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Phelan Simpson Phelan Simpson (born January 24, 1996) is a Canadian former competitive pair skater. With Mary Orr, he finished in the top ten at the 2014 and 2015 World Junior Championships. Career Simpson started learning to skate in 2004. He moved from Calgary, Alberta to Waterloo, Ontario after being paired with Shalena Rau in 2008. Rau/Simpson were coached by Kristy Sargeant-Wirtz and Kris Wirtz at the Kitchener-Waterloo Skating Club. They parted ways following the 2013 Canadian Championships. Simpson teamed up with Mary Orr in 2013. The pair won the junior bronze medal at the 2014 Canadian Championships. They were assigned to the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria, where they finished sixth. Orr/Simpson won the national junior title at the 2015 Canadian Championships and were named in Canada's team to the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, Estonia, where they finished tenth. Simpson then retired from competitive skating to pursue other interests. Programs With Mary Orr With Shalena Rau Competitive highlights JGP: Junior Grand Prix With Mary Orr With Shalena Rau References External links Category:1996 births Category:Canadian male pair skaters Category:Living people Category:People from the Comox Valley Regional District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Instant An instant is an infinitesimal moment in time, a moment whose passage is instantaneous. The continuous nature of time and its infinite divisibility was addressed by Aristotle in his Physics, where he wrote on Zeno's paradoxes. The philosopher and mathematician Bertrand Russell was still seeking to define the exact nature of an instant thousands of years later. In physics, a theoretical lower-bound unit of time called the Planck time has been proposed, that being the time required for light to travel a distance of 1 Planck length. The Planck time is theorized to be the smallest time measurement that will ever be possible, roughly 10−43 seconds. Within the framework of the laws of physics as they are understood today, for times less than one Planck time apart, one can neither measure nor detect any change. It is therefore physically impossible, with current technology, to determine if any action exists that causes a reaction in "an instant", rather than a reaction occurring after an interval of time too short to observe or measure. , the smallest time interval uncertainty in direct measurements is on the order of 850 zeptoseconds (850 × 10−21 seconds). See also Infinitesimal Present References Category:Units of time	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Museyib Allahverdiyev Museyib Abdulla oglu Allahverdiyev (; 5 May 1909–19 May 1979) was an Azerbaijani Red Army major and a Hero of the Soviet Union. Allahverdiyev was awarded the title for his leadership of his battalion during the Budapest Offensive. During the offensive, the battalion was reported to have destroyed 25 German tanks, killed up to 1200 soldiers, and captured 2200. Allahverdiyev left the army after the end of the war. Early life and Interwar Allhaverdiyev was born on 5 May 1909 in Dağ Kəsəmən to a peasant family. He received lower secondary education and worked on the kolkhoz. In 1931, he volunteered for the Red Army. He served in the Azerbaijan Rifle Division named for Sergo Ordzhonikidze. In 1932, he became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 1933, Allahverdiyev was sent to the Tbilisi Infantry School, from which he graduated in 1936. He then became a commissar in the army. World War II Allahverdiyev fought in combat from July 1941. He fought in the Battle of Moscow while serving with the 1st Guards Cavalry Division and was awarded the Order of the Red Star for his actions on 23 November 1942. He then fought in the Battles of Kharkov, the capture of Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Nikolayev, Krivoy Rog, Kirovograd, and Chișinău. He became a battalion commander in the 119th Guards Rifle Regiment of the 40th Guards Rifle Division. In fall 1944 and early 1945, Allahverdiyev fought in the Budapest Offensive. On 13 November, the battalion broke through the German defenses. On the night of 1 December, the battalion crossed the Danube in boats under artillery fire and engaged German troops on the right bank of the river. When Allahverdiyev reached the shore, he reportedly covered the landing with machine gun fire. Changing his position, he reportedly opened fire on the German troops and disorganized the defenses. The German troops reportedly began to retreat. In this battle, Allahverdiyev's battalion reportedly killed 500 and captured 2200 German soldiers. The battalion reportedly captured 24 guns, 36 machine guns, 8 mortars, 3 cars, 10 carts, and 2 warehouses with ammunition and food storage. During the Siege of Budapest, Allahverdiyev's battalion was ordered to stop a column of 120 German tanks attempting to relieve the siege. Allahverdiyev reportedly organized an ambush, which destroyed 25 German tanks and killed up to 700 soldiers. On 24 March 1945 Allahverdiyev was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin. Postwar Allahverdiyev retired in 1946 with the rank of major. He died on 19 May 1969. In the village of Dağ Kəsəmən a bust of Allahverdiyev was constructed. References Category:1909 births Category:1969 deaths Category:People from Qazakh District Category:Soviet Army officers Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II from Azerbaijan Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members Category:People from Elisabethpol Governorate	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dee-1 David Augustine Jr., better known by his stage name Dee-1, (born April 10, 1989) is an American Rapper from New Orleans, Louisiana. Early life Hailing from New Orleans East, David Augustine attended Audubon Montessori School (currently Audubon Charter School) through 8th grade. He was a star basketball player at Ben Franklin High School as well as homecoming king his senior year. Ben Franklin High School is the most academically rigorous public school in Louisiana. He is a Christian. Early career Augustine began rapping while in high school. He began publicly performing while attending LSU. After graduating from LSU in 2008, he started teaching middle school math in Baton Rouge. By the end of 2008, he had released three mixtapes: It's Only Tha Beginning, Still We Rise and I Am Who I Am. Dee-1 has been featured in national media outlets such as CNN, Billboard Magazine, and the Washington Post. He has also received attention from Louisiana newspapers and music magazines. After two years of teaching, he resigned before the 2010-2011 school year to focus on his music as a career. Music career His first studio album, David & Goliath, was released April 13, 2009. In August 2009, Dee-1 released a Saints-themed song with trumpet player and Rapper Ty Ochsen, titled "Bring Em to the Dome". Additionally, Dee-1 has performed alongside nationally touring acts such as Lil Wayne, Lupe Fiasco, Drake, Trey Songz, Akon, The Roots, Mýa, The Clipse, Musiq Soulchild, Fat Joe, Lil Boosie, Juvenile, Big K.R.I.T. and Big Boi. In October 2010, he was named Artist of the Year at the NOLA Underground Hip Hop Awards. Dee-1 majorly rose to hip-hop's spotlight after the release of his song and music video, "Jay, 50, & Weezy" in 2010. The single received national attention and was praised for its narrative-driven storytelling and “sheer audacity that he displayed by calling out three of the game's biggest rappers, but mostly because of the song's strong message.” In the same year, Dee-1 released his fourth mixtape, I Hope They Hear Me Vol.1. The project received positive attention, and after his Vol 1.5 installation to the mixtape series, he released I Hope They Hear Me Vol. 2. With acclaimed tracks, such as “Jay, 50 & Weezy,” occupying the 18-song track list, Dee-1's collaboration with Mannie Fresh made for another standout record from the project, “The One That Got Away.” The track was produced by Flight School Productions complete with a music video for the 2011 single. In 2011, Dee-1 toured with Atlanta rappers Killer Mike and Young Dro, as well as the southern California-based rap group Pac Div. Following that tour, between 2011-2013, he has also toured with artists such as Macklemore (opening for The Heist Tour), Murs (Ridin' All By Ourselves Tour), and Lecrae (Higher Learning Tour). Dee-1 developed a close relationship with Chicago rapper Lupe Fiasco while joining him on the “Tetsuo Youth Tour” of 2013 as well. Dee-1's unique artistry brought him to BET's 2014 Hip Hop Awards along with O.T. Genasis, Lil Mama, Logic and Detroit Che. Dee-1's The Focus Tape helped sustain his career momentum next, released in 2012 and featured a handful of hip-hop's biggest names. “Work” featuring Lecrae, “The Man In My City” featuring Juvenile and Mannie Fresh, “The Very Best” feat. Yassin Bey and Mannie Fresh, and “Never Clockin Out (Remix)” featuring Killer Mike name a few. His consciously-driven singles such as “You Stupid Fool” and “Shut Up And Grind” also turned heads in the rap circle. After signing with RCA Inspiration in 2013, he released his first EP, 3s Up, featuring six tracks and heralding Dee-1's three-piece motto: Be Real. Be Righteous. Be Relevant. The EP peaked at No. 9 on Billboard's Top Rap Albums in 2015. “Against Us” was the first single from the EP, released in 2014. The track delivered a powerful testament combating the ills of society and the Hollywood industry. Dee-1 created the “Against Us (Remix)” in 2016 and enlisted Big K.R.I.T. and Lupe Fiasco as featuring acts. Among other topics, he addressed his affecting lyrical subject matter and personal faith, like that of “Against Us,” on popular radio segment Sway's Universe with Sway Calloway. He discussed the importance of improving his personal life and increasing his faith among some of the music industry's moral corruption. The interview inspired an emotionally-moving track on 3s Up fittingly titled, “The Sway Interview.” Dee-1 admits that he was spiritually in a dark place during the time in his life when the interview was conducted. He credits it as “life-saving,” to which Sway praised as a “Grammy” honor for him. “I’m Not Perfect (I’m A Christian)” from the 3s Up EP also emphasizes the depth of his Christianity. What would have been Dee-1's latest mixtape, "Separated at Birth," was influenced by the sound and production of Lil Wayne, scheduled to be released in 2015. Due to conflicts with the mixtape's lyrical content and Cash Money Records, Lil Wayne's home label, the project was not publicly released. Dee-1 released "Sallie Mae Back" in 2016, a hyper-energetic track celebrating the completion of his student loan payoffs. In addition to his own budgeting, he used a part of his label signing advance to pay off the loans. The track received critical acclaim from CNN, ESPN, Forbes and TIME magazine. The Washington Post called it the “anthem of a generation” and landed Dee-1 a seat on Fox's leading talk show, The Real, as well as ESPN's His & Hers with Michael Smith and Jemele Hill. The blazing success of the track also led to ESPN recruiting Dee-1 for the theme song, "We Are The Undefeated", of its sports, race, and culture website, The Undefeated. He also penned lyrics for the “F.A.S.T. Song,” a track for the American Heart Association raising stroke awareness. Dee-1 headlined his first nationwide tour of 2016 in 2016 titled "The Slingshot David Mixtape Tour" following the release of The Slingshot David Mixtape release of July. His first studio album under the RCA imprint, Slingshot David, was released on November 10, 2017. The album's lead single, "Hood Villains", was handpicked by Lupe Fiasco, and the project boasts names such as Sevyn Streeter and Avery Wilson. In 2019, it was announced that Dee-1 left RCA Records and started up his own independent label called "Mission Vission Music". He released his second studio album God and Girls under the new label. Discography Studio albums Slingshot David: The Album (2017) God and Girls (2019) Independent albums David & Goliath (2009) EPs 3's Up (2015) Mixtapes It's Only Tha Beginning (2004) Still We Rise (2006) I Am Who I Am (2008) I Hope They Hear Me (2010) I Hope They Hear Me Vol. 1.5 (2010) I Hope They Hear Me Vol. 2 (2011) The Focus Tape (2012) Psalms of David (2013) Psalms of David Vol.2 (2013) Free Lunch And Sallie Mae (2014) Slingshot David (The Mixtape) (2016) Singles 2010: "Jay, 50 & Weezy" 2010: "One Man Army" produced by: Flight School Productions 2011: "It's My Turn" 2011: "Blue" 2011: "The One That Got Away" featuring Mannie Fresh produced by: Flight School Productions 2011: "I'm On It" featuring Shamarr Allen 2011: "Uncle Tom" produced by: Flight School Productions 2012: "SUAG" produced by: Flight School Productions 2012: "You Stupid Fool" 2012: "Work" featuring Lecrae 2013: "Dear Mr. Christian" by Derek Minor featuring Dee-1 & Lecrae 2014: "Against Us" 2015: "Can't Ban Tha Hopeman" produced by Greedy Money 2016: "Sallie Mae Back" produced by Justen Williams 2016: "Against Us (Remix)" featuring Big K.R.I.T. & Lupe Fiasco Filmography Treme (2012) Maul Dogs (2015) References External links Category:African-American Christians Category:African-American male rappers Category:Living people Category:Rappers from New Orleans Category:21st-century American rappers Category:21st-century American male musicians Category:1989 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Open access in Portugal In Portugal, the first open access initiatives were carried out by the University of Minho with the creation of RepositóriUM in 2003 and the definition of an institutional policy of self-archiving in 2004. In the following years began SciELO Portugal, for the publication of open access journals, and new repositories in several higher education institutions. The Open Access Scientific Repository of Portugal (RCAAP) launched in 2008. Following an agreement signed between the Ministers of Science and Technology of Portugal and Brazil in October 2009, the first Luso-Brasilien Open Access Conference took place in November 2010 in Braga, Portugal. Open access policies of the country's main scientific research funding agency, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Science and Technology Foundation, FCT), came into force on May 5, 2014. Repositories There are a number of collections of scholarship in Portugal housed in digital open access repositories. They contain journal articles, book chapters, data, and other research outputs that are free to read. See also Internet in Portugal Education in Portugal Media of Portugal Redalyc (Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y El Caribe, España y Portugal) Science and technology in Portugal Open access in other countries References Further reading in English (About Minho University repository). in Portuguese External links (About Open Access Week in Portugal) Category:Academia in Portugal Category:Communications in Portugal Portugal Category:Science and technology in Portugal	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Live from Austin, TX (Richard Thompson album) Live from Austin, TX is a live album by Richard Thompson, recorded in 2001 and released in 2005 on CD and DVD. Thompson has composed and performed since the late 60s, and has been signed to several major labels, but despite his reputation as a compelling and powerful live performer live albums have been few and far between for most of his career. There was the flawed (and later withdrawn), Small Town Romance in 1984, and several not-for-retail releases on Thompson's own boutique labels. Then in 2004 Cooking Vinyl released a live DVD (Live In Providence) and in 2005 New West Records released this recording of a 2001 performance given for KLRU's Austin City Limits series. Unlike Thompson's boutique live releases, available at his website and at his shows, Live from Austin, TX is an audio recording of a single show. Thompson's boutique releases, such as Ducknapped! and Semi-Detached Mock Tudor are compiled from a large number of different shows on the same tour. This performance was given in KLRU's studios in front of an audience. Usually the band is a trio, with Thompson joined by bassist Danny Thompson (no relation) and drummer Michael Jerome. Danny Thompson and Jerome had toured as members of the Richard Thompson band in 1999 and 2000, and would go on to work with him in 2002 on the recording sessions for the 2003 release The Old Kit Bag. The DVD version of Live From Austin, TX includes an extra track, "Put It There Pal" omitted from the CD. Neither version includes the entire performance that Thompson gave at the KLRU studios. Thompson broke a guitar string during "Shoot Out The Lights" and whilst the guitar was being restrung he performed an a cappella rendition of the 19th century music hall song "Sam Hall". Track listing All songs composed by Richard Thompson except "Persuasion" which is written by Tim Finn and Richard Thompson. "Cooksferry Queen" "Uninhabited Man" "Walking The Long Miles Home" "Al Bowlly's In Heaven" "Mingus Eyes" "Dry My Tears And Move On" "Easy There, Steady Now" "Persuasion" "Bathsheba Smiles" "Mr. Rebound" "Ghosts In The Wind" "She Twists The Knife Again" "Shoot Out The Lights" "Crawl Back (Under My Stone)" "1952 Vincent Black Lightning" Personnel Richard Thompson - guitar and vocals Danny Thompson - double bass Michael Jerome - drums References Category:2005 live albums Category:2005 video albums Category:Live video albums Category:Richard Thompson (musician) live albums Category:Richard Thompson (musician) video albums Category:New West Records live albums Category:New West Records video albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
VMFAT-501 Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadron 501 (VMFAT-501) is a training squadron in the United States Marine Corps, consisting of 28 F-35B Lightning II aircraft and serves as the Fleet Replacement Squadron. Known as the "Warlords," the squadron is based at Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina and falls administratively under Marine Aircraft Group 31 and the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing. The squadron has assumed the lineage of VMFA-451 which was originally known as the “Blue Devils” and saw action during World War II and Operation Desert Storm. They were decommissioned on January 31, 1997. History World War II Marine Fighting Squadron 451 (VMF-451) was activated on 15 February 1944 at Marine Corps Air Station Mojave, California. The "Blue Devils" were one of 32 squadrons that trained at the base, and were collectively known as the "Mojave Marines". Equipped with the Chance-Vought F4U-1D Corsair, they spent nearly a year training for carrier-based operations under the command of Major Henry A. Ellis Jr., who remained the Commanding Officer for 17 months. The squadron moved on board on 24 January 1945, along with VF-84 and VMF-221. This was the first fast-carrier deployment with three Corsair squadrons. As a new member of CVG-84, collectively known as the "Wolf Gang", CV-17 sailed westward across the Pacific. They flew their first combat sorties on February 16, against targets near Tokyo. The "Blue Devils" scored their first kill during the initial combat mission, but also suffered their first casualty. Lieutenant Forrest P. Brown was shot down by anti-aircraft fire, and was last seen floating in the water. On 18 March, they focused their fury on Kyushu, destroying the Myazaki and Omura air fields and bagging another kill. On 3 April, the "Blue Devils" had a field day in knocking down 11 Japanese planes, and on 12 April, they brought down 16 kamikazes. Major Archie Donahue, the XO, shot down three Vals and two Zekes, thus becoming the first carrier-based Marine "ace-in-a-day" and adding to the nine previous kills that he scored with VMF-112 in 1943. 11 May was pivotal for VMF-451 and the other "Wolf Gang" members of Bunker Hill. It started on a positive note, as First Lieutenant J.S. Norris Jr. shot down a Zeke near Amami, bringing VMF-451’s score to 34 confirmed kills. At 1005 hours, Bunker Hill was struck by two kamikazes, each carrying a bomb that was released prior to impact. Bunker Hill immediately began to burn and the smoke attracted more kamikazes. However, none of the suicide planes were able to penetrate the flak, and Bunker Hill was spared any more hits. The flames were eventually extinguished and CV-17 limped back to Ulithi, then Pearl Harbor, and finally arrived for battle-damage repair at Puget Sound, Washington, on 3 June 1945. VMF-451 rejoined the ground echelon at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro to remain until the end of the war. They earned a Presidential Unit Citation for their efforts in the Japan, Bonins and Ryukyus campaigns, and were deactivated on 10 September 1945. 1950s On 1 July 1946, the "Fightin’ Phillies" were reactivated as a reserve unit at Naval Air Station Willow Grove, Pennsylvania, equipped with the Grumman F6F-5 Hellcat. They remained as a reserve squadron until hostilities broke out in Korea. On 1 March 1951, the unit was recalled to active duty and equipped with the Grumman F9F-2 Panther. VMF-451 was relocated to MCAS El Toro, and periodically deployed to Marine Corps Air Station Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. In October 1954, VMF-451 upgraded to the North American FJ-2 Fury, and adopted the name "Warlords", redesigning their unit insignia to feature a jet punching through a Carling beer label and sporting the motif, "Vini, Vici" meaning "we conquered some wine" as opposed to "Veni, Vici" which means "I came, I conquered". On October 20, the "Warlords" craned their Furys on board , along with the "Death Angels" of VMF-235, to deploy to NAF Atsugi, Japan. In 1956, VMF-451 became the first Marine squadron to receive the upgraded FJ-4 Fury. The following year, the tailcode AM was changed to VM. In June 1957, the "Death Rattlers" of VMF-323 relieved them at Atsugi, and took possession of their airplanes. The "Warlords" then returned to MCAS El Toro and claimed VMF-323’s aircraft, remaining there until 15 September 1958, when they relieved VMF-323 at Ping Tung, North Taiwan, and reclaimed their Furys. The "Warlords" were on station at the end of the Taiwan Straits crisis and returned with their FJ-4s to MCAS El Toro in November 1959 after brief carrier qualifications on board . 1960s & 1970s While at MCAS El Toro, VMF-451 upgraded from the FJ-4 Fury to the supersonic Vought F8U-2 Crusader, flying the day fighter for 18 months before upgrading once again to the F8U-2N all-weather variant, and were redesignated Marine Fighter Squadron (All Weather) 451 (VMF(AW)-451). On January 4, 1962, the squadron deployed to Naval Air Station Atsugi, but instead of being packed aboard a carrier for a 45-day journey, the "Warlords" became the first squadron to make use of the new KC-130 Hercules for air-to-air refuelling as they flew their aircraft to Japan, arriving seven days later. The "Warlords" remained in the Far East until 1 February 1963, when they were ordered to Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina. On 24 August 1965, VMF(AW)-451, with the AJ tailcode, deployed aboard for a Mediterranean cruise, before returning to MCAS Beaufort on 7 April 1966. On February 1, 1968, the "Warlords" turned in their Crusaders in favor of the McDonnell Douglas F-4J Phantom II. With the new aircraft came the new designation, Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 451 (VMFA-451). In July 1976, the squadron was slated to return to their former home, , with their Phantoms painted in bicentennial markings and sporting Carrier Air Wing 17's AA tailcode. However, the Med cruise was cancelled and the unit returned to MCAS Beaufort. 1980s & 1990s In 1984, VMFA-451 set a safety record of 29,000 accident-free hours in the Phantom. After 21 years in the venerable "Rhino", and led by Alfred Cunningham award winner Lieutenant Colonel T.D. Seder, the "Warlords" exchanged their McDonnell Douglas F-4S Phantom II for the F/A-18 Hornet in September 1987. In May 1989, the squadron again sailed with the for a Med Cruise to end an eight-year absence of Beaufort-based Marine units on carriers. During the cruise, VMFA-451 learned it was the recipient of the 1988 Hanson award as the outstanding Marine fighter-attack squadron, as they surpassed 40,000 accident-free hours. The squadron returned to Beaufort in September 1989. On 23 August 1990, VMFA-451 deployed to Bahrain in support of Operation Desert Shield. At 0300 on 17 January 1991, the "Warlords" became the first Marine unit to attack Iraqi forces in Operation Desert Storm. The Commanding Officer, Lieutenant Colonel A.S. "Scotty" Dudley, led a four-plane strike as part of a larger 50-aircraft strike force under Marine Aircraft Group 11. The "Warlords" ended the operation with 770 combat sorties and 1,400 combat hours. They returned to MCAS Beaufort with all aircraft and personnel. VMFA-451 spent the remaining six years leading up to deactivation on the East Coast, making periodic deployments that included exercises in Norway. They returned from the Western Pacific in late July 1996, and from there, wound down a 57-year history. The "Warlords" of VMFA-451 were deactivated on 31 January 1997. Reactivation as a training squadron On 1 April 2010, the squadron was reactivated and redesignated as VMFAT-501 at a ceremony at the National Museum of Naval Aviation at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. The squadron serves as the F-35B Lightning II Fleet Replacement Squadron. Stationed at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, it falls administratively under Marine Aircraft Group 31, but operationally under the 33d Fighter Wing, which controls all F-35 training for the Air Force and United States Navy. The Squadron moved back to its permanent home of MCAS Beaufort in July 2014. See also United States Marine Corps Aviation List of inactive United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons List of active United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons Notes References Bibliography Web VMFA-451 Homepage VMFA-451 photos from the Marine Corps Aviation Association External links Official website of VMFAT-501 Category:Fighter attack squadrons of the United States Marine Corps Category:Training squadrons of the United States Marine Corps	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Turks of South Carolina The Turks of South Carolina were a group of people who lived in the general area of Sumter County, South Carolina in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, it was believed these people came from a primarily Native American background with some admixture of Turkish. They have been mistakenly connected to a family of "Free Moors" who resided in Charleston (see Free Moors of South Carolina). The tax collector of Sumter sent an inquiry dated December 7, 1858 to the South Carolina Committee on the Colored Population, inquiring as to whether the "descendants of Egyptians and Indians" who resided in Sumter should be taxed under the bracket of "Free Blacks, mulattoes and mestizos, or as whites." Since the late 20th century, researchers have suggested these people were likely descendants of unions between whites and free, enslaved or indentured Africans or African-Americans. History The ancestors of this group of mixed-blood people are often referred to as having served as "scouts" under General Thomas Sumter; however, the only references made as to Sumter's Scouts were that he often employed Catawba Indians for that purpose. He was "often visited" by those Indians he had formerly employed. After the American Revolution, General Thomas Sumter gave land to Scott and Joseph Benenhaley (the original surname is believed to have been Ben Ali) near his plantation. In the 1850s and 1860s, several members of the "Turk" community filed affidavits of Indian descent with the Sumter County Clerk of Court claiming they were of Catawba descent. In the late 1880s McDonald Furman, an avid local historian, published numerous articles regarding the mixed-blood families of Sumter. Furman described their ancestry as "a large amount of Indian blood" and said that the ancestors of the group originated from the "Catawba Indians." The Turks of South Carolina today include surnames such as Benenhaley, Oxendine, Scott, Hood, Buckner, Lowery, Goins, and Ray. Some of these surnames also appear among mixed-race people known as Melungeons and Brass Ankles. Genealogy records show that several of their ancestors married Native Americans. See also Melungeon Brass Ankles References Further reading Category:African–Native American relations Category:Ethnic groups in South Carolina Category:People from Sumter County, South Carolina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Buju Buju may refer to: Jewish Buddhist Buju Banton Buju, Iran (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Clearwater, Washington Clearwater is an unincorporated community in western Jefferson County, Washington, United States. Clearwater is located along the Clearwater River and is a primarily timberlands with limited private ownership. The community is just outside the boundaries of the Quinault Indian Reservation. A post office called Clearwater was established in 1895, and remained in operation until 1966. The community takes its name from the nearby Clearwater River. Climate The strong influence of the Pacific give Clearwater heavy year-round precipitation and an Oceanic climate (Cfb), according to the Köppen climate classification system. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Washington (state) Category:Unincorporated communities in Jefferson County, Washington	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Uroplatus finiavana Uroplatus finiavana is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae.It is endemic to Madagascar. References Category:Uroplatus Category:Geckos of Africa Category:Reptiles of Madagascar Category:Endemic fauna of Madagascar Category:Taxa named by Frank Glaw Category:Taxa named by Miguel Vences Category:Reptiles described in 2011	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Richard Haworth Ltd Richard Haworth and Co. was established by Richard Haworth in 1854 as a cotton spinning and manufacturing firm in Cannon Street, Manchester, and Tatton Mill in Salford. Today the company is part of the Ruia Group which comprises a number of companies that import, supply and distribute textiles and hosiery to retailers and hospitality organisations. Richard Haworth Ltd. supplies a range of linens to the hospitality sector. History Richard Haworth and Co was founded in c.1854. Richard Haworth, with Frederick Copley Hulton and James Craven, worked in partnership to begin trading as yarn and cloth commission agents in Cannon Street, Manchester. The partners then established a small weaving shed in Mount Street until, following a growth in demand, they expanded into spinning and leased a large mill at Broughton Bridge. The company continued to prosper and expand, and by 1872 was working out of three large mills and weaving sheds; Egyptian Mill (1864), Tatton Mill (1870) and Ordsall Mill (1872). By 1900 the mills covered 13 acres and 150,000 spindles produced thread for 4,000 looms. The annual output for cloth reached 30,000,000 yards and the workforce reached 4000. When Richard Haworth died in 1883, and his two partners shortly after in 1886, Richard Haworth’s sons, G and J Haworth, were left with total responsibility for the firm. The company continued to thrive, converting to a limited liability company and, at its peak being considered first class example of how cotton mills should be operated. “The mills of the firm, erected in various quarters of the city, are celebrated, not alone for their extent, but for the remarkable excellence of their arrangements and for the perfection of their machinery. Extraordinary provision is made in them for the physical comfort, the mental improvement, and the social recreation of the workpeople, in whom Mr. Haworth always evinced the warmest personal interest.” Manchester Guardian 1883 In 1951 Richard Haworth and Co Ltd was advertised for sale. It had grown from a cotton spinning a weaving firm to one offering a whole range of cotton and reyon fabrics under the trademark ‘Spero’. By this time the company were working out of a large head office in Manchester and the Ordsall and Tatton mills and weaving sheds, a third location having been destroyed during the Manchester blitz in 1940. According to records held at Companies Office Manchester, Richard Haworth Ltd was purchased by Vantona textiles in 1953, and the Title ‘Richard Haworth’ subsequently purchased by the Ruia Group. The company, Richard Haworth, continues to manufacture and distribute textiles out of Kearsley Mill in Greater Manchester. Richard Haworth (1820–1883) Born in March 1820, Richard was the youngest of eight children of George Haworth and his wife. He attended school until, at the age of seven, his father died and by the age of thirteen he secured a full-time job at Messrs Openshaw & Co of Bury, spinners and fustian manufacturers. One day whilst brushing a loom he injured his hand badly when it became caught in the machinery. To some extent this changed the course of his life. He later took a job as a weft lad and utilised his spare hours by attending a night school. He continued to attend night school, showing an aptitude for mathematics and was transferred to the mill’s basic accounts. According to records held in the national archives, when Haworth was eighteen he left to become a bookkeeper at Rylands Mill, Ainsworth, and later in 1843 became the official bookkeeper. During this time he had been developing his own business and decided to devote his time to his own business. His company and mills were recognised for their excellence and in addition to providing employment for thousands of mill workers and workplaces that placed an emphasis on safety, Richard Haworth felt it important to contribute to his local community and had a strong connection to the Wesleyan Methodist body. “He took an active part in the lay home mission, assisting in the conduct of its services in Angel Meadow and in other of the poorest and most neglected parts of the town. He did a great deal to promote education amongst the middle class of Wesleyans by the establishment of boarding schools at Colwyn Bay and Rhyl.” - Manchester Guardian, Obituaries of Richard Haworth 1883 Other achievements and public posts included Treasurer of the Hospital Sunday Fund, Chairman of the Equitable Fire Insurance Company, of which he was one of the original promoters, Chairman of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Accident Insurance Society, Treasurer of the Sunday Closing Fund, Justice of the peace for Manchester, Member of the Withington Local Board, Member of the first School Board in Manchester and Member of the Board of Management of the Royal Infirmary. Richard Haworth married Sarah Sewell in 1839 with whom he had six children; two girls and four boys. One of his sons became a Wesleyan minister at Teddington, Surrey; the other three, Messrs. George Chester Haworth, John Fletcher Haworth, and Fred Haworth, became active partners in the firm of Richard Haworth and Co and took responsibility for the company when Richard Haworth died at the age of 63, in 1883. Cultural context Manchester and Lancashire mills became the largest, most productive cotton spinning centre in the world, responsible for 32% of global cotton production in 1871. In 1853, the number of cotton mills in Manchester peaked at 108. As the industrial centre began to decline, mills opened up in the surrounding towns of Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, and Bolton. This flourishing cotton manufacturing community came to be referred to as "Cottonopolis". The British cotton industry reached its peak in 1912, producing eight billion yards of cloth. However, the war of 1914 had an enormous impact on Britain’s staple industries; cotton could no longer be exported to foreign markets and, particularly in Japan, countries began to build their own factories. Soon, Japan introduced 24-hour cotton production and by 1933, became the world’s largest cotton manufacturer. The demand for British cotton slumped and during this period 800 mills closed. Despite these fluctuating patterns of manufacturing and trade, the company Richard Haworth built in the 1800s grew to a workforce of 4000 with an annual output of 30,000,000 yards of cloth, surviving until its sale in 1951. Legacy Haworth's impact on the local area and importance in local history was recognised in 2012 by the Working Class Movement Library in Salford. With Lottery funding, the library launched their "Invisible Histories" project, investigating the realities of people's working lives during the period that Salford was an industrial powerhouse in the northwest. The research focusses on 3 historical workplaces, Agecroft Colliery, Ward & Goldstone and Richard Haworth's cotton mill. The study focuses on the Ordsall Lane mill which closed in the 1970s, and acknowledges the companies continued production of textiles. Several individuals who worked at, or had a connection with Richard Hawort's mills gave interviews which described their working experiences at this leading cotton company. Peter Downing, who was interviewed by the 'Invisible Histories: Salford’s Working Lives' team, worked as an apprentice joiner in Richard Haworth’s mills and described Ordsall Lane mill as "A busy, busy mill" with "2000 workers there, maybe more, every room fully manned". He described it as "A great working environment, full of life... friendly and sociable". References Bibliography Williams, M. Farnie, D. (1992) Cotton Mills in Greater Manchester. Preston: Carnegie ltd R. Mc Neil and M. Nevell (2000) AIA Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Manchester Hartwell, C. Hyde, M. Pevsner, N. (2004) Lancashire: Manchester and the South-East. Yale University Press Gurr, D. Hunt, J (1998) The cotton mills of Oldham. Oldham Education & Leisure Services. Palliser, D. Clark, P. Daunton, M (2000) The Cambridge Urban History of Britain, Volume 3., Cambridge University Press, p. 378. External links Category:1854 establishments in England Category:Textile manufacturers of England Category:British companies established in 1854 Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1854	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Otto Ackermann (painter) Otto Ackermann (1872 in Berlin – 1953 in Düsseldorf) was a 19th-century German painter, mainly of landscapes. In 1897, he moved to Düsseldorf, where he remained until his death in 1956. He painted mainly landscape paintings of Belgium and the Netherlands, also working in printmaking on the same subjects. He was chairman of the local Düsseldorf Painters' Society and is mentioned in the diaries of Albert Herzfeld. The few biographical facts there are include that he was trained by "Eschke in Berlin", presumably the naval and landscape painter Hermann Eschke (1823–1900). Ackerman travelled to Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands. He mostly painted landscapes and Belgian and Dutch coastal and river scenes. See also List of German painters References Category:1953 deaths Category:1872 births Category:19th-century German painters Category:20th-century German painters Category:German male painters Category:People from Berlin Category:People from Düsseldorf	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
City novels The City novels () is a series of five books published between 1960–1968 by Swedish author Per Anders Fogelström. The series describes Stockholm from 1860 to 1968. The novels were translated to English by Jennifer Brown Bäverstam. References Category:Novel series Category:Historical novels by series Category:20th-century Swedish novels Category:Novels set in Stockholm Category:Family saga novels Category:Swedish-language novels Category:Book series introduced in 1960 Category:Novels set in the 19th century Category:Novels set in the 20th century	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
One for All (Art Blakey album) One for All is the final studio album by drummer Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers recorded in 1990 and released on the A&M label. Reception Scott Yanow of Allmusic stated "The final recording by Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers found the 70-year old drummer (just months before his death) doing what he loved best, leading a group of young players through hard-swinging and generally new music in the hard-bop style... A satisfying final effort from an irreplaceable drummer and bandleader". Track listing "Here We Go" (Art Blakey) - 0:28 "One for All (And All for One)" (Steve Davis) - 6:40 "Theme for Penny" (Javon Jackson) - 6:30 "You've Changed" (Bill Carey, Carl Fischer) - 7:13 "Accidentally Yours" (Geoffrey Keezer) - 5:10 "My Little Brown Book" (Billy Strayhorn) - 2:43 "Blame It on My Youth" (Edward Heyman, Oscar Levant) - 1:45 "It Could Happen to You" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke) - 3:53 "Green is Mean" (Brian Lynch) - 5:25 "I'll Wait and Pray" (George Treadwell, Gerald Valentine) - 7:32 "Logarythmns" (Blakey) - 2:26 "Bunyip" (Dale Barlow) - 6:38 "Polka Dots and Moonbeams" (Van Heusen, Burke) - 4:21 "Nica's Tempo" (Gigi Gryce) - 6:27 Personnel Art Blakey - drums Brian Lynch - trumpet Steve Davis - trombone Dale Barlow, Javon Jackson - tenor saxophone Geoff Keezer - piano Essiet Okon Essiet - bass References Category:Art Blakey albums Category:The Jazz Messengers albums Category:1990 albums Category:A&M Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1863 English cricket season 1863 was the 77th season of cricket in England since the foundation of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). The foundations of three, and possibly four, county cricket clubs took place. Important matches 1863 match list Events 8 January. Foundation of Yorkshire County Cricket Club out of the Sheffield Match Fund Committee that had been established in 1861. Yorkshire played its initial first-class match v. Surrey at the Oval on 4 to 6 June. It was a rain-affected draw, evenly balanced. 12 August. Foundation of Hampshire County Cricket Club. A number of previous county organisations including the famous Hambledon Club had existed in Hampshire during the previous hundred years or more, but none had survived indefinitely. 15 December. Foundation of Middlesex County Cricket Club at a meeting in the London Tavern. An organisation in Cheltenham is believed to have been the forerunner of Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, which had definitely been founded by 1871. Exact details of the club's foundation have been lost. Leading batsmen Will Mortlock was the leading runscorer with 736 @ 26.28 Leading bowlers George Wootton was the leading wicket-taker with 87 @ 9.74 References Annual reviews Fred Lillywhite, The Guide to Cricketers, Lillywhite, 1864 Arthur Haygarth, Scores & Biographies, Volume 8 (1863-1864), Lillywhite, 1865 Further reading Derek Birley, A Social History of English Cricket, Aurum, 1999 External links CricketArchive – season summaries Category:1863 in English cricket Category:English cricket seasons from 1816 to 1863	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Paul Hirsch Paul Hirsch may refer to: Paul Hirsch (politician) (1868–1940), German politician Paul Hirsch (film editor) (born 1945), American film editor	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Garden pond A garden pond is a water feature constructed in a garden or designed landscape, normally for aesthetic purposes, to provide wildlife habitat, or for swimming. Habitat Garden ponds can be excellent wildlife habitats, and can make a contribution to the protection of freshwater wildlife. Invertebrate animals such as dragonflies and water beetles, and amphibians can colonise new ponds quickly. Garden pond owners have the potential to make many original and valuable observations about the ecology of small waterbodies, which garden ponds replicate. Garden ponds also cause problems. In particular, garden ponds can be pathways for the spread of invasive non-native plants. In the UK the non-native species Crassula helmsii and Myriophyllum aquaticum, which cause considerable practical problems in protecting freshwaters, are both escaped invasive species from garden ponds. Conditions Ponds may be created by natural processes or by people; however, the origin of the hole in the ground makes little difference to the kind of wildlife that will be found in the pond. Much more important is whether the pond is polluted or clean, how close it is to other wetlands and its depth, particularly whether it dries out from time to time and how many fish (if any) there are. Naturally, ponds vary more in their physical and chemical conditions from day to day, and even during the day, than other freshwaters, like rivers. People often install pumps in garden ponds to counter these natural tendencies, particularly to maintain higher levels of dissolved oxygen: although this is probably not necessary for wildlife generally, it may be essential to keep fish in a small pond. For ponds with polluted nutrient-rich tapwater added to them, filters can be used to reduce the abundance of algae. Water supply and loss Ponds outside of gardens are fed by four main water sources: rain, inflows (springs and streams), surface runoff, and groundwater. The wildlife value of ponds is greatly affected by the extent to which these water sources are unpolluted. Garden ponds are generally not fed by inflows or groundwater, except in the larger and rural gardens. Usually the pond will be filled by a combination of tap water, rainwater, and surface runoff – and lost to evaporation. In soils which lack natural clay, additional water loss to drainage and permeation is prevented by a liner. Pond liners are PVC or EPDM foils that are placed between the soil of the pond bed and the water. Liners can also be made from puddled clay, and ponds on free-draining soils can even be self-sealing with fine sediments washed into the pond. Seasonal ponds One can make a garden pond/ koi pond that generally ranges in size from 150 gallons to around 10,000 gallons. However, if evaporation exceeds the amount of water added, the pond may dry out during summer. This is not harmful biologically because many freshwater plants and animals (perhaps half of all species) are well adapted to periods of drought, and worldwide so-called 'temporary ponds' (ponds which usually dry out once a year) are an important natural habitat type. However, in a garden, a pond which dries out in summer may be a bit disappointing for the owner since this is the time when most people will be spending time enjoying their pond. And of course some animals, particularly fish, cannot survive periods of drought. Amphibians, on the other hand, often benefit from ponds which dry out because this removes the major predators of tadpoles and newtpoles (fish) and, provided the larvae emerge before the pond dries out, the drought presents no problems for the amphibians. Natural ponds and pools Ponds or swimming pools can be constructed and maintained on an organic model, sometimes called natural pools, where the water is contained by an isolating membrane or membranes, in which no chemicals or devices that disinfect or sterilize water are used, and the water is instead cleared through use of biological filters, other organisms used in water purification, and plants rooted hydroponically in the system. The first such pools were built in the early 1980s in Austria, where they are known as Schwimmteiche. The first was built by Werner Gamerith in his private garden in the 1980s. The market slowly grew, and by 2016 there were around 20,000 such pools in Europe. The first public swimming pool in North America built and maintained in this way, was finished at Webber Park in Minneapolis in 2015. An organization called Die Internationale Organisation für naturnahe Badegewässer sets standards for such pools. See also Biotope Koi pond Water garden References Further reading Category:Garden features Category:Outdoor recreation Category:Ponds Category:Bodies of water	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kattil Madam Temple Kattil Madam Temple is a dilapidated shrine in the Palakkad district in Kerala, India. It is thought to be a Jain temple built around the 9th or 10th centuries AD and is situated on the Pattambi Guruvayur road. The architecture is of Dravidian style with Chola and Pandya influences. The temple is protected by Archaeological Survey of India. Notes Citation Source External links How to reach Category:Jain temples in Kerala Category:Religious buildings and structures in Malappuram district Category:Monuments of National Importance in Kerala Category:9th-century Jain temples	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
ON 15 redirect Ontario Highway 15	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dunshah Dunshah (, also Romanized as Dūnshāh) is a village in Miankuh Rural District, Chapeshlu District, Dargaz County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 42, in 12 families. References Category:Populated places in Dargaz County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
DOS 2 DOS 2 or DOS-2 may refer to: A failed Soviet space station DOS-2, part of the Salyut programme Atari DOS 2.0 for the Atari 8-bit family It may also refer to versions of the Microsoft MS-DOS family: MS-DOS 2.00, Microsoft (internal) version in 1982 and 1983, successor of MS-DOS 1.xx, licensed to various OEMs including IBM MS-DOS 2.01, Microsoft (internal) version in 1983 MS-DOS 2.10, Microsoft (internal) version in 1983 MS-DOS 2.11, Microsoft (internal) version in 1983 MS-DOS 2.11R, a ROMed version for Tandy PCs in 1988 MS-DOS 2.12, a special OEM version for the TI Professional in 1983/1984 MS-DOS 2.25, Microsoft version with extended multilanguage support in 1985 MS-DOS 2.50, Microsoft internal version in 1983 It may also refer to versions of the IBM PC DOS family: PC DOS 2.0, successor of PC DOS 1.1 in 1983 PC DOS 2.1, successor of PC DOS 2.0 in 1983 PC DOS 2.11, successor of PC DOS 2.1 in 1984 It may also refer to operating systems of the Digital Research family: DOS Plus 1.0, a single-user variant of Concurrent PC DOS in 1985 DOS Plus 1.1, a single-user variant of Concurrent PC DOS in 1985 DOS Plus 1.2, a single-user variant of Concurrent PC DOS 4.1 in 1986 DOS Plus 2.1, a single-user variant of Concurrent PC DOS 5.0 in 1988 See also DOS (disambiguation) DOS 1 (disambiguation) DOS 3 (disambiguation) DOS 20 (disambiguation) DOS 286 (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Herman Salling Herman Christian Salling (born 20 November 1919 in Aarhus; died 8 May 2006) was a Danish merchant and director. He was a pioneer in the department store and retail business in Denmark. Herman Salling was the son of local merchant Ferdinand Salling (1880 - 1953) who founded the Salling department store in 1906 in Aarhus. Herman inherited and became director of the Salling department store in 1953. He evolved the business and also started føtex in 1960, the first real supermarket in Denmark. With Danish shipping businessman A.P. Møller, he founded Dansk Supermarked A/S in 1964.. In 1970, as part of the Dansk Supermarket Group, Herman Salling launched Bilka, the very first hypermarket in Denmark. Bilka is located in Tilst, a western suburb of Aarhus. The Salling funds A memorial fund for Herman's father Ferdinand Salling was established in 1957 and in 1964 Herman Salling established his own fund. The two funds are collectively known as "Salling Fondene" (The Salling Funds) and supports selected local cultural projects in Aarhus financially. One of many donations went to the establishment of "Hermans" in 2013, a cultural venue in Tivoli Friheden, named after Herman Salling himself. Sources Salling.dk: Sallings Historie References External links Category:Danish businesspeople Category:Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog Category:People from Aarhus Category:1919 births Category:2006 deaths Category:Burials at Nordre Cemetery	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of Big Brother (American TV series) episodes (2000–2009) Season 1 (2000) Season 2 (2001) Season 3 (2002) Season 4 (2003) Season 5 (2004) Season 6 (2005) Season 7 (2006) Season 8 (2007) Season 9 (Winter 2008) Season 10 (Summer 2008) Season 11 (2009) References Category:Lists of American reality television series episodes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Emperor The Emperor can refer to: People Papoose, icon, etc. Remy Ma, legend, etc. Fatih Terim, a Turkish association football manager and former player. Lim Yo-Hwan (also known as SlayerS_`BoxeR`), a professional gamer. Fictional characters Emperor Palpatine, a character from the Star Wars franchise The God-Emperor of Mankind, in the science-fiction universe Warhammer 40,000 Literature The Emperor (book), a book by Ryszard Kapuściński on the last days of Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia "The Emperor" (short story), written by Frederick Forsyth Film The Emperor (film) Emperor (film) Other The Emperor (Tarot card) Piano Concerto No. 5 (Beethoven) Morpho peleides (the emperor), a butterfly Holy Roman Emperor See also Emperor Emperor (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dallair Aeronautica FR-100 Snap! The Dallair Aeronautica FR-100 Snap! is a homebuilt aerobatic aircraft that can be certified in multiple categories. Design and development The Snap! is imported to the United States and may be certified as an Experimental-Exhibition model, S-LSA, or Experimental LSA. The Snap! is a single-seat low-wing taildragger. It is rated for 6gs positive and 3 gs negative g-force. The fuselage is constructed of welded steel tubing with a carbon fiber covering. The wings are all-aluminum. The aircraft has inverted fuel and oil systems. Dallair production ended in 2013 and production was assumed by Tecnam as the Tecnam Snap. Variants FR-01 Version for the European market. FR-100 Snap! Version for the US market. Specifications (FR100 Snap!) References External links FR-01 official website FR-100 official website Category:Homebuilt aircraft	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014 Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014 is a legislation in India which provided the securities market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) with new powers to effectively pursue fraudulent investment schemes, especially ponzi schemes. The bill also provides guidelines for the formation of special fast trial courts. History After the Saradha Group financial scandal, the Government of India formed an inter-ministerial group to find ways to close off loopholes the regulations which allowed such pyramid schemes to operate. The Securities Law (Amendment) Ordinance was promulgated on 17 July 2013, then for a second time in September 2013. It lapsed on 15 January 2014. The bill couldn't be presented in the winter session of Parliament as the standing committee on finance had not finalized the report. It promulgated for a third time on 28 March 2014. On 24 July 2014, Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved the bill. The bill was introduced by Minister of State for Finance Nirmala Sitharaman in the Lok Sabha on 4 August 2014. She also introduced bills to amend Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956 and Depositories Act, 1996. The bills were introduced in the name of Finance Minister Arun Jaitley, but he himself was unable to attend the house. The bill was passed by the Lok Sabha on 6 August 2014. Summary The ordinance passed in March 2014 had 30 clauses, whereas the bill contained 57 clauses. The bill amended three pre-existing market related laws. It retained the powers given to SEBI in the ordinance, but also introduced safeguards against misuse. The new law gave SEBI the power to search and obtain information, including call records, about any suspected entity from within or outside the firm. However, before conducting such searches SEBI must obtain a warrant from a Mumbai court. Any unregistered scheme with a capital of more than a crore was deemed as a collective investment scheme, allowing SEBI to regulate it. Under pre-existing regulations, all collective investment schemes had to register with SEBI. However, many came to SEBI's attention only after complaints from defrauded investors. Depending on the nature of the crime, minimum penalties may range from lakh to lakh. The minimum penalty for securities related crimes was set at lakh. The minimum penalty for insider trading was at lakh. The maximum penalty for insider trading was set at crore or three times the profit, whichever was higher. SEBI was given the authority to initiate recovery and sale of assets. SEBI has also been given the power to enhance a penalty or settle an ongoing legal proceeding. Guidelines for special courts were also included in the bill. See also Saradha Group financial scandal Securities and Exchange Board of India (Alternative Investment Funds) Regulations, 2012 References Category:Securities and Exchange Board of India Category:Indian business law Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2014 Category:2014 in Indian economy Category:Modi administration Category:Securities (finance)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Service Portfolio (ITIL) The Service Portfolio is described in the ITIL books Service Strategy and Service Design. The Service Portfolio is the core repository for all information for all services in an organization. Each service is listed along with its current status and history. The main descriptor in the Service Portfolio is the Service Design Package (SDP). The Service Portfolio consists of three parts: Service Pipeline This contains references to services that are not yet live. They may be proposed, or under development Service Catalogue This contains links to active services through their Service Design Package Retired Services Services in the process of being discontinued, before they are finally decommissioned Of these three, only the Service Catalogue is visible to the customers and support team. Customers are excluded from the pipeline provisioning process for services under development. See also Application Services Library – A similar framework for Application Management Business Information Services Library (BiSL) – A similar framework for Information Management and Functional Management Granular configuration automation ITIL The Service Management Framework Service Design Package SDP ISO/IEC 20000 – An international standard for IT service management Tudor IT Process Assessment – An framework for assessment of IT service management maturity Performance engineering RPR problem diagnosis References Bibliography Category:ITIL Category:IT service management	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Life Is Sweet (album) Life Is Sweet is the third album by American singer-songwriter Maria McKee, released in 1996 (see 1996 in music). According to her official site, this album is her favorite. Track listing All songs by Maria McKee, except where noted "Scarlover" – 5:16 "This Perfect Dress" – 4:26 "Absolutely Barking Stars" – 4:23 "I'm Not Listening" (Bruce Brody, McKee, David Nolte) – 4:02 "Everybody" – 4:17 "Smarter" – 3:13 "What Else You Wanna Know" – 5:23 "I'm Awake" – 3:51 "Human" – 4:17 "Carried" (McKee, Nolte) – 4:42 "Life Is Sweet" – 4:06 "Afterlife" (Brody, McKee) – 2:38 Personnel Maria McKee – guitar, vocals, producer, mixing, arranging Bruce Brody – piano, conductor, Hammond organ, Moog synthesizer, producer, mixing, arranging Ric Kavin – percussion, drums David Nolte – bass guitar, guitar Susan Otten – percussion, vocals Martin Tillman – orchestra Mark Freegard – producer, audio engineer, mixing Bob Salcedo – assistant engineer John Aguto – mixing assistant Mike Baumgartner – mixing assistant Bob Ludwig – mastering Janet Wolsborn – art direction David Mayenfisch – photography Charts References Category:Maria McKee albums Category:1996 albums Category:Geffen Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
FEC v. Akins Federal Election Commission v. Akins, 524 U.S. 11 (1998), was a United States Supreme Court case deciding that an individual could sue for a violation of a federal law pursuant to a statute enacted by the U.S. Congress which created a general right to access certain information. Facts The plaintiffs were registered voters who had asked the defendant Federal Elections Commission ("FEC") to determine that an organization called the American Israel Public Affairs Committee ("AIPAC") was a "political committee" subject to certain regulations and reporting requirements under the Federal Election Campaign Act, because AIPAC had crossed certain spending thresholds. The FEC determined that AIPAC had indeed crossed those thresholds, but still did not require it to make the required reports because the organization was issue-oriented, not campaign-related. The plaintiffs sought review in the District Court, which granted summary judgment for the FEC; this ruling was affirmed by a panel of the Court of Appeals, but the Court of Appeals en banc reversed. The government sought certiorari, and challenged the plaintiff's standing on the grounds that the plaintiffs had suffered no 'injury in fact'; that if the plaintiffs had any injury it was not fairly traceable to the FEC decision; and that a decision in favor of the plaintiffs would not redress their injury. Issue Did the plaintiffs suffer an injury in fact sufficient to establish standing? Opinion of the Court The Court, in an opinion by Justice Breyer, held that Congress has, by statute, allowed "any party aggrieved by an order of the Commission" to file a suit, which is a broad grant; not getting the requested information is an "injury in fact" just like the denial of any other information which is statutorily required to be provided to citizens by the government. The grievance is a "generalized grievance," but the harm is concrete enough to overcome this, and the harm is fairly traceable to the FEC – even though the FEC may find other grounds not to make AIPAC provide the info. The Court distinguished this case from lawsuits where an individual seeks relief based on mere taxpayer standing - an insufficient ground for standing to sue. It instead employed a "zone of interests test," asking whether the injury asserted fell into the zone of interests protected by the statute. The case was remanded to the FEC to review its definition of 'members.' The Court noted that the FEC was producing new guidelines regarding this issue, which would address it and not require a new legal precedent. The plaintiffs were bitterly disappointed by the decision not to intervene, as the effort to have AIPAC legally declared a political action committee was a higher priority than the (successful) effort to show standing to have filed this lawsuit in the first place. While they repeatedly attempted filings to have the case re-opened, these were entirely rejected, and in 2010 a Federal court in D.C. ruled that the lawsuit had no merit as electoral law and it was officially and finally dismissed. Dissent Justice Scalia wrote a dissenting opinion asserting that the fact the statute differentiated between 'any person' (in defining the class of persons who could file a complaint with the FEC over a violation) and 'any party aggrieved' (in defining the class of persons who could bring suit in federal court over the FEC's decision on the complaint) demonstrated the limiting force of the latter provision—anyone could file a complaint with the FEC if they believed a violation had occurred, but only parties who had actually been aggrieved (suffered a particularized injury) as a result of the FEC's decision on the complaint could sue. See also List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 524 List of United States Supreme Court cases Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume References External links Category:United States Supreme Court cases Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court Category:United States standing case law Category:Federal Election Commission litigation Category:1998 in United States case law Category:American Israel Public Affairs Committee	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity In algebra, the Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity expresses the product of two sums of two squares as a sum of two squares in two different ways. Hence the set of all sums of two squares is closed under multiplication. Specifically, the identity says For example, The identity is also known as the Diophantus identity, as it was first proved by Diophantus of Alexandria. It is a special case of Euler's four-square identity, and also of Lagrange's identity. Brahmagupta proved and used a more general identity (the Brahmagupta identity), equivalent to This shows that, for any fixed A, the set of all numbers of the form x2 + A y2 is closed under multiplication. The identity holds in the ring of integers, the ring of rational numbers and, more generally, any commutative ring. All four forms of the identity can be verified by expanding each side of the equation. Also, (2) can be obtained from (1), or (1) from (2), by changing b to −b, and likewise with (3) and (4). History The identity is actually first found in Diophantus' Arithmetica (III, 19), of the third century A.D. It was rediscovered by Brahmagupta (598–668), an Indian mathematician and astronomer, who generalized it (to the Brahmagupta identity) and used it in his study of what is now called Pell's equation. His Brahmasphutasiddhanta was translated from Sanskrit into Arabic by Mohammad al-Fazari, and was subsequently translated into Latin in 1126. The identity later appeared in Fibonacci's Book of Squares in 1225. Related identities Analogous identities are Euler's four-square related to quaternions, and Degen's eight-square derived from the octonions which has connections to Bott periodicity. There is also Pfister's sixteen-square identity, though it is no longer bilinear. Multiplication of complex numbers If a, b, c, and d are real numbers, the Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity is equivalent to the multiplicativity property for absolute values of complex numbers: This can be seen as follows: expanding the right side and squaring both sides, the multiplication property is equivalent to and by the definition of absolute value this is in turn equivalent to An equivalent calculation in the case that the variables a, b, c, and d are rational numbers shows the identity may be interpreted as the statement that the norm in the field Q(i) is multiplicative: the norm is given by and the multiplicativity calculation is the same as the preceding one. Application to Pell's equation In its original context, Brahmagupta applied his discovery of this identity to the solution of Pell's equation x2 − Ay2 = 1. Using the identity in the more general form he was able to "compose" triples (x1, y1, k1) and (x2, y2, k2) that were solutions of x2 − Ay2 = k, to generate the new triple Not only did this give a way to generate infinitely many solutions to x2 − Ay2 = 1 starting with one solution, but also, by dividing such a composition by k1k2, integer or "nearly integer" solutions could often be obtained. The general method for solving the Pell equation given by Bhaskara II in 1150, namely the chakravala (cyclic) method, was also based on this identity. Writing integers as a sum of two squares When used in conjunction with one of Fermat's theorems, the Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity proves that the product of a square and any number of primes of the form 4n + 1 is a sum of two squares. See also Brahmagupta matrix Indian mathematics List of Indian mathematicians Sum of two squares theorem Notes References External links Brahmagupta's identity at PlanetMath Brahmagupta Identity on MathWorld A Collection of Algebraic Identities ru:Брахмагупта#Тождество Брахмагупты Category:Algebra Category:Brahmagupta Category:Elementary algebra Category:Mathematical identities Category:Squares in number theory	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hermann Schridde Hermann Schridde (3 July 1937, in Celle – 18 May 1985 in Meißendorf, near Winsen) was a German equestrian. Schridde won the German show jumping championship in 1960. Schridde was a show jumper at the 1964 Summer Olympics for the United Team of Germany. He won a gold medal in the team event and a silver medal in the individual event. In 1965, he won the European Show Jumping Championships in Aachen riding Dozent. At the 1968 Summer Olympics, he won a bronze medal in the team event, riding for West Germany. He qualified for West Germany for the 1972 Summer Olympics, but withdrew, and founded a private school for parachutists in Meißendorf. He was appointed German federal show jumping trainer in 1980, and held the post until his death from an aircraft crash in 1985. References Category:1937 births Category:1985 deaths Category:Olympic equestrians of West Germany Category:German male equestrians Category:Olympic equestrians of the United Team of Germany Category:Equestrians at the 1964 Summer Olympics Category:Equestrians at the 1968 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United Team of Germany Category:Olympic silver medalists for the United Team of Germany Category:Olympic bronze medalists for West Germany Category:People from Celle Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Germany Category:Olympic medalists in equestrian Category:Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics Category:Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of painters by name beginning with "F" Please add names of notable painters in alphabetical order. Barent Fabritius (1624–1673) Carel Fabritius (1622–1654) Pietro Faccini (1562–1602), Italian painter in styles bridging Mannerism and Baroque Leila Faithfull (1896–1994), British painter Julian Fałat (1853–1929), Polish painter of watercolors and landscapes in impressionist style Aniello Falcone (1600–1665), Italian Baroque painter especially of battle scenes Alexandre Falguière (1831–1900), French sculptor and painter Hans Falk (1918–2002) Robert Falk (1886–1958), Russian painter and founder of Jack of Diamonds group Claire Falkenstein (1908–1997), American sculptor and painter Amos Ferguson (1920–2009), Bahamian Fernando Amorsolo Fan Kuan (990–1030), Chinese landscape Fan Qi, (1616–1694) Fang Congyi (1302–1393) Farid Mansour (1929–2010), Lebanese painter and sculptor Henri Fantin-Latour (1836–1904), French painter and lithographer Dennis H. Farber (born 1946), American painter and photographer Demetrios Farmakopoulos (1919–1996), Greek painter with recurring themes of space and the future Mahmoud Farshchian (born 1930), Persian painter, sir naturalist, miniaturist from Isfahan, Iran Bernd Fasching (born 1955), Austrian painter and sculptor Giovanni Fattori (1825–1905), Italian artist, one of the leaders of the group Macchiaioli Jean Fautrier (1898–1964), French painter and sculptor and practitioner of Tachisme Daphne Fedarb (1912–1992), British painter Helmut Federle (born 1944) Franz Fedier (1922–2005) Pavel Fedotov (1815–1852), Russian Paul Feeley (1910–1966), American artist and director of the Art Department at Bennington College Fei Danxu (1801–1850) Hermann Feierabend (1925–1995) Lyonel Feininger (1871–1956), German-American painter and caricaturist Robert Feke (1707–1752), American portrait Károly Ferenczy (1862–1917) Amos Ferguson (1920–2009), Bahamian Christian Jane Fergusson (1876–1957), Scottish painter Elsie Few (1909–1980), Jamaician artist Anna Findlay (1885–1968), British Celia Fiennes (1902–1998) Pedro Figari (1861–1938), Uruguayan Francesco Filippini (1853–1895), Italian Impressionist Pavel Filonov (1883–1941), Russian avant-garde painter, art theorist, and a poet Willy Finch (1854–1930). Belgian artist Perle Fine (1905–1988) American Abstract Expressionist artist Leonor Fini (1908–1996), Argentine surrealist Hans Fischer (1909–1958) Paul Gustave Fischer (1860–1934) Janet Fish (born 1938), American Alvan Fisher (1792–1863), American pioneer in landscape painting and genre works Hugo Anton Fisher (1854–1916), Czechoslovakian-born American James Montgomery Flagg (1877–1960), American artist and illustrator Dennis Flanders (1915–1994), English painter and draughtsman Juan de Flandes (1460–1519) Govert Flinck (1615–1660) Sir William Russell Flint (1880–1969), Scottish painter and illustrator Michael Flohr (born 1975) Cornelia MacIntyre Foley (1909–2010), American/Hawaiian John Fulton Folinsbee (1892–1972) Lucio Fontana (1899–1968), Argentinian painter, sculptor and printmaker Victorine Foot (1920–2000), British artist Elizabeth Forbes (1859–1912), Canadian born, English painter Stanhope Forbes (1857–1947), Irish painter Michael Ford (1920–2005), British artist Mollie Forestier-Walker (1912–1990) Melozzo da Forlì (ca. 1438–1494), Italian Renaissance painter of frescoes William Forsyth (1854–1935) Graham Forsythe E. Charlton Fortune (1885–1969) Mariano Fortuny (1838–1874), Spanish Johanna Marie Fosie (1726–1764) Tsuguharu Foujita (1886–1968), Japanese painter and printmaker Jean Fouquet (1425–1481), French painter of panel painting and manuscript illumination, inventor of the portrait miniature Alexandre-Évariste Fragonard (1780–1850), French painter and sculptor Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732–1806), French painter and printmaker Art Frahm (1907–1981), American painter of campy pin-up girls and advertising Piero della Francesca (ca.1416–1492), Italian artist of the Early Renaissance François Louis Thomas Francia (1772–1839), French painter especially of shore landscapes John F. Francis (1808–1886), American still life painter Sam Francis (1923–1994), American painter and printmaker Jane Frank (1918–1986), American painter, sculptor, mixed media artist, and textile artist Helen Frankenthaler (1928–2011), American Abstract Expressionist artist; American post-painterly abstraction artist Eva Frankfurther (1930–1959), German artist active in England Manuel Franquelo (born c. 1950), Spanish painter and mixed media sculptor Frank Frazetta (born 1928), American fantasy and science fiction artist Wilhelm Freddie (1909–1995), Danish painter and sculptor known for his surrealist works Charles Alphonse du Fresnoy (1611–1665), French painter and writer Lucian Freud (1922–2011), British painter of German origin Sigmund Freudenberger (1745–1801) Friedrich Ritter von Friedländer-Malheim (1825–1901), Bohemian-Austrian Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840), German Romantic landscape Jane Freilicher (1924–2014) Hans Fries (1465–1523) Pia Fries (born 1955) Frederick Carl Frieseke (1874–1939), American Impressionist Lorentz Frölich (1820–1908), Danish painter, illustrator, and etcher Otto Frölicher (1840–1890) Nicolas Froment (1450–1490), French Brian Froud (born 1947), English fantasy illustrator Fu Baoshi (1904–1965), Chinese painter and artist of handcrafts and carvings Emil Fuchs (1866–1929) Austrian portrait painter, emigrated to the United States Nick Fudge (born 1960), British painter, digital artist, and sculptor Fujishima Takeji (1867–1943) Fujiwara Nobuzane (1176–1265) Fujiwara Takanobu (1142–1205) Francesco Furini (c. 1600 or 1603–1646), Italian Baroque Wilhelmina Weber Furlong (1878–1962), early American modernist painter and American movement pioneer Thomas Furlong (1886–1952), American muralist and portrait painter Ludovit Fulla (1902–1980), Slovak painter, graphic artist, illustrator, stage designer and art teacher Violet Fuller (1920–2006), English painter Joseph von Führich (1800–1876), Austrian John Russell Fulton (1896–1979), American painter-illustrator Charles Furneaux (1835–1913) Henry Fuseli (1741–1825), British painter, draughtsman, and writer on art Johann Caspar Füssli (1706–1782) F	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gennadi Parovin Gennadi Veniaminovich Parovin (; born 18 January 1965) is a former Russian professional footballer. Club career He made his professional debut in the Soviet Second League in 1982 for FC Rostselmash Rostov-on-Don. References Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:Soviet footballers Category:Russian footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:FC Rostov players Category:FC SKA Rostov-on-Don players Category:FC APK Morozovsk players Category:Bajai LSE footballers Category:FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi players Category:FC Kuban Krasnodar players Category:Soviet Top League players Category:Russian Premier League players Category:Russian expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Hungary	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Close One Sad Eye Close One Sad Eye is the second album by deathrock band Kommunity FK, released in 1985 by Independent Project Records. It was later reissued in 1993 by Cleopatra Records. Track listing References Category:1985 albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Office of the Chief Medical Examiner Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York Oklahoma Office of the Chief Medical Examiner See also Chief Medical Examiner	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hemelgarn Racing Hemelgarn Racing is an American auto racing team owned by Ron Hemelgarn. The team debuted in 1985, and competed in the CART & Indy Racing League ranks until the team originally shut down in 2010. The team returned to competition in 2015, and currently competes full-time in the USAC Silver Crown Series with driver Justin Grant. The team won the 1996 Indianapolis 500 and 2000 Indy Racing League Championship with driver Buddy Lazier. The team had a best finish of 7th in the CART standings. Along with Lazier's Indy 500 win in 1996, the team also had two second-place finishes at the Indy 500 in 1998 and 2000. Along with A.J. Foyt Enterprises, Hemelgarn was unique in having competed in at least one race in every season of the Indy Racing League's existence from 1996 through 2008. CART series history Early years The team was founded in 1985 and participated part-time in the CART series with largely outdated equipment and three different drivers. In 1986 the team bought new March chassis and participated full-time with Jacques Villeneuve and part-time with Scott Brayton, putting both in the field of the team's first Indianapolis 500. Arie Luyendyk replaced Villeneuve for 1987 and finished 7th in points. In 1988 Scott Brayton raced full-time for the team while three other drivers fielded part-time entries. For 1989, seven different drivers took turns behind the wheel, as the team struggled to find consistency. Buddy Lazier first joined the team in 1990 and competed in his first six CART races with the team. Lazier was bumped from the field and failed to qualify for the Indianapolis 500, while Billy Vukovich III did qualify his Hemelgarn machine for the 1990 Indy 500, finishing 24th in a two-year-old Lola-Buick. 1991 Hemelgarn teamed up with Dale Coyne Racing to field a car at Road America and Toronto for Lazier in 1991. The team fielded three cars at the 1991 Indianapolis 500. Indy legend Gordon Johncock, veteran Stan Fox, and Buddy Lazier, who made the race for the first time. Lazier was involved in a spin on the first lap and finished last. Johncock, however, charged from 33rd starting position, and battling an illness, came home in a surprising 6th place. Fox in 8th place gave the team two cars in the top ten. 1992-1995 In 1992 the team only participated at Indianapolis as costs to run the series full-time increased rapidly. In 1993 the team fielded a car for pay driver Brian Bonner in a pair of road races. For 1994 and 1995, Hemelgarn ran Indianapolis only, with veteran Stan Fox as the primary driver. Jeff Andretti (1994) and Jim Crawford (1995), respectively, were entered as second drivers, but neither were able to qualify. Fox was running in the top ten late in the race in 1994, but spun out and crashed in turn one with four laps to go. In 1995 Fox qualified 11th, but was involved in a terrible crash at the start. He was critically injured, suffering a closed-head injury, which ended his driving career. Indy Racing League success 1996-2001 With the founding of the Indy Racing League in 1996, the team was eager to return to full-time racing and re-signed former Hemelgarn stalwart Buddy Lazier to pilot their full-time entry and fielded additional cars for Brad Murphey and Stéphan Grégoire in the Indy 500. Buddy Lazier scored the team's first pole position at the 1996 IRL season opener at Walt Disney World Speedway. Lazier scored the first win of his Indy car career and Hemelgarn's first as a team in a gutsy drive while recovering from a back injury in the 1996 Indianapolis 500. This win cemented Lazier and sponsor Delta Faucet with the team for years to come. Lazier was one of the top drivers in the league, consistently scoring top-tens and finishing in the top-ten in points every year. In 2000, Lazier and Hemelgarn captured the Indy Racing League championship and finished second in the Indy 500 behind the dominant "500" rookie Juan Pablo Montoya. The team nearly repeated their championship ways in 2001, with Lazier capturing four wins and finishing second in points, albeit well back from champion Sam Hornish, Jr. With Lazier behind the wheel, Hemelgarn posted eight wins, and 18 top three finishes over six seasons. Struggles and closure 2002-2005 As 2002 came, the team began to struggle. The influx of former CART teams had begun and Lazier only managed an 8th-place finish in points and only registered a pair of top five finishes. 2003 was even worse as the team struggled with under-powered Chevrolet engines compared to the new Honda and Toyota powerplants and Lazier finished a dismal 19th in series points, prompting Delta Faucets to leave the team. In 2004 the team was only able to field a car for Lazier in the Indy 500. In 2005 the team returned to full-time competition with new ethanol sponsorship brought by driver Paul Dana who was injured after three races and replaced by Jimmy Kite. 2006 The team hit rock bottom in 2006. The team was able to broker a deal with driver P. J. Chesson, with financial backing from NBA star Carmelo Anthony. Jeff Bucknum joined the team as a second team car, and under the moniker "Car-Melo", the two cars qualified for the 2006 Indianapolis 500. On the second lap, however, the two cars tangled in turn two and crashed out together, finishing 32nd and 33rd (last and second-to-last). Following the devastating result, Ron Hemelgarn let his crew go and suspended the team's operations, leaving Chesson without a ride for the rest of the year. 2007-2009 It was unknown if and when Hemelgarn Racing would return to the track until the team filed an entry for the 2007 Indianapolis 500. Little was heard of the entry until a deal was put together on the Friday before the final weekend of qualifying with Racing Professionals to jointly field a former Hemelgarn chassis (bought by RP) for Richie Hearn. Hearn solidly put the car in the field after only 26 laps of practice on Bump Day and finished the race in the 23rd position. In 2008 Buddy Lazier returned to the team for the Indianapolis 500 and made a last minute run on Bump Day to put the car into the field. With little practice, Lazier struggled with the handling of the car and finished 17th five laps down. The team attempted to repeat 2008's relative success in 2009, but despite running lap times similar to what they had run the previous year, Lazier was not able to wring enough speed from the car to make the field. In April 2010, SPEED TV's Robin Miller reported that Hemelgarn Racing had ceased operations. Return (2015-present) The team reopened at the start of 2015, and began competing full-time in the USAC Silver Crown Series. Austin Nemire raced for the team in 2015 and 2016. Nemire had two top 5s (Iowa - 2015 and Gateway - 2016), and finished 8th in points standings during both seasons. Hemelgarn joined forces with Chris Carli Motorsports & driver Justin Grant for the 2017 season. The combination had success as they finished 4th in the points standings & won the Bettenhausen 100 at Illinois State Fairgrounds . Grant returned to the team for the 2018 season, and so far has 1 win this season (at Terre Haute Action Track) . List of Hemelgarn drivers CART Brian Bonner 1993 Scott Brayton 1986–1989 Stan Fox 1991–1995 Spike Gehlhausen 1985 Scott Goodyear 1989–1990 Davey Hamilton 1991; 1995 Ludwig Heimrath 1988–1989 Gordon Johncock 1988–1989; 1991–1992 Ken Johnson 1988 Buddy Lazier 1990–1991; 1994 Arie Luyendyk 1987 Enrique Mansilla 1985 Tero Palmroth 1989 Michael Roe 1985 Dick Simon (sponsored car) 1978–1979 Tom Sneva 1988–1989 Didier Theys 1989 Robby Unser 1989 Jacques Villeneuve 1986 Rich Vogler 1987 Billy Vukovich, III 1989–1990 IndyCar / Indy Racing League Jeff Bucknum 2006 P.J. Chesson 2006 Paul Dana 2005 Stephan Gregoire 1996 Richie Hearn 2003, 2007 Jimmy Kite 2005 Buddy Lazier 1996–2003; 2008 Chris Menninga 2001 Brad Murphey 1996–1997 Lyn St. James 1997 Johnny Unser 1997–1999 Stan Wattles 2000–2001 USAC Silver Crown Series Justin Grant 2017-present Austin Nemire 2015-2016 Complete Racing Results Complete PPG CART Indycar World Series results (key) IRL/IndyCar Series (key) (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap) The 1999 VisionAire 500K at Charlotte was cancelled after 79 laps due to spectator fatalities. In conjunction with Racing Professionals. References External links Official Site Category:IndyCar Series teams Category:American auto racing teams Category:Champ Car teams Category:Indy Lights teams Category:2010 disestablishments in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Si Racha District Si Racha District (, ) is a district in Chonburi Province, Thailand. Its center is the town of Si Racha, on the Gulf of Thailand, about halfway between Chonburi and Pattaya. Si Racha is in an industrial zone consisting of manufacturing and shipping industries, supported by the port of Laem Chabang, 20th largest in the world. With Chonburi to the north and Pattaya, Bang Lamung township, Laem Chabang to the south, it forms the bulk of the economic zone of the eastern seaboard of Thailand, a fast-growing area that is second to only greater Bangkok in population and wealth. Due to its infrastructure, Laem Chabang and the eastern seaboard in general, is the nation's leading entrepôt. The name 'Si Racha' is from Sanskrit Sri Raja via Pali. Geography To the north is Mueang Chonburi District, to the northeast Ban Bueng District, to the southeast Pluak Daeng District of Rayong Province, and to the south is Bang Lamung District. Administration Central administration Si Racha is divided into eight sub-districts (tambon), which are further subdivided into 72 administrative villages (Muban). Local administration There are two cities (thesaban nakhon) in the district: Laem Chabang (Thai: ) consisting of sub-district Thung Sukhla and parts of sub-districts Surasak, Bueng, Nong Kham, and Bang Lamung. Chao Phraya Surasak (Thai: ) consisting of parts of sub-districts Surasak, Bueng, Nong Kham, Khao Khansong, and Bo Win. There is one town (thesaban mueang) in the district: Si Racha (Thai: ) consisting of sub-district Si Racha, and one sub-district municipality (thesaban tambon), Bang Phra (Thai: ) consisting of parts of sub-district Bang Phra. There are four sub-district administrative organizations (SAO) in the district: Nong Kham (Thai: ) consisting of parts of sub-district Nong Kham. Khao Khansong (Thai: ) consisting of parts of sub-district Khao Khansong. Bang Phra (Thai: ) consisting of parts of sub-district Bang Phra. Bo Win (Thai: ) consisting of parts of sub-district Bo Win. References External links Si Racha	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Primetime Balita Primetime Balita () was a late evening news broadcast of Radio Philippines Network (RPN), aired from July 3, 2000 to August 10, 2001. Anchors Buddy Lopa Angelique Lazo See also RPN News and Public Affairs List of programs previously broadcast by Radio Philippines Network Category:Philippine television news programs Category:2000 Philippine television series debuts Category:2001 Philippine television series endings Category:Filipino-language television programs Category:Radio Philippines Network shows Category:Radio Philippines Network Category:RPN News and Public Affairs Category:2000s Philippine television series	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2007–08 FK Khazar Lankaran season The Khazar Lankaran 2007–08 season was Khazar Lankaran's third Azerbaijan Premier League season. It was their second season under the management of Agaselim Mirjavadov. They finished 4th in the league and won the Azerbaijan Cup in extra-time against Inter Baku. Squad Transfers Summer In: Out: Winter In: Out: Competitions Azerbaijan Premier League Results Table Azerbaijan Cup Final Source: Cup Results CIS Cup Group Stage Knockout Stage UEFA Champions League Qualifying Rounds Squad statistics Appearances and goals \|- \|colspan="14"\|Players who appeared for Khazar Lankaran who left on loan during the season: \|- \|colspan="14"\|Players who appeared for Khazar Lankaran who left during the season: \|} Goal scorers Notes Qarabağ have played their home games at the Tofiq Bahramov Stadium since 1993 due to the ongoing situation in Quzanlı. References External links Khazar Lankaran at Soccerway.com Category:Khazar Lankaran FK seasons Khazar Lankaran	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Starflight: The Plane That Couldn't Land Starflight: The Plane That Couldn’t Land (also known as Starflight One or Airport 85) is a 1983 television film (for the ABC Sunday Night Movie) directed by Jerry Jameson and starring Lee Majors, Hal Linden, Lauren Hutton, Ray Milland, Gail Strickland, George DiCenzo, Tess Harper and Terry Kiser. The film also features an all-star ensemble television cast in supporting roles. Jameson had become known for his work on "... movie-of-the-week phenomenon and group-jeopardy suspense and terror." His work with Lee Majors had begun with the television series The Six Million Dollar Man in 1973 with the actor starring in three of Jameson's later films. Plot Starflight, the first hypersonic transport is being prepared for a media-covered inaugural flight from Los Angeles to Sydney, Australia, a planned two-hour flight. Are on board the pilot, Cody Briggs (Lee Majors), cheating on his wife Janet (Tess Harper) with media relations representative for Thornwell Aviation, Erica Hansen (Lauren Hutton), Hal Parisi (Phil Coccoioletti), married to another passenger because she won the trip on TV, but only interested in getting his stolen gold out of the country, and Freddie Barrett (Terry Kiser) trying to get his communications satellite launched from Australia to start his business carrying television signals. Starflight’s takeoff is delayed a short time so that the deceased Australian ambassador and his wife, Mrs. Winfield, can be taken aboard. Del (Kirk Scott), the first officer, remembers that nothing good happened the last time a corpse came aboard his aircraft. Finally, Josh Gilliam, the designer (Hal Linden), has misgivings, wishing the engines were under ground control. Bud Culver (Redmond Gleeson), Freddie's partner in Australia, tells Freddie he must scrub that day's launch of the satellite because weather is closing in; Freddie orders an immediate launch, without NASA approval. Cleared by NASA for liftoff, Starflight climbs to 23 miles using its scramjet engines, then levels off. Freddie’s rocket runs into trouble with the second stage, and has to be destroyed. NASA reports that destruction of the rocket produces debris, heading for Starflight. Thornwell okays Cody letting NASA help; engineer Chris Lucas (Stephen Keep) recommends Starflight climb out of danger. Cody engages the scramjet engines again but rocket debris hits the underside of the aircraft. When NASA says they are clear, Cody orders the jets shut off, but they keep firing because debris has severed the engine controls. Waiting until the hydrogen fuel runs out is now their only option, but they risk accelerating out of the atmosphere and into orbit. Gilliam is concerned that if there is a flaw in the structure, Starflight would break up. The fuel runs out just as Starflight reaches orbital velocity/altitude. NASA believes their orbit is good for 48–60 hours, but they need to conserve power and other consumables. The Columbia space shuttle is sent up to bring a supply of hydrogen to refuel Starflight, and an airlock is brought to try to bring Josh Gilliam back to Earth to work on the problem. The astronaut who does the fueling looks at the engine control conduit at Cody's request, and she recommends shutting the line down. The power is cut on that line. Pete (Michael Sacks), the flight engineer, tests the airlock transfer, but the airlock hatch will not close and it breaks free, sending Pete into the void. Cody is inspired by a reference in an idle, frustrated exchange with his mistress Erica, sending Josh to Columbia inside the ambassador's coffin. Columbia returns to Earth, landing at Thornwell’s airfield (which had been upgraded for shuttle use) to be processed at Thornwell (which spent $93 million to build it, only to lose the contract to Culver Aviation due to industrial espionage). Josh goes to work on the problem, and discovers Thornwell’s universal docking tunnel, a flexible conduit that could be attached between Starflight and Columbia. Meanwhile, the stolen gold has begun to escape from a damaged seal. Hal betrays his intentions to his bride, who reports it to the captain through Erica. Cody has power restored so the news media on board can still report, and that power-up also includes the sparking conduit damaged by rocket debris. Columbia and six astronauts arrive with the tunnel, intending to rescue 20 passengers. Five passengers, including Hal, are successfully brought through. The next five people, including Freddie Barrett, are lost when the flexible tunnel swings too close to the sparking electric line on the damaged underside of the airliner and ignites. This leaves 47 aboard, five passengers and one astronaut dead, but six rescued. When Columbia lands, Hal Parisi is arrested. Josh is frustrated, thinking he can’t bring them down. He tells his wife Nancy (Gail Strickland) he’d need a bus to bring them home. She says, "get them a bus". Josh remembers a tank built by Culver Aviation that may work. CEO Q.T. Thornwell (Ray Milland) won’t hear of it, because of how Culver cost Thornwell money, but Q.T.’s son Martin stands up to his father and insists that Culver’s container is the only way. Columbia launches a third time, with the container, and takes 38 more of the passengers, leaving only nine aboard Starflight. Cody sends Joe Pedowski (Pat Corley), the electrical engineer for Thornwell who worked on Starflight, outside in a space suit to repair the wiring, because Cody hopes to skip the aircraft into the atmosphere. Josh is trying to come up with a solution, then hits upon the way: a shuttle could drop into the atmosphere ahead of Starflight, with Starflight riding the plough-wave; the wingtips would burn a little, but the shuttle's heat shield should take most of the brunt. Columbia cannot make another launch in time, but another shuttle, XU-5 is in orbit on a military satellite mission, and comes into position just a minute before Starflight is to hit the atmosphere. The two craft ride in together, and once into the atmosphere, XU-5 veers off while Cody manages to land Starflight after a harrowing re-entry. Cast Production The film's visual effects were supervised by veteran effects guru John Dykstra's Apogee effects house. Starflight: The Plane That Couldn’t Land made use of stock footage of launches by the space shuttle Columbia and an Apollo-era Saturn V on the launch pad. Columbia makes three launches in 24 hours to help Starflight (something completely impossible given turnaround times for shuttle launches). The Saturn V shown at the Kennedy Space Center was depicted as carrying the communications satellite from a fictitious launch site near Sydney. Each time Columbia lands, the touchdown footage is from the early shuttle days when they landed on the dirt runway at Edwards AFB, rather than the concrete runway that Thornwall would be expected to have. Footage of the Approach and Landing Tests with the shuttle prototype Enterprise was used. A chase plane is also visible. There are strong similarities to the novel Orbit by Thomas Block (1982), whose "Star Streak" aircraft was jet-and-rocket powered and intended for high-atmospheric flight, only to end up in space. However, there are also important differences. In Orbit, the failure to shut down engines, requiring entry into space lest it burn up, was deliberate sabotage rather than accident; the aircraft returns without Shuttle assistance "ploughing" the way; and the Shuttle mission sent to bring the passengers oxygen fails to launch at all. Reception The New York Times said Starflight: The Plane That Couldn’t Land was "... still another reworking of the escapist adventure stuff that proved so popular in the film Airport. A later review by Dave Sindelar noted that the film was a cross between Marooned (1969) and the Airport movies. It also relied heavily on stock NASA footage to its detriment. As well, Starflight: The Plane That Couldn’t Land was "... slow-moving, mired by disaster-movie style cliches, implausible, and has plenty of dead spots." References Notes Citations Bibliography Roberts, Jerry. Encyclopedia of Television Film Directors. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2009. . External links Movie trailer Category:1983 television films Category:1980s disaster films Category:1980s science fiction films Category:American aviation films Category:American disaster films Category:American films Category:American science fiction films Category:American television films Category:Disaster television films Category:English-language films Category:Films scored by Lalo Schifrin Category:Films set on airplanes Category:Films directed by Jerry Jameson Category:Science fiction television films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rue de la Paix, Paris The rue de la Paix () is a fashionable shopping street in the center of Paris. Located in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris, running north from Place Vendôme and ending at the Opéra Garnier, it is best known for its jewellers, such as the shop opened by Cartier in 1898. Charles Frederick Worth was the first to open a couture house in the rue de la Paix. Many buildings on the street are inspired in design by the hôtels particuliers of Place Vendôme. History The street was opened in 1806 from Place Vendôme on the orders of Napoleon I, part of the Napoleonic program to open the heart of the Right Bank of Paris, both towards the undeveloped western suburbs and to the north. Creating the new street required the demolition of the ancient Convent of the Capucins. At first named rue Napoléon, its name was changed in 1814, after the Bourbon Restoration, to celebrate the newly arranged peace. Transportation Based in the center of Paris, the street can be reached by: metro: line 1 or buses: 72. Retail outlets associated with rue da la Paix Boué Soeurs, a fashion house active from the late 1890s to early 1950s. Cartier - 1898. Charles Frederick Worth was the first to open a couture house at 7 rue de la Paix, and in 1885 created the label of his salon "Worth 7, Rue de la Paix". Duvelleroy is a fan-maker house established at 15 rue de la Paix in 1827 by Jean-Pierre Duvelleroy,. Louis Aucoc - The Aucoc family firm at 6 rue de la Paix was established in 1821. Maison Maquet, a luxury stationery and leather goods manufacturer, was located at No. 20 from 1841 to 1846, then at No. 24 from 1847 to 1867, and finally at No. 10 from 1868, where it remained for about a century. Rue de la Paix in popular culture The rue de la Paix is the most expensive property in the French version of Monopoly - the equivalent to "Boardwalk" in the American version, or "Mayfair" in the UK version. Due to this, the rue de la Paix is referenced by French singer Zazie in her song of the same name, in which she compares societies based on consumerism to a game of Monopoly. Rue de la Paix is mentioned by Rhett Butler in the novel Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell as the source of the green bonnet purchased to bring Scarlett O'Hara out of mourning. One of the villains in Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? is named "Rudy Lepay". Also mentioned in the Noel Coward song: "Parisian Pierrot" (recorded 1936); "...The Rue de la Paix is under your sway..." Also mentioned in the Leonard Gershe Rodger Edens song: "Bonjour Paris" featured in the 1957 film Funny Face References Category:Shopping districts and streets in France Paix, Rue de la Category:Jewellery districts	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
California Pacific Airlines California Pacific Airlines (a.k.a CP Air) was an American regional airline that was headquartered on the grounds of McClellan-Palomar Airport in Carlsbad, California. On December 28, 2018, CP Air announced it was suspending operations in California. In January 2019 the airline ceased all operations, and is currently undergoing restructuring. History Foundation and Operations The airline was founded in 2009 by Ted Vallas, a San Diego County businessperson from the North County area. Vallas had previously operated Air Resorts Airlines and wanted to create a San Diego County-based airline. He picked Palomar Airport as a hub, since it had moderate demand but infrequent scheduled service. Vallas invested about $14 million in seed money, with plans to raise up to $32 million more from private investment. From 2009 to 2017, the airline struggled to achieve certification from the FAA as well as attempts to secure a fleet and routes. By February 6, 2012, California Pacific had passed Phase I of the FAA's formal Part 121 certification process, but their progress slowed due to a lack of available aircraft to lease or buy. A breakthrough eventually came at the end of 2017, when the airline purchased ADI Aerodynamics, a small Essential Air Service (EAS) carrier. This purchase gave them full FAA certification, a fleet of four Embraer ERJ 145s, and a nearly-expired EAS contract between Denver International Airport and Pierre and Watertown, South Dakota. During 2018, the company renewed their EAS contract, gained permission from San Diego County to operate commercial services, and scheduled their first routes. The airline formally began its first commercial service in November 2018, with nonstop flights between Carlsbad and several destinations in the southwestern United States. However, there were numerous cancellations in November and December, giving the airline a bad reputation among passengers. The airline blamed the cancellations on a pilot shortage. Closure and Attempted Restart In December 2018, California Pacific Airlines announced that it was temporarily suspending its West Coast flight operations. The carrier’s EAS operations were not affected. In January 2019, the EAS operations were shut down as well, leaving South Dakota cities Pierre (the capital) and Watertown without any commercial air service. Eventually, these routes were ceded to SkyWest Airlines operating for United Express, definitively ending the former ADI routes. Employees were all put on indefinite furlough January 18; anonymous employees said that they were not paid for the last half of December or for January, and that their health insurance premiums had not been paid for three months. On February 28, 2019, Vallas stated that he had secured private investment to restart the airline in some capacity, and that operations could resume "within 90-120 days," with plans to abandon EAS flying altogether and take on additional second-hand ERJs to help mitigate the risk of mechanical issues which plagued the airline during its initial operation. On May 9, talks began to sell a majority stake in the airline to Paragon Partners, an investment firm led by former Virgin America executive Robert Nisi. On January 3, 2020, the airline filed paperwork to formally restart service, with flights to be operated using an all-Embraer fleet. The exact date operations would start under the new certificate has still been undetermined. Destinations Fleet References External links California Pacific Airlines Category:Companies based in Carlsbad, California Category:Defunct airlines of the United States Category:Defunct regional airlines of the United States Category:Essential Air Service Category:Airlines established in 2009 Category:Airlines disestablished in 2019 Category:2009 establishments in California Category:2019 disestablishments in California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Miguel Boyer Miguel Boyer Salvador (5 February 1939 – 29 September 2014) was a Spanish economist and politician, who served as minister of economy, treasury and commerce from 1982 to 1985. Early life and education Boyer was born in St. Jean de Luz, France, on 5 February 1939. He was a graduate of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid where he studied economics. He also received a degree in physics from the same university. Career Boyer worked at different banks and institutions. He served as the director of planning for Union Explosivos Rio Tinto and later as a senior economist at the Bank of Spain. He became the deputy director of the national industrial institute and then the director of the institute in 1974. He was one of the Ibercorp shareholders. He joined the Socialist Party as part of its social democrat wing in 1960. He helped Felipe González to form a faction in the party in the mid-1970s. Boyer was a member of the Spanish Congress of Deputies, representing Jaén Province, and economic spokesperson of the party. He and Carlos Solchaga were the architects of the party's economy policy. Boyer was appointed minister of economy, treasury and commerce to the first cabinet of Felipe González on 2 December 1982. In 1985, he developed a tax act that enabled people to avoid tax on saving interest if they invested in insurance accounts. During his term he was regarded as the most powerful member of the cabinet. However, in a cabinet reshuffle in July 1985 Boyer was removed from office and was succeeded by Carlos Solchaga in the post. It was speculated that Boyer was forced to resign due to his clash with Deputy Prime Minister Alfonso Guerra. In addition, Boyer attempted to increase his power in the cabinet and demanded to assume the post of second vice prime minister, also leading to his forced resignation. Shortly after leaving office he was named as the chief executive of the Banco Exterior de Espana and next of the investment company, Cartera Central. In 1986, he was named member of the Abragam committee that oversaw the future structure of the CERN. Until 1999 he served as a senior manager at the Spanish construction group FCC. From July 1999 to January 2005, he was the chairman of CLH, a Spanish fuel distribution company. In May 2010, Boyer was appointed board member to the Hispania Racing Team. He also assumed the post of finance director and advisor to the team. On 20 May 2010, he was also named as the independent member of the board of directors of Red Electrica Corporacion SA. In addition he served as the head of Urbis. Controversy In February 1992, Boyer and Mariano Rubio, the then governor of the Bank of Spain, were accused of fraud and share-price manipulation in relation to the Ibercorp. Boyer was not sentenced, but it resulted in jail sentence for Rubio. Views In the 1970s, Boyer supported self-managing socialism. However, later he became known for his orthodox, moderate and pragmatic approach to economy. Despite being a member of the socialist government, he held neo-liberal views of economy when he was minister. In addition, he and his successor Carlos Solchaga did not fit into the party's projected socialist mould. They both implemented economic policies based the orthodox liberal ideas, and the social outcomes of these policies were largely neglected. Their priority was to reduce inflation, using steps to control the money supply, which reinforced the high levels of interest and a strong currency. Although Boyer's policy decreased the rate of inflation and government spending, Spain experienced the Europe's highest unemployment rate at about 20%. Boyer also encouraged the economic integration of Spain into the European Union. Personal life and death Boyer divorced his first wife, gynecologist Elena Arnedo, to wed a socialite, Isabel Preysler, in 1987. She was the former spouse of the singer Julio Iglesias and the Marquis of Grinon, Carlos Falco. They had a daughter, Ana Boyer. Boyer had also two sons and a daughter with his first wife. Boyer died of a pulmonary embolism after being admitted to the Ruber International Hospital in Madrid on 29 September 2014. He was 75. References Category:1939 births Category:2014 deaths Category:Complutense University of Madrid alumni Category:Government ministers of Spain Category:Members of the 1st Congress of Deputies (Spain) Category:Politicians from Madrid Category:Spanish businesspeople Category:Spanish economists Category:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians Category:Spanish socialites Category:Spanish people of French descent Category:People from Saint-Jean-de-Luz	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Carlsbad Caverns National Park Carlsbad Caverns National Park is an American national park in the Guadalupe Mountains of southeastern New Mexico. The primary attraction of the park is the show cave, Carlsbad Cavern. Visitors to the cave can hike in on their own via the natural entrance or take an elevator from the visitor center. The park entrance is located on US Highway 62/180, approximately southwest of Carlsbad, New Mexico. Carlsbad Caverns National Park participates in the Junior Ranger Program. The park has two entries on the National Register of Historic Places: The Caverns Historic District and the Rattlesnake Springs Historic District. Approximately two thirds of the park has been set aside as a wilderness area, helping to ensure no future changes will be made to the habitat. Carlsbad Cavern includes a large limestone chamber, named simply the Big Room, which is almost long, wide, and high at its highest point. The Big Room is the fifth largest chamber in North America and the twenty-eighth largest in the world. Geology Capitan Reef An estimated 250 million years ago, the area surrounding Carlsbad Caverns National Park served as the coastline for an inland sea. Present in the sea was a plethora of marine life, whose remains formed a reef. Unlike modern reef growths, the Permian reef contained bryozoans, sponges, and other microorganisms. After the Permian Period, most of the water evaporated and the reef was buried by evaporites and other sediments. Tectonic movement occurred during the late Cenozoic, uplifting the reef above ground. Susceptible to erosion, water sculpted the Guadalupe Mountain region into its present-day state. Speleogenesis Carlsbad Caverns National Park is situated in a bed of limestone above groundwater level. During cavern development, it was within the groundwater zone. Deep below the limestones are petroleum reserves (part of the Mid-Continent Oil Field). At a time near the end of the Cenozoic, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) began to seep upwards from the petroleum into the groundwater. The combination of hydrogen sulfide and oxygen from the water formed sulfuric acid: H2S + 2O2 → H2SO4. The sulfuric acid then continued upward, aggressively dissolving the limestone deposits to form caverns. The presence of gypsum within the cave is a confirmation of the occurrence of this process, as it is a byproduct of the reaction between sulfuric acid and limestone. Once the acidic groundwater drained from the caverns, speleothems began to be deposited within the cavern. Erosion above ground created the natural entrance to the Carlsbad Caverns within the last million years. Exposure to the surface has allowed for the influx of air into the cavern. Rainwater and snowmelt percolating downward into the ground pick up carbon dioxide; once this water reaches a cavern ceiling, it precipitates and evaporates, leaving behind a small calcium carbonate deposit. Growths from the roof downward formed through this process are known as stalactites. Additionally, water on the floor of the caverns can contain carbonic acid and generate mineral deposits by evaporation. Growths from the floor upward through this process are known as stalagmites. Different formations of speleothems include columns, soda straws, draperies, helictites, and popcorn. Changes in the ambient air temperature and rainfall affect the rate of growth of speleothems, as higher temperatures increase carbon dioxide production rates within the overlying soil. The color of the speleothems is determined by the trace constituents in the minerals of the formation. Climate History In 1898, a teenager named Jim White explored the cavern with a homemade wire ladder. He named many of the rooms, including the Big Room, New Mexico Room, Kings Palace, Queens Chamber, Papoose Room, and Green Lake Room. He also named many of the cave's more prominent formations, such as the Totem Pole, Witch's Finger, Giant Dome, Bottomless Pit, Fairyland, Iceberg Rock, Temple of the Sun, and Rock of Ages. Max Frisch incorporates the story about White's discovery of the caves in his novel I'm Not Stiller. The town of Carlsbad, which lends its name to the cavern and national park, is in turn named after the Czech town formerly known by the German name Karlsbad (English spelling Carlsbad) and now known by the Czech name Karlovy Vary, both of which mean "Charles' Bath[s]." Until 1932, visitors to the cavern had to walk down a switchback ramp that took them below the surface. The walk back up was tiring for some. In 1932 the national park opened up a large visitor center building that contained two elevators that would take visitors in and out of the caverns below. The new center included a cafeteria, waiting room, museum and first aid area. Legislative history October 25, 1923 – President Calvin Coolidge signed a proclamation (1679-Oct. 25, 1923-43 Stat. 1929) establishing Carlsbad Cave National Monument. April 2, 1924 – President Calvin Coolidge issued an executive order (3984) for a possible national park or monument at the site. May 3, 1928 – a supplemental executive order (4870) was issued reserving additional land for the possible monument or park. May 14, 1930 – an act of the United States Congress (46 Stat. 279) established Carlsbad Caverns National Park to be directed by the Secretary of the Interior and administered by the National Park Service. June 17, 1930 – President Herbert Hoover signed Executive Order 5370 reserving additional land for classification. November 10, 1978 – Carlsbad Caverns Wilderness was established with the National Parks and Recreation Act (95-625) signed by President Jimmy Carter. Named rooms Some of the following rooms are not open to the public because of inaccessibility and safety issues. Balloon BallroomLocated in the ceiling above the main entrance hall, this small room was first accessed by tying a rope to a bunch of balloons and floating them into the passage. Bat CaveA large, unadorned rocky passage connected to the main entrance corridor. The majority of the cave's bat population lives in this portion of the cave, which was mined for bat guano in the early 20th century. Bell Cord RoomNamed for a long, narrow stalactite coming through a hole in the ceiling, resembling the rope coming through the roof of a belfry. This room is located at the end of the Left Hand Tunnel. Bifrost RoomDiscovered in 1982, it is located in the ceiling above Lake of the Clouds. Its name refers to a Norse myth about a world in the sky that was accessed from Earth by a rainbow (the "Bifrost Bridge"). The room was given this name because of its location above the Lake of the Clouds and its colorful oxide-stained formations. Big Room or The Hall of the GiantsThe largest chamber in Carlsbad Caverns, with a floor space of . Chocolate HighA maze of small passages totalling nearly a mile (1500 m) in combined length, discovered in 1993 above a mud-filled pit in the New Mexico Room known as Chocolate Drop. Green Lake RoomThe uppermost of the "Scenic Rooms", it is named for a deep, malachite-colored pool in the corner of the room. In the early 1960s, when the military was testing the feasibility of Carlsbad Cavern as an emergency fallout shelter, the Green Lake was used to look for ripples caused by a nuclear bomb test many miles away. None appeared. Guadalupe RoomDiscovered by a park ranger in 1966, this is the second largest room in Carlsbad Caverns. It is known for its dense collection of "soda straw" stalactites. Hall of the White GiantA large chamber containing a large, white stalagmite. Rangers regularly lead special wild-cave tours to this room. Halloween Hall A room roughly 30 feet in length located above the Spirit World. Named for its discovery on October 31, 2013. King's PalaceThe first of four chambers in a wing known as the "scenic rooms", it is named for a large castle-like formation in the center of the room. Lake of the CloudsThe lowest known point in the cave. It is located in a side passage off the Left Hand Tunnel. It is named for its large lake containing globular, cloud-like rock formations that formed under water when the lake level was much higher. Left Hand TunnelA long, straight passage marked by deep fissures in the floor. These fissures are not known to lead anywhere. The Left Hand Tunnel leads to the Lake of the Clouds and the Bell Cord Room. Mabel's RoomA moderate-sized room located past the Talcum Passage in Lower Cave. Mystery RoomA large, sloping room located off the Queen's Chamber, named for an unexplained noise heard only here. A small vertical passage at the far end connects it to Lower Cave. New Mexico RoomLocated adjacent to the Green Lake Room and accessed by means of a somewhat narrow corridor. New SectionA section of fissures east of the White Giant formation and paralleling the Bat Cave. New discoveries are still being made in this section. Papoose RoomLocated between the King's Palace and Queen's Chamber. Queen's ChamberWidely regarded as the most beautiful and scenic area of the cave. Jim White's lantern went out in this chamber while he was exploring, and he was in the dark for over half an hour. Spirit WorldLocated in the ceiling of the Big Room at its highest point (an area known as the Top of the Cross), this area is filled with white stalagmites that resembled angels to the room's discoverers. Talcum PassageA room located in Lower Cave where the floor is coated with gypsum dust. The RookeryOne of the larger rooms in Lower Cave. Many cave pearls are found in this area. Underground LunchroomLocated in the Big Room at the head of the Left Hand Tunnel. It contains a cafeteria that was built in the 1950s, and is where the elevators from the visitor center exit into the cave. Tourist information Carlsbad Caverns had an average annual visitation of about 410,000 in the period from 2007 to 2016. Peak visitation usually occurs on the weekends following Memorial Day and the Fourth of July. Free admittance for self-guided tours is often granted on holidays such as Martin Luther King, Jr. weekend, National Park Week, and Veterans Day weekend. Camping is permitted in the back country of the park, but a permit is required from the visitor center. One of the extra events hosted by the park is the bat flight viewing. A program is given in the early evening at the amphitheater near the main entrance prior to the start of the flight, which varies with the sunset time. Flight programs are scheduled from Memorial Day weekend through the middle of October. Optimal viewing normally occurs in July and August when the current year bat pups first join the flight of adult bats. Morning programs are also hosted pre-dawn to witness the return of bats into the cave. Once a year, a bat flight breakfast is held where visitors can eat breakfast at the park prior to the morning return of bats. Throughout the year, star parties are hosted by the park at night. Rangers host informational programs on the celestial night sky and telescopes are also made available. These parties are often held in conjunction with special astronomical events, such as a transit of Venus. Recent exploration In 1985 a distinctive method of exploration was invented. In a dome area above the Big Room floor not far from the Bottomless Pit, a stalagmite leaned out. Using a balsa wood loop with helium-filled balloons attached, the explorers, (after several tries over several years), floated a lightweight cord up, over the target stalagmite, and back down to the ground. Then they pulled a climbing rope into position, and the explorers ascended into what they named The Spirit World. A similar, smaller room was found in the main entrance corridor, and was named Balloon Ballroom in honor of this technique. In 1993, a series of small passages totaling nearly a mile in combined length was found in the ceiling of the New Mexico Room. Named "Chocolate High", it was the largest discovery in the cave since the Guadalupe Room was found in 1966. The Bottomless Pit was originally said to have no bottom. Stones were tossed into it, but no sound of the stones striking the bottom was heard. Later exploration revealed the bottom was about deep and covered with soft dirt. The stones made no sound when they struck the bottom because they were lodged in the soft soil. On October 31, 2013, a cave technician exploring the Spirit World area discovered a new chamber hundreds of feet up from the main area. Dubbed "Halloween Hall" for the date of its discovery, the fresh find marks the biggest discovery for the caverns in more than 25 years. The room's diameter is about , and more than 1,000 bat bones were discovered inside the room. Other caves The park contains over 119 caves. Three caves are open to public tours. Carlsbad Caverns is the most famous and is fully developed with electric lights, paved trails, and elevators. Slaughter Canyon Cave and Spider Cave are undeveloped, excepted for designated paths for the guided "adventure" caving tours. Lechuguilla Cave is well known for its delicate speleothems and pristine underground environment. Guano mining occurred in the pit below the entrance in the 1910s. After gaining permission from the national park managers to dig into a rubble pile where wind whistled between the rocks when the weather changed, cavers broke through into a room in 1986. Over of cave passage has been explored and mapped. It has been mapped to a depth of , making it the second deepest limestone cave in the U.S. To protect the fragile environment, access is limited to permitted scientific expeditions only. Bats Seventeen species of bats live in the park, including many Mexican free-tailed bats. It has been estimated that the population of Mexican free-tailed bats once numbered in the millions but has declined drastically in modern times. The cause of this decline is unknown but the pesticide DDT is often listed as a primary cause. A study published in 2009 by a team from Boston University questions whether millions of bats ever existed in the caverns. Many techniques have been used to estimate the bat population in the cave. The most recent and most successful of these attempts involved the use of thermal imaging camera to track and count the bats. A count from 2005 estimated a peak of 793,000. The Mexican free-tailed bats are present from April or May to late October or early November. They emerge in a dense group, corkscrewing upwards and counterclockwise, usually starting around sunset and lasting about three hours. (Jim White decided to investigate the caverns when he saw the bats from a distance and at first thought they were a volcano or a whirlwind.) Every early evening from Memorial Day weekend to mid October (with possible exceptions for bad weather), a ranger gives a talk on the bats while visitors sitting in the amphitheater wait to watch the bats emerge. Other attractions Three hiking trails and an unpaved drive provide access to the desert scenery and ecosystem. The developed portion around the cave entrance has been designated as The Caverns Historic District. A detached part of the park, Rattlesnake Springs Picnic Area, is a natural oasis with landscaping, picnic tables, and wildlife habitats. As a wooded riparian area in the desert, it is home to remarkable variety of birds; over 300 species have been recorded. About 500 species have been recorded in the whole state of New Mexico. Rattlesnake Springs is designated a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. The National Audubon Society has designated Rattlesnake Springs an Important Bird Area (IBA). The natural entrance to the caverns is also an IBA because of its colony of cave swallows, possibly the world's largest. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been discovered in the isolated and little-visited Lechuguilla Cave within the park. See also U.S. Forest Service Blanchard Springs Caverns Mammoth Cave National Park Guadalupe Mountains National Park McKittrick Canyon Wind Cave National Park List of areas in the National Park System of the United States References The National Parks: Index 2001–2003. Washington: U.S. Department of the Interior. External links Official site: Carlsbad Caverns National Park USGS 3D Photographic Geology Tour for Carlsbad Caverns National Park Fly-through of Historic Carlsbad Caverns Stairs (HABS, HAER, March 2013) Category:Caves of New Mexico Category:Limestone caves Category:Parks in Eddy County, New Mexico Category:Geology museums in New Mexico Category:Museums in Eddy County, New Mexico Category:Natural history museums in New Mexico Category:Show caves in the United States Category:Landforms of Eddy County, New Mexico Category:Limestone formations of the United States Category:1930 establishments in New Mexico Category:Protected areas established in 1930 Category:National parks in New Mexico Category:World Heritage Sites in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Krimchi temples Krimchi temples is a complex of seven ancient temples in Udhampur District in Jammu and Kashmir. It is located at village Krimchi 12 km from Udhampur. This group of temples is locally known as the Pandava Temples. History The temple is believed to be over a thousand years old. According to the Archaeological Survey of India these temples were constructed during 8th or 9th century AD. (inscribed on a board near the entrance of the complex). The temples were constructed in stages. It appears that temples No. 6 and 7 were damaged several centuries ago. Local belief holds that they go back to the protagonists of the Mahabharata War, or a late Pandava dynasty that ruled in Jammu and Kashmir (speculated by Alexander Cunningham). Complex The complex consists of four large and three small temples. The main temple is 50 feet tall and is dedicated to Shiva, Ganesha, Vishnu and Parvati. The architecture resembles classical Kashmir temples. References Category:8th-century Hindu temples Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir Category:Udhampur district External links	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Marc Mayer (skier) Marc Mayer (born 18 July 1978) is an Austrian cross-country skier. He competed in the men's sprint event at the 2002 Winter Olympics. References Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:Austrian male cross-country skiers Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of Austria Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics Category:Sportspeople from Salzburg	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Conqueror A.D. 1086 Conqueror A.D. 1086 is a medieval strategy computer game released in 1995 by Sierra On-Line, Inc. Gameplay The player must control a lord as he tries to develop an army of knights and soldiers in order to challenge the king for the throne of England. Travelling on the medieval roads is not like traveling on today's superhighways (and requires months to get from one end of England to the other). Rivers also provide a quick path to get to the target village but the player must watch out for bandits that will attack him and his hired men. Starting the game as a 12-year-old boy, you are given only some money and a basic sword. The player can either answer a variety of moral questions or choose a pre-generated character. At the age of 18, the player is assigned a fiefdom to oversee in addition to a substantial amount of land. All games end at the player's 30th birthday. If the player doesn't slay a dragon or overthrow the King of England by then, the game is considered to be lost. While not fighting in battles or tournaments, the player can develop his fiefs with agricultural and civic developments similar to SimCity; examples of these buildings include chapels, stables, storehouses, and farms. Marriage is also possible as the player can acquire his wife through socializing with the ladies prior to the jousting. The moneylender can provide the player with loans at 50% interest. External links Worldvillage Review Coming Soon magazine archived issue reviewing the game Category:1995 video games Category:DOS games Category:Strategy video games Category:Video games developed in the United States Category:Video games set in medieval England Category:Windows games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Enteroscopy Enteroscopy is the procedure of using an endoscope for the direct visualization of the small bowel. Etymologically, the word could potentially refer to any bowel endoscopy (entero- + -scopy), but idiomatically it is conventionally restricted to small bowel endoscopy, in distinction from colonoscopy, which is large bowel endoscopy. Various types of enteroscopy exist, as follows: Video chip enteroscopy Double-balloon enteroscopy Single-balloon enteroscopy Spiral enteroscopy Wireless endoscopy Capsule endoscopy As the small bowel can often be a source of pathology, endoscopy of the small bowel can be a useful diagnostic and therapeutic technique. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, also called upper endoscopy, gets as far as the first segment of the small bowel, the duodenum, but the next two, the jejunum and ileum, require other methods. Visualization of the small bowel has long posed a challenge to gastroenterologists, due to the physical difficulty of reaching more distal regions of the small bowel. With the advent of the newer forms of enteroscopy, such as the double-balloon type, visualizing the entire tract is finally a practical reality in at least some cases, although it is still technically demanding. Traditional gastroscopes can generally visualize the proximal and distal duodenum in the hands of experienced endoscopists but are limited due to the length of the instrument. Pediatric colonoscopes or sometimes dedicated enteroscopes which are much longer than standard gastroscopes can visualize the proximal jejunum. This technique is referred to as push enteroscopy. Due to the length of the small bowel, averaging 4–6 meters in the adult, push enteroscopy is still not effective to adequately visualize large portions of the small intestine. Wireless capsule endoscopy has proven to be the endoscopic investigation of choice for visualization of the entire small bowel. An 11 x 26 mm pill sized video camera is swallowed by the patient and approximately 8 hours of video is transmitted wirelessly to a receiver worn by the patient. The procedure is painless, well accepted by patients and offers a very high accuracy. It is limited by the inability to obtain biopsies, and is therefore considered a purely diagnostic tool. Newer techniques, including single and double-balloon endoscopy have been developed to overcome some of these issues, but are limited by the length of the procedure, and the need for deep sedation or general anesthesia. Spiral enteroscopy is a novel technique that utilizes an overtube with raised spirals affixed on the enteroscope that is rotated to advance the enteroscope deep into the small bowel. Each of these 3 enteroscopy platforms offers similar accuracy and effectiveness but do not have widespread availability. References Category:Digestive system imaging Category:Endoscopy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Haimbachia proalbivenalis Haimbachia proalbivenalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1961. It is found in Nigeria, the Gambia and India. References Category:Haimbachiini Category:Moths described in 1961	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2004–05 Bulgarian Cup The 2004–05 Bulgarian Cup was the 65th season of the Bulgarian Cup. Levski Sofia won the competition, beating CSKA Sofia 2–1 in the final at the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. First round In this round entered winners from the preliminary rounds together with the teams from B Group. Second round This round featured winners from the First Round and all teams from A Group. Third round Quarter-finals Semi-finals First Legs Second Legs Final Details Top scorers References Category:Bulgarian Cup Category:2004–05 domestic association football cups Cup	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rafael Hernando Fraile Rafael Antonio Hernando Fraile (born 13 November 1961) is a Spanish attorney and politician who represents Almería Province in the Spanish Congress of Deputies. He was the Sspokesperson of the People's Party in Congress between 2014 and 2018. He has also been the President of New Generations. In 2018, lawyers from the Querellants X República collective filed complaints against him because of crime/misdemeanor of hate. Biography Born in Guadalajara Castille-La Mancha. Deputy for Guadalajara in the Congress of deputies. References Category:1961 births Category:Guadalajara municipal councillors Category:Living people Category:Members of the 5th Congress of Deputies (Spain) Category:Members of the 6th Congress of Deputies (Spain) Category:Members of the 7th Congress of Deputies (Spain) Category:Members of the 8th Congress of Deputies (Spain) Category:Members of the 9th Congress of Deputies (Spain) Category:Members of the 10th Congress of Deputies (Spain) Category:Members of the 11th Congress of Deputies (Spain) Category:Members of the 12th Congress of Deputies (Spain) Category:Members of the 2nd Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha Category:Members of the Cortes of Castilla–La Mancha from Guadalajara Category:Members of the 4th Senate of Spain Category:Members of the 13th Senate of Spain Category:Members of the 14th Senate of Spain Category:People's Party (Spain) politicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ouled Attia Ouled Attia is a town and commune in Skikda Province in north-eastern Algeria. References Category:Populated places in Skikda Province Category:Communes of Algeria	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Super Bowl curse The Super Bowl curse or Super Bowl hangover is a phrase that refers to one of three phenomena that may occur in the National Football League (NFL). First, that host teams rarely qualify for the Super Bowl during the year their city will host. Second, that teams rarely win consecutive Super Bowls. Third, that a participating team will follow their Super Bowl appearance with sub-par seasons. These interpretations of the Super Bowl curse are not mutually exclusive. The term has been used since at least 1992, when The Washington Post used the term in print. Former NFL General Manager Charley Casserly attributed the curse to such factors as "a shorter offseason, contract problems, [and] more demand for your players' time". Casserly also noted that "once the season starts, you become the biggest game on everybody's schedule," suggesting that pressure from fans and spectators may also affect a team's performance. The Home Field Advantage Curse The home field curse affects the host team of the Super Bowl. So far no team has yet managed to reach the Super Bowl in their home stadium. Five teams with Super Bowls in their home venue have qualified for the divisional playoffs: the 1994 Miami Dolphins, the 1998 Miami Dolphins, the 2016 Houston Texans, and the 2017 Minnesota Vikings, the Vikings being the first to qualify for their conference's title game. From 1966–2011 (excluding the six Super Bowl games held in a stadium without a professional team), the Super Bowl host team has had 11 winning seasons, four split seasons, and 25 losing seasons. Mathematically, the probability of that many losing seasons or more occurring by chance (assuming a 50 percent chance of having a losing season (disregarding .500 seasons)) is 7.69 percent. The Super Bowl host stadium is selected several years before the game is played, without regard to the teams that qualify. Only two NFL teams have reached the Super Bowl hosted in their home region: the San Francisco 49ers, who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium, rather than Candlestick Park, and the Los Angeles Rams, who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl, rather than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Besides Stanford Stadium and the Rose Bowl, the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston: the Houston Oilers had played there previously, but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII. The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls, hosting Super Bowl II and III. MetLife Stadium in New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII, is the home stadium of two NFL teams: the New York Giants and the New York Jets. This list of examples is not exhaustive; no team has ever qualified for the Super Bowl played in their home stadium. The Non-Repeat Curse Since 1993, few winning teams have followed up their Super Bowl appearances with a second Super Bowl appearance, or even advanced to a conference title game in the subsequent season (the 1994 Dallas Cowboys qualified for their conference title but did not qualify for the Super Bowl). Only seven teams have won back-to-back Super Bowl championships, and only one of these seven have made more than two consecutive winning appearances in the Super Bowl. The only franchise to reach more than three straight title games was the Buffalo Bills who lost four Super Bowls in a row from 1990–93. The salary cap, draft, free agency and the schedule makes it more difficult to win repeat league championships in the NFL, compared to other major North American professional sports leagues (MLB, NBA, and NHL) where dynasties have been prevalent. Since 2005, no incumbent holder has managed to successfully defend their title. Between 2006 and 2013, every defending Super Bowl champion would conclude the following season either losing their opening playoff game or failing to qualify for the playoffs. This list of examples includes every team that has ever had back-to-back appearances at the Super Bowl. The Losers' Curse Although many teams experience this phenomenon, it is certainly not the rule. There are many speculations made about potential causal factors for this trend, including the team having a shorter offseason due to their extended postseason play, difficulty settling contracts, more pressure on the players, and an increase in visibility, which could contribute to nervous playing. Only the 1971 Dallas Cowboys, 1972 Miami Dolphins, and 2018 New England Patriots have followed up a Super Bowl defeat with Super Bowl win the following season. One piece of the Super Bowl curse asserts the team that loses the Super Bowl will go into losing seasons overall. The trend was especially evident during the early 2000s. This list of examples is not exhaustive. Further reading References External links Category:American football-related curses Curse Category:Sports-related curses Category:Urban legends Category:Curses	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Anne Carey Anne Carey is President of Production at Archer Gray, a media production, finance, and venture investment company based in New York City. In her career as an independent producer, Carey has been associated with filmmakers such as Ang Lee, Anton Corbijn, Bill Condon, Todd Field, Greg Mottola, Tamara Jenkins, Alan Ball, Mike Mills and Nicole Holofcener. Carey’s films have been distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures, Sony Pictures Classics, Warner Independent Pictures, Focus Features, Miramax and HBO; and her films have played and premiered at major domestic and international film festivals including the Sundance Film Festival, the Berlin International Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival. Filmography Lost Girls (2020) The Day Shall Come (2019) The Operative (2019) Can You Ever Forgive Me? (2018) 20th Century Women (2016) Mr. Holmes (2015) The Diary of a Teenage Girl (2015) Ten Thousand Saints (2015) Little Accidents (2014) Goodbye to All That (2014) Love, Marilyn (2012) The American (2010) Adventureland (2009) The Savages (2007) Towelhead (2007) Trainwreck: My Life as an Idiot (2007) The Ex (2006) Friends with Money (2006) Thumbsucker (2005) The Door in the Floor (2004) The Laramie Project (2002) Ride with the Devil (1999) External links https://web.archive.org/web/20140819103017/http://www.archergray.com/about-anne-carey.html Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:American film producers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Anton Kavalewski Anton Kavalewski (; (Anton Kovalevskiy); born 2 February 1986 in Magdeburg, East Germany) is a Belarusian former professional footballer. Honours Naftan Novopolotsk Belarusian Cup winner: 2008–09 External links Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Magdeburg Category:Belarusian footballers Category:Association football goalkeepers Category:FC Naftan Novopolotsk players Category:FC Partizan Minsk players Category:FC Vitebsk players Category:FC Belshina Bobruisk players Category:FC Torpedo-BelAZ Zhodino players Category:FC Dnepr Mogilev players Category:FC Isloch Minsk Raion players Category:Footballers from Saxony-Anhalt	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bulanov Bulanov () is a Russian masculine surname, its feminine counterpart is Bulanova. It may refer to Aleksandr Bulanov (born 1989), Russian shot putter Igor Bulanov (born 1963), Russian footballer Maria Bulanova (born 1998), Russian bowler Tatiana Bulanova (born 1969), Russian singer Vyacheslav Bulanov (born 1970), Russian ice hockey referee Category:Russian-language surnames	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dunalka Old Manor Dunalka Old Manor is a fortified late medieval manor house in Dunalka Parish, in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia. See also List of castles in Latvia References Category:Castles in Latvia Category:Durbe Municipality	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Khanderao Holkar Khanderao Holkar (1723-1754 CE), was the only son of Malhar Rao Holkar the founder of Holkar dynasty of Indore, born from Gautama Bai. Personal life He was heir apparent to his father from 20 January 1734. Khanderao had 10 wives. Ahilyabai Holkar was his first wife, who ruled Indore (Holkar State) from 1767 to 1795 after his death. He had one son and a daughter. Ahilyabai gently influenced his thinking and mended his wayward nature by repeating her statecraft and training lessons to him and told him stories from the epics. Death In 1754, on behest of Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur's Mir Bakhshi Imad-ul-Mulk, Khanderao laid the seize of Kumher fort of Jat Maharaja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur State who had sided with Ahmad Shah's adversary Safdar Jang. Khanderao was inspecting his troops on an open palanquin in the battle of Kumher when was hit and killed by a cannonball from the Jat army. In Khanderao's honor, Jat Maharaja Suraj Mal built a chattri, in Hindu style of architecture, on his cremation spot at Kumher near Deeg. After his death in 1754, 9 of his 10 wives committed sati but his father Malhar Rao prevented his first wife Ahilya Bai from committing sati. Malhar Rao died in 1766, 12 years after the death of his son Khanderao. Malhar Rao's grandson and Khanderao's young son Male Rao Holkar became the ruler of Indore in 1766, under the regentship of Ahilyabai, but he too died within few months in 1767. Ahilyabai became the ruler of Indore after the death of her son with Khanderao. See also Holkar References Category:1754 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lamuk Lamuk is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma. References External links Satellite map at Maplandia.com Category:Populated places in Kachin State Category:Chipwi Township	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tilphossium Tilphossium or Tilphossion ( or Τιλφωσσαῖον), or Tilphusium or Tilphousion (Τιλφούσιον), was a mountain on the southern side of Lake Copais, between the plains of Haliartus and Coroneia, maybe regarded as the furthest offshoot of Mount Helicon, with which it is connected by means of Mount Leibethrium. At the foot of the hill was the small fountain Tilphossa or Tilphussa, where the seer Teiresias is said to have died. The hill bears the form of a letter T, with its foot turned towards the north. From its position between the lake and Leibethrium, there is a narrow pass on either side of the hill. The pass between Tilphossium and the lake was one of great importance in antiquity, as the high road from northern Greece to Thebes passed through it. This pass was very narrow, and was completely commanded by the fortress Tilphossaeum or Tilphusium, on the summit of the hill. References Category:Geography of ancient Boeotia Category:Mountains of Greece	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania Bryn Mawr (pronounced ; from Welsh for "big hill") is a census-designated place (CDP), located entirely in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, just west of Philadelphia along Lancaster Avenue (US-30) and the border with Delaware County. There are also areas not in the census-designated place but which have "Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania" postal addresses located in Radnor and Haverford Townships in Delaware County. Bryn Mawr is located toward the center of what is known as the Main Line, a group of affluent Philadelphia suburban villages stretching from the city limits to Malvern. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 3,779. Bryn Mawr is home to Bryn Mawr College. History Bryn Mawr is named after an estate near Dolgellau in Wales that belonged to Rowland Ellis. He was a Quaker who emigrated in 1686 to Pennsylvania from Dolgellau to escape religious persecution. Until 1869 and the coming of the Pennsylvania Railroad's Main Line, the town, located in the old Welsh Tract, was known as Crankyville. The town was known as Humphreysville from 1800 to 1869 according to the Lower Marion Historical Society. The town was renamed by railroad agent William H. Wilson after he acquired on behalf of the railroad the that now compose Bryn Mawr. In 1893, the first hospital, Bryn Mawr Hospital, was built on the Main Line by Dr. George Gerhard. Glenays, a historic home dating to 1859, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. Geography Bryn Mawr is located at (40.021022, −75.316901). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , some of which is in Lower Merion Township in Montgomery County. Part of Bryn Mawr is located in Delaware County, located at the coordinates 40°1' 25.0212"N 75°19' 46.1676"W, its zip code is 19010 with a total population of 3,779. However, the "Bryn Mawr" zip code (19010) covers a larger area, and as a result, the geographic term "Bryn Mawr" is often used in a sense that includes not only the CDP, but also other areas that share the zip code. These other areas include the community of Rosemont within Lower Merion Township and Radnor Township, and various other areas within Lower Merion Township, Radnor Township, and Haverford Township. Bryn Mawr is a part of the Philadelphia Main Line, a string of picturesque towns located along a railroad that connects Philadelphia with points west. Some other Main Line communities include Ardmore, Wynnewood, Narberth, Bala Cynwyd and Villanova. As of the 2000 Census, the Bryn Mawr ZIP code was home to 21,485 people with a median family income of $210,956. Demographics As of the census of 2010, there were 3,779 people, 1,262 households, and 497 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 7,033.7 people per square mile (2,728.9/km2). There were 1,481 housing units at an average density of 2,377.2/sq mi (922.3/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 74.0% White, 10.5% Black or African American, 0.0% Native American, 10.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 3.6% from two or more races. 4.9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 21.1% were of Irish, 10.8% Italian, 6.8% German and 6.4% English ancestry according to Census 2000. There were 1,404 households, out of which 13.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 26.8% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 62.6% were non-families. 41.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.79. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 8.4% under the age of 18, 48.1% from 18 to 24, 21.0% from 25 to 44, 12.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 46.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 42.4 males. Notable people Cheryl Abplanalp Thompson, Team USA handball player in 1996 Summer Olympics, inductee into Davis and Elkins College Hall of Fame Constance Applebee, athletic director at Bryn Mawr College for 24 years Julius Wesley Becton Jr., retired United States Army general, former Federal Emergency Management Agency Director, and education administrator John Bogle, founder and retired CEO of The Vanguard Group H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), imagist poet, novelist, memoirist Derek Bok, lawyer, educator, president of Harvard George W. Childs, publisher, co-owner of Philadelphia Public Ledger Jake Cohen, American/Israeli basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv and the Israeli national team Samuel Conway, chemist and Anthrocon chairman, born here Fran Crippen, swimmer A. J. Croce, musician Kat Dennings, actress Mark DiFelice, MLB player for Milwaukee Brewers Fred D'Ignazio, educator and technology writer Adelaide C. Eckardt, Maryland politician Bernard Farrell, former chairman of 550/Sony Music Entertainment, founder of StarHouse Records Drew Gilpin Faust, historian of American Civil War, first female president of Harvard, graduated from Bryn Mawr College Emmet French, golfer Jim Gardner, Philadelphia WPVI-TV news anchorman Adam Goren, punk-rock musician known as Atom and His Package Phil Gosselin, Major League baseball player Hanna Holborn Gray, historian of Germany, first female president of University of Chicago, graduated from Bryn Mawr College Edith Hamilton, classics scholar, author of The Greek Way and The Roman Way, graduated from and taught at Bryn Mawr College. Philip A. Hart, United States Senator from Michigan, 1959–1976, nicknamed "the Conscience of the Senate" Katharine Hepburn, actress, four-time Academy Award recipient, graduated from Bryn Mawr College Edward Barnes Leisenring Jr., coal executive Daniel Pratt Mannix IV, author of The Fox and the Hound Jayne Mansfield, actress Jacqueline Mars, heiress to Mars, Inc. candy bar fortune Tim McCarver, Major League baseball player and broadcaster Walter A. McDougall, Pulitzer Prize winner Agnes Nixon, creator of One Life to Live and All My Children Emmy Noether, mathematician Michael A. O'Donnell, Ph.D, author, lecturer, and Episcopal priest, born here Richard A. O'Donnell, American playwright, composer, lyricist, poet, actor, and stand-up comic R. C. Orlan, baseball player Teddy Pendergrass, singer Chris Pikula, professional Magic: The Gathering player Polly Platt, author of books for Americans living in France Jake Schindler, professional poker player Beth Shak, professional poker player for Full Tilt Jay Sigel, professional golfer, U.S. Amateur champion Cornelia Otis Skinner, playwright and actress, graduated from Bryn Mawr College Ed Snider, founder Comcast Spectacor John Spagnola, former professional football player, Green Bay Packers, Philadelphia Eagles and Seattle Seahawks Richard Swett, former congressman and diplomat Jack Thayer, first class passenger and survivor of sinking of RMS Titanic M. Carey Thomas, second president of Bryn Mawr College Charles Thomson, Secretary of Continental Congress, lived at Harriton House Ronne Troup, actress Emlen Tunnell, NFL player for New York Giants and Green Bay Packers, member of Pro Football Hall of Fame Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States, taught government at Bryn Mawr College. before moving to Princeton and later serving as Governor of New Jersey Warren Zevon, musician School system Bryn Mawr residents of Lower Merion Township attend schools in the Lower Merion School District; all residents of the Bryn Mawr CDP are in Lower Merion Township and therefore attend LMSD schools. Bryn Mawr address residents of Radnor Township attend schools in the Radnor Township School District; Radnor High School is the district's sole high school. Bryn Mawr address residents of Haverford Township attend schools in the School District of Haverford Township; Haverford High School is the district's sole high school. Sacred Heart Academy Bryn Mawr, the Shipley School and The Baldwin School are all in Bryn Mawr. The French International School of Philadelphia, which opened in 1991, previously held its classes at Baldwin and then at Shipley. Points of interest Bryn Mawr College Harcum College Sacred Heart Academy Bryn Mawr Baldwin School Shipley School Barrack Hebrew Academy Clarke Schools for Hearing and Speech, formerly Clarke School for the Deaf. "Clarke Philadelphia" is located here, with its main campus being in Northampton, Massachusetts. American College Arboretum The American College of Financial Services Bryn Mawr Campus Arboretum Bryn Mawr Film Institute Harriton House The Main Point References Category:Pennsylvania Main Line Category:Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania Category:Census-designated places in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania Category:Welsh-American culture in Pennsylvania Category:Census-designated places in Pennsylvania	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Repretel Representaciones Televisivas (Televised Representations) S.A., commonly known as Repretel is a Costa Rican media company, founded by Angela Gonzalez, that came into competition with Teletica and Canal9. Repretel owns Costa Rican channels 4, 6, 11,46 and 2. Repretel began operating in 1993 with Channel 9, in 2000 the lease expired and moved to Channel 4. The company also operates 11 radio stations. In 2012, Repretel bought Channel 2, from Mrs. Roxie Blen and branded the channel as CDR 2. TV Stations Channel 6 Channel 6 is the flagship TV station, carries the most popular shows, entertainment,sports and news of the network. The news has four daily editions. Included in the entertainment programs is 2 and a half hours of programs aimed towards women. Repretel's Channel 6 has content similar to Teletica Channel 7's as they both mainly show United States shows and movies that are dubbed into Spanish. The Soap opera My Sin was broadcast on Repretel's Channel 6 in 2011 because television programming's head, Annette Mejias, said that she wanted to show more programs with independent women. Repretel Channel 6 broadcasts the World Cup. During the 2006 World Cup, the channel's audience reported that the signal was poor. The cable company CableTica, which broadcasts the World Cup 24 hours after Repretel airs them, was accused of messing with the signal. Channel 6 also broadcasts the Mexican animated series El Chavo which is based on a live action show of the same name. Channel 4 Channel 4 mainly broadcasts programs aimed towards children along with films aired during the weekdays. Channel 11 Repretel's Channel 11 is on the air from midnight to noon with live footage of events occurring at night. When NBC lost the right to broadcast in Costa Rica, the 2008 Summer Olympics was broadcast by Repretel's Channel 11. Xpertv Channel 33 broadcast it as well. Channel 2 Channel 2 transmits live radio talk shows format, from CDR-Radio Monumental station. Operates under the name of CDR-2 Central de Radios Channel 46 Channel 46 relays classical music network Arpeggio. Additional Info All channels have both local news and news from abroad. Repretel airs the Billboard Latin Music Awards. In 2006, Repretel started using two Duet MicroX systems to broadcast their programs. Duet MicroX gives Repretel the ability to create graphics, animation, and news highlights easily. Repretel's channels are programmed from Miami. Because of Repretel being based in Miami, the publisher of La Prensa Libre said that it could be harmful to Costa Rica culture. The company controls nearly 30 percent of Costa Rica's advertising. Radio Stations Repretel owns 11 radio stations in Costa Rica, all branded as CDR Central de Radios, the most notable stations are Radio Monumental and Radio Reloj. Competition In 2000, Repretel's channels directly competed with another Costa Rican media company, Teletica Channel 7. Even though Repretel had a large advertising revenue, Teletica came to dominate due to better ratings. The advertising revenue of Repretel in 2000 was $56 million. As a result of the competition between the two media companies, Teletica was prompted to upgrade its programming and equipment. A journalist believes that the quality of Repretel's channels may be "the manipulation of information" by an international media conglomerate. References External links Category:Television stations in Costa Rica Category:Television channels and stations established in 1994	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ursula's sunbird Ursula's sunbird (Cinnyris ursulae) is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is found in western Cameroon and Bioko island. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss. References Ursula's sunbird Category:Birds of the Gulf of Guinea Category:Birds of Central Africa Ursula's sunbird Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
D. C. K. Amenu Brigadier D. C. K. Amenu was a Ghanaian military personnel and a former Chief of Army Staff of the Ghana Army. He served as Chief of Army Staff from November 1968 to August 1969. References Category:Ghanaian military personnel Category:Ghana Chief of Army Staff	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bockfließ Bockfließ is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. Population References Category:Cities and towns in Lower Austria	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Brazil Open (golf) The Brazil Open or Aberto do Brasil is an annual golf tournament held in Brazil. It was founded in 1945 and was an event on the Tour de las Américas on several occasions, most recently in 2005. It is now an event on PGA Tour Latinoamérica. Until the early 1980s, the tournament was a popular stop for many of the world's top professionals, and can boast major winners Sam Snead, Billy Casper, Gary Player, Raymond Floyd, Jerry Pate and Hale Irwin in addition to superstars of South American golf, Roberto de Vicenzo and Ángel Cabrera, amongst its list of champions. The most successful player remains Mário Gonzalez, who won a total of eight titles, including seven out of nine between 1946 and 1955 (no tournament was held in 1947). As part of the celebrations of the 500 year anniversary of the discovery of Brazil by Pedro Álvares Cabral, in 2000 the European Tour included the São Paulo and the Rio de Janeiro 500 Year Opens on their schedule. The following year the São Paulo event was again included on the European calendar, and somewhat confusingly titled the São Paulo Brazil Open. Winners (Am) – Amateur References External links Coverage on the PGA Tour Latinoamérica's official site Category:Golf tournaments in Brazil Category:PGA Tour Latinoamérica events Category:Former Tour de las Américas events Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1945	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kiakanyinga Kiakanyinga is a settlement in Kenya's Eastern Province. References Category:Populated places in Eastern Province (Kenya)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Red Devils Chojnice Red Devils Chojnice is a Polish futsal club located in Chojnice, Poland. It currently plays in Ekstraklasa. The team's colors are red and white. Current squad Coach: Vlastimil Bartošek External links Category:Futsal clubs in Poland Category:1995 establishments in Poland Category:Chojnice County Category:Sport in Pomeranian Voivodeship	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1938 American Karakoram expedition to K2 The 1938 American Karakoram expedition to K2, more properly called the "First American Karakoram expedition", investigated several routes for reaching the summit of K2, an unclimbed mountain at the second highest mountain in the world. Charlie Houston was the leader of what was a small and happily united climbing party. After deciding the Abruzzi Ridge was most favorable, they made good progress up to the head of the ridge at on July 19, 1938. However, by then their supply lines were very extended, they were short of food and the monsoon seemed imminent. It was decided that Houston and Paul Petzoldt would make a last push to get as close to the summit as they could and then rejoin the rest of the party in descent. On July 21 the pair reached about . In favorable weather they were able to identify a suitable site for a higher camp and a clear route to the summit. The expedition was regarded as a success and no one had suffered serious injury. A suitable route up the Abruzzi Ridge had been explored in detail, good sites for tents had been found (sites that would go on to be used in many future expeditions) and they had identified the technically most difficult part of the climb, up House's Chimney at (named after Bill House who had led the two-hour climb up the rock face). The book the team jointly wrote, Five Miles High , was also successful. The following year the 1939 American Karakoram expedition took advantage of the reconnaissance to get very near the summit but their descent led to tragedy. Background K2 K2 is on the border between what in 1938 was the British Raj of India (now Pakistan) and the Republic of China. At it is the highest point of the Karakoram range and the second highest mountain in the world. The mountain had been spotted in 1856 by the Great Trigonometrical Survey to Kashmir and by 1861 Henry Godwin-Austen had reached the Baltoro Glacier and was able to get a clear view of K2 from the slopes of Masherbrum. He could see the descending glacier eventually drained to the Indus River and so the mountain was in the British Empire. K2 is further north than the Himalayan mountains so the climate is colder; the Karakoram range is wider than the Himalayan so more ice and snow is trapped there. History of climbing on the mountain In 1890 Roberto Lerco had entered the Baltoro Muztagh region of the Karakoram. He had reached the foot of K2 and may even have climbed a short way up its south-east spur but he did not leave an account of his journey. The first serious attempt to climb the mountain was in 1902 by a party including Aleister Crowley, later to become notorious as "the Wickedest Man in the World". The expedition examined ascent routes both north and south of the mountain and made best progress up the north-east ridge before they were forced to abandon their efforts. Since that time K2 has developed the reputation of being a more difficult mountain to climb than Mount Everest – every route to the summit is tough. The 1909 Duke of the Abruzzi expedition reached about on the southeast ridge before deciding the mountain was unclimbable. This route later became known as the Abruzzi Ridge (or Abruzzi Spur) and eventually became regarded as the normal route to the summit. In 1929 Aimone de Savola-Aosta, the nephew of the Duke of the Abruzzi, led an expedition to explore the upper Baltoro Glacier, near to K2. Preparation for 1938 expedition American Alpine Club plans for 1938 and 1939 expeditions At the American Alpine Club's 1937 meeting, Charlie Houston and Fritz Wiessner were the main speakers and Wiessner proposed an expedition to climb K2 for the first time, an idea that was strongly supported. The American Alpine Club (AAC) president applied for an expedition permit via the Department of State – the British colonial authorities approved the plan for a reconnaissance, possibly leading to an attempt, in 1938 to be followed by an expedition in 1939 if the first attempt failed. Although Wiessner had been expected to lead the first expedition – he was probably the best American mountaineer and climber at the time – he backed down and suggested Houston replace him. Houston had considerable mountaineering experience – he had organized and achieved the first ascent of Alaska's Mount Foraker in 1934 and had been a climbing member on the British–American Himalayan Expedition of 1936 which reached the top of Nanda Devi, which was then and in 1938 was still the highest summit to have been climbed. Their primary aim was to reconnoiter the three main ridges of K2, and make a summit attempt if possible. Team members Bob Bates was a friend of Houston's and a fellow student at Harvard – he had twice been mountaineering in Alaska. Richard Burdsall had successfully climbed Mount Gongga in Sichuan, China. Bill House had been with Wiessner on the first ascent of Mount Waddington in British Columbia. Paul Petzoldt was a very experienced mountain guide and rock climber in Wyoming's Tetons. Unlike the others who were ivy League graduates, Petzoldt had not been to college. Norman Streatfeild was a British army officer based in India who had been transport officer on a French Karakoram expedition. He was not a highly experienced mountaineer but was good at organising the porters and at deploying the equipment. Equipment They had to experiment with what food to take, eventually deciding on of pemmican, beloved of polar explorers. It was not yet known that pemmican is far too fatty for high altitudes. They chose hard biscuits that did not soften when moist. Dried fruit and vegetables were beginning to be available and they took cereal along with powdered milk. Boots were leather with hobnails, specially made for them in England. Climbing ropes were manila and hemp – no nylon. The design of ice ax was for a long wooden shaft with a steel head forming a pick and adze. Following the British example, and unlike Wiessner's expedition next year, they took very little technical climbing equipment – only ten pitons were thought sufficient. Petzoldt favoured modern devices but his professional climbing experience was not considered to be in his favor. Because he could not afford the trip, Petzoldt had been funded by another AAC member but he felt forced to spend some of his limited funds by secretly purchasing fifty pitons while he passed through Paris. Voyage and trek to K2 Base Camp The expedition set sail on April 14 from New York to Bombay via Europe. They reached Rawalpindi on May 9 and drove just north of Srinagar to Wayul, at that time at the end of the road. Then it was a case of trekking over the Zoji La to Skardu and on via Askole to K2 Base Camp, a distance of . At Srinagar they had met with the six Sherpas they had hired in advance and who had travelled from Darjeeling. Sherpas are of Tibetan and Nepali origin but those seeking a career in mountain guiding based themselves at Darjeeling in India where pre-war British Everest expeditions had always done their recruiting. A Sherpa was attached to each sahib – Pasang Kikuli, who had been with Houston on the British–American Nanda Devi Expedition in 1936, was again with Houston and was the sirdar (chief Sherpa). The other Sherpas were Pemba Kitar, Tse Tendrup, Ang Pemba, Sonam, and Phinsoo. Three Kashmiri shikaris (huntsmen) were appointed to maintain Base Camp: Ahdoo the cook, a major-domo and a valet. They set off with less than one hundred porters and twenty-five ponies which could only be taken as far as Yuno where they were replaced by seventy-five additional porters. Local porters were hired just for a few days before new ones were taken on. At Yuno the porters refused to work for the pay offered so Bates and Streatfeild rafted back down to Skardu, down the torrential Shigar and Indus rivers, to get more helpful porters. At Hoto they all had to cross the Braldu River over a -deep gorge across a "rope" bridge made from plaited willow twigs. Askole was reached on June 3 but there Petzoldt went down with what was later diagnosed as dengue fever so Houston, who was a doctor, stayed with him while the others went on. They climbed the snout of the Baltoro Glacier and then reached Urdukas, a solitary grassy oasis just off the glacier which is the farthest local herdsmen go for grazing. At this point Houston and Petzoldt caught up with the main party. On June 12 they reached their site for Base Camp where the porters were paid off with instructions to return in 45 days. Reconnaissance of possible ascent routes Benefiting from the work done twenty-nine years earlier by the Duke of the Abruzzi expedition, Houston's party set out to review the various possible approaches to the summit. 1909 Duke of the Abruzzi exploration The Abruzzi party had included the photographer Vittorio Sella whose magnificent photographs were used and admired by later generations of explorers, giving a fine impression of the mountain faces and ridges of K2 and its surrounding mountains. At Concordia, where the Baltoro and Godwin-Austen glaciers merge, they had travelled up the latter. From what became the traditional base camp site they explored K2's northeast ridge, which they considered hopeless, so attempted to climb up the southeast ridge – now called the Abruzzi Ridge or Spur. Two Courmayeur guides reached about but this only proved the party as a whole would not manage the climb. They then went on the western side of K2, up the Savoia Glacier to a place they called the Savoia Pass at , at the foot of the northwest ridge. Again they were thwarted so as a consolation they climbed high on Chogolisa, to about – the highest altitude ever reached and one that would not be exceeded until the 1922 British Mount Everest expedition. 1938 reconnaissance Throughout the two weeks in June 1938 allocated to reconnaissance there was stormy weather. Bates and Streatfeild ventured up the Godwin-Austen Glacier from where the south face and northeast ridge of K2 seemed impossible. They explored the Savoia Glacier but on three occasions failed to reach the Savoia Pass, the way being blocked with crevasses and walls of ice. They had been hoping to find a route from this side because the 1909 survey had observed that the rock strata on the northwest ridge provided a step-like climbing route whereas on the other side, the Abruzzi Ridge, the rocks sloped downward giving insecure footing and poor places to pitch tents. Near base camp the Abruzzi Ridge appeared to be a very difficult climb on mixed rock, ice and snow, continuously steep for over up to a shoulder at about . Above this the summit pyramid could be glimpsed where there was a hanging glacier threatening both the northeast and Abruzzi ridges. On June 28 Petzoldt and House favored attempting the Abruzzi Ridge whereas Houston and Burdsall preferred investigating the northeast ridge further. On the Abruzzi Ridge it was difficult to find anywhere at all suitable for pitching a tent until on July 2 Petzoldt found a small saddle point hidden away but suitable for several tents. This decided the line of attack and the location was to become Camp II. Abruzzi Ridge line of ascent Progress up mountain Camp II was established on July 3 but right at the start there was a serious accident when a rock fell on a can containing most of the supply of cooking fuel, spilling all the oil. Streatfeild led a small party to the foot of Gasherbrum hoping to find the supply left by a French group in 1936. It turned out porters had looted the fuel but Streatfeild in turn acquired some cans of food. Pemba Kitar, and the cook, Ahdoo, went off down to Askole, a march expected to take seven days, to get porters to bring up a supply of firewood. Only eight days later they arrived back at Base Camp with ten porters bringing a massive amount of cedar wood. By using this for heat at Base Camp there was sufficient fuel on the mountain. While this was going on supplies were being carried up the Ridge and, in awkward places, fixed ropes were being placed. Petzoldt's pitons were of tremendous help. Jumars had not yet been invented so the climbing technique was to knot the hemp ropes in places and simply heave upwards, hand over hand. Pasang Kikuli, Phinsoo and Tse Tendrup did most of the load carrying as well as shifting rocks to level the platforms for tents. As it turned out Camp III was sited in a dangerous position threatened by rock falls. Rocks dislodged by climbers higher up the mountain fell punching holes in all three tents but fortunately no one was hit. At this stage Streatfeild, Burdsall and three Sherpas left to go on further reconnaissance around the mountain and only Pasang Kikuli was the only Sherpa to go any higher up the mountain. Camp IV was close to the foot of an vertical cliff and on July 14 Bill House managed to surmount the cliff (which they called House's Chimney) taking two and a half hours. In those days pitons were of rather soft metal and were ineffective on hard rock so at House effectively had to free climb his way up the chimney without protection because there were no alternatives for getting further up the ridge. It had been the hardest rock climb at that time at any comparable altitude. There was then rapid progress through the Black Pyramid to reach above on July 19. With everyone together at Camp VI they reviewed their situation – there was only ten days of fuel and food remaining. Concerned in case bad weather would delay a descent, they decided by a vote that Houston and Petzoldt would be the climbers to up to as high as possible. It was thought that the mountaineering was now technically too difficult for Sherpas so that only the four sahibs would carry supplies up to establish Camp VII – however they agreed to include Pasang Kikuli after he had pleaded with them. With Houston and Petzoldt at Camp VII on July 20 Houston was sure a summit attempt would be out of the question. They then discovered no matches had been included in their supplies but fortunately Houston had nine matches in his pocket. After preparing them carefully with grease they got the stove to light with the third match. In the morning three more matches were used for lighting the breakfast stove. On July 21, heading without camping gear towards the Shoulder in knee-deep snow Petzoldt was the stronger climber. By 13:00 there reached the more level Shoulder and traversed over to just below the couloir (known later as the Bottleneck). At that point Houston could go no higher and they turned back at 16:00 after Petzoldt had reached about where he found a site suitable for a tent for a future expedition. As darkness fell they got back to their tent where they managed to light the stove with their third and last remaining match. Below Camp III on the way down Pasang Kikuli shouted out when he spotted a large rock shooting down towards them and they were only just able to take cover in time. He explained that the "snow men" had warned him to look up just at the time. Return to Srinagar and assessment The party got back to Base Camp by July 25, leaving the fixed ropes in place, and made the six-day trek back to Askole. Eleven more days took them to Srinagar – they were able to take a shorter route over the Skoro La pass and across the Deosai Plains because the snow had cleared since their outward trek. Petzoldt stayed on in India at an ashram but after the leader of the ashram (who was himself American) died in controversial circumstances he returned hurriedly home after there was the possibility of a charge of manslaughter. The expedition was relatively small-scale and low-cost compared with the eight-thousander expeditions of the 1950s but it found a good route – the best route – to the summit, scaling the most difficult point and getting back without serious injury. It was a well run, united and successful reconnaissance. Ed Viesturs has described it as "a magnificent achievement". Speaking of the book of the expedition, Five Miles High , Curran says that it shows a harmonious expedition at its very best and that it should be compulsory reading for anyone contemplating going to K2". Sale describes it as "one of the great expedition books". Notes References Citations Works cited page numbers from Aldiko ebook reader Android app showing entire book as 305 pages. page numbers from Aldiko ebook reader Android app showing entire book as 284 pages. Further reading/viewing Accounts by 1938 expedition PDF version (94 MB) Background The video is hosted on Vimeo at https://vimeo.com/54661540 (primarily about the 1953 K2 expedition but also discussing that of 1938) Karakoram expedition Category:Expeditions from the United States American Karakoram expediton to K2, 1938 American Karakoram expediton to K2, 1938 American Karakoram expediton to K2, 1938 1938 Italian Karakoram expedition to K2	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2009 BCR Open Romania – Singles Gilles Simon was the defending champion, but chose not to participate that year. Albert Montañés won in the final 7–6(7–2), 7–6(8–6), against Juan Mónaco. Seeds Draw Finals Top Half Bottom Half {{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes \| RD1=First Round \| RD2=Second Round \| RD3=Quarterfinals \| RD4=Semifinals \| RD1-seed01=7 \| RD1-team01= A Seppi \| RD1-score01-1=4 \| RD1-score01-2=4 \| RD1-score01-3= \| RD1-seed02= \| RD1-team02= External links Main Draw Qualifying Draw Category:Romanian Open Category:2009 ATP World Tour	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Here Come the Hawks "Here Come the Hawks!" is the official fight song and introduction of the Chicago Blackhawks. The song was written by J. Swayzee and produced by the Dick Marx Orchestra and Choir in 1968. It is still played today during the pre-game video. An abbreviated rendition is also played following the end of each period on an organ. During games in November 2008, a video of current players singing the song (rather poorly in most cases) was shown during the second intermission. External links Original vocal recording of "Here Come The Hawks" on the Chicago Blackhawks website. Original instrumental recording of "Here Come The Hawks" on the Chicago Blackhawks website. Category:Chicago Blackhawks Category:National Hockey League fight songs Category:1968 songs Category:Songs about Chicago	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kitsune no yomeiri The Kitsune no Yomeiri (, "the fox's wedding"), which is similar to "monkey's wedding" in English, is a strange event told about in Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. The "kitsune no yomeiri" can refer to several things: atmospheric ghost lights, a phenomenon during which it appears as if paper lanterns from a wedding procession are floating through the dark; what is commonly referred to as a sunshower; and various strange wedding processions that can be seen in classical Japanese kaidan, essays, and legends. The "kitsune no yomeiri" is always closely related to foxes, or kitsune (who often play tricks on humans in Japanese legend) and various Shinto rituals and festive rights relating to the "kitsune no yomeiri" have been developed in various parts of Japan. As atmospheric ghost lights A topography book of the Echigo Province (now Niigata Prefecture), from the Hōreki period, the "Echigo Nayose" (越後名寄), includes the following statement about the appearance of the "kitsune no yomeiri": In here, lines of atmospheric ghost lights that stretch close to 4 kilometers are called "kitsune no kon", and also in Nakakubiki District, Niigata Prefecture, and Uonuma of the same prefecture, the Akita Prefecture, Sakuragawa, Ibaraki Prefecture, Nanakai, Nishiibaraki District of the same prefecture (now Shirosato), Hitachiōta of the same prefecture, Koshigaya, Saitama Prefecture, Higashichichibu of the same prefecture, the Tama area of Tokyo, the Gunma Prefecture, the Tochigi Prefecture, Mukawa, Hokuto, Yamanashi Prefecture, the Mie Prefecture, Kashihara, Nara Prefecture, and Nanbu, Saihaku District, Tottori Prefecture, among other places, when atmospheric ghost lights (kitsunebi) are seen in the countryside at night, it is called "kitsune no yomeiri." What it is called varies depending on area; for example, the phenomenon is called "kitsune no yometori (狐の嫁取り, the fox's wife-taking)" in Sōka, Saitama Prefecture and Noto, Fugeshi District, Ishikawa Prefecture (now Noto, Hōsu District) while referred to as "kitsune no shūgen" (狐の祝言) in Numazu, Shizuoka Prefecture. In Japan, holding a wedding in a specific place did not become common until the middle of the Showa period. Prior to this, it was common for weddings to be performed in the evening and for the bride to enter with a procession of paper lanterns. Since atmospheric ghost lights that extend in a line can look like lanterns and torches from a wedding ceremony, and since paper lanterns were known to be used during a fox's wedding ceremony, they were thus called such names. There are several theories as to why the bride and groom are seen as foxes. One such theory says that although the lights appeared to be signifying a wedding, there was actually no wedding anywhere and the entire thing was an elaborate trick played by foxes. Because the mysterious lights looked like paper lanterns from afar but disappeared once one got close, it was almost as if one was being fooled by a fox. In the past, in Toyoshima in Edo (now Toshima, Kita ward, Tokyo, and Ouji, of the same ward), for atmospheric ghost lights to continuously appear and quiver and shake around in the darkness is called "kitsune no yomeiri," and is counted as one of the "seven mysteries of Toshima" told about in this village. In Kirinzan, Niigata Prefecture, there lived many foxes, and it is said that there was a wedding procession at night that hanged paper lanterns. In Niigata as well as Shiki District, Nara Prefecture, a fox's wedding is thought to be connected to agriculture, and it is said that for many atmospheric ghost lights to appear means that it is a plentiful year, and for few of them to appear means it is year of poor crops. Depending on the area, there are legends including not only the sighting of atmospheric ghost lights but purported sightings of actual weddings as well. In Gyōda, Saitama Prefecture, it is said that kitsune no yomeiri frequently appears in the Kasuga Shrine in Tanigou, and it is reported that here and there along the road, fox feces can be found after one such reported event. In Horado, Mugi District, Gifu Prefecture (now Seki), it is said that it was not merely atmospheric ghost lights that were seen, but the sound of bamboo burning and tearing was also heard continuing for several days, but that there were no traces found even when an attempt was made to check what it was. In the Tokushima Prefecture, they were not considered fox's weddings, but rather fox's funerals, and were an omen that someone was about to die. Concerning the true identity of these atmospheric ghost lights, it is thought that perhaps people mistook it for lights that were actually there, or possibly the illusion from an unusual refraction of light. Legend related to the weather In the Kantō region, Chūbu region, Kansai region, Chūgoku region, Shikoku, Kyushu, among other places, sunshowers are called "kitsune no yomeiri." Like atmospheric ghost lights, this phenomenon is called various names depending on area. In the Nanbu Region, Aomori Prefecture, it is called "kitsune no yometori" (狐の嫁取り, the fox's wife-taking), and in Serizawa, Chigasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture and the mountainous areas of Oe District, Tokushima Prefecture, it is called "kitsune-ame" (狐雨, fox rain),. In the eastern Isumi District, Chiba Prefecture, it is called "kitsune no shūgen" (狐の祝言). In the Higashi-Katsushika District, Chiba Prefecture, it is referred to as "kitsune no yometori ame" (狐の嫁取り雨, the fox's wife-taking rain) like in Aomori, but this stems from the fact that this area was once a farming area, and seeing as how wives were noted for their labor, wives were thought as ones who existed to be "taken" for the sake of the prosperity of the family. For sunshowers to be called this, there are various explanations, such as the explanation that for rain to fall even when the sky is clear gives the feeling like an impossible situation, one would feel like one is being tricked by something, and other than this, there is also the explanation that people believed that a fox's wedding would take place during a sunshower, as well as the explanation since mountain bases experienced a lot of rain even when the sky was clear, people thought that foxes made rain fall in order to prevent people from going up the mountain and seeing the fox's wedding, as well as the explanation that since there were wives who spilled tears even on a happy day, and they thus called forth such a strange weather as a sunshower, as well as the explanation that that the words used to describe the strangeness of the atmospheric ghost lights written about above was also put to use to describe the strangeness of sunshine when rain was falling. The relation between a fox's wedding and the weather also differs by area, and in the Kumamoto Prefecture, it is when a rainbow appears, and in the Aichi Prefecture, it is when graupel falls that there is a fox's wedding. Classics and legends Fox's weddings were not merely phenomena of nature, but also things that were actually seen in the old literature of the Edo period as well as various legends depending on the area. There are various stories of strange wedding processions that were witnessed, and where there were actually foxes, like in the essay "Konjaku Yōdan Shū" (今昔妖談集) of Kan'ei period of one taking place in Takemachi, in the Honjo area of Edo, as well as the written work "Edo Chirihiroi" (江戸塵拾) where one was seen at the Hacchō canal in Edo, as well as the kaidan collection "Kaidan Oi no Tsue" (怪談老の杖) of the Kansei period where one was seen in the village of Kanda, Kōzuke (now Gunma Prefecture). Stories of marriages between foxes that were shown to humans are disseminated country-wide. As an example, according to folk legend, in a legend of Sōka, Saitama prefecture, in the Sengoku period, a certain woman promised to marry with her lover, but died to an illness, and foxes were inspired by the regretfulness of this situation, and thus it is said that a fox's wedding procession could be seen near the woman's grave. Also, according to a folktale in the Shinano Province (now Nagano Prefecture), there is a story where when an old man helped a little fox, he was eventually greeted by the wedding procession of the fox when it grew mature, and as a gift of thinks to the old man, he was taken along it. In stories of weddings like these, natural phenomena like those written about above as well as supernatural "kitsune no yomeiri", function like stage settings, and weddings that take place in the day frequently take place in a sunshower, and those that take place at night frequently take place among atmospheric ghost lights. There are also legends in various areas that one could see a fox's wedding by performing some specific actions, and in the Fukushima Prefecture, it is said that at evening in 10/10 on the lunisolar calendar, if one wears a suribachi on one's head, and sticks a wooden pestle in one's waist, and stand under a date plum, it is possible to see a fox's wedding, and in the Aichi Prefecture, it is said that if one spits in a well, intertwine one's fingers and look through a gap in between, one is able to see a fox's wedding. There are also stories of weddings not just between foxes, but also between a human male and a female fox, and as a representative work, which also became a ningyō jōruri, there is the story about the birth of the Heian period onmyoji, Abe no Seimei in Kuzunoha. Other than this, there is also a similar tale in the Nihonkoku Genpō Zen'aku Ryōiki, as well as in the "Tonegawa Zushi" (利根川図志) a topography book published in 1857 (Ansei 5). The latter one concerns a commander 栗林義長 who actually existed who was comparable with Zhuge Liang, and the town of Onabake (女化, literally "shapeshift into woman") in Ushiku, Ibaraki Prefecture got its name from this, and the a fox is deified in the Onabake Jinja in Ryūgasaki of the same prefecture. Also, in the Konjaku Monogatarishū as well as the "Honchō Koji Innen Shū" (本朝故事因縁集) published in 1689 (Genroku 2) and the "Tamahahaki" (玉掃木) published in 1696 (Genroku 9), there is the story of a fox who appeared before a married man, shapeshifted and disguised as that person's wife. Also, in the kaidan collection "Tonoigusa" (宿直草) published in 1677 (Enpō 5), there is the reverse story where a male fox fell in love with a female human, shapedshifted and disguised as that woman's husband and intercourse, and resulted in the birth of children with atypical appearance. Related works The "Kitsune no Yomeiri-zu" from the Edo period by the ukiyo-e artist Hokusai Katsushika was based upon this folk belief, and it depicted various people surprised by a fox's wedding procession and a sudden shower, and their bustle to take in their crop (refer to image). This has been pointed out to be an unusual example where the imaginary background of the foxes and the real customs of farming villages are depicted at the same time in a painting. In a poem of Kobayashi Issa, a haiku poet of the same era, there is one that read, "in the autumn flames and mountains, there is the rain of fox's weddings" (秋の火や山は狐の嫁入雨). Also, in the works of the Meiji period waka and haiku poet Kobayashi Issa, there was a tanka that read, "when the rain falls on the village from a blue sky at the hour of the horse, perhaps the king fox is getting married" (青空にむら雨すぐる馬時狐の大王妻めすらんか). Also in the ningyō jōruri "Dan no Ura Kabuto Gunki" (壇浦兜軍記) first performed in 1732, there was also "it was quite clear weather all the way up to now, but then I heard it, the playful rain of the fox's wedding" and in the period novel Onihei Hankachō published after the war, there was one volume titled "fox rain" (狐雨). Other than that, in Edo period kusazōshi and kibyōshi such as the Naimono Kuō Kitsune no Mukoiri (無物喰狐婿入) (illustrated by Kitao Masayoshi) published in 1785 (Tenmei 5), "Mukashigatari Kitsune Yomeiri" (昔語狐娶入) (illustrated by Kitao Shigemasa), and "Anasaka Kitsune Engumi" (穴賢狐縁組) (illustrated by Jippensha Ikku), as well as in Kamigata e-hon such as the "Shūgen Kitsune no Mukoiri" and "Ehon Atsumegusa," there are depictions of "foxes weddings" of humanized foxes going through weddings. There was a genre of works called "yomeiri mono" (嫁入り物, "wedding things") of humanized animals going through weddings, but foxes had the special characteristic of concretely having the name Inari no Kami attached to them. This is seen to be an indication that faith in the god Inari as well as "yomeiri mono" both deeply permeated among the common people. Among common people, in Akaoka, Kōchi Prefecture (now Kōnan) among other places, there is the children's song "when rain falls in good weather, it's the fox's wedding" (日和に雨が降りゃ狐の嫁入り, hiyori ni ame ga furya, kitsune no yomeiri), and it is said that an actual fox's wedding precession was seen on a day of a sunshower. Akira Kurosawa showed the Kitsune no yomeiri in his film Dreams (1990 film), where Sunshine Through The Rain is the first scene. There was also a song made called "The Fox's Wedding"/"狐の嫁入り" by Japanese music producer -MASA Works DESIGN- featuring the voicebanks of Vocaloid's Hatsune Miku and GUMI. The song is part of a series called "The Story of the Kitsune and the Demon"/"狐と鬼の話" (Also referred to as The Onibi series) which tell the stories of two families and the curse placed on the daughter of one family after the Kitsune, the daughter of the other family, was kidnapped, tortured and murdered by the mother of the former family. Related events Due to the fox's wedding precession in Kirinzan in the Niigata Prefecture written about previously, the Kitsune no Yomeiri Gyōretsu is performed in the Tsugawa region, Aga, Higashikanbara in the same prefecture. Originally a place famous for kitsunebi, an event related to kitsunebi was performed starting from Shōwa 27, and it ceased once, in 1990 the sightseeing event with the wedding precession (yomeiri gyōretsu) as its core was revived, and every year, it flourishes with about 40 thousand sightseers. Also in the Hanaoka Tokufuku Inari-sha in Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi Prefecture, in the Inari festival held in November 3 every year, the "kitsune no yomeiri" is performed. This is not related to either atmospheric ghost lights or sunshowers, but is rather a re-enactment of a wedding between foxes, and is due to the efforts of volunteers after the old practice of praying for good harvest at the Inari festival at that shrine ceased in the chaos of the postwar period, and the re-enactment refers to the fact a white fox couple at that shrine was looking for something lost, and was deified as a god of good harvest and thriving business. The ones who perform as the fox couple are selected among the people of Kudamatsu, but it is said that as the female who plays the part of one of the newlywed is going to be blessed with a good match, there is a benefit to a marriage at that same shrine. Also, in the Suzakihamamiyashinemei Jinja in Miyado, Yokkaichi, Mie Prefecture, during setsubun, a shinto ritual called "kitsune no yomeiri dōchū (the fox's wedding journey)" is performed. This was also a ritual performed in the Edo period, but this was also a practice revived in the postwar period, and a man and woman who were in a yakudoshi or "unlucky age" that year would dress up as a little fox, the head envoy of the gods, and a girl fox, the envoy of the god of Suzakihamamiyashinemei Jinja, and then re-enact a wedding, which at that time it can be seen to flourish with several tens of thousands of visitors to the shrine. References Notes Citations Works referred to External links Kitsune no Yomeiri – The Fox Wedding at hyakumonogatari.com (English). Category:Atmospheric ghost lights Category:Japanese folklore	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mynonebra villica Mynonebra villica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1864. It contains the varietas Mynonebra villica var. angulata. References Category:Lamiinae Category:Beetles described in 1864	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Idd Idd is a parish and former municipality in Halden, Østfold county, Norway. The parish of Id was established as a municipality January 1, 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The rural municipality was (together with Berg) merged with the city of Halden January 1, 1967. Prior to the merger Idd had a population of 7,213. The municipality (originally the parish) is probably named after an old name of the vicarage. The meaning of the name is, however, unknown. Until 1918 the name was written Id. Idd Church (Idd Kirke) dates from ca. 1100. It belongs Sarpsborg deanery and is located southeast of Halden. The edifice is of stone and has 190 seats. The church is built in the Romanesque style. The church has a medieval baptismal font in soapstone. Altarpiece and pulpit are from 1656. Idd church was heavily damaged in an earthquake on October 23, 1904. The quake occurred in the middle of a church service. Panic arose, but no one was injured. It was long doubt the church could be saved, but in 1922 it was fully restored. Idd Church served as an election church () in 1814. Together with about 300 churches across Norway, it was a venue for elections to the 1814 Norwegian Constituent Assembly. These were Norway's first national elections. See also Skriverøya References Other sources Category:Former municipalities of Norway Category:Halden	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bethany, Illinois Bethany is a village in Moultrie County, Illinois, United States. The population was 1,352 at the 2010 census, and 1,268 at a 2018 estimate. Geography Bethany is located at (39.644685, -88.739109). According to the 2010 census, Bethany has a total area of , of which (or 99.79%) is land and (or 0.21%) is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 1,287 people, 544 households, and 386 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,323.6 people per square mile (512.3/km²). There were 580 housing units at an average density of 596.5 per square mile (230.9/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 98.99% White, 0.08% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.31% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.23% of the population. There were 544 households out of which 28.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.4% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.84. In the village, the population was spread out with 23.0% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 26.1% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.2 males. The median income for a household in the village was $34,091, and the median income for a family was $44,276. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $20,603 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,888. About 5.7% of families and 7.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.0% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over. Education Bethany is home to Okaw Valley Community Unit School District 302. Okaw Valley is a K-12 district that was created in 2001 when the schools of Bethany and Findlay consolidated their individual school districts. The elementary and high school are located in Bethany while the middle school is located in Findlay. Okaw Valley's school sports teams have the nickname "Timberwolves" and compete in the “Lincoln Prairie Conference.” Notable people Wesley Livsey Jones, U.S. Senator of Washington state 1909-32, was born in Bethany. References External links Category:Villages in Moultrie County, Illinois Category:Villages in Illinois	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Barn United F.C. Barn United Football Club is a Northern Irish, intermediate football club from Carrickfergus, Northern Ireland playing in Division 1B of the Northern Amateur Football League. They play their home games at Haslett Park, next door to their local rivals Carrick Rangers. The current club formed in 1954 taking its name from an earlier team, Barn, which played in the Irish League from 1923–1928. As well as Barn's first XI, they field a second team in the Amateur League Division 3B and several youth teams in the East Antrim Youth League. History When Barn United formed in 1954, the club set up its home ground right next to Carrick Rangers' Taylor Avenue home. United joined the Northern Amateur League as a junior club in 1955, before being elevated to intermediate status in 1961. The two clubs shared a friendly rivalry up to the 1970s and both performed well. But in 1976, Carrick shocked the senior Irish clubs when they won the Irish Cup. By 1983, Carrick was playing senior football. Barn United found new rivals in Islandmagee with the teams meeting annually to play for a trophy. But the fixture was marred by a series of on-field incidents and trouble between the opposing fans. The teams still meet in league and cup matches (their last two meetings being in the 2008/09 Premier division) but the trophy matches are no longer played. The club's current facilities at Haslett Park are basic but does feature a social club, which was opened in 1981 by Rangers player and Northern Ireland international John McClelland. There is also a covered stand called the Gary "Gee" McKee stand which can seat 70 fans. Barn fans often refer to themselves as "barnies" or "barnyarts". The new manager for the 19/20 season is David "wakies" wakeham and the captain will be Matthew "the slug" Bingham. Honours Intermediate honours Northern Amateur League: 1 1975–76 Clarence Cup: 2 1975–76, 1994–95 External links Ground Hopper - Barn United East Antrim Youth League nifootball.co.uk - (For fixtures, results and tables of all Northern Ireland amateur football leagues) Notes Category:Association football clubs in Northern Ireland Category:Association football clubs established in 1954 Category:Northern Amateur Football League clubs Category:1954 establishments in Northern Ireland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
C110 C110 or C-110 may represent: Bombardier CSeries C110, now called the CS100 USAAF's C-110 transport, a variant of the Douglas DC-5 A model of HP 9000 workstation A model Seiko Epson Epson Stylus inkjet printer Honda Super Cub C110 Sports Cub version A model of Nissan Skyline, 1972–1977	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Haps Benfer Harold Arthur "Haps" Benfer (October 24, 1893 – January 2, 1966) was an American football and basketball player and college coach and administrator. He was selected as a first-team All-American fullback while playing for Albright College in 1914. He later spent 40 years as an athletic coach and administrator at Muhlenberg College. Biography He was born in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania on October 24, 1893 to Anna Leah Hengst and Henry Abraham Benfer, a prominent Evangelical minister. Benfer became a five-sport star athlete at William Penn High School. He became the first York County basketball player to score 1,000 points in basketball. His 1,101 points scored for William Penn High School, including 531 points as a junior, was the school's career scoring record for nearly 70 years, and he also set the school's single-game scoring record with 50 points against Steelton on January 6, 1911. Benfer was also a star for William Penn's football team for three years and played goalkeeper on the school's first soccer team in 1910. After graduating from York High School, Benfer enrolled at Albright College in Reading, Pennsylvania. At Albright, he played football, basketball and baseball. He played fullback for the football team and was selected as a first-team All-American fullback in 1914 by the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin. He was also named Albright College's "Athlete of the Century" in 1956. After graduating from Albright College, Benfer received a post-graduate education at the University of Pennsylvania and University of Illinois and was ordained as a minister of the United Evangelical Church. In 1916, while serving as a minister at Hummels Wharf, Pennsylvania, he became engaged to Mabel M. Hoffman. Benfer later worked as a teacher, coach, and administrator for 50 years. He also played baseball for St. Louis Cardinals' farm teams for two summers. He was the basketball and baseball coach at Bucknell University from 1918 to 1919. He then returned to Albright College where he served as the athletic director and taught Latin and history until 1925. From 1925 to 1965, he worked at Muhlenberg College as a teacher of religion and a coach of football, basketball and baseball. He was also Muhlenberg's director of admissions from 1935 to 1963 and the director of men's dormitories until his poor health forced him to retire in August 1965. He was also known for his work on behalf of American Legion baseball. He served as chairman of the Pennsylvania American Legion state championship tournament. Benfer died at his home in Allentown, Pennsylvania in January 1966 at age 73. He was survived by his wife, the former Mabel Hoffman, and a son, Robert H. Benfer. As a tribute to Benfer, Albright College awards the Haps Benfer Trophy to an outstanding student athlete each year, and Muhlenberg dedicated Benfer Hall, a men's dormitory, in the fall of 1965. In 1963, he was also inducted into the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame in Hershey, Pennsylvania. See also 1914 College Football All-America Team References Category:1893 births Category:1966 deaths Category:American football fullbacks Category:Albright Lions athletic directors Category:Albright Lions baseball players Category:Albright Lions football coaches Category:Albright Lions football players Category:Albright Lions men's basketball coaches Category:Albright Lions men's basketball players Category:Bucknell Bison baseball coaches Category:Bucknell Bison men's basketball coaches Category:Muhlenberg College faculty Category:Muhlenberg Mules baseball coaches Category:Muhlenberg Mules football coaches Category:Muhlenberg Mules men's basketball coaches Category:Sportspeople from Allentown, Pennsylvania Category:People from Lock Haven, Pennsylvania Category:Players of American football from Pennsylvania Category:American men's basketball players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chittagong Circular Railway Chittagong Circular Railway or Chittagong Metro Rail is a suburban railway system in the city of Chittagong in Bangladesh to ameliorate the commuters' suffering and improve traffic situation in the city. The construction was complete by February 2013 and it became operational by May the same year. The railway is served by high speed DEMU commuter trains, procured from China. References Category:Transport in Chittagong Category:Public transport in Bangladesh Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in Bangladesh	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Marcel Bloch (aviator) Sous Lieutenant Marcel Robert Marcel Bloch was a World War I flying ace who fought on both Eastern and Western Fronts. He was credited with five aerial victories, all scored against German observation balloons. Bloch was originally assigned to fly a Nieuport for Escadrille 3 but transferred to Escadrille 62 on 25 May 1916. He became a balloon buster ace, destroying five German observation balloons between 26 June and 1 October 1916. In the process of destroying number three, on 3 July 1916, he was seriously wounded twice. He downed his last two on 30 September and 1 October. In 1917, Bloch was transferred from combat duty to a military mission. On 23 March, he was transferred to the Russian Front. He sustained serious injuries on 8 May 1917, when he suffered a flying accident. After many months in hospital, he was assigned to the French Mission to the United States on 10 September 1918. On 1 March 1919, he returned to France. Sources of information References Nieuport Aces of World War 1. Norman Franks. Osprey Publishing, 2000. , . Category:1890 births Category:1938 deaths Category:French World War I flying aces	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
D'Arcy Keating John D'Arcy Keating (born December 12, 1952) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He was selected by the Pittsburgh Penguins in the seventh round (104th overall) of the 1972 NHL Amateur Draft. Keating played junior hockey with the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds, and attended the University of Notre Dame where he played NCAA Division I hockey with the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Keating began his professional career in the International Hockey League (IHL) with the Fort Wayne Komets, playing 28 regular-season games and 5 playoff contests during the 1972–73 season. He went on to play six seasons and 332 games in the IHL, scoring 101 goals and 150 assists for 251 points, while earning 235 penalty minutes. Keating was selected to play in the 1978 IHL All-Star Game, where he scored two goals. References External links Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:Canadian ice hockey right wingers Category:Fort Wayne Komets players Category:Ice hockey people from Ontario Category:Milwaukee Admirals players Category:Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey players Category:Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks Category:Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds players Category:Sportspeople from Oshawa	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
L'Aquilon L'Aquilon is a Canadian weekly community newspaper, which serves the Franco-Ténois community in the Northwest Territories. The newspaper, which publishes 1,000 copies every Friday, operates from offices in Yellowknife and Hay River. L'Aquilon was first established in 1986. In 2000, the newspaper was part of a consortium which sued the territorial government over its lack of support for French language institutions. External links L'Aquilon Category:Newspapers published in the Northwest Territories Category:French-language newspapers published in Canada Category:Weekly newspapers published in Canada Category:Media in Yellowknife Category:Publications established in 1986	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lysa Aya Trenier Lysa Aya Trenier (also known simply as Aya) is a British singer, songwriter and actress. She most notably is associated with the Naked Music recording label. She is of Singaporean/Irish/Scottish descent. After growing up in London, she moved to New York City at the age of 18 to focus on her growth as an artist. There she collaborated with Lenny Kravitz, The Pharcyde and Stuart Matthewman. Aya was signed to the Naked Music label after meeting and collaborating with Jay Denes (the mastermind behind Blue Six, and co-founder of Naked Music). Her debut album Strange Flower, a mixture of soul, pop and electronica, was released 11 May 2004. Aya was a member of the group Repercussions Aya also appeared in the 1999 film Loving Jezebel. She was credited as Lysa Aya Trenier. Discography Strange Flower (2004) Collaborations References External links Lysa Aya Trenier on Myspace Category:Actresses from London Category:Actresses from New York City Category:Downtempo musicians Category:English dance musicians Category:English emigrants to the United States Trenier, Lysa Aya Category:English film actresses Category:English house musicians Category:English people of Singaporean descent Category:English people of Irish descent Category:English people of Scottish descent Category:English songwriters Category:English soul singers Category:Living people Category:Singers from London Category:Singers from New York City Category:English women in electronic music Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:21st-century English women singers Category:21st-century English singers Category:Repercussions (band) members	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Natural Seven The Natural Seven is an album by saxophonist, composer and arranger Al Cohn recorded in 1955 for the RCA Victor label. Reception The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow stated "Although originally associated with Woody Herman and cool jazz, Cohn always felt equally comfortable playing with swing-styled players. His "Natural Seven" looks toward the Kansas City Seven and includes two members of Count Basie's band". Track listing All compostions by Al Cohn except as indicated "A Kiss to Build a Dream On" (Bert Kalmar, Harry Ruby, Oscar Hammerstein II) - 3:34 "Doggin' Around" (Edgar Battle, Herschel Evans) – 3:04 "Jump the Blues Away" (Ed Lewis) - 3:01 "Jack's Kinda Swing" - 3:39 "The Natural Thing to Do" - 3:03 "A.C. Meets Osie" - 2:49 "Baby Please" - 3:07 "9:20 Special" (Earle Warren, Jack Palmer, William Engvick) - 3:01 "Pick a Dilly" - 3:34 "Count Me In" - 3:37 "Freddie's Tune" (Freddie Green) - 3:29 "Osie's Blues" (Manny Albam, Osie Johnson) - 2:30 Personnel Al Cohn - tenor saxophone Joe Newman - trumpet Frank Rehak - trombone Nat Pierce - piano Freddie Green - guitar Milt Hinton - bass Osie Johnson - drums, vocal Manny Albam (tracks 1, 3, 8 & 12), Al Cohn (tracks 4-7 & 9-11), Ernie Wilkins (track 2) - arranger References Category:1955 albums Category:RCA Records albums Category:Al Cohn albums Category:Albums arranged by Manny Albam Category:Albums arranged by Ernie Wilkins	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
SIDPERS Standard Installation and Division Personnel Reporting System (SIDPERS) was the main database or, rather, databases for personnel accounting by the United States Army. The Active Army, US Army Reserve, and Army National Guard each had separate, largely incompatible databases, each bearing the name SIDPERS or a variation thereof. RC-SIDPERS was nominally designed for both reserve components (Army Reserve and Army National Guard), but was further adapted for use by the National Guard, to create NG-SIDPERS. Until 1988, RC-SIDPERS was not accessible at the unit level, and unit administrators would mail database correction documents up their chain of command to their respective general officer command in order to update and/or correct SIDPERS. A separate, unconnected database, Unit Level Application System (ULAS, pronounced "you-lass") was available for unit administrators to maintain local personnel information. A PC-based application, built in PC-FOCUS, was fielded for beta testing in late 1988 within the 63rd Army Reserve Command and was expanded USAR-wide the following year. A bridge connected each unit's PC-SIDPERS database with its respective Center Level Application System (CLAS, pronounced "class") database. CLAS, also built in PC-FOCUS, was the successor to ULAS, and offered extensive additional data categories beyond that centrally maintained by RC-SIDPERS, including training data, weapon serial number assignment, protective mask tag number assignment, OER/NCOER rating chain, inter alia. Platform SIDPERS had two basic platform flavors in the mid 1980s and through most of the 1990s. The first was a standalone TACCS (Tactical Army Combat Computer System) and the second was a sort of mainframe/dumb terminal flavor. Generally, TDA units received the "dumb terminal" version, since they did not generally deploy) and TO&E units received the deployable "TACCS boxes" as they were referred to. As late as 1993, the Army commands at some TDA locations were still using punch cards to run their daily reports. Installation MILPO's held local commands to a strict code of accuracy. Both MILPO and unit level SIDPERS clerks had to maintain accuracy percentages. Most installations required 95 percent Transaction accuracy percentages. With the advent of SIPERS-3, the Army moved to using SCO UNIX servers in place of both TACCS and mainframes. The underlying database was INFORMIX. The SIDPERS-3 project was hailed as both a success and a failure. Primary reasons for rating the software poorly were related to the software's inability to improve accurate or processing speed. Primary reasons for citing the success of the software were related to the way the software developed, remaining mute on the subject of the ability of the software to successfully solve the problems it was intended to solve. SIDPERS-3 was worked on from 1982 until 1994. At its end, SIDPERS' platform was a Microsoft SQL Server database. Interfacing applications Other applications that directly interfaced with the SIDPERS database: iPERMS AITS Applications which include: MILPO Orders UPS/CMS MPDV II IDV Personnel SOH ETrans Manager OER Application NCOER Application 2-1 Application MILPO Admin Successors SIDPERS' successor, Regional-Level Application System (RLAS, pronounced "are-lass"), is theoretically a Total-Army system, and essentially meshes with DEERS. RLAS is, itself, one of more than seventy obsolete and redundant systems slated for replacement by the Defense Integrated Military Human Resources System (DIMHRS, pronounced "dime-hurz"), beginning in 2009. RLAS has been updated to RLAS8 due to DIMHRS being shelved. Various functions of it have been removed however, such as recording APFT and HT/WT Data. References Category:Government databases in the United States Category:United States Army equipment	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dodecapolis Dodecapolis or Dodekapolis () refers to a group or confederation of twelve cities. It may refer to: Ionian dodecapolis Aeolian dodecapolis Etruscan dodecapolis See also Decapolis (disambiguation) Pentapolis	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Edward Robey Edward George Robey (1900 – 1983) born Edward George Wade, was an English barrister. He was best known for his role as the Chief Prosecutor in the John George Haigh case and for becoming a member of the British legal team at the Nuremberg war trials. He was appointed a Metropolitan Magistrate in 1954. He was the first child and only son of the music hall comedian George Robey. Life and career Robey was born in St John's Wood, London and was the first of two children of the music hall comedian George Robey and his wife, the musical theatre actress Ethel Haydon. From an early age, Edward showed some talent for the stage and appeared in a few minor roles as a child but gave up acting in his teenage years. He was educated at Westminster School, London and then Jesus College, Cambridge where he studied law. He furthered his studies under the barrister Edward Marshall Hall, who sponsored him when he came to the bar in 1925. Robey changed his surname from Wade at the start of his professional career in honour of his father and continued to use it for the rest of his life. Robey's first major law assignment was as the Chief Prosecutor in the trial of John George Haigh, a serial killer who was subsequently hanged in 1949. Soon after, Robey became a member of the British legal team at the Nuremberg war trials and was later appointed a Metropolitan Magistrate in 1954. References Bibliography Category:1900 births Category:People educated at Westminster School, London Category:Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge Category:English lawyers Category:Members of Gray's Inn Category:English barristers Category:British Queen's Counsel Category:1983 deaths Category:20th-century British lawyers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Croydon Road railway station Croydon Road railway station was a train station in Auckland, New Zealand. It opened circa December 1911. It was on the Western Line and was between Fruitvale Road station and Glen Eden station. The station closed at the same time as the St George's Street and Westbrook stations, also on the Western Line, on a six-month trial basis on 18 August 1980, with the closure being made permanent on 16 August 1981. References See also Western Line, Auckland List of Auckland railway stations Category:Rail transport in Auckland Category:Defunct railway stations in New Zealand	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Denisov family Denisov () was the name of noble family of Don Cossacks origin. Descendants of commander Denis Ilijn from stanitsa Piatiizbyanskaya that is now underwater of Tsimlyansk Reservoir. Count's of Russian Empire since 1799. Notable members Fedor Petrovich Denisov (1738–1803), General of Cavalry, was a first Earl of the Don Cossacks. Andrian Karpovich Denisov (1763–1841), Lieutenant General in 1813, Ataman of Don Voisko in 1818. External links Shumkov, A.A., Ryklis, I.G. List of noble families of the Don Cossacks in alphabetical order. VIRD Publ House, Sankt-Peterburg. 2000, Category:Don Cossacks noble families Category:Russian noble families	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Estela Quesada Estela Quesada (1924–2011) was a Costa Rican teacher, lawyer and politician. She was one of the first three women elected to the Costa Rican legislature in the first election after women attained enfranchisement. She was the first woman to hold a cabinet-level position in Costa Rica as Minister of Education and was later the first woman to serve as minister of Labor and Social Security. She was inducted into the National Women's Institute Gallery as an Outstanding Woman of Costa Rica in 2009. Biography Estela Quesada Hernández was born on 24 June 1924 in Alajuela, Costa Rica to Augusto Quesada Cabezas and Eneida Hernández Sanabria She attended schools first at Escuela Bernardo Soto and then the Instituto de Alajuela, before attaining her teaching license from Escuela Normal de Heredia. She was one of the first two teachers who taught at the Escuela Juan Chavez Rojas in the rural areas of what is now Ciudad Quesada which was in such a remote part of San Carlos at the time that she had to travel via river and horseback. There was no secondary education opportunity in the area, so she founded a Complementary School, as her which eventually became the Liceo San Carlos. She returned to Alajuela and began studying law at the University of Costa Rica, while simultaneously teaching at the Escuela León Vargas. In the late 1940s, she participated in the push for the right to vote for women and when it successfully passed in 1949, she began to look at politics. In 1950, she was promoted to serve as president of the National Education Association (ANDE). 1953 was a landmark year for Quesada, as she finished her law degree and won one of the first three seats ever awarded to a woman in the Costa Rican legislature. She earned the title of vice president of the legislature, and in 1957 became the first woman in the country's history to lead the work of parliament. When Mario Echandi Jiménez was elected president, he appointed Quesada as the first Minister in the country's history. As Minister of Education, she instituted a merit based system for teacher hirings, removed dress codes which were costly, improved public education and specifically focused on improving rural education completion rates. After the completion of her elected term, Quesada moved to San Francisco, California, where she headed the Costa Rican consulate and represented the country at the United Nations for a decade. She returned to the Canton of San Carlos and opened a law practice and was elected to serve as head of the Municipality of San Carlos from 1970 to 1974. Upon the election of President Rodrigo Carazo Odio she was again called to serve at the federal level and became the first woman to lead the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. In 1991, she mounted a challenge to the Supreme Tribunal of Elections and won her case charging that the executive and legislative branches of the country had been unconstitutionally managing debt. It was a landmark decision for Costa Rica, but she declined the chance to run for vice president after her victory. Throughout her long career, she earned many awards and honors. Her work was recognized by ANDE in 1986, she was honored by the Pan American Round Table in 2003, the bar association honored her as Lawyer of the Week in 2005, Municipality of Alajuela designated her as Favorite Daughter of the 2007 International Day Woman celebration, among many other awards. The National Women's Institute and the Board of Social Protection joined to name her as one of the "Outstanding Women of Costa Rica" in 2009. Quesada died on 18 March 2011 in Costa Rica. References Category:1924 births Category:2011 deaths Category:Costa Rican lawyers Category:Suffragists Category:Costa Rican feminists Category:Costa Rican academics Category:Costa Rican women diplomats Category:Women government ministers of Costa Rica Category:Women academics Category:Education ministers Category:Labor ministers Category:Costa Rican educators Category:Women educators Category:Costa Rican women lawyers Category:20th-century women politicians Category:Permanent Representatives of Costa Rica to the United Nations	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pic des Souffles Pic des Souffles is a mountain in the French Alps. Located in the Massif des Écrins, the mountain is 3,098 m tall. Category:Mountains of Hautes-Alpes Category:Alpine three-thousanders Category:Mountains of the Alps	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
River Medlock The River Medlock is a river in Greater Manchester, England, which rises near Oldham and flows south and west for ten miles to join the River Irwell in Manchester city centre. Sources Rising in the hills that surround Strinesdale just to the east of Oldham, the Medlock flows through the steep-sided wooded gorge that separates Lees from Ashton-under-Lyne and the Daisy Nook Country Park with its 19th century aqueduct carrying the disused Hollinwood Branch Canal over the shallow river. Lower reaches The final miles of the river flowing to the River Irwell have been extensively modified. The river is culverted underneath the car park of the City of Manchester Stadium (the site of a former gasworks). It is visible under a bridge on Baring Street, close to Piccadilly station, before running again in a culvert beneath the former University of Manchester Institute of Science & Technology campus (London Road (A6) to Princess Street), then under Hulme Street, until it appears briefly at Gloucester Street before flowing under the former gasworks at Gaythorn, reappearing at City Road East. At the point where Deansgate and Chester Road (A56) meet (under the Bridgewater Viaduct) the river meets the Bridgewater Canal head on, where a sluice gate (a listed structure) allowed water to feed the canal, until the water quality of the Medlock became too polluted for canal use. Normally the level of the river is several feet below the level of the canal, and the river is carried in a tunnel under the Castlefield canal basin, reappearing at Potato Wharf, where it is supplemented by excess canal water draining into a circular weir. When the river is in spate the tunnel cannot cope and river water enters the canal, flows across the basin, and exits via the weir and manually operated gates. A quarter of a mile further on the Medlock enters the Irwell adjacent to the bottom gate of the disused Hulme Locks. Navigation In the latter part of the 18th century the river was navigable at least between the Bridgewater Canal (at Deansgate) and the site of India House (on Whitworth Street). At India House was the entrance to a tunnel used to carry coal to a wharf at Store Street (by Piccadilly station). The tunnel mouth is still visible. The tunnel was rendered obsolete by silting of the river and the construction of the Rochdale Canal. Notable features The area just south of Oxford Road railway station enclosed by the railway line and the loop in the river was known as Little Ireland, and was described by Friedrich Engels as "the most horrible spot" of the area. It is commemorated by a red plaque in Cambridge Street near New Wakefield Street. The telephone exchange name, and subsequent dialling code for the area around Strinesdale, Moorside, and Grains Bar, was Medlock Head, abbreviated to MED for dialling. This was so at the time of the introduction of Subscriber Trunk Dialling to the area in the 1960s. The name owed less to local geography than to technology. The code MED was rendered as 633 on the telephone dial. MAI, the code for Oldham Main, was 624. Post Office Telecoms equipment of the day worked better when discrete local geographical areas, then with relatively few subscribers, had similar prefixes. These numbers, and others beginning with 6, remain in use in Greater Manchester, prefixed by 0161. Tributaries River Tib Shooter's Brook Newton Brook Lord's Brook Lumb Brook Taunton Brook Holden Brook Little Bankfield Brook Rabbit Brook Rowton Brook Thornley Brook Ashes Brook Wood Brook Sheep Washes Brook Roebuck Low Brook References Further reading Ed Glinert, The Manchester Compendium, Allen Lane, 2008. . Andrew Taylor, Manchester City Centre Map at a scale of 1:3500, 7th edition, Andrew Taylor, 2011. Category:Rivers of Tameside Category:Rivers of Manchester Category:Rivers of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham Category:Rivers of Greater Manchester 1Medlock	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Çağlı, Sason Çağlı is a village in the District of Sason, Batman Province, Turkey. As of 2011, it had a population of 219 people. References Category:Populated places in Batman Province Category:Sason District Category:Villages in Turkey	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Æthelwold's Revolt Æthelwold's Revolt was an attempt by Æthelwold ætheling to seize the Anglo-Saxon throne from Edward the Elder after the death of Alfred the Great in 899. It ended when Æthelwold was killed in battle in 902 while fighting alongside his Danish allies. Background After Alfred the Great died on 26 October 899, his son, Edward, was expected to succeed him. Edward's cousin Æthelwold, the son of Alfred's older brother King Æthelred I, pressed a competing claim to the throne. Southern revolt Æthelwold's first move was to take his small force and seize Wimborne, in Dorset, the burial place of Æthelred, his father. He then took control of the crown lands at Christchurch and returned to Wimborne to await Edward's response. Edward assembled an army and moved to Badbury, but Æthelwold refused to meet him in battle. He instead stayed at Wimborne together with his men and a kidnapped nun, seemingly preparing for a long stand-off, although it appears he had the resources for a frontal assault and was preparing to attack when he rode north during the night. Viking support Æthelwold arrived in the north soon after he fled from the confrontation at Wimborne. He appealed for support from the Danish Vikings of Northumbria and they pledged their allegiance. Coins were minted during the period showing that Æthelwold had been proclaimed king in Jórvík. Meanwhile, Edward was crowned at Kingston upon Thames on 8 June 900. In the autumn of 901, Æthelwold sailed with a fleet from his new allies into Essex. By 902 he and the East Anglian Danes were attacking deep into Mercia, one of Edward's most important allies, as far as Cricklade, in Wiltshire. The Battle of the Holme Edward retaliated by ravaging East Anglia and when he retreated the men of Kent disobeyed the order to retire, meeting the Danes in the East Midlands, at the Battle of the Holme on 13 December 902. The Danes defeated Edward's troops, but as a result of the battle both Æthelwold and Eohric, the Danish king of East Anglia, were killed. There were many losses on the Anglo-Saxon side, including the two Kentish ealdormen, Sigehelm and Sigewulf. Aftermath In the view of Cyril Hart, King Edward made a strategic error in failing to engage the Danes with his whole army, leading to recriminations which threatened his authority, especially in Kent, and this may explain his later marriage to Ealdorman Sigehelm's daughter, Eadgifu. Notes References Anglo-Saxon Kings - Edward the Elder English Monarchs - Edward the Elder Royal Consecrations Category:890s conflicts Category:900s conflicts Category:History of Northumberland Category:9th century in England Category:10th century in England	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Transmission Communications Transmission Communications (or Trans:Com) is an independent record label based in Brisbane, Australia. The label focusses on production and performance of electronic music; including techno, industrial, synthpop, experimental, and all manner of crossovers. During the 1990s, the label released a range of compilations for the Brisbane scene, including Evidence, Cyberia, and Abstraction, as well as releasing works from Pure Bunk, Low Key Operations, Sphere, Tycho Brahe, The Blood Party, All Electric Kitchen, and others. Additionally the label has curated showcases, including Cyberia (1995), 101 (2001), the Silhouette Series (2006), and Upgrade (2007). In September 2014 the label published "BNE - The Definitive Archive: Brisbane Independent Electronic Music Production 1979-2014", which is a hardcover book and USB music archive that features 140 bands & artists, and 261 tracks. The launch event for BNE was held on 6 September 2014 at the Brisbane Powerhouse, and featured live performances from The Megamen, Vision Four 5, Soma Rasa, and Boxcar, supported by DJ Jen-E. The label is now focussed on digital distribution and aggregation through iTunes and others, and is still involved in progressing Brisbane as one of Australia's key centres for alternative music production. See also List of record labels List of electronic music record labels References External links Transmission Communications' home page Label discography Label's Soundcloud page Category:Australian independent record labels Category:Electronic music record labels Category:Techno record labels Category:House music record labels Category:Synthpop record labels Category:Industrial record labels Category:Indie pop record labels	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Black Band (landsknechts) The Black Band was a formation of 16th century mercenaries, largely pikemen, probably serving as Landsknechts. They fought in the French army for ten years, seeing service in several notable engagements, including the Battle of Marignano and the Battle of Pavia. Origin The Black Band was created as the Black Guard in 1514 by George, Duke of Saxony, to fight for his claims in East Frisia against Edzard I, Count of East Frisia, in what was to become known as the Saxon feud. It is not clear whether the band was newly founded or a continuation of the Great or Black Guard that had been founded in 1488 by Landsknechts formerly in Imperial service with Maximilian in Flanders. It fought in Northern Germany and Denmark, often against rebellious peasants, until its defeat at the Battle of Hemmingstedt on 17 February 1500. It is possible that at least some Fähnlein of the Black Guard survived during these fourteen years and were part, if not core, of the new formation. This Black Guard took part in the campaign in East Frisia in 1514 and devastated large parts of it in the process. When the participation of George of Saxony in the Saxon Feud ended in 1515 at the mediation of Charles II, Duke of Guelders and Francis I of France, Charles of Guelders hired them and led them in support of Francis to Italy, where they entered French service. There they joined an existing contingent of 12,000 Landsknechts in French service, originally drafted for a planned invasion of England under the Yorkist pretender Richard de la Pole, that was aborted after the Anglo-French peace treaty of St Germain-en-Laye in 1514. Many of these Landsknechts were originally sent "on loan" to the French by Maximilian between 1512 and 1513 for service in Italy, notably at Brescia and Ravenna, and had defied his recall to Imperial service. Some of the members of the Black Band also chose not to enter French service and heed that recall. The distinction between both contingents gets lost and most sources call the whole French Landsknecht contingent the "Black Band" or "Black Legion" at the time of the Battle of Marignano. Organization and leadership The full Landsknecht contingent of Francis I. army in 1515 was initially 17,000 men strong, composed of 12,000 pikemen, 2,000 arquebusiers, 2,000 two-handed swordsmen, and 1,000 halberdiers. Landsknecht contingents are organized in companies or Fähnlein of up to 500, with actual numbers often being lower than the nominal full strength. Captain of the Black Band in 1525 was Georg Langenmantel, but it was also placed under the command of French officers, such as at Pavia, when it was nominally led by François de Lorraine and Richard de la Pole. By the time of the Battle of Pavia, they are described by Delbrück as 5,000 strong, by Konstam as 4,000 strong. Campaigns The Black Band marched into Italy in 1515 in time to fight alongside King Francis I at the Battle of Marignano, where, defending the ditch and supported by artillery, they nonetheless recoiled from the attacking Swiss, but did not break. Eventually they were relieved by the charge of the French gendarme heavy cavalry into the flank of the Swiss attack column. Ten years later they were still in French service and appeared as the lead French infantry square at the Battle of Pavia, led by Francois de Lorraine and Richard de la Pole. In this battle they found themselves heavily outnumbered by two blocks of 12,000 Imperial Landsknechts opposing them, led by Georg von Frundsberg and Max Sittich von Ems. Before the battle Georg Langenmantel, Obrist of the band, stepped out and tried to challenge Frundsberg or Ems to single combat, but was killed by the Imperials in response. Struck in both flanks -- “seize[d] … as if with tongs”—and hacked to pieces, the Black Band was killed almost to the last man, including both of their leaders, and ceased to exist. It was refounded and fought with a strength of 4,000 under Lautrec in the campaign against the Imperial army in Naples. The destruction of that army in August 1528 saw some 2,000 survivors, many of whom found service with the Imperial Landsknechts. Sources Arfaioli, Maurizio. The Black Bands of Giovanni, p. 143, 159-161. Pisa: Pisa University Press, 2005. Cuneo, Pia F. Art and Politics in Early Modern Germany: Jorg Breu the Elder and the Fashioning of Political Identity – CA 1475-1536, pp. 136–137. Leiden: Koninkliijke Brill NV, 1998. Delbrück, Hans. History of the Art of War, pp. 10, 92-93. Originally published in 1920; University of Nebraska Press (reprint), 1990 (trans. J. Renfroe Walter). Volume IV: The Origins of Modern Warfare. Knecht, R. J. Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I, p. 70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Konstam, Angus. Pavia 1525: The Climax of the Italian Wars, pp. 65–73. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 1996. Oman, Charles. A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. London: Methuen & Co., 1937. Onno Klopp. Geschichte Ostfrieslands, Band 1, Hannover 1854–1858, S.298f Wilson, John. The History of Switzerland, pp. 194-195. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman, 1832 (reprint 2005 Adamant Media Corporation). Category:Landsknechts Category:Military units and formations of the Italian Wars	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
GroupPrice GroupPrice is a B2B deal website that sells discounted software and services for small to medium-sized Internet centric companies. GroupPrice enables online merchants to advertise their products and services to a target audience of small businesses. History Based in Redwood City, CA, GroupPrice was founded by Van Jepson in June 2010. The company was self-funded with $30,000 before several advisors turned into investors and completed a seed round of $285,000. This first seed investment closed in July 2010 and GroupPrice launched in January 2011. Company GroupPrice was named one of Entrepreneur Magazine's top 100 Brilliant Companies in 2011 in the Startup-to-Startup category. The company targets businesses with an online presence up to 25 employees and up to $10 million in annual revenue. GroupPrice takes a percentage of the revenue from each purchased deal and passes the sale to the merchant with new customer information. GroupPrice sells software and services to American small businesses and differs from the business-to-consumer daily deal model made popular by Groupon including; no local deals on food or entertainment, no minimum number of sales needed before a buyer can have access to the deal, and no time limit tied to the deal. Competitors using the B2B business deal model include OfficeArrow, which target office managers, and AppSumo, which focus on daily-deals for IT staffers. References External links GroupPrice.com Category:Online marketplaces of the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Vasily Glukharev Vasily Glukharev is a Russian ski orienteer. He competed at the 2004 World Ski Orienteering Championships, where he placed 10th in the middle distance, and participated on the Russian relay team. The Russian team consisted of Glukharev, Andrei Gruzdev, Ruslan Gritsan and Eduard Khrennikov, winning gold medals ahead of the Norwegian team. References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Russian orienteers Category:Male orienteers Category:Ski-orienteers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Security-Enhanced Linux Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux kernel security module that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies, including mandatory access controls (MAC). SELinux is a set of kernel modifications and user-space tools that have been added to various Linux distributions. Its architecture strives to separate enforcement of security decisions from the security policy, and streamlines the amount of software involved with security policy enforcement. The key concepts underlying SELinux can be traced to several earlier projects by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). Overview From NSA Security-enhanced Linux Team: NSA Security-Enhanced Linux is a set of patches to the Linux kernel and utilities to provide a strong, flexible, mandatory access control (MAC) architecture into the major subsystems of the kernel. It provides an enhanced mechanism to enforce the separation of information based on confidentiality and integrity requirements, which allows threats of tampering, and bypassing of application security mechanisms, to be addressed and enables the confinement of damage that can be caused by malicious or flawed applications. It includes a set of sample security policy configuration files designed to meet common, general-purpose security goals. A Linux kernel integrating SELinux enforces mandatory access control policies that confine user programs and system services, as well as access to files and network resources. Limiting privilege to the minimum required to work reduces or eliminates the ability of these programs and daemons to cause harm if faulty or compromised (for example via buffer overflows or misconfigurations). This confinement mechanism operates independently of the traditional Linux (discretionary) access control mechanisms. It has no concept of a "root" superuser, and does not share the well-known shortcomings of the traditional Linux security mechanisms, such as a dependence on setuid/setgid binaries. The security of an "unmodified" Linux system (a system without SELinux) depends on the correctness of the kernel, of all the privileged applications, and of each of their configurations. A fault in any one of these areas may allow the compromise of the entire system. In contrast, the security of a "modified" system (based on an SELinux kernel) depends primarily on the correctness of the kernel and its security-policy configuration. While problems with the correctness or configuration of applications may allow the limited compromise of individual user programs and system daemons, they do not necessarily pose a threat to the security of other user programs and system daemons or to the security of the system as a whole. From a purist perspective, SELinux provides a hybrid of concepts and capabilities drawn from mandatory access controls, mandatory integrity controls, role-based access control (RBAC), and type enforcement architecture. History The earliest work directed toward standardizing an approach providing mandatory and discretionary access controls (MAC and DAC) within a UNIX (more precisely, POSIX) computing environment can be attributed to the National Security Agency's Trusted UNIX (TRUSIX) Working Group, which met from 1987 to 1991 and published one Rainbow Book (#020A), and produced a formal model and associated evaluation evidence prototype (#020B) that was ultimately unpublished. SELinux was designed to demonstrate the value of mandatory access controls to the Linux community and how such controls could be added to Linux. Originally, the patches that make up SELinux had to be explicitly applied to the Linux kernel source; SELinux was merged into the Linux kernel mainline in the 2.6 series of the Linux kernel. The NSA, the original primary developer of SELinux, released the first version to the open source development community under the GNU GPL on December 22, 2000. The software was merged into the mainline Linux kernel 2.6.0-test3, released on 8 August 2003. Other significant contributors include Red Hat, Network Associates, Secure Computing Corporation, Tresys Technology, and Trusted Computer Solutions. Experimental ports of the FLASK/TE implementation have been made available via the TrustedBSD Project for the FreeBSD and Darwin operating systems. Security-Enhanced Linux implements the Flux Advanced Security Kernel (FLASK). Such a kernel contains architectural components prototyped in the Fluke operating system. These provide general support for enforcing many kinds of mandatory access control policies, including those based on the concepts of type enforcement, role-based access control, and multilevel security. FLASK, in turn, was based on DTOS, a Mach-derived Distributed Trusted Operating System, as well as on Trusted Mach, a research project from Trusted Information Systems that had an influence on the design and implementation of DTOS. Users, policies and security contexts SELinux users and roles do not have to be related to the actual system users and roles. For every current user or process, SELinux assigns a three string context consisting of a username, role, and domain (or type). This system is more flexible than normally required: as a rule, most of the real users share the same SELinux username, and all access control is managed through the third tag, the domain. The circumstances under which a process is allowed into a certain domain must be configured in the policies. The command runcon allows for the launching of a process into an explicitly specified context (user, role, and domain), but SELinux may deny the transition if it is not approved by the policy. Files, network ports, and other hardware also have an SELinux context, consisting of a name, role (seldom used), and type. In the case of file systems, mapping between files and the security contexts is called labeling. The labeling is defined in policy files but can also be manually adjusted without changing the policies. Hardware types are quite detailed, for instance, bin_t (all files in the folder /bin) or postgresql_port_t (PostgreSQL port, 5432). The SELinux context for a remote file system can be specified explicitly at mount time. SELinux adds the -Z switch to the shell commands ls, ps, and some others, allowing the security context of the files or process to be seen. Typical policy rules consist of explicit permissions, for example, which domains the user must possess to perform certain actions with the given target (read, execute, or, in case of network port, bind or connect), and so on. More complex mappings are also possible, involving roles and security levels. A typical policy consists of a mapping (labeling) file, a rule file, and an interface file, that define the domain transition. These three files must be compiled together with the SELinux tools to produce a single policy file. The resulting policy file can be loaded into the kernel to make it active. Loading and unloading policies does not require a reboot. The policy files are either hand written or can be generated from the more user friendly SELinux management tool. They are normally tested in permissive mode first, where violations are logged but allowed. The audit2allow tool can be used later to produce additional rules that extend the policy to allow all legitimate activities of the application being confined. Features SELinux features include: Clean separation of policy from enforcement Well-defined policy interfaces Support for applications querying the policy and enforcing access control (for example, crond running jobs in the correct context) Independence of specific policies and policy languages Independence of specific security-label formats and contents Individual labels and controls for kernel objects and services Support for policy changes Separate measures for protecting system integrity (domain-type) and data confidentiality (multilevel security) Flexible policy Controls over process initialization and inheritance, and program execution Controls over file systems, directories, files, and open file descriptors Controls over sockets, messages, and network interfaces Controls over the use of "capabilities" Cached information on access-decisions via the Access Vector Cache (AVC) Default-deny policy (anything not explicitly specified in the policy is disallowed) Implementations SELinux has been implemented in Android since version 4.3. Among free community-supported GNU/Linux distributions, Fedora was one of the earliest adopters, including support for it by default since Fedora Core 2. Other distributions include support for it such as Debian as of the Stretch release and Ubuntu as of 8.04 Hardy Heron. As of version 11.1, openSUSE contains SELinux "basic enablement". SUSE Linux Enterprise 11 features SELinux as a "technology preview". SELinux is popular in systems based on linux containers, such as CoreOS Container Linux and rkt. It is useful as an additional security control to help further enforce isolation between deployed containers and their host. SELinux is available since 2005 as part of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) version 4 and all future releases. This presence is also reflected in corresponding versions of CentOS and Scientific Linux. The supported policy in RHEL4 is targeted policy which aims for maximum ease of use and thus is not as restrictive as it might be. Future versions of RHEL are planned to have more targets in the targeted policy which will mean more restrictive policies. Use scenarios SELinux can potentially control which activities a system allows each user, process, and daemon, with very precise specifications. It is used to confine daemons such as database engines or web servers that have clearly defined data access and activity rights. This limits potential harm from a confined daemon that becomes compromised. Command-line utilities include: chcon, restorecon, restorecond, runcon, secon, fixfiles, setfiles, load_policy, booleans, getsebool, setsebool, togglesebool setenforce, semodule, postfix-nochroot, check-selinux-installation, semodule_package, checkmodule, selinux-config-enforcing, selinuxenabled, and selinux-policy-upgrade Examples To put SELinux into enforcing mode: $ sudo setenforce 1 To query the SELinux status: $ getenforce Comparison with AppArmor SELinux represents one of several possible approaches to the problem of restricting the actions that installed software can take. Another popular alternative is called AppArmor and is available on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES), openSUSE, and Debian-based platforms. AppArmor was developed as a component to the now-defunct Immunix Linux platform. Because AppArmor and SELinux differ radically from one another, they form distinct alternatives for software control. Whereas SELinux re-invents certain concepts to provide access to a more expressive set of policy choices, AppArmor was designed to be simple by extending the same administrative semantics used for DAC up to the mandatory access control level. There are several key differences: One important difference is that AppArmor identifies file system objects by path name instead of inode. This means that, for example, a file that is inaccessible may become accessible under AppArmor when a hard link is created to it, while SELinux would deny access through the newly created hard link. As a result, AppArmor can be said not to be a type enforcement system, as files are not assigned a type; instead, they are merely referenced in a configuration file. SELinux and AppArmor also differ significantly in how they are administered and how they integrate into the system. Since it endeavors to recreate traditional DAC controls with MAC-level enforcement, AppArmor's set of operations is also considerably smaller than those available under most SELinux implementations. For example, AppArmor's set of operations consist of: read, write, append, execute, lock, and link. Most SELinux implementations will support numbers of operations orders of magnitude more than that. For example, SELinux will usually support those same permissions, but also includes controls for mknod, binding to network sockets, implicit use of POSIX capabilities, loading and unloading kernel modules, various means of accessing shared memory, etc. There are no controls in AppArmor for categorically bounding POSIX capabilities. Since the current implementation of capabilities contains no notion of a subject for the operation (only the actor and the operation) it is usually the job of the MAC layer to prevent privileged operations on files outside the actor's enforced realm of control (i.e. "Sandbox"). AppArmor can prevent its own policy from being altered, and prevent file systems from being mounted/unmounted, but does nothing to prevent users from stepping outside their approved realms of control. For example, it may be deemed beneficial for help desk employees to change ownership or permissions on certain files even if they don't own them (for example, on a departmental file share). You obviously don't want to give the user(s) root on the box so you give them CAP_FOWNER or CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE. Under SELinux you (or your platform vendor) can configure SELinux to deny all capabilities to otherwise unconfined users, then create confined domains for the employee to be able to transition into after logging in, one that can exercise those capabilities, but only upon files of the appropriate type. There is no notion of multilevel security with AppArmor, thus there is no hard BLP or Biba enforcement available. . AppArmor configuration is done using solely regular flat files. SELinux (by default in most implementations) uses a combination of flat files (used by administrators and developers to write human readable policy before it's compiled) and extended attributes. SELinux supports the concept of a "remote policy server" (configurable via /etc/selinux/semanage.conf) as an alternative source for policy configuration. Central management of AppArmor is usually complicated considerably since administrators must decide between configuration deployment tools being run as root (to allow policy updates) or configured manually on each server. Similar systems Isolation of processes can also be accomplished by mechanisms such as virtualization; the OLPC project, for example, in its first implementation sandboxed individual applications in lightweight Vservers. Also, the NSA has adopted some of the SELinux concepts in Security-Enhanced Android. General Dynamics builds and distributes PitBull Trusted Operating System, a multilevel security (MLS) enhancement for Red Hat Enterprise Linux. See also Unix security AppArmor Rule Set Based Access Control (RSBAC) Simplified Mandatory Access Control Kernel Solaris Trusted Extensions Tomoyo TrustedBSD Qubes OS References External links NSA: SELinux FAQs Security-Enhanced Linux at NSA Mailing list Category:Linux kernel features Category:Linux security software Category:National Security Agency Category:Red Hat software Category:Unix file system technology	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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