures are also used to help motivate children to read because they are beautiful and eye-catching. But motivation to read should be provided by listening to stories well read, where children imagine in response to the story. Then, as they start to read, they have this experience to help them understand the language. If we present pictures to save children the trouble of developing these creative skills, then I think we are making a great mistake. Academic journals ranging from educational research, psychology, language learning, psycholinguistics, and so on cite experiments which demonstrate how detrimental pictures are for beginner readers. Here is a brief selection: The research results of the Canadian educationalist Dale Willows were clear and consistent: pictures affected speed and accuracy and the closer the pictures were to the words, the slower and more inaccurate the child's reading became. She claims that when children come to a word they already know, then the pictures are unnecessary and distracting. If they do not know a word and look to the picture for a clue to its meaning, they may well be misled by aspects of the pictures which are not closely related to the meaning of the word they are trying to understand. Jay Samuels, an American psychologist, found that poor readers given no pictures learnt significantly more words than those learning to read with books with pictures. He examined the work of other researchers who had reported problems with the use of pictures and who found that a word without a picture was superior to a word plus a picture. When children were given words and pictures, those who seemed to ignore the pictures and pointed at the words learnt more words than the children who pointed at the pictures, but they still learnt fewer words than the children who had no illustrated stimuli at all.", "hypothesis": "Literacy has improved as a result of recent academic conferences.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_727", "premise": "There is a marked discrepancy between what managers see as the causes of absence from work, and the reasons given by employees. Many organisations are now suffering from being too streamlined. By reducing staff levels to such an extent, even minimal levels of absenteeism put remaining employees under intolerable pressure. In due course this may spread stress-related absence or other problems across the organisation.", "hypothesis": "Managers and staff disagree about the reasons for absenteeism from work", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_728", "premise": "There is no doubt that vegetarian food can be healthier than a traditional diet indeed, research has demonstrated that vegetarians are less likely to suffer from heart disease and obesity than those who eat meat. One long-standing concern about a vegetarian lifestyle is the risk of failing to take in enough protein. However, historical calculations as to the amount of protein needed for a healthy lifestyle have recently been shown to overestimate the quantities needed, and if vegetarian select their food carefully they should be able to meet their protein needs.", "hypothesis": "A balanced diet is more likely to promote health than any particular food or food group in isolation.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_729", "premise": "There is no doubt that vegetarian food can be healthier than a traditional diet indeed, research has demonstrated that vegetarians are less likely to suffer from heart disease and obesity than those who eat meat. One long-standing concern about a vegetarian lifestyle is the risk of failing to take in enough protein. However, historical calculations as to the amount of protein needed for a healthy lifestyle have recently been shown to overestimate the quantities needed, and if vegetarian select their food carefully they should be able to meet their protein needs.", "hypothesis": "Too much protein in the diet can lead to heart disease.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_730", "premise": "There is no doubt that vegetarian food can be healthier than a traditional diet indeed, research has demonstrated that vegetarians are less likely to suffer from heart disease and obesity than those who eat meat. One long-standing concern about a vegetarian lifestyle is the risk of failing to take in enough protein. However, historical calculations as to the amount of protein needed for a healthy lifestyle have recently been shown to overestimate the quantities needed, and if vegetarian select their food carefully they should be able to meet their protein needs.", "hypothesis": "Over time the recommendations as to what constitutes a healthy balanced diet have changed.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_731", "premise": "There is no single pivotal moment that could be separated out from any other as the conception of the suburban lifestyle; from the early 1800s, various types of suburban development have sprung up and evolved in their own localised ways, from the streetcar suburbs of New York to the dormitory towns outside of London. It is William Levitt, however, who is generally regarded as the father of modem suburbia. During World War II, Levitt served in the United States Navy where he developed expertise in the mass construction of military housing, a process that he streamlined using uniform and interchangeable parts. In 1947, the budding developer used this utilitarian knowledge to begin work with his father and architect brother constructing a planned community on Long Island, New York. With an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and cost-effective production, the Levitts were soon able to produce over 30 units a day. William Levitt correctly predicted the demand for affordable, private, quiet, and comfortable homes from returning GIs after World War II and with the baby boom starting to kick in. All the original lots sold out in a matter of days, and by 1951, nearly 18,000 homes in the area had been constructed by the Levitt fit Sons Company. Levittown quickly became the prototype of mass- produced housing, spurring the construction of similar projects in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and even Puerto Rico, followed by a new industry, and soon a new way of life and a new ideal for the American family. One of the major criticisms of suburbia is that it can lead to isolation and social dislocation. With properties spread out over great swathes of land, sealed off from one another by bushes, fences and trees, the emphasis of suburban life is placed squarely on privacy rather than community. In the densely populated urban settlements that predated suburbs (and that are still the predominant way of life for some people), activities such as childcare and household chores as well as sources of emotional and moral support were widely socialised. This insured that any one family would be able to draw on a pool of social resources from their neighbours, building cohabitants and family on nearby streets. Suburbia breaks these networks down into individual and nuclear family units resulting in an increase in anti-social behaviour even amongst the wealthy. Teens from wealthy suburban families, for example, are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs than their poorer urban peers, and are also more likely to experience depression and anxiety. Another major problem with the suburban lifestyle is its damaging ecological impact. The comparison of leafy, quiet, and low-density suburbs with life in the concrete towers of sooty, congested urban conurbations is actually quite misleading; as it turns out, if you want to be kind to the natural environment, the key is to stay away from it. Suburbia fails the environmental friendliness test on a number of counts. Firstly, due to their low population density, suburbs consume natural land at a much higher rate than high-density row housing or apartment buildings. Secondly, they encourage the use of personal motor vehicles, often at a rate of one per family member, at the expense of public transport. It is also much less efficient to provide electricity and water to individual suburban houses instead of individual units in an apartment building. In his comparison of urban and suburban pollution, Edward L. Glaeser concluded that we need to build more sky towers especially in California. Virtually everywhere, he found cities to be cleaner than suburbs. And the difference in carbon dioxide emissions between high-density cities and their suburbs (for example, in New York) was the highest. Urban residents of New York can claim on average to produce nearly 15,000 pounds of carbon dioxide less than their suburban peers. Another negative aspect of suburban life is its stifling conformity and monotony of social experience. It was not just the nuts and bolts and the concrete foundations of suburban houses that got replicated street upon street, block upon block, and suburb upon suburb; it was everything from the shops and cultural life to peoples hopes, dreams, and aspirations. Suburbia gave birth to the strip mall, a retail establishment that is typically composed of a collection of national or global chain stores, all stocked with a centrally dictated, homogenous array of products. The isolation and lack of interaction in suburbs has also encouraged the popularity of television, a passively receptive medium for the viewer that, in the early days at least, offered an extremely limited scope of cultural exposure compared with the wealth of experiences available in the inner city. Meanwhile, much of the inner-city public sphere has been lost with suburban flight. The public sphere is the area of social life in which people come together to freely discuss and identify social problems. In the city, this has traditionally occurred around newsstands, in coffee houses, salons, theatres, meeting halls, and so on. Suburbia has not found a way to replace this special type of social experience, however. Social meeting points in the suburbs tend to be based exclusively around specific interests such as sports or cultural clubs, with no broad forms of daily social interaction. These points do not suggest the idea of suburbia itself is flawed, but that it has not been executed in a way that takes into account the full spectrum of human needs and desires. This likely reflects the hasty, thrown-together nature of early suburban development. With the baby boom rippling across Western countries and demand for family-friendly housing skyrocketing, developers and city planners were unable to develop sophisticated models. Now, however, we should take time to consider what has gone wrong and how we can reconfigure the suburb. How can we imbue suburban life with the lost sphere of public discussion and debate? How can people maintain their sought after privacy without sacrificing a sense of community? How can we use new technologies to make suburbs environmentally friendly? These are questions for which the developers of tomorrow will have to find answers, lest the dream of suburbia become the nightmare of disturbia.", "hypothesis": "Television has not tended to offer the same diversity as urban cultural outlets.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_732", "premise": "There is no single pivotal moment that could be separated out from any other as the conception of the suburban lifestyle; from the early 1800s, various types of suburban development have sprung up and evolved in their own localised ways, from the streetcar suburbs of New York to the dormitory towns outside of London. It is William Levitt, however, who is generally regarded as the father of modem suburbia. During World War II, Levitt served in the United States Navy where he developed expertise in the mass construction of military housing, a process that he streamlined using uniform and interchangeable parts. In 1947, the budding developer used this utilitarian knowledge to begin work with his father and architect brother constructing a planned community on Long Island, New York. With an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and cost-effective production, the Levitts were soon able to produce over 30 units a day. William Levitt correctly predicted the demand for affordable, private, quiet, and comfortable homes from returning GIs after World War II and with the baby boom starting to kick in. All the original lots sold out in a matter of days, and by 1951, nearly 18,000 homes in the area had been constructed by the Levitt fit Sons Company. Levittown quickly became the prototype of mass- produced housing, spurring the construction of similar projects in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and even Puerto Rico, followed by a new industry, and soon a new way of life and a new ideal for the American family. One of the major criticisms of suburbia is that it can lead to isolation and social dislocation. With properties spread out over great swathes of land, sealed off from one another by bushes, fences and trees, the emphasis of suburban life is placed squarely on privacy rather than community. In the densely populated urban settlements that predated suburbs (and that are still the predominant way of life for some people), activities such as childcare and household chores as well as sources of emotional and moral support were widely socialised. This insured that any one family would be able to draw on a pool of social resources from their neighbours, building cohabitants and family on nearby streets. Suburbia breaks these networks down into individual and nuclear family units resulting in an increase in anti-social behaviour even amongst the wealthy. Teens from wealthy suburban families, for example, are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs than their poorer urban peers, and are also more likely to experience depression and anxiety. Another major problem with the suburban lifestyle is its damaging ecological impact. The comparison of leafy, quiet, and low-density suburbs with life in the concrete towers of sooty, congested urban conurbations is actually quite misleading; as it turns out, if you want to be kind to the natural environment, the key is to stay away from it. Suburbia fails the environmental friendliness test on a number of counts. Firstly, due to their low population density, suburbs consume natural land at a much higher rate than high-density row housing or apartment buildings. Secondly, they encourage the use of personal motor vehicles, often at a rate of one per family member, at the expense of public transport. It is also much less efficient to provide electricity and water to individual suburban houses instead of individual units in an apartment building. In his comparison of urban and suburban pollution, Edward L. Glaeser concluded that we need to build more sky towers especially in California. Virtually everywhere, he found cities to be cleaner than suburbs. And the difference in carbon dioxide emissions between high-density cities and their suburbs (for example, in New York) was the highest. Urban residents of New York can claim on average to produce nearly 15,000 pounds of carbon dioxide less than their suburban peers. Another negative aspect of suburban life is its stifling conformity and monotony of social experience. It was not just the nuts and bolts and the concrete foundations of suburban houses that got replicated street upon street, block upon block, and suburb upon suburb; it was everything from the shops and cultural life to peoples hopes, dreams, and aspirations. Suburbia gave birth to the strip mall, a retail establishment that is typically composed of a collection of national or global chain stores, all stocked with a centrally dictated, homogenous array of products. The isolation and lack of interaction in suburbs has also encouraged the popularity of television, a passively receptive medium for the viewer that, in the early days at least, offered an extremely limited scope of cultural exposure compared with the wealth of experiences available in the inner city. Meanwhile, much of the inner-city public sphere has been lost with suburban flight. The public sphere is the area of social life in which people come together to freely discuss and identify social problems. In the city, this has traditionally occurred around newsstands, in coffee houses, salons, theatres, meeting halls, and so on. Suburbia has not found a way to replace this special type of social experience, however. Social meeting points in the suburbs tend to be based exclusively around specific interests such as sports or cultural clubs, with no broad forms of daily social interaction. These points do not suggest the idea of suburbia itself is flawed, but that it has not been executed in a way that takes into account the full spectrum of human needs and desires. This likely reflects the hasty, thrown-together nature of early suburban development. With the baby boom rippling across Western countries and demand for family-friendly housing skyrocketing, developers and city planners were unable to develop sophisticated models. Now, however, we should take time to consider what has gone wrong and how we can reconfigure the suburb. How can we imbue suburban life with the lost sphere of public discussion and debate? How can people maintain their sought after privacy without sacrificing a sense of community? How can we use new technologies to make suburbs environmentally friendly? These are questions for which the developers of tomorrow will have to find answers, lest the dream of suburbia become the nightmare of disturbia.", "hypothesis": "There is not much variety amongst the goods at a strip mall.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_733", "premise": "There is no single pivotal moment that could be separated out from any other as the conception of the suburban lifestyle; from the early 1800s, various types of suburban development have sprung up and evolved in their own localised ways, from the streetcar suburbs of New York to the dormitory towns outside of London. It is William Levitt, however, who is generally regarded as the father of modem suburbia. During World War II, Levitt served in the United States Navy where he developed expertise in the mass construction of military housing, a process that he streamlined using uniform and interchangeable parts. In 1947, the budding developer used this utilitarian knowledge to begin work with his father and architect brother constructing a planned community on Long Island, New York. With an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and cost-effective production, the Levitts were soon able to produce over 30 units a day. William Levitt correctly predicted the demand for affordable, private, quiet, and comfortable homes from returning GIs after World War II and with the baby boom starting to kick in. All the original lots sold out in a matter of days, and by 1951, nearly 18,000 homes in the area had been constructed by the Levitt fit Sons Company. Levittown quickly became the prototype of mass- produced housing, spurring the construction of similar projects in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and even Puerto Rico, followed by a new industry, and soon a new way of life and a new ideal for the American family. One of the major criticisms of suburbia is that it can lead to isolation and social dislocation. With properties spread out over great swathes of land, sealed off from one another by bushes, fences and trees, the emphasis of suburban life is placed squarely on privacy rather than community. In the densely populated urban settlements that predated suburbs (and that are still the predominant way of life for some people), activities such as childcare and household chores as well as sources of emotional and moral support were widely socialised. This insured that any one family would be able to draw on a pool of social resources from their neighbours, building cohabitants and family on nearby streets. Suburbia breaks these networks down into individual and nuclear family units resulting in an increase in anti-social behaviour even amongst the wealthy. Teens from wealthy suburban families, for example, are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs than their poorer urban peers, and are also more likely to experience depression and anxiety. Another major problem with the suburban lifestyle is its damaging ecological impact. The comparison of leafy, quiet, and low-density suburbs with life in the concrete towers of sooty, congested urban conurbations is actually quite misleading; as it turns out, if you want to be kind to the natural environment, the key is to stay away from it. Suburbia fails the environmental friendliness test on a number of counts. Firstly, due to their low population density, suburbs consume natural land at a much higher rate than high-density row housing or apartment buildings. Secondly, they encourage the use of personal motor vehicles, often at a rate of one per family member, at the expense of public transport. It is also much less efficient to provide electricity and water to individual suburban houses instead of individual units in an apartment building. In his comparison of urban and suburban pollution, Edward L. Glaeser concluded that we need to build more sky towers especially in California. Virtually everywhere, he found cities to be cleaner than suburbs. And the difference in carbon dioxide emissions between high-density cities and their suburbs (for example, in New York) was the highest. Urban residents of New York can claim on average to produce nearly 15,000 pounds of carbon dioxide less than their suburban peers. Another negative aspect of suburban life is its stifling conformity and monotony of social experience. It was not just the nuts and bolts and the concrete foundations of suburban houses that got replicated street upon street, block upon block, and suburb upon suburb; it was everything from the shops and cultural life to peoples hopes, dreams, and aspirations. Suburbia gave birth to the strip mall, a retail establishment that is typically composed of a collection of national or global chain stores, all stocked with a centrally dictated, homogenous array of products. The isolation and lack of interaction in suburbs has also encouraged the popularity of television, a passively receptive medium for the viewer that, in the early days at least, offered an extremely limited scope of cultural exposure compared with the wealth of experiences available in the inner city. Meanwhile, much of the inner-city public sphere has been lost with suburban flight. The public sphere is the area of social life in which people come together to freely discuss and identify social problems. In the city, this has traditionally occurred around newsstands, in coffee houses, salons, theatres, meeting halls, and so on. Suburbia has not found a way to replace this special type of social experience, however. Social meeting points in the suburbs tend to be based exclusively around specific interests such as sports or cultural clubs, with no broad forms of daily social interaction. These points do not suggest the idea of suburbia itself is flawed, but that it has not been executed in a way that takes into account the full spectrum of human needs and desires. This likely reflects the hasty, thrown-together nature of early suburban development. With the baby boom rippling across Western countries and demand for family-friendly housing skyrocketing, developers and city planners were unable to develop sophisticated models. Now, however, we should take time to consider what has gone wrong and how we can reconfigure the suburb. How can we imbue suburban life with the lost sphere of public discussion and debate? How can people maintain their sought after privacy without sacrificing a sense of community? How can we use new technologies to make suburbs environmentally friendly? These are questions for which the developers of tomorrow will have to find answers, lest the dream of suburbia become the nightmare of disturbia.", "hypothesis": "People cannot relate to each other in suburbs because their lives are too different.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_734", "premise": "There is no single pivotal moment that could be separated out from any other as the conception of the suburban lifestyle; from the early 1800s, various types of suburban development have sprung up and evolved in their own localised ways, from the streetcar suburbs of New York to the dormitory towns outside of London. It is William Levitt, however, who is generally regarded as the father of modem suburbia. During World War II, Levitt served in the United States Navy where he developed expertise in the mass construction of military housing, a process that he streamlined using uniform and interchangeable parts. In 1947, the budding developer used this utilitarian knowledge to begin work with his father and architect brother constructing a planned community on Long Island, New York. With an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and cost-effective production, the Levitts were soon able to produce over 30 units a day. William Levitt correctly predicted the demand for affordable, private, quiet, and comfortable homes from returning GIs after World War II and with the baby boom starting to kick in. All the original lots sold out in a matter of days, and by 1951, nearly 18,000 homes in the area had been constructed by the Levitt fit Sons Company. Levittown quickly became the prototype of mass- produced housing, spurring the construction of similar projects in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and even Puerto Rico, followed by a new industry, and soon a new way of life and a new ideal for the American family. One of the major criticisms of suburbia is that it can lead to isolation and social dislocation. With properties spread out over great swathes of land, sealed off from one another by bushes, fences and trees, the emphasis of suburban life is placed squarely on privacy rather than community. In the densely populated urban settlements that predated suburbs (and that are still the predominant way of life for some people), activities such as childcare and household chores as well as sources of emotional and moral support were widely socialised. This insured that any one family would be able to draw on a pool of social resources from their neighbours, building cohabitants and family on nearby streets. Suburbia breaks these networks down into individual and nuclear family units resulting in an increase in anti-social behaviour even amongst the wealthy. Teens from wealthy suburban families, for example, are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs than their poorer urban peers, and are also more likely to experience depression and anxiety. Another major problem with the suburban lifestyle is its damaging ecological impact. The comparison of leafy, quiet, and low-density suburbs with life in the concrete towers of sooty, congested urban conurbations is actually quite misleading; as it turns out, if you want to be kind to the natural environment, the key is to stay away from it. Suburbia fails the environmental friendliness test on a number of counts. Firstly, due to their low population density, suburbs consume natural land at a much higher rate than high-density row housing or apartment buildings. Secondly, they encourage the use of personal motor vehicles, often at a rate of one per family member, at the expense of public transport. It is also much less efficient to provide electricity and water to individual suburban houses instead of individual units in an apartment building. In his comparison of urban and suburban pollution, Edward L. Glaeser concluded that we need to build more sky towers especially in California. Virtually everywhere, he found cities to be cleaner than suburbs. And the difference in carbon dioxide emissions between high-density cities and their suburbs (for example, in New York) was the highest. Urban residents of New York can claim on average to produce nearly 15,000 pounds of carbon dioxide less than their suburban peers. Another negative aspect of suburban life is its stifling conformity and monotony of social experience. It was not just the nuts and bolts and the concrete foundations of suburban houses that got replicated street upon street, block upon block, and suburb upon suburb; it was everything from the shops and cultural life to peoples hopes, dreams, and aspirations. Suburbia gave birth to the strip mall, a retail establishment that is typically composed of a collection of national or global chain stores, all stocked with a centrally dictated, homogenous array of products. The isolation and lack of interaction in suburbs has also encouraged the popularity of television, a passively receptive medium for the viewer that, in the early days at least, offered an extremely limited scope of cultural exposure compared with the wealth of experiences available in the inner city. Meanwhile, much of the inner-city public sphere has been lost with suburban flight. The public sphere is the area of social life in which people come together to freely discuss and identify social problems. In the city, this has traditionally occurred around newsstands, in coffee houses, salons, theatres, meeting halls, and so on. Suburbia has not found a way to replace this special type of social experience, however. Social meeting points in the suburbs tend to be based exclusively around specific interests such as sports or cultural clubs, with no broad forms of daily social interaction. These points do not suggest the idea of suburbia itself is flawed, but that it has not been executed in a way that takes into account the full spectrum of human needs and desires. This likely reflects the hasty, thrown-together nature of early suburban development. With the baby boom rippling across Western countries and demand for family-friendly housing skyrocketing, developers and city planners were unable to develop sophisticated models. Now, however, we should take time to consider what has gone wrong and how we can reconfigure the suburb. How can we imbue suburban life with the lost sphere of public discussion and debate? How can people maintain their sought after privacy without sacrificing a sense of community? How can we use new technologies to make suburbs environmentally friendly? These are questions for which the developers of tomorrow will have to find answers, lest the dream of suburbia become the nightmare of disturbia.", "hypothesis": "Suburban development fosters the use of both public and private forms of transport", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_735", "premise": "There is no single pivotal moment that could be separated out from any other as the conception of the suburban lifestyle; from the early 1800s, various types of suburban development have sprung up and evolved in their own localised ways, from the streetcar suburbs of New York to the dormitory towns outside of London. It is William Levitt, however, who is generally regarded as the father of modem suburbia. During World War II, Levitt served in the United States Navy where he developed expertise in the mass construction of military housing, a process that he streamlined using uniform and interchangeable parts. In 1947, the budding developer used this utilitarian knowledge to begin work with his father and architect brother constructing a planned community on Long Island, New York. With an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and cost-effective production, the Levitts were soon able to produce over 30 units a day. William Levitt correctly predicted the demand for affordable, private, quiet, and comfortable homes from returning GIs after World War II and with the baby boom starting to kick in. All the original lots sold out in a matter of days, and by 1951, nearly 18,000 homes in the area had been constructed by the Levitt fit Sons Company. Levittown quickly became the prototype of mass- produced housing, spurring the construction of similar projects in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and even Puerto Rico, followed by a new industry, and soon a new way of life and a new ideal for the American family. One of the major criticisms of suburbia is that it can lead to isolation and social dislocation. With properties spread out over great swathes of land, sealed off from one another by bushes, fences and trees, the emphasis of suburban life is placed squarely on privacy rather than community. In the densely populated urban settlements that predated suburbs (and that are still the predominant way of life for some people), activities such as childcare and household chores as well as sources of emotional and moral support were widely socialised. This insured that any one family would be able to draw on a pool of social resources from their neighbours, building cohabitants and family on nearby streets. Suburbia breaks these networks down into individual and nuclear family units resulting in an increase in anti-social behaviour even amongst the wealthy. Teens from wealthy suburban families, for example, are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs than their poorer urban peers, and are also more likely to experience depression and anxiety. Another major problem with the suburban lifestyle is its damaging ecological impact. The comparison of leafy, quiet, and low-density suburbs with life in the concrete towers of sooty, congested urban conurbations is actually quite misleading; as it turns out, if you want to be kind to the natural environment, the key is to stay away from it. Suburbia fails the environmental friendliness test on a number of counts. Firstly, due to their low population density, suburbs consume natural land at a much higher rate than high-density row housing or apartment buildings. Secondly, they encourage the use of personal motor vehicles, often at a rate of one per family member, at the expense of public transport. It is also much less efficient to provide electricity and water to individual suburban houses instead of individual units in an apartment building. In his comparison of urban and suburban pollution, Edward L. Glaeser concluded that we need to build more sky towers especially in California. Virtually everywhere, he found cities to be cleaner than suburbs. And the difference in carbon dioxide emissions between high-density cities and their suburbs (for example, in New York) was the highest. Urban residents of New York can claim on average to produce nearly 15,000 pounds of carbon dioxide less than their suburban peers. Another negative aspect of suburban life is its stifling conformity and monotony of social experience. It was not just the nuts and bolts and the concrete foundations of suburban houses that got replicated street upon street, block upon block, and suburb upon suburb; it was everything from the shops and cultural life to peoples hopes, dreams, and aspirations. Suburbia gave birth to the strip mall, a retail establishment that is typically composed of a collection of national or global chain stores, all stocked with a centrally dictated, homogenous array of products. The isolation and lack of interaction in suburbs has also encouraged the popularity of television, a passively receptive medium for the viewer that, in the early days at least, offered an extremely limited scope of cultural exposure compared with the wealth of experiences available in the inner city. Meanwhile, much of the inner-city public sphere has been lost with suburban flight. The public sphere is the area of social life in which people come together to freely discuss and identify social problems. In the city, this has traditionally occurred around newsstands, in coffee houses, salons, theatres, meeting halls, and so on. Suburbia has not found a way to replace this special type of social experience, however. Social meeting points in the suburbs tend to be based exclusively around specific interests such as sports or cultural clubs, with no broad forms of daily social interaction. These points do not suggest the idea of suburbia itself is flawed, but that it has not been executed in a way that takes into account the full spectrum of human needs and desires. This likely reflects the hasty, thrown-together nature of early suburban development. With the baby boom rippling across Western countries and demand for family-friendly housing skyrocketing, developers and city planners were unable to develop sophisticated models. Now, however, we should take time to consider what has gone wrong and how we can reconfigure the suburb. How can we imbue suburban life with the lost sphere of public discussion and debate? How can people maintain their sought after privacy without sacrificing a sense of community? How can we use new technologies to make suburbs environmentally friendly? These are questions for which the developers of tomorrow will have to find answers, lest the dream of suburbia become the nightmare of disturbia.", "hypothesis": "A good principle for ecological preservation is to avoid human interference.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_736", "premise": "There is no single pivotal moment that could be separated out from any other as the conception of the suburban lifestyle; from the early 1800s, various types of suburban development have sprung up and evolved in their own localised ways, from the streetcar suburbs of New York to the dormitory towns outside of London. It is William Levitt, however, who is generally regarded as the father of modem suburbia. During World War II, Levitt served in the United States Navy where he developed expertise in the mass construction of military housing, a process that he streamlined using uniform and interchangeable parts. In 1947, the budding developer used this utilitarian knowledge to begin work with his father and architect brother constructing a planned community on Long Island, New York. With an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and cost-effective production, the Levitts were soon able to produce over 30 units a day. William Levitt correctly predicted the demand for affordable, private, quiet, and comfortable homes from returning GIs after World War II and with the baby boom starting to kick in. All the original lots sold out in a matter of days, and by 1951, nearly 18,000 homes in the area had been constructed by the Levitt fit Sons Company. Levittown quickly became the prototype of mass- produced housing, spurring the construction of similar projects in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and even Puerto Rico, followed by a new industry, and soon a new way of life and a new ideal for the American family. One of the major criticisms of suburbia is that it can lead to isolation and social dislocation. With properties spread out over great swathes of land, sealed off from one another by bushes, fences and trees, the emphasis of suburban life is placed squarely on privacy rather than community. In the densely populated urban settlements that predated suburbs (and that are still the predominant way of life for some people), activities such as childcare and household chores as well as sources of emotional and moral support were widely socialised. This insured that any one family would be able to draw on a pool of social resources from their neighbours, building cohabitants and family on nearby streets. Suburbia breaks these networks down into individual and nuclear family units resulting in an increase in anti-social behaviour even amongst the wealthy. Teens from wealthy suburban families, for example, are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs than their poorer urban peers, and are also more likely to experience depression and anxiety. Another major problem with the suburban lifestyle is its damaging ecological impact. The comparison of leafy, quiet, and low-density suburbs with life in the concrete towers of sooty, congested urban conurbations is actually quite misleading; as it turns out, if you want to be kind to the natural environment, the key is to stay away from it. Suburbia fails the environmental friendliness test on a number of counts. Firstly, due to their low population density, suburbs consume natural land at a much higher rate than high-density row housing or apartment buildings. Secondly, they encourage the use of personal motor vehicles, often at a rate of one per family member, at the expense of public transport. It is also much less efficient to provide electricity and water to individual suburban houses instead of individual units in an apartment building. In his comparison of urban and suburban pollution, Edward L. Glaeser concluded that we need to build more sky towers especially in California. Virtually everywhere, he found cities to be cleaner than suburbs. And the difference in carbon dioxide emissions between high-density cities and their suburbs (for example, in New York) was the highest. Urban residents of New York can claim on average to produce nearly 15,000 pounds of carbon dioxide less than their suburban peers. Another negative aspect of suburban life is its stifling conformity and monotony of social experience. It was not just the nuts and bolts and the concrete foundations of suburban houses that got replicated street upon street, block upon block, and suburb upon suburb; it was everything from the shops and cultural life to peoples hopes, dreams, and aspirations. Suburbia gave birth to the strip mall, a retail establishment that is typically composed of a collection of national or global chain stores, all stocked with a centrally dictated, homogenous array of products. The isolation and lack of interaction in suburbs has also encouraged the popularity of television, a passively receptive medium for the viewer that, in the early days at least, offered an extremely limited scope of cultural exposure compared with the wealth of experiences available in the inner city. Meanwhile, much of the inner-city public sphere has been lost with suburban flight. The public sphere is the area of social life in which people come together to freely discuss and identify social problems. In the city, this has traditionally occurred around newsstands, in coffee houses, salons, theatres, meeting halls, and so on. Suburbia has not found a way to replace this special type of social experience, however. Social meeting points in the suburbs tend to be based exclusively around specific interests such as sports or cultural clubs, with no broad forms of daily social interaction. These points do not suggest the idea of suburbia itself is flawed, but that it has not been executed in a way that takes into account the full spectrum of human needs and desires. This likely reflects the hasty, thrown-together nature of early suburban development. With the baby boom rippling across Western countries and demand for family-friendly housing skyrocketing, developers and city planners were unable to develop sophisticated models. Now, however, we should take time to consider what has gone wrong and how we can reconfigure the suburb. How can we imbue suburban life with the lost sphere of public discussion and debate? How can people maintain their sought after privacy without sacrificing a sense of community? How can we use new technologies to make suburbs environmentally friendly? These are questions for which the developers of tomorrow will have to find answers, lest the dream of suburbia become the nightmare of disturbia.", "hypothesis": "In some countries, suburbs are more environmentally friendly than in the USA.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_737", "premise": "There is no single pivotal moment that could be separated out from any other as the conception of the suburban lifestyle; from the early 1800s, various types of suburban development have sprung up and evolved in their own localised ways, from the streetcar suburbs of New York to the dormitory towns outside of London. It is William Levitt, however, who is generally regarded as the father of modem suburbia. During World War II, Levitt served in the United States Navy where he developed expertise in the mass construction of military housing, a process that he streamlined using uniform and interchangeable parts. In 1947, the budding developer used this utilitarian knowledge to begin work with his father and architect brother constructing a planned community on Long Island, New York. With an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and cost-effective production, the Levitts were soon able to produce over 30 units a day. William Levitt correctly predicted the demand for affordable, private, quiet, and comfortable homes from returning GIs after World War II and with the baby boom starting to kick in. All the original lots sold out in a matter of days, and by 1951, nearly 18,000 homes in the area had been constructed by the Levitt fit Sons Company. Levittown quickly became the prototype of mass- produced housing, spurring the construction of similar projects in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and even Puerto Rico, followed by a new industry, and soon a new way of life and a new ideal for the American family. One of the major criticisms of suburbia is that it can lead to isolation and social dislocation. With properties spread out over great swathes of land, sealed off from one another by bushes, fences and trees, the emphasis of suburban life is placed squarely on privacy rather than community. In the densely populated urban settlements that predated suburbs (and that are still the predominant way of life for some people), activities such as childcare and household chores as well as sources of emotional and moral support were widely socialised. This insured that any one family would be able to draw on a pool of social resources from their neighbours, building cohabitants and family on nearby streets. Suburbia breaks these networks down into individual and nuclear family units resulting in an increase in anti-social behaviour even amongst the wealthy. Teens from wealthy suburban families, for example, are more likely to smoke, drink alcohol, and use drugs than their poorer urban peers, and are also more likely to experience depression and anxiety. Another major problem with the suburban lifestyle is its damaging ecological impact. The comparison of leafy, quiet, and low-density suburbs with life in the concrete towers of sooty, congested urban conurbations is actually quite misleading; as it turns out, if you want to be kind to the natural environment, the key is to stay away from it. Suburbia fails the environmental friendliness test on a number of counts. Firstly, due to their low population density, suburbs consume natural land at a much higher rate than high-density row housing or apartment buildings. Secondly, they encourage the use of personal motor vehicles, often at a rate of one per family member, at the expense of public transport. It is also much less efficient to provide electricity and water to individual suburban houses instead of individual units in an apartment building. In his comparison of urban and suburban pollution, Edward L. Glaeser concluded that we need to build more sky towers especially in California. Virtually everywhere, he found cities to be cleaner than suburbs. And the difference in carbon dioxide emissions between high-density cities and their suburbs (for example, in New York) was the highest. Urban residents of New York can claim on average to produce nearly 15,000 pounds of carbon dioxide less than their suburban peers. Another negative aspect of suburban life is its stifling conformity and monotony of social experience. It was not just the nuts and bolts and the concrete foundations of suburban houses that got replicated street upon street, block upon block, and suburb upon suburb; it was everything from the shops and cultural life to peoples hopes, dreams, and aspirations. Suburbia gave birth to the strip mall, a retail establishment that is typically composed of a collection of national or global chain stores, all stocked with a centrally dictated, homogenous array of products. The isolation and lack of interaction in suburbs has also encouraged the popularity of television, a passively receptive medium for the viewer that, in the early days at least, offered an extremely limited scope of cultural exposure compared with the wealth of experiences available in the inner city. Meanwhile, much of the inner-city public sphere has been lost with suburban flight. The public sphere is the area of social life in which people come together to freely discuss and identify social problems. In the city, this has traditionally occurred around newsstands, in coffee houses, salons, theatres, meeting halls, and so on. Suburbia has not found a way to replace this special type of social experience, however. Social meeting points in the suburbs tend to be based exclusively around specific interests such as sports or cultural clubs, with no broad forms of daily social interaction. These points do not suggest the idea of suburbia itself is flawed, but that it has not been executed in a way that takes into account the full spectrum of human needs and desires. This likely reflects the hasty, thrown-together nature of early suburban development. With the baby boom rippling across Western countries and demand for family-friendly housing skyrocketing, developers and city planners were unable to develop sophisticated models. Now, however, we should take time to consider what has gone wrong and how we can reconfigure the suburb. How can we imbue suburban life with the lost sphere of public discussion and debate? How can people maintain their sought after privacy without sacrificing a sense of community? How can we use new technologies to make suburbs environmentally friendly? These are questions for which the developers of tomorrow will have to find answers, lest the dream of suburbia become the nightmare of disturbia.", "hypothesis": "There are numerous of ways of communication and interaction between people living in the suburbs.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_738", "premise": "There is no task more difficult than that of ensuring the education of children in modern . Not only school, but also teachers and their roles have changed out of all recognition in the past few decades, thanks to the impact on teaching institutions by indoctrinating, and indoctrinated, reformist intellectuals bearing revolutionary ideas. To the perpetual indiscipline of youth has now been added the indiscipline of parents, many of whom interpret any reports of wrongdoing in school on the part of their offspring as a personal affront, or as the manifestation of the malice of teachers. As for the teachers themselves, whilst many are respectable and learned men and women, who view it as their vocation to induct their charges into a civilization and a way of behaving, others attempt to influence youth merely to further their political or ideological ends.", "hypothesis": "Some teachers who report children of wrongdoing do so because of malice, rather than nay legitimate reason.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_739", "premise": "There is no task more difficult than that of ensuring the education of children in modern . Not only school, but also teachers and their roles have changed out of all recognition in the past few decades, thanks to the impact on teaching institutions by indoctrinating, and indoctrinated, reformist intellectuals bearing revolutionary ideas. To the perpetual indiscipline of youth has now been added the indiscipline of parents, many of whom interpret any reports of wrongdoing in school on the part of their offspring as a personal affront, or as the manifestation of the malice of teachers. As for the teachers themselves, whilst many are respectable and learned men and women, who view it as their vocation to induct their charges into a civilization and a way of behaving, others attempt to influence youth merely to further their political or ideological ends.", "hypothesis": "Teacher with revolutionary ideas will attempt to influence their pupils for their own political ends.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_740", "premise": "There is no task more difficult than that of ensuring the education of children in modern . Not only school, but also teachers and their roles have changed out of all recognition in the past few decades, thanks to the impact on teaching institutions by indoctrinating, and indoctrinated, reformist intellectuals bearing revolutionary ideas. To the perpetual indiscipline of youth has now been added the indiscipline of parents, many of whom interpret any reports of wrongdoing in school on the part of their offspring as a personal affront, or as the manifestation of the malice of teachers. As for the teachers themselves, whilst many are respectable and learned men and women, who view it as their vocation to induct their charges into a civilization and a way of behaving, others attempt to influence youth merely to further their political or ideological ends.", "hypothesis": "Some of those working in education have their own hidden agendas.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_741", "premise": "There is no task more difficult than that of ensuring the education of children in modern society. Not only school, but also teachers and their roles have changed out of all recognition in the past few decades, thanks to the impact on teaching institutions by indoctrinating, and indoctrinated, reformist intellectuals bearing revolutionary ideas. To the perpetual indiscipline of youth has now been added the indiscipline of parents, many of whom interpret any reports of wrongdoing in school on the part of their offspring as a personal affront, or as the manifestation of the malice of teachers. As for the teachers themselves, whilst many are respectable and learned men and women, who view it as their vocation to induct their charges into a civilization and a way of behaving, others attempt to influence youth merely to further their political or ideological ends.", "hypothesis": "Some of those working in education have their own hidden agendas.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_742", "premise": "There is no task more difficult than that of ensuring the education of children in modern society. Not only school, but also teachers and their roles have changed out of all recognition in the past few decades, thanks to the impact on teaching institutions by indoctrinating, and indoctrinated, reformist intellectuals bearing revolutionary ideas. To the perpetual indiscipline of youth has now been added the indiscipline of parents, many of whom interpret any reports of wrongdoing in school on the part of their offspring as a personal affront, or as the manifestation of the malice of teachers. As for the teachers themselves, whilst many are respectable and learned men and women, who view it as their vocation to induct their charges into a civilization and a way of behaving, others attempt to influence youth merely to further their political or ideological ends.", "hypothesis": "Teacher with revolutionary ideas will attempt to influence their pupils for their own political ends.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_743", "premise": "There is no task more difficult than that of ensuring the education of children in modern society. Not only school, but also teachers and their roles have changed out of all recognition in the past few decades, thanks to the impact on teaching institutions by indoctrinating, and indoctrinated, reformist intellectuals bearing revolutionary ideas. To the perpetual indiscipline of youth has now been added the indiscipline of parents, many of whom interpret any reports of wrongdoing in school on the part of their offspring as a personal affront, or as the manifestation of the malice of teachers. As for the teachers themselves, whilst many are respectable and learned men and women, who view it as their vocation to induct their charges into a civilization and a way of behaving, others attempt to influence youth merely to further their political or ideological ends.", "hypothesis": "Some teachers who report children of wrongdoing do so because of malice, rather than nay legitimate reason.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_744", "premise": "There is no unifying theory to explain the experience of dreaming. Dreaming involves an altered state of consciousness that occurs during periods of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. One of the most unusual features of this state is that most of the body's muscles are paralysed. The most common sleeping pattern is for a period of REM sleep to be preceded by four stages of non-REM sleep, and for this to repeat itself up to five times a night. Most adults and children, if woken during REM sleep, will report that they were dreaming. Whilst the physiological stages of sleeping may be similar across adults and young children, the potential complexity of a childs dreams develops as they age alongside their imagination. Its difficult to prove that a dream is taking place only after the fact can you know that you were dreaming. There are a small number of people, however, who do know when they are experiencing what is called a lucid dream. The scanning hypothesis posits that eyes move during REM sleep in accordance with the direction of gaze of ones dream. Research, for example with lucid dreamers, has shown that eyes do point towards the action that a dreamer, having a goal- orientated dream, describes.", "hypothesis": "Eye muscles are the only muscles that are not paralysed during REM sleep.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_745", "premise": "There is no unifying theory to explain the experience of dreaming. Dreaming involves an altered state of consciousness that occurs during periods of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. One of the most unusual features of this state is that most of the body's muscles are paralysed. The most common sleeping pattern is for a period of REM sleep to be preceded by four stages of non-REM sleep, and for this to repeat itself up to five times a night. Most adults and children, if woken during REM sleep, will report that they were dreaming. Whilst the physiological stages of sleeping may be similar across adults and young children, the potential complexity of a childs dreams develops as they age alongside their imagination. Its difficult to prove that a dream is taking place only after the fact can you know that you were dreaming. There are a small number of people, however, who do know when they are experiencing what is called a lucid dream. The scanning hypothesis posits that eyes move during REM sleep in accordance with the direction of gaze of ones dream. Research, for example with lucid dreamers, has shown that eyes do point towards the action that a dreamer, having a goal- orientated dream, describes.", "hypothesis": "REM sleep tends to be preceded by non-REM sleep.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_746", "premise": "There is no unifying theory to explain the experience of dreaming. Dreaming involves an altered state of consciousness that occurs during periods of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. One of the most unusual features of this state is that most of the body's muscles are paralysed. The most common sleeping pattern is for a period of REM sleep to be preceded by four stages of non-REM sleep, and for this to repeat itself up to five times a night. Most adults and children, if woken during REM sleep, will report that they were dreaming. Whilst the physiological stages of sleeping may be similar across adults and young children, the potential complexity of a childs dreams develops as they age alongside their imagination. Its difficult to prove that a dream is taking place only after the fact can you know that you were dreaming. There are a small number of people, however, who do know when they are experiencing what is called a lucid dream. The scanning hypothesis posits that eyes move during REM sleep in accordance with the direction of gaze of ones dream. Research, for example with lucid dreamers, has shown that eyes do point towards the action that a dreamer, having a goal- orientated dream, describes.", "hypothesis": "A child's dreams become more sophisticated as their imagination develops.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_747", "premise": "There is no unifying theory to explain the experience of dreaming. Dreaming involves an altered state of consciousness that occurs during periods of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. One of the most unusual features of this state is that most of the body's muscles are paralysed. The most common sleeping pattern is for a period of REM sleep to be preceded by four stages of non-REM sleep, and for this to repeat itself up to five times a night. Most adults and children, if woken during REM sleep, will report that they were dreaming. Whilst the physiological stages of sleeping may be similar across adults and young children, the potential complexity of a childs dreams develops as they age alongside their imagination. Its difficult to prove that a dream is taking place only after the fact can you know that you were dreaming. There are a small number of people, however, who do know when they are experiencing what is called a lucid dream. The scanning hypothesis posits that eyes move during REM sleep in accordance with the direction of gaze of ones dream. Research, for example with lucid dreamers, has shown that eyes do point towards the action that a dreamer, having a goal- orientated dream, describes.", "hypothesis": "The scanning hypothesis states that the direction of a lucid dreamers eye movements reveals what the dream is about.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_748", "premise": "There is no unifying theory to explain the experience of dreaming. Dreaming involves an altered state of consciousness that occurs during periods of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. One of the most unusual features of this state is that most of the body's muscles are paralysed. The most common sleeping pattern is for a period of REM sleep to be preceded by four stages of non-REM sleep, and for this to repeat itself up to five times a night. Most adults and children, if woken during REM sleep, will report that they were dreaming. Whilst the physiological stages of sleeping may be similar across adults and young children, the potential complexity of a childs dreams develops as they age alongside their imagination. Its difficult to prove that a dream is taking place only after the fact can you know that you were dreaming. There are a small number of people, however, who do know when they are experiencing what is called a lucid dream. The scanning hypothesis posits that eyes move during REM sleep in accordance with the direction of gaze of ones dream. Research, for example with lucid dreamers, has shown that eyes do point towards the action that a dreamer, having a goal- orientated dream, describes.", "hypothesis": "REM sleep periods always occur after four non-REM sleep periods.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_749", "premise": "There is nothing in England today with which we can compare the life of a fully enfranchised borough of the fifteenth century. The town of those earlier days, in fact, governed itself after the fashion of a little principality. Within the bounds which the mayor and citizens defined with perpetual insistence in their formal perambulation year after year, it carried on its isolated self-dependent life. The inhabitants defended their own territory, built and maintained their walls and towers, armed their own soldiers, trained them for service and held reviews of their forces at appointed times. They elected their own rulers and officials in whatever way they chose to adopt, and distributed among officers and councillors just such powers of legislation and administration as seemed good in their eyes. They drew up formal constitutions for the government of the community, and as time brought new problems and responsibilities, more were made, re-made and revised again; their ordinances with restless and fertile ingenuity, till they had made of their constitution a various medley of fundamental doctrines and general precepts and particular rules, somewhat after the fashion of an American state of modern times. In all concerns of trade, they exercised the widest powers, and bargained and negotiated and made laws as nations do on a grander scale today. They could covenant and confederate, buy and sell, deal and traffic after their own will; they could draw up formal treaties with other boroughs, and could admit them to or shut them out from all the privileges of their commerce; they might pass laws of protection or try experiments in free trade. Often, their authority stretched out over a wide district, and surrounding villages gathered to their markets and obeyed their laws; it might even happen in the case of a staple town that their officers controlled the main foreign trade of whole provinces.", "hypothesis": "In the 15 th century, towns drew up treaties to defend each other in times of attack.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_750", "premise": "There is nothing in England today with which we can compare the life of a fully enfranchised borough of the fifteenth century. The town of those earlier days, in fact, governed itself after the fashion of a little principality. Within the bounds which the mayor and citizens defined with perpetual insistence in their formal perambulation year after year, it carried on its isolated self-dependent life. The inhabitants defended their own territory, built and maintained their walls and towers, armed their own soldiers, trained them for service and held reviews of their forces at appointed times. They elected their own rulers and officials in whatever way they chose to adopt, and distributed among officers and councillors just such powers of legislation and administration as seemed good in their eyes. They drew up formal constitutions for the government of the community, and as time brought new problems and responsibilities, more were made, re-made and revised again; their ordinances with restless and fertile ingenuity, till they had made of their constitution a various medley of fundamental doctrines and general precepts and particular rules, somewhat after the fashion of an American state of modern times. In all concerns of trade, they exercised the widest powers, and bargained and negotiated and made laws as nations do on a grander scale today. They could covenant and confederate, buy and sell, deal and traffic after their own will; they could draw up formal treaties with other boroughs, and could admit them to or shut them out from all the privileges of their commerce; they might pass laws of protection or try experiments in free trade. Often, their authority stretched out over a wide district, and surrounding villages gathered to their markets and obeyed their laws; it might even happen in the case of a staple town that their officers controlled the main foreign trade of whole provinces.", "hypothesis": "Town life in the 15 th century is more comparable to the American state of modern times than England in modern times.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_751", "premise": "There is often considerable scientific disagreement both about available reserves of natural resources and about the extent of environmental damage caused by particular pollutants. Even where the scientific evidence is incontrovertible. There may be political conflict, based on different vested interests, over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be accepted. Governments may, for example, refrain from introducing effective control if they fear these will adversely affect company profitability or jobs, even where the environmental cost of not introducing controls are considerable.", "hypothesis": "There is always scientific debate around the facts regarding the reserves of natural resources.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_752", "premise": "There is often considerable scientific disagreement both about available reserves of natural resources and about the extent of environmental damage caused by particular pollutants. Even where the scientific evidence is incontrovertible. There may be political conflict, based on different vested interests, over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be accepted. Governments may, for example, refrain from introducing effective control if they fear these will adversely affect company profitability or jobs, even where the environmental cost of not introducing controls are considerable.", "hypothesis": "Parties with a vested interest are more influenced by politics than science when deciding whether to implement environmental controls.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_753", "premise": "There is often considerable scientific disagreement both about available reserves of natural resources and about the extent of environmental damage caused by particular pollutants. Even where the scientific evidence is incontrovertible. There may be political conflict, based on different vested interests, over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be accepted. Governments may, for example, refrain from introducing effective control if they fear these will adversely affect company profitability or jobs, even where the environmental cost of not introducing controls are considerable.", "hypothesis": "Very rarely is there conflict over the degree to which particular environmental controls should be accepted.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_754", "premise": "There was considerable concern expressed by biochemists in 2002 when news emerged that traces of Acrylamide were found in a great many food stuffs, including daily basics such as bread, breakfast cereals and potato and cheese products. Acrylamide is widely found in many processed foods but it is also created during home cooking, in fact whenever sugar, found in so many foods, is heated and browns. Blood tests showed that it was present in high concentrations in the vast majority of people in the Western world. The few animal studies that had taken place suggested that Acrylamide is a carcinogen, but little was known about the toxicological consequences of ingesting the chemical daily and at the levels found in the general population. An urgent search began to establish what risk it posed to public health and how it might be removed from or reduced in food.", "hypothesis": "It can be inferred from the passage that even at trace levels if digested Acrylamide is toxic.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_755", "premise": "There was considerable concern expressed by biochemists in 2002 when news emerged that traces of Acrylamide were found in a great many food stuffs, including daily basics such as bread, breakfast cereals and potato and cheese products. Acrylamide is widely found in many processed foods but it is also created during home cooking, in fact whenever sugar, found in so many foods, is heated and browns. Blood tests showed that it was present in high concentrations in the vast majority of people in the Western world. The few animal studies that had taken place suggested that Acrylamide is a carcinogen, but little was known about the toxicological consequences of ingesting the chemical daily and at the levels found in the general population. An urgent search began to establish what risk it posed to public health and how it might be removed from or reduced in food.", "hypothesis": "The likelihood of a potential health risk from the ingestion of Acrylamide would increase if it were found that, unlike in previous food scares, the option of removing from the shelves all foodstuffs in which it was present was not available because it is so widespread that there would be hardly anything left.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_756", "premise": "There was considerable concern expressed by biochemists in 2002 when news emerged that traces of Acrylamide were found in a great many food stuffs, including daily basics such as bread, breakfast cereals and potato and cheese products. Acrylamide is widely found in many processed foods but it is also created during home cooking, in fact whenever sugar, found in so many foods, is heated and browns. Blood tests showed that it was present in high concentrations in the vast majority of people in the Western world. The few animal studies that had taken place suggested that Acrylamide is a carcinogen, but little was known about the toxicological consequences of ingesting the chemical daily and at the levels found in the general population. An urgent search began to establish what risk it posed to public health and how it might be removed from or reduced in food.", "hypothesis": "The author of the passage would most likely disagree that many of the questions posed in the passage are now close to being answered.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_757", "premise": "There were six passengers in a railway carriage, all travelling to Paul and Mary's wedding. The wedding was to be held at a Registry Office at 2pm. The passengers were all married couples. The following facts are known: The groom was the twin brother of one of the passengers. The bride was the sister of Susan, another of the passengers. Peter's only brother was marrying Mary.", "hypothesis": "The groom's twin brother was Peter.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_758", "premise": "There were six passengers in a railway carriage, all travelling to Paul and Mary's wedding. The wedding was to be held at a Registry Office at 2pm. The passengers were all married couples. The following facts are known: The groom was the twin brother of one of the passengers. The bride was the sister of Susan, another of the passengers. Peter's only brother was marrying Mary.", "hypothesis": "The wedding was in the morning.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_759", "premise": "There were six passengers in a railway carriage, all travelling to Paul and Mary's wedding. The wedding was to be held at a Registry Office at 2pm. The passengers were all married couples. The following facts are known: The groom was the twin brother of one of the passengers. The bride was the sister of Susan, another of the passengers. Peter's only brother was marrying Mary.", "hypothesis": "Susan was married to Peter.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_760", "premise": "There were six passengers in a railway carriage, all travelling to Paul and Mary's wedding. The wedding was to be held at a Registry Office at 2pm. The passengers were all married couples. The following facts are known: The groom was the twin brother of one of the passengers. The bride was the sister of Susan, another of the passengers. Peter's only brother was marrying Mary.", "hypothesis": "Both the bride and groom had relatives on the train.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_761", "premise": "They are unable to fly in the true sense but the many species of penguin are all very adept swimmers. They literally fly underwater using their wings as flippers and their feet and tails to steer as they hunt fish and squid, which form the bulk of their diet. This extraordinary family of birds feed in the cold waters of the southern oceans (they are only found in the wild in the southern hemisphere). Their bodies are highly adapted both for their aquatic life and for the cold. Their feathers are short and dense to provide insulation and a highly waterproof layer. Their bones are not hollow like most birds but solid, making them stronger and less buoyant, helping them dive deep down to their prey. Like all birds they lay eggs and most species build nests, but some that live on sheet ice in the Antarctic, where there is no nest-building material, incubate their single egg on the top of their feet.", "hypothesis": "The sentiment of the passage can be captured by the statement that penguins are an extraordinary family of birds.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_762", "premise": "They are unable to fly in the true sense but the many species of penguin are all very adept swimmers. They literally fly underwater using their wings as flippers and their feet and tails to steer as they hunt fish and squid, which form the bulk of their diet. This extraordinary family of birds feed in the cold waters of the southern oceans (they are only found in the wild in the southern hemisphere). Their bodies are highly adapted both for their aquatic life and for the cold. Their feathers are short and dense to provide insulation and a highly waterproof layer. Their bones are not hollow like most birds but solid, making them stronger and less buoyant, helping them dive deep down to their prey. Like all birds they lay eggs and most species build nests, but some that live on sheet ice in the Antarctic, where there is no nest-building material, incubate their single egg on the top of their feet.", "hypothesis": "In the passage, solid bones are described as an adaptation for the cold southern climate.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_763", "premise": "They are unable to fly in the true sense but the many species of penguin are all very adept swimmers. They literally fly underwater using their wings as flippers and their feet and tails to steer as they hunt fish and squid, which form the bulk of their diet. This extraordinary family of birds feed in the cold waters of the southern oceans (they are only found in the wild in the southern hemisphere). Their bodies are highly adapted both for their aquatic life and for the cold. Their feathers are short and dense to provide insulation and a highly waterproof layer. Their bones are not hollow like most birds but solid, making them stronger and less buoyant, helping them dive deep down to their prey. Like all birds they lay eggs and most species build nests, but some that live on sheet ice in the Antarctic, where there is no nest-building material, incubate their single egg on the top of their feet.", "hypothesis": "The passage states that penguins lay a single egg.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_764", "premise": "They are unable to fly in the true sense but the many species of penguin are all very adept swimmers. They literally fly underwater using their wings as flippers and their feet and tails to steer as they hunt fish and squid, which form the bulk of their diet. This extraordinary family of birds feed in the cold waters of the southern oceans (they are only found in the wild in the southern hemisphere). Their bodies are highly adapted both for their aquatic life and for the cold. Their feathers are short and dense to provide insulation and a highly waterproof layer. Their bones are not hollow like most birds but solid, making them stronger and less buoyant, helping them dive deep down to their prey. Like all birds they lay eggs and most species build nests, but some that live on sheet ice in the Antarctic, where there is no nest-building material, incubate their single egg on the top of their feet.", "hypothesis": "Penguins are not unique in being flightless birds.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_765", "premise": "They are unable to fly in the true sense but the many species of penguin are all very adept swimmers. They literally fly underwater using their wings as flippers and their feet and tails to steer as they hunt fish and squid, which form the bulk of their diet. This extraordinary family of birds feed in the cold waters of the southern oceans (they are only found in the wild in the southern hemisphere). Their bodies are highly adapted both for their aquatic life and for the cold. Their feathers are short and dense to provide insulation and a highly waterproof layer. Their bones are not hollow like most birds but solid, making them stronger and less buoyant, helping them dive deep down to their prey. Like all birds they lay eggs and most species build nests, but some that live on sheet ice in the Antarctic, where there is no nest-building material, incubate their single egg on the top of their feet.", "hypothesis": "It can be inferred from the passage that you have to go to the southern hemisphere if you wish to see penguins in the wild.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_766", "premise": "Thin-film solar power The modernist box that won this years Solar Decathlon, a contest for solar-powered houses sponsored by Americas Department of Energy, had solar panels of the conventional, crystalline sort on its roof. But the walls were covered in solar cells made with thin coatings of silicon and other materials in the place of expensive slices of crystal. Thin film, as this technology is known, is still less popular than crystalline cells and its move to the mainstream has been a year or two away for a decade. But its time may have come at last. There are many exotic ideas involving thin film, from the solar shingles recently unveiled by Dow, a big chemical company, a roofs worth costs $27,000, to experimental prototypes of power-generating clothes, roads and cars. However, most thin film comes in the form of panels that resemble crystalline ones. They are roughly half as efficient, meaning that a panel must be twice as big to generate the same amount of power, but a third cheaper, watt for watt. So in places where there is no shortage of space, they are the natural option. Thin-film cells are also more versatile, since they can be mounted on a variety of materials including flexible plastics and fabrics. Like all solar cells, they are becoming more efficient: the decathletes of Team Germany, who designed the winning house, bragged that its north facade was covered in panels that could convert even indirect sunlight into electricity. Over the past year or so, thanks to a crash in demand tied to the recession and falling subsidies in big markets, the price of crystalline panels has fallen by 30-40%, undermining thin films relative advantage. Nonetheless, thin films share of the market has continued to rise: it is now almost half, compared with just 10% in 2004. The biggest force in the industry is a firm called First Solar, based in Arizona, a sunny American state. Like that of virtually all alternative-energy firms, its share price has suffered in the recession. But it has First Solar looks likely to continue to grow. Last month it signed a memorandum of understanding with China to install two gigawatts worth of panels in Inner Mongolia-a place with plenty of space. That is enough to power 3 million homes. Installation is due to begin next year and finish in 2019. That and other projects should consume all its output for several years to come. First Solars rivals are much smaller. But technological advances may yet catapult one to the fore, says Steve Milunovich, an analyst at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. First Solar makes its cells from a chemical called cadmium telluride. But firms such as Nanosolar, which is building factories in California and Germany, believe that a combination of copper, indium, gallium and selenium known as CIGS will prove cheaper to produce on a mass scale. Researchers at the University of California, meanwhile, hold out great hopes for cells made of organic chemicals. For the moment, however, the cheapest form of solar power is none of these, but the less glamorous solar-thermal power, which involves heating water with sunlight to make steam. Utilities are also keen to use lenses to increase the amount of sunlight hitting solar panels-a technique known as concentrating solar power. They still need subsidies or a high price on carbon emissions to make investments in any sort of solar power profitable. But the gap between solar and conventional power sources is becoming, well, thinner.", "hypothesis": "First solar is not yet listed on the S&P 500", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_767", "premise": "Thin-film solar power The modernist box that won this years Solar Decathlon, a contest for solar-powered houses sponsored by Americas Department of Energy, had solar panels of the conventional, crystalline sort on its roof. But the walls were covered in solar cells made with thin coatings of silicon and other materials in the place of expensive slices of crystal. Thin film, as this technology is known, is still less popular than crystalline cells and its move to the mainstream has been a year or two away for a decade. But its time may have come at last. There are many exotic ideas involving thin film, from the solar shingles recently unveiled by Dow, a big chemical company, a roofs worth costs $27,000, to experimental prototypes of power-generating clothes, roads and cars. However, most thin film comes in the form of panels that resemble crystalline ones. They are roughly half as efficient, meaning that a panel must be twice as big to generate the same amount of power, but a third cheaper, watt for watt. So in places where there is no shortage of space, they are the natural option. Thin-film cells are also more versatile, since they can be mounted on a variety of materials including flexible plastics and fabrics. Like all solar cells, they are becoming more efficient: the decathletes of Team Germany, who designed the winning house, bragged that its north facade was covered in panels that could convert even indirect sunlight into electricity. Over the past year or so, thanks to a crash in demand tied to the recession and falling subsidies in big markets, the price of crystalline panels has fallen by 30-40%, undermining thin films relative advantage. Nonetheless, thin films share of the market has continued to rise: it is now almost half, compared with just 10% in 2004. The biggest force in the industry is a firm called First Solar, based in Arizona, a sunny American state. Like that of virtually all alternative-energy firms, its share price has suffered in the recession. But it has First Solar looks likely to continue to grow. Last month it signed a memorandum of understanding with China to install two gigawatts worth of panels in Inner Mongolia-a place with plenty of space. That is enough to power 3 million homes. Installation is due to begin next year and finish in 2019. That and other projects should consume all its output for several years to come. First Solars rivals are much smaller. But technological advances may yet catapult one to the fore, says Steve Milunovich, an analyst at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. First Solar makes its cells from a chemical called cadmium telluride. But firms such as Nanosolar, which is building factories in California and Germany, believe that a combination of copper, indium, gallium and selenium known as CIGS will prove cheaper to produce on a mass scale. Researchers at the University of California, meanwhile, hold out great hopes for cells made of organic chemicals. For the moment, however, the cheapest form of solar power is none of these, but the less glamorous solar-thermal power, which involves heating water with sunlight to make steam. Utilities are also keen to use lenses to increase the amount of sunlight hitting solar panels-a technique known as concentrating solar power. They still need subsidies or a high price on carbon emissions to make investments in any sort of solar power profitable. But the gap between solar and conventional power sources is becoming, well, thinner.", "hypothesis": "When space is not a problem, its probably better to use crystalline films.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_768", "premise": "Thin-film solar power The modernist box that won this years Solar Decathlon, a contest for solar-powered houses sponsored by Americas Department of Energy, had solar panels of the conventional, crystalline sort on its roof. But the walls were covered in solar cells made with thin coatings of silicon and other materials in the place of expensive slices of crystal. Thin film, as this technology is known, is still less popular than crystalline cells and its move to the mainstream has been a year or two away for a decade. But its time may have come at last. There are many exotic ideas involving thin film, from the solar shingles recently unveiled by Dow, a big chemical company, a roofs worth costs $27,000, to experimental prototypes of power-generating clothes, roads and cars. However, most thin film comes in the form of panels that resemble crystalline ones. They are roughly half as efficient, meaning that a panel must be twice as big to generate the same amount of power, but a third cheaper, watt for watt. So in places where there is no shortage of space, they are the natural option. Thin-film cells are also more versatile, since they can be mounted on a variety of materials including flexible plastics and fabrics. Like all solar cells, they are becoming more efficient: the decathletes of Team Germany, who designed the winning house, bragged that its north facade was covered in panels that could convert even indirect sunlight into electricity. Over the past year or so, thanks to a crash in demand tied to the recession and falling subsidies in big markets, the price of crystalline panels has fallen by 30-40%, undermining thin films relative advantage. Nonetheless, thin films share of the market has continued to rise: it is now almost half, compared with just 10% in 2004. The biggest force in the industry is a firm called First Solar, based in Arizona, a sunny American state. Like that of virtually all alternative-energy firms, its share price has suffered in the recession. But it has First Solar looks likely to continue to grow. Last month it signed a memorandum of understanding with China to install two gigawatts worth of panels in Inner Mongolia-a place with plenty of space. That is enough to power 3 million homes. Installation is due to begin next year and finish in 2019. That and other projects should consume all its output for several years to come. First Solars rivals are much smaller. But technological advances may yet catapult one to the fore, says Steve Milunovich, an analyst at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. First Solar makes its cells from a chemical called cadmium telluride. But firms such as Nanosolar, which is building factories in California and Germany, believe that a combination of copper, indium, gallium and selenium known as CIGS will prove cheaper to produce on a mass scale. Researchers at the University of California, meanwhile, hold out great hopes for cells made of organic chemicals. For the moment, however, the cheapest form of solar power is none of these, but the less glamorous solar-thermal power, which involves heating water with sunlight to make steam. Utilities are also keen to use lenses to increase the amount of sunlight hitting solar panels-a technique known as concentrating solar power. They still need subsidies or a high price on carbon emissions to make investments in any sort of solar power profitable. But the gap between solar and conventional power sources is becoming, well, thinner.", "hypothesis": "Team Germanys house won because of its ability to turn indirect sunlight into electricity.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_769", "premise": "Thin-film solar power The modernist box that won this years Solar Decathlon, a contest for solar-powered houses sponsored by Americas Department of Energy, had solar panels of the conventional, crystalline sort on its roof. But the walls were covered in solar cells made with thin coatings of silicon and other materials in the place of expensive slices of crystal. Thin film, as this technology is known, is still less popular than crystalline cells and its move to the mainstream has been a year or two away for a decade. But its time may have come at last. There are many exotic ideas involving thin film, from the solar shingles recently unveiled by Dow, a big chemical company, a roofs worth costs $27,000, to experimental prototypes of power-generating clothes, roads and cars. However, most thin film comes in the form of panels that resemble crystalline ones. They are roughly half as efficient, meaning that a panel must be twice as big to generate the same amount of power, but a third cheaper, watt for watt. So in places where there is no shortage of space, they are the natural option. Thin-film cells are also more versatile, since they can be mounted on a variety of materials including flexible plastics and fabrics. Like all solar cells, they are becoming more efficient: the decathletes of Team Germany, who designed the winning house, bragged that its north facade was covered in panels that could convert even indirect sunlight into electricity. Over the past year or so, thanks to a crash in demand tied to the recession and falling subsidies in big markets, the price of crystalline panels has fallen by 30-40%, undermining thin films relative advantage. Nonetheless, thin films share of the market has continued to rise: it is now almost half, compared with just 10% in 2004. The biggest force in the industry is a firm called First Solar, based in Arizona, a sunny American state. Like that of virtually all alternative-energy firms, its share price has suffered in the recession. But it has First Solar looks likely to continue to grow. Last month it signed a memorandum of understanding with China to install two gigawatts worth of panels in Inner Mongolia-a place with plenty of space. That is enough to power 3 million homes. Installation is due to begin next year and finish in 2019. That and other projects should consume all its output for several years to come. First Solars rivals are much smaller. But technological advances may yet catapult one to the fore, says Steve Milunovich, an analyst at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. First Solar makes its cells from a chemical called cadmium telluride. But firms such as Nanosolar, which is building factories in California and Germany, believe that a combination of copper, indium, gallium and selenium known as CIGS will prove cheaper to produce on a mass scale. Researchers at the University of California, meanwhile, hold out great hopes for cells made of organic chemicals. For the moment, however, the cheapest form of solar power is none of these, but the less glamorous solar-thermal power, which involves heating water with sunlight to make steam. Utilities are also keen to use lenses to increase the amount of sunlight hitting solar panels-a technique known as concentrating solar power. They still need subsidies or a high price on carbon emissions to make investments in any sort of solar power profitable. But the gap between solar and conventional power sources is becoming, well, thinner.", "hypothesis": "The price reduction of crystalline films has prevented thin films from gaining market share.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_770", "premise": "Thin-film solar power The modernist box that won this years Solar Decathlon, a contest for solar-powered houses sponsored by Americas Department of Energy, had solar panels of the conventional, crystalline sort on its roof. But the walls were covered in solar cells made with thin coatings of silicon and other materials in the place of expensive slices of crystal. Thin film, as this technology is known, is still less popular than crystalline cells and its move to the mainstream has been a year or two away for a decade. But its time may have come at last. There are many exotic ideas involving thin film, from the solar shingles recently unveiled by Dow, a big chemical company, a roofs worth costs $27,000, to experimental prototypes of power-generating clothes, roads and cars. However, most thin film comes in the form of panels that resemble crystalline ones. They are roughly half as efficient, meaning that a panel must be twice as big to generate the same amount of power, but a third cheaper, watt for watt. So in places where there is no shortage of space, they are the natural option. Thin-film cells are also more versatile, since they can be mounted on a variety of materials including flexible plastics and fabrics. Like all solar cells, they are becoming more efficient: the decathletes of Team Germany, who designed the winning house, bragged that its north facade was covered in panels that could convert even indirect sunlight into electricity. Over the past year or so, thanks to a crash in demand tied to the recession and falling subsidies in big markets, the price of crystalline panels has fallen by 30-40%, undermining thin films relative advantage. Nonetheless, thin films share of the market has continued to rise: it is now almost half, compared with just 10% in 2004. The biggest force in the industry is a firm called First Solar, based in Arizona, a sunny American state. Like that of virtually all alternative-energy firms, its share price has suffered in the recession. But it has First Solar looks likely to continue to grow. Last month it signed a memorandum of understanding with China to install two gigawatts worth of panels in Inner Mongolia-a place with plenty of space. That is enough to power 3 million homes. Installation is due to begin next year and finish in 2019. That and other projects should consume all its output for several years to come. First Solars rivals are much smaller. But technological advances may yet catapult one to the fore, says Steve Milunovich, an analyst at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. First Solar makes its cells from a chemical called cadmium telluride. But firms such as Nanosolar, which is building factories in California and Germany, believe that a combination of copper, indium, gallium and selenium known as CIGS will prove cheaper to produce on a mass scale. Researchers at the University of California, meanwhile, hold out great hopes for cells made of organic chemicals. For the moment, however, the cheapest form of solar power is none of these, but the less glamorous solar-thermal power, which involves heating water with sunlight to make steam. Utilities are also keen to use lenses to increase the amount of sunlight hitting solar panels-a technique known as concentrating solar power. They still need subsidies or a high price on carbon emissions to make investments in any sort of solar power profitable. But the gap between solar and conventional power sources is becoming, well, thinner.", "hypothesis": "At this years Solar Decathlon, thin film covered the roof of the modernist box.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_771", "premise": "Thin-film solar power The modernist box that won this years Solar Decathlon, a contest for solar-powered houses sponsored by Americas Department of Energy, had solar panels of the conventional, crystalline sort on its roof. But the walls were covered in solar cells made with thin coatings of silicon and other materials in the place of expensive slices of crystal. Thin film, as this technology is known, is still less popular than crystalline cells and its move to the mainstream has been a year or two away for a decade. But its time may have come at last. There are many exotic ideas involving thin film, from the solar shingles recently unveiled by Dow, a big chemical company, a roofs worth costs $27,000, to experimental prototypes of power-generating clothes, roads and cars. However, most thin film comes in the form of panels that resemble crystalline ones. They are roughly half as efficient, meaning that a panel must be twice as big to generate the same amount of power, but a third cheaper, watt for watt. So in places where there is no shortage of space, they are the natural option. Thin-film cells are also more versatile, since they can be mounted on a variety of materials including flexible plastics and fabrics. Like all solar cells, they are becoming more efficient: the decathletes of Team Germany, who designed the winning house, bragged that its north facade was covered in panels that could convert even indirect sunlight into electricity. Over the past year or so, thanks to a crash in demand tied to the recession and falling subsidies in big markets, the price of crystalline panels has fallen by 30-40%, undermining thin films relative advantage. Nonetheless, thin films share of the market has continued to rise: it is now almost half, compared with just 10% in 2004. The biggest force in the industry is a firm called First Solar, based in Arizona, a sunny American state. Like that of virtually all alternative-energy firms, its share price has suffered in the recession. But it has First Solar looks likely to continue to grow. Last month it signed a memorandum of understanding with China to install two gigawatts worth of panels in Inner Mongolia-a place with plenty of space. That is enough to power 3 million homes. Installation is due to begin next year and finish in 2019. That and other projects should consume all its output for several years to come. First Solars rivals are much smaller. But technological advances may yet catapult one to the fore, says Steve Milunovich, an analyst at Bank of America Merrill Lynch. First Solar makes its cells from a chemical called cadmium telluride. But firms such as Nanosolar, which is building factories in California and Germany, believe that a combination of copper, indium, gallium and selenium known as CIGS will prove cheaper to produce on a mass scale. Researchers at the University of California, meanwhile, hold out great hopes for cells made of organic chemicals. For the moment, however, the cheapest form of solar power is none of these, but the less glamorous solar-thermal power, which involves heating water with sunlight to make steam. Utilities are also keen to use lenses to increase the amount of sunlight hitting solar panels-a technique known as concentrating solar power. They still need subsidies or a high price on carbon emissions to make investments in any sort of solar power profitable. But the gap between solar and conventional power sources is becoming, well, thinner.", "hypothesis": "In the last three years, First Solars share price has increased more than Standard & Poors clean-energy index.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_772", "premise": "This Marvellous Invention. Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself. But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul. This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankinds greatest invention except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets. Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth p, f, b, v, t, d, k, g, sh, a, e and so on amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe. The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick. Language conceals art. Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word ? to take one example, means nothing less than you are one of those whom we cant turn into a town-dweller. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together most of its components cannot even stand up on their own. ) And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintumaa (when he had made it suitable for her) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun it in the English translation when he had made it suitable for her, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?", "hypothesis": "A complex idea can be explained more clearly in a sentence than in a single word.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_773", "premise": "This Marvellous Invention. Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself. But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul. This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankinds greatest invention except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets. Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth p, f, b, v, t, d, k, g, sh, a, e and so on amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe. The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick. Language conceals art. Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word ? to take one example, means nothing less than you are one of those whom we cant turn into a town-dweller. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together most of its components cannot even stand up on their own. ) And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintumaa (when he had made it suitable for her) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun it in the English translation when he had made it suitable for her, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?", "hypothesis": "Human beings might have achieved their present position without language.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_774", "premise": "This Marvellous Invention. Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself. But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul. This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankinds greatest invention except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets. Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth p, f, b, v, t, d, k, g, sh, a, e and so on amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe. The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick. Language conceals art. Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word ? to take one example, means nothing less than you are one of those whom we cant turn into a town-dweller. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together most of its components cannot even stand up on their own. ) And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintumaa (when he had made it suitable for her) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun it in the English translation when he had made it suitable for her, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?", "hypothesis": "The Sumerians were responsible for starting the recording of events.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_775", "premise": "This Marvellous Invention. Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself. But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul. This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankinds greatest invention except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets. Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth p, f, b, v, t, d, k, g, sh, a, e and so on amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe. The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick. Language conceals art. Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word ? to take one example, means nothing less than you are one of those whom we cant turn into a town-dweller. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together most of its components cannot even stand up on their own. ) And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintumaa (when he had made it suitable for her) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun it in the English translation when he had made it suitable for her, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?", "hypothesis": "The Port-Royal grammarians did justice to the nature of language.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_776", "premise": "This Marvelous Invention Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself. But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul. This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankinds greatest invention except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets. Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth p, f, b, v, t, d, k, g, s, h, a, e and so on amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe. The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick. Language conceals art. Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word fehirliliftiremediklerimizdensiniz, to take one example, means nothing less than you are one of those whom we cant turn into a town-dweller. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together most of its components cannot even stand up on their own. ) And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintumaa (when he had made it suitable for her) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun it in the English translation when he had made it suitable for her, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?", "hypothesis": "A complex idea can be explained more clearly in a sentence than in a single word.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_777", "premise": "This Marvelous Invention Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself. But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul. This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankinds greatest invention except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets. Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth p, f, b, v, t, d, k, g, s, h, a, e and so on amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe. The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick. Language conceals art. Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word fehirliliftiremediklerimizdensiniz, to take one example, means nothing less than you are one of those whom we cant turn into a town-dweller. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together most of its components cannot even stand up on their own. ) And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintumaa (when he had made it suitable for her) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun it in the English translation when he had made it suitable for her, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?", "hypothesis": "Human beings might have achieved their present position without language.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_778", "premise": "This Marvelous Invention Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself. But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul. This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankinds greatest invention except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets. Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth p, f, b, v, t, d, k, g, s, h, a, e and so on amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe. The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick. Language conceals art. Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word fehirliliftiremediklerimizdensiniz, to take one example, means nothing less than you are one of those whom we cant turn into a town-dweller. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together most of its components cannot even stand up on their own. ) And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintumaa (when he had made it suitable for her) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun it in the English translation when he had made it suitable for her, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?", "hypothesis": "The Sumerians were responsible for starting the recording of events.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_779", "premise": "This Marvelous Invention Of all mankinds manifold creations, language must take pride of place. Other inventions the wheel, agriculture, sliced bread may have transformed our material existence, but the advent of language is what made us human. Compared to language, all other inventions pale in significance, since everything we have ever achieved depends on language and originates from it. Without language, we could never have embarked on our ascent to unparalleled power over all other animals, and even over nature itself. But language is foremost not just because it came first. In its own right it is a tool of extraordinary sophistication, yet based on an idea of ingenious simplicity: this marvellous invention of composing out of twenty-five or thirty sounds that infinite variety of expressions which, whilst having in themselves no likeness to what is in our mind, allow us to disclose to others its whole secret, and to make known to those who cannot penetrate it all that we imagine, and all the various stirrings of our soul. This was how, in 1660, the renowned French grammarians of the Port-Royal abbey near Versailles distilled the essence of language, and no one since has celebrated more eloquently the magnitude of its achievement. Even so, there is just one flaw in all these hymns of praise, for the homage to languages unique accomplishment conceals a simple yet critical incongruity. Language is mankinds greatest invention except, of course, that it was never invented. This apparent paradox is at the core of our fascination with language, and it holds many of its secrets. Language often seems so skillfully drafted that one can hardly imagine it as anything other than the perfected handiwork of a master craftsman. How else could this instrument make so much out of barely three dozen measly morsels of sound? In themselves, these configurations of mouth p, f, b, v, t, d, k, g, s, h, a, e and so on amount to nothing more than a few haphazard spits and splutters, random noises with no meaning, no ability to express, no power to explain. But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do: from sighing the interminable boredom of existence to unravelling the fundamental order of the universe. The most extraordinary thing about language, however, is that one doesnt have to be a genius to set its wheels in motion. The language machine allows just about everybody from pre-modern foragers in the subtropical savannah, to post-modern philosophers in the suburban sprawl to tie these meaningless sounds together into an infinite variety of subtle senses, and all apparently without the slightest exertion. Yet it is precisely this deceptive ease which makes language a victim of its own success, since in everyday life its triumphs are usually taken for granted. The wheels of language run so smoothly that one rarely bothers to stop and think about all the resourcefulness and expertise that must have gone into making it tick. Language conceals art. Often, it is only the estrangement of foreign tongues, with their many exotic and outlandish features, that brings home the wonder of languages design. One of the showiest stunts that some languages can pull off is an ability to build up words of breath-breaking length, and thus express in one word what English takes a whole sentence to say. The Turkish word fehirliliftiremediklerimizdensiniz, to take one example, means nothing less than you are one of those whom we cant turn into a town-dweller. (In case you were wondering, this monstrosity really is one word, not merely many different words squashed together most of its components cannot even stand up on their own. ) And if that sounds like some one-off freak, then consider Sumerian, the language spoken on the banks of the Euphrates some 5,000 years ago by the people who invented writing and thus enabled the documentation of history. A Sumerian word like munintumaa (when he had made it suitable for her) might seem rather trim compared to the Turkish colossus above. What is so impressive about it, however, is not its lengthiness but rather the reverse the thrifty compactness of its construction. The word is made up of different slots, each corresponding to a particular portion of meaning. This sleek design allows single sounds to convey useful information, and in fact even the absence of a sound has been enlisted to express something specific. If you were to ask which bit in the Sumerian word corresponds to the pronoun it in the English translation when he had made it suitable for her, then the answer would have to be nothing. Mind you, a very particular kind of nothing: the nothing that stands in the empty slot in the middle. The technology is so fine-tuned then that even a non-sound, when carefully placed in a particular position, has been invested with a specific function. Who could possibly have come up with such a nifty contraption?", "hypothesis": "The Port-Royal grammarians did justice to the nature of language.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_780", "premise": "This passage aims to outline the debate regarding the benefit of protecting wilderness land, where mankind is unrepresented, versus using such lands for the good of mankind. Commentators suggest that mans use of such land, whether to build houses or reap the resources that can be extracted, diminishes the value of such spaces. Opposing this line of thought is the view that to corner off such spaces prevents human progress and limits the possibilities of expansion. In accordance with this line of thought, to limit the use of such resources increases their monetary value, placing those with limited resources at a disadvantage.", "hypothesis": "Preservation of wilderness land prevents human progress.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_781", "premise": "This passage aims to outline the debate regarding the benefit of protecting wilderness land, where mankind is unrepresented, versus using such lands for the good of mankind. Commentators suggest that mans use of such land, whether to build houses or reap the resources that can be extracted, diminishes the value of such spaces. Opposing this line of thought is the view that to corner off such spaces prevents human progress and limits the possibilities of expansion. In accordance with this line of thought, to limit the use of such resources increases their monetary value, placing those with limited resources at a disadvantage.", "hypothesis": "Expansion may be limited by the preservation of wilderness land.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_782", "premise": "This passage aims to outline the debate regarding the benefit of protecting wilderness land, where mankind is unrepresented, versus using such lands for the good of mankind. Commentators suggest that mans use of such land, whether to build houses or reap the resources that can be extracted, diminishes the value of such spaces. Opposing this line of thought is the view that to corner off such spaces prevents human progress and limits the possibilities of expansion. In accordance with this line of thought, to limit the use of such resources increases their monetary value, placing those with limited resources at a disadvantage.", "hypothesis": "Wilderness land provides future generations with natural substances", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_783", "premise": "This passage aims to outline the debate regarding the benefit of protecting wilderness land, where mankind is unrepresented, versus using such lands for the good of mankind. Commentators suggest that mans use of such land, whether to build houses or reap the resources that can be extracted, diminishes the value of such spaces. Opposing this line of thought is the view that to corner off such spaces prevents human progress and limits the possibilities of expansion. In accordance with this line of thought, to limit the use of such resources increases their monetary value, placing those with limited resources at a disadvantage.", "hypothesis": "By preventing the use of limited resources, their value increases.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_784", "premise": "This passage examines the view that the punishment of criminals is the underlying aim of the criminal justice system, rather than rehabilitation. When looking at the criminal justice system in the United Kingdom, statistics suggest that those convicted of crimes are more likely to re-offend if given a prison sentence than any other sentence, such as community orders or mandatory alcohol or drug dependency support. In addition, those with dependency problems are more likely to further develop their dependency in prison. However, many sectors of society continue to see non-custodial sentences as the easy way out for offender. In this way, the underlying aim of the criminal justice system continues to be attempting to punish rather than rehabilitate.", "hypothesis": "Community orders continue to be an easy way out for offenders.", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_785", "premise": "This passage examines the view that the punishment of criminals is the underlying aim of the criminal justice system, rather than rehabilitation. When looking at the criminal justice system in the United Kingdom, statistics suggest that those convicted of crimes are more likely to re-offend if given a prison sentence than any other sentence, such as community orders or mandatory alcohol or drug dependency support. In addition, those with dependency problems are more likely to further develop their dependency in prison. However, many sectors of society continue to see non-custodial sentences as the easy way out for offender. In this way, the underlying aim of the criminal justice system continues to be attempting to punish rather than rehabilitate.", "hypothesis": "Prisoners are 3x more likely to offend than those serving community orders.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_786", "premise": "This passage examines the view that the punishment of criminals is the underlying aim of the criminal justice system, rather than rehabilitation. When looking at the criminal justice system in the United Kingdom, statistics suggest that those convicted of crimes are more likely to re-offend if given a prison sentence than any other sentence, such as community orders or mandatory alcohol or drug dependency support. In addition, those with dependency problems are more likely to further develop their dependency in prison. However, many sectors of society continue to see non-custodial sentences as the easy way out for offender. In this way, the underlying aim of the criminal justice system continues to be attempting to punish rather than rehabilitate.", "hypothesis": "Illegal substances are easier to acquire in prison.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_787", "premise": "This passage examines the view that the punishment of criminals is the underlying aim of the criminal justice system, rather than rehabilitation. When looking at the criminal justice system in the United Kingdom, statistics suggest that those convicted of crimes are more likely to re-offend if given a prison sentence than any other sentence, such as community orders or mandatory alcohol or drug dependency support. In addition, those with dependency problems are more likely to further develop their dependency in prison. However, many sectors of society continue to see non-custodial sentences as the easy way out for offender. In this way, the underlying aim of the criminal justice system continues to be attempting to punish rather than rehabilitate.", "hypothesis": "Prisoners are more likely to offend than those serving community orders.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_788", "premise": "This passage is based on the popularity of websites. It compares figures published by Rankings Today, a publishing group which collects and analysis information on the popularity of products. Rankings Today note that such figures are based on the annual income generated by such websites and the number of visitors to websites, also known as website traffic. As a result of these figures, we can see that the two most popular types of website are price comparison sites and social networking sites. It is estimated that over three billion pounds in advertising is generated by such websites every year. As a result of this information, companies are better informed as to where they should advertise to reach the largest possible audience.", "hypothesis": "Rankings Today is a company which collects and provides information on social networking websites only.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_789", "premise": "This passage is based on the popularity of websites. It compares figures published by Rankings Today, a publishing group which collects and analysis information on the popularity of products. Rankings Today note that such figures are based on the annual income generated by such websites and the number of visitors to websites, also known as website traffic. As a result of these figures, we can see that the two most popular types of website are price comparison sites and social networking sites. It is estimated that over three billion pounds in advertising is generated by such websites every year. As a result of this information, companies are better informed as to where they should advertise to reach the largest possible audience.", "hypothesis": "Rankings Today is a company which provides information on how to achieve the greatest profit.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_790", "premise": "This passage is based on the popularity of websites. It compares figures published by Rankings Today, a publishing group which collects and analysis information on the popularity of products. Rankings Today note that such figures are based on the annual income generated by such websites and the number of visitors to websites, also known as website traffic. As a result of these figures, we can see that the two most popular types of website are price comparison sites and social networking sites. It is estimated that over three billion pounds in advertising is generated by such websites every year. As a result of this information, companies are better informed as to where they should advertise to reach the largest possible audience.", "hypothesis": "Rankings Today is a company which collects and provides information on products", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_791", "premise": "This passage outlines common ways in which companies aim to resolve disputes between their workers. There are two main approaches to dispute resolution within a company. The first of these is the evaluation approach. This method encourages a meeting between the disputing parties to identify the issues between them. A neutral third party, often a team leader, listens to their issues and aims to find a reasonable compromise to impose upon the parties. There are often sanctions outlined for any breach of this compromise. The second way in which companies often resolve disputes between workers is through the facilitative approach. This method encourages open communication, identifying common ground and encourages the parties to the dispute themselves to find a solution, rather than a third party. A benefit of this approach is that the parties get to discuss their issues openly and provides an opportunity for each party to apologise and move forward.", "hypothesis": "The evaluation approach to problem solving is a method that companies use to assess an employees contribution.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_792", "premise": "This passage outlines common ways in which companies aim to resolve disputes between their workers. There are two main approaches to dispute resolution within a company. The first of these is the evaluation approach. This method encourages a meeting between the disputing parties to identify the issues between them. A neutral third party, often a team leader, listens to their issues and aims to find a reasonable compromise to impose upon the parties. There are often sanctions outlined for any breach of this compromise. The second way in which companies often resolve disputes between workers is through the facilitative approach. This method encourages open communication, identifying common ground and encourages the parties to the dispute themselves to find a solution, rather than a third party. A benefit of this approach is that the parties get to discuss their issues openly and provides an opportunity for each party to apologise and move forward.", "hypothesis": "The evaluation approach to problem solving is a method by which companies analyse potential new business partners.", "label": "n"}
+{"uid": "id_793", "premise": "This passage outlines common ways in which companies aim to resolve disputes between their workers. There are two main approaches to dispute resolution within a company. The first of these is the evaluation approach. This method encourages a meeting between the disputing parties to identify the issues between them. A neutral third party, often a team leader, listens to their issues and aims to find a reasonable compromise to impose upon the parties. There are often sanctions outlined for any breach of this compromise. The second way in which companies often resolve disputes between workers is through the facilitative approach. This method encourages open communication, identifying common ground and encourages the parties to the dispute themselves to find a solution, rather than a third party. A benefit of this approach is that the parties get to discuss their issues openly and provides an opportunity for each party to apologise and move forward.", "hypothesis": "The evaluation approach to problem solving requires a neutral third party to find a reasonable compromise.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_794", "premise": "This passage outlines common ways in which companies aim to resolve disputes between their workers. There are two main approaches to dispute resolution within a company. The first of these is the evaluation approach. This method encourages a meeting between the disputing parties to identify the issues between them. A neutral third party, often a team leader, listens to their issues and aims to find a reasonable compromise to impose upon the parties. There are often sanctions outlined for any breach of this compromise. The second way in which companies often resolve disputes between workers is through the facilitative approach. This method encourages open communication, identifying common ground and encourages the parties to the dispute themselves to find a solution, rather than a third party. A benefit of this approach is that the parties get to discuss their issues openly and provides an opportunity for each party to apologise and move forward.", "hypothesis": "The evaluation approach to problem solving allows the disputing parties to find a solution themselves,", "label": "c"}
+{"uid": "id_795", "premise": "This passage outlines the debate regarding the usefulness of social networking websites as a marketing tool. One side of this debate suggests that such websites allow companies to reach the widest target audience possible, and as such, are a powerful advertising tool. In addition to this social networking sites, such as facebook, provide information such as age, occupation, relationship status, location and often personal likes. In this way, such websites provide companies with a large amount of information, allowing companies to target their product at their ideal with greater ease and efficiency. On the other side of the debate, critics suggest that such websites encourage the publication of personal information on a never before seen level. In this way, companies are in a position to take advantage of previously private information.", "hypothesis": "Social networking sites provide a powerful advertising tool", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_796", "premise": "This passage outlines the debate regarding the usefulness of social networking websites as a marketing tool. One side of this debate suggests that such websites allow companies to reach the widest target audience possible, and as such, are a powerful advertising tool. In addition to this social networking sites, such as facebook, provide information such as age, occupation, relationship status, location and often personal likes. In this way, such websites provide companies with a large amount of information, allowing companies to target their product at their ideal with greater ease and efficiency. On the other side of the debate, critics suggest that such websites encourage the publication of personal information on a never before seen level. In this way, companies are in a position to take advantage of previously private information.", "hypothesis": "Social networking sites encourage the publication of private information.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_797", "premise": "This passage outlines the debate regarding the usefulness of social networking websites as a marketing tool. One side of this debate suggests that such websites allow companies to reach the widest target audience possible, and as such, are a powerful advertising tool. In addition to this social networking sites, such as facebook, provide information such as age, occupation, relationship status, location and often personal likes. In this way, such websites provide companies with a large amount of information, allowing companies to target their product at their ideal with greater ease and efficiency. On the other side of the debate, critics suggest that such websites encourage the publication of personal information on a never before seen level. In this way, companies are in a position to take advantage of previously private information.", "hypothesis": "Social networking is used as marketing tool.", "label": "e"}
+{"uid": "id_798", "premise": "This passage outlines the debate regarding the usefulness of social networking websites as a marketing tool. One side of this debate suggests that such websites allow companies to reach the widest target audience possible, and as such, are a powerful advertising tool. In addition to this social networking sites, such as facebook, provide information such as age, occupation, relationship status, location and often personal likes. In this way, such websites provide companies with a large amount of information, allowing companies to target their product at their ideal with greater ease and efficiency. On the other side of the debate, critics suggest that such websites encourage the publication of personal information on a never before seen level. In this way, companies are in a position to take advantage of previously private information.", "hypothesis": "Social networking sites place users in a vulnerable position.", "label": "c"}