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Bastilla dentilinea | {
"id": [
46437444
],
"name": [
"Scorpions1325"
]
} | 69z214omx542w5m98a64v51gd4scvee | 2024-03-05T11:39:31Z | 1,136,828,979 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * + \n\t\t\t\t***Bastilla dentilinea*** is a [moth](/wiki/Moth \"Moth\") of the family [Noctuidae](/wiki/Noctuidae \"Noctuidae\") [first described](/wiki/Species_description \"Species description\") by [George Thomas Bethune\\-Baker](/wiki/George_Thomas_Bethune-Baker \"George Thomas Bethune-Baker\") in 1906\\. It is found in [New Guinea](/wiki/New_Guinea \"New Guinea\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Bastilla (moth)](/wiki/Category:Bastilla_%28moth%29 \"Bastilla (moth)\")\n[Category:Moths described in 1906](/wiki/Category:Moths_described_in_1906 \"Moths described in 1906\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Acanthina | {
"id": [
47976879
],
"name": [
"Dlyj0604"
]
} | dje8re3qiskkp521g5njx2eacko6qp1 | 2024-06-10T11:54:46Z | 1,164,497,910 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"Habitat",
"Species",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * + - \n\n***Acanthina***, [common name](/wiki/Common_name \"Common name\") the unicorn snails, is a [genus](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") of small [predatory](/wiki/Predatory \"Predatory\") [sea snails](/wiki/Sea_snail \"Sea snail\"), [marine](/wiki/Marine_%28ocean%29 \"Marine (ocean)\") gastropod [mollusks](/wiki/Mollusk \"Mollusk\") in the family [Muricidae](/wiki/Muricidae \"Muricidae\"), the murex snails or rock snails.Houart, R. (2010\\). Acanthina Fischer von Waldheim, 1807\\. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p\\=taxdetails\\&id\\=377980](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=377980) on 2010\\-12\\-08\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\nThe shell is ovate. The [body whorl](/wiki/Body_whorl \"Body whorl\") is large. The [spire](/wiki/Spire_%28mollusc%29 \"Spire (mollusc)\") is rather elevated. The [aperture](/wiki/Aperture_%28mollusc%29 \"Aperture (mollusc)\") is semilunar. The inner [lip](/wiki/Lip_%28gastropod%29 \"Lip (gastropod)\") is wide and flattened. The outer lip is crenated, with a prominent tooth at the fore part. [Adams, H. \\& Adams, A. (1853\\-1858\\). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl \\+ 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3782650)\n\n",
"Habitat\n-------\n\nThe species of *Acanthina* are most numerous on the South American coasts of the Pacific Ocean. These snails live in the [intertidal zone](/wiki/Intertidal_zone \"Intertidal zone\").\n\n",
"Species\n-------\n\nSpecies within the genus *Acanthina*:\n* † *[Acanthina katzi](/wiki/Acanthina_katzi \"Acanthina katzi\")* Fleming, 1972\n* *[Acanthina monodon](/wiki/Acanthina_monodon \"Acanthina monodon\")* (Pallas, 1774\\)\n* † *[Acanthina obesa](/wiki/Acanthina_obesa \"Acanthina obesa\")* DeVries, 2003\n* † *[Acanthina rugosa](/wiki/Acanthina_rugosa \"Acanthina rugosa\")* DeVries, 2003\n* † *[Acanthina triangularis](/wiki/Acanthina_triangularis \"Acanthina triangularis\")* DeVries, 2003\n* *[Acanthina unicornis](/wiki/Acanthina_unicornis \"Acanthina unicornis\")* (Bruguière, 1789\\)\n\n Species brought into synonymy \n* *Acanthina paucilirata* now *[Acanthinucella paucilirata](/wiki/Acanthinucella_paucilirata \"Acanthinucella paucilirata\")*\n* *Acanthina punctulata* now *[Acanthinucella punctulata](/wiki/Acanthinucella_punctulata \"Acanthinucella punctulata\")*\n* *Acanthina lugubris* now *[Mexacanthina lugubris](/wiki/Mexacanthina_lugubris \"Mexacanthina lugubris\")*\n* *Acanthina spirata* now *[Acanthinucella spirata](/wiki/Acanthinucella_spirata \"Acanthinucella spirata\")*\n* *Acanthina angelica* Oldroyd, 1918 : synonym of *[Mexacanthina angelica](/wiki/Mexacanthina_angelica \"Mexacanthina angelica\")* (Oldroyd, 1918\\)\n* *Acanthina costata* Fischer, 1807 : synonym of *Acanthina monodon* (Pallas, 1774\\)\n* *Acanthina imbricata* Fischer, 1807 : synonym of *Acanthina monodon* (Pallas, 1774\\)\n* *Acanthina laevigata* Fischer, 1807 : synonym of *Acanthina monodon* (Pallas, 1774\\)\n* *Acanthina tyrianthina* Berry, 1957 : synonym of *[Mexacanthina lugubris](/wiki/Mexacanthina_lugubris \"Mexacanthina lugubris\")* (Sowerby, 1821\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* McLean, James H., 1978 ‘’Marine Shells of Southern California’’, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Museum, Science Series 24, Revised Edition: 1\\-104\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Fischer von Waldheim, G. (1807\\). Museum Demidoff, ou, Catalogue systématique et raisonné des curiosités de la nature et de l'art: données à l'Université Impériale de Moscou par son excellence Monsieur Paul de Demidoff. Tome III. Végétaux et Animaux. Moscow: Imprimerie de Université Impériale de Moscou. 300 pp, 6 pls](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58562487)\n* [Montfort P. (Denys de). (1808\\-1810\\). Conchyliologie systématique et classification méthodique des coquilles. Paris: Schoell. Vol. 1: pp. lxxxvii \\+ 409](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/10571)\n* [Schumacher, C. F. (1817\\). Essai d'un nouveau système des habitations des vers testacés. Schultz, Copenghagen. iv \\+ 288 pp., 22 pls.](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/81329)\n* [DeVries, T. J. (2003\\). Acanthina Fischer von Waldheim, 1807 (Gastropoda: Muricidae), an ocenebrine genus endemic to South America. The Veliger. 46 (4\\): 332\\-350\\.](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42496877)\n* [Strong, A. M. (1925\\). Acanthina. The Nautilus. 38(3\\): 104](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8525085)\n\n \n\n[Category:Ocenebrinae](/wiki/Category:Ocenebrinae \"Ocenebrinae\")\n\n"
]
} |
USS Minnemac II | {
"id": [
21878292
],
"name": [
"Llammakey"
]
} | 7yj45j6393irhnnyinse0jta71tovh3 | 2023-04-26T17:01:41Z | 1,089,988,305 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* **USS *Minnemac II* (SP\\-202\\)** was a [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") [patrol vessel](/wiki/Patrol_vessel \"Patrol vessel\") in commission from 1917 to 1919\\.\n\n[left\\|thumb\\|*Minnemac II* as a civilian motorboat sometime between 1914 and 1917, prior to her U.S. Navy service.](/wiki/Image:Motorboat_Minnemac_II_pierside.jpg \"Motorboat Minnemac II pierside.jpg\") *Minnemac II* was built as a civilian motorboat of the same name in 1914 by [George Lawley and Sons](/wiki/George_Lawley_and_Sons \"George Lawley and Sons\") at Neponset, Massachusetts. The U.S. Navy acquired her under a free lease from her owner, Arthur J. Eddy of Chicago, Illinois on 7 May 1917 for [World War I](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") service as a patrol vessel. She was enrolled in the [Naval Defense Reserve Force](/wiki/Naval_Defense_Reserve_Force \"Naval Defense Reserve Force\") on 3 July 1917 and [commissioned](/wiki/Ship_commissioning \"Ship commissioning\") as USS *Minnemac II* (SP\\-202\\) on 5 July 1917\\.\n\nAssigned to the [Great Lakes](/wiki/Great_Lakes \"Great Lakes\"), *Minnemac II* patrolled the waters of [Lake Michigan](/wiki/Lake_Michigan \"Lake Michigan\") out of her assigned [section patrol](/wiki/Section_patrol \"Section patrol\") base.\n\nFollowing the end of World War I, *Minnemac II* was returned to her owner on 13 January 1919\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* [Department of the Navy: Navy History and Heritage Command: Online Library of Selected Images: Civilian Ships: *Minnemac II* (Motor Boat, 1914\\). Served as USS *Minnemac II* (SP\\-202\\) in 1917\\-1919](http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-civil/civsh-m/minemc-2.htm)\n* [NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Minnemac II (SP 202\\)](http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/170202.htm)\n\n[Category:Patrol vessels of the United States Navy](/wiki/Category:Patrol_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy \"Patrol vessels of the United States Navy\")\n[Category:World War I patrol vessels of the United States](/wiki/Category:World_War_I_patrol_vessels_of_the_United_States \"World War I patrol vessels of the United States\")\n[Category:Ships built in Boston](/wiki/Category:Ships_built_in_Boston \"Ships built in Boston\")\n[Category:1914 ships](/wiki/Category:1914_ships \"1914 ships\")\n[Category:Great Lakes ships](/wiki/Category:Great_Lakes_ships \"Great Lakes ships\")\n\n"
]
} |
Metaxmeste schrankiana | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | 7spcl5rg6go8fqiostp75g4japuh298 | 2023-12-09T17:08:16Z | 908,318,461 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * + \n\n***Metaxmeste schrankiana*** is a species of [moth](/wiki/Moth \"Moth\") of the family [Crambidae](/wiki/Crambidae \"Crambidae\") described by Siegmund von HochenwarthAlso spelled [Sigismund von Hohenwart](/wiki/Sigismund_von_Hohenwart \"Sigismund von Hohenwart\") [\"Reference summary for Hochenwarth, S. von 1785\"](http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/reference?id=2135). *AnimalBase*. Retrieved January 19, 2018\\. in 1785\\. It is found in most of western Europe, including [France](/wiki/France \"France\"), the [Iberian Peninsula](/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula \"Iberian Peninsula\"), [Scandinavia](/wiki/Scandinavia \"Scandinavia\"), [Germany](/wiki/Germany \"Germany\"), [Austria](/wiki/Austria \"Austria\"), [Switzerland](/wiki/Switzerland \"Switzerland\"), [Greece](/wiki/Greece \"Greece\") and the [Balkans](/wiki/Balkans \"Balkans\").\n\nThe [wingspan](/wiki/Wingspan \"Wingspan\") is 18–23 mm.\n\nThe larvae feed on *[Vaccinium myrtillus](/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtillus \"Vaccinium myrtillus\")*, *[Vaccinium uliginosum](/wiki/Vaccinium_uliginosum \"Vaccinium uliginosum\")*, *[Vaccinium vitis\\-idaea](/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea \"Vaccinium vitis-idaea\")* and *[Calluna vulgaris](/wiki/Calluna_vulgaris \"Calluna vulgaris\")*.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Odontiini](/wiki/Category:Odontiini \"Odontiini\")\n[Category:Moths of Europe](/wiki/Category:Moths_of_Europe \"Moths of Europe\")\n[Category:Moths described in 1785](/wiki/Category:Moths_described_in_1785 \"Moths described in 1785\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Uwe-Karl Birkenstock | {
"id": [
29495429
],
"name": [
"J947"
]
} | t61pylrrntetv2lpebhw3t4qmjepsih | 2023-04-03T22:13:11Z | 1,084,907,802 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Uwe\\-Karl Janko Birkenstock** (born 26 May 1989\\) is a South African [cricketer](/wiki/Cricket \"Cricket\"). He is a right\\-handed batsman and right\\-arm off\\-break bowler who played for [Boland](/wiki/Boland_cricket_team \"Boland cricket team\"). He was born in [Pretoria](/wiki/Pretoria \"Pretoria\").\n\nBirkenstock began his cricketing career in the English Southern Premier Cricket League, playing for [Andover](/wiki/Andover%2C_Hampshire \"Andover, Hampshire\"), who finished in sixth position in the 2008 table, a season in which he played 15 of the team's 16 matches.\n\nBirkenstock played two matches for Worcestershire Second XI during the 2008 season, scoring a half century in his second of three innings for the side.\n\nBirkenstock's first\\-class debut came during the 2009–10 South African cricket season, for Boland against [Griqualand West](/wiki/Griqualand_West_cricket_team \"Griqualand West cricket team\").[Boland v. Griqualand West \\- October 2009](http://www.cricinfo.com/rsadomestic-09/engine/current/match/423110.html)\n\nBirkenstock is the nephew of international cricket umpire [Rudi Birkenstock](/wiki/Rudi_Birkenstock \"Rudi Birkenstock\") and cousin of Namibian international player [Karl Birkenstock](/wiki/Karl_Birkenstock \"Karl Birkenstock\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Uwe\\-Karl Birkenstock](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/340/340141/340141.html) at Cricket Archive \n\n[Category:1989 births](/wiki/Category:1989_births \"1989 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:South African cricketers](/wiki/Category:South_African_cricketers \"South African cricketers\")\n[Category:Boland cricketers](/wiki/Category:Boland_cricketers \"Boland cricketers\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Tudun Wada (Kaduna State) | {
"id": [
48149296
],
"name": [
"Presido117"
]
} | npqb6z2xozsj3rno5g1psks7sfo0xxh | 2024-07-16T23:47:17Z | 1,229,508,264 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Tudun Wada** is a suburb in [Kaduna South](/wiki/Kaduna_South \"Kaduna South\") Local Government Area located in the city of [Kaduna](/wiki/Kaduna \"Kaduna\"), the capital of [Kaduna State](/wiki/Kaduna_State \"Kaduna State\") in [Northern Nigeria](/wiki/Northern_Nigeria \"Northern Nigeria\"), [Nigeria](/wiki/Nigeria \"Nigeria\"). The postal code of the area is 800\\.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of villages in Kaduna State](/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Kaduna_State \"List of villages in Kaduna State\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Kaduna South](/wiki/Category:Kaduna_South \"Kaduna South\")\n[Category:Populated places in Kaduna State](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Kaduna_State \"Populated places in Kaduna State\")\n[Category:Local Government Areas in Kano State](/wiki/Category:Local_Government_Areas_in_Kano_State \"Local Government Areas in Kano State\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Brekkvasselv | {
"id": [
1827553
],
"name": [
"Jay1279"
]
} | ccvosr7a2hn6l4gnem37fx09r9ht5xp | 2018-04-27T21:49:53Z | 770,222,038 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Brekkvasselv** is a [village](/wiki/Village \"Village\") in the municipality of [Namsskogan](/wiki/Namsskogan \"Namsskogan\") in [Trøndelag](/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag \"Trøndelag\") county, [Norway](/wiki/Norway \"Norway\"). It is located along the river [Namsen](/wiki/Namsen \"Namsen\") about southwest of the [village of Namsskogan](/wiki/Namsskogan_%28village%29 \"Namsskogan (village)\") and about northeast of [Trones](/wiki/Trones%2C_Namsskogan \"Trones, Namsskogan\"). The village sits at the intersection of [European Route E6](/wiki/European_route_E6 \"European route E6\") and [Norwegian County Road 773](/wiki/Norwegian_County_Road_773 \"Norwegian County Road 773\") which heads east towards [Røyrvik](/wiki/R%C3%B8yrvik \"Røyrvik\") municipality. The [Nordlandsbanen](/wiki/Nordlandsbanen \"Nordlandsbanen\") railway line also runs through the village, stopping at [Brekkvasselv Station](/wiki/Brekkvasselv_Station \"Brekkvasselv Station\"). The village had 141 residents in 2012\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Villages in Trøndelag](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Tr%C3%B8ndelag \"Villages in Trøndelag\")\n[Category:Namsskogan](/wiki/Category:Namsskogan \"Namsskogan\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Broad Street–Water Street Historic District | {
"id": [
525927
],
"name": [
"Chris the speller"
]
} | 258irgmzlvh11i6svy0op5v0xhq15wl | 2024-01-08T01:05:01Z | 1,168,911,931 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Broad Street–Water Street Historic District** is a national [historic district](/wiki/Historic_district_%28United_States%29 \"Historic district (United States)\") located at [Lyons](/wiki/Lyons_%28village%29%2C_New_York \"Lyons (village), New York\") in [Wayne County, New York](/wiki/Wayne_County%2C_New_York \"Wayne County, New York\"). It includes 25 contributing buildings. The district consists of a T\\-shaped commercial area that encompasses a section of the [Erie Canal](/wiki/Erie_Canal \"Erie Canal\") and includes structures dating from the 1830s to 1890s. *See also:* \n\nIt was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 1973\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Commercial_buildings_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Historic_districts_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Historic districts in Wayne County, New York](/wiki/Category:Historic_districts_in_Wayne_County%2C_New_York \"Historic districts in Wayne County, New York\")\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Wayne County, New York](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Wayne_County%2C_New_York \"National Register of Historic Places in Wayne County, New York\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Calocalanus | {
"id": [
20010540
],
"name": [
"Jts1882"
]
} | k52hx4tgbfrzh9jmfoflrx9mmpcxsws | 2022-12-15T16:37:56Z | 1,011,225,888 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Calocalanus*** is a genus of [copepods](/wiki/Copepod \"Copepod\"), the only genus in the family **Calocalanidae**:\n\n* *[Calocalanus aculeatus](/wiki/Calocalanus_aculeatus \"Calocalanus aculeatus\")* Shmeleva, 1987\n* *[Calocalanus adriaticus](/wiki/Calocalanus_adriaticus \"Calocalanus adriaticus\")* Shmeleva, 1965\n* *[Calocalanus africanus](/wiki/Calocalanus_africanus \"Calocalanus africanus\")* Shmeleva, 1979\n* *[Calocalanus alboranus](/wiki/Calocalanus_alboranus \"Calocalanus alboranus\")* Shmeleva, 1979\n* *[Calocalanus antarcticus](/wiki/Calocalanus_antarcticus \"Calocalanus antarcticus\")* Shmeleva, 1978\n* *[Calocalanus atlanticus](/wiki/Calocalanus_atlanticus \"Calocalanus atlanticus\")* Shmeleva, 1975\n* *[Calocalanus beklemishevi](/wiki/Calocalanus_beklemishevi \"Calocalanus beklemishevi\")* Shmeleva, 1987\n* *[Calocalanus contractus](/wiki/Calocalanus_contractus \"Calocalanus contractus\")* Farran, 1926\n* *[Calocalanus curtus](/wiki/Calocalanus_curtus \"Calocalanus curtus\")* Andronov, 1973\n* *[Calocalanus dellacrocei](/wiki/Calocalanus_dellacrocei \"Calocalanus dellacrocei\")* Shmeleva, 1987\n* *[Calocalanus elegans](/wiki/Calocalanus_elegans \"Calocalanus elegans\")* Shmeleva, 1965\n* *[Calocalanus elongatus](/wiki/Calocalanus_elongatus \"Calocalanus elongatus\")* Shmeleva, 1968\n* *[Calocalanus equalicauda](/wiki/Calocalanus_equalicauda \"Calocalanus equalicauda\")* (Bernard, 1958\\)\n* *[Calocalanus fiolenti](/wiki/Calocalanus_fiolenti \"Calocalanus fiolenti\")* Shmeleva, 1978\n* *[Calocalanus fusiformis](/wiki/Calocalanus_fusiformis \"Calocalanus fusiformis\")* Shmeleva, 1978\n* *[Calocalanus gracilis](/wiki/Calocalanus_gracilis \"Calocalanus gracilis\")* Tanaka, 1956\n* *[Calocalanus gresei](/wiki/Calocalanus_gresei \"Calocalanus gresei\")* Shmeleva, 1973\n* *[Calocalanus indicus](/wiki/Calocalanus_indicus \"Calocalanus indicus\")* Shmeleva, 1974\n* *[Calocalanus kristalli](/wiki/Calocalanus_kristalli \"Calocalanus kristalli\")* Shmeleva, 1968\n* *[Calocalanus latus](/wiki/Calocalanus_latus \"Calocalanus latus\")* Shmeleva, 1968\n* *[Calocalanus lomonosovi](/wiki/Calocalanus_lomonosovi \"Calocalanus lomonosovi\")* Shmeleva, 1975\n* *[Calocalanus longifurca](/wiki/Calocalanus_longifurca \"Calocalanus longifurca\")* Shmeleva, 1975\n* *[Calocalanus longisetosus](/wiki/Calocalanus_longisetosus \"Calocalanus longisetosus\")* Shmeleva, 1965\n* *[Calocalanus longispinus](/wiki/Calocalanus_longispinus \"Calocalanus longispinus\")* Shmeleva, 1978\n* *[Calocalanus minor](/wiki/Calocalanus_minor \"Calocalanus minor\")* Shmeleva, 1980\n* *[Calocalanus minutus](/wiki/Calocalanus_minutus \"Calocalanus minutus\")* Andronov, 1973\n* *[Calocalanus monospinus](/wiki/Calocalanus_monospinus \"Calocalanus monospinus\")* Chen \\& Shen, 1974\n* *[Calocalanus namibiensis](/wiki/Calocalanus_namibiensis \"Calocalanus namibiensis\")* Andronov, 1973\n* *[Calocalanus nanus](/wiki/Calocalanus_nanus \"Calocalanus nanus\")* Shmeleva, 1987\n* *[Calocalanus neptunus](/wiki/Calocalanus_neptunus \"Calocalanus neptunus\")* Shmeleva, 1965\n* *[Calocalanus omaniensis](/wiki/Calocalanus_omaniensis \"Calocalanus omaniensis\")* Shmeleva, 1975\n* *[Calocalanus ovalis](/wiki/Calocalanus_ovalis \"Calocalanus ovalis\")* Shmeleva, 1965\n* *[Calocalanus paracontractus](/wiki/Calocalanus_paracontractus \"Calocalanus paracontractus\")* Shmeleva, 1974\n* *[Calocalanus parelongatus](/wiki/Calocalanus_parelongatus \"Calocalanus parelongatus\")* Shmeleva, 1979\n* *[Calocalanus pavo](/wiki/Calocalanus_pavo \"Calocalanus pavo\")* (Dana, 1852\\)\n* *[Calocalanus pavoninus](/wiki/Calocalanus_pavoninus \"Calocalanus pavoninus\")* Farran, 1936\n* *[Calocalanus plumatus](/wiki/Calocalanus_plumatus \"Calocalanus plumatus\")* Shmeleva, 1965\n* *[Calocalanus plumulosus](/wiki/Calocalanus_plumulosus \"Calocalanus plumulosus\")* (Claus, 1863\\)\n* *[Calocalanus pseudocontractus](/wiki/Calocalanus_pseudocontractus \"Calocalanus pseudocontractus\")* Bernard, 1958\n* *[Calocalanus pubes](/wiki/Calocalanus_pubes \"Calocalanus pubes\")* Andronov, 1973\n* *[Calocalanus pyriformis](/wiki/Calocalanus_pyriformis \"Calocalanus pyriformis\")* Shmeleva, 1975\n* *[Calocalanus regini](/wiki/Calocalanus_regini \"Calocalanus regini\")* Shmeleva, 1987\n* *[Calocalanus sayademalja](/wiki/Calocalanus_sayademalja \"Calocalanus sayademalja\")* Shmeleva, 1987\n* *[Calocalanus spinosus](/wiki/Calocalanus_spinosus \"Calocalanus spinosus\")* Shmeleva, 1987\n* *[Calocalanus styliremis](/wiki/Calocalanus_styliremis \"Calocalanus styliremis\")* Giesbrecht, 1888\n* *[Calocalanus tenuiculus](/wiki/Calocalanus_tenuiculus \"Calocalanus tenuiculus\")* Andronov, 1973\n* *[Calocalanus vinogradovi](/wiki/Calocalanus_vinogradovi \"Calocalanus vinogradovi\")* Shmeleva, 1987\n* *[Calocalanus vitjazi](/wiki/Calocalanus_vitjazi \"Calocalanus vitjazi\")* Shmeleva, 1974\n* *[Calocalanus vivesei](/wiki/Calocalanus_vivesei \"Calocalanus vivesei\")* Shmeleva, 1979\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Calanoida](/wiki/Category:Calanoida \"Calanoida\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine | {
"id": [
39191556
],
"name": [
"SimLibrarian"
]
} | f8rfcrf1g681gkjo4bfzw7423ki8cyr | 2024-09-10T23:15:28Z | 954,595,229 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine** (CASEM) is the national [medical](/wiki/Medicine \"Medicine\") specialty society for [sport medicine](/wiki/Sport_medicine \"Sport medicine\") [physicians](/wiki/Physician \"Physician\") in [Canada](/wiki/Canada \"Canada\"). The Academy is open for membership to [medical doctors](/wiki/Medical_doctor \"Medical doctor\") (MD) within Canada and internationally. Founded in 1970, the Academy serves as a means to ensure its members are kept up to date with current medical practices in sport medicine. The **Diploma of Sport and Exercise Medicine** (DipSportMed) developed by CASEM, is a recognized credential for sport medicine physicians in Canada. The ***Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine***, founded by CASEM, is a peer reviewed sport medicine journal, now published by [Lippincott Williams \\& Wilkins](/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins \"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine](http://casem-acmse.org/)\n* [Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine](http://journals.lww.com/cjsportsmed/pages/default.aspx)\n\n \n\n[Category:Medical associations based in Canada](/wiki/Category:Medical_associations_based_in_Canada \"Medical associations based in Canada\")\n[Category:Sports medicine organizations](/wiki/Category:Sports_medicine_organizations \"Sports medicine organizations\")\n[Category:Sports professional associations](/wiki/Category:Sports_professional_associations \"Sports professional associations\")\n[Category:Sports organizations of Canada](/wiki/Category:Sports_organizations_of_Canada \"Sports organizations of Canada\")\n[Category:Sports organizations established in 1970](/wiki/Category:Sports_organizations_established_in_1970 \"Sports organizations established in 1970\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Gen. Edward F. Jones House | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2600:100C:A202:871A:D5F9:D332:8E6:1EBD"
]
} | 4t572bppuc2oqxrhtdhbini892w4anl | 2022-08-04T13:43:09Z | 1,091,075,431 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Gen. Edward F. Jones House** is a historic home located at [Binghamton](/wiki/Binghamton%2C_New_York \"Binghamton, New York\") in [Broome County, New York](/wiki/Broome_County%2C_New_York \"Broome County, New York\"). It was constructed in 1872 and is a large \\-story, irregularly shaped building built of an eclectic combination of materials and textures. It was part of a large estate assembled by General [Edward F. Jones](/wiki/Edward_F._Jones \"Edward F. Jones\") (1828–1913\\) by 1883\\. The foundation and first floor are constructed of brick while the upper stories are of wood with shingle, beaded board, and clapboard siding. It is an exceptional example of the [Queen Anne](/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States \"Queen Anne style architecture in the United States\") style. *See also:* \n\nIt was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 2005\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Houses in Binghamton, New York](/wiki/Category:Houses_in_Binghamton%2C_New_York \"Houses in Binghamton, New York\")\n[Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Houses_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Queen Anne architecture in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Queen_Anne_architecture_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Queen Anne architecture in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Houses completed in 1872](/wiki/Category:Houses_completed_in_1872 \"Houses completed in 1872\")\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Broome County, New York](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Broome_County%2C_New_York \"National Register of Historic Places in Broome County, New York\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
1994 Amway Classic – Doubles | {
"id": [
326384
],
"name": [
"Wolbo"
]
} | 3dtg1ca0q2ob3pk78n1yko60og4wros | 2023-12-16T23:49:52Z | 1,190,274,499 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Seeds",
"Draw",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[Isabelle Demongeot](/wiki/Isabelle_Demongeot \"Isabelle Demongeot\") and [Elna Reinach](/wiki/Elna_Reinach \"Elna Reinach\") were the defending champions but only Reinach competed that year with [Andrea Strnadová](/wiki/Andrea_Strnadov%C3%A1 \"Andrea Strnadová\").\n\nReinach and Strnadová lost in the semifinals to [Jenny Byrne](/wiki/Jenny_Byrne \"Jenny Byrne\") and [Julie Richardson](/wiki/Julie_Richardson \"Julie Richardson\").\n\n[Patricia Hy](/wiki/Patricia_Hy-Boulais \"Patricia Hy-Boulais\") and [Mercedes Paz](/wiki/Mercedes_Paz \"Mercedes Paz\") won in the final 6–4, 7–6(7–3\\) against Byrne and Richardson.\n\n",
"Seeds\n-----\n\nChampion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.\n\n1. [Inés Gorrochategui](/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Gorrochategui \"Inés Gorrochategui\") / [Caroline Vis](/wiki/Caroline_Vis \"Caroline Vis\") *(semifinals)*\n2. [Elna Reinach](/wiki/Elna_Reinach \"Elna Reinach\") / [Andrea Strnadová](/wiki/Andrea_Strnadov%C3%A1 \"Andrea Strnadová\") *(semifinals)*\n3. [Jenny Byrne](/wiki/Jenny_Byrne \"Jenny Byrne\") / [Julie Richardson](/wiki/Julie_Richardson \"Julie Richardson\") *(final)*\n4. **[Patricia Hy](/wiki/Patricia_Hy-Boulais \"Patricia Hy-Boulais\")** / **[Mercedes Paz](/wiki/Mercedes_Paz \"Mercedes Paz\") (champions)**\n",
"Draw\n----\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [ITF tournament edition details](http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/women's-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1020000255) \n* [WTA tournament draws](https://wtafiles.blob.core.windows.net/pdf/draws/archive/1994/1049.pdf)\n\n[Category:WTA Auckland Open](/wiki/Category:WTA_Auckland_Open \"WTA Auckland Open\")\n[Category:1994 WTA Tour](/wiki/Category:1994_WTA_Tour \"1994 WTA Tour\")\n\n"
]
} |
Costasiellidae | {
"id": [
58781
],
"name": [
"JoJan"
]
} | qhu2uo1hp6k96dkuiq0c5ei4xr57ard | 2021-05-15T13:13:29Z | 1,023,272,182 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Genera",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Costasiellidae** is a [taxonomic](/wiki/Taxonomy_%28biology%29 \"Taxonomy (biology)\") [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 \"Family (biology)\") of small to minute [sacoglossan](/wiki/Sacoglossa \"Sacoglossa\") [sea slugs](/wiki/Sea_slug \"Sea slug\"). These are [marine](/wiki/Marine_%28ocean%29 \"Marine (ocean)\") [opisthobranch](/wiki/Opisthobranch \"Opisthobranch\") [gastropod](/wiki/Gastropod \"Gastropod\") [mollusks](/wiki/Mollusk \"Mollusk\") belonging to the superfamily [Plakobranchoidea](/wiki/Plakobranchoidea \"Plakobranchoidea\").Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2015\\). Costasiellidae K. B. Clarke, 1984\\. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p\\=taxdetails\\&id\\=23012](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23012) on 2015\\-01\\-17\n\nThese sea slugs resembling [nudibranchs](/wiki/Nudibranch \"Nudibranch\"), but are not closely related to them.\n\nThis family has no subfamilies.\n\n",
"Genera\n------\n\nThe following genera belong to the family Costasiellidae:\n* *[Costasiella](/wiki/Costasiella \"Costasiella\")* Pruvot\\-Fol, 1951\n* *[Panderevela](/wiki/Panderevela \"Panderevela\")* Moro \\& Ortea, 2015\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n"
]
} |
Untitled (IUPUI Letters) | {
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
} | a8wluzm6xy4ut6l8vvsxw6qna42cash | 2022-12-05T16:07:41Z | 1,097,968,869 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"Information",
"Artist",
"Documentation",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n***Untitled (IUPUI Letters)***, a public sculpture, was designed by the [New York City](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\") firm Two Twelve and is located on the [Indiana University\\-Purdue University Indianapolis](/wiki/Indiana_University-Purdue_University_Indianapolis \"Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis\") campus near downtown [Indianapolis](/wiki/Indianapolis \"Indianapolis\"), [Indiana](/wiki/Indiana \"Indiana\"). The sculpture can be viewed at the entrance of the [IUPUI](/wiki/IUPUI \"IUPUI\") Campus Center, at the north\\-west corner of Vermont Street and University Boulevard.\n\nThis sculpture consists of five letters. Each of the letters has a height of 7 feet 5 inches and a length of 3 feet 5 inches. The width of each sculpture varies by letter. Widths are the following for each of the letters represented in the sculpture: \"I\" is 11\\.5 inches, \"U\" is 26\\.125 inches, and the \"P\" is 25 inches. The fabricator of the letters was ASI Modulex of Indianapolis. They built the sculptures in May 2008 and installed them in June of the same year.\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\n*Untitled (IUPUI Letters)* consists of a group of five letters spelling out [IUPUI](/wiki/IUPUI \"IUPUI\"), the [acronym](/wiki/Acronym \"Acronym\") for [Indiana University\\-Purdue University Indianapolis](/wiki/Indiana_University-Purdue_University_Indianapolis \"Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis\"). The five sculpture pieces have been installed at an angle from one another with several feet between each letter. The sculpture can be viewed as individual letters of the [alphabet](/wiki/Alphabet \"Alphabet\") or together as one large group. The letter enclosures sit perpendicular to the full cabinets, giving each letter a multidimensional appearance.\n\nThe sculptures are constructed from 10 gauge [steel](/wiki/Steel \"Steel\") frames and 16 [gauge](/wiki/Sheet_metal_gauge \"Sheet metal gauge\") stainless steel sheets. The letter\\-forms have been designed using [Impact (typeface)](/wiki/Impact_%28typeface%29 \"Impact (typeface)\") and painted with [Pantone](/wiki/Pantone \"Pantone\") finish color, PMS 201C Red.\n\nThe [stainless steel](/wiki/Stainless_steel \"Stainless steel\") cabinet surrounding of each letter is made from thin gauge stainless steel fascia panels with a non\\-directional brushed finish. These panels provide a \"dimple\" like protective coating and are attached with a hi\\-bond adhesive to the frame structure. The frame structure is a 2\" x 6\" section welded together. The thin gauge painted steel \"letter\nforms\" are welded to the monolithic frame. A steel leveling plate was used to mount each letter into a 46” x 18” x ¼” base plate configuration using gussets, vinyl tape, and [silicone](/wiki/Silicone \"Silicone\"). The leveling plate is attached to a concrete footer.Elkins, Kevin. “Sign Type A Stainless Steel Letter Enclosures.” ASI\\-Modulex, 2007\\. Each of the five of the letters are 7\\.5 feet in height, 3\\.5 feet in length, with the main steel cabinet having a depth of 5\\.875 inches. If all five sculptures were placed side by side the length would total 17\\.5 feet.\n\n",
"Information\n-----------\n\n*Untitled (IUPUI Letters)* was designed as part of the signage package to go with the original construction of IUPUI's Campus Center. September 30, 2005 marked the ground breaking for the $50 million Campus Center. The New York design firm, Two Twelve, designed the metal letters to be used as a [wayfinding](/wiki/Wayfinding \"Wayfinding\") tool to attract visitors to the IUPUI campus and to help people find the IUPUI Campus Center after the building opened in April 2008\\. The construction intent document was submitted to the Senior Associate University Architect and Director of IUPUI Project Development in June 2004 and the final bid document was issued in June 2006\\.\n\nThe fabricator of the letters was ASI Modulex of Indianapolis. They submitted fabricator shop drawings to the University in September and October 2007\\. ASI then fabricated and installed the sculpture in May and June 2008\\.\n\n",
"Artist\n------\n\nThe piece was designed by Two Twelve a graphic design firm out of New York City. This graphic design firm seeks sustainable solutions to problems of wayfinding, information, and visioning. They have practiced a [communications](/wiki/Communications \"Communications\") discipline called “public information design” since 1980\\.\n\nThe Principle\\-in\\-Charge of the design team was a trained architect called David Gibson. Gibson, author of *The Wayfinding Handbook: Information Design for Public Places* has a philosophy to \"discover the hidden logic within each design project, the secret structure of a confusing campus, the undisclosed order in a complex body of information, the unknown essence of a new identity.” \n\n",
"Documentation\n-------------\n\nA [Museum Studies](/wiki/Museum_Studies \"Museum Studies\") course at IUPUI recently undertook the project of researching and reporting on the condition of 40 outdoor sculptures on the university campus. *IUPUI Letters* was included in this movement. This documentation was influenced by the successful [Save Outdoor Sculpture!](/wiki/Save_Outdoor_Sculpture%21 \"Save Outdoor Sculpture!\") 1989 campaign organized by Heritage Preservation: The National Institute of Conservation partnered with the [Smithsonian Institution](/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution \"Smithsonian Institution\"), specifically the [Smithsonian American Art Museum](/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum \"Smithsonian American Art Museum\"). Throughout the 1990s, over 7,000 volunteers nationwide have cataloged and assessed the condition of over 30,000 publicly accessible statues, monuments, and sculptures installed as outdoor public art across the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [IUPUI Letters with Campus Center Signage](https://www.flickr.com/photos/17369477@N00/4119161812/in/pool-1177964@N25)\n\n[Category:Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis Public Art Collection](/wiki/Category:Indiana_University_%E2%80%93_Purdue_University_Indianapolis_Public_Art_Collection \"Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis Public Art Collection\")\n[Category:Culture of Indianapolis](/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Indianapolis \"Culture of Indianapolis\")\n[Category:Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis](/wiki/Category:Outdoor_sculptures_in_Indianapolis \"Outdoor sculptures in Indianapolis\")\n[Category:2008 sculptures](/wiki/Category:2008_sculptures \"2008 sculptures\")\n[Category:Steel sculptures in Indiana](/wiki/Category:Steel_sculptures_in_Indiana \"Steel sculptures in Indiana\")\n\n"
]
} |
Asoka Karunaratne | {
"id": [
1152308
],
"name": [
"ShelfSkewed"
]
} | geaest29920g7agvwxv1hnt3xs53b7c | 2024-10-20T06:21:20Z | 1,229,954,743 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and death",
"Political career",
"Contribution to Society",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Nuvarapaksa Hevalage Asoka Mahanama Karunaratne** (26 January 1916 – 24 February 1988\\) (known as *Asoka Karunaratne*) was a Sri Lankan politician and philanthropist. As Cabinet Minister of Social Services, he dedicated most of his life to empowering the underprivileged people in Sri Lanka.\n\n",
"Early life and death\n--------------------\n\nKarunaratne was born in Rambukkana and was educated at [St. Anthony's College, Kandy](/wiki/St._Anthony%27s_College%2C_Kandy \"St. Anthony's College, Kandy\") and [Nalanda College Colombo](/wiki/Nalanda_College_Colombo \"Nalanda College Colombo\"). He developed a great interest in Sinhala and English literature and was an avid reader. After passing with merits in his Cambridge Senior Exam, World War II erupted, hindering his future plans of attending university in England. Consequently, he took up a career as a landowner before being elected to the Rambukkana town council in 1947\\.\n\nKarunaratne was the younger brother of Mr. [N. H. Keerthiratne](/wiki/N._H._Keerthiratne \"N. H. Keerthiratne\"), who was also a distinguished politician and Cabinet Minister. Both were known for their unique manner of breaking down barriers—by embracing a cooperative way of enriching relationships between individuals and groups.\n\nKarunaratne died in 1988 of a heart attack.\n\n",
"Political career\n----------------\n\nAs a founding member, Karunaratne was associated with the [Sri Lanka Freedom Party](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party \"Sri Lanka Freedom Party\") (SLFP) earlier in his career. He was elected chairman of the [Rambukkana](/wiki/Rambukkana_Divisional_Secretariat \"Rambukkana Divisional Secretariat\") town council in 1953 at the inauguration of that local body. He played a crucial role in Prime Minister [S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike](/wiki/S._W._R._D._Bandaranaike \"S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike\")'s victory in the 1956 General Election by addressing a number of meetings, appealing to his relations and party supporters to rally behind the victory. Karunaratne entered the legislature in 1958 when S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike appointed him to the House of Representatives. He has the unique distinction of being the first Sinhalese to enter parliament as an appointment member, a tribute to the silent but very effective and unrepresented Sinhala opinion and interests at the time. At the general election of March \\& July 1960, he contested the newly demarcated [Rambukkana](/wiki/Rambukkana \"Rambukkana\") seat as the candidate of the SLFP and was elected by a majority of over 6000 votes. He retained the same seat in the subsequent General Election held in July 1960 and was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Justice by Premier [Sirimavo Bandaranaike](/wiki/Sirimavo_Bandaranaike \"Sirimavo Bandaranaike\").\n\nIn 1963, over a difference of opinion, Karunaratne resigned from the SLFP and joined the [United National Party](/wiki/United_National_Party \"United National Party\") (UNP) and helped [C. P. de Silva](/wiki/C._P._de_Silva \"C. P. de Silva\") initiate the [Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party](/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Socialist_Party \"Sri Lanka Freedom Socialist Party\"), which was in coalition with the UNP. He was appointed Minister of Social Services in the [Dudley Senanayake](/wiki/Dudley_Senanayake \"Dudley Senanayake\") government. Though he was defeated at the General Election of 1970, he recontested the [Rambukkana](/wiki/Rambukkana \"Rambukkana\") electorate as the candidate of the UNP in July 1977 and was elected by a comfortable majority and reappointed as Minister of Social Services by Prime Minister [J. R. Jayewardene](/wiki/J._R._Jayewardene \"J. R. Jayewardene\").\n\nIn 1982 he led the Sri Lankan delegation to the World Assembly on Aging held in Vienna which was sponsored by the United Nations. Thereafter he made a tour of Denmark, Sweden, Thailand, Singapore, India, and Japan. He strengthened the relations between Sri Lanka and ESCAP, UNICEF, and ICSW and also signed several agreements with foreign organisations and governments beneficial to children, the handicapped, and elders.\n\n",
"Contribution to Society\n-----------------------\n\nDuring his stewardship as Minister of Social Services, Karunaratne initiated action to enhance public assistance and introduced rehabilitation programmes for the handicapped. He also steered a bill in parliament to register all voluntary social service organisations in Sri Lanka, as he was convinced of the vital role these organisations had to play in the field of social service.\n\nKarunaratne was known for breaking down barriers of separatism—prejudice, exclusiveness of caste, race, and creed had long been the bane of Sri Lankan society. He maintained focus on extending educational opportunities and the equalisation of opportunity to regenerate the social structure of Sri Lanka.\n\nHe established Asoka Maha Vidyalaya in Rambukkana along with several other schools and orphanages throughout the district. Asoka Karunaratne also built Buddhist temples in Rambukkana.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of political families in Sri Lanka](/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_Sri_Lanka \"List of political families in Sri Lanka\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Abeynaike, H.B.W (ed). (1965\\) Parliament of Ceylon, Lake House, Colombo: Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd.\n* Jiggins, J. (1979\\) Caste and Family Politics Sinhalese 1947–1976, Cambridge University Press.\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Colonial rule to independence](http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/ind54.html)\n* <https://web.archive.org/web/20110624130247/http://www.asokatrust.org/>\n* [http://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0215/021543\\.html](http://www.csmonitor.com/1984/0215/021543.html)\n\n[Category:Government ministers of Sri Lanka](/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_of_Sri_Lanka \"Government ministers of Sri Lanka\")\n[Category:Sri Lankan Buddhists](/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_Buddhists \"Sri Lankan Buddhists\")\n[Category:Sri Lankan philanthropists](/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_philanthropists \"Sri Lankan philanthropists\")\n[Category:Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Nalanda_College%2C_Colombo \"Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo\")\n[Category:1988 deaths](/wiki/Category:1988_deaths \"1988 deaths\")\n[Category:1916 births](/wiki/Category:1916_births \"1916 births\")\n[Category:Alumni of St. Anthony's College, Kandy](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_St._Anthony%27s_College%2C_Kandy \"Alumni of St. Anthony's College, Kandy\")\n[Category:Social affairs ministers of Sri Lanka](/wiki/Category:Social_affairs_ministers_of_Sri_Lanka \"Social affairs ministers of Sri Lanka\")\n[Category:Sri Lankan politicians](/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_politicians \"Sri Lankan politicians\")\n[Category:20th\\-century philanthropists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_philanthropists \"20th-century philanthropists\")\n\n"
]
} |
Feeding (disambiguation) | {
"id": [
7098284
],
"name": [
"Tassedethe"
]
} | fq8cul83675z2mr9k9871f2fxtpbpb2 | 2024-06-16T16:17:52Z | 1,160,951,907 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**[Feeding](/wiki/Feeding \"Feeding\")** is the process of ingesting food to provide for an animal's nutritional needs.\n\n**Feeding** may also refer to:\n\n* [*The Feeding* (film)](/wiki/The_Feeding_%28film%29 \"The Feeding (film)\"), a 2006 horror film\n* [*The Feeding* (album)](/wiki/The_Feeding_%28album%29 \"The Feeding (album)\"), a 2005 album by American Head Charge\n* [Feeding order](/wiki/Feeding_order \"Feeding order\"), a relation between rules in linguistics\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Eating (disambiguation)](/wiki/Eating_%28disambiguation%29 \"Eating (disambiguation)\")\n* [Feed (disambiguation)](/wiki/Feed_%28disambiguation%29 \"Feed (disambiguation)\")\n\n"
]
} |
Lance Hammer | {
"id": [
44008019
],
"name": [
"Vegantics"
]
} | p9xa4je8n99r7smzxe862cy04byi9g0 | 2024-04-22T20:33:05Z | 1,219,071,830 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Filmography",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Lance Hammer](/wiki/File:Lance_Hammer_01B.jpg \"Lance Hammer 01B.jpg\")\n**Lance Hammer** is an American independent filmmaker.\n\nHis first film, [*Ballast*](/wiki/Ballast_%28film%29 \"Ballast (film)\"), premiered in competition at the [Sundance Film Festival](/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival \"Sundance Film Festival\") where he won the US Dramatic Directing Award. Ballast was nominated for six [Independent Spirit Awards](/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Awards \"Independent Spirit Awards\") and four [Gotham Independent Film Awards](/wiki/Gotham_Independent_Film_Awards \"Gotham Independent Film Awards\"). Hammer won the [Gotham Independent Film Award for Breakthrough Director](/wiki/Gotham_Independent_Film_Award_for_Breakthrough_Director \"Gotham Independent Film Award for Breakthrough Director\").\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n* *[Batman Forever](/wiki/Batman_Forever \"Batman Forever\")* (1995; computer graphics city designer)\n* *[Batman \\& Robin](/wiki/Batman_%26_Robin_%28film%29 \"Batman & Robin (film)\")* (1997; digital design associate)\n* *[Practical Magic](/wiki/Practical_Magic \"Practical Magic\")* (1998; visual effects art director)\n* *[The Man Who Wasn't There](/wiki/The_Man_Who_Wasn%27t_There_%282001_film%29 \"The Man Who Wasn't There (2001 film)\")* (2001; assistant art director)\n* *[Issaquena](/wiki/Issaquena \"Issaquena\")* (2002; director, producer, writer)\n* *[Ballast](/wiki/Ballast_%28film%29 \"Ballast (film)\")* (2008; director, producer, writer, editor)\n* *Queen at Sea* (TBA)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Film directors from Los Angeles](/wiki/Category:Film_directors_from_Los_Angeles \"Film directors from Los Angeles\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Year of birth missing (living people)\")\n[Category:Sundance Film Festival award winners](/wiki/Category:Sundance_Film_Festival_award_winners \"Sundance Film Festival award winners\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Family Code of Russia | {
"id": [
44120587
],
"name": [
"HeyElliott"
]
} | cho3hm681s9a0n47ozhg3lda2nb8nek | 2024-01-11T00:50:48Z | 1,171,450,102 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Structure of the Family Code",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Family Code of Russia** (, abbreviated as *СК РФ*) is the prime source of [family law](/wiki/Family_law \"Family law\") in the [Russian Federation](/wiki/Russian_Federation \"Russian Federation\"). It was passed by the [State Duma](/wiki/State_Duma \"State Duma\") on 8 December 1995, [signed into law](/wiki/Sign_into_law%23Approval \"Sign into law#Approval\") by [President](/wiki/President_of_Russia \"President of Russia\") [Boris Yeltsin](/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin \"Boris Yeltsin\") on 29 December 1995, and came into force on 1 March 1996\\. It has been amended a number of times since then, most recently in June 2008\\.\n\n",
"Structure of the Family Code\n----------------------------\n\n* Section I: General provisions\n* Section II: [Marriage](/wiki/Marriage \"Marriage\") and [divorce](/wiki/Divorce \"Divorce\")\n* Section III: The rights and duties of spouses\n* Section IV: The rights and duties of parents and children\n* Section V: [Alimony](/wiki/Alimony \"Alimony\") duties of family members\n* Section VI: Ways of raising children who are not under [parental care](/wiki/Child_custody \"Child custody\")\n* Section VII: Application of family law to family relationships that include foreign citizens and [stateless persons](/wiki/Statelessness \"Statelessness\")\n* Section VIII: Concluding remarks\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Current text of the Family Code of Russia](http://www.consultant.ru/popular/family/)\n\n[Category:Law of Russia](/wiki/Category:Law_of_Russia \"Law of Russia\")\n[Category:Legal codes](/wiki/Category:Legal_codes \"Legal codes\")\n[Russia](/wiki/Category:Family_law_by_country \"Family law by country\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Honda MVX250F | {
"id": [
41865877
],
"name": [
"Ffffrr"
]
} | gjkabeyy9c8c9ooeriq8ns70lvwt79i | 2024-02-13T10:29:36Z | 1,168,312,475 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Honda MVX250F** is a [Honda](/wiki/Honda \"Honda\") [motorcycle](/wiki/Motorcycle \"Motorcycle\") with a [water\\-cooled](/wiki/Water-cooled \"Water-cooled\") [two\\-stroke](/wiki/Two-stroke \"Two-stroke\") [V3 engine](/wiki/V3_engine \"V3 engine\"). New Zealand and Switzerland was one of the few countries in the world outside Japan where the MVX 250 was sold brand new through Honda motorcycle dealerships. The engine is mounted in the frame with the two outer cylinders facing horizontally forward and the rear cylinder vertical.\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|1983 MVX250F](/wiki/File:Motorcycles-Honda-MVX250F-1983_02.JPG \"Motorcycles-Honda-MVX250F-1983 02.JPG\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|MVX250F engine](/wiki/File:Motorcycles-Honda-MVX250F-Engine_01.JPG \"Motorcycles-Honda-MVX250F-Engine 01.JPG\")\n\nFile:Motorcycles\\-Honda\\-MVX250F\\-Conrod\\-Piston 01\\.JPG\nFile:Motorcycles\\-Honda\\-MVX250F\\-Conrod\\-Piston 02\\.JPG\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of motorcycles by type of engine](/wiki/List_of_motorcycles_by_type_of_engine \"List of motorcycles by type of engine\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[MVX250F](/wiki/Category:Honda_motorcycles \"Honda motorcycles\")\n[Category:Sport bikes](/wiki/Category:Sport_bikes \"Sport bikes\")\n[Category:Two\\-stroke motorcycles](/wiki/Category:Two-stroke_motorcycles \"Two-stroke motorcycles\")\n[Category:Motorcycles introduced in 1983](/wiki/Category:Motorcycles_introduced_in_1983 \"Motorcycles introduced in 1983\")\n[Category:V3 engines](/wiki/Category:V3_engines \"V3 engines\")\n\n"
]
} |
Alexander Panzhinskiy | {
"id": [
47039594
],
"name": [
"·Dreaming spires·"
]
} | oaq0n63f0871lpesuf0ul6somrzp9wu | 2023-12-29T12:03:32Z | 1,156,555,804 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Cross-country skiing results",
"Olympic Games",
"World Championships",
"World Cup",
"Season standings",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
4,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Alexander Eduardovich Panzhinskiy** (; born 16 March 1989\\) is a Russian [cross\\-country skier](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_%28sport%29 \"Cross-country skiing (sport)\") who has competed since 2007\\. His best World Cup finish was fifth in a sprint event in [Estonia](/wiki/Estonia \"Estonia\") in January 2010\\.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nIn the [2010 Olympics](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics \"2010 Winter Olympics\"), Panzhinskiy finished second in the [sprint](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint\"), behind fellow Russian [Nikita Kryukov](/wiki/Nikita_Kryukov \"Nikita Kryukov\").\n\nIn the 2011 World Championships in Holmenkollen, Panzhinskiy finished third in the team sprint event, together with his teammate Kryukov.\n\n",
"Cross\\-country skiing results\n-----------------------------\n\nAll results are sourced from the [International Ski Federation (FIS)](/wiki/International_Ski_Federation \"International Ski Federation\").\n\n### Olympic Games\n\n* 1 medal – (1 silver)\n\n| Year | Age | 15 km individual | 30 km skiathlon | 50 km mass start | Sprint | 4 × 10 km relay | Team sprint |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2010](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics\") | *20* | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_15_kilometre_freestyle \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre freestyle\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_30_kilometre_pursuit \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre pursuit\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometre_classical \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 50 kilometre classical\") | [**Silver**](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_10_kilometre_relay \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sprint \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's team sprint\") |\n| [2018](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics\") | *28* | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_15_kilometre_freestyle \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre freestyle\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_30_kilometre_skiathlon \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre skiathlon\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometre_classical \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 50 kilometre classical\") | [11](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_10_kilometre_relay \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sprint \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's team sprint\") |\n\n### World Championships\n\n* 1 medal – (1 bronze)\n\n| Year | Age | 15 km individual | 30 km skiathlon | 50 km mass start | Sprint | 4 × 10 km relay | Team sprint |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2011](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011 \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011\") | *21* | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_15_kilometre_classical \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's 15 kilometre classical\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_30_kilometre_pursuit \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's 30 kilometre pursuit\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometre_freestyle \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's 50 kilometre freestyle\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's sprint\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_10_kilometre_relay \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay\") | [**Bronze**](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's team sprint\")\n\n| [2013](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013 \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013\") | *23* | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_15_kilometre_freestyle \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's 15 kilometre freestyle\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_30_kilometre_pursuit \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's 30 kilometre pursuit\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometre_classical \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's 50 kilometre classical\") | [26](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's sprint\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_10_kilometre_relay \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's team sprint\") |\n| [2015](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015 \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015\") | *25* | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_15_kilometre_freestyle \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's 15 kilometre freestyle\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_30_kilometre_pursuit \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's 30 kilometre pursuit\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometre_classical \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's 50 kilometre classical\") | [34](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's sprint\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_10_kilometre_relay \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's team sprint\") |\n|\n\n### World Cup\n\n#### Season standings\n\n| Season | Age | Discipline standings | | | Ski Tour standings | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Overall | Distance | Sprint | NordicOpening | Tour deSki | World CupFinal | Ski TourCanada |\n| [2009](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2008–09 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *19* | 136 | — | 81 | | — | — | |\n| [2010](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2009–10 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *20* | 43 | — | 16 | | — | | |\n| [2011](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2010–11 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *21* | 95 | — | 51 | | — | — | |\n| [2012](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2011–12 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *22* | 67 | — | 26 | — | — | — | |\n| [2013](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2012–13 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *23* | 102 | — | 53 | — | — | — | |\n| [2014](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2013–14 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *24* | 89 | — | 41 | — | — | — | |\n| [2015](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2014–15 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *25* | 62 | — | 23 | — | — | | |\n| [2016](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2015–16 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *26* | 67 | — | 30 | — | — | | — |\n| [2017](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2016–17 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *27* | 63 | — | 23 | — | — | — | |\n| [2018](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2017–18 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *28* | 77 | — | 34 | — | — | — | |\n\n",
"### Olympic Games\n\n* 1 medal – (1 silver)\n\n| Year | Age | 15 km individual | 30 km skiathlon | 50 km mass start | Sprint | 4 × 10 km relay | Team sprint |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2010](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics\") | *20* | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_15_kilometre_freestyle \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre freestyle\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_30_kilometre_pursuit \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre pursuit\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometre_classical \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 50 kilometre classical\") | [**Silver**](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_10_kilometre_relay \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sprint \"Cross-country skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's team sprint\") |\n| [2018](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics\") | *28* | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_15_kilometre_freestyle \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre freestyle\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_30_kilometre_skiathlon \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre skiathlon\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometre_classical \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 50 kilometre classical\") | [11](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's sprint\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_10_kilometre_relay \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay\") | [—](/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sprint \"Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's team sprint\") |\n\n",
"### World Championships\n\n* 1 medal – (1 bronze)\n\n| Year | Age | 15 km individual | 30 km skiathlon | 50 km mass start | Sprint | 4 × 10 km relay | Team sprint |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [2011](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011 \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011\") | *21* | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_15_kilometre_classical \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's 15 kilometre classical\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_30_kilometre_pursuit \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's 30 kilometre pursuit\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometre_freestyle \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's 50 kilometre freestyle\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's sprint\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_10_kilometre_relay \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay\") | [**Bronze**](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2011_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 – Men's team sprint\")\n\n| [2013](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013 \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013\") | *23* | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_15_kilometre_freestyle \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's 15 kilometre freestyle\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_30_kilometre_pursuit \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's 30 kilometre pursuit\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometre_classical \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's 50 kilometre classical\") | [26](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's sprint\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_10_kilometre_relay \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2013_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013 – Men's team sprint\") |\n| [2015](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015 \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015\") | *25* | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_15_kilometre_freestyle \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's 15 kilometre freestyle\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_30_kilometre_pursuit \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's 30 kilometre pursuit\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometre_classical \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's 50 kilometre classical\") | [34](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's sprint\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_10_kilometre_relay \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay\") | [—](/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_2015_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sprint \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2015 – Men's team sprint\") |\n|\n",
"### World Cup\n\n#### Season standings\n\n| Season | Age | Discipline standings | | | Ski Tour standings | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Overall | Distance | Sprint | NordicOpening | Tour deSki | World CupFinal | Ski TourCanada |\n| [2009](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2008–09 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *19* | 136 | — | 81 | | — | — | |\n| [2010](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2009–10 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *20* | 43 | — | 16 | | — | | |\n| [2011](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2010–11 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *21* | 95 | — | 51 | | — | — | |\n| [2012](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2011–12 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *22* | 67 | — | 26 | — | — | — | |\n| [2013](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2012–13 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *23* | 102 | — | 53 | — | — | — | |\n| [2014](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2013–14 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *24* | 89 | — | 41 | — | — | — | |\n| [2015](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2014–15 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *25* | 62 | — | 23 | — | — | | |\n| [2016](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2015–16 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *26* | 67 | — | 30 | — | — | | — |\n| [2017](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2016–17 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *27* | 63 | — | 23 | — | — | — | |\n| [2018](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2017–18 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *28* | 77 | — | 34 | — | — | — | |\n\n",
"#### Season standings\n\n| Season | Age | Discipline standings | | | Ski Tour standings | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Overall | Distance | Sprint | NordicOpening | Tour deSki | World CupFinal | Ski TourCanada |\n| [2009](/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2008–09 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *19* | 136 | — | 81 | | — | — | |\n| [2010](/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2009–10 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *20* | 43 | — | 16 | | — | | |\n| [2011](/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2010–11 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *21* | 95 | — | 51 | | — | — | |\n| [2012](/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2011–12 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *22* | 67 | — | 26 | — | — | — | |\n| [2013](/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2012–13 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *23* | 102 | — | 53 | — | — | — | |\n| [2014](/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2013–14 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *24* | 89 | — | 41 | — | — | — | |\n| [2015](/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2014–15 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *25* | 62 | — | 23 | — | — | | |\n| [2016](/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2015–16 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *26* | 67 | — | 30 | — | — | | — |\n| [2017](/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2016–17 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *27* | 63 | — | 23 | — | — | — | |\n| [2018](/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_FIS_Cross-Country_World_Cup \"2017–18 FIS Cross-Country World Cup\") | *28* | 77 | — | 34 | — | — | — | |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1989 births](/wiki/Category:1989_births \"1989 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Khabarovsk](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Khabarovsk \"Sportspeople from Khabarovsk\")\n[Category:Cross\\-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Category:Cross-country_skiers_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics \"Cross-country skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics\")\n[Category:Cross\\-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Category:Cross-country_skiers_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics \"Cross-country skiers at the 2018 Winter Olympics\")\n[Category:Olympic cross\\-country skiers for Russia](/wiki/Category:Olympic_cross-country_skiers_for_Russia \"Olympic cross-country skiers for Russia\")\n[Category:Russian male cross\\-country skiers](/wiki/Category:Russian_male_cross-country_skiers \"Russian male cross-country skiers\")\n[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Russia](/wiki/Category:Olympic_silver_medalists_for_Russia \"Olympic silver medalists for Russia\")\n[Category:Olympic medalists in cross\\-country skiing](/wiki/Category:Olympic_medalists_in_cross-country_skiing \"Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing\")\n[Category:FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross\\-country skiing](/wiki/Category:FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_medalists_in_cross-country_skiing \"FIS Nordic World Ski Championships medalists in cross-country skiing\")\n[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics \"Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Bun LaPrairie | {
"id": [
144202
],
"name": [
"Kaiser matias"
]
} | 3cmdotbo99z0uc0vp0k6142zbfk8lcu | 2023-05-06T15:29:50Z | 1,051,933,395 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career statistics",
"Regular season and playoffs",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Benedict Ernest \"Bun\" LaPrairie** (October 20, 1911 – April 20, 1986\\) was an American [ice hockey](/wiki/Ice_hockey \"Ice hockey\") player who played seven games in the [National Hockey League](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") with the [Chicago Black Hawks](/wiki/Chicago_Black_Hawks \"Chicago Black Hawks\") during the [1936–37 season](/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_NHL_season \"1936–37 NHL season\"). He was born in [Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan](/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie%2C_Michigan \"Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan\").\n\n",
"Career statistics\n-----------------\n\n### Regular season and playoffs\n\n| | | | | [Regular season](/wiki/Regular_season \"Regular season\") | | | | | | [Playoffs](/wiki/Playoffs \"Playoffs\") | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\") | Team | League | GP | [G](/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Goal (ice hockey)\") | [A](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Assist (ice hockey)\") | [Pts](/wiki/Point_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Point (ice hockey)\") | [PIM](/wiki/Penalty_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Penalty (ice hockey)\") | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| 1934–35 | Chicago Baby Ruth | [USAHA](/wiki/United_States_Amateur_Hockey_Association \"United States Amateur Hockey Association\") | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | — | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |\n| [1935–36](/wiki/1935%E2%80%9336_AHA_season \"1935–36 AHA season\") | [Kansas City Greyhounds](/wiki/Kansas_City_Greyhounds \"Kansas City Greyhounds\") | [AHA](/wiki/American_Hockey_Association_%281926%E2%80%931942%29 \"American Hockey Association (1926–1942)\") | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [1936–37](/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_NHL_season \"1936–37 NHL season\") | [Chicago Black Hawks](/wiki/Chicago_Black_Hawks \"Chicago Black Hawks\") | [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [1936–37](/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_AHA_season \"1936–37 AHA season\") | [Minneapolis Millers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Millers_%28AHA%29 \"Minneapolis Millers (AHA)\") | AHA | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| AHA totals | | | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| NHL totals | | | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n\n",
"### Regular season and playoffs\n\n| | | | | [Regular season](/wiki/Regular_season \"Regular season\") | | | | | | [Playoffs](/wiki/Playoffs \"Playoffs\") | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Season](/wiki/Season_%28sports%29 \"Season (sports)\") | Team | League | GP | [G](/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Goal (ice hockey)\") | [A](/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Assist (ice hockey)\") | [Pts](/wiki/Point_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Point (ice hockey)\") | [PIM](/wiki/Penalty_%28ice_hockey%29 \"Penalty (ice hockey)\") | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |\n| 1934–35 | Chicago Baby Ruth | [USAHA](/wiki/United_States_Amateur_Hockey_Association \"United States Amateur Hockey Association\") | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | — | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |\n| [1935–36](/wiki/1935%E2%80%9336_AHA_season \"1935–36 AHA season\") | [Kansas City Greyhounds](/wiki/Kansas_City_Greyhounds \"Kansas City Greyhounds\") | [AHA](/wiki/American_Hockey_Association_%281926%E2%80%931942%29 \"American Hockey Association (1926–1942)\") | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [1936–37](/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_NHL_season \"1936–37 NHL season\") | [Chicago Black Hawks](/wiki/Chicago_Black_Hawks \"Chicago Black Hawks\") | [NHL](/wiki/National_Hockey_League \"National Hockey League\") | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| [1936–37](/wiki/1936%E2%80%9337_AHA_season \"1936–37 AHA season\") | [Minneapolis Millers](/wiki/Minneapolis_Millers_%28AHA%29 \"Minneapolis Millers (AHA)\") | AHA | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| AHA totals | | | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — |\n| NHL totals | | | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1911 births](/wiki/Category:1911_births \"1911 births\")\n[Category:1986 deaths](/wiki/Category:1986_deaths \"1986 deaths\")\n[Category:American men's ice hockey right wingers](/wiki/Category:American_men%27s_ice_hockey_right_wingers \"American men's ice hockey right wingers\")\n[Category:Chicago Blackhawks players](/wiki/Category:Chicago_Blackhawks_players \"Chicago Blackhawks players\")\n[Category:Ice hockey players from Michigan](/wiki/Category:Ice_hockey_players_from_Michigan \"Ice hockey players from Michigan\")\n[Category:Kansas City Greyhounds players](/wiki/Category:Kansas_City_Greyhounds_players \"Kansas City Greyhounds players\")\n[Category:Minneapolis Millers (AHA) players](/wiki/Category:Minneapolis_Millers_%28AHA%29_players \"Minneapolis Millers (AHA) players\")\n[Category:People from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan](/wiki/Category:People_from_Sault_Ste._Marie%2C_Michigan \"People from Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan\")\n\n"
]
} |
Tanugamanono | {
"id": [
1027977
],
"name": [
"IdiotSavant"
]
} | tvzjs78xmhym1x1uvcsazdxb69n4lm6 | 2021-08-02T04:30:28Z | 972,652,729 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Tanugamanono",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Tanugamanono** is a village on the island of [Upolu](/wiki/Upolu \"Upolu\") in [Samoa](/wiki/Samoa \"Samoa\"). It is situated on the north central side of the island near the country's capital [Apia](/wiki/Apia \"Apia\"). The village is in the political district of [Tuamasaga](/wiki/Tuamasaga \"Tuamasaga\").\n\nThe population is 805\\.\n\nThe largest electricity generating plant in Samoa is located in Tanugamanono, the 19\\.2 MW diesel plant which uses 5 generators.[PPA Workshop on Renewable Energy](http://www.globalelectricity.org/projects/fiji/Attendees_fichiers/Presentation%20Samoa%20Electric%20Power%20Corporation.pdf) The plant was heavily damaged in December 2012 by [Cyclone Evan](/wiki/Cyclone_Evan \"Cyclone Evan\").[Cyclone Evan rips through Samoa as Apia homes flattened](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20722395), BBC, 14 December 2012\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Tuamasaga](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Tuamasaga \"Populated places in Tuamasaga\")\n\n"
]
} |
Hellenic State | {
"id": [
38758555
],
"name": [
"Johnn Francis"
]
} | 1tkpsczd71axgowxbpkeastij6udv6o | 2022-05-06T18:52:53Z | 1,022,353,711 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Hellenic State"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"**Hellenic State** (), also translated as **Greek State**, was used as the official name of the [modern Greek state](/wiki/Modern_Greece \"Modern Greece\") three times in its history:\n\n* [First Hellenic Republic](/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic \"First Hellenic Republic\") during the period of governance by [Ioannis Kapodistrias](/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias \"Ioannis Kapodistrias\") in 1828–1832, when Greece was first constituted as a regular state after the [Greek War of Independence](/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence \"Greek War of Independence\").\n* the first few months of the [Second Hellenic Republic](/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic \"Second Hellenic Republic\"), after which the name was changed to *Hellenic Republic* on 24 May 1924\\.\n* [Hellenic State (1941–1944\\)](/wiki/Hellenic_State_%281941%E2%80%931944%29 \"Hellenic State (1941–1944)\"), during the period of [Axis occupation](/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece_during_World_War_II \"Axis occupation of Greece during World War II\") (1941–1944\\) of the country during [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), when the collaborationist regime renamed the country in opposition to the internationally recognized [Kingdom of Greece](/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece \"Kingdom of Greece\"), which remained [in exile](/wiki/Greek_government_in_exile \"Greek government in exile\") in Egypt.\n\n[Category:Political history of Greece](/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Greece \"Political history of Greece\")\n"
]
} |
Céu Azul | {
"id": [
8713122
],
"name": [
"Cyfraw"
]
} | k9wlgy3d7gb5cw408ixh9fkyvvuqxgf | 2022-03-30T14:16:48Z | 1,080,137,202 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Céu Azul** is a [municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil \"Municipalities of Brazil\") in the [state](/wiki/States_of_Brazil \"States of Brazil\") of [Paraná](/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_%28state%29 \"Paraná (state)\") in the [Southern Region](/wiki/Southern_Region%2C_Brazil \"Southern Region, Brazil\") of [Brazil](/wiki/Brazil \"Brazil\").\n\nCéu Azul covers , has a population of 11,819, and population density of 9\\.35 resident per square kilometer. of the city is preserved as [Atlantic Forest](/wiki/Atlantic_Forest \"Atlantic Forest\") and is part of [Iguaçu National Park](/wiki/Igua%C3%A7u_National_Park \"Iguaçu National Park\").\n\nThe western region of Paraná was the target of logging companies in the 1950s. The company Pinho e Terras Ltda. installed a colony in the area in 1952 and brought workers, mainly from the state of [Rio Grande do Sul](/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul \"Rio Grande do Sul\"). The first residents were primarily of German and Italian origin.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of municipalities in Paraná](/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Paran%C3%A1 \"List of municipalities in Paraná\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Municipalities in Paraná](/wiki/Category:Municipalities_in_Paran%C3%A1 \"Municipalities in Paraná\")\n\n"
]
} |
Grafham | {
"id": [
11049176
],
"name": [
"Uanfala"
]
} | lnbz28jj8l7i4wg7pygyggm6r7ldrnm | 2018-05-22T23:23:25Z | 835,386,876 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Grafham",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Grafham** may refer to the following places in England:\n\n* [Grafham, Cambridgeshire](/wiki/Grafham%2C_Cambridgeshire \"Grafham, Cambridgeshire\"), a village in the county of Cambridgeshire\n* [Grafham, Surrey](/wiki/Grafham%2C_Surrey \"Grafham, Surrey\"), a village in the county of Surrey\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Grafham Water](/wiki/Grafham_Water \"Grafham Water\"), a reservoir in the county of Cambridgeshire\n* [Graffham](/wiki/Graffham \"Graffham\"), a village in West Sussex\n* [Operation Graffham](/wiki/Operation_Graffham \"Operation Graffham\"), an Allied operation during World War II\n\n"
]
} |
Cyprinus qionghaiensis | {
"id": [
19691760
],
"name": [
"Loopy30"
]
} | lt3x61zg5o54tdumwy1r6zdkzbr69nz | 2022-05-20T14:50:14Z | 1,056,170,732 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Cyprinus qionghaiensis*** is a [critically endangered](/wiki/Critically_endangered \"Critically endangered\") species of fish in the genus *[Cyprinus](/wiki/Cyprinus \"Cyprinus\")* from [Qiong Lake](/wiki/Qiong_Lake \"Qiong Lake\") in [Yunnan](/wiki/Yunnan \"Yunnan\"), China.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[qionghaiensis](/wiki/Category:Cyprinus \"Cyprinus\")\n[Category:Fish described in 1981](/wiki/Category:Fish_described_in_1981 \"Fish described in 1981\")\n[Category:Cyprinid fish of Asia](/wiki/Category:Cyprinid_fish_of_Asia \"Cyprinid fish of Asia\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
1920 Panamanian presidential election | {
"id": [
37512282
],
"name": [
"Less Unless"
]
} | sfyzpj8agpw7z1ivmkc6h1sujud9ifp | 2024-01-25T17:31:16Z | 1,149,777,145 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Results",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nPresidential elections were held in [Panama](/wiki/Panama \"Panama\") on 2 August 1920\\.\n\nOn 30 January 1920 President [Belisario Porras Barahona](/wiki/Belisario_Porras_Barahona \"Belisario Porras Barahona\") resigned to stand for election in August. \"Convinced that the ballot would be rigged, supporters of his opponent, [Ciro Luis Urriola](/wiki/Ciro_Luis_Urriola \"Ciro Luis Urriola\"), repeatedly petitioned for U.S. supervision, only to be told the answer was no. Faced with this political death sentence, [Ciro Urriola](/wiki/Ciro_Luis_Urriola \"Ciro Luis Urriola\") pulled out\".Major, John. Prize possession: the United States and the Panama Canal, 1903\\-1979\\. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993\\. Pp. 141\\.\n\n[Belisario Porras Barahona](/wiki/Belisario_Porras_Barahona \"Belisario Porras Barahona\") was elected \"almost unanimously in one of the quietest elections in the history of the republic\".McCain, William D. The United States and the Republic of Panama. New York: Russell \\& Russell. Reprint of 1937 edition. 1965\\. Pp. 75\\.\n\n",
"Results\n-------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Panama](/wiki/Category:1920_elections_in_Central_America \"1920 elections in Central America\")\n[Presidential](/wiki/Category:1920_in_Panama \"1920 in Panama\")\n[Category:Presidential elections in Panama](/wiki/Category:Presidential_elections_in_Panama \"Presidential elections in Panama\")\n[Category:Election and referendum articles with incomplete results](/wiki/Category:Election_and_referendum_articles_with_incomplete_results \"Election and referendum articles with incomplete results\")\n\n"
]
} |
SS Empire Buckler | {
"id": [
26830857
],
"name": [
"Lyndaship"
]
} | ku5ukc12aoxqivus752szm9826bmaiw | 2024-03-20T16:15:25Z | 1,214,338,421 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"Career",
"Wartime",
"Postwar",
"Official Numbers and Code Letters",
"Culture and media",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - * + - * + - * + - ***Empire Buckler*** was a [cargo ship](/wiki/Cargo_ship \"Cargo ship\") which was built in 1941 by [Lithgows Ltd](/wiki/Lithgows \"Lithgows\") for the [Ministry of War Transport](/wiki/Ministry_of_War_Transport \"Ministry of War Transport\") (MoWT). Postwar she was sold into merchant service, being renamed ***Ovingdean Grange***, ***Sabrina***, and ***Noemi***, serving until she ran aground in 1965 and was declared a constructive total loss.\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\n*Empire Buckler* was built by Lithgows Ltd, [Port Glasgow](/wiki/Port_Glasgow \"Port Glasgow\"). She was yard number 979\\. Launched on 30 June 1942, she was completed in September 1942\\.\n\nThe ship was long, with a beam of and a depth of . She was propelled by a [triple expansion steam engine](/wiki/Triple_expansion_steam_engine \"Triple expansion steam engine\") which had cylinders of , , and bore by stroke. The engine was built by D Rowan \\& Co Ltd, [Glasgow](/wiki/Glasgow \"Glasgow\"). The ship had a speed of . She had a GRT of 7,046 with a NRT of 4,906\\. Her DWT was 9,959\\.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\n### Wartime\n\n*Empire Buckler's* port of registry was [Greenock](/wiki/Greenock \"Greenock\"). She was operated under the management of [Houlder Brothers Ltd](/wiki/Houlder_Line \"Houlder Line\"). She was a member of a number of convoys during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\").\n\nKMS 2\nConvoy KMS 2 departed from [Loch Ewe](/wiki/Loch_Ewe \"Loch Ewe\") on 25 October 1942, with sections sailing from [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\") and the [Clyde](/wiki/River_Clyde \"River Clyde\") on 26 October. It arrived at [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\") on 10 November, [Oran](/wiki/Oran \"Oran\"), [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\"), on 11 November, and [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\") on 12 November. *Empire Buckler* was carrying a cargo of 600 tons of [petrol](/wiki/Petrol \"Petrol\"), 843 tons of stores, and nine troops. On 27 October, *Empire Buckler* hauled out from the convoy as her cargo had shifted. She later rejoined the convoy.\nMKS 3X\nConvoy MKS 3X departed [Bône](/wiki/Annaba \"Annaba\"), Algeria, on 3 December 1942, and arrived at Liverpool on 19 December. *Empire Buckler* joined the convoy at Gibraltar. On 14 December, *Empire Buckler* lost her propeller and was adrift for several days. She arrived at [Swansea](/wiki/Swansea \"Swansea\") under tow on 20 December.\nMKS 9\nConvoy MKS 9 departed Bône on 4 March 1943, and Algiers on 6 March. It arrived at Liverpool on 18 March. *Empire Buckler* was likely a member of this convoy.\nOn 24 February 1944, *Empire Buckler* was sighted at by , but the submarine was being pursued at the time and was unable to attack. *U\\-66* reported the sighting to .\n\n### Postwar\n\nIn 1946, *Empire Buckler* was sold to Houlder Bros and renamed *Ovingdean Grange*. She served Houlder's until 1959 when she was sold to Devon Shipping Co, [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia \"Liberia\"), and renamed *Sabrina*. She was operated under the management of Empresa Navigacion Proamar SRL, [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\"). In 1961, she was sold to Compagnia Navigazione Marcasa SA and renamed *Noemi*. She was reflagged to [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\") and operated under the management of J Livanos \\& Sons Ltd, [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). On 17 December 1965, *Noemi* ran aground at [Masirah](/wiki/Masirah \"Masirah\"), [Oman](/wiki/Oman \"Oman\"), and was declared a constructive total loss. The wreckage of the ship was then partially salvaged.\n\n",
"### Wartime\n\n*Empire Buckler's* port of registry was [Greenock](/wiki/Greenock \"Greenock\"). She was operated under the management of [Houlder Brothers Ltd](/wiki/Houlder_Line \"Houlder Line\"). She was a member of a number of convoys during the [Second World War](/wiki/Second_World_War \"Second World War\").\n\nKMS 2\nConvoy KMS 2 departed from [Loch Ewe](/wiki/Loch_Ewe \"Loch Ewe\") on 25 October 1942, with sections sailing from [Liverpool](/wiki/Liverpool \"Liverpool\") and the [Clyde](/wiki/River_Clyde \"River Clyde\") on 26 October. It arrived at [Gibraltar](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\") on 10 November, [Oran](/wiki/Oran \"Oran\"), [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\"), on 11 November, and [Algiers](/wiki/Algiers \"Algiers\") on 12 November. *Empire Buckler* was carrying a cargo of 600 tons of [petrol](/wiki/Petrol \"Petrol\"), 843 tons of stores, and nine troops. On 27 October, *Empire Buckler* hauled out from the convoy as her cargo had shifted. She later rejoined the convoy.\nMKS 3X\nConvoy MKS 3X departed [Bône](/wiki/Annaba \"Annaba\"), Algeria, on 3 December 1942, and arrived at Liverpool on 19 December. *Empire Buckler* joined the convoy at Gibraltar. On 14 December, *Empire Buckler* lost her propeller and was adrift for several days. She arrived at [Swansea](/wiki/Swansea \"Swansea\") under tow on 20 December.\nMKS 9\nConvoy MKS 9 departed Bône on 4 March 1943, and Algiers on 6 March. It arrived at Liverpool on 18 March. *Empire Buckler* was likely a member of this convoy.\nOn 24 February 1944, *Empire Buckler* was sighted at by , but the submarine was being pursued at the time and was unable to attack. *U\\-66* reported the sighting to .\n\n",
"### Postwar\n\nIn 1946, *Empire Buckler* was sold to Houlder Bros and renamed *Ovingdean Grange*. She served Houlder's until 1959 when she was sold to Devon Shipping Co, [Liberia](/wiki/Liberia \"Liberia\"), and renamed *Sabrina*. She was operated under the management of Empresa Navigacion Proamar SRL, [Argentina](/wiki/Argentina \"Argentina\"). In 1961, she was sold to Compagnia Navigazione Marcasa SA and renamed *Noemi*. She was reflagged to [Lebanon](/wiki/Lebanon \"Lebanon\") and operated under the management of J Livanos \\& Sons Ltd, [London](/wiki/London \"London\"). On 17 December 1965, *Noemi* ran aground at [Masirah](/wiki/Masirah \"Masirah\"), [Oman](/wiki/Oman \"Oman\"), and was declared a constructive total loss. The wreckage of the ship was then partially salvaged.\n\n",
"Official Numbers and Code Letters\n---------------------------------\n\nOfficial Numbers were a forerunner to [IMO Numbers](/wiki/IMO_ship_identification_number \"IMO ship identification number\"). *Empire Buckler*, and *Ovingdean Grange* had the UK [Official Number](/wiki/Official_Number \"Official Number\") 168987\\. *Sabrina* had the Liberian [Official Number](/wiki/Official_Number \"Official Number\") 1354 *Empire Buckler* and *Ovingdean Grange* used the [Code Letters](/wiki/Code_Letters \"Code Letters\") BCVV.\n\n",
"Culture and media\n-----------------\n\n*Empire Buckler* under tow after the loss of her propeller is the subject of a painting by [Montague Dawson](/wiki/Montague_Dawson \"Montague Dawson\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Photo of *Ovingdean Grange*](http://www.trowbridge.org.uk/Ovingdean%20Grange.jpg)\n\n[Category:1942 ships](/wiki/Category:1942_ships \"1942 ships\")\n[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde](/wiki/Category:Ships_built_on_the_River_Clyde \"Ships built on the River Clyde\")\n[Category:Empire ships](/wiki/Category:Empire_ships \"Empire ships\")\n[Category:Ministry of War Transport ships](/wiki/Category:Ministry_of_War_Transport_ships \"Ministry of War Transport ships\")\n[Category:Steamships of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Steamships_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Steamships of the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Merchant_ships_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Merchant ships of the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:Steamships of Liberia](/wiki/Category:Steamships_of_Liberia \"Steamships of Liberia\")\n[Category:Merchant ships of Liberia](/wiki/Category:Merchant_ships_of_Liberia \"Merchant ships of Liberia\")\n[Category:Steamships of Lebanon](/wiki/Category:Steamships_of_Lebanon \"Steamships of Lebanon\")\n[Category:Merchant ships of Lebanon](/wiki/Category:Merchant_ships_of_Lebanon \"Merchant ships of Lebanon\")\n[Category:Maritime incidents in 1965](/wiki/Category:Maritime_incidents_in_1965 \"Maritime incidents in 1965\")\n\n"
]
} |
Xu Xiaoming | {
"id": [
35212674
],
"name": [
"TracyFleuryFan"
]
} | kf3l5j1ncm03docvsaknln4b29pc3fj | 2024-10-16T03:06:05Z | 1,250,084,087 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Personal life",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Xu Xiaoming** (; born September 14, 1984, in [Harbin](/wiki/Harbin \"Harbin\"), [Heilongjiang](/wiki/Heilongjiang \"Heilongjiang\")) is a Chinese [curler](/wiki/Curling \"Curling\") from [Beijing](/wiki/Beijing \"Beijing\").\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nHis team won bronze in the [Curling at the 2007 Asian Winter Games](/wiki/Curling_at_the_2007_Asian_Winter_Games \"Curling at the 2007 Asian Winter Games\") and he competed for [China at the 2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/China_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics \"China at the 2010 Winter Olympics\"). In [Vancouver](/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics \"2010 Winter Olympics\") he threw Second stones for the Chinese team. He represented China at the [2014 Winter Olympics](/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics \"2014 Winter Olympics\") as the third for the Chinese team.\n\nCurrently, as the head coach of the Chinese Men's Youth Curling Team, he coached the team to win the country's first ever men's World Junior Curling Championship in [2023](/wiki/2023_World_Junior_Curling_Championships \"2023 World Junior Curling Championships\").\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nXu is married to [Kim Ji\\-sun](/wiki/Kim_Ji-sun \"Kim Ji-sun\") who skipped the South Korean Women's National Team at the [2014 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Curling_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament \"Curling at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament\"). They have one child.2017 Ford Worlds Media Guide: Team China\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1984 births](/wiki/Category:1984_births \"1984 births\")\n[Category:Chinese male curlers](/wiki/Category:Chinese_male_curlers \"Chinese male curlers\")\n[Category:Curlers at the 2010 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Category:Curlers_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics \"Curlers at the 2010 Winter Olympics\")\n[Category:Curlers at the 2014 Winter Olympics](/wiki/Category:Curlers_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics \"Curlers at the 2014 Winter Olympics\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Olympic curlers for China](/wiki/Category:Olympic_curlers_for_China \"Olympic curlers for China\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Harbin](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Harbin \"Sportspeople from Harbin\")\n[Category:Asian Games medalists in curling](/wiki/Category:Asian_Games_medalists_in_curling \"Asian Games medalists in curling\")\n[Category:Curlers at the 2003 Asian Winter Games](/wiki/Category:Curlers_at_the_2003_Asian_Winter_Games \"Curlers at the 2003 Asian Winter Games\")\n[Category:Curlers at the 2007 Asian Winter Games](/wiki/Category:Curlers_at_the_2007_Asian_Winter_Games \"Curlers at the 2007 Asian Winter Games\")\n[Category:Curlers at the 2017 Asian Winter Games](/wiki/Category:Curlers_at_the_2017_Asian_Winter_Games \"Curlers at the 2017 Asian Winter Games\")\n[Category:Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games](/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_2003_Asian_Winter_Games \"Medalists at the 2003 Asian Winter Games\")\n[Category:Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games](/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_2007_Asian_Winter_Games \"Medalists at the 2007 Asian Winter Games\")\n[Category:Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games](/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_2017_Asian_Winter_Games \"Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games\")\n[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for China](/wiki/Category:Asian_Games_gold_medalists_for_China \"Asian Games gold medalists for China\")\n[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for China](/wiki/Category:Asian_Games_bronze_medalists_for_China \"Asian Games bronze medalists for China\")\n[Category:Winter World University Games medalists in curling](/wiki/Category:Winter_World_University_Games_medalists_in_curling \"Winter World University Games medalists in curling\")\n[Category:Pacific\\-Asian curling champions](/wiki/Category:Pacific-Asian_curling_champions \"Pacific-Asian curling champions\")\n[Category:FISU World University Games bronze medalists for China](/wiki/Category:FISU_World_University_Games_bronze_medalists_for_China \"FISU World University Games bronze medalists for China\")\n[Category:Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade](/wiki/Category:Competitors_at_the_2009_Winter_Universiade \"Competitors at the 2009 Winter Universiade\")\n\n"
]
} |
Janus (American band) | {
"id": [
43252809
],
"name": [
"Wiiformii"
]
} | eaetvurkli2fj0vxh8dm5m8mabb7zvo | 2024-04-07T22:39:59Z | 1,171,089,116 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Discography",
"Studio albums",
"Singles",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + - \n\n**Janus** was an American [alternative metal](/wiki/Alternative_metal \"Alternative metal\") band based in Chicago. They formed in 1992 in North East, Maryland and have released five studio albums, “Orifice” (1994\\),*Influx* (1998\\), *Armor* (2004\\), *Red Right Return* (2008\\), and *Nox Aeris* (2012\\). They mix alternative metal with non\\-traditional rock instruments, such as auxiliary percussion, and electronic sounds. The band gained popularity on rock radio stations across the US due to their single \"[Eyesore](/wiki/Eyesore_%28song%29 \"Eyesore (song)\"),\" and has toured with bands such as [All That Remains](/wiki/All_That_Remains_%28band%29 \"All That Remains (band)\"), [Breaking Benjamin](/wiki/Breaking_Benjamin \"Breaking Benjamin\"), [Chevelle](/wiki/Chevelle_%28band%29 \"Chevelle (band)\"), [Sevendust](/wiki/Sevendust \"Sevendust\"), and [Sick Puppies](/wiki/Sick_Puppies \"Sick Puppies\"). The band is known for wearing custom made red and black 1920s Russian\\-inspired militaristic uniforms both on stage, and in their [music video](/wiki/Music_video \"Music video\") for \"Eyesore.\"\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nJanus formed in 1998 and that same year released *Influx*, a 12 track CD issued through Mirror Records with a sound similar to [The Smashing Pumpkins](/wiki/The_Smashing_Pumpkins \"The Smashing Pumpkins\"), [Tool](/wiki/Tool_%28band%29 \"Tool (band)\"), and [Soundgarden](/wiki/Soundgarden \"Soundgarden\"). In 2004 Janus released their second album, titled *Armor* containing 9 tracks of a more modern [alternative metal](/wiki/Alternative_metal \"Alternative metal\") sound. In 2006 Janus released a 5 track demo that contained songs they would later re\\-record and feature on their 2008 release *Red Right Return*. 5 songs were recorded for this demo: \"If I Were You\", \"Your Arms\", \"The Nerve\", \"Skin Deep\", and \"100 Years\". In 2007, director Noah Shulman shot a music video for their demo version of \"If I Were You\" in an ink factory in Chicago, Illinois in support of their third upcoming album, *Red Right Return*, which was released in 2008 through Level It Records/Glass Bottom Boat Music.\n\nJohnny Salazar, previously of the bands \"Shades of Fiction\" and \"Relative Ash\", joined as the new drummer in 2007\\. Replacing long time original drummer Richie Betts (Influx/Armor/Red Right Return). Signed to a new label (REALID/ILG Records), Janus re\\-released *Red Right Return* in 2009, and shot another music video with Noah Shulman for their single \"Eyesore.\"\n\nThe band's fourth album, *[Nox Aeris](/wiki/Nox_Aeris \"Nox Aeris\")*, was released on March 27, 2012\\. The first single is \"Stains.\"\n\nAccording to a Tweet by band member Mike Tyranski in October 2016, the band is no longer together. Frontman David Scotney has since moved out of the Chicago area to start a new pizza restaurant called Oakfire in Lake Geneva, WI[\"Ten Minutes with David Scotney\"](http://lakeshoreliving.com/2017/06/27/ten-minutes-david-scotney/), \"LakeShore Living\", June 27, 2017 David Scotney, re\\-launched the band and announced via a youtube video on April 22, 2019\\.\n\nOn May 3, 2019, the band released their first single since 2012, a cover of the song [Drive, by The Cars](/wiki/Drive_%28The_Cars_song%29 \"Drive (The Cars song)\"), and all of the proceeds go to charity for bipolar disorder research.\n\n",
"Discography\n-----------\n\n### Studio albums\n\n|Year\n\nAlbum details\n\nPeak chart positions\n\n[Certification](/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification \"Music recording sales certification\") \n([sales thresholds](/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications \"List of music recording certifications\"))\n\n[US Heat](/wiki/Top_Heatseekers \"Top Heatseekers\")\n\nUS Rock\n| 1995 |*Orifice*\nReleased: 1995\nLabel: Mirror Records\nFormat: [CD](/wiki/Compact_Disc \"Compact Disc\")\n\n — |\n — |\n |\n| 1998 |*Influx*\nReleased: 1998\nLabel: Mirror Records\nFormat: [CD](/wiki/Compact_Disc \"Compact Disc\")\n\n — |\n — |\n |\n| 2004 |*Armor*\nReleased: 2004\nLabel: Inasense Studios\nFormat: CD\n\n — |\n — |\n\n| 2008 |*Red Right Return*\nReleased: November 18, 2008\nRe\\-release: September 22, 2009\nLabel: Level It Records, Glass Bottom Boat Music, REALID\nFormat: CD, [DI](/wiki/Music_download \"Music download\")\n\n — |\n — |\n\n| 2012 |*[Nox Aeris](/wiki/Nox_Aeris \"Nox Aeris\")*\nReleased: March 27, 2012\nLabel: REALID\nFormat: CD, DI\n\n 24 |\n 33 |\n\n|\"—\" denotes a release that did not chart.\n\n### Singles\n\n| Year | Song | [USMain](/wiki/Hot_Mainstream_Rock_Tracks \"Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks\") | [USRock](/wiki/Rock_Songs \"Rock Songs\") | Album |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2009 | \"[Eyesore](/wiki/Eyesore_%28song%29 \"Eyesore (song)\")\" |17\n\n31\n\n *Red Right Return*\n\n| 2010 | \"If I Were You\" |—\n\n—\n\n|2012\n\n \"Stains\" |\n26\n\n—\n\n*Nox Aeris*\n\n| \"Promise to No One\" |—\n\n—\n\n| 2019 | \"[Drive](/wiki/Drive_%28The_Cars_song%29 \"Drive (The Cars song)\")\" | | | |\n| 2020 | \"\" |\n\n |\n\n",
"### Studio albums\n\n|Year\n\nAlbum details\n\nPeak chart positions\n\n[Certification](/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification \"Music recording sales certification\") \n([sales thresholds](/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications \"List of music recording certifications\"))\n\n[US Heat](/wiki/Top_Heatseekers \"Top Heatseekers\")\n\nUS Rock\n| 1995 |*Orifice*\nReleased: 1995\nLabel: Mirror Records\nFormat: [CD](/wiki/Compact_Disc \"Compact Disc\")\n\n — |\n — |\n |\n| 1998 |*Influx*\nReleased: 1998\nLabel: Mirror Records\nFormat: [CD](/wiki/Compact_Disc \"Compact Disc\")\n\n — |\n — |\n |\n| 2004 |*Armor*\nReleased: 2004\nLabel: Inasense Studios\nFormat: CD\n\n — |\n — |\n\n| 2008 |*Red Right Return*\nReleased: November 18, 2008\nRe\\-release: September 22, 2009\nLabel: Level It Records, Glass Bottom Boat Music, REALID\nFormat: CD, [DI](/wiki/Music_download \"Music download\")\n\n — |\n — |\n\n| 2012 |*[Nox Aeris](/wiki/Nox_Aeris \"Nox Aeris\")*\nReleased: March 27, 2012\nLabel: REALID\nFormat: CD, DI\n\n 24 |\n 33 |\n\n|\"—\" denotes a release that did not chart.\n\n",
"### Singles\n\n| Year | Song | [USMain](/wiki/Hot_Mainstream_Rock_Tracks \"Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks\") | [USRock](/wiki/Rock_Songs \"Rock Songs\") | Album |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 2009 | \"[Eyesore](/wiki/Eyesore_%28song%29 \"Eyesore (song)\")\" |17\n\n31\n\n *Red Right Return*\n\n| 2010 | \"If I Were You\" |—\n\n—\n\n|2012\n\n \"Stains\" |\n26\n\n—\n\n*Nox Aeris*\n\n| \"Promise to No One\" |—\n\n—\n\n| 2019 | \"[Drive](/wiki/Drive_%28The_Cars_song%29 \"Drive (The Cars song)\")\" | | | |\n| 2020 | \"\" |\n\n |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official Janus Website](https://web.archive.org/web/20100203053854/http://www.janusmusic.com/)\n* [Official Janus Facebook page](https://www.facebook.com/janusband/)\n\n[Category:American alternative metal musical groups](/wiki/Category:American_alternative_metal_musical_groups \"American alternative metal musical groups\")\n[Category:American post\\-grunge musical groups](/wiki/Category:American_post-grunge_musical_groups \"American post-grunge musical groups\")\n[Category:Hard rock musical groups from Illinois](/wiki/Category:Hard_rock_musical_groups_from_Illinois \"Hard rock musical groups from Illinois\")\n[Category:Heavy metal musical groups from Illinois](/wiki/Category:Heavy_metal_musical_groups_from_Illinois \"Heavy metal musical groups from Illinois\")\n[Category:Musical groups established in 1998](/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_established_in_1998 \"Musical groups established in 1998\")\n[Category:Musical groups from Chicago](/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_from_Chicago \"Musical groups from Chicago\")\n[Category:American nu metal musical groups](/wiki/Category:American_nu_metal_musical_groups \"American nu metal musical groups\")\n\n"
]
} |
Michael Taylor (designer) | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | 31xe1ntvzy4zxob6kyuku2pt6nvv1na | 2024-09-23T03:26:11Z | 1,107,936,896 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Childhood",
"Formative years",
"Career",
"Michael Taylor Interiors",
"Michael Taylor Designs Inc.",
"Design Philosophy",
"Legacy",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Michael Taylor** (born **Earnest Charles Taylor**, January 30, 1927 – June 3, 1986\\) was an American designer best known for creating the \"California Look\" of interior design. One of [Architectural Digest](/wiki/Architectural_Digest \"Architectural Digest\")'s \"20 Greatest Designers of All Time” and \"Interior Design Legends\". Taylor was noted for his rooms of airiness and light with a prominent use of natural forms and the color white.Clarke, Gerald (January, 2010\\). \"The World's 20 Greatest Designers of All Time\". *Architectural Digest: The International Magazine of Design*, p. 99\\.Trocme, Suzanne (January, 2000\\). \"Michael Taylor. His Brilliant Use of Scale and Light Announced the California Look.\" *Architectural Digest: The International Magazine of Design*, p. 228\\. In 1956, he founded his design company, Michael Taylor Interiors, Inc. Under Michael Taylor Designs, he manufactured his own designs and in 1985 partnered with Paul Weaver to develop and market interior and exterior furnishings to the wholesale design trade. Taylor worked continuously until his death in 1986\\.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\n### Childhood\n\nBorn in Modesto, California in 1927, Michael Taylor moved with his family to the northern California town of Santa Rosa in 1933\\. There, his childhood was greatly influenced by his maternal grandmother who imparted on him an affinity for natural forms by taking him on daily hikes. It was here that the seeds of Taylor’s design philosophy were first planted, with his interest in the arts shining through even at a young age. Where other young boys collected baseball cards, the young Taylor collected bits of porcelain. However, despite an obvious penchant for aesthetics, his parents wished him to become a doctor. A dream they held onto for years and that he nearly lived out.Salny, Stephen M. (2008\\). *Michael Taylor: Interior Design.* New York: W.W. Norton \\& Co. \n\n### Formative years\n\nIn 1944, Taylor dropped out of High School, where he played football and was active in theater, to join the U.S. Navy. He served as a Navy paramedic until he was discharged in 1946\\.Green, Lois Wagner (17 July 1983\\). \"California's Golden Boy of Design\". *California Living*. Ed. The San Francisco Examiner. p. 10\\-12, 15\\. That experience, however, soured Taylor on the idea of becoming a doctor. Instead, he moved to San Francisco where, in 1947, he enrolled at the [Rudolf Schaeffer School of Design](/wiki/Rudolph_Schaeffer_School_of_Design \"Rudolph Schaeffer School of Design\"). It was there that Taylor learned what he called \"the secrets of color.\" Over time, he became very close to Mr. Schaeffer, who referred to him as “his dear Michael,” and who set him up as a partner in a fledgling design company with Frances Mihailoff, a prominent designer in San Francisco at the time. A mere four years after entering the Rudolf Schaeffer School of Design, Michael Taylor was already a partner in an interior design business at the age of 25\\. Their partnership was so fruitful that they both decided they could make it on their own. In 1956, Michael Taylor began his own interior design company.\n\n",
"### Childhood\n\nBorn in Modesto, California in 1927, Michael Taylor moved with his family to the northern California town of Santa Rosa in 1933\\. There, his childhood was greatly influenced by his maternal grandmother who imparted on him an affinity for natural forms by taking him on daily hikes. It was here that the seeds of Taylor’s design philosophy were first planted, with his interest in the arts shining through even at a young age. Where other young boys collected baseball cards, the young Taylor collected bits of porcelain. However, despite an obvious penchant for aesthetics, his parents wished him to become a doctor. A dream they held onto for years and that he nearly lived out.Salny, Stephen M. (2008\\). *Michael Taylor: Interior Design.* New York: W.W. Norton \\& Co. \n\n",
"### Formative years\n\nIn 1944, Taylor dropped out of High School, where he played football and was active in theater, to join the U.S. Navy. He served as a Navy paramedic until he was discharged in 1946\\.Green, Lois Wagner (17 July 1983\\). \"California's Golden Boy of Design\". *California Living*. Ed. The San Francisco Examiner. p. 10\\-12, 15\\. That experience, however, soured Taylor on the idea of becoming a doctor. Instead, he moved to San Francisco where, in 1947, he enrolled at the [Rudolf Schaeffer School of Design](/wiki/Rudolph_Schaeffer_School_of_Design \"Rudolph Schaeffer School of Design\"). It was there that Taylor learned what he called \"the secrets of color.\" Over time, he became very close to Mr. Schaeffer, who referred to him as “his dear Michael,” and who set him up as a partner in a fledgling design company with Frances Mihailoff, a prominent designer in San Francisco at the time. A mere four years after entering the Rudolf Schaeffer School of Design, Michael Taylor was already a partner in an interior design business at the age of 25\\. Their partnership was so fruitful that they both decided they could make it on their own. In 1956, Michael Taylor began his own interior design company.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\n### Michael Taylor Interiors\n\nAfter dissolving his partnership with Frances Mihailoff, Taylor set up Michael Taylor Interiors, Inc. on Sutter Street in San Francisco in 1956\\. Working for prominent San Francisco families, Taylor's reputation grew quickly. What was, at first, a clientele of San Francisco Bay Area socialites soon expanded to Los Angeles, Miami and New York. International acclaim followed and Taylor soon started working abroad as well.\n\n### Michael Taylor Designs Inc.\n\nIn 1985 Paul Weaver, former Director of Marketing and VP of McGuire Furniture, approached Taylor with a plan to develop and expand the nascent Michael Taylor Designs product line offered by Taylor's interiors company into a new entity. Michael Taylor Designs Inc. was officially incorporated on August 5, 1985\\. After Taylor's death in 1986 Weaver assumed full control and over the subsequent 24 years greatly expanded the product lines, established nationwide sales showrooms and developed the Taylor brand into one of the most recognized luxury products in the home furnishing industry.\n\n### Design Philosophy\n\nTaylor's distinct \"California Look\" begins as an amalgamation of different styles, mixed with his own unique twists and has been called \"a posthumous collaboration with some of the great decorators of the past.\"Hampton, Mark (1992\\). *Legendary Decorators of the Twentieth Century.* New York: Doubleday. p.283 \\- 293\\. Starting with [Syrie Maugham](/wiki/Syrie_Maugham \"Syrie Maugham\")'s emphasis on shades of white, adding in the ornateness of [Sister Parish](/wiki/Sister_Parish \"Sister Parish\") and the simple exquisiteness of [Frances Elkins](/wiki/Frances_Elkins \"Frances Elkins\")' design; Taylor would then infuse his own style. A look born in the past yet completely new.Taylor, Michael (1964\\). \"A New Look at Decorating\". In Katharine Tweed (Ed.), *The Finest Rooms by America's Great Decorators*, pp. 157 \\- 168\\. New York: The Viking Press. \n\nImplicit in that design philosophy was a melding of styles and ages. A set of antique Italian chairs beside a [Roy Lichtenstein](/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein \"Roy Lichtenstein\") print; Chinese chairs set around an unvarnished wood table atop a Yosemite granite base. He stated, \"there is no arbitrary law which says that an eighteenth\\-century French chair and a Sheridan can't be used in the same room. The only consideration is how well these or other pieces look together; do they compete with each other or do they create a felicitous sense of contrast?\" And while this fusion seems commonplace now, it was largely unheard of before Michael Taylor.\n\nAn important piece of the Taylor design aesthetic was to bring the outdoors in, adding natural forms into ornate rooms. Plants were a must and he'd often use large, unshaped boulders indoors. His childhood in northern California, spending much time outdoors, fed his desire for nature infused rooms. But this also served a practical design purpose, as he said, \"Plants have a way of preventing a room from appearing overdecorated; they also soften light.\" And the effect of light on a room drove many of his design decisions.\n\nAlthough noted for his extensive use of the color white, Taylor didn't use white as the centerpiece for the room but rather to bring out the lighting and other aspects in the room. Michael Taylor White, his own hue (warmer than plain white), worked to promote the other colors, a source of light and/or a piece of art. White also served to bring light into the room, making it warmer. Taylor would often spend an entire day in a room before designing it. Watching the way the light worked through the room at different points of the day. Only then, when he had a grasp of the light patterns, would he begin to design.\n\nSimplicity was vital to Taylor's style. His famous saying, \"When in doubt, throw it out,\" was a design mantra of sorts. As he stated, \"If (a room) is properly put together, it is often more refreshing to have a wall with nothing hanging on it.\" However, with a simplified design palette the room risked becoming too sparse and this is where Taylor says his use of scale came into play, \"When you take things out, you must increase the size of what's left.\" And so Taylor's famed voluminous sofas and chairs came about.\n\nFinally, and perhaps most radically, Taylor insisted that a room never look perfectly finished. As he wrote in his 1964 essay, \"A New Look at Decorating\": \n\n",
"### Michael Taylor Interiors\n\nAfter dissolving his partnership with Frances Mihailoff, Taylor set up Michael Taylor Interiors, Inc. on Sutter Street in San Francisco in 1956\\. Working for prominent San Francisco families, Taylor's reputation grew quickly. What was, at first, a clientele of San Francisco Bay Area socialites soon expanded to Los Angeles, Miami and New York. International acclaim followed and Taylor soon started working abroad as well.\n\n",
"### Michael Taylor Designs Inc.\n\nIn 1985 Paul Weaver, former Director of Marketing and VP of McGuire Furniture, approached Taylor with a plan to develop and expand the nascent Michael Taylor Designs product line offered by Taylor's interiors company into a new entity. Michael Taylor Designs Inc. was officially incorporated on August 5, 1985\\. After Taylor's death in 1986 Weaver assumed full control and over the subsequent 24 years greatly expanded the product lines, established nationwide sales showrooms and developed the Taylor brand into one of the most recognized luxury products in the home furnishing industry.\n\n",
"### Design Philosophy\n\nTaylor's distinct \"California Look\" begins as an amalgamation of different styles, mixed with his own unique twists and has been called \"a posthumous collaboration with some of the great decorators of the past.\"Hampton, Mark (1992\\). *Legendary Decorators of the Twentieth Century.* New York: Doubleday. p.283 \\- 293\\. Starting with [Syrie Maugham](/wiki/Syrie_Maugham \"Syrie Maugham\")'s emphasis on shades of white, adding in the ornateness of [Sister Parish](/wiki/Sister_Parish \"Sister Parish\") and the simple exquisiteness of [Frances Elkins](/wiki/Frances_Elkins \"Frances Elkins\")' design; Taylor would then infuse his own style. A look born in the past yet completely new.Taylor, Michael (1964\\). \"A New Look at Decorating\". In Katharine Tweed (Ed.), *The Finest Rooms by America's Great Decorators*, pp. 157 \\- 168\\. New York: The Viking Press. \n\nImplicit in that design philosophy was a melding of styles and ages. A set of antique Italian chairs beside a [Roy Lichtenstein](/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein \"Roy Lichtenstein\") print; Chinese chairs set around an unvarnished wood table atop a Yosemite granite base. He stated, \"there is no arbitrary law which says that an eighteenth\\-century French chair and a Sheridan can't be used in the same room. The only consideration is how well these or other pieces look together; do they compete with each other or do they create a felicitous sense of contrast?\" And while this fusion seems commonplace now, it was largely unheard of before Michael Taylor.\n\nAn important piece of the Taylor design aesthetic was to bring the outdoors in, adding natural forms into ornate rooms. Plants were a must and he'd often use large, unshaped boulders indoors. His childhood in northern California, spending much time outdoors, fed his desire for nature infused rooms. But this also served a practical design purpose, as he said, \"Plants have a way of preventing a room from appearing overdecorated; they also soften light.\" And the effect of light on a room drove many of his design decisions.\n\nAlthough noted for his extensive use of the color white, Taylor didn't use white as the centerpiece for the room but rather to bring out the lighting and other aspects in the room. Michael Taylor White, his own hue (warmer than plain white), worked to promote the other colors, a source of light and/or a piece of art. White also served to bring light into the room, making it warmer. Taylor would often spend an entire day in a room before designing it. Watching the way the light worked through the room at different points of the day. Only then, when he had a grasp of the light patterns, would he begin to design.\n\nSimplicity was vital to Taylor's style. His famous saying, \"When in doubt, throw it out,\" was a design mantra of sorts. As he stated, \"If (a room) is properly put together, it is often more refreshing to have a wall with nothing hanging on it.\" However, with a simplified design palette the room risked becoming too sparse and this is where Taylor says his use of scale came into play, \"When you take things out, you must increase the size of what's left.\" And so Taylor's famed voluminous sofas and chairs came about.\n\nFinally, and perhaps most radically, Taylor insisted that a room never look perfectly finished. As he wrote in his 1964 essay, \"A New Look at Decorating\": \n\n",
"Legacy\n------\n\nTo this day, Taylor's work informs the design world. Despite passing away more than two decades ago, Taylor has been repeatedly featured in *Architectural Digest,* most recently in the January 2010 issue. The February 2010 issue of *San Francisco* magazine's cover feature on up and coming interior designers declared Taylor \"the emperor of California Design,\" and something of a fountainhead for the movement.Saeks, Diane Dorrans (February 2010\\). \"Out of the Shadows\". *San Francisco.* p. 63\\. The next month the *San Francisco Chronicle* referred to his design of [Fleur de Lys](/wiki/Fleur_de_Lys_%28restaurant%29 \"Fleur de Lys (restaurant)\") restaurant as the \"most romantic\" in [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco%2C_California \"San Francisco, California\").\n\nFamed designer, and one of *Architectural Digest'*s \"AD100\" (their list of the 100 top international architects and interior designers), [Suzanne Tucker](/wiki/Suzanne_Tucker \"Suzanne Tucker\") was Taylor's protégé. In a 2007 interview, Tucker said, \"Michael Taylor was undoubtedly my strongest philosophical influence in that he really demonstrated that design can be a mix of eras and styles, color and form, but the most essential aspect is always scale and proportion.\"\"AD100\" (January 2007\\). *Architectural Digest* p. 252 \n\nAfter Taylor's death in 1986, Tucker together with partner, Timothy F. Marks, bought his interior design business, Michael Taylor Interiors, Inc. which has since become [Tucker \\& Marks, Inc.](/wiki/Tucker_%26_Marks%2C_Inc. \"Tucker & Marks, Inc.\")\nPaul Weaver acquired 100% of the shares in the furniture company, [Michael Taylor Designs](/wiki/Michael_Taylor_Designs \"Michael Taylor Designs\"), in 1986 and operated it until its sale in 2009\\. Michael Taylor Designs continues to operate showrooms in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Miami and New York.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Michael Taylor Designs website](http://michaeltaylordesigns.com/)\n* [Interior Design Hall of Fame](https://web.archive.org/web/20081226103033/http://www.interiordesign.net/HoFDesigners/15.html)\n* [Michael Taylor Quotes](http://www.interiordesignquotes.com/michael-taylor.html)\n* [Review of Stephen Salny Book](http://blog.hgtv.com/design/2009/08/27/book-review-michael-taylor-interior-design/)\n* [Interview with Suzanne Tucker about Taylor](http://www.housebeautiful.com/decorating/michael-taylor-style-lasts-0108)\n\n[Category:American interior designers](/wiki/Category:American_interior_designers \"American interior designers\")\n[Category:American furniture designers](/wiki/Category:American_furniture_designers \"American furniture designers\")\n[Category:California people in design](/wiki/Category:California_people_in_design \"California people in design\")\n[Category:1986 deaths](/wiki/Category:1986_deaths \"1986 deaths\")\n[Category:1927 births](/wiki/Category:1927_births \"1927 births\")\n[Category:American company founders](/wiki/Category:American_company_founders \"American company founders\")\n[Category:Artists from San Francisco](/wiki/Category:Artists_from_San_Francisco \"Artists from San Francisco\")\n[Category:People from the San Francisco Bay Area](/wiki/Category:People_from_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area \"People from the San Francisco Bay Area\")\n[Category:Restaurant design](/wiki/Category:Restaurant_design \"Restaurant design\")\n[Category:Rudolph Schaeffer School of Design alumni](/wiki/Category:Rudolph_Schaeffer_School_of_Design_alumni \"Rudolph Schaeffer School of Design alumni\")\n[Category:LGBTQ architects](/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_architects \"LGBTQ architects\")\n\n"
]
} |
Franklin Village Historic District | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | k5ybfjp9es98u41yga22hn3pjxw0lvs | 2023-08-06T16:10:53Z | 1,092,654,969 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Gallery",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Franklin Village Historic District** is a national [historic district](/wiki/Historic_district_%28United_States%29 \"Historic district (United States)\") located at [Franklin](/wiki/Franklin_%28village%29%2C_New_York \"Franklin (village), New York\") in [Delaware County, New York](/wiki/Delaware_County%2C_New_York \"Delaware County, New York\"). The district contains 242 contributing buildings, four contributing sites, and one contributing object. The majority of the buildings are residential, with three churches, 12 commercial buildings, one industrial structure, five institutional and/or public buildings, four historic cemeteries, and one monument. One of the churches is a [board and batten](/wiki/Batten \"Batten\") structure reportedly designed by [Richard Upjohn](/wiki/Richard_Upjohn \"Richard Upjohn\") and his son [Richard M. Upjohn](/wiki/Richard_M._Upjohn \"Richard M. Upjohn\") in 1865\\. Located within the district is the separately listed [New Stone Hall](/wiki/New_Stone_Hall \"New Stone Hall\"). *See also:* *and:* \n\nIt was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 1984\\.\n\n[thumbnail\\|House on Main Street in historic Franklin, NY](/wiki/File:House_in_Franklin%2C_New_York.jpg \"House in Franklin, New York.jpg\")\n\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\nImage:Upjohn\\_Church\\_at\\_Franklin\\_NY\\_Mar\\_09\\.jpg\\|Upjohn Church at Franklin NY March 2009\nImage:New Stone Hall Mar 09\\.jpg\\|New Stone Hall, March 2009\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware County, New York](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware_County%2C_New_York \"National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware County, New York\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Delaware County, New York](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Delaware_County%2C_New_York \"National Register of Historic Places in Delaware County, New York\")\n[Category:Federal architecture in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Federal_architecture_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Federal architecture in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Italianate architecture in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Italianate_architecture_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Italianate architecture in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Historic districts in Delaware County, New York](/wiki/Category:Historic_districts_in_Delaware_County%2C_New_York \"Historic districts in Delaware County, New York\")\n[Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Historic_districts_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Hamid Ahmadi (historian) | {
"id": [
1223123
],
"name": [
"Hamid Hassani"
]
} | 2j12lfatecd5ddt0dwhcqwcxh9ree1m | 2023-08-06T05:17:39Z | 1,102,492,848 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Publications",
"List of the books published (in [[Persian language|Persian]])",
"Printed collection",
"Oral History collection",
"Sources",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Hamid Ahmadi** (; born April 15, 1945 in [Sari](/wiki/Sari%2C_Iran \"Sari, Iran\"), Iran) is a [historian](/wiki/Historian \"Historian\") of modern [Iranian history](/wiki/Iranian_history \"Iranian history\"). He received his Msc in Naval Studies, M.A. in [Political Science](/wiki/Political_Science \"Political Science\") and worked on his Ph.D in this field at the [Free University of Berlin](/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin \"Free University of Berlin\"). Ahmadi was a member of the Iranian Military\\-Naval Strategic Committee and military adviser to the defence minister in 1979 and military adviser to former Iranian president [Abulhassan Banisadr](/wiki/Abulhassan_Banisadr \"Abulhassan Banisadr\") in 1980 to 1981\\.\n\nHe is the founder and director of the Research Association for Iranian Oral History (RAIOH), which aims to expand knowledge of recent and contemporary Iranian history and politics by covering more general aspects of social history. In pursuit of these objectives, the association conducts oral history interviews and also collects documents, both manuscript and printed. While RAIOH has interviewed many leading politicians, diplomats and soldiers, it also tries to preserve for posterity the ideas, sentiments, experience, lives and what the French Annales School calls the mentalities of those not belonging to the elite—some of whom come from the lower\\-middle\\-class and even the working class.\n\n",
"Publications\n------------\n\n### List of the books published (in [Persian](/wiki/Persian_language \"Persian language\"))\n\n* History of the [Iranian Navy](/wiki/Iranian_Navy \"Iranian Navy\") (1975\\)\n* Study of Arab\\-Israel war (1975\\)\n* Study political policy of [Tudeh Party](/wiki/Tudeh_Party \"Tudeh Party\") of Iran 1979\\-83 (1988\\)\n* History of the Iranian Republican and Dr. Erani Group 1926\\-37 (1991\\)\n* History of the [Iranian Communist Party](/wiki/Iranian_Communist_Party \"Iranian Communist Party\") 1927\\-1931 (1992\\)\n* History of the Edalat Party of Iran, 1917\\-1920 (1993\\)\n* The recollections of [Bozorg Alavi](/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi \"Bozorg Alavi\"), Berlin (1998\\)\n* The recollections of Parviz Ekteshafi: Iranian Air Force (1999\\)\n* The recollections of Banisadr, The first president of Iran (2001\\)\n* A study of the Islamic revolution in Iran(2001\\)\n* The recollections of Morteza Zarbakht: Iranian Air Force(2002\\)\n* The recollections of Najmi Alavi: Iranian Women's movement (2005\\)\n* The recollections of Reza Taheri: Iranian Peasant movement(2006\\)\n\n### Printed collection\n\n* Collection of the documents of the Iranian socialist and communist parties, organizations and groups (1917–1990\\).\n* The documents of Hamid Ahmadi at the \"International Institute of Social History\" in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\").\n* Printed collection from the Iranian political and cultural organizations from 1905 to 2004 over 100 collections and over 350 hard\\-bound volumes.\n\n### Oral History collection\n\nVideo oral history interviews (1986–2005\\) with 60 Iranian activists from the fields of politics and the arts over 600 hours.\n\n",
"### List of the books published (in [Persian](/wiki/Persian_language \"Persian language\"))\n\n* History of the [Iranian Navy](/wiki/Iranian_Navy \"Iranian Navy\") (1975\\)\n* Study of Arab\\-Israel war (1975\\)\n* Study political policy of [Tudeh Party](/wiki/Tudeh_Party \"Tudeh Party\") of Iran 1979\\-83 (1988\\)\n* History of the Iranian Republican and Dr. Erani Group 1926\\-37 (1991\\)\n* History of the [Iranian Communist Party](/wiki/Iranian_Communist_Party \"Iranian Communist Party\") 1927\\-1931 (1992\\)\n* History of the Edalat Party of Iran, 1917\\-1920 (1993\\)\n* The recollections of [Bozorg Alavi](/wiki/Bozorg_Alavi \"Bozorg Alavi\"), Berlin (1998\\)\n* The recollections of Parviz Ekteshafi: Iranian Air Force (1999\\)\n* The recollections of Banisadr, The first president of Iran (2001\\)\n* A study of the Islamic revolution in Iran(2001\\)\n* The recollections of Morteza Zarbakht: Iranian Air Force(2002\\)\n* The recollections of Najmi Alavi: Iranian Women's movement (2005\\)\n* The recollections of Reza Taheri: Iranian Peasant movement(2006\\)\n",
"### Printed collection\n\n* Collection of the documents of the Iranian socialist and communist parties, organizations and groups (1917–1990\\).\n* The documents of Hamid Ahmadi at the \"International Institute of Social History\" in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\").\n* Printed collection from the Iranian political and cultural organizations from 1905 to 2004 over 100 collections and over 350 hard\\-bound volumes.\n",
"### Oral History collection\n\nVideo oral history interviews (1986–2005\\) with 60 Iranian activists from the fields of politics and the arts over 600 hours.\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* [Hamid Ahmadi](http://www.iranianoralhistory.de/English/Englich-free/Direktor.html)\n* [Hamid Ahmadi](http://en.merc.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=147)\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [RAIOH website](http://www.iranianoralhistory.de/)\n\n[Category:21st\\-century Iranian historians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Iranian_historians \"21st-century Iranian historians\")\n[Category:Oral historians](/wiki/Category:Oral_historians \"Oral historians\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:1945 births](/wiki/Category:1945_births \"1945 births\")\n[Category:People from Sari, Iran](/wiki/Category:People_from_Sari%2C_Iran \"People from Sari, Iran\")\n[Category:20th\\-century Iranian historians](/wiki/Category:20th-century_Iranian_historians \"20th-century Iranian historians\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Oscar Righetti | {
"id": [
28779459
],
"name": [
"Lepricavark"
]
} | 0auvd52t3m91coqlkkzjer45cki613y | 2024-08-31T01:58:19Z | 1,239,428,807 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Honours",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Oscar Righetti** (born 17 September 1948 in [Peschiera del Garda](/wiki/Peschiera_del_Garda \"Peschiera del Garda\")) is a retired [Italian](/wiki/Italy \"Italy\") professional [footballer](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") who played as a [defender](/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29 \"Defender (association football)\").\n\n",
"Honours\n-------\n\nInter\n* [Serie A](/wiki/Serie_A \"Serie A\") champion: [1970–71](/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_Serie_A \"1970–71 Serie A\").\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1948 births](/wiki/Category:1948_births \"1948 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Italian men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Italian_men%27s_footballers \"Italian men's footballers\")\n[Category:Serie A players](/wiki/Category:Serie_A_players \"Serie A players\")\n[Category:SPAL players](/wiki/Category:SPAL_players \"SPAL players\")\n[Category:Inter Milan players](/wiki/Category:Inter_Milan_players \"Inter Milan players\")\n[Category:Piacenza Calcio 1919 players](/wiki/Category:Piacenza_Calcio_1919_players \"Piacenza Calcio 1919 players\")\n[Category:FC Crotone players](/wiki/Category:FC_Crotone_players \"FC Crotone players\")\n[Category:Men's association football defenders](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_defenders \"Men's association football defenders\")\n[Category:Footballers from the Province of Verona](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_the_Province_of_Verona \"Footballers from the Province of Verona\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Užice Gymnasium | {
"id": [
44487166
],
"name": [
"Vanished user 297861"
]
} | ocbfcjnpxud4y1x9r7h3etthvfwghgt | 2022-12-17T11:10:41Z | 1,110,448,030 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early history",
"The first graduating generation",
"New building",
"Curriculum",
"Notable alumni",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Gymnasium of Užice** () is a secondary school in Užice, [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\").\n\n",
"Early history\n-------------\n\nConstruction of the school began in 1838, there being a serious interest among [Užice](/wiki/U%C5%BEice \"Užice\") craftsmen and traders for the development of [education](/wiki/Education \"Education\") in the city. The school opened in 1839 and the only professor was Milan Mijatovic. The curriculum included katehizis, Serbian [grammar](/wiki/Grammar \"Grammar\"), vsemirnu (general) history, [mathematics](/wiki/Mathematics \"Mathematics\") zemljopisanije, čislenicu (account), jestastvenu history ([natural history](/wiki/Natural_history \"Natural history\")) and nemecki textbook ([German language](/wiki/German_language \"German language\")).\n\nIn September 1842, as a result of the efforts of Bishop Užice, Nikephoros Maksimovic passed a decree which resulted in the closure of the school. The Užičani spent the next twenty\\-three years fighting for the re\\-opening of the gymnasium. On 9 June 1865, a decree was published on the reopening of the school. The first classes were held in 1865/66\\.\n\nThe period between 1862 and 1880 represented a \"golden age\" for Užice, which probably influenced the decision of the Minister of Education that from 1874 that in Užice dvorazredna Gimnazijska realka into Polugimnaziju, and already in 1881 it had grown into a full Real Gymnasium.\n\n### The first graduating generation\n\nA photograph exists of the first generation of high school graduates from 1888\\. They are members of the reviewing committee including the Dobrosav Ruzic, professor and poet.\n\nAt that time classes were held in five separate buildings of which four were unfit to be used as [classrooms](/wiki/Classroom \"Classroom\"). There was an obvious need for new, modern school buildings and better facilities.\n\n",
"### The first graduating generation\n\nA photograph exists of the first generation of high school graduates from 1888\\. They are members of the reviewing committee including the Dobrosav Ruzic, professor and poet.\n\nAt that time classes were held in five separate buildings of which four were unfit to be used as [classrooms](/wiki/Classroom \"Classroom\"). There was an obvious need for new, modern school buildings and better facilities.\n\n",
"New building\n------------\n\nWhen the foundations of the new buildings were laid in 1891, Realke Ljubomir Simovic in Užice wrote:\n\nJuly 29, 1891, when they are at the Square of St. George, across from the [Cathedral](/wiki/Cathedral \"Cathedral\"), officially laid the foundation for building the high school. The Užičani, by their old custom, celebrated by ringing bells and firing guns (prangija).\n\nTwo years later, in September 1893, at a ceremony in which the whole town participated, the architect, Venceslav Čihak and the contractor, Lika Mileticwith handed over the keys of the newly built grammar school to its director, Peter Zivkovic. The Užičani celebrated with their guns, prangijama and [orchestras](/wiki/Orchestra \"Orchestra\"). The facade of the new school was inscribed in gold letters with \"Kr. Aug. Realka\".\n\n",
"Curriculum\n----------\n\nStudents enrolling in the 1990/1991 school year had a new secondary school curriculum which included such specialisms as socio\\-linguistics and mathematical/natural sciences. Only minor changes to the curriculum have taken place since then.[School website.](http://www.uzickagimnazija.edu.rs/istorijat.php)\n\n",
"Notable alumni\n--------------\n\n* Ljuba Davidović, politician\n* Dragiša M. Djurić, academic\n* Miloš Perović, writer\n* Nastase Petrović, politician\n* [Simeon Roksandić](/wiki/Simeon_Roksandi%C4%87 \"Simeon Roksandić\"), sculptor\n* [Ljubomir Stojanović](/wiki/Ljubomir_Stojanovi%C4%87 \"Ljubomir Stojanović\"), statesman, politician, philologist and academic\n* [Milutin Uskoković](/wiki/Milutin_Uskokovi%C4%87 \"Milutin Uskoković\"), novelist\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Gymnasium of Užice](http://www.uzickagimnazija.edu.rs/)\n\n[Category:Educational institutions established in 1839](/wiki/Category:Educational_institutions_established_in_1839 \"Educational institutions established in 1839\")\n[Category:Gymnasiums in Serbia](/wiki/Category:Gymnasiums_in_Serbia \"Gymnasiums in Serbia\")\n[Category:Užice](/wiki/Category:U%C5%BEice \"Užice\")\n[Category:1839 establishments in Serbia](/wiki/Category:1839_establishments_in_Serbia \"1839 establishments in Serbia\")\n[Category:Palaces in Serbia](/wiki/Category:Palaces_in_Serbia \"Palaces in Serbia\")\n\n"
]
} |
1980 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh | {
"id": [
45772865
],
"name": [
"Ankur0745"
]
} | o3msjigylc47wx33rkdz7ivui121ius | 2024-10-17T06:04:54Z | 1,251,640,225 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"List of MPs won",
"Voting and Results",
"Results by Alliance",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe [1980 Indian general election](/wiki/1980_Indian_general_election \"1980 Indian general election\") in [Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh \"Andhra Pradesh\") were held for 42 seats in the state. The result was a landslide victory for the [Indian National Congress (Indira)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_%28Indira%29 \"Indian National Congress (Indira)\") which won 41 out of 42 seats.\n\n",
"List of MPs won\n---------------\n\n| Constituency | Member | Party |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| [Adilabad](/wiki/Adilabad_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | [G. Narsimha Reddy](/wiki/G._Narsimha_Reddy \"G. Narsimha Reddy\") | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Amalapuram (SC)](/wiki/Amalapuram_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Amalapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Kusuma Krishna Murthy | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Anakapalli](/wiki/Anakapalli_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Anakapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | [S. R. A. S. Appala Naidu](/wiki/S._R._A._S._Appala_Naidu \"S. R. A. S. Appala Naidu\") | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Anantapur (SC)](/wiki/Anantapur_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Anantapur (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Darur Pullaiah | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Bapatla](/wiki/Bapatla_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Bapatla (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | P. Ankineedu Prasada Rao | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Bhadrachalam (ST)](/wiki/Bhadrachalam_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Bhadrachalam (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | B. Radhabai Ananda Rao | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Bobbili](/wiki/Bobbili_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Bobbili (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Pusapati Vijayram Gajapati Raju | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Chittoor](/wiki/Chittoor_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Chittoor (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | P. Rajagopal Naidu | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Cuddapah](/wiki/Cuddapah_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Cuddapah (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Kandala Obul Reddy | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Eluru](/wiki/Eluru_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Eluru (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Chitturi Subba Rao Choudhari | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Guntur](/wiki/Guntur_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Guntur (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Prof. Nayakulu G. Ranga | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Hanamkonda](/wiki/Hanamkonda_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Hanamkonda (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Kamaluddin Ahmed | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Hindupur](/wiki/Hindupur_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Hindupur (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Pamudurthi Bayapa Reddy | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Hyderabad](/wiki/Hyderabad_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Hyderabad (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | K.S. Narayana | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Kakinada](/wiki/Kakinada_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Kakinada (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | M.S. Sanjeevi Rao | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Karimnagar](/wiki/Karimnagar_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Karimnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | M. Satyanarayan Rao | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Khammam](/wiki/Khammam_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Khammam (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Jalagam Kondala Rao | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Kurnool](/wiki/Kurnool_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Kurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy | [Indian National Congress](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Machilipatnam](/wiki/Machilipatnam_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Machilipatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Maganti Ankineedu | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Mahbubnagar (ST)](/wiki/Mahbubnagar_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Mahbubnagar (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Dr. Mallikarjun | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Medak](/wiki/Medak_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Medak (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | [Indira Gandhi](/wiki/Indira_Gandhi \"Indira Gandhi\") | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Miryalguda](/wiki/Miryalguda_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Miryalguda (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | G.S. Reddi | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Nagarkurnool (SC)](/wiki/Nagarkurnool_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Nagarkurnool (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Anantha Ramulu Mallu | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Nalgonda](/wiki/Nalgonda_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Nalgonda (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | T. Damodar Reddy | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Nandyal](/wiki/Nandyal_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Narasapur](/wiki/Narasapur_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Narasapur (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | [Alluri Subhash Chandra Bose](/wiki/Alluri_Subhash_Chandra_Bose \"Alluri Subhash Chandra Bose\") | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Narasaraopet](/wiki/Narasaraopet_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | K. Brahmananda Reddi | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n|[Nellore (SC)](/wiki/Nellore_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Nellore (Lok Sabha constituency)\")\n\n Doddavarapu Kamakshaiah |\n [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| Puchalapalli Penchalaiah | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Nizamabad](/wiki/Nizamabad_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Nizamabad (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | M. Ram Gopal Reddy | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Ongole](/wiki/Ongole_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Ongole (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Puli Venkata Reddy | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Parvathipuram (st)](/wiki/Parvathipuram_Lok_Sabha_constituency \"Parvathipuram Lok Sabha constituency\") | [Kishore Chandra Suryanarayana Deo Vyricherla](/wiki/Kishore_Chandra_Suryanarayana_Deo_Vyricherla \"Kishore Chandra Suryanarayana Deo Vyricherla\") | [Indian National Congress (U)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_%28U%29 \"Indian National Congress (U)\") |\n| [Peddapalli (SC)](/wiki/Peddapalli_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Peddapalli (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Kodati Rajamallu | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Rajahmundry (ST)](/wiki/Rajahmundry_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Rajahmundry (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | S.B.P. Pattabhi Rama Rao | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Rajampet](/wiki/Rajampet_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Rajampet (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Pothuraju Parthasarthy | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Srikakulam](/wiki/Srikakulam_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Srikakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | [Boddepalli Rajagopala Rao](/wiki/Boddepalli_Rajagopala_Rao \"Boddepalli Rajagopala Rao\") | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Tenali](/wiki/Tenali_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Tenali (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Meduri Nageswara Rao | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Tirupathi (SC)](/wiki/Tirupathi_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Tirupathi (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Pasala Penchalaiah | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Vijayawada](/wiki/Vijayawada_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Vijayawada (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Vidya Chennupati | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n| [Visakhapatnam](/wiki/Visakhapatnam_%28Lok_Sabha_constituency%29 \"Visakhapatnam (Lok Sabha constituency)\") | Komuru Appala Swami | [Indian National Congress (I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress \"Indian National Congress\") |\n|\n\n",
"Voting and Results\n------------------\n\n### Results by Alliance\n\n| INC(I) | SEATS | JNP | SEATS | OTHERS | SEATS |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n [INC(I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_%28Indira%29 \"Indian National Congress (Indira)\") |\n 41 |\n [JNP](/wiki/Janata_Party \"Janata Party\") |\n 0 |\n [INC(U)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_%28Urs%29 \"Indian National Congress (Urs)\") |\n 1 |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [CPI(M)](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_%28Marxist%29 \"Communist Party of India (Marxist)\") |\n 0 |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [CPI](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India \"Communist Party of India\") |\n 0 |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [JNP(S)](/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal \"Bharatiya Lok Dal\") |\n 0 |\n TOTAL (1980\\) |\n 41 |\n TOTAL (1980\\) |\n 0 |\n TOTAL (1980\\) |\n 1 |\n TOTAL (1977\\) |\n 41 |\n TOTAL (1977\\) |\n 1 |\n TOTAL (1977\\) |\n 0 |\n",
"### Results by Alliance\n\n| INC(I) | SEATS | JNP | SEATS | OTHERS | SEATS |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n [INC(I)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_%28Indira%29 \"Indian National Congress (Indira)\") |\n 41 |\n [JNP](/wiki/Janata_Party \"Janata Party\") |\n 0 |\n [INC(U)](/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_%28Urs%29 \"Indian National Congress (Urs)\") |\n 1 |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [CPI(M)](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_%28Marxist%29 \"Communist Party of India (Marxist)\") |\n 0 |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [CPI](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India \"Communist Party of India\") |\n 0 |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [JNP(S)](/wiki/Bharatiya_Lok_Dal \"Bharatiya Lok Dal\") |\n 0 |\n TOTAL (1980\\) |\n 41 |\n TOTAL (1980\\) |\n 0 |\n TOTAL (1980\\) |\n 1 |\n TOTAL (1977\\) |\n 41 |\n TOTAL (1977\\) |\n 1 |\n TOTAL (1977\\) |\n 0 |\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Elections in Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Elections_in_Andhra_Pradesh \"Elections in Andhra Pradesh\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Website of Election Commission of India](http://eci.nic.in/)\n* [CNN\\-IBN Lok Sabha Election History](https://web.archive.org/web/20090303040541/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/stats.php)\n\n[Category:1980 Indian general election by state or union territory](/wiki/Category:1980_Indian_general_election_by_state_or_union_territory \"1980 Indian general election by state or union territory\")\n[Category: Indian general elections in Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Category:Indian_general_elections_in_Andhra_Pradesh \"Indian general elections in Andhra Pradesh\")\n[Category:1980s in Andhra Pradesh](/wiki/Category:1980s_in_Andhra_Pradesh \"1980s in Andhra Pradesh\")\n[A](/wiki/Category:1980_Indian_general_election \"1980 Indian general election\")\n\n"
]
} |
Citadel Island | {
"id": [
44217690
],
"name": [
"Panamitsu"
]
} | 0ewhwkhn0pca0wu4tuvnk2s47gwvqik | 2024-05-04T10:19:02Z | 1,174,411,811 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Citadel Island** is a small, rugged, [granite](/wiki/Granite \"Granite\") [island](/wiki/Island \"Island\") in the Glennie group of islands off the west coast of [Wilsons Promontory](/wiki/Wilsons_Promontory \"Wilsons Promontory\"), [Victoria](/wiki/Victoria%2C_Australia \"Victoria, Australia\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\"). It is the site of the first automatic [acetylene](/wiki/Acetylene \"Acetylene\") powered [lighthouse](/wiki/Citadel_Island_Lighthouse \"Citadel Island Lighthouse\") installed by Australia's Commonwealth Lighthouse Service. There is no public access. The island is part of the [Wilsons Promontory Islands Important Bird Area](/wiki/Wilsons_Promontory_Islands_Important_Bird_Area \"Wilsons Promontory Islands Important Bird Area\"), identified as such by [BirdLife International](/wiki/BirdLife_International \"BirdLife International\") because of its importance for breeding [seabirds](/wiki/Seabird \"Seabird\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Port Albert Maritime Museum](http://yarrampa.customer.netspace.net.au/pamm.html)\n\n[Category:Islands of Victoria (state)](/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Victoria_%28state%29 \"Islands of Victoria (state)\")\n[Category:Important Bird Areas of Victoria (state)](/wiki/Category:Important_Bird_Areas_of_Victoria_%28state%29 \"Important Bird Areas of Victoria (state)\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Chuck Versus the Other Guy | {
"id": [
29463730
],
"name": [
"PrimeBOT"
]
} | gf3vwkz945tino26l1iow2umclwqi03 | 2024-09-07T13:02:24Z | 1,217,370,150 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot summary",
"Reception",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"* + \n\t\"**Chuck Versus the Other Guy**\" is the thirteenth episode of *[Chuck](/wiki/Chuck_%28TV_series%29 \"Chuck (TV series)\")* third season, and originally aired on April 5, 2010\\. [Sarah](/wiki/Sarah_Walker_%28Chuck%29 \"Sarah Walker (Chuck)\") and [Shaw](/wiki/Daniel_Shaw \"Daniel Shaw\") are ordered to track down [the Director](/wiki/The_Director_%28Chuck%29 \"The Director (Chuck)\") by [Beckman](/wiki/Operation_Bartowski_Supervisors%23Brigadier_General_Diane_Beckman \"Operation Bartowski Supervisors#Brigadier General Diane Beckman\"), but [Chuck](/wiki/Chuck_Bartowski \"Chuck Bartowski\") has misgivings over whether Shaw can be trusted after the revelation that Sarah killed his wife.\n",
"Plot summary\n------------\n\nAs the episode opens, Shaw has taken Sarah to a warehouse where he claims the Director has been tracked. Shaw reveals to her that the woman she killed was his wife, Evelyn. He tells the stunned Sarah that he knows she wasn't to blame and that she was set up by her superiors to make the kill.\n\nBack at Castle, Beckman benches Chuck and orders Sarah and Shaw to [Washington](/wiki/Washington_DC \"Washington DC\") to head up the search for the Director. Shaw finds the director, and Sarah chooses Chuck to help them apprehend him. Chuck and Sarah confront the Director, who reveals that the Ring has developed its own prototype of the Intersect Cipher. After they leave the facility, it is revealed that Shaw has joined the Ring.\n\nThe team debriefs at Castle, and Beckman this time reprimands Shaw for apparently killing the Director, but Chuck comes to his defense for saving their lives. Beckman reveals that the Ring's Cipher is flawed, and based on the components, was manufactured in Paris. Beckman orders Shaw and Sarah to follow\\-up.\n\nMeanwhile, Shaw takes Sarah to the street where Evelyn was killed and Sarah realizes he has been turned by the Ring. She is then poisoned by a paralytic agent. Chuck and Casey arrive, and while Casey deals with the Director, Chuck confronts Shaw and the two get into a fight. Chuck shoots Shaw in the chest, and he topples over the bridge to his death.\n\n",
"Reception\n---------\n\n\"Chuck Versus the Other Guy\" has received universally positive reviews. IGN rated the episode a 9\\.5/10, equalling *Chuck's* series high, along with \"[Chuck Versus the Beard](/wiki/Chuck_Versus_the_Beard \"Chuck Versus the Beard\"),\" \"[Chuck Versus the Colonel](/wiki/Chuck_Versus_the_Colonel \"Chuck Versus the Colonel\")\" and \"[Chuck Versus Santa Claus](/wiki/Chuck_Versus_Santa_Claus \"Chuck Versus Santa Claus\").\" The LA Times described the episode as \"45 minutes of deeply entertaining television,\" though also cited the missteps of the season leading up to it. IF.com praised the inclusion of Morgan in the spy game to take over Chuck's role as the bumbling non\\-spy on the team. The AV Club also thought very highly of this episode and gave it a rating of A.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Other Guy](/wiki/Category:Chuck_season_3_episodes \"Chuck season 3 episodes\")\n[Category:2010 American television episodes](/wiki/Category:2010_American_television_episodes \"2010 American television episodes\")\n\n"
]
} |
Trigonostoma diamantinum | {
"id": [
32316857
],
"name": [
"SSSB"
]
} | mm8dmrq4s65iwwec0czd33wg6srgp47 | 2023-01-02T19:11:11Z | 1,024,523,347 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"Distribution",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Trigonostoma diamantinum*** is a [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") of [sea snail](/wiki/Sea_snail \"Sea snail\"), a marine [gastropod](/wiki/Gastropod \"Gastropod\") [mollusc](/wiki/Mollusc \"Mollusc\") in the [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 \"Family (biology)\") [Cancellariidae](/wiki/Cancellariidae \"Cancellariidae\"), commonly known as the nutmeg snails.\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\n",
"Distribution\n------------\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Hemmen J. (2007\\). *Recent Cancellariidae*. Wiesbaden, 428pp\n\n[Category:Cancellariidae](/wiki/Category:Cancellariidae \"Cancellariidae\")\n[Category:Gastropods described in 1975](/wiki/Category:Gastropods_described_in_1975 \"Gastropods described in 1975\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Ben McFadgean | {
"id": [
45789152
],
"name": [
"Jlwoodwa"
]
} | tot8j3f6ueq524jovmgl1e6ylq9rl1z | 2024-09-13T20:51:34Z | 1,245,532,937 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Background",
"Playing career",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Ben McFadgean** () (born 31 July 1986\\) is a former professional [rugby league footballer](/wiki/Rugby_league_footballer \"Rugby league footballer\") who played on the for the [Penrith Panthers](/wiki/Penrith_Panthers \"Penrith Panthers\") in the [NRL](/wiki/NRL \"NRL\").\n\n",
"Background\n----------\n\nMcFadgean was born [Windsor](/wiki/Windsor%2C_New_South_Wales \"Windsor, New South Wales\"), [New South Wales](/wiki/New_South_Wales \"New South Wales\"), [Australia](/wiki/Australia \"Australia\").\n\n",
"Playing career\n--------------\n\nMcFadgean played his first and only game on [round 18](/wiki/2009_NRL_season_results%23Round_18 \"2009 NRL season results#Round 18\") in [2009](/wiki/NRL_2009 \"NRL 2009\").\n\nHe played for the [New South Wales Residents team](/wiki/New_South_Wales_Residents_rugby_league_team \"New South Wales Residents rugby league team\") in 2009\\.\n\nOther than the one first grade game, he played for [Windsor Wolves](/wiki/Windsor_Wolves \"Windsor Wolves\") in the [NSWRL Jim Beam Cup](/wiki/NSWRL_Jim_Beam_Cup \"NSWRL Jim Beam Cup\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1986 births](/wiki/Category:1986_births \"1986 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Australian rugby league players](/wiki/Category:Australian_rugby_league_players \"Australian rugby league players\")\n[Category:Penrith Panthers players](/wiki/Category:Penrith_Panthers_players \"Penrith Panthers players\")\n[Category:Rugby league wingers](/wiki/Category:Rugby_league_wingers \"Rugby league wingers\")\n[Category:Rugby league players from Windsor, New South Wales](/wiki/Category:Rugby_league_players_from_Windsor%2C_New_South_Wales \"Rugby league players from Windsor, New South Wales\")\n[Category:Windsor Wolves players](/wiki/Category:Windsor_Wolves_players \"Windsor Wolves players\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Wigan Riversiders | {
"id": [
10951369
],
"name": [
"Onel5969"
]
} | 4syk67y8z9zkz23egt6plcrbt4f1usu | 2024-04-30T15:40:52Z | 1,201,948,218 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Wigan Riversiders** are a [rugby league](/wiki/Rugby_league \"Rugby league\") team based in [Wigan](/wiki/Wigan \"Wigan\"), [Greater Manchester](/wiki/Greater_Manchester \"Greater Manchester\"), [England](/wiki/England \"England\"). The first team play in the [North West Premier](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_North_West_Premier \"Rugby League Conference North West Premier\") division of the [Rugby League Conference](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference \"Rugby League Conference\"); the second team play in the North West regional division under the name Wigan Riversiders Eels; and the third play in the [North West Merit League](/wiki/North_West_Merit_League \"North West Merit League\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n*Wigan Riversiders* joined the [RL Merit League](/wiki/RL_Merit_League \"RL Merit League\") for the 2008 season. They finished third in the table and beat [Nottingham Outlaws](/wiki/Nottingham_Outlaws_%28rugby_league_team%29 \"Nottingham Outlaws (rugby league team)\") A 48–4 to reach the grand final, where they were beaten by [Moorends\\-Thorne Maurauders](/wiki/Moorends-Thorne_Marauders_RLFC \"Moorends-Thorne Marauders RLFC\") A.\n\nWigan Riversiders joined the [Rugby League Conference](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference \"Rugby League Conference\") in 2009 joining the [North West Premier](/wiki/Rugby_League_Conference_North_West_Premier \"Rugby League Conference North West Premier\") division. Riversiders formed an A\\-team, known as Wigan Riversiders Eels, who took part in the North West pool of the RL Merit League. They reached the final of the North West pool but lost to [Huyton Bulldogs](/wiki/Huyton_Bulldogs \"Huyton Bulldogs\").\n\nIn 2010, Riversiders fielded one team in the North West Premier with their second team, the Eels, joining the RLC North West regional division and a new third team to take part in the [RL Merit League](/wiki/RL_Merit_League \"RL Merit League\").\n\n2011 sees the Riversiders again enter two teams into the summer leagues, the first team will continue to challenge in the North West Premier, the second team have been entered into the Merit League for 2011\\. Along with many changes at the club, the Riversiders appointed two new coaches at the club.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* [http://riversiders.rlfans.com/viewpage.php?page\\_id\\=1](http://riversiders.rlfans.com/viewpage.php?page_id=1)\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Official site](http://riversiders.rlfans.com/news.php)\n* [Pitchero Site](http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/wiganriversidersrlc)\n\n[Category:Rugby League Conference teams](/wiki/Category:Rugby_League_Conference_teams \"Rugby League Conference teams\")\n[Category:Sport in Wigan](/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Wigan \"Sport in Wigan\")\n[Category:Rugby clubs established in 2002](/wiki/Category:Rugby_clubs_established_in_2002 \"Rugby clubs established in 2002\")\n[Category:2002 establishments in England](/wiki/Category:2002_establishments_in_England \"2002 establishments in England\")\n[Category:Rugby league teams in Greater Manchester](/wiki/Category:Rugby_league_teams_in_Greater_Manchester \"Rugby league teams in Greater Manchester\")\n[Category:Rugby league teams in England](/wiki/Category:Rugby_league_teams_in_England \"Rugby league teams in England\")\n\n"
]
} |
Phrontis vibex | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | kxnr68ccm297qg7ed9ct8e3ah9212bx | 2023-12-30T17:57:38Z | 1,010,222,819 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"Distribution",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Phrontis vibex***, [common name](/wiki/Common_name \"Common name\") the **bruised nassa**, is a [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") of [sea snail](/wiki/Sea_snail \"Sea snail\"), a marine [gastropod](/wiki/Gastropod \"Gastropod\") [mollusk](/wiki/Mollusk \"Mollusk\") in the [family](/wiki/Family_%28biology%29 \"Family (biology)\") [Nassariidae](/wiki/Nassariidae \"Nassariidae\"), the Nassa mud snails or dog whelks.Marshall, B. (2016\\). Phrontis vibex (Say, 1822\\). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p\\=taxdetails\\&id\\=877061](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=877061) on 2016\\-05\\-20\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\nThe length of the shell varies from 10 mm to 20 mm. The shell is ovate and conical. The [spire](/wiki/Spire_%28mollusc%29 \"Spire (mollusc)\") is composed of six or seven indistinct [whorls](/wiki/Whorl_%28mollusc%29 \"Whorl (mollusc)\"), subconvex, plaited throughout their whole length, crossed by fine and very close transverse striae. Those of the base are more prominent. The longitudinal folds disappear insensibly upon the right side of the [body whorl](/wiki/Body_whorl \"Body whorl\"), at the upper part of which we find merely nodosities. The whitish [aperture](/wiki/Aperture_%28mollusc%29 \"Aperture (mollusc)\") is rounded. The cavity has a brown color, and is marked by transverse bands. The outer [lip](/wiki/Lip_%28gastropod%29 \"Lip (gastropod)\") is bordered externally, and ornamented internally, with small, fine striae. The [columella](/wiki/Columella_%28gastropod%29 \"Columella (gastropod)\") is arcuated and is covered with a fairly wide callosity, brown at its upper part, and white towards the base, which is adorned with small guttules. The coloring of the shell is olive, with a white or yellowish band. Upon the top of the body whorl, the folds and the tubercles are sometimes whitish.[Kiener (1840\\). General species and iconography of recent shells : comprising the Massena Museum, the collection of Lamarck, the collection of the Museum of Natural History, and the recent discoveries of travellers; Boston :W.D. Ticknor,1837](https://archive.org/details/generalspeciesic00kien) (described as *Buccinum polygonatum*)\n\n",
"Distribution\n------------\n\nThe distribution of *Nassarius vibex* is from 41\\.6°N to 27°S; 97\\.38°W to 34\\.9°W, the northwest Atlantic, [Gulf of Mexico](/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico \"Gulf of Mexico\"), [Caribbean Sea](/wiki/Caribbean_Sea \"Caribbean Sea\"), and southwest Atlantic.\n\nThis marine species occurs off the following countries:\n* USA: Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida: East Florida, West Florida; Louisiana, Texas\n* Mexico: Tabasco, Veracruz, Campeche State, Yucatán State, Quintana Roo\n* Nicaragua\n* Lesser Antilles\n* Costa Rica\n* Cuba\n* Panama\n* Colombia\n* Venezuela: Gulf of Venezuela\n* Jamaica\n* Virgin Islands: St. Croix\n* Brazil: Para, Maranhao, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Parana and Santa Catarina.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\nThis article incorprotates CC\\-BY\\-SA\\-3\\.0 text from the reference\n\n* Cernohorsky W. O. (1984\\). *Systematics of the family Nassariidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda).* Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum 14: 1–356\\.\n* Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009\\. *Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico*, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A\\&M Press, College Station, Texas.\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* Yokoyama L. Q. \\& Amaral A. C. Z. (2011\\). \"Temporal variation in egg\\-capsule deposition by *Nassarius vibex* (Gastropoda: Nassariidae) Invertebrate Reproduction \\& Development\". *[Invertebrate Reproduction and Development](/wiki/Invertebrate_Reproduction_and_Development \"Invertebrate Reproduction and Development\")* **55**(2\\): 82–90\\. .\n* [Pollock, L.W. (1998\\). *A practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern North America.* Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey \\& London. 367 pp](https://books.google.com/books?id=i1AmT31cuR4C)\n[Category:Nassariidae](/wiki/Category:Nassariidae \"Nassariidae\")\n[Category:Gastropods described in 1822](/wiki/Category:Gastropods_described_in_1822 \"Gastropods described in 1822\")\n\n"
]
} |
Never Love a Stranger | {
"id": [
11183869
],
"name": [
"Balph Eubank"
]
} | bze7ii31ef41takudy31qm9vrvr5b37 | 2024-09-20T14:52:38Z | 1,246,148,900 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Plot",
"Main cast",
"Original novel",
"Production",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n***Never Love a Stranger*** is a 1958 [crime](/wiki/Crime \"Crime\") and [gangster](/wiki/Gangster \"Gangster\") film based on [Harold Robbins](/wiki/Harold_Robbins \"Harold Robbins\")' 1948 debut novel of the same name, starring [John Drew Barrymore](/wiki/John_Drew_Barrymore \"John Drew Barrymore\") and [Robert Bray](/wiki/Robert_Bray \"Robert Bray\"), and featuring [Steve McQueen](/wiki/Steve_McQueen \"Steve McQueen\") in an early role.\n\n",
"Plot\n----\n\nFrankie Kane is brought up in a Catholic [orphanage](/wiki/Orphanage \"Orphanage\"). He befriends a [Jewish](/wiki/Judaism \"Judaism\") law student named Martin Cabell and becomes romantically involved with Cabell's maid, Julie. Kane later learns that he is also Jewish, and when told he will be removed from the orphanage and moved to a Jewish home, he runs away and turns to a life of crime. Later, after joining a major [crime syndicate](/wiki/Crime_syndicate \"Crime syndicate\"), he reconnects with Julie, finally deciding to join Martin, now a [district attorney](/wiki/District_attorney \"District attorney\"), in shutting down the syndicate.\n\n",
"Main cast\n---------\n\n* [John Drew Barrymore](/wiki/John_Drew_Barrymore \"John Drew Barrymore\") as Frankie Kane\n* [Lita Milan](/wiki/Lita_Milan \"Lita Milan\") as Julie, maid to the Cabell Family\n* [Steve McQueen](/wiki/Steve_McQueen \"Steve McQueen\") as Martin Cabell\n* [Robert Bray](/wiki/Robert_Bray \"Robert Bray\") as \"Silk\" Fennelli\n* [Salem Ludwig](/wiki/Salem_Ludwig \"Salem Ludwig\") as Moishe Moscowitz\n* [R. G. Armstrong](/wiki/R._G._Armstrong \"R. G. Armstrong\") as Flix\n* [Douglas Rodgers](/wiki/Douglas_Rodgers \"Douglas Rodgers\") as Brother Bernard\n* [Felice Orlandi](/wiki/Felice_Orlandi \"Felice Orlandi\") as Bert\n* [Augusta Merighi](/wiki/Augusta_Merighi \"Augusta Merighi\") as Mrs. Cozzolina\n* [Abe Simon](/wiki/Abe_Simon \"Abe Simon\") as \"Fats\" Crown\n* [Vitina Marcus](/wiki/Vitina_Marcus \"Vitina Marcus\") as Frances Kane\n",
"Original novel\n--------------\n\nRobbins' novel was published in 1948\\.Robbins Paints Realistic Picture of N.Y.: NEVER LOVE A STRANGER. By Harold Robbins. Knopf. 443 pp. $3\\.50\\. The Washington Post 29 Feb 1948: B7\\.Books of the Times\nBy ORVILLE PRESCOTT. New York Times 1 Mar 1948: 21\\. It became a best seller.The Best Sellers. New York Times 16 May 1948: BR8\\.\n\nThe book was one of several books banned in Philadelphia as indecent.Halts Philadelphia Book 'Raids'\nNew York Times 25 May 1948: 25\\. The ban was overturned the following year.9 NOVELS CLEARED, HELD NOT OBSCENE: Philadelphia Court Says They Picture Life and Home Must Prepare Way for Living\nBy WILLIAM G. WEART. Special to THE NEW YORK TIMES. New York Times 19 Mar 1949: 13\\.\n\n",
"Production\n----------\n\nIn August 1957, it was announced that Barrymore would star and Robbins would write and produce. The *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* called the part \"the usual Barrymore role\".'Dead Sea Scrolls' Spur Notable Film; Jeffrey Hunter Newsman Star. Schallert, Edwin. Los Angeles Times 8 Aug 1957: A9\\. At the time, Barrymore was under a year's suspension from [Actors Equity](/wiki/Actors%27_Equity_Association \"Actors' Equity Association\"), but this seemed to apply only to stage work.BIG PLANS DRAWN FOR 'SKYSCRAPER': Feuer, Martin, Hammerstein and Rodgers May Team\\-\\- Barrymore Son Sought Actor Ponders Role Director Bows Out. By SAM ZOLOTOW. New York Times 17 Sep 1957: 38\\.\n\nThe film was made through Caryn Productions, Robbins' own production company.VIEW FROM A LOCAL VANTAGE POINT. By A. H. WEILER. New York Times 8 June 1958: X5\\. [Richard Day](/wiki/Richard_Day_%28writer%29 \"Richard Day (writer)\") became co\\-producer and [Allied Artists](/wiki/Monogram_Pictures \"Monogram Pictures\") agreed to distribute the release. Filming started at [Gold Medal Studios](/wiki/Biograph_Studios%23Gold_Medal_Studios \"Biograph Studios#Gold Medal Studios\") in [the Bronx](/wiki/The_Bronx \"The Bronx\") on September 9, 1957\\.[DEAD SEA SCROLLS A BASIS FOR MOVIE: Sutherland to Produce Film From Book by Burrows\\-\\- Don McGuire Signs Pact McGuire Signs Contract Of Local Origin.](https://www.nytimes.com/1957/08/08/archives/dead-sea-scrolls-a-basis-for-movie-sutherland-to-produce-film-frorm.html) By THOMAS M. PRYOR. Special to The New York Times. New York Times 8 Aug 1957: 15\\.\n\n[Robert Stevens](/wiki/Robert_Stevens_%28director%29 \"Robert Stevens (director)\") agreed to direct and Steve McQueen was given an early role.FILM DISTRIBUTION REVIVING A STUDIO: Shift From Production at Republic Renews Activity \\-\\-Brando to Be Director Dual Capacity for Brando Of Local Origin. By THOMAS M. PRYOR. Special to The New York Times. New York Times 10 Sep 1957: 39\\.Of Local Origin. New York Times 3 Oct 1957: 33\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1958 films](/wiki/Category:1958_films \"1958 films\")\n[Category:Film noir](/wiki/Category:Film_noir \"Film noir\")\n[Category:American gangster films](/wiki/Category:American_gangster_films \"American gangster films\")\n[Category:Allied Artists films](/wiki/Category:Allied_Artists_films \"Allied Artists films\")\n[Category:Films directed by Robert Stevens](/wiki/Category:Films_directed_by_Robert_Stevens \"Films directed by Robert Stevens\")\n[Category:1958 crime drama films](/wiki/Category:1958_crime_drama_films \"1958 crime drama films\")\n[Category:American crime drama films](/wiki/Category:American_crime_drama_films \"American crime drama films\")\n[Category:Films based on American novels](/wiki/Category:Films_based_on_American_novels \"Films based on American novels\")\n[Category:1950s English\\-language films](/wiki/Category:1950s_English-language_films \"1950s English-language films\")\n[Category:1950s American films](/wiki/Category:1950s_American_films \"1950s American films\")\n[Category:English\\-language crime drama films](/wiki/Category:English-language_crime_drama_films \"English-language crime drama films\")\n\n"
]
} |
Novruz Mammadov | {
"id": [
15130
],
"name": [
"Fuzheado"
]
} | kth4i6ds4ct6nwki51z95hvmqn70pyb | 2024-05-14T01:06:25Z | 1,223,737,283 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Career",
"Awards",
"Azerbaijan",
"Foreign Awards",
"Publications",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n* + \n\t**Novruz Ismayil oglu Mammadov** (; born 15 March 1947\\) is an Azerbaijani politician and translator who served as [Prime Minister of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan \"Prime Minister of Azerbaijan\") from April 2018 to October 2019\\. He previously held the title as assistant to the President for Foreign Policy Issues and Head of Department of Foreign Policy.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\nHe was born in [Nakhchivan](/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic \"Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic\"), in the [Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic](/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic \"Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic\"). He received a [PhD](/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy \"Doctor of Philosophy\") in [Philology](/wiki/Philology \"Philology\") in 1991 from the Azerbaijani Pedagogical Foreign Languages Institute (APFLI) of the [Azerbaijan University of Languages](/wiki/Azerbaijan_University_of_Languages \"Azerbaijan University of Languages\"), where he then became an [instructor](/wiki/Professor \"Professor\").\n\nIn addition to Azerbaijani, he is also fluent in Russian, and French.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nBetween 1967 and 1981, he served as an [interpreter](/wiki/Language_interpretation \"Language interpretation\") in [Algeria](/wiki/Algeria \"Algeria\"), and in [Guinea](/wiki/Guinea \"Guinea\"). In 1992, he became the official dean of the preparatory faculty of APFLI and in 1993, became the dean of French language of APFLI, holding this position until 1997\\. In 1995, he became the interpreter to former [Azerbaijani President](/wiki/President_of_Azerbaijan \"President of Azerbaijan\") [Heydar Aliyev](/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev \"Heydar Aliyev\"). From 1997 to 2018, he was Head of the Department of [Foreign Relations](/wiki/Foreign_relations \"Foreign relations\") of the [Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Azerbaijan \"Presidential Administration of Azerbaijan\"). On April 21, 2018 he was appointed as the [Prime Minister of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Azerbaijan \"Prime Minister of Azerbaijan\") by President [Ilham Aliyev](/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev \"Ilham Aliyev\") and left office on October 8, 2019\\.\n\n",
"Awards\n------\n\n### Azerbaijan\n\n* [Shohrat Order](/wiki/Shohrat_Order \"Shohrat Order\") (2007\\)\n* [Sharaf Order](/wiki/Sharaf_Order \"Sharaf Order\") (2017\\)\n* Rank of Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary (2002\\)\n\n### Foreign Awards\n\n* [Legion d’Honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur \"Légion d'honneur\") ([France](/wiki/France \"France\"), 1998\\)\n* Polish Legion of Honor ([Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\"), 2009\\)\n* Order of [Legion d’Honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur \"Légion d'honneur\") ([France](/wiki/France \"France\"), 2019\\)\n",
"### Azerbaijan\n\n* [Shohrat Order](/wiki/Shohrat_Order \"Shohrat Order\") (2007\\)\n* [Sharaf Order](/wiki/Sharaf_Order \"Sharaf Order\") (2017\\)\n* Rank of Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary (2002\\)\n",
"### Foreign Awards\n\n* [Legion d’Honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur \"Légion d'honneur\") ([France](/wiki/France \"France\"), 1998\\)\n* Polish Legion of Honor ([Poland](/wiki/Poland \"Poland\"), 2009\\)\n* Order of [Legion d’Honneur](/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur \"Légion d'honneur\") ([France](/wiki/France \"France\"), 2019\\)\n",
"Publications\n------------\n\nNovruz Mammadov authored over 20 [scientific articles](/wiki/Scientific_article \"Scientific article\") and several books, including more than 300 articles dedicated to the political and public\\-political issues\n\nHe translated “A Myth of Terror” by [Erich Feigl](/wiki/Erich_Feigl \"Erich Feigl\")\" into French in 2001\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [More information](https://web.archive.org/web/20071022090210/http://www.president.az/browse.php?sec_id=85&lang=en)\n\n[Category:1947 births](/wiki/Category:1947_births \"1947 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Azerbaijani translators](/wiki/Category:Azerbaijani_translators \"Azerbaijani translators\")\n[Category:Azerbaijan University of Languages alumni](/wiki/Category:Azerbaijan_University_of_Languages_alumni \"Azerbaijan University of Languages alumni\")\n[Category:Recipients of the Shohrat Order](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Shohrat_Order \"Recipients of the Shohrat Order\")\n[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Honour](/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Legion_of_Honour \"Recipients of the Legion of Honour\")\n[Category:Prime ministers of Azerbaijan](/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_Azerbaijan \"Prime ministers of Azerbaijan\")\n\n"
]
} |
Structural subordination | {
"id": [
10289486
],
"name": [
"Trappist the monk"
]
} | tqaiigojcdqztvzi75utgxdbusdo5zv | 2023-11-03T22:34:55Z | 891,929,341 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"In corporate finance, **structural subordination** is the concept that a [lender](/wiki/Lender \"Lender\") to a company will not have access to the [assets](/wiki/Asset \"Asset\") of the company's [subsidiary](/wiki/Subsidiary \"Subsidiary\") until after all of the subsidiary's [creditors](/wiki/Creditor \"Creditor\") have been paid and the remaining assets have been distributed up to the company as an equity holder. For example, if a lender lends money to a [parent company](/wiki/Parent_company \"Parent company\"), then that lender is structurally subordinated to a lender who lent money to a subsidiary of the parent. The lender to the subsidiary is structurally senior, and the lender to the parent can only be repaid from the assets of the subsidiary after the lender to the subsidiary has been repaid.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Corporate finance](/wiki/Category:Corporate_finance \"Corporate finance\")\n\n"
]
} |
National Heritage Academies | {
"id": [
44933079
],
"name": [
"ForsythiaJo"
]
} | eilz4g1kz6b3s2srny26u7k20sj6s7b | 2024-05-23T16:33:50Z | 1,216,103,836 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Operations",
"Academics",
"All Schools",
"Colorado",
"Georgia",
"Indiana",
"Louisiana",
"Michigan",
"New York",
"North Carolina",
"Ohio",
"Wisconsin",
"Resources",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**National Heritage Academies, Inc.** (**NHA**) is a for\\-profit [education management organization](/wiki/Education_management_organization \"Education management organization\") headquartered in [Grand Rapids, Michigan](/wiki/Grand_Rapids%2C_Michigan \"Grand Rapids, Michigan\"). As of the 2019\\-20 school year, NHA operates 88 [charter schools](/wiki/Charter_school \"Charter school\") in nine states: Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, New York, North Carolina, Colorado, Georgia, Louisiana, and Wisconsin. NHA is the largest charter school operator in Michigan and one of the largest charter school operators in the United States.\"[Public money for schools buys private property](http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2014/12/14/charters-national-heritage-academies-tax-dollars-school-contents/20357559/)\" ([Archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142122/http://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2014/12/14/charters-national-heritage-academies-tax-dollars-school-contents/20357559/)). *[Detroit Free Press](/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press \"Detroit Free Press\")*. December 14, 2014\\. Retrieved on September 1, 2015\\. NHA schools are prominent among charter institutions for employing the brick and mortar or traditional school concept. It has been accused of profiting from tax\\-payers money and is in the process of selling over two\\-thirds of its schools, financed by taxes to a new corporation which will become its real estate arm.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nNHA was formed in 1995 by entrepreneur J. C. Huizenga.\n\n",
"Operations\n----------\n\nIn 2015, National Heritage Academies managed charter schools enrolled over 58,000 students on a *[vendor operated school](/wiki/Charter_management_organization%23Vendor_operated_school \"Charter management organization#Vendor operated school\")* basis.\n\nNHA managed charter schools are publicly funded and charge no tuition. They are authorized by state\\-approved institutions such as universities and school boards, and therefore have no geographic boundaries. The schools focus on college preparedness and generally serve students from kindergarten through eighth grade, with some schools also offering pre\\-kindergarten.\n\nUnlike most charter school companies in Michigan, NHA purchases the school buildings, including those that were built from public money.\n\n",
"Academics\n---------\n\nAccording to a 2017 study by the [Center for Research on Education Outcomes](/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States%23Center_for_Research_on_Education_Outcomes \"Charter schools in the United States#Center for Research on Education Outcomes\"), students in NHA schools were found to show improved spring\\-to\\-spring academic growth in the subjects of reading and math, compared with their traditional public school peers.\n\nNHA schools use the [NWEA](/wiki/Northwest_Evaluation_Association \"Northwest Evaluation Association\") test as a measure of student performance. The Northwest Evaluation Association has instituted an assessment process for both mathematics and reading. This computerized assessment is administered to provide data on students' growth in the fields of math and reading.\n\n",
"All Schools\n-----------\n\n### Colorado\n\n* Foundations Academy\n* Landmark Academy at Reunion\n* Mountain View Academy\n* Sky Ranch Academy\n\n### Georgia\n\n* Atlanta Heights Charter School\n\n### Indiana\n\n* Andrew J. Brown Academy\n* Aspire Charter Academy\n\n### Louisiana\n\n* Advantage Charter Academy\n* Inspire Charter Academy\n* Willow Charter Academy\n\n### Michigan\n\n* Achieve Charter Academy\n* Burton Glen Charter Academy\n* Canton Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer.\n* Chandler Woods Charter Academy\n* Cross Creek Charter Academy\n* Detroit Enterprise Academy\n* Detroit Merit Charter Academy\n* Detroit Premier Academy\n* Eagle Crest Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* East Arbor Charter Academy\n* Endeavor Charter Academy\n* Excel Charter Academy\n* Flagship Academy\n* Fortis Academy\n* Grand River Preparatory High School\n* Great Oaks Academy\n* Hamtramck Academy\n* Keystone Academy\n* Knapp Charter Academy\n* Lansing Charter Academy\n* Laurus Academy\n* Legacy Charter Academy\n* Linden Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* Metro Charter Academy\n* North Saginaw Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* Oakside Scholars Charter Academy\n* Paragon Charter Academy\n* Paramount Charter Academy\n* Pembroke Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* Plymouth Scholars Charter Academy\n* Prevail Academy\n* Quest Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* Reach Academy\n* Regent Park Scholars\n* Ridge Park Charter Academy\n* River City Scholars\n* South Arbor Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* South Canton Scholars Charter Academy\n* South Pointe Scholars Charter Academy\n* Taylor Exemplar Academy\n* Timberland Charter Academy\n* Triumph Academy\n* Vanderbilt Charter Academy\n* Vanguard Charter Academy\n* Vista Charter Academy\n* Walker Charter Academy\n* Walton Charter Academy\n* Warrendale Charter Academy\n* Westfield Charter Academy\n* Wellspring Preparatory High School\n* Windemere Park Charter Academy\n\n### New York\n\n* Brooklyn Dreams Charter School\n* Brooklyn Excelsior Charter School\n* Brooklyn Scholars Charter School\n* Buffalo United Charter School\n* Riverton Street Charter School\n* Southside Academy Charter School\n\n### North Carolina\n\n* Forsyth Academy\n* Gate City Charter Academy\n* Greensboro Academy\n* Johnston Charter Academy\n* Matthews Charter Academy\n* Peak Charter Academy\n* Phoenix Academy\n* PreEminent Charter School\n* Queens Grant Community School\n* Research Triangle Charter Academy\n* Rolesville Charter Academy\n* Summerfield Charter Academy\n* Wake Forest Charter Academy\n* Winterville Charter Academy\n* amgus acemy\\*\\*\\*\n\n### Ohio\n\n* Alliance Academy of Cincinnati\n* Apex Academy\n* Bennett Venture Academy\n* Emerson Academy\n* North Dayton School of Discovery\n* Orion Academy\n* Pathway School of Discovery\n* Pinnacle Academy\n* Stambaugh Charter Academy\n* Winterfield Venture Academy\n* Suckseringes Lurching Academy\n\n### Wisconsin\n\n* Milwaukee Scholars\n",
"### Colorado\n\n* Foundations Academy\n* Landmark Academy at Reunion\n* Mountain View Academy\n* Sky Ranch Academy\n",
"### Georgia\n\n* Atlanta Heights Charter School\n",
"### Indiana\n\n* Andrew J. Brown Academy\n* Aspire Charter Academy\n",
"### Louisiana\n\n* Advantage Charter Academy\n* Inspire Charter Academy\n* Willow Charter Academy\n",
"### Michigan\n\n* Achieve Charter Academy\n* Burton Glen Charter Academy\n* Canton Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer.\n* Chandler Woods Charter Academy\n* Cross Creek Charter Academy\n* Detroit Enterprise Academy\n* Detroit Merit Charter Academy\n* Detroit Premier Academy\n* Eagle Crest Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* East Arbor Charter Academy\n* Endeavor Charter Academy\n* Excel Charter Academy\n* Flagship Academy\n* Fortis Academy\n* Grand River Preparatory High School\n* Great Oaks Academy\n* Hamtramck Academy\n* Keystone Academy\n* Knapp Charter Academy\n* Lansing Charter Academy\n* Laurus Academy\n* Legacy Charter Academy\n* Linden Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* Metro Charter Academy\n* North Saginaw Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* Oakside Scholars Charter Academy\n* Paragon Charter Academy\n* Paramount Charter Academy\n* Pembroke Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* Plymouth Scholars Charter Academy\n* Prevail Academy\n* Quest Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* Reach Academy\n* Regent Park Scholars\n* Ridge Park Charter Academy\n* River City Scholars\n* South Arbor Charter Academy \\- [Central Michigan University](/wiki/Central_Michigan_University \"Central Michigan University\") is the charter overseer\n* South Canton Scholars Charter Academy\n* South Pointe Scholars Charter Academy\n* Taylor Exemplar Academy\n* Timberland Charter Academy\n* Triumph Academy\n* Vanderbilt Charter Academy\n* Vanguard Charter Academy\n* Vista Charter Academy\n* Walker Charter Academy\n* Walton Charter Academy\n* Warrendale Charter Academy\n* Westfield Charter Academy\n* Wellspring Preparatory High School\n* Windemere Park Charter Academy\n",
"### New York\n\n* Brooklyn Dreams Charter School\n* Brooklyn Excelsior Charter School\n* Brooklyn Scholars Charter School\n* Buffalo United Charter School\n* Riverton Street Charter School\n* Southside Academy Charter School\n",
"### North Carolina\n\n* Forsyth Academy\n* Gate City Charter Academy\n* Greensboro Academy\n* Johnston Charter Academy\n* Matthews Charter Academy\n* Peak Charter Academy\n* Phoenix Academy\n* PreEminent Charter School\n* Queens Grant Community School\n* Research Triangle Charter Academy\n* Rolesville Charter Academy\n* Summerfield Charter Academy\n* Wake Forest Charter Academy\n* Winterville Charter Academy\n* amgus acemy\\*\\*\\*\n",
"### Ohio\n\n* Alliance Academy of Cincinnati\n* Apex Academy\n* Bennett Venture Academy\n* Emerson Academy\n* North Dayton School of Discovery\n* Orion Academy\n* Pathway School of Discovery\n* Pinnacle Academy\n* Stambaugh Charter Academy\n* Winterfield Venture Academy\n* Suckseringes Lurching Academy\n",
"### Wisconsin\n\n* Milwaukee Scholars\n",
"Resources\n---------\n\n* \"Excel Charter School Gets Approval For Building,\" Grand Rapids Press, August 11, 1995, p. A12\\.\n* Franklin, Amy, \"Federal Court Dismisses Lawsuit Against Charter School,\" Associated Press Newswires, September 27, 2000\\.\n* Golden, Daniel, \"Common Prayer: Old\\-Time Religion Gets a Boost at a Chain of Charter Schools,\" Wall Street Journal, September 15, 1999, p. A1\\.\n* Kirkbride, Ron, \"Banking Syndicate Raises $25 Million to Expand National Heritage Schools,\" Grand Rapids Press, July 12, 2002, p. A6\\.\n* Knape, Chris, \"National Heritage Remains in Class of Its Own,\" Grand Rapids Press, August 13, 2003, p. A10\\.\n* Molinari, Deanne, \"Peter Ruppert: Inside Track,\" Grand Rapids Business Journal, June 30, 1997, p. 5\\.\n* \"National Heritage Makes Money Running Charter Schools,\" Associated Press Newswires, December 2, 2001\\.\n* Rent, Katy, \"Going to the Head of the Class,\" Grand Rapids Business Journal, November 19, 2001, p. 3\\.\n* Riede, Paul, \"State Oks Southside Charter School,\" Post\\-Standard (Syracuse), December 21, 2001, p. A1\\.\n* Schuetz, Kym, and Roland Wilkerson, \"Charter School Sale Would Fund Expansion,\" Grand Rapids Press, October 9, 1998, p. A1\\.\n* Singhania, Lisa, \"Companies See Profit in Charter Schools,\" Associated Press Newswires, April 28, 2000\\.\n* Weiker, Jim, \"Charter Group Says It Has Funds To Grow,\" Grand Rapids Press, January 18, 2000, p. B1\\.\n* Wyatt, Edward, \"Charter School to Raise Topic of Creationism,\" New York Times, February 18, 2000, p. 1\\.\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Charter schools in the United States](/wiki/Category:Charter_schools_in_the_United_States \"Charter schools in the United States\")\n[Category:Companies based in Grand Rapids, Michigan](/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Grand_Rapids%2C_Michigan \"Companies based in Grand Rapids, Michigan\")\n[Category:Education companies of the United States](/wiki/Category:Education_companies_of_the_United_States \"Education companies of the United States\")\n[Category:Education reform in the United States](/wiki/Category:Education_reform_in_the_United_States \"Education reform in the United States\")\n[Category:Education management organizations](/wiki/Category:Education_management_organizations \"Education management organizations\")\n[Category:Charter management organizations](/wiki/Category:Charter_management_organizations \"Charter management organizations\")\n[Category:American companies established in 1995](/wiki/Category:American_companies_established_in_1995 \"American companies established in 1995\")\n[Category:1995 establishments in Michigan](/wiki/Category:1995_establishments_in_Michigan \"1995 establishments in Michigan\")\n\n"
]
} |
Olivella fuscocincta | {
"id": [
46437444
],
"name": [
"Scorpions1325"
]
} | 4ift97kqwnqc88kvqvag9tqr2lubrp6 | 2024-02-01T10:43:56Z | 1,106,996,053 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Olivella fuscocincata*** is a [species](/wiki/Species \"Species\") of [dwarf olive](/wiki/Olivellinae \"Olivellinae\") [sea snail](/wiki/Sea_snail \"Sea snail\"), marine [gastropod](/wiki/Gastropod \"Gastropod\") [mollusk](/wiki/Mollusk \"Mollusk\").\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\n**Original description:** \"Shell stout, subcylindrical, short\\-spired; form about that of Fig. 298 in Sowerby, Thes. Conch. Mon. Oliva, by Marrat; free from any spots, streaks, or zigzag markings whatever; body pale fawn\\-color, with a white revolving band about two fifths of the way from the suture to the anterior end of the shell; this band is always present, and in some specimens another fainter one is visible anterior to the former; the nucleus, the anterior edge of the suture, the posterior edge of the outer fasciole, and the callosities of the mouth, are translucent white; the callus on the spire and the anterior part of the outer fasciole are uniform dark brown; the interior fasciole or anterior callus is white with from two to five ridges, in the gap between this and the posterior callus are about five ridges, while the posterior callus is smooth. \n\nLon. of shell,10\\.0 of aperture, 8\\.0 max. lat. of shell, 5\\.0 mm.\"Dall, W.H. 1889\\-*Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, Vol. 18: Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877\\-78\\) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879\\-80\\).... Report on the Mollusca. Part II. Gastropoda and Scaphopoda*\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[fuscocincta](/wiki/Category:Olivella_%28gastropod%29 \"Olivella (gastropod)\")\n[Category:Gastropods described in 1889](/wiki/Category:Gastropods_described_in_1889 \"Gastropods described in 1889\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Charles Kennedy | {
"id": [
12971673
],
"name": [
"HandsomeFella"
]
} | 1thp2zzjytji2my3v1js4iwwl0zflb2 | 2024-10-18T13:38:07Z | 1,251,729,025 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life",
"Early political career",
"Leader of the Liberal Democrats",
"Health concerns",
"2005 general election",
"Leadership concerns",
"Resignation",
"Later political career",
"Backbencher",
"Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition (2010–2015)",
"Rector of University of Glasgow",
"Death",
"Personal life",
"Electoral history",
"Bibliography",
"Works",
"Biography",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Charles Peter Kennedy** (25 November 1959 – 1 June 2015\\) was a British politician who served as [Leader of the Liberal Democrats](/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Democrats \"Leader of the Liberal Democrats\") from [1999](/wiki/1999_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election \"1999 Liberal Democrats leadership election\") to [2006](/wiki/2006_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election \"2006 Liberal Democrats leadership election\"), and was the [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)\") (MP) for [Ross, Skye and Lochaber](/wiki/Ross%2C_Skye_and_Lochaber_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Ross, Skye and Lochaber (UK Parliament constituency)\") from [1983](/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1983 United Kingdom general election\") to [2015](/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\").\n\nKennedy was elected to the [House of Commons](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom \"House of Commons of the United Kingdom\") in 1983, and after the [Alliance](/wiki/SDP%E2%80%93Liberal_Alliance \"SDP–Liberal Alliance\") parties merged, became [president of the Liberal Democrats](/wiki/President_of_the_Liberal_Democrats \"President of the Liberal Democrats\") and, following the resignation of [Paddy Ashdown](/wiki/Paddy_Ashdown \"Paddy Ashdown\") in August 1999, leader of the Liberal Democrats. He led the party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections, increasing its number of seats in the House of Commons to their highest level since 1923, led his party's [opposition to the Iraq War](/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War \"Opposition to the Iraq War\"), and broadly positioned the party to the left of [New Labour](/wiki/New_Labour \"New Labour\"). A charismatic and affable speaker in public, he appeared extensively on television during his leadership.\n\nDuring the latter stages of Kennedy's leadership, there was concern about both his leadership and his health. From December 2005, some within the party were openly questioning his position and calling for a leadership election. On 5 January 2006, he was informed that [ITN](/wiki/ITN \"ITN\") would be reporting that he had received treatment for [alcoholism](/wiki/Alcoholism \"Alcoholism\"); he pre\\-empted the broadcast by admitting that he had had treatment, and resigned as leader the following day after receiving no support within the parliamentary party. After [Menzies Campbell](/wiki/Menzies_Campbell \"Menzies Campbell\") succeeded him as leader, Kennedy remained in office as a backbench MP, where he voted against the formation of the [Cameron–Clegg coalition](/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition \"Cameron–Clegg coalition\"). He died less than a month after losing his seat in the House of Commons in 2015\\.\n\n",
"Early life\n----------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|200px\\|[Fort William, Scotland](/wiki/Fort_William%2C_Scotland \"Fort William, Scotland\")](/wiki/File:High_Street_Fort_William_-_geograph.org.uk_-_943438.jpg \"High Street Fort William - geograph.org.uk - 943438.jpg\")\nKennedy was born on 25 November 1959 in the [Scottish Highlands](/wiki/Scottish_Highlands \"Scottish Highlands\") town of [Inverness](/wiki/Inverness \"Inverness\"), the son of Mary and Ian Kennedy, and grew up in a remote [crofter](/wiki/Crofter \"Crofter\")'s cottage in the Highlands. He had a [Roman Catholic](/wiki/Roman_Catholic \"Roman Catholic\") upbringing, and was educated at [Lochaber High School](/wiki/Lochaber_High_School \"Lochaber High School\") in [Fort William](/wiki/Fort_William%2C_Scotland \"Fort William, Scotland\"). He went on to study for a [Master of Arts](/wiki/Master_of_Arts_%28Scotland%29 \"Master of Arts (Scotland)\") degree in Politics and Philosophy at the [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow \"University of Glasgow\"). Kennedy first became politically active at university, where he joined the SDP as well as the [Dialectic Society](/wiki/Glasgow_University_Dialectic_Society \"Glasgow University Dialectic Society\"). Between 1980 and 1981, Kennedy was President of the [Glasgow University Union](/wiki/Glasgow_University_Union \"Glasgow University Union\"). He won the [Observer Mace](/wiki/Observer_Mace \"Observer Mace\") debating competition in 1982, speaking with Clark McGinn.\n\nUpon graduation in 1982, Kennedy went to work for [BBC Scotland](/wiki/BBC_Scotland \"BBC Scotland\") as a journalist. He later received a [Fulbright Fellowship](/wiki/Fulbright_Fellowship \"Fulbright Fellowship\") which allowed him to carry out research at [Indiana University](/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington \"Indiana University Bloomington\") in the United States.\n\n",
"Early political career\n----------------------\n\nAt the age of 15 he joined the [Labour Party](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\"), followed in 1981 by the newly formed [Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%28UK%29 \"Social Democratic Party (UK)\") (SDP). Two years later, Kennedy received the SDP nomination to stand for the Scottish seat of [Ross, Cromarty and Skye](/wiki/Ross%2C_Cromarty_and_Skye \"Ross, Cromarty and Skye\")—then held by the [Conservative](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\") [Hamish Gray](/wiki/Hamish_Gray \"Hamish Gray\")—at the [1983 general election](/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1983 United Kingdom general election\"). Kennedy won the seat with 13,528 votes (38\\.5%) and a majority of 1,704, unseating the incumbent Gray. He was, at the age of 23, the [youngest sitting Member of Parliament](/wiki/Baby_of_the_House \"Baby of the House\") at the time he was elected to the House of Commons. He served on the Social Services [select committee](/wiki/Select_committee_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Select committee (United Kingdom)\") from 1985 to 1987, retained his seat at the [1987 general election](/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1987 United Kingdom general election\"), and served on the Televising of Proceedings of the House select committee from 1987 to 1989\\.\n\nHe was the first of the five SDP MPs to support its merger with the [Liberal Party](/wiki/Liberal_Party_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Party (UK)\") (with which the SDP was co\\-operating in the [SDP–Liberal Alliance](/wiki/SDP%E2%80%93Liberal_Alliance \"SDP–Liberal Alliance\")) because of pressure from Liberal activists in his constituency. The parties merged in 1988, forming the Social and Liberal Democratic Party, later renamed the Liberal Democrats; Kennedy was a proponent of the merge.\n\nKennedy moved into frontbench politics in 1989, becoming the party's spokesperson for health. After retaining his seat in the [1992 general election](/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1992 United Kingdom general election\") he served as the spokesperson for foreign and Commonwealth affairs during the 1992–97 parliament. He retained his seat in the [1997 general election](/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1997 United Kingdom general election\") and served on the Standards and Privileges select committee from 1997 to 1999\\.\n\nHe was [president of the Liberal Democrats](/wiki/President_of_the_Liberal_Democrats \"President of the Liberal Democrats\") from 1990 to 1994, and Liberal Democrat spokesperson for the office of the Leader of the House of Commons from 1997 to 1999\\.\n\n",
"Leader of the Liberal Democrats\n-------------------------------\n\nKennedy was elected leader of the Liberal Democrats on 9 August 1999, following the retirement of [Paddy Ashdown](/wiki/Paddy_Ashdown \"Paddy Ashdown\"). He won 57% of the transferred vote under the [alternative vote](/wiki/Alternative_vote \"Alternative vote\") system, beating the runner\\-up [Simon Hughes](/wiki/Simon_Hughes \"Simon Hughes\") (43% of the transferred vote), [Malcolm Bruce](/wiki/Malcolm_Bruce \"Malcolm Bruce\"), [Jackie Ballard](/wiki/Jackie_Ballard \"Jackie Ballard\") and [David Rendel](/wiki/David_Rendel \"David Rendel\"). In October of the same year, he was sworn in as a Member of the [Privy Council](/wiki/Privy_Council_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Privy Council (United Kingdom)\").\n\nKennedy's style of leadership was regarded as \"conversational and companionable\". He was labelled \"Chatshow Charlie\" by some observers as a result of his appearances on the [satirical](/wiki/Satirical \"Satirical\") [panel game](/wiki/Panel_game \"Panel game\") *[Have I Got News for You](/wiki/Have_I_Got_News_for_You \"Have I Got News for You\")*.\n\nIn Kennedy's first campaign as leader, the [2001 general election](/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2001 United Kingdom general election\"), the Liberal Democrats won 52 seats with an 18\\.3% share of the vote; this was a 1\\.5% improvement in vote share (and an improvement of six seats) over the [1997 election](/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1997 United Kingdom general election\"), but smaller than the 25\\.4% vote share the SDP/Liberal Alliance had achieved in 1983, which won it 23 seats. Kennedy led his party's opposition to the [Iraq War](/wiki/Iraq_War \"Iraq War\"), with all Liberal Democrats voting against or abstaining in the [vote for the invasion of Iraq](/wiki/British_parliamentary_approval_for_the_invasion_of_Iraq \"British parliamentary approval for the invasion of Iraq\")—the largest British party to do so.\n\n### Health concerns\n\nIn July 2002, [Jeremy Paxman](/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman \"Jeremy Paxman\") publicly apologised after asking Kennedy about his drinking in a television interview. Reports emerged of Kennedy's ill\\-health in 2003 at the time of crucial debates on the Iraq War and following the 2004 Budget, along with linked rumours of a drinking problem, which were strenuously denied at the time by both Kennedy and his party. *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* published an apology over a report it had made stating Kennedy had not taken part in that year's Budget debate because of excessive drinking.\n\nIn April 2005, the launch of his party's manifesto for the [2005 general election](/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2005 United Kingdom general election\") was delayed because of the birth of his first child, with [Menzies Campbell](/wiki/Menzies_Campbell \"Menzies Campbell\") taking temporary charge as acting leader and covering Kennedy's campaign duties. At the manifesto launch, on his first day back on the campaign trail after the birth, Kennedy struggled to remember the details of a key policy (replacing the [Council Tax](/wiki/Council_Tax \"Council Tax\") with a local [income tax](/wiki/Income_tax \"Income tax\")) at an early morning press conference, which he later blamed on a lack of sleep due to his new child.\n\n### 2005 general election\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|Kennedy during the [2005 election](/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2005 United Kingdom general election\") campaignIn](/wiki/File:Charles_Peter_Kennedy.jpg \"Charles Peter Kennedy.jpg\") his last general election as leader, in May 2005, he extended his strategy from the 2001 election of targeting the seats held by the most senior and/or highly regarded Conservative MPs, dubbed a \"decapitation\" strategy. The Liberal Democrats also hoped to capture marginal [Labour](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\") seats, attracting (particularly [Muslim](/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Islam in the United Kingdom\")) Labour voters who were dissatisfied because of the [invasion of Iraq](/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq \"2003 invasion of Iraq\"), which Kennedy's party had opposed.\n\nJust before the election, it had been anticipated by the media and opinion polls that the Liberal Democrats could win up to 100 seats and place themselves close to the Conservatives in terms of seats as well as votes. They won 62 seats and 22\\.1% of the vote, at the time their greatest number of seats since their Liberal Party predecessor won 158 seats in [1923](/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1923 United Kingdom general election\").\n\nThe Liberal Democrats made a net loss of five seats to the Conservatives, only managing to win three seats from them. While they were able to unseat [Shadow Education Secretary](/wiki/Shadow_Education_Secretary \"Shadow Education Secretary\") [Tim Collins](/wiki/Tim_Collins_%28politician%29 \"Tim Collins (politician)\"), they failed to unseat leading Conservatives such as the [Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer](/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer \"Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer\") [Oliver Letwin](/wiki/Oliver_Letwin \"Oliver Letwin\"), [Shadow Home Secretary](/wiki/Shadow_Home_Secretary \"Shadow Home Secretary\") [David Davis](/wiki/David_Davis_%28British_politician%29 \"David Davis (British politician)\"), [Shadow Secretary of State for the Family](/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_the_Family \"Shadow Secretary of State for the Family\") (later [Prime Minister of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\")) [Theresa May](/wiki/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") and the [Leader of the Opposition](/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)\") [Michael Howard](/wiki/Michael_Howard \"Michael Howard\"). The \"decapitation\" strategy was widely seen to have failed. They won twelve seats from Labour, but lost Leicester South. They succeeded in regaining the seat of [Ceredigion](/wiki/Ceredigion_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Ceredigion (UK Parliament constituency)\"), their first gain from the Welsh party [Plaid Cymru](/wiki/Plaid_Cymru \"Plaid Cymru\").\n\nKennedy heralded the Liberal Democrats, who now had a total of 62 seats, as the \"national party of the future\", but in the wake of the general election, Kennedy's leadership came under increased criticism from those who felt that the Liberal Democrats could have surged forward, with the official opposition Conservative Party having been relatively weak. \n\n### Leadership concerns\n\nFollowing the election of [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") as Leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005, it was widely reported that senior members of the Liberal Democrats had told Kennedy that he must either \"raise his game\" or resign. Speculation surrounding the leadership of the Liberal Democrats was widespread in late 2005, with the journalist [Andrew Neil](/wiki/Andrew_Neil \"Andrew Neil\") claiming to speak \"on good authority\" that Kennedy would announce his resignation at the 2006 spring conference of the Liberal Democrats. Kennedy's spokeswoman denied the report and complained against the BBC, which had broadcast it.\n\nA \"Kennedy Must Go\" petition was started by *[The Liberal](/wiki/The_Liberal \"The Liberal\")* magazine (a publication with no affiliation to the Liberal Democrats); this allegedly had been signed by over 3,300 party members including 386 local councillors and two MPs by the end of 2005\\. A [round\\-robin](/wiki/Round-robin_%28document%29 \"Round-robin (document)\") letter signed by Liberal Democrat MPs rejecting his leadership received 23 signatures.\n\n### Resignation\n\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Kennedy in October 2007\\.](/wiki/File:Charles_Kennedy%2C_October_2007.jpg \"Charles Kennedy, October 2007.jpg\")\nOn 6 January 2006, Kennedy was informed that [ITN](/wiki/ITN \"ITN\") would be reporting that he had received treatment for a drinking problem. He decided to pre\\-empt the broadcast, called a sudden news conference, and made a personal statement that over the past eighteen months he had been coming to terms with a drinking problem, but had sought professional help. He told reporters that recent questions among his colleagues about his suitability as leader were partly as a result of the drinking problem but stated that he had been dry for the past two months and would be calling a leadership contest, in which he would stand, to resolve the issues surrounding his authority once and for all. It was later claimed that the source for ITN's story was his former press secretary turned [ITV News](/wiki/ITV_News \"ITV News\") correspondent, [Daisy McAndrew](/wiki/Daisy_McAndrew \"Daisy McAndrew\").\n\nThe admission of a drinking problem seriously damaged his standing, and 25 MPs signed a statement urging him to resign immediately. It was later claimed in a biography of Kennedy by the journalist Greg Hurst that senior Liberal Democrats had known about Kennedy's drinking problem when he was elected as leader in 1999, and had subsequently kept it hidden from the public.\n\nOn 7 January 2006, Kennedy called another press conference, at which he announced that while he was buoyed by the supportive messages he had received from grass root members, he felt that he could not continue as leader because of the lack of confidence from the parliamentary party. He said he would not be a candidate in the leadership election and was standing down as leader \"with immediate effect\", with [Menzies Campbell](/wiki/Menzies_Campbell \"Menzies Campbell\") to act as interim leader until a new leader was elected. He also confirmed in his resignation statement that he did not expect to remain on the [Liberal Democrat frontbench team](/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_frontbench_team \"Liberal Democrat frontbench team\"). He pledged his loyalty to a new leader as a [backbencher](/wiki/Backbencher \"Backbencher\"), and said he wished to remain active in the party and in politics. Campbell went on to win the resulting [leadership election](/wiki/2006_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election \"2006 Liberal Democrats leadership election\"), and Kennedy subsequently gave his successor full public support. His leadership had lasted slightly less than six years and five months.\n\n",
"### Health concerns\n\nIn July 2002, [Jeremy Paxman](/wiki/Jeremy_Paxman \"Jeremy Paxman\") publicly apologised after asking Kennedy about his drinking in a television interview. Reports emerged of Kennedy's ill\\-health in 2003 at the time of crucial debates on the Iraq War and following the 2004 Budget, along with linked rumours of a drinking problem, which were strenuously denied at the time by both Kennedy and his party. *[The Times](/wiki/The_Times \"The Times\")* published an apology over a report it had made stating Kennedy had not taken part in that year's Budget debate because of excessive drinking.\n\nIn April 2005, the launch of his party's manifesto for the [2005 general election](/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2005 United Kingdom general election\") was delayed because of the birth of his first child, with [Menzies Campbell](/wiki/Menzies_Campbell \"Menzies Campbell\") taking temporary charge as acting leader and covering Kennedy's campaign duties. At the manifesto launch, on his first day back on the campaign trail after the birth, Kennedy struggled to remember the details of a key policy (replacing the [Council Tax](/wiki/Council_Tax \"Council Tax\") with a local [income tax](/wiki/Income_tax \"Income tax\")) at an early morning press conference, which he later blamed on a lack of sleep due to his new child.\n\n",
"### 2005 general election\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|250px\\|Kennedy during the [2005 election](/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2005 United Kingdom general election\") campaignIn](/wiki/File:Charles_Peter_Kennedy.jpg \"Charles Peter Kennedy.jpg\") his last general election as leader, in May 2005, he extended his strategy from the 2001 election of targeting the seats held by the most senior and/or highly regarded Conservative MPs, dubbed a \"decapitation\" strategy. The Liberal Democrats also hoped to capture marginal [Labour](/wiki/Labour_Party_%28UK%29 \"Labour Party (UK)\") seats, attracting (particularly [Muslim](/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Islam in the United Kingdom\")) Labour voters who were dissatisfied because of the [invasion of Iraq](/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq \"2003 invasion of Iraq\"), which Kennedy's party had opposed.\n\nJust before the election, it had been anticipated by the media and opinion polls that the Liberal Democrats could win up to 100 seats and place themselves close to the Conservatives in terms of seats as well as votes. They won 62 seats and 22\\.1% of the vote, at the time their greatest number of seats since their Liberal Party predecessor won 158 seats in [1923](/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1923 United Kingdom general election\").\n\nThe Liberal Democrats made a net loss of five seats to the Conservatives, only managing to win three seats from them. While they were able to unseat [Shadow Education Secretary](/wiki/Shadow_Education_Secretary \"Shadow Education Secretary\") [Tim Collins](/wiki/Tim_Collins_%28politician%29 \"Tim Collins (politician)\"), they failed to unseat leading Conservatives such as the [Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer](/wiki/Shadow_Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer \"Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer\") [Oliver Letwin](/wiki/Oliver_Letwin \"Oliver Letwin\"), [Shadow Home Secretary](/wiki/Shadow_Home_Secretary \"Shadow Home Secretary\") [David Davis](/wiki/David_Davis_%28British_politician%29 \"David Davis (British politician)\"), [Shadow Secretary of State for the Family](/wiki/Shadow_Secretary_of_State_for_the_Family \"Shadow Secretary of State for the Family\") (later [Prime Minister of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\")) [Theresa May](/wiki/Theresa_May \"Theresa May\") and the [Leader of the Opposition](/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)\") [Michael Howard](/wiki/Michael_Howard \"Michael Howard\"). The \"decapitation\" strategy was widely seen to have failed. They won twelve seats from Labour, but lost Leicester South. They succeeded in regaining the seat of [Ceredigion](/wiki/Ceredigion_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Ceredigion (UK Parliament constituency)\"), their first gain from the Welsh party [Plaid Cymru](/wiki/Plaid_Cymru \"Plaid Cymru\").\n\nKennedy heralded the Liberal Democrats, who now had a total of 62 seats, as the \"national party of the future\", but in the wake of the general election, Kennedy's leadership came under increased criticism from those who felt that the Liberal Democrats could have surged forward, with the official opposition Conservative Party having been relatively weak. \n\n",
"### Leadership concerns\n\nFollowing the election of [David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") as Leader of the Conservative Party in December 2005, it was widely reported that senior members of the Liberal Democrats had told Kennedy that he must either \"raise his game\" or resign. Speculation surrounding the leadership of the Liberal Democrats was widespread in late 2005, with the journalist [Andrew Neil](/wiki/Andrew_Neil \"Andrew Neil\") claiming to speak \"on good authority\" that Kennedy would announce his resignation at the 2006 spring conference of the Liberal Democrats. Kennedy's spokeswoman denied the report and complained against the BBC, which had broadcast it.\n\nA \"Kennedy Must Go\" petition was started by *[The Liberal](/wiki/The_Liberal \"The Liberal\")* magazine (a publication with no affiliation to the Liberal Democrats); this allegedly had been signed by over 3,300 party members including 386 local councillors and two MPs by the end of 2005\\. A [round\\-robin](/wiki/Round-robin_%28document%29 \"Round-robin (document)\") letter signed by Liberal Democrat MPs rejecting his leadership received 23 signatures.\n\n",
"### Resignation\n\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Kennedy in October 2007\\.](/wiki/File:Charles_Kennedy%2C_October_2007.jpg \"Charles Kennedy, October 2007.jpg\")\nOn 6 January 2006, Kennedy was informed that [ITN](/wiki/ITN \"ITN\") would be reporting that he had received treatment for a drinking problem. He decided to pre\\-empt the broadcast, called a sudden news conference, and made a personal statement that over the past eighteen months he had been coming to terms with a drinking problem, but had sought professional help. He told reporters that recent questions among his colleagues about his suitability as leader were partly as a result of the drinking problem but stated that he had been dry for the past two months and would be calling a leadership contest, in which he would stand, to resolve the issues surrounding his authority once and for all. It was later claimed that the source for ITN's story was his former press secretary turned [ITV News](/wiki/ITV_News \"ITV News\") correspondent, [Daisy McAndrew](/wiki/Daisy_McAndrew \"Daisy McAndrew\").\n\nThe admission of a drinking problem seriously damaged his standing, and 25 MPs signed a statement urging him to resign immediately. It was later claimed in a biography of Kennedy by the journalist Greg Hurst that senior Liberal Democrats had known about Kennedy's drinking problem when he was elected as leader in 1999, and had subsequently kept it hidden from the public.\n\nOn 7 January 2006, Kennedy called another press conference, at which he announced that while he was buoyed by the supportive messages he had received from grass root members, he felt that he could not continue as leader because of the lack of confidence from the parliamentary party. He said he would not be a candidate in the leadership election and was standing down as leader \"with immediate effect\", with [Menzies Campbell](/wiki/Menzies_Campbell \"Menzies Campbell\") to act as interim leader until a new leader was elected. He also confirmed in his resignation statement that he did not expect to remain on the [Liberal Democrat frontbench team](/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_frontbench_team \"Liberal Democrat frontbench team\"). He pledged his loyalty to a new leader as a [backbencher](/wiki/Backbencher \"Backbencher\"), and said he wished to remain active in the party and in politics. Campbell went on to win the resulting [leadership election](/wiki/2006_Liberal_Democrats_leadership_election \"2006 Liberal Democrats leadership election\"), and Kennedy subsequently gave his successor full public support. His leadership had lasted slightly less than six years and five months.\n\n",
"Later political career\n----------------------\n\n### Backbencher\n\n[thumb\\|200px\\|Charles Kennedy attending a debate at the [Glasgow University Union](/wiki/Glasgow_University_Union \"Glasgow University Union\") on 10 February 2009](/wiki/File:Charles_kennedy_feb_2009.jpg \"Charles kennedy feb 2009.jpg\")\nAfter resigning as party leader, Kennedy remained in office as a backbench MP. His first major political activity was to campaign in the [Dunfermline and West Fife by\\-election](/wiki/2006_Dunfermline_and_West_Fife_by-election \"2006 Dunfermline and West Fife by-election\"), which the Liberal Democrats went on to win, taking the seat from Labour.\n\nOn 22 June 2006, Kennedy made his first appearance in the national media after stepping down as party leader when he appeared on the BBC's *[Question Time](/wiki/Question_Time_%28TV_programme%29 \"Question Time (TV programme)\")*. One of the questions on the show was about his possible return as leader, which he declined to rule out.\n\nOn 4 August 2006, he hosted a documentary on [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\") about what he saw as the increasing disenchantment felt by voters towards the main parties in British politics because of their hesitation to discuss the big issues, especially at election time, and the ruthless targeting of swing\\-voters in key constituencies at the expense of the majority. He also contributed an article covering the same issues to *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*s Comment Is Free section.\n\nAfter Campbell resigned as Liberal Democrat leader on 15 October 2007, Kennedy said that it was \"highly unlikely\" that he would try to return as party leader, but he did not rule it out completely.\n\n### Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition (2010–2015\\)\n\nAt the [2010 general election](/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2010 United Kingdom general election\"), Kennedy was re\\-elected to parliament with a majority of 13,070\\.\n\nKennedy voted against the [Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition](/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_government_formation \"2010 United Kingdom government formation\") in May 2010, explaining in an article for *The Observer* that he \"did not subscribe to the view that remaining in opposition ourselves, while extending responsible '[Confidence and supply](/wiki/Confidence_and_supply \"Confidence and supply\")' requirements to a minority Conservative administration, was tantamount to a 'do nothing' response\". Finally, Kennedy warned of the risks of \"a subsequent assimilation within the Conservative fold\", adding: \"[David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") has been here often before: from the early days of his leadership he was happy to describe himself as a '[liberal Conservative](/wiki/Liberal_Conservative \"Liberal Conservative\")'. And we know he dislikes the term Tory. These ongoing efforts at appropriation are going to have to be watched\".\n\nThe media reported on 21 August 2010 that Kennedy was about to defect from the Liberal Democrats to Labour in protest against his party's role in the coalition government's public spending cuts, but the Liberal Democrats were swift to deny these reports.\n\nKennedy played a role in the cross\\-party [Better Together](/wiki/Better_Together_%28campaign%29 \"Better Together (campaign)\") campaign, which was the pro\\-union campaign for the [2014 Scottish independence referendum](/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum \"2014 Scottish independence referendum\"). In March 2014, *[The Sunday Post](/wiki/The_Sunday_Post \"The Sunday Post\")* reported that Kennedy had criticised Labour's strategy in the referendum campaign and said that Better Together needed to consider its legacy.\n\nKennedy lost his seat at the [2015 general election](/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\") to [Ian Blackford](/wiki/Ian_Blackford \"Ian Blackford\") of the [Scottish National Party](/wiki/Scottish_National_Party \"Scottish National Party\"), amid a nationwide loss of 49 seats by the Liberal Democrats. He received 14,995 votes and 35\\.9% of the vote, losing to Blackford by 5,124 votes. The campaign attracted national attention because of its acrimony; Blackford objected to being called a \"well\\-funded banker\" and confronted Kennedy in his office. Liberal Democrats accused Blackford of dog whistling about Kennedy's struggles with alcoholism. Leaflets were distributed telling voters \"Why bottle it? Make a Change!\", but the SNP denied responsibility for their distribution and condemned them. Former Liberal Democrat leader [Menzies Campbell](/wiki/Menzies_Campbell \"Menzies Campbell\") labelled the campaign, \"far and away the most despicable I encountered in all my years in UK politics.\" However, Blackford said he was \"proud\" of the campaign and claimed there was \"absolutely no issue\" between himself and Kennedy before his death in June 2015\\.\n\n### Rector of University of Glasgow\n\nIn February 2008, Kennedy was elected [Rector of the University of Glasgow](/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow \"Rector of the University of Glasgow\") and was officially installed, succeeding [Mordechai Vanunu](/wiki/Mordechai_Vanunu \"Mordechai Vanunu\"), on 10 April 2008\\. He won the election with a 46% share of the vote, supported by not only his own [Glasgow University Union](/wiki/Glasgow_University_Union \"Glasgow University Union\") but also the [Queen Margaret Union](/wiki/Queen_Margaret_Union \"Queen Margaret Union\") and [Glasgow University Sports Association](/wiki/Glasgow_University_Sports_Association \"Glasgow University Sports Association\"). He was re\\-elected in February 2011, defeating one other candidate, the writer [A. L. Kennedy](/wiki/A._L._Kennedy \"A. L. Kennedy\"), by a clear margin. He served six years as rector until [Edward Snowden](/wiki/Edward_Snowden \"Edward Snowden\") was elected in February 2014\\.\n\n",
"### Backbencher\n\n[thumb\\|200px\\|Charles Kennedy attending a debate at the [Glasgow University Union](/wiki/Glasgow_University_Union \"Glasgow University Union\") on 10 February 2009](/wiki/File:Charles_kennedy_feb_2009.jpg \"Charles kennedy feb 2009.jpg\")\nAfter resigning as party leader, Kennedy remained in office as a backbench MP. His first major political activity was to campaign in the [Dunfermline and West Fife by\\-election](/wiki/2006_Dunfermline_and_West_Fife_by-election \"2006 Dunfermline and West Fife by-election\"), which the Liberal Democrats went on to win, taking the seat from Labour.\n\nOn 22 June 2006, Kennedy made his first appearance in the national media after stepping down as party leader when he appeared on the BBC's *[Question Time](/wiki/Question_Time_%28TV_programme%29 \"Question Time (TV programme)\")*. One of the questions on the show was about his possible return as leader, which he declined to rule out.\n\nOn 4 August 2006, he hosted a documentary on [Channel 4](/wiki/Channel_4 \"Channel 4\") about what he saw as the increasing disenchantment felt by voters towards the main parties in British politics because of their hesitation to discuss the big issues, especially at election time, and the ruthless targeting of swing\\-voters in key constituencies at the expense of the majority. He also contributed an article covering the same issues to *[The Guardian](/wiki/The_Guardian \"The Guardian\")*s Comment Is Free section.\n\nAfter Campbell resigned as Liberal Democrat leader on 15 October 2007, Kennedy said that it was \"highly unlikely\" that he would try to return as party leader, but he did not rule it out completely.\n\n",
"### Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition (2010–2015\\)\n\nAt the [2010 general election](/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2010 United Kingdom general election\"), Kennedy was re\\-elected to parliament with a majority of 13,070\\.\n\nKennedy voted against the [Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition](/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_government_formation \"2010 United Kingdom government formation\") in May 2010, explaining in an article for *The Observer* that he \"did not subscribe to the view that remaining in opposition ourselves, while extending responsible '[Confidence and supply](/wiki/Confidence_and_supply \"Confidence and supply\")' requirements to a minority Conservative administration, was tantamount to a 'do nothing' response\". Finally, Kennedy warned of the risks of \"a subsequent assimilation within the Conservative fold\", adding: \"[David Cameron](/wiki/David_Cameron \"David Cameron\") has been here often before: from the early days of his leadership he was happy to describe himself as a '[liberal Conservative](/wiki/Liberal_Conservative \"Liberal Conservative\")'. And we know he dislikes the term Tory. These ongoing efforts at appropriation are going to have to be watched\".\n\nThe media reported on 21 August 2010 that Kennedy was about to defect from the Liberal Democrats to Labour in protest against his party's role in the coalition government's public spending cuts, but the Liberal Democrats were swift to deny these reports.\n\nKennedy played a role in the cross\\-party [Better Together](/wiki/Better_Together_%28campaign%29 \"Better Together (campaign)\") campaign, which was the pro\\-union campaign for the [2014 Scottish independence referendum](/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum \"2014 Scottish independence referendum\"). In March 2014, *[The Sunday Post](/wiki/The_Sunday_Post \"The Sunday Post\")* reported that Kennedy had criticised Labour's strategy in the referendum campaign and said that Better Together needed to consider its legacy.\n\nKennedy lost his seat at the [2015 general election](/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\") to [Ian Blackford](/wiki/Ian_Blackford \"Ian Blackford\") of the [Scottish National Party](/wiki/Scottish_National_Party \"Scottish National Party\"), amid a nationwide loss of 49 seats by the Liberal Democrats. He received 14,995 votes and 35\\.9% of the vote, losing to Blackford by 5,124 votes. The campaign attracted national attention because of its acrimony; Blackford objected to being called a \"well\\-funded banker\" and confronted Kennedy in his office. Liberal Democrats accused Blackford of dog whistling about Kennedy's struggles with alcoholism. Leaflets were distributed telling voters \"Why bottle it? Make a Change!\", but the SNP denied responsibility for their distribution and condemned them. Former Liberal Democrat leader [Menzies Campbell](/wiki/Menzies_Campbell \"Menzies Campbell\") labelled the campaign, \"far and away the most despicable I encountered in all my years in UK politics.\" However, Blackford said he was \"proud\" of the campaign and claimed there was \"absolutely no issue\" between himself and Kennedy before his death in June 2015\\.\n\n",
"### Rector of University of Glasgow\n\nIn February 2008, Kennedy was elected [Rector of the University of Glasgow](/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow \"Rector of the University of Glasgow\") and was officially installed, succeeding [Mordechai Vanunu](/wiki/Mordechai_Vanunu \"Mordechai Vanunu\"), on 10 April 2008\\. He won the election with a 46% share of the vote, supported by not only his own [Glasgow University Union](/wiki/Glasgow_University_Union \"Glasgow University Union\") but also the [Queen Margaret Union](/wiki/Queen_Margaret_Union \"Queen Margaret Union\") and [Glasgow University Sports Association](/wiki/Glasgow_University_Sports_Association \"Glasgow University Sports Association\"). He was re\\-elected in February 2011, defeating one other candidate, the writer [A. L. Kennedy](/wiki/A._L._Kennedy \"A. L. Kennedy\"), by a clear margin. He served six years as rector until [Edward Snowden](/wiki/Edward_Snowden \"Edward Snowden\") was elected in February 2014\\.\n\n",
"Death\n-----\n\nKennedy died on the evening of 1 June 2015 at his home in [Fort William](/wiki/Fort_William%2C_Scotland \"Fort William, Scotland\") at the age of 55\\. His death was announced in the early hours of the following day. The police described his death as \"sudden and non\\-suspicious\". Following a post\\-mortem, his family announced that Kennedy had died of a major haemorrhage linked to his alcoholism.\n\nA funeral mass was held on 12 June at his parish church, St John's Roman Catholic Church, in [Caol](/wiki/Caol \"Caol\") near Fort William, and his body was buried at his family's cemetery at [Clunes](/wiki/Clunes%2C_Lochaber \"Clunes, Lochaber\"). A service of thanksgiving was held at the [University of Glasgow](/wiki/University_of_Glasgow \"University of Glasgow\") on 18 June and it was announced that the university would be fundraising to name a teaching area in memory of him. A memorial service was held in [St George's Cathedral, Southwark](/wiki/St_George%27s_Cathedral%2C_Southwark \"St George's Cathedral, Southwark\"), London, on 3 November.[\"Charles Kennedy remembered at London memorial service\"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-34702501) BBC News, 3 November 2015\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nIn July 2002, Kennedy married Sarah Gurling, the sister of his friend James Gurling. They had a son, Donald, who was born in 2005\\. On 9 August 2010, it was announced that Kennedy and his wife were to separate, and their divorce was granted on 9 December 2010\\.\n\nLate in life Kennedy began a relationship with Carole Macdonald, a close friend from University and the widow of his long\\-time friend Murdo Macdonald. Murdo had been godfather to Charles' son Donald, with the two being good friends since their days together on the Glasgow University Union Board in the late 70s. Macdonald had at times accompanied Kennedy on Campaign offering support and acting as an informal adviser. His death from cancer in 2007 hit Kennedy hard, leading to a serious deterioration in his long\\-term struggle with alcohol from which he never truly recovered. It was Carole who discovered Kennedy's body the night he died.\n\nKennedy's father Ian, to whom he was close, died in April 2015, just two months before his son's death. He had been a brewery worker but a lifelong [teetotaller](/wiki/Teetotaller \"Teetotaller\"). Kennedy had chosen a recording of his father's fiddle playing when he appeared on *[Desert Island Discs](/wiki/Desert_Island_Discs \"Desert Island Discs\")*.\n\n",
"Electoral history\n-----------------\n\n| \\+UK general elections |\n| --- |\n| Date of election | Constituency | Party | | Votes | % of votes | Result | Ref |\n| [1983 general election](/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1983 United Kingdom general election\") | [Ross, Cromarty and Skye](/wiki/Ross%2C_Cromarty_and_Skye \"Ross, Cromarty and Skye\") |\n\n [Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%28UK%29 \"Social Democratic Party (UK)\") |\n 13,528 |\n 38\\.5 |\n Elected |\n |\n| [1987 general election](/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1987 United Kingdom general election\") | [Ross, Cromarty and Skye](/wiki/Ross%2C_Cromarty_and_Skye \"Ross, Cromarty and Skye\") |\n\n [Social Democratic Party](/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%28UK%29 \"Social Democratic Party (UK)\") |\n 18,809 |\n 49\\.4 |\n Re\\-Elected |\n |\n| [1992 general election](/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1992 United Kingdom general election\") | [Ross, Cromarty and Skye](/wiki/Ross%2C_Cromarty_and_Skye \"Ross, Cromarty and Skye\") |\n\n [Liberal Democrats](/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\") |\n 17,066 |\n 41\\.6 |\n Re\\-Elected |\n |\n| [1997 general election](/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1997 United Kingdom general election\") | [Ross, Skye and Inverness West](/wiki/Ross%2C_Skye_and_Inverness_West_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Ross, Skye and Inverness West (UK Parliament constituency)\") |\n\n [Liberal Democrats](/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\") |\n 15,472 |\n 38\\.7 |\n Re\\-Elected |\n |\n| [2001 general election](/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2001 United Kingdom general election\") | [Ross, Skye and Inverness West](/wiki/Ross%2C_Skye_and_Inverness_West_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Ross, Skye and Inverness West (UK Parliament constituency)\") |\n\n [Liberal Democrats](/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\") |\n 18,832 |\n 54\\.1 |\n Re\\-Elected |\n |\n| [2005 general election](/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2005 United Kingdom general election\") | [Ross, Skye and Lochaber](/wiki/Ross%2C_Skye_and_Lochaber_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Ross, Skye and Lochaber (UK Parliament constituency)\") |\n\n [Liberal Democrats](/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\") |\n 19,100 |\n 58\\.7 |\n Re\\-Elected |\n |\n| [2010 general election](/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2010 United Kingdom general election\") | [Ross, Skye and Lochaber](/wiki/Ross%2C_Skye_and_Lochaber_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Ross, Skye and Lochaber (UK Parliament constituency)\") |\n\n [Liberal Democrats](/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\") |\n 18,335 |\n 52\\.6 |\n Re\\-Elected |\n |\n| [2015 general election](/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election \"2015 United Kingdom general election\") | [Ross, Skye and Lochaber](/wiki/Ross%2C_Skye_and_Lochaber_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Ross, Skye and Lochaber (UK Parliament constituency)\") |\n\n [Liberal Democrats](/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 \"Liberal Democrats (UK)\") |\n 14,995 |\n 35\\.9 |\n Unseated |\n |\n\n",
"Bibliography\n------------\n\n### Works\n\n* *The Future of Politics* (2000\\) (hardcover) (paperback)\n\n### Biography\n\n* Hurst, Greg. *Charles Kennedy: A Tragic Flaw*. Politico's Publishing Ltd (18 September 2006\\) \n",
"### Works\n\n* *The Future of Politics* (2000\\) (hardcover) (paperback)\n",
"### Biography\n\n* Hurst, Greg. *Charles Kennedy: A Tragic Flaw*. Politico's Publishing Ltd (18 September 2006\\) \n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Liberal Democrat MPs](/wiki/List_of_Liberal_Democrat_MPs \"List of Liberal Democrat MPs\")\n* [List of deaths through alcohol](/wiki/List_of_deaths_through_alcohol \"List of deaths through alcohol\")\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Rt Hon Charles Kennedy MP](http://www.charleskennedy.org.uk/) *official constituency website*\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n\n\\|\\-\n\n \n\n[Category:1959 births](/wiki/Category:1959_births \"1959 births\")\n[Category:2015 deaths](/wiki/Category:2015_deaths \"2015 deaths\")\n[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_Glasgow \"Alumni of the University of Glasgow\")\n[Category:Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)](/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 \"Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)\")\n[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Highland constituencies](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_Highland_constituencies \"Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Highland constituencies\")\n[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom \"Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:People educated at Lochaber High School](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Lochaber_High_School \"People educated at Lochaber High School\")\n[Category:People from Inverness](/wiki/Category:People_from_Inverness \"People from Inverness\")\n[Category:Presidents of the Liberal Democrats (UK)](/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Liberal_Democrats_%28UK%29 \"Presidents of the Liberal Democrats (UK)\")\n[Category:Rectors of the University of Glasgow](/wiki/Category:Rectors_of_the_University_of_Glasgow \"Rectors of the University of Glasgow\")\n[Category:Scottish journalists](/wiki/Category:Scottish_journalists \"Scottish journalists\")\n[Category:Scottish Liberal Democrat MPs](/wiki/Category:Scottish_Liberal_Democrat_MPs \"Scottish Liberal Democrat MPs\")\n[Category:Scottish Roman Catholics](/wiki/Category:Scottish_Roman_Catholics \"Scottish Roman Catholics\")\n[Category:Social Democratic Party (UK) MPs for Scottish constituencies](/wiki/Category:Social_Democratic_Party_%28UK%29_MPs_for_Scottish_constituencies \"Social Democratic Party (UK) MPs for Scottish constituencies\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1983–1987](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1983%E2%80%931987 \"UK MPs 1983–1987\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1987–1992](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1987%E2%80%931992 \"UK MPs 1987–1992\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1992–1997](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1992%E2%80%931997 \"UK MPs 1992–1997\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1997%E2%80%932001 \"UK MPs 1997–2001\")\n[Category:UK MPs 2001–2005](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_2001%E2%80%932005 \"UK MPs 2001–2005\")\n[Category:UK MPs 2005–2010](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_2005%E2%80%932010 \"UK MPs 2005–2010\")\n[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_2010%E2%80%932015 \"UK MPs 2010–2015\")\n[Category:Alcohol\\-related deaths in Scotland](/wiki/Category:Alcohol-related_deaths_in_Scotland \"Alcohol-related deaths in Scotland\")\n[Category:Deaths from bleeding](/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_bleeding \"Deaths from bleeding\")\n\n"
]
} |
Salvator Gotta | {
"id": [
1189543
],
"name": [
"Simeon"
]
} | 56bhwzinwbm3koc4g2moagn697cg66r | 2024-06-03T17:32:17Z | 1,107,385,490 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Life and work",
"Selected filmography",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * \n\n**Salvator Gotta** (or **Salvatore Gotta**) (18 May 1887 – 7 June 1980\\) was an Italian writer. He was best known as a prolific novelist, but he was also a biographer, playwright, screenplay writer, and writer of children's books.\n\n",
"Life and work\n-------------\n\nGotta was born on the 18 May 1887 in [Montalto Dora](/wiki/Montalto_Dora \"Montalto Dora\"), [Piedmont](/wiki/Piedmont \"Piedmont\"), Italy. He graduated from the [University of Turin](/wiki/University_of_Turin \"University of Turin\"), and his literary career started with the publication of *Pia* in 1912\\. Other novels followed, and in 1917 he started on the trilogy *La saga dei Vela*, which was to become his best known work. During the [first world war](/wiki/World_War_I \"World War I\") he served in the [Alpini](/wiki/Alpini \"Alpini\") Corps, and from this experience in 1926 he wrote the children's novel *Il piccolo Alpino* (*The little [Alpino](/wiki/Alpini \"Alpini\")*), which was very successful and inspired the 1986 Italian TV mini\\-series *[Mino](/wiki/Mino_%28miniseries%29 \"Mino (miniseries)\")*.\n\nGotta joined the [Fascist party](/wiki/National_Fascist_Party \"National Fascist Party\") at an early stage, and in 1925 he wrote the words of the official Fascist anthem [Giovinezza](/wiki/Giovinezza \"Giovinezza\") (\"Youth\"). He praised the fascists in several of his works, such as *Mistica Patria* (Mystic Country), of 1932\\.\n\nHe wrote film screenplays and stage plays, such as *Mille lire* (1923\\) and *La damigella di Bard* (1936\\). He continued to write novels after the second world war, but his works from this period are now little remembered, and many of his works were allowed to go out of print because of his Fascist associations. However, he had some popularity among teenagers in the 1960s and 1970s for his historical novels and a column he wrote in the magazine *[Topolino](/wiki/Topolino \"Topolino\")*.\n\nGotta was influenced by the realists, and by [Antonio Fogazzaro](/wiki/Antonio_Fogazzaro \"Antonio Fogazzaro\"). Gotta and Fogazzaro were both published by *Baldini \\& Castoldi*.\n\nGotta wrote his autobiography, *L'almanacco di Gotta* (\"Gotta's Almanac\"). He died on the 7 June 1980 at [Rapallo](/wiki/Rapallo \"Rapallo\") in the [province of Genoa](/wiki/Province_of_Genoa \"Province of Genoa\"), [Liguria](/wiki/Liguria \"Liguria\"), Italy.\n\n",
"Selected filmography\n--------------------\n\n* *[Cavalry](/wiki/Cavalry_%281936_Italian_film%29 \"Cavalry (1936 Italian film)\")* (1936\\)\n* *[Goodbye Youth](/wiki/Goodbye_Youth_%281940_film%29 \"Goodbye Youth (1940 film)\")* (1940\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1887 births](/wiki/Category:1887_births \"1887 births\")\n[Category:1980 deaths](/wiki/Category:1980_deaths \"1980 deaths\")\n[Category:Italian children's writers](/wiki/Category:Italian_children%27s_writers \"Italian children's writers\")\n[Category:Italian biographers](/wiki/Category:Italian_biographers \"Italian biographers\")\n[Category:Male biographers](/wiki/Category:Male_biographers \"Male biographers\")\n[Category:Italian male non\\-fiction writers](/wiki/Category:Italian_male_non-fiction_writers \"Italian male non-fiction writers\")\n\n"
]
} |
Wariner | {
"id": [
33826969
],
"name": [
"DrThneed"
]
} | k5w5k8yo02x8elgj83n1f673puk8wmq | 2024-08-31T06:13:12Z | 1,214,099,750 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Wariner",
"Sportspeople",
"Others"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"**Wariner** or **Warriner** is a surname. Notable people with the name include:\n\n",
"Sportspeople\n------------\n\n* [Alan Warriner\\-Little](/wiki/Alan_Warriner-Little \"Alan Warriner-Little\") (born 1962\\), né Warriner, English professional darts player\n* [Ed Warinner](/wiki/Ed_Warinner \"Ed Warinner\") (born 1961\\), American football coach and former player\n* [Jeremy Wariner](/wiki/Jeremy_Wariner \"Jeremy Wariner\") (born 1984\\), American track athlete\n* [Leroy Warriner](/wiki/Leroy_Warriner \"Leroy Warriner\") (1919–2003\\), American racing driver\n* [Michael Warriner](/wiki/Michael_Warriner \"Michael Warriner\") (1908–1986\\), English rower\n* [Samantha Warriner](/wiki/Samantha_Warriner \"Samantha Warriner\") (born 1971\\), English\\-born New Zealander triathlete\n* [Steve Warriner](/wiki/Steve_Warriner \"Steve Warriner\"), English former footballer\n* [Todd Warriner](/wiki/Todd_Warriner \"Todd Warriner\") (born 1974\\), Canadian ice\\-hockey forward\n",
"Others\n------\n\n* [David Dortch Warriner](/wiki/David_Dortch_Warriner \"David Dortch Warriner\") (1929–1986\\), United States federal judge\n* [Doreen Warriner](/wiki/Doreen_Warriner \"Doreen Warriner\"), (1904–1974\\), British academic and refugee worker in Czechoslovakia in 1938\\-1939\n* [E. C. Warriner](/wiki/E._C._Warriner \"E. C. Warriner\") (1866–1945\\), American educator\n* [Frederic Warriner](/wiki/Frederic_Warriner \"Frederic Warriner\") (1916–1992\\), American stage actor\n* [Frederick Warriner](/wiki/Frederick_Warriner \"Frederick Warriner\") (1884–1966\\), mayor of Winnipeg in 1937\n* [John E. Warriner](/wiki/John_E._Warriner \"John E. Warriner\") (c. 1907–1987\\), author of the textbook series *[Warriner's English Grammar and Composition](/wiki/Warriner%27s_English_Grammar_and_Composition \"Warriner's English Grammar and Composition\")*\n* [Steve Wariner](/wiki/Steve_Wariner \"Steve Wariner\") (born 1954\\), American country\\-music singer\\-songwriter\n* [Tony Warriner](/wiki/Tony_Warriner \"Tony Warriner\") (born 1968\\), English video game designer\n* [Virginia Warriner](/wiki/Virginia_Warriner \"Virginia Warriner\"), New Zealand professor of business\n\n"
]
} |
Luděk Zelenka | {
"id": [
32983869
],
"name": [
"KiranBOT"
]
} | hqpb5ptknlob5it8qu0mqddeef872ml | 2023-07-09T15:16:50Z | 1,163,778,801 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Luděk Zelenka** (born 11 September 1973\\) is a former [Czech](/wiki/Czech_Republic \"Czech Republic\") [football](/wiki/Association_football \"Association football\") player.\n\nZelenka played for various top [Gambrinus liga](/wiki/Gambrinus_liga \"Gambrinus liga\") clubs during his career and was a prolific goalscorer. In the [2004\\-2005 season](/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Gambrinus_liga \"2004–05 Gambrinus liga\") he scored 12 goals, becoming the second best goalscorer of the season. At the end of 2009 he ended his professional career.[Sport.cz: Útočník Luděk Zelenka ukončil kariéru](http://fotbal.sport.cz/fotbal/2liga/161887-utocnik-ludek-zelenka-ukoncil-karieru.html)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Player profile at fczbrno.cz (FC Zbrojovka Brno official site)](https://web.archive.org/web/20120320053413/http://www.fczbrno.cz/cs/o-klubu/vyznamni-hraci/ludek-zelenka.html)\n* [Profile at Bohemians 1905 website](http://www.bohemians.cz/osoba/316/ludek-zelenka.aspx)\n\n[Category:1973 births](/wiki/Category:1973_births \"1973 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Czech men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Czech_men%27s_footballers \"Czech men's footballers\")\n[Category:Czech expatriate men's footballers](/wiki/Category:Czech_expatriate_men%27s_footballers \"Czech expatriate men's footballers\")\n[Category:Czech First League players](/wiki/Category:Czech_First_League_players \"Czech First League players\")\n[Category:FK Jablonec players](/wiki/Category:FK_Jablonec_players \"FK Jablonec players\")\n[Category:FK Viktoria Žižkov players](/wiki/Category:FK_Viktoria_%C5%BDi%C5%BEkov_players \"FK Viktoria Žižkov players\")\n[Category:SK Slavia Prague players](/wiki/Category:SK_Slavia_Prague_players \"SK Slavia Prague players\")\n[Category:FK Teplice players](/wiki/Category:FK_Teplice_players \"FK Teplice players\")\n[Category:FK Chmel Blšany players](/wiki/Category:FK_Chmel_Bl%C5%A1any_players \"FK Chmel Blšany players\")\n[Category:FC Zbrojovka Brno players](/wiki/Category:FC_Zbrojovka_Brno_players \"FC Zbrojovka Brno players\")\n[Category:FC Kärnten players](/wiki/Category:FC_K%C3%A4rnten_players \"FC Kärnten players\")\n[Category:FK Dukla Prague players](/wiki/Category:FK_Dukla_Prague_players \"FK Dukla Prague players\")\n[Category:Bohemians 1905 players](/wiki/Category:Bohemians_1905_players \"Bohemians 1905 players\")\n[Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Austria](/wiki/Category:Expatriate_men%27s_footballers_in_Austria \"Expatriate men's footballers in Austria\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Liberec](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Liberec \"Sportspeople from Liberec\")\n[Category:Footballers from the Liberec Region](/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_the_Liberec_Region \"Footballers from the Liberec Region\")\n[Category:Men's association football forwards](/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_forwards \"Men's association football forwards\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Potential Murder Suspects | {
"id": [
45417033
],
"name": [
"Swinub"
]
} | 1etsl85b2ymea9v8af8h9xmyn5l7p9s | 2024-05-20T05:31:22Z | 1,178,838,771 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Track listing",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Potential Murder Suspects (P.M.S.)*** is the third and final album released by the [Hard Boyz](/wiki/Hard_Boyz \"Hard Boyz\"). It was released on March 24, 1998 through Roadrunner Records and was least successful of the group's three albums as it did not reach the Billboard charts.\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n1. \"Listen to 'em Rumors\"\\- 3:18\n2. \"Think About It\"\\- 4:50 (Featuring [MC Breed](/wiki/MC_Breed \"MC Breed\"))\n3. \"Thugz Like Us\"\\- 4:57\n4. \"Who Do You Fear\"\\- 1:09\n5. \"P.M.S.\"\\- 5:29 (Featuring Ghetto E)\n6. \"Sick Psychotic Thoughts\" (Remix)\\- 4:44\n7. \"Hellbound\"\\- 5:09\n8. \"Here They Come\"\\- 4:43\n9. \"Trapped\" (Remix)\\- 5:04 (Featuring [Spice 1](/wiki/Spice_1 \"Spice 1\"))\n10. \"War Stories\"\\- 3:21\n11. \"I Now Know\"\\- 4:22\n12. \"Let's Roll\"\\- 4:53\n13. \"Lost Cause\"\\- 4:45\n14. \"Let's Straighten It Out\"\\- 5:13\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* *\\[ Potential Murder Suspects]* at [Allmusic](/wiki/Allmusic \"Allmusic\")\n* *[Potential Murder Suspects](http://www.tower.com/p-m-s-hard-boyz-cd/wapi/106630208)* at [Tower Records](/wiki/Tower_Records \"Tower Records\")\n* *[Potential Murder Suspects](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000005ZDV)* at [Amazon.com](/wiki/Amazon.com \"Amazon.com\")\n\n[Category:1998 albums](/wiki/Category:1998_albums \"1998 albums\")\n[Category:Hard Boyz albums](/wiki/Category:Hard_Boyz_albums \"Hard Boyz albums\")\n\n"
]
} |
Nadine Sierra | {
"id": [
41327103
],
"name": [
"Toodles The Grey"
]
} | d98txdzmy9pgydbywv4im1p8k37ckb9 | 2024-10-18T04:29:12Z | 1,251,580,926 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Awards",
"Recordings",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|Nadine Sierra in 2013](/wiki/File:Nadine_Sierra_2013-10-12_cropped.jpg \"Nadine Sierra 2013-10-12 cropped.jpg\")\n**Nadine Sierra** (born May 14, 1988\\) is an American soprano. She is best known for her interpretation of Gilda in Verdi's *Rigoletto,* and Lucia in Donizetti's *Lucia di Lammermoor.* Currently performing in leading roles in the top opera houses around the world, she received the 1st Prize and People's Choice Award 2013 at the [Neue Stimmen](/wiki/Neue_Stimmen \"Neue Stimmen\") competition, is the 2017 [Richard Tucker Music Foundation Award Winner](/wiki/Richard_Tucker_Music_Foundation \"Richard Tucker Music Foundation\"), and was awarded the Beverly Sills Artists Award in 2018\\.Mcphee, Ryan. [\"Nadine Sierra Named Metropolitan Opera's 2018 Beverly Sills Artist Award Winner\"](http://www.playbill.com/article/nadine-sierra-named-metropolitan-operas-2018-beverly-sills-artist-award-winner), *[Playbill](/wiki/Playbill \"Playbill\")*, April 24, 2018 Her debut album on the Universal Music Group label, *There's a Place for Us*, was released on August 24, 2018\\.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nA native of [Fort Lauderdale, Florida](/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%2C_Florida \"Fort Lauderdale, Florida\"), she trained at [The Mannes College of Music](/wiki/Mannes_College_The_New_School_for_Music \"Mannes College The New School for Music\") and with [Marilyn Horne](/wiki/Marilyn_Horne \"Marilyn Horne\") at the [Music Academy of the West](/wiki/Music_Academy_of_the_West \"Music Academy of the West\"), where she was the youngest person to win the [Marilyn Horne Foundation Vocal Competition](/wiki/Marilyn_Horne_Song_Competition \"Marilyn Horne Song Competition\").Stewart, Henry, [\"The Next Ones: Nadine Sierra (soprano)\"](http://www.thelmagazine.com/newyork/the-next-ones-nadine-sierra-soprano/Content?oid=1254583), *The L Magazine*, September 2, 2009\\.Smith, Steve, [\"The On Wings of Song Series Shows a Fledgling's Flights\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/13/arts/music/13sier.html?ref=music), *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")*, November 13, 2007\\. She became a Young Artist with the [Palm Beach Opera](/wiki/Palm_Beach_Opera \"Palm Beach Opera\") when she was fourteen, and made her operatic debut there two years later as the Sandman in [Engelbert Humperdinck](/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_%28composer%29 \"Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)\")'s *[Hansel and Gretel](/wiki/Hansel_and_Gretel_%28opera%29 \"Hansel and Gretel (opera)\")*.Schultz, Alexandra, [\"Portrait of the Artists: Meet three unique talents defining the face of the South Florida cultural scene\"](http://www.bocamag.com/Boca-Raton-Magazine/November-2008/Portrait-of-the-Artists/) , *Boca Raton Magazine*. Accessed November 2008\\.\n\nShe appeared on the [National Public Radio](/wiki/National_Public_Radio \"National Public Radio\") program *[From the Top](/wiki/From_the_Top \"From the Top\")* when she was fifteen, performing \"[O mio babbino caro](/wiki/O_mio_babbino_caro \"O mio babbino caro\")\" from *[Gianni Schicchi](/wiki/Gianni_Schicchi \"Gianni Schicchi\")*.NPR *[From the Top](/wiki/From_the_Top \"From the Top\")*, [Green Room: Congratulations Met Council Auditions Winner Nadine Sierra](http://greenroom.fromthetop.org/2009/02/23/congratulations-met-opera-winner-nadine-sierra/) \n\nShe was invited back to *From the Top* in 2010, a show taped in [Burlington, Vermont](/wiki/Burlington%2C_Vermont \"Burlington, Vermont\"), with commentary by [Marilyn Horne](/wiki/Marilyn_Horne \"Marilyn Horne\"). She appeared at the United States Supreme Court Building in May 2009, where she sang solo and with [Thomas Hampson](/wiki/Thomas_Hampson_%28baritone%29 \"Thomas Hampson (baritone)\") in the [Justices' Chambers](/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building \"United States Supreme Court Building\"). In 2009, she competed in Helsinki, Finland, in the Mirjam Helin International Competition, where she was awarded second place. She had her debut concert in Helsinki, Finland in 2009\\. In October 2009, she performed in the Marilyn Horne Mediterranean Cruise to Italy, Croatia, Turkey, and Greece. In March 2010, she performed at the [Musashino Hall](/wiki/Musashino_Academia_Musicae \"Musashino Academia Musicae\"), Tokyo, Japan.\n\nSierra appeared as the Princess with [Gotham Chamber Opera](/wiki/Gotham_Chamber_Opera \"Gotham Chamber Opera\")'s production of [Xavier Montsalvatge](/wiki/Xavier_Montsalvatge \"Xavier Montsalvatge\")'s opera *El gato con botas* at the [New Victory Theater](/wiki/New_Victory_Theater \"New Victory Theater\"). In January 201, she returned to Palm Beach Opera's *[Orfeo ed Euridice](/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice \"Orfeo ed Euridice\")* in the title role. In May 2011, she appeared as Tytania in Boston Lyric Opera's *[A Midsummer Night's Dream](/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_%28opera%29 \"A Midsummer Night's Dream (opera)\")*. In January 2011, Sierra became a [San Francisco Opera](/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera \"San Francisco Opera\") [Adler Fellow](/wiki/Adler_Fellowship \"Adler Fellowship\"), and the following May appeared in the company's premiere of [Christopher Theofanidis](/wiki/Christopher_Theofanidis \"Christopher Theofanidis\")' opera *Heart of a Soldier,* with Thomas Hampson in the lead role. In January 2012, she appeared as Gilda in [Florida Grand Opera](/wiki/Florida_Grand_Opera \"Florida Grand Opera\")'s *[Rigoletto](/wiki/Rigoletto \"Rigoletto\"),* and in 2013 at [Teatro San Carlo](/wiki/Teatro_San_Carlo \"Teatro San Carlo\") in [Naples](/wiki/Naples \"Naples\"), in the same role. \n\nSierra is featured in the book *Driven: Six Incredible Musical Journeys,* in which author Nick Romeo devoted one of the chapters (\"Journeys\") to her.Romeo, Nick (2011\\). *Driven: Six Incredible Musical Journeys*, pp. 51–68\\. From the Top, Inc. . See also Romeo, Nick (December 2009\\). \"A Young Soprano's Journey to Victory at the Met\", *Classical Singer Magazine*.\n\nIn January 2016, she performed at [Venice New Year's Concert](/wiki/Venice_New_Year%27s_Concert \"Venice New Year's Concert\") with [Stefano Secco](/wiki/Stefano_Secco \"Stefano Secco\"), and at Milan's fabled [La Scala](/wiki/La_Scala \"La Scala\") as Gilda in *[Rigoletto](/wiki/Rigoletto \"Rigoletto\")* with [Leo Nucci](/wiki/Leo_Nucci \"Leo Nucci\").\n\nIn January 2017, she sang in the New Year's Concert at [Palermo](/wiki/Palermo \"Palermo\")'s [Teatro Massimo](/wiki/Teatro_Massimo \"Teatro Massimo\"), followed in March by six performances as Ilia in [Mozart](/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart \"Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart\")'s [Idomeneo](/wiki/Idomeneo \"Idomeneo\") at the [Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera \"Metropolitan Opera\") in [New York](/wiki/New_York_City \"New York City\").Tommasini, Anthony [\"Mozart’s ‘Idomeneo’ Shows the Met Opera at Its Best\"](https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/07/arts/music/review-mozart-idomeneo-metropolitan-opera-james-levine.html), *The New York Times*, March 7, 2017 In January 2019, she sang in the New Year's Concert at Venice's Teatro La Fenice.\n\nIn 2017, she was named Richard Tucker Music Foundation Award Winner, and performed to great critical acclaim at the December 10th Gala. Sierra performed in the Concert de Paris under the Eiffel Tower in July 2017\\. Her 2017/2018 highlights include Susanna in Mozart's *Le Nozze di Figaro* at [The Metropolitan Opera](/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera \"Metropolitan Opera\"), solo recitals in Dallas and New York City, a tour with [Andrea Bocelli](/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli \"Andrea Bocelli\"), Nannetta in Verdi's *Falstaff* at the Staatsoper Berlin, and Norina in *Don Pasquale* at the [Opéra National de Paris](/wiki/Paris_Opera \"Paris Opera\"). In 2018, she was named the Beverly Sills Artist Award Winner in a ceremony held at the Metropolitan Opera.\n\nShe is a Universal Music Group artist with a solo album, *There's a Place for Us*, which was released August 24, 2018 on Deutsche Grammophon. In 2022, her Violetta in the Metropolitan Opera production of *La Traviata* was hailed as showing Sierra's \"innate sense of style and line that recalls Italian sopranos of the past, with decadent rubatos that fall on just the right side of indulgence.\"\n\n",
"Awards\n------\n\nSierra has been awarded the following awards and scholarships:\n* National Foundation for Advancement in the Arts, Miami, Florida – Vocal Silver Award 2006\n* [Palm Beach Opera](/wiki/Palm_Beach_Opera \"Palm Beach Opera\") Vocal Competition, West Palm Beach, Florida – First Place Junior Division 2007\n* [The Marilyn Horne Foundation Vocal Competition](/wiki/Marilyn_Horne_Song_Competition \"Marilyn Horne Song Competition\"), Santa Barbara, California – First Place Award 2007\n* National Society for Arts and Letters Vocal Competition, Bloomington, Indiana – Second Place Award 2008McCormick, Barbara (May 26, 2010\\). [\"National Society of Arts and letters hosts music fundraiser\"](https://archive.today/20120722115435/http://www.bocaratontribune.com/national-society-of-arts-and-letters-hosts-musical-fundraiser/). *Boca Raton Tribune*\n* The Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions, New York City – Grand Finalist Winner 2009\n* Florida Grand Opera Competition, Miami, Florida – Junior Division First Place Award 2009Florida Grand Opera, Young Patronesses of the opera. [Previous winners](http://www.ypo-miami.org/VoiceCompetition/PreviousWinners/tabid/68/Default.aspx) \n* Licia Albanese–Puccini International Competition, New York, NY – Third Place Award 2009Licia Albanese–Puccini International Vocal Competition. [2009 winners](http://www.liciaalbanesepuccinifnd.org/pastwinners/2009.html) ; [Photos](http://www.liciaalbanesepuccinifnd.org/pastwinners/2009_photo.html) \n* Gerda Lissner Foundation Competition, New York City – First Place 2010Gerda Lissner Foundation. [2010 award winners](http://gerdalissner.org/2010.html)\n* [Richard Tucker Foundation](/wiki/Richard_Tucker_Music_Foundation \"Richard Tucker Music Foundation\"), New York City – 2010 Sara Tucker Study Award WinnerRichard Tucker Foundation. [Sara Tucker Study Grants 1998–2010](http://www.richardtucker.org/PreviousStudyGrants.html) \n* George London Foundation Competition, New York City First Place 2010George London Foundation (2010\\). [Winners Circle](https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010822/http://georgelondon.org/2010CompetitionWinnerCircle)\n* Loren Zachary Foundation International Competition, Los Angeles, California – First Place 2010Wada, Karen (May 24, 2010\\). [\"Soprano Nadine Sierra wins top prize in national vocal competition\"](http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/culturemonster/2010/05/soprano-nadine-sierra-wins-top-prize-in-zachary-national-vocal-competition.html). *[Los Angeles Times](/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times \"Los Angeles Times\")* (Arts)\n* The Leonore Annenberg Award Fellowship in the Performing Arts, 2011\n* Stella Maris International Music Competition 2011, Audience Prize\n* The [Veronica Dunne](/wiki/Veronica_Dunne_%28soprano%29 \"Veronica Dunne (soprano)\") International Singing Competition, Dublin, 2013\n* [Neue Stimmen](/wiki/Neue_Stimmen \"Neue Stimmen\"), Gütersloh, Germany – 1st Prize and People's Choice Award 2013\n* Richard Tucker Music Foundation Award Winner, 2017\n* Beverly Sills Artists Award Winner, 2018\n\n",
"Recordings\n----------\n\n* Made for Opera, 2022, Deutsche Grammophon\n* *Rigoletto*, 2017, Delos\n* *There's a Place for Us*, 2018, Deutsche Grammophon\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* Management: [Askonas Holt](https://askonasholt.com/artist/nadine-sierra)\n\n[Category:1988 births](/wiki/Category:1988_births \"1988 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Musicians from Fort Lauderdale, Florida](/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Fort_Lauderdale%2C_Florida \"Musicians from Fort Lauderdale, Florida\")\n[Category:Richard Tucker Award winners](/wiki/Category:Richard_Tucker_Award_winners \"Richard Tucker Award winners\")\n[Category:Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions](/wiki/Category:Winners_of_the_Metropolitan_Opera_National_Council_Auditions \"Winners of the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions\")\n[Category:Singers from Florida](/wiki/Category:Singers_from_Florida \"Singers from Florida\")\n[Category:American operatic sopranos](/wiki/Category:American_operatic_sopranos \"American operatic sopranos\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American women opera singers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women_opera_singers \"21st-century American women opera singers\")\n[Category:Mannes School of Music alumni](/wiki/Category:Mannes_School_of_Music_alumni \"Mannes School of Music alumni\")\n[Category:Music Academy of the West alumni](/wiki/Category:Music_Academy_of_the_West_alumni \"Music Academy of the West alumni\")\n[Category:Marilyn Horne Song Competition winners](/wiki/Category:Marilyn_Horne_Song_Competition_winners \"Marilyn Horne Song Competition winners\")\n\n"
]
} |
John Browne (sheriff) | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | 4x0pj6yaxesrfnkdbmul53c69552h6l | 2024-08-29T08:25:37Z | 1,157,545,373 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**John Browne** (died 1589\\) was an [Irish](/wiki/Irish_people \"Irish people\") [cartographer](/wiki/Cartographer \"Cartographer\") and [sheriff](/wiki/Sheriff \"Sheriff\").\n\nBrowne appears to have been a member of the [Anglo\\-Norman](/wiki/Anglo-Normans \"Anglo-Normans\") Browne family of Kilpatrick, [County Westmeath](/wiki/County_Westmeath \"County Westmeath\"). By his own account, he was *\"the first Englishman ([Anglo\\-Irish](/wiki/Anglo-Irish \"Anglo-Irish\")) that in the memory of man settled himself to dwell in the county of Mayo.\"*\n\nIn August 1583, while servant to [Sir Christopher Hatton](/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Hatton \"Sir Christopher Hatton\"), he created town plans of [Athenry](/wiki/Athenry \"Athenry\") and [Galway](/wiki/Galway \"Galway\"), which he sent to [Sir Francis Walsingham](/wiki/Sir_Francis_Walsingham \"Sir Francis Walsingham\"). That November, he was appointed the first [Sheriff](/wiki/Sheriff \"Sheriff\") of [County Mayo](/wiki/County_Mayo \"County Mayo\"). He settled at The Neale, [Ballinrobe](/wiki/Ballinrobe \"Ballinrobe\"), on lands thought to have been acquired from the Mac Meyler Bourkes. In the summer of 1584, he prepared a map of Mayo, leaving out the barony of [Costello](/wiki/Barony_of_Costello \"Barony of Costello\") and parts of Gallen and Clanmorris. This map was created at the request of Sir [Richard Bingham](/wiki/Richard_Bingham_%28soldier%29 \"Richard Bingham (soldier)\"), and was sent to Walsingham. He was again appointed Sheriff in 1587\\.\n\nOther maps by Browne included one of Connacht, which was completed by his nephew, John, in 1591, and one of parts of [County Monaghan](/wiki/County_Monaghan \"County Monaghan\").\n\nBrowne and his sub\\-Sheriff, Donnel O'Daly, were killed in an encounter with [Risdeard mac Deamhain](/wiki/Richard_%22the_Devils_Hook%22_Bourke \"Richard \") and Chorrain and Walter na mBuilleadh Burke at [Burrishoole](/wiki/Burrishoole \"Burrishoole\") in February 1589 at the start of a major rebellion.\n\nJohn Browne married Ann, daughter of Thomas Kardyff of Dunsink, [County Dublin](/wiki/County_Dublin \"County Dublin\"). From their only son, [Josias Browne](/wiki/Josias_Browne \"Josias Browne\"), descends [Baron Kilmaine](/wiki/Baron_Kilmaine \"Baron Kilmaine\"), [Marquess of Sligo](/wiki/Marquess_of_Sligo \"Marquess of Sligo\") and a number of other Browne families in Mayo. They were known as Browne of the Neale, and distinct from the family of Browne \\- one of the [Tribes of Galway](/wiki/Tribes_of_Galway \"Tribes of Galway\") \\- who also settled in Mayo and assumed the title [Baron Oranmore and Browne](/wiki/Baron_Oranmore_and_Browne \"Baron Oranmore and Browne\"). Other descendants included [John Browne of the Neale](/wiki/John_Browne_of_the_Neale \"John Browne of the Neale\") (1638\\-1712?); [John Browne](/wiki/John_Browne_%28duellist%29 \"John Browne (duellist)\") (died 1762\\) and Henry Browne, Chief Justice of [Jamaica](/wiki/Jamaica \"Jamaica\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* *A map of .... Mayo ...*, [Martin J. Blake](/wiki/Martin_J._Blake \"Martin J. Blake\"), in the *Journal of the [Galway Archaeological and Historical Society](/wiki/Galway_Archaeological_and_Historical_Society \"Galway Archaeological and Historical Society\")*, volume 5, 1907–08, pp. 145–58\\.\n* *the History of the county of Mayo to the close of the sixteenth century*, [Hubert T. Knox](/wiki/Hubert_T._Knox \"Hubert T. Knox\"), 1908; reprinted 1982\\.\n* *Shapes of Ireland:maps and their makers, 1564\\-1839*, J.H. Andrews, 1997\n* *Dictionary of Irish Biography*, p. 915, Cambridge, 2010\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [http://thepeerage.com/p3469\\.htm](http://thepeerage.com/p3469.htm)\n\n[Category:People from County Westmeath](/wiki/Category:People_from_County_Westmeath \"People from County Westmeath\")\n[Category:People from Ballinrobe](/wiki/Category:People_from_Ballinrobe \"People from Ballinrobe\")\n[Category:16th\\-century Irish people](/wiki/Category:16th-century_Irish_people \"16th-century Irish people\")\n[Category:People of Elizabethan Ireland](/wiki/Category:People_of_Elizabethan_Ireland \"People of Elizabethan Ireland\")\n[Category:English army officers](/wiki/Category:English_army_officers \"English army officers\")\n[Category:High sheriffs of Mayo](/wiki/Category:High_sheriffs_of_Mayo \"High sheriffs of Mayo\")\n[Category:1589 deaths](/wiki/Category:1589_deaths \"1589 deaths\")\n[Category:Year of birth unknown](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_unknown \"Year of birth unknown\")\n\n"
]
} |
Hyotissa | {
"id": [
5846
],
"name": [
"Kku"
]
} | ij0xnhivn4ge3cz393sl7vu9aeuf0rw | 2023-07-18T19:45:29Z | 1,045,590,066 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Species",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + - * \n\n***Hyotissa*** is a [genus](/wiki/Genus \"Genus\") of large saltwater oysters, [marine](/wiki/Marine_%28ocean%29 \"Marine (ocean)\") [bivalve](/wiki/Bivalve \"Bivalve\") [mollusks](/wiki/Mollusk \"Mollusk\") in the family [Gryphaeidae](/wiki/Gryphaeidae \"Gryphaeidae\").MolluscaBase eds. (2021\\). MolluscaBase. Hyotissa Stenzel, 1971\\. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p\\=taxdetails\\&id\\=204006](http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=204006) on 2021\\-03\\-13\n\nSpecies in this genus are known as **honeycomb oysters**, or \"foam oysters\" because under magnification, their shell structure is foam\\-like.\n\n",
"Species\n-------\n\n* *[Hyotissa haitensis](/wiki/Hyotissa_haitensis \"Hyotissa haitensis\")* (Sowerby, 1850\\)\n* *[Hyotissa hyotis](/wiki/Giant_honeycomb_oyster \"Giant honeycomb oyster\")* ([Linnaeus](/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus \"Carl Linnaeus\"), [1758](/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae \"10th edition of Systema Naturae\")) \\- Giant honeycomb oyster\n* *[Hyotissa inermis](/wiki/Hyotissa_inermis \"Hyotissa inermis\")* (G. B. Sowerby II, 1871\\)\n* *[Hyotissa mcgintyi](/wiki/Hyotissa_mcgintyi \"Hyotissa mcgintyi\")* (Harry, 1985\\)\n* *[Hyotissa numisma](/wiki/Hyotissa_numisma \"Hyotissa numisma\")* (Lamarck, 1819\\)\n* *[Hyotissa quercina](/wiki/Hyotissa_quercina \"Hyotissa quercina\")* (G. B. Sowerby II, 1871\\)\n* *[Hyotissa sinensis](/wiki/Hyotissa_sinensis \"Hyotissa sinensis\")* (Gmelin, 1791\\)\n* *[Hyotissa semiplana](/wiki/Hyotissa_semiplana \"Hyotissa semiplana\")* (de Sowerby 1825\\)\n\nSpecies brought into synonymy\n* *Hyotissa chemnitzii* (Hanley, 1846\\): synonym of *[Dendostrea rosacea](/wiki/Dendostrea_rosacea \"Dendostrea rosacea\")* (Deshayes, 1836\\)\n* *Hyotissa quercina* (G. B. Sowerby II, 1871\\): synonym of *[Hyotissa quercinus](/wiki/Hyotissa_quercinus \"Hyotissa quercinus\")* (G. B. Sowerby II, 1871\\) (incorrect spelling of specific epithet (quercinus is a noun in apposition))\n* *Hyotissa thomasi* (McLean, 1941\\): synonym of *Hyotissa mcgintyi* (Harry, 1985\\)\n",
"References\n----------\n\n* Stenzel H.B. (1971\\). Oysters. In, Moore, R.C. (Ed.), [Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology](/wiki/Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology \"Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology\"), pt. N, vol. 3, Mollusca 6, Bivalvia. Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence. 3(6\\): 953–1224\n* Coan, E. V.; Valentich\\-Scott, P. (2012\\). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp.\n* [The original paper about the discovery of *Hyotissa hyotis* in the Florida Keys](https://web.archive.org/web/20060903071929/http://www.ummz.umich.edu/mollusks/people/diarmaid/beilerMollRes.pdf)\n* Paula M. Mikkelsen and Rudiger Bieler, 2008, *Seashells of Southern Florida: Living Marine mollusks of the Florida Keys and adjacent regions*, Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, \n* [Universal Biological Indexer](http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=7129508)\n\n[Category:Gryphaeidae](/wiki/Category:Gryphaeidae \"Gryphaeidae\")\n[Category:Bivalve genera](/wiki/Category:Bivalve_genera \"Bivalve genera\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Alexander Goloshchapov | {
"id": [
35936988
],
"name": [
"JJMC89 bot III"
]
} | hi9wnh8on3gom16pkgbd48s1twzltkt | 2024-03-06T18:13:15Z | 1,185,313,020 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Alexander Goloshchapov** (; born 25 January 1978\\) is a Ukrainian [chess](/wiki/Chess \"Chess\") player and trainer. He was awarded the title [Grandmaster](/wiki/Grandmaster_%28chess%29 \"Grandmaster (chess)\") by [FIDE](/wiki/FIDE \"FIDE\") in 1999\\.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nIn 2001 he tied for 1st–3rd with [Alexander Riazantsev](/wiki/Alexander_Riazantsev_%28chess_player%29 \"Alexander Riazantsev (chess player)\") and [Teimour Radjabov](/wiki/Teimour_Radjabov \"Teimour Radjabov\") in the [Alushta](/wiki/Alushta \"Alushta\") Spring tournament. In 2002 Goloshchapov won the [Dubai Open](/wiki/Dubai_Open_Chess_Tournament \"Dubai Open Chess Tournament\"). In 2004, came 4th in the 73rd [Ukrainian Chess Championship](/wiki/Ukrainian_Chess_Championship \"Ukrainian Chess Championship\"). He tied for 2nd–7th with [Friso Nijboer](/wiki/Friso_Nijboer \"Friso Nijboer\"), [Eduardas Rozentalis](/wiki/Eduardas_Rozentalis \"Eduardas Rozentalis\"), [Michail Brodsky](/wiki/Michail_Brodsky \"Michail Brodsky\"), [Erwin L'Ami](/wiki/Erwin_L%27Ami \"Erwin L'Ami\") and [Ian Rogers](/wiki/Ian_Rogers_%28chess_player%29 \"Ian Rogers (chess player)\") in the Essent Open 2005\\. In 2006, he tied for 2nd–9th with [Vugar Gashimov](/wiki/Vugar_Gashimov \"Vugar Gashimov\"), [Sergei Azarov](/wiki/Sergei_Azarov \"Sergei Azarov\"), [Yuri Drozdovskij](/wiki/Yuri_Drozdovskij \"Yuri Drozdovskij\"), [Sergey Grigoriants](/wiki/Sergey_Grigoriants \"Sergey Grigoriants\"), [Krishnan Sasikiran](/wiki/Krishnan_Sasikiran \"Krishnan Sasikiran\"), [Vladimir Burmakin](/wiki/Vladimir_Burmakin \"Vladimir Burmakin\") and [Marcin Szelag](/wiki/Marcin_Szelag \"Marcin Szelag\") in the [Cappelle\\-la\\-Grande Open](/wiki/Cappelle-la-Grande_Open \"Cappelle-la-Grande Open\") tournament.\n\nIn 2015 he was awarded the title of FIDE Senior Trainer. Goloshchapov has trained, among others, [Parimarjan Negi](/wiki/Parimarjan_Negi \"Parimarjan Negi\"), [S. P. Sethuraman](/wiki/S._P._Sethuraman \"S. P. Sethuraman\"), and [Vaibhav Suri](/wiki/Vaibhav_Suri \"Vaibhav Suri\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Alexander Goloshchapov](http://www.365chess.com/players/Alexander_Goloshchapov) chess games at 365Chess.com\n[Category:1978 births](/wiki/Category:1978_births \"1978 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Chess Grandmasters](/wiki/Category:Chess_Grandmasters \"Chess Grandmasters\")\n[Category:Chess coaches](/wiki/Category:Chess_coaches \"Chess coaches\")\n[Category:Ukrainian chess players](/wiki/Category:Ukrainian_chess_players \"Ukrainian chess players\")\n[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Place_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Place of birth missing (living people)\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Pan-Slavic language | {
"id": [
40808726
],
"name": [
"StephenMacky1"
]
} | 7ejeojeygsy6mo2vy1wzo0pnzsz1mdi | 2024-09-01T09:26:32Z | 1,243,415,485 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Early projects",
"The twentieth century",
"The digital age",
"Individual projects",
"Early Modern",
"Šime Budinić",
"Juraj Križanić",
"Modern",
"Ján Herkeľ",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
2,
3,
4,
4,
3,
4,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n[thumb\\|250px\\|Linguistic map of Slavic languages](/wiki/File:Slavic_languages.png \"Slavic languages.png\")\nA **pan\\-Slavic language** is a [zonal auxiliary language](/wiki/Zonal_auxiliary_language \"Zonal auxiliary language\") for communication among the [Slavic peoples](/wiki/Slavs \"Slavs\").\n\nThere are approximately 400 million speakers of the [Slavic languages](/wiki/Slavic_languages \"Slavic languages\"). In order to communicate with each other, speakers of different Slavic languages often resort to international [lingua francas](/wiki/Lingua_franca \"Lingua franca\"), primarily [English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") or [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\"). But since Slavic languages are closely related lexically and grammatically and are comparatively easier to learn when another Slavic language is already known, there have been numerous attempts to construct a more neutral auxiliary language that could act as a common language for [slavophones](/wiki/Slavophone \"Slavophone\"). The earliest pan\\-Slavic linguistic efforts preceded academic knowledge and reconstruction of [Proto\\-Slavic](/wiki/Proto-Slavic \"Proto-Slavic\"), which was likely spoken between 2nd century BCE and 6th century CE, from which all Slavic languages developed in following centuries.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|Cyrillic edition of *Gramatíčno izkâzanje ob rúskom jezíku* (1665\\) by [Križanić](/wiki/Juraj_Kri%C5%BEani%C4%87 \"Juraj Križanić\"), the first pan\\-Slavic grammar book](/wiki/File:Kri%C5%BEani%C4%87_-_Gramati%C4%8Dno_izkazanje_ob_ruskom_jeziku.png \"Križanić - Gramatično izkazanje ob ruskom jeziku.png\")\nThe history of zonal Slavic languages is closely connected with [Pan\\-Slavism](/wiki/Pan-Slavism \"Pan-Slavism\"), an ideology that endeavors cultural and political unification of all Slavs, based on the conception that all Slavic people are part of a single Slavic nation. Along with this belief came also the need for an umbrella Slavic language. The strongest candidate for that position among modern languages is [Russian](/wiki/Russian_language \"Russian language\"), the language of the largest (and, during most of the 19th century, the only) Slavic state, and mother tongue of more than half of Slavs. This option enjoys most of its popularity in Russia itself, but has also been favoured by Pan\\-Slavists abroad, for example the Slovak [Ľudovít Štúr](/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_%C5%A0t%C3%BAr \"Ľudovít Štúr\").Л.П. Рупосова, *История межславянского языка*, in: *Вестник Московского государственного областного университета* (Московский государственный областной университет, 2012 no. 1, p. 55\\. Others have proposed that [Old Church Slavonic](/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic \"Old Church Slavonic\") would be a better and more neutral solution. In previous centuries, Old Church Slavonic had served as an administrative language across a large part of the Slavic world, and it is still used on a large scale in [Eastern Orthodox](/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church \"Eastern Orthodox Church\") liturgy, where it plays a role similar to [Latin](/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin \"Ecclesiastical Latin\") in the West. Old Church Slavonic has the additional advantage of being similar to the common ancestor of the Slavic languages, [Proto\\-Slavic](/wiki/Proto-Slavic \"Proto-Slavic\"). However, it has several practical disadvantages as well: its grammar is complex, and its vocabulary is characterized by many words that have been lost from the modern languages, as well as an absence of words for modern concepts. Hence, early pan\\-Slavic language projects aimed at modernizing Old Church Slavonic and adapting it to the needs of everyday communication.\n\n### Early projects\n\nThe first pan\\-Slavic grammar, *Gramatíčno izkâzanje ob rúskom jezíku* by the Croatian priest [Juraj Križanić](/wiki/Juraj_Kri%C5%BEani%C4%87 \"Juraj Križanić\"), was written in 1665\\.Juraj Križanić, *Граматично изказанје об руском језику*. Moscow, 1665\\. He referred to the language as **[Ruski jezik](/wiki/%23Juraj_Kri%C5%BEani%C4%87 \"#Juraj Križanić\")** (\"Russian language\"), but in reality it was mostly based on a mixture of the Russian edition of [Church Slavonic](/wiki/Church_Slavonic \"Church Slavonic\") and his own [Southern Chakavian](/wiki/Southern_Chakavian \"Southern Chakavian\") dialect of [Croatian](/wiki/Croatian_language \"Croatian language\"). Križanić used it not only for this grammar, but also in other works, including the treatise *Politika* (1663–1666\\). According to an analysis of the Dutch Slavist Tom Ekman, 59% of the words used in *Politika* are of common Slavic descent, 10% come from Russian and Church Slavonic, 9% from Croatian and 2\\.5% from Polish.\n\nKrižanić was not the first who attempted writing in a language understandable to all Slavs. In 1583 another Croatian priest, [Šime Budinić](/wiki/%C5%A0ime_Budini%C4%87 \"Šime Budinić\"), had translated the *Summa Doctrinae Christanae* by [Petrus Canisius](/wiki/Petrus_Canisius \"Petrus Canisius\") into [**Slovignsky**](/wiki/%23%C5%A0ime_Budini%C4%87 \"#Šime Budinić\"),Petrus Canisius, \"Svmma navka christianskoga / sloxena castnim včitegliem Petrom Kanisiem; tvmacena iz latinskoga jazika v slovignsky, i vtisstena po zapoviedi presuetoga Otca Pape Gregoria Trinaestoga \\[...] Koie iz Vlasskoga, illi Latinskoga iazika, v Slouignsky Jazik protumačio iest pop Ssimvn Bvdineo Zadranin\". Rome, 1583\\. in which he used both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.Hanna Orzechowska, Mieczysław Basaj, Instytut Słowianoznawstwa (Polska Akademia Nauk), *Prekursorzy słowiańskiego jezykoznawstwa porównawczego, do końca XVIII wiek*. Warsaw, 1987, p. 124\\. \n\nAfter Križanić, numerous other efforts have been made to create an umbrella language for the speakers of Slavic languages. A notable example is [**Universalis Lingua Slavica**](/wiki/%23J%C3%A1n_Herke%C4%BE \"#Ján Herkeľ\") by the Slovak attorney [Ján Herkeľ](/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Herke%C4%BE \"Ján Herkeľ\") (1786–1853\\), published in Latin in 1826\\.Ján Herkeľ, *Elementa universalis linguae Slavicae e vivis dialectis eruta at sanis logicae principiis suffulta*. Budapest, 1826, 164 pp. Unlike Križanić' project, this project was closer to the [West Slavic languages](/wiki/West_Slavic_languages \"West Slavic languages\").\n\nDuring the second half of the 19th century Pan\\-Slavic language projects were mostly the domain of Slovenes and Croats. In this era of awakening national consciousness, the Russians were the only Slavs who had their own state; other Slavic peoples inhabited large, mostly non\\-Slavic states, and clear borders between the various nations were mostly lacking. Among the numerous efforts at creating written standards for the [South Slavic languages](/wiki/South_Slavic_languages \"South Slavic languages\") there were also efforts at establishing a common South Slavic language, [Illyrian](/wiki/Illyrian_movement \"Illyrian movement\"), that might also serve as a literary language for all Slavs in the future. Of special importance is the work of [Matija Majar](/wiki/Matija_Majar \"Matija Majar\") (1809–1892\\), a Slovenian [Austroslavist](/wiki/Austroslavism \"Austroslavism\") who later converted to Pan\\-Slavism. In 1865 he published [Uzajemni Pravopis Slavjanski](/wiki/Uzajemni_Pravopis_Slavjanski \"Uzajemni Pravopis Slavjanski\") (\"Mutual Slavic Orthography\").Matija Majar\\-Ziljski, *Uzajemni Pravopis Slavjanski, to je: Uzajemna Slovnica ali Mluvnica Slavjanska*. Prague, 1865\\. In this work, he postulated that the best way for Slavs to communicate with other Slavs was by taking their own language as a starting point and then modifying it in steps. First, he proposed changing the orthography of each individual language into a generic (\"mutual\") Pan\\-Slavic orthography, subsequently he described a grammar that was based on comparing five major Slavic languages of his days: Old Church Slavonic, Russian, Polish, Czech and Serbian. Apart from a book about the language itself, Majar also used it for a biography of [Cyril and Methodius](/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius \"Cyril and Methodius\")Matija Majar Ziljski, *Sveta brata Ciril i Metod, slavjanska apostola i osnovatelja slovstva slavjanskoga*. Prague, 1864\\. and for a magazine he published in the years 1873–1875, *Slavjan*. A fragment in the language can still be seen on the altar of Majar's church in [Görtschach](/wiki/G%C3%B6rtschach \"Görtschach\").Robert Gary Minnich, \"Collective identity formation and linguistic identities in the Austro\\-Italian Slovene border region\", in: Dieter Stern \\& Christian Voss, *Marginal Linguistic Identities: Studies in Slavic Contact and Borderland Varieties*, p. 104\\. Other Pan\\-Slavic language projects were published in the same period by the Croatian [Matija Ban](/wiki/Matija_Ban \"Matija Ban\"),Matija Ban, \"Osnova Sveslavjanskoga jezika\", in: *Dubrovnik. Cviet narodnog književstva. Svezak drugi*. Zagreb, 1851, pp. 131–174\\. the Slovenes and ,Božidar Raič, \"Vvod v slovnicų vseslavenskųjų\", in: Radoslav Razlag red., *Zora Jugoslavenska* no. 2, Zagreb, 1853, pp. 23–44\\. as well as the [Bulgarian](/wiki/Bulgarians \"Bulgarians\") [Grigor Parlichev](/wiki/Grigor_Parlichev \"Grigor Parlichev\")Г.П. \\[Григор Прличев], *Кратка славянска грамматика*. Constantinople, 1868\\. – all based on the idea of combining Old Church Slavonic with elements from the modern South Slavic languages.\n\nFile:MatijaBan.jpg\\|\\[\\[Matija Ban]]\\<br /\\>(1818–1903\\)\nFile:Razlag Radoslav.jpg\\|Radoslav Razlag\\<br /\\>(1826–1880\\)\nFile:Božidar Raič.jpg\\|\\[\\[Božidar Raič]]\\<br /\\>(1827–1886\\)\nFile:Matija Majar (2\\).jpg\\|\\[\\[Matija Majar\\-Ziljski]]\\<br /\\>(1809–1892\\)\nFile:Grigor Parlichev.jpg\\|\\[\\[Grigor Parlichev]]\\<br /\\>(1830–1893\\)\n\nAll authors mentioned above were motivated by the belief that all Slavic languages were dialects of one single Slavic language rather than separate languages. They deplored the fact that these dialects had diverged beyond mutual comprehensibility, and the Pan\\-Slavic language they envisioned was intended to reverse this process. Their long\\-term objective was that this language would replace the individual Slavic languages. Majar, for example, compared the Pan\\-Slavic language with standardized languages like Ancient Greek and several modern languages:\n\n> \n\nConsequently, these authors did not consider their projects constructed languages at all. In most cases they provided grammatical comparisons between the Slavic languages, sometimes but not always offering solutions they labelled as \"Pan\\-Slavic\". What their projects have in common that they neither have a rigidly prescriptive grammar, nor a separate vocabulary.\n\n### The twentieth century\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Bohumil Holý (1885–1947\\)](/wiki/File:Bohumil_Holy.jpg \"Bohumil Holy.jpg\")\nIn the early 20th century it had become clear that the divergence of the Slavic languages was irreversible and the concept of a Pan\\-Slavic literary language was no longer realistic. The Pan\\-Slavic dream had lost most of its power, and Pan\\-Slavists had to satisfy themselves with the formation of two multinational Slavic states, [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\") and [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\"). However, the need for a common language of communication for Slavs was still felt, and due to the influence of constructed languages like [Esperanto](/wiki/Esperanto \"Esperanto\"), efforts were made to create a language that was no longer supposed to replace the individual Slavic languages, but to serve as an additional second language for pan\\-Slavic communication.\n\nIn the same period, the nexus of pan\\-Slavic activity shifted to the North, especially to the Czech lands. In 1907 the Czech dialectologist [Ignác Hošek](/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Ho%C5%A1ek \"Ignác Hošek\") (1852–1919\\) published a grammar of **Neuslavisch**, a proposal for a common literary language for all Slavs within the [Austro\\-Hungarian Monarchy](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\").Ignác Hošek, *Grammatik der Neuslawischen Sprache*. Kremsier, 1907\\. Five years later another Czech, [Josef Konečný](/wiki/Josef_Kone%C4%8Dn%C3%BD \"Josef Konečný\"), published **[Slavina](/wiki/%23Slavina \"#Slavina\")**, a \"Slavic Esperanto\", which however had very little in common with Esperanto, but instead was mostly based on Czech.Josef Konečný, *Mluvnička slovanského esperanta \"Slavina\". Jednotná spisovná slovanská dorozumívací rěč, jak pro obchod, tak průmysl*. Prague, 1912\\. А. Д Дуличенко, *Международные вспомогательные языки*. Tallinn, 1990\\. Whereas these two projects were naturalistic, the same cannot be said about two other projects by Czech authors, **[Slovanština](/wiki/%23Slovan%C5%A1tina \"#Slovanština\")** by [Edmund Kolkop](/wiki/Edmund_Kolkop \"Edmund Kolkop\")Edmund Kolkop, *Pokus o dorozumívací jazyk slovanský*. Prague, 1912, 16 pp. and **Slavski jezik** by [Bohumil Holý](/wiki/Bohumil_Hol%C3%BD \"Bohumil Holý\").B. Holý, *Slavski jezik. Stručná mluvnice dorozumívacího i jednotícího jazyka všeslovanského. S pomocí spolupracovníků podává stenograf В. Holý.* Nové Město nad Metují, 1920\\. Both projects, published in 1912 and 1920 respectively, show a clear tendency towards simplification, for example by eliminating grammatical [gender](/wiki/Gender_%28grammar%29 \"Gender (grammar)\") and [cases](/wiki/Case_%28grammar%29 \"Case (grammar)\"), and [schematicism](/wiki/International_auxiliary_language%23Classification \"International auxiliary language#Classification\"). \n\nDuring the 1950s the Czech poet and former Esperantist (1920–2000\\), also known under his pseudonym Jiří Karen, worked for several years with a team of prominent interlinguists on an elaborate project, **[Mežduslavjanski jezik](/wiki/%23Me%C5%BEduslavjanski_jezik \"#Mežduslavjanski jezik\")** (\"Interslavic language\"). Among other things, they wrote a grammar, an Esperanto–Interslavic word list, a dictionary, a course and a textbook. Although none of those were ever published, the project gained some attention of linguists from various countries.Věra Barandovská\\-Frank, \"Panslawische Variationen\", in: Cyril Brosch \\& Sabine Fiedler (eds.), *Florilegium Interlinguisticum. Festschrift für Detlev Blanke zum 70\\. Geburtstag*. Frankfurt am Main, 2011, pp. 220–223\\. Probably due to the political reality of those days, this language was primarily based on Russian.\n\n### The digital age\n\nAlthough Pan\\-Slavism has not played a role of any significance since the collapse of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") and [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\"), [globalization](/wiki/Globalization \"Globalization\") and new media like the [Internet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\") have led to a renewed interest in a language that would be understandable for all Slavs alike. After the fall of the USSR, the role of the Russian language as a [lingua franca](/wiki/Lingua_franca \"Lingua franca\") in Eastern Europe and the Balkans diminished, also because many inhabitants of other countries in the region perceived it as the language of their former oppressor.Leonidas Donskis, \"The Failed Lingua Franca of Eastern Europe?\". In: *New Eastern Europe* 2 (VI), pp. 63–72\\. Older projects were largely forgotten, but as it became relatively easy for authors to publish their work, several new projects emerged, mostly in Slavic émigrée circles. Thus, during the first years of the 21st century projects appeared under names like **Slovo**, **Glagolica**, **Proslava** and **Ruslavsk**.Tilman Berger, [\"Vom Erfinden Slavischer Sprachen\"](http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/tilman.berger/Publikationen/BergerPlansprachen.pdf), in: M. Okuka \\& U. Schweier, eds., *Germano\\-Slavistische Beiträge. Festschrift für P. Rehder zum 65\\. Geburtstag*. München, 2004, ). Most of them were incomplete and abandoned by their authors after a while.\n\nThe only project that acquired some fame in the same period was **[Slovio](/wiki/%23Slovio \"#Slovio\")** of the Slovak Mark Hučko. Unlike most previous projects it was not a naturalistic, but a [schematic](/wiki/International_auxiliary_language%23Classification \"International auxiliary language#Classification\") language, its grammar being based almost entirely on [Esperanto](/wiki/Esperanto \"Esperanto\").Katherine Barber, [\"Old Church Slavonic and the 'Slavic Identity'\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100607222108/http://www.unc.edu/depts/slavdept/lajanda/slav075barber.ppt). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In addition, it was a fully functional language, and it became the first pan\\-Slavic language with a small user community. Slovio was not only intended to serve as an auxiliary language for Slavs, but also for use on a global scale like Esperanto. For that reason it gained little acceptance among Slavs: a high degree of simplification, characteristic for most international auxiliary languages, makes it easier to learn for non\\-Slavs, but widens the distance with the natural Slavic languages and gives the language an overly artificial character, which by many is considered a disadvantage. Hučko maintained a proprietary hold on Slovio, and since 2011 the language is no longer being developed and is effectively defunct.\n\nPartly in response to the problems of Slovio, a more naturalistic and community\\-based project was started in 2006 under the name **Slovianski** by a group of people from different countries. Initially, it was being developed in three grammar versions: a naturalistic version by [Jan van Steenbergen](/wiki/Jan_van_Steenbergen \"Jan van Steenbergen\"), a more simplified, pidgin\\-like version by Ondrej Rečnik and a schematic version by Gabriel Svoboda, but in 2009 it was decided that only the naturalistic version would be continued under the name Slovianski. Slovianski was mostly used in Internet traffic and in a news letter, *Slovianska Gazeta*.Н. М. Малюга, [\"Мовознавство в питаннях і відповідях для вчителя й учнів 5 класу\"](http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/Soc_Gum/PhSt/texts/2008-1.pdf), in: *Філологічні студії. Науковий вісник Криворізького державного педагогічного університету. Збірник наукових праць, випуск 1*. Kryvyj Rih, 2008, , p. 147\\. Алина Петропавловская, [*Славянское эсперанто*](http://eursa.eu/node/1337) . Европейский русский альянс, 23 June 2007\\. In 2012, its user community numbered several hundreds of people.G. Iliev, *[Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet](http://www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/pdf/__www.ijors.net_issue2_2_2013_article_6_iliev.pdf)*. International Journal of Russian Studies, issue no. 2 (2013/2\\), p. 258\\.\n\nAn effort to bring Slovianski and Slovio together resulted in **Slovioski** in 2009\\. Its original purpose was to provide Slovio with a more naturalistic grammar, but gradually it developed into a separate language project. Like Slovianski, it was a collaborative project that existed in two variants: a \"full\" and a simplified version.Дора Солакова, \"Съвременни опити за създаване на изкуствен общославянски език\", in: *Езиков свят – Orbis Linguarum, Issue no.2/2010* (Югозападен Университет \"Неофит Рилски\", Blagoevgrad, 2010, ISSN 1312\\-0484\\), p. 248\\. Another project that saw the light in the same period was **Novoslověnsky** (\"Neoslavonic\") by the Czech [Vojtěch Merunka](/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_Merunka \"Vojtěch Merunka\"), based on [Old Church Slavonic grammar](/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar \"Old Church Slavonic grammar\") but using part of Slovianski's vocabulary.Vojtěch Merunka, *Jazyk novoslovienskij*. Prague 2010, ), pp. 15–16, 19–20\\. Dušan Spáčil, [\"Je tu nový slovanský Jazyk\"](http://44adb5c4-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/novoslovienskij/medializacia/Kvety-31-2010.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7criAnj7lliOyw5eboL9Y1uFIdaDr1UoPE6iaR1VRY30CUYULnCB_m7EAaXreNHceAXOrpIlBhWBpjX8psTXa65XlaMeZyL875_2n5mM8VF5Fns7QfGkIkZKCusBSNWtBTTu_KI3RyxXm40fUrT0KWHbtV6ZhV4nac-0VCGZoOzjGFF7DNe9GLixRP1y36lxsBrDJptlGP_Hx_9s9R0YHqVNKx1DdWkT-8DneWtyPFCy_L9PS3s%3D&attredirects=1), in: *Květy* no. 31, July 2010\\. \n\nIn 2011, Slovianski, Slovioski and Novoslověnsky were merged under the name **[Interslavic](/wiki/Interslavic \"Interslavic\")** (*Medžuslovjanski*). In 2017 and 2018 Interslavic conferences took place in the Czech Republic, and in 2019 the language was featured in [Václav Marhoul](/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Marhoul \"Václav Marhoul\")'s movie [*The Painted Bird*](/wiki/The_Painted_Bird_%28film%29 \"The Painted Bird (film)\"). By July 2021, its user community on Facebook had grown to over 15,000 people.\n\n",
"### Early projects\n\nThe first pan\\-Slavic grammar, *Gramatíčno izkâzanje ob rúskom jezíku* by the Croatian priest [Juraj Križanić](/wiki/Juraj_Kri%C5%BEani%C4%87 \"Juraj Križanić\"), was written in 1665\\.Juraj Križanić, *Граматично изказанје об руском језику*. Moscow, 1665\\. He referred to the language as **[Ruski jezik](/wiki/%23Juraj_Kri%C5%BEani%C4%87 \"#Juraj Križanić\")** (\"Russian language\"), but in reality it was mostly based on a mixture of the Russian edition of [Church Slavonic](/wiki/Church_Slavonic \"Church Slavonic\") and his own [Southern Chakavian](/wiki/Southern_Chakavian \"Southern Chakavian\") dialect of [Croatian](/wiki/Croatian_language \"Croatian language\"). Križanić used it not only for this grammar, but also in other works, including the treatise *Politika* (1663–1666\\). According to an analysis of the Dutch Slavist Tom Ekman, 59% of the words used in *Politika* are of common Slavic descent, 10% come from Russian and Church Slavonic, 9% from Croatian and 2\\.5% from Polish.\n\nKrižanić was not the first who attempted writing in a language understandable to all Slavs. In 1583 another Croatian priest, [Šime Budinić](/wiki/%C5%A0ime_Budini%C4%87 \"Šime Budinić\"), had translated the *Summa Doctrinae Christanae* by [Petrus Canisius](/wiki/Petrus_Canisius \"Petrus Canisius\") into [**Slovignsky**](/wiki/%23%C5%A0ime_Budini%C4%87 \"#Šime Budinić\"),Petrus Canisius, \"Svmma navka christianskoga / sloxena castnim včitegliem Petrom Kanisiem; tvmacena iz latinskoga jazika v slovignsky, i vtisstena po zapoviedi presuetoga Otca Pape Gregoria Trinaestoga \\[...] Koie iz Vlasskoga, illi Latinskoga iazika, v Slouignsky Jazik protumačio iest pop Ssimvn Bvdineo Zadranin\". Rome, 1583\\. in which he used both the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.Hanna Orzechowska, Mieczysław Basaj, Instytut Słowianoznawstwa (Polska Akademia Nauk), *Prekursorzy słowiańskiego jezykoznawstwa porównawczego, do końca XVIII wiek*. Warsaw, 1987, p. 124\\. \n\nAfter Križanić, numerous other efforts have been made to create an umbrella language for the speakers of Slavic languages. A notable example is [**Universalis Lingua Slavica**](/wiki/%23J%C3%A1n_Herke%C4%BE \"#Ján Herkeľ\") by the Slovak attorney [Ján Herkeľ](/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Herke%C4%BE \"Ján Herkeľ\") (1786–1853\\), published in Latin in 1826\\.Ján Herkeľ, *Elementa universalis linguae Slavicae e vivis dialectis eruta at sanis logicae principiis suffulta*. Budapest, 1826, 164 pp. Unlike Križanić' project, this project was closer to the [West Slavic languages](/wiki/West_Slavic_languages \"West Slavic languages\").\n\nDuring the second half of the 19th century Pan\\-Slavic language projects were mostly the domain of Slovenes and Croats. In this era of awakening national consciousness, the Russians were the only Slavs who had their own state; other Slavic peoples inhabited large, mostly non\\-Slavic states, and clear borders between the various nations were mostly lacking. Among the numerous efforts at creating written standards for the [South Slavic languages](/wiki/South_Slavic_languages \"South Slavic languages\") there were also efforts at establishing a common South Slavic language, [Illyrian](/wiki/Illyrian_movement \"Illyrian movement\"), that might also serve as a literary language for all Slavs in the future. Of special importance is the work of [Matija Majar](/wiki/Matija_Majar \"Matija Majar\") (1809–1892\\), a Slovenian [Austroslavist](/wiki/Austroslavism \"Austroslavism\") who later converted to Pan\\-Slavism. In 1865 he published [Uzajemni Pravopis Slavjanski](/wiki/Uzajemni_Pravopis_Slavjanski \"Uzajemni Pravopis Slavjanski\") (\"Mutual Slavic Orthography\").Matija Majar\\-Ziljski, *Uzajemni Pravopis Slavjanski, to je: Uzajemna Slovnica ali Mluvnica Slavjanska*. Prague, 1865\\. In this work, he postulated that the best way for Slavs to communicate with other Slavs was by taking their own language as a starting point and then modifying it in steps. First, he proposed changing the orthography of each individual language into a generic (\"mutual\") Pan\\-Slavic orthography, subsequently he described a grammar that was based on comparing five major Slavic languages of his days: Old Church Slavonic, Russian, Polish, Czech and Serbian. Apart from a book about the language itself, Majar also used it for a biography of [Cyril and Methodius](/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius \"Cyril and Methodius\")Matija Majar Ziljski, *Sveta brata Ciril i Metod, slavjanska apostola i osnovatelja slovstva slavjanskoga*. Prague, 1864\\. and for a magazine he published in the years 1873–1875, *Slavjan*. A fragment in the language can still be seen on the altar of Majar's church in [Görtschach](/wiki/G%C3%B6rtschach \"Görtschach\").Robert Gary Minnich, \"Collective identity formation and linguistic identities in the Austro\\-Italian Slovene border region\", in: Dieter Stern \\& Christian Voss, *Marginal Linguistic Identities: Studies in Slavic Contact and Borderland Varieties*, p. 104\\. Other Pan\\-Slavic language projects were published in the same period by the Croatian [Matija Ban](/wiki/Matija_Ban \"Matija Ban\"),Matija Ban, \"Osnova Sveslavjanskoga jezika\", in: *Dubrovnik. Cviet narodnog književstva. Svezak drugi*. Zagreb, 1851, pp. 131–174\\. the Slovenes and ,Božidar Raič, \"Vvod v slovnicų vseslavenskųjų\", in: Radoslav Razlag red., *Zora Jugoslavenska* no. 2, Zagreb, 1853, pp. 23–44\\. as well as the [Bulgarian](/wiki/Bulgarians \"Bulgarians\") [Grigor Parlichev](/wiki/Grigor_Parlichev \"Grigor Parlichev\")Г.П. \\[Григор Прличев], *Кратка славянска грамматика*. Constantinople, 1868\\. – all based on the idea of combining Old Church Slavonic with elements from the modern South Slavic languages.\n\nFile:MatijaBan.jpg\\|\\[\\[Matija Ban]]\\<br /\\>(1818–1903\\)\nFile:Razlag Radoslav.jpg\\|Radoslav Razlag\\<br /\\>(1826–1880\\)\nFile:Božidar Raič.jpg\\|\\[\\[Božidar Raič]]\\<br /\\>(1827–1886\\)\nFile:Matija Majar (2\\).jpg\\|\\[\\[Matija Majar\\-Ziljski]]\\<br /\\>(1809–1892\\)\nFile:Grigor Parlichev.jpg\\|\\[\\[Grigor Parlichev]]\\<br /\\>(1830–1893\\)\n\nAll authors mentioned above were motivated by the belief that all Slavic languages were dialects of one single Slavic language rather than separate languages. They deplored the fact that these dialects had diverged beyond mutual comprehensibility, and the Pan\\-Slavic language they envisioned was intended to reverse this process. Their long\\-term objective was that this language would replace the individual Slavic languages. Majar, for example, compared the Pan\\-Slavic language with standardized languages like Ancient Greek and several modern languages:\n\n> \n\nConsequently, these authors did not consider their projects constructed languages at all. In most cases they provided grammatical comparisons between the Slavic languages, sometimes but not always offering solutions they labelled as \"Pan\\-Slavic\". What their projects have in common that they neither have a rigidly prescriptive grammar, nor a separate vocabulary.\n\n",
"### The twentieth century\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Bohumil Holý (1885–1947\\)](/wiki/File:Bohumil_Holy.jpg \"Bohumil Holy.jpg\")\nIn the early 20th century it had become clear that the divergence of the Slavic languages was irreversible and the concept of a Pan\\-Slavic literary language was no longer realistic. The Pan\\-Slavic dream had lost most of its power, and Pan\\-Slavists had to satisfy themselves with the formation of two multinational Slavic states, [Czechoslovakia](/wiki/Czechoslovakia \"Czechoslovakia\") and [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\"). However, the need for a common language of communication for Slavs was still felt, and due to the influence of constructed languages like [Esperanto](/wiki/Esperanto \"Esperanto\"), efforts were made to create a language that was no longer supposed to replace the individual Slavic languages, but to serve as an additional second language for pan\\-Slavic communication.\n\nIn the same period, the nexus of pan\\-Slavic activity shifted to the North, especially to the Czech lands. In 1907 the Czech dialectologist [Ignác Hošek](/wiki/Ign%C3%A1c_Ho%C5%A1ek \"Ignác Hošek\") (1852–1919\\) published a grammar of **Neuslavisch**, a proposal for a common literary language for all Slavs within the [Austro\\-Hungarian Monarchy](/wiki/Austria-Hungary \"Austria-Hungary\").Ignác Hošek, *Grammatik der Neuslawischen Sprache*. Kremsier, 1907\\. Five years later another Czech, [Josef Konečný](/wiki/Josef_Kone%C4%8Dn%C3%BD \"Josef Konečný\"), published **[Slavina](/wiki/%23Slavina \"#Slavina\")**, a \"Slavic Esperanto\", which however had very little in common with Esperanto, but instead was mostly based on Czech.Josef Konečný, *Mluvnička slovanského esperanta \"Slavina\". Jednotná spisovná slovanská dorozumívací rěč, jak pro obchod, tak průmysl*. Prague, 1912\\. А. Д Дуличенко, *Международные вспомогательные языки*. Tallinn, 1990\\. Whereas these two projects were naturalistic, the same cannot be said about two other projects by Czech authors, **[Slovanština](/wiki/%23Slovan%C5%A1tina \"#Slovanština\")** by [Edmund Kolkop](/wiki/Edmund_Kolkop \"Edmund Kolkop\")Edmund Kolkop, *Pokus o dorozumívací jazyk slovanský*. Prague, 1912, 16 pp. and **Slavski jezik** by [Bohumil Holý](/wiki/Bohumil_Hol%C3%BD \"Bohumil Holý\").B. Holý, *Slavski jezik. Stručná mluvnice dorozumívacího i jednotícího jazyka všeslovanského. S pomocí spolupracovníků podává stenograf В. Holý.* Nové Město nad Metují, 1920\\. Both projects, published in 1912 and 1920 respectively, show a clear tendency towards simplification, for example by eliminating grammatical [gender](/wiki/Gender_%28grammar%29 \"Gender (grammar)\") and [cases](/wiki/Case_%28grammar%29 \"Case (grammar)\"), and [schematicism](/wiki/International_auxiliary_language%23Classification \"International auxiliary language#Classification\"). \n\nDuring the 1950s the Czech poet and former Esperantist (1920–2000\\), also known under his pseudonym Jiří Karen, worked for several years with a team of prominent interlinguists on an elaborate project, **[Mežduslavjanski jezik](/wiki/%23Me%C5%BEduslavjanski_jezik \"#Mežduslavjanski jezik\")** (\"Interslavic language\"). Among other things, they wrote a grammar, an Esperanto–Interslavic word list, a dictionary, a course and a textbook. Although none of those were ever published, the project gained some attention of linguists from various countries.Věra Barandovská\\-Frank, \"Panslawische Variationen\", in: Cyril Brosch \\& Sabine Fiedler (eds.), *Florilegium Interlinguisticum. Festschrift für Detlev Blanke zum 70\\. Geburtstag*. Frankfurt am Main, 2011, pp. 220–223\\. Probably due to the political reality of those days, this language was primarily based on Russian.\n\n",
"### The digital age\n\nAlthough Pan\\-Slavism has not played a role of any significance since the collapse of the [Soviet Union](/wiki/Soviet_Union \"Soviet Union\") and [Yugoslavia](/wiki/Yugoslavia \"Yugoslavia\"), [globalization](/wiki/Globalization \"Globalization\") and new media like the [Internet](/wiki/Internet \"Internet\") have led to a renewed interest in a language that would be understandable for all Slavs alike. After the fall of the USSR, the role of the Russian language as a [lingua franca](/wiki/Lingua_franca \"Lingua franca\") in Eastern Europe and the Balkans diminished, also because many inhabitants of other countries in the region perceived it as the language of their former oppressor.Leonidas Donskis, \"The Failed Lingua Franca of Eastern Europe?\". In: *New Eastern Europe* 2 (VI), pp. 63–72\\. Older projects were largely forgotten, but as it became relatively easy for authors to publish their work, several new projects emerged, mostly in Slavic émigrée circles. Thus, during the first years of the 21st century projects appeared under names like **Slovo**, **Glagolica**, **Proslava** and **Ruslavsk**.Tilman Berger, [\"Vom Erfinden Slavischer Sprachen\"](http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/tilman.berger/Publikationen/BergerPlansprachen.pdf), in: M. Okuka \\& U. Schweier, eds., *Germano\\-Slavistische Beiträge. Festschrift für P. Rehder zum 65\\. Geburtstag*. München, 2004, ). Most of them were incomplete and abandoned by their authors after a while.\n\nThe only project that acquired some fame in the same period was **[Slovio](/wiki/%23Slovio \"#Slovio\")** of the Slovak Mark Hučko. Unlike most previous projects it was not a naturalistic, but a [schematic](/wiki/International_auxiliary_language%23Classification \"International auxiliary language#Classification\") language, its grammar being based almost entirely on [Esperanto](/wiki/Esperanto \"Esperanto\").Katherine Barber, [\"Old Church Slavonic and the 'Slavic Identity'\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100607222108/http://www.unc.edu/depts/slavdept/lajanda/slav075barber.ppt). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In addition, it was a fully functional language, and it became the first pan\\-Slavic language with a small user community. Slovio was not only intended to serve as an auxiliary language for Slavs, but also for use on a global scale like Esperanto. For that reason it gained little acceptance among Slavs: a high degree of simplification, characteristic for most international auxiliary languages, makes it easier to learn for non\\-Slavs, but widens the distance with the natural Slavic languages and gives the language an overly artificial character, which by many is considered a disadvantage. Hučko maintained a proprietary hold on Slovio, and since 2011 the language is no longer being developed and is effectively defunct.\n\nPartly in response to the problems of Slovio, a more naturalistic and community\\-based project was started in 2006 under the name **Slovianski** by a group of people from different countries. Initially, it was being developed in three grammar versions: a naturalistic version by [Jan van Steenbergen](/wiki/Jan_van_Steenbergen \"Jan van Steenbergen\"), a more simplified, pidgin\\-like version by Ondrej Rečnik and a schematic version by Gabriel Svoboda, but in 2009 it was decided that only the naturalistic version would be continued under the name Slovianski. Slovianski was mostly used in Internet traffic and in a news letter, *Slovianska Gazeta*.Н. М. Малюга, [\"Мовознавство в питаннях і відповідях для вчителя й учнів 5 класу\"](http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/Soc_Gum/PhSt/texts/2008-1.pdf), in: *Філологічні студії. Науковий вісник Криворізького державного педагогічного університету. Збірник наукових праць, випуск 1*. Kryvyj Rih, 2008, , p. 147\\. Алина Петропавловская, [*Славянское эсперанто*](http://eursa.eu/node/1337) . Европейский русский альянс, 23 June 2007\\. In 2012, its user community numbered several hundreds of people.G. Iliev, *[Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet](http://www.ijors.net/issue2_2_2013/pdf/__www.ijors.net_issue2_2_2013_article_6_iliev.pdf)*. International Journal of Russian Studies, issue no. 2 (2013/2\\), p. 258\\.\n\nAn effort to bring Slovianski and Slovio together resulted in **Slovioski** in 2009\\. Its original purpose was to provide Slovio with a more naturalistic grammar, but gradually it developed into a separate language project. Like Slovianski, it was a collaborative project that existed in two variants: a \"full\" and a simplified version.Дора Солакова, \"Съвременни опити за създаване на изкуствен общославянски език\", in: *Езиков свят – Orbis Linguarum, Issue no.2/2010* (Югозападен Университет \"Неофит Рилски\", Blagoevgrad, 2010, ISSN 1312\\-0484\\), p. 248\\. Another project that saw the light in the same period was **Novoslověnsky** (\"Neoslavonic\") by the Czech [Vojtěch Merunka](/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_Merunka \"Vojtěch Merunka\"), based on [Old Church Slavonic grammar](/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar \"Old Church Slavonic grammar\") but using part of Slovianski's vocabulary.Vojtěch Merunka, *Jazyk novoslovienskij*. Prague 2010, ), pp. 15–16, 19–20\\. Dušan Spáčil, [\"Je tu nový slovanský Jazyk\"](http://44adb5c4-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/novoslovienskij/medializacia/Kvety-31-2010.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7criAnj7lliOyw5eboL9Y1uFIdaDr1UoPE6iaR1VRY30CUYULnCB_m7EAaXreNHceAXOrpIlBhWBpjX8psTXa65XlaMeZyL875_2n5mM8VF5Fns7QfGkIkZKCusBSNWtBTTu_KI3RyxXm40fUrT0KWHbtV6ZhV4nac-0VCGZoOzjGFF7DNe9GLixRP1y36lxsBrDJptlGP_Hx_9s9R0YHqVNKx1DdWkT-8DneWtyPFCy_L9PS3s%3D&attredirects=1), in: *Květy* no. 31, July 2010\\. \n\nIn 2011, Slovianski, Slovioski and Novoslověnsky were merged under the name **[Interslavic](/wiki/Interslavic \"Interslavic\")** (*Medžuslovjanski*). In 2017 and 2018 Interslavic conferences took place in the Czech Republic, and in 2019 the language was featured in [Václav Marhoul](/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Marhoul \"Václav Marhoul\")'s movie [*The Painted Bird*](/wiki/The_Painted_Bird_%28film%29 \"The Painted Bird (film)\"). By July 2021, its user community on Facebook had grown to over 15,000 people.\n\n",
"Individual projects\n-------------------\n\n### Early Modern\n\n#### Šime Budinić\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Šime Budinić \n(ca. 1530–1600\\)](/wiki/File:Sime_Budinic_%28Zadar%29.JPG \"Sime Budinic (Zadar).JPG\")\nAs early as 1583, the Venetian\\-Croatian priest writer [Šime Budinić](/wiki/%C5%A0ime_Budini%C4%87 \"Šime Budinić\") from [Zadar](/wiki/Zadar \"Zadar\") translated [Petrus Canisius](/wiki/Petrus_Canisius \"Petrus Canisius\")' *Summa doctrinae christinae* into a language he called *Slovignsky* or *Slouignsky iazik* (\"Slavic language\"), using both the Latin and the Cyrillic alphabets. Budinić did not actually give a description of this language, but according to some authors it was a mixture of Serbo\\-Croatian, Church Slavonic, Czech, and Polish. However, Nicolina Trunte argues that Church Slavonic, Polish or Czech were not used in the work at all, and that the language Budinić used was merely [Shtokavian](/wiki/Shtokavian \"Shtokavian\")\\-[Ijekavian](/wiki/Ijekavian \"Ijekavian\") with a number of hyper\\-Ijekavisms and [Chakavisms](/wiki/Chakavian \"Chakavian\").Nicolina Trunte, [\"Википедїѩ словѣньскъ ѩзыкъ. Neo\\-Altkirchenslavisch oder Conlang?\"](https://www.academia.edu/38168766/Wikipedia-Kirchenslavisch.pdf), p. 29\\. Published in: *Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie* 74/2 (Heidelberg, 2018\\), pp. 389–437\\. \n\nSample: \n*Koie iz Vlasskoga, illi Latinskoga iazika, v Slouignsky Iazik protumačio iest pop Ssimvn Bvdineo Zadranin.*\n\"Translated from the Italian or Latin language into the Slavic Language by father Šimun Budinić from Zadar.\"\n\n#### Juraj Križanić\n\nIn Siberia in 1666, the Croat [Juraj Križanić](/wiki/Juraj_Kri%C5%BEani%C4%87 \"Juraj Križanić\") wrote *Gramatíčno izkâzanje ob rúskom jezíku* (*Граматично исказанје об руском језику* \"Grammatical overview of the Russian Language\"). In this work he described in fact not the Russian language but a Common Slavonic language based on different Slavic languages, mostly on Russian and [Chakavian Croatian](/wiki/Chakavian \"Chakavian\"). The author used it not only for this grammar, but also in other works, including the treatise *Politika* (1663–1666\\). According to an analysis of the Dutch Slavist Tom Ekman, 59% of the words used in *Politika* are of common Slavic descent, 10% come from Russian and Church Slavonic, 9% from Croatian and 2\\.5% from Polish.\n\nSample (Romanized, original in Cyrillic):\n *Iazika sowerszenost iest samo potrebno orudie k mudrosti, i iedwa ne stanowito iee zname. Czim kiu narod imaet izradney iazik, tim prigodnee i witwornee razprawlyaet remestwa i wsakije umitelyi i promisli. Obilie besedi i legota izgowora mnogo pomagaet na mudrich sowetow izobretenie i na wsakich mirnich i ratnich del leznee obwerszenie.*\n\n### Modern\n\n#### Ján Herkeľ\n\nAnother early example of a zonal language for Slavs was *Universalis Lingua Slavica* (\"Universal Slavic language\" or \"All\\-Slavic language\"). It was created and published by the Slovak attorney [Ján Herkeľ](/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Herke%C4%BE \"Ján Herkeľ\") (1786–1853\\) in his work *Elementa universalis linguae Slavicae* in 1826\\. Unlike languages like Esperanto, it had no well\\-defined grammar and no vocabulary of its own. Like many other pan\\-Slavists in the 19th century, Herkeľ considered the Slavic languages dialects of a single Slavic language, and his book is mostly a comparative grammar of these dialects, in which he sometimes offered grammatical solutions explicitly characterized by him as \"Universal Slavic\".\n\nAlthough Herkeľ found Cyrillic more suitable for the Slavic languages, he nevertheless chose the Latin alphabet for his project, with the addition of a few Cyrillic letters:Ľudmila Buzássyová, \"Filologická koncepcia Jána Herkeľa v diele Základy všeobecného slovanského jazyka odvodené zo živých rečí a podložené zdravými zásadami logiky\", in: *Biografické štúdie 28* (Žáner: Literárna veda, 2002\\), p. 28\\. ч and ш for *č* and *š* (remarkably, for *ž* he preferred *ƶ*, although he explicitly did not exclude Cyrillic ж either), as well as *x* for *h/ch*.\n\nNear the end of his book, Herkeľ gave a few examples of his *Stylus Universalis*, applied to the \"Pannonian\" (Slovak) dialect:\n*Za starego vieku byla jedna kralica, koja mala tri prelepije dievice: milicu, krasicu a mudricu; vse tri byle bogate, okrem bogatstva milica byla pokorna, krasica uctiva, a mudrica umena. \n\"In olden times there was a queen who had three very beautiful girls: Kindness, Beauty, and Wisdom; all three were rich, in addition to being rich Kindness was humble, Beauty was polite, and Wisdom was wise.\"*\n\n#### Slavina\n\nSlavina *was created by Josef Konečný in 1912 in Prague and published in the same year in a booklet titled* Mluvnička slovanského esperanta \"Slavina\"*. According to the author, its main purpose was to serve as a communication tool in trade and industry. The subtitle of the language, \"a Slavic Esperanto\" (or its Esperanto translation \"Slava Esperanto\"), is sometimes erroneously cited as the name of the language, but in reality the language had very little in common with Esperanto. Instead, it was a clear example of a naturalistic language, with three grammatical genders, seven noun cases and five verbal tenses. Although Konečný claimed his language was based on all Slavic languages, it bore a striking similarity to his native Czech, both orthographically, phonologically, lexically and morphologically. Particularly unusual for a pan\\-Slavic language project was the distinction between long and short consonants.*The first sentence from the song [Hey, Slavs](/wiki/Hey%2C_Slavs \"Hey, Slavs\"):\nHej, Slované, naši lepo slovanó rěč máme, dokud naše věrné srece pro náš národ dáme.*\"Hey, Slavs, we will have our beautiful Slavic language, as long as we give our faithful heart for our people.\"*#### Slovanština\n\nSlovanština *(Czech for \"Slavic language\") is the oldest example of a [schematic](/wiki/International_auxiliary_language%23Classification \"International auxiliary language#Classification\") language for pan\\-Slavic use. It was published in 1912 by the Czech linguist and esperantist Edmund Kolkop (1877–1915\\) in his booklet* Pokus o dorozumívací jazyk slovanský*. Kolkop had no political, pan\\-Slavic ambitions but felt frustrated by the fact that Slavs had to resort to German for their communication and believed that they would be helped with a simple, artificially created Slavic language, for which he took Esperanto as an example. The language had no [grammatical gender](/wiki/Gender_%28grammar%29 \"Gender (grammar)\") and no [cases](/wiki/Case_%28grammar%29 \"Case (grammar)\"), all nouns and adjectives ended in a consonant, plurals were formed with* \\-a *for nouns and* \\-i *for adjectives, and verbs were conjugated only for [tense](/wiki/Grammatical_tense \"Grammatical tense\"). Slavic word roots were derived regularly from Church Slavonic, and international vocabulary was used when a Slavic word was hard to find. The language was written in the Latin alphabet with a few unusual additions:* ſ *for* š*,* з *for* ž*,* ч *for* č*,* y *for* j*,* j *for* ť*,* θ *for* ď *and* ι *for* ň*.*The [Gospel of Matthew](/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew \"Gospel of Matthew\"), 3:1–2:\nVe tamji dιa priideo Yan Krestar, kazaya na puſj ve zem Yudesk; i rekaya: Pokayaιiy nehaj vi чiιi, bo pribliзio sa carstviy nebesk.*\"In those days John the Baptist came, preaching in the wilderness of Judea; and saying: Repent, for the kingdom of heaven has come near.\"*#### Neposlava\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|180px\\|Vsevolod Cheshikhin (1865–1934\\)](/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_B82_57-5.jpg \"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary B82 57-5.jpg\")\nNeposlava *was an unpublished project, created by the Russian writer, publicist and music critic [Vsevolod Yevgrafovich Cheshikhin](/wiki/Vsevolod_Yevgrafovich_Cheshikhin \"Vsevolod Yevgrafovich Cheshikhin\") (Всеволод Евграфович Чешихин) in [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod \"Nizhny Novgorod\"), Russia. It was based on a system created by him in 1913 to construct zonal languages based on Esperanto affixes which are used with national roots and called it [Nepo](/wiki/dictionary:Nepo \"Nepo\"). According to that principle, he created Neposlava (\"Slavic Nepo\"), a Nepo\\-language based on Russian, Polish, Czech and Serbian lexicon, in 1915 or 1916\\. It is unknown how elaborated this language project really was. He also used this system to construct other \"new Esperantoes\" based on Latin\\-Romance and Germanic languages.*A fragment from the [Lord's Prayer](/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer \"Lord's Prayer\"):\nVatero nia, kotoryja estas in la njebov, heiligia estu nomo via.*\"Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name.\"*#### Mežduslavjanski jezik\n\nMežduslavjanski jezik *(\"Interslavic language\") was an elaborate project worked on during the years 1954–1958 in Czechoslovakia by a group of interlinguists, led by the poet Ladislav Podmele a.k.a. Jiří Karen (1920–2000\\) and the pedagogue Jaroslav Podobský (1895–1962\\), both of whom were prominent members of the [Occidental](/wiki/Interlingue \"Interlingue\") movement. Their idea was that four zonal languages (an [inter\\-Germanic](/wiki/Pan-Germanic_language \"Pan-Germanic language\"), an [inter\\-Romance](/wiki/Pan-Romance_language \"Pan-Romance language\"), an inter\\-Slavic and an inter\\-[Indic language](/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages \"Indo-Aryan languages\")) together would enable two thirds of the world's population to communicate with each other. The language they created used grammatical and lexical features of various Slavic languages, primarily Russian and Czech, and may be viewed as a naturalistic [planned language](/wiki/Planned_language \"Planned language\"). They wrote a grammar (*Kratka grammatika mežduslavjanskego jezika*), an Esperanto–Interslavic word list, a dictionary, a course, a textbook and a few longer texts, practically none of which were ever published.Věra Barandovská\\-Frank, \"Lingvopolitiko kaj interslavismo de Ladislav Podmele\". In: *Grundlagenstudien aus Kybernetik und Geisteswissenschaft*, no. 54:4, December 2013, Akademia Libroservo, ISSN 0723\\-4899, pp. 176–189\\. Nevertheless, the project gained some attention of linguists from various countries.*An excerpt from the manuscript Revolucija v istoriji interlingvistiki*:*Do tego casu bila aktivnost za meždunarodni jezik osnovana na principach utopizma, jež ždal si jedinego jezika za ves mir bez vzgleda na fakt, cto taki jezik ne može bit v nikakim pripadu rezultatem realnego razvoja jezikov živich, cto on bude vsegda tolika vidumana, spekulativna konstrukcija.*\"To date, activity for an international language has been based on principles of utopianism, which endeavoured one language for the whole world without regard to the fact that such a language can in no way result from real development of living languages, that it wil always be an invented, speculative construction.\"*\n\n#### Slovio\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Mark Hučko](/wiki/File:Mark_Hu%C4%8Dko_2.jpg \"Mark Hučko 2.jpg\")\nOne of the first projects in the digital era was Slovio*, a project created in 1999 and published in 2001 by the Slovak Mark Hučko. Unlike previous projects, Slovio was not only intended to serve as a pan\\-Slavic language, but also to compete with languages like [Esperanto](/wiki/Esperanto \"Esperanto\") and [Ido](/wiki/Ido \"Ido\") as a global [international auxiliary language](/wiki/International_auxiliary_language \"International auxiliary language\"). Most of its vocabulary was based on Slavic roots, but its grammar was almost entirely based on Esperanto, with an emphasis on simplicity. Verb conjugations were regular apart from the four verbs* es *(\"be\"),* mozx *(\"can\"),* hce *(\"want\"),* dolzx *(\"must\"). Adjectives typically ended in* \\-ju*, the nouns formed their plural in* \\-s *or* \\-is*, and the only case was the accusative in* \\-f *or* \\-uf *(plural:* \\-fs *or \\-*ifs*). Slovio could be written in Latin or Cyrillic, but was typically written in Latin, with digraphs in* x *replacing the haček (e.g.* zx *for* ž*).*Slovio was the first Slavic\\-based constructed language with a substantial dictionary and a small user community, at its peak consisting of 10–15 users (mostly diaspora Slavs) and a number of interested bystanders. In spite of heavy marketing on the part of its creator, Slovio gained little support; it was heavily criticized for its artificial, un\\-Slavic character and the radical Slavic\\-nationalist views expressed by its users. Perhaps due to Hučko's insistence on owning the language and his hostile attitude towards proposed changes (similar to the situation with [Volapük](/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk \"Volapük\")), people interested in a pan\\-Slavic language moved on to other projects. It became defunct by about 2011\\.\nA passage on the origin of the Europeans (satirical example text and a translation):\nTo es bezsporju historju fakt zxe sovremju Europanis (negda imenitju Indo\\-Europanis) es potomkis om Dunavju Slavis (negda imenitju Dunavju Lesju Ludis). Odnakuo to es bezsporju fakt zxe vse Europju jazikas originijut iz odnakju jazika, jazika om Dunavju Slavis.*\"It's an undisputed historical fact that the current day Europeans (sometimes called Indo\\-Europeans) are all descendants of the Danubian Slavs (sometimes called the Danubian Forest People). Equally, it is an undisputed fact that all European languages originate from the same common language, the language of the Danubian Slavs.\"*#### Slovianski\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Jan van Steenbergen](/wiki/File:Jan_van_steenbergen.jpg \"Jan van steenbergen.jpg\")\nTo address the problems of Slovio, a community\\-based project called [*Slovianski*](/wiki/Interslavic%23Slovianski \"Interslavic#Slovianski\") was begun in 2006\\. Its main purpose was to create a simple, naturalistic language that would be understandable to Slavs without prior learning*. This was approached with a voting system to choose words for the lexicon and a grammar consisting of material existing in all or most Slavic languages, without any artificial additions.Bojana Barlovac, [Creation of 'One Language for All Slavs' Underway](https://web.archive.org/web/20100221202058/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/25946). BalkanInsight, 18 February 2010\\. Slovianski was developed in different versions. The version of its principal author, [Jan van Steenbergen](/wiki/Jan_van_Steenbergen \"Jan van Steenbergen\"), had three [genders](/wiki/Gender_%28grammar%29 \"Gender (grammar)\") (masculine, feminine, neuter), six [cases](/wiki/Case_%28grammar%29 \"Case (grammar)\") and full [conjugation](/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation \"Grammatical conjugation\") of verbs. A high level of simplification was achieved by means of simple, unambiguous endings and irregularity being kept to a minimum.*Slovianski was mostly used in Internet traffic and in a news letter, Slovianska Gazeta*.Алина Петропавловская, \\[. Европейский русский альянс, 23 June 2007\\. In 2012, the language was reported to have several hundreds of speakers.*\n\n[The Lord's Prayer](/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Prayer \"The Lord's Prayer\") in Slovianski:\nNaš otec, ktori jesi v nebah, da svečene je tvoje imeno, da prijde tvoje krolevstvo, da bude tvoja volia, kak v nebah tak i na zemie. Hleb naš každodenni daj nam tutden', i izvinij nam naše grehi, tak kak mi izvinime naših grešnikov, i ne vedij nas v pokušenie, ali spasij nas od zlogo. *\"Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.\"*#### Slovioski\n\nIn 2009, [*Slovioski*](/wiki/Interslavic%23Slovioski \"Interslavic#Slovioski\") (a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau \"Portmanteau\") of Slovio and Slovianski) was launched with the idea of bringing together both language projects. Its initial purpose was merely to provide Slovio with a more Slavic grammar (for example, by substituting the adjective ending \\-ju *with* \\-ij *and the plural ending* \\-is *with* \\-i*), but gradually, it developed into a separate language project, widening its distance to Slovio and abandoning the Slovio dictionary in 2010\\. After Slovianski was reworked into* [Interslavic](/wiki/%23Interslavic \"#Interslavic\")*, Slovioski was discontinued.*#### Neoslavonic\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Vojtěch Merunka](/wiki/File:Vojt%C4%9Bch_Merunka_-_september_2019.jpg \"Vojtěch Merunka - september 2019.jpg\")\n[*Novoslovienskij*](/wiki/Interslavic%23Neoslavonic \"Interslavic#Neoslavonic\") (\"Neoslavonic\") was published in a 128\\-page book by the Czech pedagogue and programmer [Vojtěch Merunka](/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_Merunka \"Vojtěch Merunka\") as a study of what [Old Church Slavonic](/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic \"Old Church Slavonic\") might look like today if it had not stopped developing in the Middle Ages. As a result, Neoslavonic had a complex grammar characterized by various archaisms, for example: four types of past tense, [dual](/wiki/Dual_number \"Dual number\"), seven cases and the Cyrillic letter [ѣ](/wiki/%D1%A2 \"Ѣ\"), but on the other hand, it contained few exceptions and a relatively small number of repetitive rules. Neoslavonic could be written in four alphabets, [Latin](/wiki/Latin_alphabet \"Latin alphabet\"), [Cyrillic](/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet \"Cyrillic alphabet\"), [Greek](/wiki/Greek_alphabet \"Greek alphabet\") and [Glagolitic](/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet \"Glagolitic alphabet\"). \nExample:\nUvažimi gospodi! Tu jest projekt jezyka novoslovienskego. Prošu Vas, da byste jego čitali i poslali Vašim prijateljam, jako li oni hočut to vidieti.*\"Dear Sirs! Here is the Neoslavonic language project. I ask you to read it and send it to your friends if they want to see it.\"*### Contemporary pan\\-Slavic\n\nIn 2011, Slovianski was renamed Medžuslovjanski *(\"Interslavic\"), and its grammar and dictionary were revised to include all options of Neoslavonic and several older projects. A close collaboration was started between them, resulting in a common dictionary, a common news portal and a common wiki, and during the years to follow, Medžuslovjanski and Novoslovienskij (soon renamed* Novoslověnsky*) gradually grew closer to each other. As a result, most differences between both projects vanished in a natural way. After the first Conference on the Interslavic Language in 2017, Merunka and Van Steenbergen eliminated the last few remaining differences, and in the same year they published a unified grammar and orthography together, soon to be followed by a multilingual online dictionary covering English and most modern Slavic languages.[Interslavic dictionary](https://interslavic-dictionary.com/)* Medžuslovjansky jezyk *gained attention from the media and in 2019 came to be featured in the film* [The Painted Bird](/wiki/The_Painted_Bird_%28film%29 \"The Painted Bird (film)\")''. For the first time in history, a Pan\\-Slavic language received an ISO 639\\-3 code, with '' assigned for Interslavic in April 2024\\.\n",
"### Early Modern\n\n#### Šime Budinić\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Šime Budinić \n(ca. 1530–1600\\)](/wiki/File:Sime_Budinic_%28Zadar%29.JPG \"Sime Budinic (Zadar).JPG\")\nAs early as 1583, the Venetian\\-Croatian priest writer [Šime Budinić](/wiki/%C5%A0ime_Budini%C4%87 \"Šime Budinić\") from [Zadar](/wiki/Zadar \"Zadar\") translated [Petrus Canisius](/wiki/Petrus_Canisius \"Petrus Canisius\")' *Summa doctrinae christinae* into a language he called *Slovignsky* or *Slouignsky iazik* (\"Slavic language\"), using both the Latin and the Cyrillic alphabets. Budinić did not actually give a description of this language, but according to some authors it was a mixture of Serbo\\-Croatian, Church Slavonic, Czech, and Polish. However, Nicolina Trunte argues that Church Slavonic, Polish or Czech were not used in the work at all, and that the language Budinić used was merely [Shtokavian](/wiki/Shtokavian \"Shtokavian\")\\-[Ijekavian](/wiki/Ijekavian \"Ijekavian\") with a number of hyper\\-Ijekavisms and [Chakavisms](/wiki/Chakavian \"Chakavian\").Nicolina Trunte, [\"Википедїѩ словѣньскъ ѩзыкъ. Neo\\-Altkirchenslavisch oder Conlang?\"](https://www.academia.edu/38168766/Wikipedia-Kirchenslavisch.pdf), p. 29\\. Published in: *Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie* 74/2 (Heidelberg, 2018\\), pp. 389–437\\. \n\nSample: \n*Koie iz Vlasskoga, illi Latinskoga iazika, v Slouignsky Iazik protumačio iest pop Ssimvn Bvdineo Zadranin.*\n\"Translated from the Italian or Latin language into the Slavic Language by father Šimun Budinić from Zadar.\"\n\n#### Juraj Križanić\n\nIn Siberia in 1666, the Croat [Juraj Križanić](/wiki/Juraj_Kri%C5%BEani%C4%87 \"Juraj Križanić\") wrote *Gramatíčno izkâzanje ob rúskom jezíku* (*Граматично исказанје об руском језику* \"Grammatical overview of the Russian Language\"). In this work he described in fact not the Russian language but a Common Slavonic language based on different Slavic languages, mostly on Russian and [Chakavian Croatian](/wiki/Chakavian \"Chakavian\"). The author used it not only for this grammar, but also in other works, including the treatise *Politika* (1663–1666\\). According to an analysis of the Dutch Slavist Tom Ekman, 59% of the words used in *Politika* are of common Slavic descent, 10% come from Russian and Church Slavonic, 9% from Croatian and 2\\.5% from Polish.\n\nSample (Romanized, original in Cyrillic):\n *Iazika sowerszenost iest samo potrebno orudie k mudrosti, i iedwa ne stanowito iee zname. Czim kiu narod imaet izradney iazik, tim prigodnee i witwornee razprawlyaet remestwa i wsakije umitelyi i promisli. Obilie besedi i legota izgowora mnogo pomagaet na mudrich sowetow izobretenie i na wsakich mirnich i ratnich del leznee obwerszenie.*\n\n",
"#### Šime Budinić\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Šime Budinić \n(ca. 1530–1600\\)](/wiki/File:Sime_Budinic_%28Zadar%29.JPG \"Sime Budinic (Zadar).JPG\")\nAs early as 1583, the Venetian\\-Croatian priest writer [Šime Budinić](/wiki/%C5%A0ime_Budini%C4%87 \"Šime Budinić\") from [Zadar](/wiki/Zadar \"Zadar\") translated [Petrus Canisius](/wiki/Petrus_Canisius \"Petrus Canisius\")' *Summa doctrinae christinae* into a language he called *Slovignsky* or *Slouignsky iazik* (\"Slavic language\"), using both the Latin and the Cyrillic alphabets. Budinić did not actually give a description of this language, but according to some authors it was a mixture of Serbo\\-Croatian, Church Slavonic, Czech, and Polish. However, Nicolina Trunte argues that Church Slavonic, Polish or Czech were not used in the work at all, and that the language Budinić used was merely [Shtokavian](/wiki/Shtokavian \"Shtokavian\")\\-[Ijekavian](/wiki/Ijekavian \"Ijekavian\") with a number of hyper\\-Ijekavisms and [Chakavisms](/wiki/Chakavian \"Chakavian\").Nicolina Trunte, [\"Википедїѩ словѣньскъ ѩзыкъ. Neo\\-Altkirchenslavisch oder Conlang?\"](https://www.academia.edu/38168766/Wikipedia-Kirchenslavisch.pdf), p. 29\\. Published in: *Zeitschrift für Slavische Philologie* 74/2 (Heidelberg, 2018\\), pp. 389–437\\. \n\nSample: \n*Koie iz Vlasskoga, illi Latinskoga iazika, v Slouignsky Iazik protumačio iest pop Ssimvn Bvdineo Zadranin.*\n\"Translated from the Italian or Latin language into the Slavic Language by father Šimun Budinić from Zadar.\"\n\n",
"#### Juraj Križanić\n\nIn Siberia in 1666, the Croat [Juraj Križanić](/wiki/Juraj_Kri%C5%BEani%C4%87 \"Juraj Križanić\") wrote *Gramatíčno izkâzanje ob rúskom jezíku* (*Граматично исказанје об руском језику* \"Grammatical overview of the Russian Language\"). In this work he described in fact not the Russian language but a Common Slavonic language based on different Slavic languages, mostly on Russian and [Chakavian Croatian](/wiki/Chakavian \"Chakavian\"). The author used it not only for this grammar, but also in other works, including the treatise *Politika* (1663–1666\\). According to an analysis of the Dutch Slavist Tom Ekman, 59% of the words used in *Politika* are of common Slavic descent, 10% come from Russian and Church Slavonic, 9% from Croatian and 2\\.5% from Polish.\n\nSample (Romanized, original in Cyrillic):\n *Iazika sowerszenost iest samo potrebno orudie k mudrosti, i iedwa ne stanowito iee zname. Czim kiu narod imaet izradney iazik, tim prigodnee i witwornee razprawlyaet remestwa i wsakije umitelyi i promisli. Obilie besedi i legota izgowora mnogo pomagaet na mudrich sowetow izobretenie i na wsakich mirnich i ratnich del leznee obwerszenie.*\n\n",
"### Modern\n\n#### Ján Herkeľ\n\nAnother early example of a zonal language for Slavs was *Universalis Lingua Slavica* (\"Universal Slavic language\" or \"All\\-Slavic language\"). It was created and published by the Slovak attorney [Ján Herkeľ](/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Herke%C4%BE \"Ján Herkeľ\") (1786–1853\\) in his work *Elementa universalis linguae Slavicae* in 1826\\. Unlike languages like Esperanto, it had no well\\-defined grammar and no vocabulary of its own. Like many other pan\\-Slavists in the 19th century, Herkeľ considered the Slavic languages dialects of a single Slavic language, and his book is mostly a comparative grammar of these dialects, in which he sometimes offered grammatical solutions explicitly characterized by him as \"Universal Slavic\".\n\nAlthough Herkeľ found Cyrillic more suitable for the Slavic languages, he nevertheless chose the Latin alphabet for his project, with the addition of a few Cyrillic letters:Ľudmila Buzássyová, \"Filologická koncepcia Jána Herkeľa v diele Základy všeobecného slovanského jazyka odvodené zo živých rečí a podložené zdravými zásadami logiky\", in: *Biografické štúdie 28* (Žáner: Literárna veda, 2002\\), p. 28\\. ч and ш for *č* and *š* (remarkably, for *ž* he preferred *ƶ*, although he explicitly did not exclude Cyrillic ж either), as well as *x* for *h/ch*.\n\nNear the end of his book, Herkeľ gave a few examples of his *Stylus Universalis*, applied to the \"Pannonian\" (Slovak) dialect:\n*Za starego vieku byla jedna kralica, koja mala tri prelepije dievice: milicu, krasicu a mudricu; vse tri byle bogate, okrem bogatstva milica byla pokorna, krasica uctiva, a mudrica umena. \n\"In olden times there was a queen who had three very beautiful girls: Kindness, Beauty, and Wisdom; all three were rich, in addition to being rich Kindness was humble, Beauty was polite, and Wisdom was wise.\"*\n\n#### Slavina\n\nSlavina *was created by Josef Konečný in 1912 in Prague and published in the same year in a booklet titled* Mluvnička slovanského esperanta \"Slavina\"*. According to the author, its main purpose was to serve as a communication tool in trade and industry. The subtitle of the language, \"a Slavic Esperanto\" (or its Esperanto translation \"Slava Esperanto\"), is sometimes erroneously cited as the name of the language, but in reality the language had very little in common with Esperanto. Instead, it was a clear example of a naturalistic language, with three grammatical genders, seven noun cases and five verbal tenses. Although Konečný claimed his language was based on all Slavic languages, it bore a striking similarity to his native Czech, both orthographically, phonologically, lexically and morphologically. Particularly unusual for a pan\\-Slavic language project was the distinction between long and short consonants.*The first sentence from the song [Hey, Slavs](/wiki/Hey%2C_Slavs \"Hey, Slavs\"):\nHej, Slované, naši lepo slovanó rěč máme, dokud naše věrné srece pro náš národ dáme.*\"Hey, Slavs, we will have our beautiful Slavic language, as long as we give our faithful heart for our people.\"*#### Slovanština\n\nSlovanština *(Czech for \"Slavic language\") is the oldest example of a [schematic](/wiki/International_auxiliary_language%23Classification \"International auxiliary language#Classification\") language for pan\\-Slavic use. It was published in 1912 by the Czech linguist and esperantist Edmund Kolkop (1877–1915\\) in his booklet* Pokus o dorozumívací jazyk slovanský*. Kolkop had no political, pan\\-Slavic ambitions but felt frustrated by the fact that Slavs had to resort to German for their communication and believed that they would be helped with a simple, artificially created Slavic language, for which he took Esperanto as an example. The language had no [grammatical gender](/wiki/Gender_%28grammar%29 \"Gender (grammar)\") and no [cases](/wiki/Case_%28grammar%29 \"Case (grammar)\"), all nouns and adjectives ended in a consonant, plurals were formed with* \\-a *for nouns and* \\-i *for adjectives, and verbs were conjugated only for [tense](/wiki/Grammatical_tense \"Grammatical tense\"). Slavic word roots were derived regularly from Church Slavonic, and international vocabulary was used when a Slavic word was hard to find. The language was written in the Latin alphabet with a few unusual additions:* ſ *for* š*,* з *for* ž*,* ч *for* č*,* y *for* j*,* j *for* ť*,* θ *for* ď *and* ι *for* ň*.*The [Gospel of Matthew](/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew \"Gospel of Matthew\"), 3:1–2:\nVe tamji dιa priideo Yan Krestar, kazaya na puſj ve zem Yudesk; i rekaya: Pokayaιiy nehaj vi чiιi, bo pribliзio sa carstviy nebesk.*\"In those days John the Baptist came, preaching in the wilderness of Judea; and saying: Repent, for the kingdom of heaven has come near.\"*#### Neposlava\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|180px\\|Vsevolod Cheshikhin (1865–1934\\)](/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_B82_57-5.jpg \"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary B82 57-5.jpg\")\nNeposlava *was an unpublished project, created by the Russian writer, publicist and music critic [Vsevolod Yevgrafovich Cheshikhin](/wiki/Vsevolod_Yevgrafovich_Cheshikhin \"Vsevolod Yevgrafovich Cheshikhin\") (Всеволод Евграфович Чешихин) in [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod \"Nizhny Novgorod\"), Russia. It was based on a system created by him in 1913 to construct zonal languages based on Esperanto affixes which are used with national roots and called it [Nepo](/wiki/dictionary:Nepo \"Nepo\"). According to that principle, he created Neposlava (\"Slavic Nepo\"), a Nepo\\-language based on Russian, Polish, Czech and Serbian lexicon, in 1915 or 1916\\. It is unknown how elaborated this language project really was. He also used this system to construct other \"new Esperantoes\" based on Latin\\-Romance and Germanic languages.*A fragment from the [Lord's Prayer](/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer \"Lord's Prayer\"):\nVatero nia, kotoryja estas in la njebov, heiligia estu nomo via.*\"Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name.\"*#### Mežduslavjanski jezik\n\nMežduslavjanski jezik *(\"Interslavic language\") was an elaborate project worked on during the years 1954–1958 in Czechoslovakia by a group of interlinguists, led by the poet Ladislav Podmele a.k.a. Jiří Karen (1920–2000\\) and the pedagogue Jaroslav Podobský (1895–1962\\), both of whom were prominent members of the [Occidental](/wiki/Interlingue \"Interlingue\") movement. Their idea was that four zonal languages (an [inter\\-Germanic](/wiki/Pan-Germanic_language \"Pan-Germanic language\"), an [inter\\-Romance](/wiki/Pan-Romance_language \"Pan-Romance language\"), an inter\\-Slavic and an inter\\-[Indic language](/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages \"Indo-Aryan languages\")) together would enable two thirds of the world's population to communicate with each other. The language they created used grammatical and lexical features of various Slavic languages, primarily Russian and Czech, and may be viewed as a naturalistic [planned language](/wiki/Planned_language \"Planned language\"). They wrote a grammar (*Kratka grammatika mežduslavjanskego jezika*), an Esperanto–Interslavic word list, a dictionary, a course, a textbook and a few longer texts, practically none of which were ever published.Věra Barandovská\\-Frank, \"Lingvopolitiko kaj interslavismo de Ladislav Podmele\". In: *Grundlagenstudien aus Kybernetik und Geisteswissenschaft*, no. 54:4, December 2013, Akademia Libroservo, ISSN 0723\\-4899, pp. 176–189\\. Nevertheless, the project gained some attention of linguists from various countries.*An excerpt from the manuscript Revolucija v istoriji interlingvistiki*:*Do tego casu bila aktivnost za meždunarodni jezik osnovana na principach utopizma, jež ždal si jedinego jezika za ves mir bez vzgleda na fakt, cto taki jezik ne može bit v nikakim pripadu rezultatem realnego razvoja jezikov živich, cto on bude vsegda tolika vidumana, spekulativna konstrukcija.*\"To date, activity for an international language has been based on principles of utopianism, which endeavoured one language for the whole world without regard to the fact that such a language can in no way result from real development of living languages, that it wil always be an invented, speculative construction.\"*\n\n#### Slovio\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Mark Hučko](/wiki/File:Mark_Hu%C4%8Dko_2.jpg \"Mark Hučko 2.jpg\")\nOne of the first projects in the digital era was Slovio*, a project created in 1999 and published in 2001 by the Slovak Mark Hučko. Unlike previous projects, Slovio was not only intended to serve as a pan\\-Slavic language, but also to compete with languages like [Esperanto](/wiki/Esperanto \"Esperanto\") and [Ido](/wiki/Ido \"Ido\") as a global [international auxiliary language](/wiki/International_auxiliary_language \"International auxiliary language\"). Most of its vocabulary was based on Slavic roots, but its grammar was almost entirely based on Esperanto, with an emphasis on simplicity. Verb conjugations were regular apart from the four verbs* es *(\"be\"),* mozx *(\"can\"),* hce *(\"want\"),* dolzx *(\"must\"). Adjectives typically ended in* \\-ju*, the nouns formed their plural in* \\-s *or* \\-is*, and the only case was the accusative in* \\-f *or* \\-uf *(plural:* \\-fs *or \\-*ifs*). Slovio could be written in Latin or Cyrillic, but was typically written in Latin, with digraphs in* x *replacing the haček (e.g.* zx *for* ž*).*Slovio was the first Slavic\\-based constructed language with a substantial dictionary and a small user community, at its peak consisting of 10–15 users (mostly diaspora Slavs) and a number of interested bystanders. In spite of heavy marketing on the part of its creator, Slovio gained little support; it was heavily criticized for its artificial, un\\-Slavic character and the radical Slavic\\-nationalist views expressed by its users. Perhaps due to Hučko's insistence on owning the language and his hostile attitude towards proposed changes (similar to the situation with [Volapük](/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk \"Volapük\")), people interested in a pan\\-Slavic language moved on to other projects. It became defunct by about 2011\\.\nA passage on the origin of the Europeans (satirical example text and a translation):\nTo es bezsporju historju fakt zxe sovremju Europanis (negda imenitju Indo\\-Europanis) es potomkis om Dunavju Slavis (negda imenitju Dunavju Lesju Ludis). Odnakuo to es bezsporju fakt zxe vse Europju jazikas originijut iz odnakju jazika, jazika om Dunavju Slavis.*\"It's an undisputed historical fact that the current day Europeans (sometimes called Indo\\-Europeans) are all descendants of the Danubian Slavs (sometimes called the Danubian Forest People). Equally, it is an undisputed fact that all European languages originate from the same common language, the language of the Danubian Slavs.\"*#### Slovianski\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Jan van Steenbergen](/wiki/File:Jan_van_steenbergen.jpg \"Jan van steenbergen.jpg\")\nTo address the problems of Slovio, a community\\-based project called [*Slovianski*](/wiki/Interslavic%23Slovianski \"Interslavic#Slovianski\") was begun in 2006\\. Its main purpose was to create a simple, naturalistic language that would be understandable to Slavs without prior learning*. This was approached with a voting system to choose words for the lexicon and a grammar consisting of material existing in all or most Slavic languages, without any artificial additions.Bojana Barlovac, [Creation of 'One Language for All Slavs' Underway](https://web.archive.org/web/20100221202058/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/25946). BalkanInsight, 18 February 2010\\. Slovianski was developed in different versions. The version of its principal author, [Jan van Steenbergen](/wiki/Jan_van_Steenbergen \"Jan van Steenbergen\"), had three [genders](/wiki/Gender_%28grammar%29 \"Gender (grammar)\") (masculine, feminine, neuter), six [cases](/wiki/Case_%28grammar%29 \"Case (grammar)\") and full [conjugation](/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation \"Grammatical conjugation\") of verbs. A high level of simplification was achieved by means of simple, unambiguous endings and irregularity being kept to a minimum.*Slovianski was mostly used in Internet traffic and in a news letter, Slovianska Gazeta*.Алина Петропавловская, \\[. Европейский русский альянс, 23 June 2007\\. In 2012, the language was reported to have several hundreds of speakers.*\n\n[The Lord's Prayer](/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Prayer \"The Lord's Prayer\") in Slovianski:\nNaš otec, ktori jesi v nebah, da svečene je tvoje imeno, da prijde tvoje krolevstvo, da bude tvoja volia, kak v nebah tak i na zemie. Hleb naš každodenni daj nam tutden', i izvinij nam naše grehi, tak kak mi izvinime naših grešnikov, i ne vedij nas v pokušenie, ali spasij nas od zlogo. *\"Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.\"*#### Slovioski\n\nIn 2009, [*Slovioski*](/wiki/Interslavic%23Slovioski \"Interslavic#Slovioski\") (a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau \"Portmanteau\") of Slovio and Slovianski) was launched with the idea of bringing together both language projects. Its initial purpose was merely to provide Slovio with a more Slavic grammar (for example, by substituting the adjective ending \\-ju *with* \\-ij *and the plural ending* \\-is *with* \\-i*), but gradually, it developed into a separate language project, widening its distance to Slovio and abandoning the Slovio dictionary in 2010\\. After Slovianski was reworked into* [Interslavic](/wiki/%23Interslavic \"#Interslavic\")*, Slovioski was discontinued.*#### Neoslavonic\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Vojtěch Merunka](/wiki/File:Vojt%C4%9Bch_Merunka_-_september_2019.jpg \"Vojtěch Merunka - september 2019.jpg\")\n[*Novoslovienskij*](/wiki/Interslavic%23Neoslavonic \"Interslavic#Neoslavonic\") (\"Neoslavonic\") was published in a 128\\-page book by the Czech pedagogue and programmer [Vojtěch Merunka](/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_Merunka \"Vojtěch Merunka\") as a study of what [Old Church Slavonic](/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic \"Old Church Slavonic\") might look like today if it had not stopped developing in the Middle Ages. As a result, Neoslavonic had a complex grammar characterized by various archaisms, for example: four types of past tense, [dual](/wiki/Dual_number \"Dual number\"), seven cases and the Cyrillic letter [ѣ](/wiki/%D1%A2 \"Ѣ\"), but on the other hand, it contained few exceptions and a relatively small number of repetitive rules. Neoslavonic could be written in four alphabets, [Latin](/wiki/Latin_alphabet \"Latin alphabet\"), [Cyrillic](/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet \"Cyrillic alphabet\"), [Greek](/wiki/Greek_alphabet \"Greek alphabet\") and [Glagolitic](/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet \"Glagolitic alphabet\"). \nExample:\nUvažimi gospodi! Tu jest projekt jezyka novoslovienskego. Prošu Vas, da byste jego čitali i poslali Vašim prijateljam, jako li oni hočut to vidieti.*\"Dear Sirs! Here is the Neoslavonic language project. I ask you to read it and send it to your friends if they want to see it.\"*### Contemporary pan\\-Slavic\n\nIn 2011, Slovianski was renamed Medžuslovjanski *(\"Interslavic\"), and its grammar and dictionary were revised to include all options of Neoslavonic and several older projects. A close collaboration was started between them, resulting in a common dictionary, a common news portal and a common wiki, and during the years to follow, Medžuslovjanski and Novoslovienskij (soon renamed* Novoslověnsky*) gradually grew closer to each other. As a result, most differences between both projects vanished in a natural way. After the first Conference on the Interslavic Language in 2017, Merunka and Van Steenbergen eliminated the last few remaining differences, and in the same year they published a unified grammar and orthography together, soon to be followed by a multilingual online dictionary covering English and most modern Slavic languages.[Interslavic dictionary](https://interslavic-dictionary.com/)* Medžuslovjansky jezyk *gained attention from the media and in 2019 came to be featured in the film* [The Painted Bird](/wiki/The_Painted_Bird_%28film%29 \"The Painted Bird (film)\")''. For the first time in history, a Pan\\-Slavic language received an ISO 639\\-3 code, with '' assigned for Interslavic in April 2024\\.\n",
"#### Ján Herkeľ\n\nAnother early example of a zonal language for Slavs was *Universalis Lingua Slavica* (\"Universal Slavic language\" or \"All\\-Slavic language\"). It was created and published by the Slovak attorney [Ján Herkeľ](/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Herke%C4%BE \"Ján Herkeľ\") (1786–1853\\) in his work *Elementa universalis linguae Slavicae* in 1826\\. Unlike languages like Esperanto, it had no well\\-defined grammar and no vocabulary of its own. Like many other pan\\-Slavists in the 19th century, Herkeľ considered the Slavic languages dialects of a single Slavic language, and his book is mostly a comparative grammar of these dialects, in which he sometimes offered grammatical solutions explicitly characterized by him as \"Universal Slavic\".\n\nAlthough Herkeľ found Cyrillic more suitable for the Slavic languages, he nevertheless chose the Latin alphabet for his project, with the addition of a few Cyrillic letters:Ľudmila Buzássyová, \"Filologická koncepcia Jána Herkeľa v diele Základy všeobecného slovanského jazyka odvodené zo živých rečí a podložené zdravými zásadami logiky\", in: *Biografické štúdie 28* (Žáner: Literárna veda, 2002\\), p. 28\\. ч and ш for *č* and *š* (remarkably, for *ž* he preferred *ƶ*, although he explicitly did not exclude Cyrillic ж either), as well as *x* for *h/ch*.\n\nNear the end of his book, Herkeľ gave a few examples of his *Stylus Universalis*, applied to the \"Pannonian\" (Slovak) dialect:\n*Za starego vieku byla jedna kralica, koja mala tri prelepije dievice: milicu, krasicu a mudricu; vse tri byle bogate, okrem bogatstva milica byla pokorna, krasica uctiva, a mudrica umena. \n\"In olden times there was a queen who had three very beautiful girls: Kindness, Beauty, and Wisdom; all three were rich, in addition to being rich Kindness was humble, Beauty was polite, and Wisdom was wise.\"*\n\n#### Slavina\n\nSlavina *was created by Josef Konečný in 1912 in Prague and published in the same year in a booklet titled* Mluvnička slovanského esperanta \"Slavina\"*. According to the author, its main purpose was to serve as a communication tool in trade and industry. The subtitle of the language, \"a Slavic Esperanto\" (or its Esperanto translation \"Slava Esperanto\"), is sometimes erroneously cited as the name of the language, but in reality the language had very little in common with Esperanto. Instead, it was a clear example of a naturalistic language, with three grammatical genders, seven noun cases and five verbal tenses. Although Konečný claimed his language was based on all Slavic languages, it bore a striking similarity to his native Czech, both orthographically, phonologically, lexically and morphologically. Particularly unusual for a pan\\-Slavic language project was the distinction between long and short consonants.*The first sentence from the song [Hey, Slavs](/wiki/Hey%2C_Slavs \"Hey, Slavs\"):\nHej, Slované, naši lepo slovanó rěč máme, dokud naše věrné srece pro náš národ dáme.*\"Hey, Slavs, we will have our beautiful Slavic language, as long as we give our faithful heart for our people.\"*#### Slovanština\n\nSlovanština *(Czech for \"Slavic language\") is the oldest example of a [schematic](/wiki/International_auxiliary_language%23Classification \"International auxiliary language#Classification\") language for pan\\-Slavic use. It was published in 1912 by the Czech linguist and esperantist Edmund Kolkop (1877–1915\\) in his booklet* Pokus o dorozumívací jazyk slovanský*. Kolkop had no political, pan\\-Slavic ambitions but felt frustrated by the fact that Slavs had to resort to German for their communication and believed that they would be helped with a simple, artificially created Slavic language, for which he took Esperanto as an example. The language had no [grammatical gender](/wiki/Gender_%28grammar%29 \"Gender (grammar)\") and no [cases](/wiki/Case_%28grammar%29 \"Case (grammar)\"), all nouns and adjectives ended in a consonant, plurals were formed with* \\-a *for nouns and* \\-i *for adjectives, and verbs were conjugated only for [tense](/wiki/Grammatical_tense \"Grammatical tense\"). Slavic word roots were derived regularly from Church Slavonic, and international vocabulary was used when a Slavic word was hard to find. The language was written in the Latin alphabet with a few unusual additions:* ſ *for* š*,* з *for* ž*,* ч *for* č*,* y *for* j*,* j *for* ť*,* θ *for* ď *and* ι *for* ň*.*The [Gospel of Matthew](/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew \"Gospel of Matthew\"), 3:1–2:\nVe tamji dιa priideo Yan Krestar, kazaya na puſj ve zem Yudesk; i rekaya: Pokayaιiy nehaj vi чiιi, bo pribliзio sa carstviy nebesk.*\"In those days John the Baptist came, preaching in the wilderness of Judea; and saying: Repent, for the kingdom of heaven has come near.\"*#### Neposlava\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|180px\\|Vsevolod Cheshikhin (1865–1934\\)](/wiki/File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary_B82_57-5.jpg \"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary B82 57-5.jpg\")\nNeposlava *was an unpublished project, created by the Russian writer, publicist and music critic [Vsevolod Yevgrafovich Cheshikhin](/wiki/Vsevolod_Yevgrafovich_Cheshikhin \"Vsevolod Yevgrafovich Cheshikhin\") (Всеволод Евграфович Чешихин) in [Nizhny Novgorod](/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod \"Nizhny Novgorod\"), Russia. It was based on a system created by him in 1913 to construct zonal languages based on Esperanto affixes which are used with national roots and called it [Nepo](/wiki/dictionary:Nepo \"Nepo\"). According to that principle, he created Neposlava (\"Slavic Nepo\"), a Nepo\\-language based on Russian, Polish, Czech and Serbian lexicon, in 1915 or 1916\\. It is unknown how elaborated this language project really was. He also used this system to construct other \"new Esperantoes\" based on Latin\\-Romance and Germanic languages.*A fragment from the [Lord's Prayer](/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer \"Lord's Prayer\"):\nVatero nia, kotoryja estas in la njebov, heiligia estu nomo via.*\"Our father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name.\"*#### Mežduslavjanski jezik\n\nMežduslavjanski jezik *(\"Interslavic language\") was an elaborate project worked on during the years 1954–1958 in Czechoslovakia by a group of interlinguists, led by the poet Ladislav Podmele a.k.a. Jiří Karen (1920–2000\\) and the pedagogue Jaroslav Podobský (1895–1962\\), both of whom were prominent members of the [Occidental](/wiki/Interlingue \"Interlingue\") movement. Their idea was that four zonal languages (an [inter\\-Germanic](/wiki/Pan-Germanic_language \"Pan-Germanic language\"), an [inter\\-Romance](/wiki/Pan-Romance_language \"Pan-Romance language\"), an inter\\-Slavic and an inter\\-[Indic language](/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages \"Indo-Aryan languages\")) together would enable two thirds of the world's population to communicate with each other. The language they created used grammatical and lexical features of various Slavic languages, primarily Russian and Czech, and may be viewed as a naturalistic [planned language](/wiki/Planned_language \"Planned language\"). They wrote a grammar (*Kratka grammatika mežduslavjanskego jezika*), an Esperanto–Interslavic word list, a dictionary, a course, a textbook and a few longer texts, practically none of which were ever published.Věra Barandovská\\-Frank, \"Lingvopolitiko kaj interslavismo de Ladislav Podmele\". In: *Grundlagenstudien aus Kybernetik und Geisteswissenschaft*, no. 54:4, December 2013, Akademia Libroservo, ISSN 0723\\-4899, pp. 176–189\\. Nevertheless, the project gained some attention of linguists from various countries.*An excerpt from the manuscript Revolucija v istoriji interlingvistiki*:*Do tego casu bila aktivnost za meždunarodni jezik osnovana na principach utopizma, jež ždal si jedinego jezika za ves mir bez vzgleda na fakt, cto taki jezik ne može bit v nikakim pripadu rezultatem realnego razvoja jezikov živich, cto on bude vsegda tolika vidumana, spekulativna konstrukcija.*\"To date, activity for an international language has been based on principles of utopianism, which endeavoured one language for the whole world without regard to the fact that such a language can in no way result from real development of living languages, that it wil always be an invented, speculative construction.\"*\n\n#### Slovio\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Mark Hučko](/wiki/File:Mark_Hu%C4%8Dko_2.jpg \"Mark Hučko 2.jpg\")\nOne of the first projects in the digital era was Slovio*, a project created in 1999 and published in 2001 by the Slovak Mark Hučko. Unlike previous projects, Slovio was not only intended to serve as a pan\\-Slavic language, but also to compete with languages like [Esperanto](/wiki/Esperanto \"Esperanto\") and [Ido](/wiki/Ido \"Ido\") as a global [international auxiliary language](/wiki/International_auxiliary_language \"International auxiliary language\"). Most of its vocabulary was based on Slavic roots, but its grammar was almost entirely based on Esperanto, with an emphasis on simplicity. Verb conjugations were regular apart from the four verbs* es *(\"be\"),* mozx *(\"can\"),* hce *(\"want\"),* dolzx *(\"must\"). Adjectives typically ended in* \\-ju*, the nouns formed their plural in* \\-s *or* \\-is*, and the only case was the accusative in* \\-f *or* \\-uf *(plural:* \\-fs *or \\-*ifs*). Slovio could be written in Latin or Cyrillic, but was typically written in Latin, with digraphs in* x *replacing the haček (e.g.* zx *for* ž*).*Slovio was the first Slavic\\-based constructed language with a substantial dictionary and a small user community, at its peak consisting of 10–15 users (mostly diaspora Slavs) and a number of interested bystanders. In spite of heavy marketing on the part of its creator, Slovio gained little support; it was heavily criticized for its artificial, un\\-Slavic character and the radical Slavic\\-nationalist views expressed by its users. Perhaps due to Hučko's insistence on owning the language and his hostile attitude towards proposed changes (similar to the situation with [Volapük](/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk \"Volapük\")), people interested in a pan\\-Slavic language moved on to other projects. It became defunct by about 2011\\.\nA passage on the origin of the Europeans (satirical example text and a translation):\nTo es bezsporju historju fakt zxe sovremju Europanis (negda imenitju Indo\\-Europanis) es potomkis om Dunavju Slavis (negda imenitju Dunavju Lesju Ludis). Odnakuo to es bezsporju fakt zxe vse Europju jazikas originijut iz odnakju jazika, jazika om Dunavju Slavis.*\"It's an undisputed historical fact that the current day Europeans (sometimes called Indo\\-Europeans) are all descendants of the Danubian Slavs (sometimes called the Danubian Forest People). Equally, it is an undisputed fact that all European languages originate from the same common language, the language of the Danubian Slavs.\"*#### Slovianski\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Jan van Steenbergen](/wiki/File:Jan_van_steenbergen.jpg \"Jan van steenbergen.jpg\")\nTo address the problems of Slovio, a community\\-based project called [*Slovianski*](/wiki/Interslavic%23Slovianski \"Interslavic#Slovianski\") was begun in 2006\\. Its main purpose was to create a simple, naturalistic language that would be understandable to Slavs without prior learning*. This was approached with a voting system to choose words for the lexicon and a grammar consisting of material existing in all or most Slavic languages, without any artificial additions.Bojana Barlovac, [Creation of 'One Language for All Slavs' Underway](https://web.archive.org/web/20100221202058/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/25946). BalkanInsight, 18 February 2010\\. Slovianski was developed in different versions. The version of its principal author, [Jan van Steenbergen](/wiki/Jan_van_Steenbergen \"Jan van Steenbergen\"), had three [genders](/wiki/Gender_%28grammar%29 \"Gender (grammar)\") (masculine, feminine, neuter), six [cases](/wiki/Case_%28grammar%29 \"Case (grammar)\") and full [conjugation](/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation \"Grammatical conjugation\") of verbs. A high level of simplification was achieved by means of simple, unambiguous endings and irregularity being kept to a minimum.*Slovianski was mostly used in Internet traffic and in a news letter, Slovianska Gazeta*.Алина Петропавловская, \\[. Европейский русский альянс, 23 June 2007\\. In 2012, the language was reported to have several hundreds of speakers.*\n\n[The Lord's Prayer](/wiki/The_Lord%27s_Prayer \"The Lord's Prayer\") in Slovianski:\nNaš otec, ktori jesi v nebah, da svečene je tvoje imeno, da prijde tvoje krolevstvo, da bude tvoja volia, kak v nebah tak i na zemie. Hleb naš každodenni daj nam tutden', i izvinij nam naše grehi, tak kak mi izvinime naših grešnikov, i ne vedij nas v pokušenie, ali spasij nas od zlogo. *\"Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name. Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.\"*#### Slovioski\n\nIn 2009, [*Slovioski*](/wiki/Interslavic%23Slovioski \"Interslavic#Slovioski\") (a [portmanteau](/wiki/Portmanteau \"Portmanteau\") of Slovio and Slovianski) was launched with the idea of bringing together both language projects. Its initial purpose was merely to provide Slovio with a more Slavic grammar (for example, by substituting the adjective ending \\-ju *with* \\-ij *and the plural ending* \\-is *with* \\-i*), but gradually, it developed into a separate language project, widening its distance to Slovio and abandoning the Slovio dictionary in 2010\\. After Slovianski was reworked into* [Interslavic](/wiki/%23Interslavic \"#Interslavic\")*, Slovioski was discontinued.*#### Neoslavonic\n\n[thumb\\|180px\\|Vojtěch Merunka](/wiki/File:Vojt%C4%9Bch_Merunka_-_september_2019.jpg \"Vojtěch Merunka - september 2019.jpg\")\n[*Novoslovienskij*](/wiki/Interslavic%23Neoslavonic \"Interslavic#Neoslavonic\") (\"Neoslavonic\") was published in a 128\\-page book by the Czech pedagogue and programmer [Vojtěch Merunka](/wiki/Vojt%C4%9Bch_Merunka \"Vojtěch Merunka\") as a study of what [Old Church Slavonic](/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic \"Old Church Slavonic\") might look like today if it had not stopped developing in the Middle Ages. As a result, Neoslavonic had a complex grammar characterized by various archaisms, for example: four types of past tense, [dual](/wiki/Dual_number \"Dual number\"), seven cases and the Cyrillic letter [ѣ](/wiki/%D1%A2 \"Ѣ\"), but on the other hand, it contained few exceptions and a relatively small number of repetitive rules. Neoslavonic could be written in four alphabets, [Latin](/wiki/Latin_alphabet \"Latin alphabet\"), [Cyrillic](/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet \"Cyrillic alphabet\"), [Greek](/wiki/Greek_alphabet \"Greek alphabet\") and [Glagolitic](/wiki/Glagolitic_alphabet \"Glagolitic alphabet\"). \nExample:\nUvažimi gospodi! Tu jest projekt jezyka novoslovienskego. Prošu Vas, da byste jego čitali i poslali Vašim prijateljam, jako li oni hočut to vidieti.*\"Dear Sirs! Here is the Neoslavonic language project. I ask you to read it and send it to your friends if they want to see it.\"*### Contemporary pan\\-Slavic\n\nIn 2011, Slovianski was renamed Medžuslovjanski *(\"Interslavic\"), and its grammar and dictionary were revised to include all options of Neoslavonic and several older projects. A close collaboration was started between them, resulting in a common dictionary, a common news portal and a common wiki, and during the years to follow, Medžuslovjanski and Novoslovienskij (soon renamed* Novoslověnsky*) gradually grew closer to each other. As a result, most differences between both projects vanished in a natural way. After the first Conference on the Interslavic Language in 2017, Merunka and Van Steenbergen eliminated the last few remaining differences, and in the same year they published a unified grammar and orthography together, soon to be followed by a multilingual online dictionary covering English and most modern Slavic languages.[Interslavic dictionary](https://interslavic-dictionary.com/)* Medžuslovjansky jezyk *gained attention from the media and in 2019 came to be featured in the film* [The Painted Bird](/wiki/The_Painted_Bird_%28film%29 \"The Painted Bird (film)\")''. For the first time in history, a Pan\\-Slavic language received an ISO 639\\-3 code, with '' assigned for Interslavic in April 2024\\.\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Pan\\-Slavism](/wiki/Pan-Slavism \"Pan-Slavism\")\n* [Proto\\-Slavic](/wiki/Proto-Slavic \"Proto-Slavic\"), the common ancestor of all Slavic languages\n* [Army Slavic](/wiki/Army_Slavic \"Army Slavic\")\n* [Slavonic\\-Serbian](/wiki/Slavonic-Serbian \"Slavonic-Serbian\")\n* [Iazychie](/wiki/Iazychie \"Iazychie\")\n* [Lydnevi](/wiki/Lydnevi \"Lydnevi\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Vikisbornik – a collection of texts in Interslavic](https://isv.miraheze.org/wiki/Sbornik:Glavna_stranica)\n* [List of constructed Slavic languages](http://steen.free.fr/interslavic/constructed_slavic_languages.html)\n* [Interslavic – Medžuslovjansky](http://steen.free.fr/interslavic/)\n* [Interslavic information portal](http://interslavic-language.org/)\n* [Interslavic dictionary](http://www.interslavic.info)\n* [Neoslavonic](http://www.neoslavonic.org)\n* [Interslavic on\\-line newspaper](https://archive.today/20121219065933/http://izviestija.info/)\n* [Interslavic Wiki](https://isv.miraheze.org/)\n* [Neoslavonic Memorandum](http://www.neoslavonic.org/memorandum)\n\n[Category:Interlinguistics](/wiki/Category:Interlinguistics \"Interlinguistics\")\n[Category:Pan\\-Slavism](/wiki/Category:Pan-Slavism \"Pan-Slavism\")\n[Category:Slavic languages](/wiki/Category:Slavic_languages \"Slavic languages\")\n[Category:Zonal auxiliary languages](/wiki/Category:Zonal_auxiliary_languages \"Zonal auxiliary languages\")\n\n"
]
} |
2010 Asian Junior Badminton Championships | {
"id": [
38561884
],
"name": [
"Fahrurozi.86"
]
} | 8u9flotgindhlaipu4b6p0m35wycjvw | 2023-05-20T20:34:58Z | 1,156,017,673 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Venue",
"Medalists",
"Medal count",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **2010 Asian Junior Badminton Championships** is an Asia continental junior championships to crown the best U\\-19 badminton players across Asia. It was the 13th tournament of the [Asian Junior Badminton Championships](/wiki/Asian_Junior_Badminton_Championships \"Asian Junior Badminton Championships\"), and held in [Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur \"Kuala Lumpur\"), [Malaysia](/wiki/Malaysia \"Malaysia\") from 24–28 March.\n\n",
"Venue\n-----\n\n* Stadium Juara, [Bukit Kiara Sports Complex](/wiki/Bukit_Kiara_Sports_Complex \"Bukit Kiara Sports Complex\"), Kuala Lumpur.\n",
"Medalists\n---------\n\n| Teams | [Cai Ruiqing](/wiki/Cai_Ruiqing \"Cai Ruiqing\")[Chen Zhoufu](/wiki/Chen_Zhoufu \"Chen Zhoufu\")[Huang Yuxiang](/wiki/Huang_Yuxiang \"Huang Yuxiang\")[Li Gen](/wiki/Li_Gen_%28badminton%29 \"Li Gen (badminton)\")[Liu Cheng](/wiki/Liu_Cheng_%28badminton%29 \"Liu Cheng (badminton)\")[Liu Kai](/wiki/Liu_Kai_%28badminton%29 \"Liu Kai (badminton)\")[Song Ziwei](/wiki/Song_Ziwei \"Song Ziwei\")[Wang Tianyang](/wiki/Wang_Tianyang \"Wang Tianyang\")[Bao Yixin](/wiki/Bao_Yixin \"Bao Yixin\")[Deng Xuan](/wiki/Deng_Xuan \"Deng Xuan\")[Ou Dongni](/wiki/Ou_Dongni \"Ou Dongni\")[Suo Di](/wiki/Suo_Di \"Suo Di\")[Tang Jinhua](/wiki/Tang_Jinhua \"Tang Jinhua\")[Wang Yini](/wiki/Wang_Yini \"Wang Yini\")[Xia Huan](/wiki/Xia_Huan \"Xia Huan\")[Xiao Ting](/wiki/Xiao_Ting \"Xiao Ting\") | [Nelson Heg](/wiki/Nelson_Heg \"Nelson Heg\")[Lim Yu Sheng](/wiki/Lim_Yu_Sheng \"Lim Yu Sheng\")Loh Wei Sheng[Ow Yao Han](/wiki/Ow_Yao_Han \"Ow Yao Han\")[Tan Wee Tat](/wiki/Tan_Wee_Tat \"Tan Wee Tat\")[Teo Ee Yi](/wiki/Teo_Ee_Yi \"Teo Ee Yi\")[Yew Hong Kheng](/wiki/Yew_Hong_Kheng \"Yew Hong Kheng\")[Zulfadli Zulkiffli](/wiki/Zulfadli_Zulkiffli \"Zulfadli Zulkiffli\")[Soniia Cheah Su Ya](/wiki/Soniia_Cheah_Su_Ya \"Soniia Cheah Su Ya\")[Chow Mei Kuan](/wiki/Chow_Mei_Kuan \"Chow Mei Kuan\")[Lai Pei Jing](/wiki/Lai_Pei_Jing \"Lai Pei Jing\")[Shevon Jamie Lai](/wiki/Shevon_Jamie_Lai \"Shevon Jamie Lai\")[Lee Meng Yean](/wiki/Lee_Meng_Yean \"Lee Meng Yean\")[Lim Yin Fun](/wiki/Lim_Yin_Fun \"Lim Yin Fun\")[Ng Sin Er](/wiki/Ng_Sin_Er \"Ng Sin Er\")[Yang Li Lian](/wiki/Yang_Li_Lian \"Yang Li Lian\") | [Nur Wahid Ardianto](/wiki/Nur_Wahid_Ardianto \"Nur Wahid Ardianto\")[Hermansah](/wiki/Hermansah \"Hermansah\")[Jones Ralfy Jansen](/wiki/Jones_Ralfy_Jansen \"Jones Ralfy Jansen\")[Ricky Karanda Suwardi](/wiki/Ricky_Karanda_Suwardi \"Ricky Karanda Suwardi\")[Dandi Prabudita](/wiki/Dandi_Prabudita \"Dandi Prabudita\")[Ericson Rusdianto](/wiki/Ericson_Rusdianto \"Ericson Rusdianto\")[Riyanto Subagja](/wiki/Riyanto_Subagja \"Riyanto Subagja\")[Evert Sukamta](/wiki/Evert_Sukamta \"Evert Sukamta\")[Suci Rizky Andini](/wiki/Suci_Rizky_Andini \"Suci Rizky Andini\")[Della Destiara Haris](/wiki/Della_Destiara_Haris \"Della Destiara Haris\")[Gebby Ristiyani Imawan](/wiki/Gebby_Ristiyani_Imawan \"Gebby Ristiyani Imawan\")[Ganis Nurahmandani](/wiki/Ganis_Nurahmandani \"Ganis Nurahmandani\")[Tiara Rosalia Nuraidah](/wiki/Tiara_Rosalia_Nuraidah \"Tiara Rosalia Nuraidah\")Elyzabeth Purwaningtyas[Yulia Yosephine Susanto](/wiki/Yulia_Yosephine_Susanto \"Yulia Yosephine Susanto\")[Renna Suwarno](/wiki/Renna_Suwarno \"Renna Suwarno\") |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [Wannawat Ampunsuwan](/wiki/Wannawat_Ampunsuwan \"Wannawat Ampunsuwan\")[Akrawin Apisuk](/wiki/Akrawin_Apisuk \"Akrawin Apisuk\")[Inkarat Apisuk](/wiki/Inkarat_Apisuk \"Inkarat Apisuk\")[Nathapon Chokdeepanich](/wiki/Nathapon_Chokdeepanich \"Nathapon Chokdeepanich\")[Tinn Isriyanet](/wiki/Tinn_Isriyanet \"Tinn Isriyanet\")[Pisit Poodchalat](/wiki/Pisit_Poodchalat \"Pisit Poodchalat\")[Parinyawat Thongnuam](/wiki/Parinyawat_Thongnuam \"Parinyawat Thongnuam\")[Boonyakorn Thumpanichwong](/wiki/Boonyakorn_Thumpanichwong \"Boonyakorn Thumpanichwong\")[Ratchanok Intanon](/wiki/Ratchanok_Intanon \"Ratchanok Intanon\")[Chonthicha Kititharakul](/wiki/Chonthicha_Kititharakul \"Chonthicha Kititharakul\")[Narissapat Lam](/wiki/Narissapat_Lam \"Narissapat Lam\")[Nittayaporn Nipatsant](/wiki/Nittayaporn_Nipatsant \"Nittayaporn Nipatsant\")[Maetenee Phattanaphitoon](/wiki/Maetenee_Phattanaphitoon \"Maetenee Phattanaphitoon\")[Rassanan Phetmaneelumkha](/wiki/Rassanan_Phetmaneelumkha \"Rassanan Phetmaneelumkha\")[Sapsiree Taerattanachai](/wiki/Sapsiree_Taerattanachai \"Sapsiree Taerattanachai\")[Wangpaiboonkit Pijitjan](/wiki/Wangpaiboonkit_Pijitjan \"Wangpaiboonkit Pijitjan\") |\n| Boys' singles | [Huang Yuxiang](/wiki/Huang_Yuxiang \"Huang Yuxiang\") | Loh Wei Sheng | [Zulfadli Zulkiffli](/wiki/Zulfadli_Zulkiffli \"Zulfadli Zulkiffli\") |\n| [Evert Sukamta](/wiki/Evert_Sukamta \"Evert Sukamta\") |\n| Girls' singles | [Suo Di](/wiki/Suo_Di \"Suo Di\") | [Sapsiree Taerattanachai](/wiki/Sapsiree_Taerattanachai \"Sapsiree Taerattanachai\") | [Geng Jian](/wiki/Geng_Jian \"Geng Jian\") |\n| [Deng Xuan](/wiki/Deng_Xuan \"Deng Xuan\") |\n| Boys' doubles | [Kang Ji\\-wook](/wiki/Kang_Ji-wook \"Kang Ji-wook\")and [Choi Seung\\-il](/wiki/Choi_Seung-il \"Choi Seung-il\") | [Yew Hong Kheng](/wiki/Yew_Hong_Kheng \"Yew Hong Kheng\")and [Ow Yao Han](/wiki/Ow_Yao_Han \"Ow Yao Han\") | [Teo Ee Yi](/wiki/Teo_Ee_Yi \"Teo Ee Yi\")and [Nelson Heg Wei Keat](/wiki/Nelson_Heg_Wei_Keat \"Nelson Heg Wei Keat\") |\n| [Jones Ralfy Jansen](/wiki/Jones_Ralfy_Jansen \"Jones Ralfy Jansen\")and [Dandi Prabudita](/wiki/Dandi_Prabudita \"Dandi Prabudita\") |\n| Girls' doubles | [Tang Jinhua](/wiki/Tang_Jinhua \"Tang Jinhua\")and [Xia Huan](/wiki/Xia_Huan \"Xia Huan\") | [Ou Dongni](/wiki/Ou_Dongni \"Ou Dongni\")and [Bao Yixin](/wiki/Bao_Yixin \"Bao Yixin\") | [Yang Li Lian](/wiki/Yang_Li_Lian \"Yang Li Lian\")and [Sonia Cheah Su Ya](/wiki/Sonia_Cheah_Su_Ya \"Sonia Cheah Su Ya\") |\n| [Ratchanok Inthanon](/wiki/Ratchanok_Inthanon \"Ratchanok Inthanon\")and [Wangpaiboonkit Pijitjan](/wiki/Wangpaiboonkit_Pijitjan \"Wangpaiboonkit Pijitjan\") |\n| Mixed doubles | [Liu Cheng](/wiki/Liu_Cheng_%28badminton%29 \"Liu Cheng (badminton)\")and [Bao Yixin](/wiki/Bao_Yixin \"Bao Yixin\") | [Ow Yao Han](/wiki/Ow_Yao_Han \"Ow Yao Han\")and [Lai Pei Jing](/wiki/Lai_Pei_Jing \"Lai Pei Jing\") | [Pisit Poodchalat](/wiki/Pisit_Poodchalat \"Pisit Poodchalat\")and [Narissapat Lam](/wiki/Narissapat_Lam \"Narissapat Lam\") |\n| [Ricky Karanda Suwardi](/wiki/Ricky_Karanda_Suwardi \"Ricky Karanda Suwardi\")and [Della Destiara Haris](/wiki/Della_Destiara_Haris \"Della Destiara Haris\") |\n\n",
"Medal count\n-----------\n\n| Pos | Country | [Gold](/wiki/Image:Med_1.png \"Med 1.png\") | [Silver](/wiki/Image:Med_2.png \"Med 2.png\") | [Bronze](/wiki/Image:Med_3.png \"Med 3.png\") | Total |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 1 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 8 |\n| 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |\n| 3 | 0 | 4 | 3 | 7 |\n| 4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |\n| 5 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Asia Youth Under 19 2010 (Kuala Lumpur) Individual](http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=F8BC4077-116B-401B-B6CE-201045B37D9C) at *tournamentsoftware.com*\n* [Asia Youth Under 19 Championships 2010 (Kuala Lumpur) Mixed Team](http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=3C32F7B7-04F2-4D64-BA5B-1A1E026A6852) at *tournamentsoftware.com*\n\n[Category:2010 in badminton](/wiki/Category:2010_in_badminton \"2010 in badminton\")\n[2010](/wiki/Category:Badminton_Asia_Junior_Championships \"Badminton Asia Junior Championships\")\n[Category:2010 in Malaysian sport](/wiki/Category:2010_in_Malaysian_sport \"2010 in Malaysian sport\")\n[Asian Junior Badminton Championships](/wiki/Category:Badminton_tournaments_in_Malaysia \"Badminton tournaments in Malaysia\")\n[Category:Sport in Kuala Lumpur](/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Kuala_Lumpur \"Sport in Kuala Lumpur\")\n[Category:2010 in youth sport](/wiki/Category:2010_in_youth_sport \"2010 in youth sport\")\n\n"
]
} |
[[Group B]] | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"2.96.66.18"
]
} | jd4mpagq2co6l42v9puavskbh0tja7p | 2024-07-11T00:30:34Z | 1,118,624,767 | 0 | {
"title": [
"[[Group B]]",
"FIFA World Cup",
"Other uses"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"**[Group B](/wiki/Group_B \"Group B\")** was a set of regulations introduced in 1982 for competition vehicles in sportscar racing.\n\n**Group B** may also refer to:\n\n",
"FIFA World Cup\n--------------\n\n* [2022 FIFA World Cup Group B](/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_B \"2022 FIFA World Cup Group B\"), England, Iran, United States, Wales\n* [2018 FIFA World Cup Group B](/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_B \"2018 FIFA World Cup Group B\"), Iran, Morocco, Portugal, Spain\n* [2014 FIFA World Cup Group B](/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_B \"2014 FIFA World Cup Group B\"), Australia, Chile, the Netherlands, Spain\n* [2010 FIFA World Cup Group B](/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_B \"2010 FIFA World Cup Group B\"), Argentina, Nigeria, South Korea, Greece\n* [2006 FIFA World Cup Group B](/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_B \"2006 FIFA World Cup Group B\"), England, Sweden, Paraguay, Trinidad \\& Tobago\n* [2002 FIFA World Cup Group B](/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_B \"2002 FIFA World Cup Group B\"), Spain, Paraguay, South Africa, Slovenia\n* [1998 FIFA World Cup Group B](/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_B \"1998 FIFA World Cup Group B\"), Italy, Chile, Austria, Cameroon\n* [1994 FIFA World Cup Group B](/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_B \"1994 FIFA World Cup Group B\"), Brazil, Russia, Cameroon, Sweden\n* [1990 FIFA World Cup Group B](/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_B \"1990 FIFA World Cup Group B\"), Cameroon, Romania, Argentina, Soviet Union\n",
"Other uses\n----------\n\n* [Group B streptococcal infection](/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection \"Group B streptococcal infection\") or strep B\n* [Army Group B](/wiki/Army_Group_B \"Army Group B\"), three German Army Groups in World War II\n* the group of industrialized countries (\"The West\") in [UNCTAD](/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development \"United Nations Conference on Trade and Development\")\n* Group B posts in the [Civil Services of India](/wiki/Civil_Services_of_India \"Civil Services of India\")\n* GROUP B, a song by Tyler, the Creator\n\n"
]
} |
The People's Charter (21st century) | {
"id": [
32990417
],
"name": [
"Belbury"
]
} | 52skwmj3sh3089whpc8g1d71i5ga6x3 | 2024-08-06T12:37:45Z | 1,174,521,746 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Points covered by the Charter",
"Endorsements",
"Criticisms",
"References",
"Further reading",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**The People's Charter** was a campaigning document in the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") devised by a commission of [trade unionists](/wiki/Trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Trade unions in the United Kingdom\") with the intention of uniting the [left](/wiki/British_Left \"British Left\") and providing an alternative to the [neoliberal](/wiki/Neoliberal \"Neoliberal\") political agenda. The Charter demands public control of the banks, along with energy, water and transport, ensuring that there is an investment in these services instead of money being creamed off to corporate shareholders. It also calls for a [fairer tax system](/wiki/Progressive_tax \"Progressive tax\"), with the wealthy and big business paying their way, investment not cuts in public services, the creation of millions of new homes, and sustainable jobs with decent wages.\n\n",
"Points covered by the Charter\n-----------------------------\n\nUsing the six demands of the *[People's Charter of 1838](/wiki/People%27s_Charter_of_1838 \"People's Charter of 1838\")* as a template, the demands of the People's Charter are:\n\n1. A fair economy for a fairer Britain\n2. More and better jobs\n3. Decent homes for all\n4. Save and improve our services\n5. Fairness and Justice\n6. A better future starts now\n",
"Endorsements\n------------\n\nThe People's Charter has been endorsed by the following Trade Unions: the [RMT](/wiki/National_Union_of_Rail%2C_Maritime_and_Transport_Workers \"National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers\"), the [CWU](/wiki/Communication_Workers_Union_%28UK%29 \"Communication Workers Union (UK)\"), the [FBU](/wiki/Fire_Brigades_Union \"Fire Brigades Union\"), the [PCS](/wiki/Public_and_Commercial_Services_Union \"Public and Commercial Services Union\"), the [NUT](/wiki/National_Union_of_Teachers \"National Union of Teachers\"), the [NUJ](/wiki/National_Union_of_Journalists \"National Union of Journalists\"), the [BFAWU](/wiki/BFAWU \"BFAWU\") POA (Scotland), the [UCU](/wiki/University_and_College_Union \"University and College Union\"), and the [TUC](/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress \"Trades Union Congress\").\n\nThe People's Charter attracted support from various high\\-profile politicians including [Jeremy Corbyn](/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn \"Jeremy Corbyn\"), [Tony Benn](/wiki/Tony_Benn \"Tony Benn\") and [John McDonnell](/wiki/John_McDonnell \"John McDonnell\"), and a number of personalities from the arts world including [Billy Bragg](/wiki/Billy_Bragg \"Billy Bragg\"), [Linton Kwesi Johnson](/wiki/Linton_Kwesi_Johnson \"Linton Kwesi Johnson\"), [Mark Thomas](/wiki/Mark_Thomas \"Mark Thomas\") and [Ken Loach](/wiki/Ken_Loach \"Ken Loach\").\n\nIt has also been endorsed by the [Communist Party of Britain](/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Britain \"Communist Party of Britain\"), [Labour Representation Committee](/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_%282004%29 \"Labour Representation Committee (2004)\"), the Scottish [Campaign for Socialism](/wiki/Campaign_for_Socialism \"Campaign for Socialism\"), and the [Socialist Party](/wiki/Socialist_Party_%28England_and_Wales%29 \"Socialist Party (England and Wales)\").\n\n",
"Criticisms\n----------\n\nThe People's Charter has been criticised by some parties on the left, particularly [Workers' Liberty](/wiki/Alliance_for_Workers%27_Liberty \"Alliance for Workers' Liberty\"), for being too limited in its scope, and for being [social democratic](/wiki/Social_democratic \"Social democratic\") rather than [revolutionary](/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism \"Revolutionary socialism\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Further reading\n---------------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Archive of the official website](https://web.archive.org/web/20140203093529/http://thepeoplescharter.org/)\n\n[Category:Political charters](/wiki/Category:Political_charters \"Political charters\")\n[Category:Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Political_advocacy_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom\")\n[Category:Left\\-wing politics in the United Kingdom](/wiki/Category:Left-wing_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom \"Left-wing politics in the United Kingdom\")\n\n"
]
} |
Richard Clayton (Royal Navy officer) | {
"id": [
85952
],
"name": [
"Atchom"
]
} | fsbutpmp3a3v9ly41qxabzltvthm0e9 | 2024-04-15T21:17:12Z | 1,189,307,219 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Naval career",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[Admiral](/wiki/Admiral_%28Royal_Navy%29 \"Admiral (Royal Navy)\") **Sir Richard Pilkington Clayton** (9 July 1925 – 15 September 1984\\) was [Commander\\-in\\-Chief Naval Home Command](/wiki/Commander-in-Chief%2C_Naval_Home_Command_%28Royal_Navy%29 \"Commander-in-Chief, Naval Home Command (Royal Navy)\").\n\n",
"Naval career\n------------\n\nClayton joined the [Royal Navy](/wiki/Royal_Navy \"Royal Navy\") in 1942 and served as a [midshipman](/wiki/Midshipman \"Midshipman\") on [HMS *Cumberland*](/wiki/HMS_Cumberland_%2857%29 \"HMS Cumberland (57)\") until 1943 when he was on various [destroyers](/wiki/Destroyer \"Destroyer\") of the [Home Fleet](/wiki/Home_Fleet \"Home Fleet\").[Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives](http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/CLAYTON2.shtml) He also served on [HMS *Striker*](/wiki/HMS_Striker_%28L128%29 \"HMS Striker (L128)\") during the [Suez Crisis](/wiki/Suez_Crisis \"Suez Crisis\") in 1956\\.\n\nHe became [Commanding Officer](/wiki/Commanding_Officer \"Commanding Officer\") of [HMS *Puma*](/wiki/HMS_Puma_%28F34%29 \"HMS Puma (F34)\") in 1958 and Executive Officer on [HMS *Lion*](/wiki/HMS_Lion_%28C34%29 \"HMS Lion (C34)\") in 1962\\. He became Captain of the [Gibraltar Dockyard](/wiki/Gibraltar \"Gibraltar\") in 1967[Naval Review, Vol. 73, No. 2](http://www.naval-review.org/issues/1995-2.pdf) April 1995 and then commanded [HMS *Kent*](/wiki/HMS_Kent_%28D12%29 \"HMS Kent (D12)\") and then [HMS *Hampshire*](/wiki/HMS_Hampshire_%28D06%29 \"HMS Hampshire (D06)\") in the late 1960s. He was appointed Flag Officer Second Flotilla in 1973 and Senior Naval Member on Directing Staff at the [Royal College of Defence Studies](/wiki/Royal_College_of_Defence_Studies \"Royal College of Defence Studies\") in 1975\\.\n\nHe was appointed [Controller of the Navy](/wiki/Third_Sea_Lord \"Third Sea Lord\") in 1975, was promoted to full [admiral](/wiki/Admiral_%28Royal_Navy%29 \"Admiral (Royal Navy)\") on 28 March 1978, and became [Commander\\-in\\-Chief Naval Home Command](/wiki/Commander-in-Chief%2C_Naval_Home_Command_%28Royal_Navy%29 \"Commander-in-Chief, Naval Home Command (Royal Navy)\") in 1979\\. He retired in 1981\\.\n\nIn retirement he became a Director at [GEC](/wiki/General_Electric_Company_plc \"General Electric Company plc\")[Naval Review, Vol. 73, No.1](http://www.naval-review.co.uk/issues/1985-1.pdf) January 1985 and was a Governor of [Rendcomb College](/wiki/Rendcomb_College \"Rendcomb College\").[Old Rendcombian Newsletter](http://www.oldrendcombian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/1996.pdf) 1996 He died in a [motor cycling](/wiki/Motorcycle_sport \"Motorcycle sport\") accident in September 1984\\.[Old Rendcombian Newsletter](http://www.oldrendcombian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/1985.pdf) 1985\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n\\|\\-\n\n[Category:1925 births](/wiki/Category:1925_births \"1925 births\")\n[Category:1984 deaths](/wiki/Category:1984_deaths \"1984 deaths\")\n[Category:Royal Navy admirals](/wiki/Category:Royal_Navy_admirals \"Royal Navy admirals\")\n[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath](/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath \"Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath\")\n[Category:Royal Navy officers of World War II](/wiki/Category:Royal_Navy_officers_of_World_War_II \"Royal Navy officers of World War II\")\n[Category:British military personnel of the Suez Crisis](/wiki/Category:British_military_personnel_of_the_Suez_Crisis \"British military personnel of the Suez Crisis\")\n\n"
]
} |
Charles Marchant Stevenson | {
"id": [
41840956
],
"name": [
"SdkbBot"
]
} | odvecj60eiuvdyiqk1hkchxitb4h0sd | 2023-08-21T20:20:22Z | 1,131,253,609 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Early life and education",
"Relocation to San Francisco",
"Relocation to Mendocino",
"Mendocino Art Center",
"Stevenson-Leach Studios",
"Theatre",
"Final years",
"Art practice",
"Media",
"Portraits",
"Golden ratio and \"Sparles\"",
"Liturgical work",
"Book illustration",
"Exhibitions",
"References",
"Notes",
"Sources"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
4,
3,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
3,
2,
2,
3,
3
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Charles Marchant Stevenson** (August 29, 1927 – August 30, 2004\\) was an [American](/wiki/United_States_of_America \"United States of America\") artist.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\n### Early life and education\n\nStevenson was born to Mildred and Charles Marchant Stevenson II in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") He spent his early years at his family home in [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\").[\"EYE OF MEMORY,\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718052947/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16705&cat=283&page=4) Zacha's Bay Window Gallery website. Retrieved Dec. 26, 2022\\.\n\nHe was awarded a scholarship to the adult school of the [Corcoran Academy of Fine Art](/wiki/Corcoran_School_of_the_Arts_and_Design \"Corcoran School of the Arts and Design\") in Washington, D.C., which he attended from 1938 until 1945,Leach \\& Lamb, \"Interview: Charles Stevenson, Master Painter\", p.6 when, immediately after his eighteenth birthday, Stevenson enlisted in the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"). In the Navy, Stevenson worked on service publications, as an illustrator for *[All Hands](/wiki/All_Hands \"All Hands\")* and as art director for *Naval Training* and *Training Bulletin*.Arvola, \"The Magic of Charles Stevenson\", p.1\n\nAfter his tour of duty, Stevenson studied in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), at the [Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts \"Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts\") and the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\").\n\nStevenson's early jobs included church window design at the Paine\\-Speyers [stained glass](/wiki/Stained_glass \"Stained glass\") company, work as an attendant and [art therapist](/wiki/Art_therapist \"Art therapist\") in a mental hospital, and as an advertising artist for several department stores.\n\n### Relocation to San Francisco\n\nIn 1954, Stevenson moved from the [East Coast](/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States \"East Coast of the United States\") to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). There he worked for the advertising agency Wyatt \\& Welch for several years before leaving for free\\-lance work as a [muralist](/wiki/Mural \"Mural\") and [portrait painter](/wiki/Portrait_painting \"Portrait painting\"). From 1957 to 1961, Stevenson ran Stevenson Graphics, a San Francisco advertising agency with ten commercial artists.\n\nExamples of Stevenson's artwork from this period include [*Charles Marchant Stevenson: Self Portrait*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053013/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16707&cat=283&page=1) (1960\\) and [*The Goat Lady's House*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053040/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16613&cat=283&page=1)(1960\\), a painting of [Lyford House, Richardson Bay Audubon Center \\& Sanctuary.](https://web.archive.org/web/20100815214831/http://www.tiburonaudubon.org/lyford.html), built in the 1870s, now a Registered Historical Landmark, part of the [Richardson Bay Audubon Center \\& Sanctuary](/wiki/Richardson_Bay \"Richardson Bay\") and open to the public.\n\n### Relocation to Mendocino\n\nStevenson closed Stevenson Graphics in 1961 and left San Francisco for the village of [Mendocino, California](/wiki/Mendocino%2C_California \"Mendocino, California\"), which he made his home until his death.Eppstein, \"A Visit With Charles Stevenson\", p.24 Of his radical change in location and lifestyle, Stevenson said, \"Years ago a fortune teller told me that I had a chance to remake my entire life and I said, 'What I'd really like is to find someplace like [Carmel](/wiki/Carmel-by-the-Sea%2C_California \"Carmel-by-the-Sea, California\") or [Monterey](/wiki/Monterey%2C_California \"Monterey, California\") was when all the artists and writers were there,' and she said, 'Mendocino!'\" Levene, *The Mendocino Art Center: A 50 Year Retrospective*, p.145\n\nJust arrived in Mendocino, Stevenson phoned artist [Dorr Bothwell](/wiki/Dorr_Bothwell \"Dorr Bothwell\") who introduced him to Mendocino Art Center founders [Bill](/wiki/Bill_Zacha \"Bill Zacha\") and Jennie Zacha; that night the Zachas fed Stevenson dinner and rented him a studio behind their house. To earn money, at first Stevenson did architectural drafting for Bill Zacha, then worked part\\-time at several local restaurants.Leach \\& Lamb, \"Interview: Charles Stevenson, Master Painter\", p.22\n\n### Mendocino Art Center\n\nSubsequently, Bill Zacha offered Stevenson a position teaching at the [Mendocino Art Center](http://www.mendocinoartcenter.org/), where Stevenson taught for almost forty years. In addition, Zacha represented Stevenson at [Zacha's Bay Window Gallery](http://www.williamzacha.com/).Wallace \\& Roberson, \"In Dreams Begin Responsibilities\", p.14\n\nInspired by private schools of art on the East Coast, in the mid\\-1970s Stevenson created and was the first director of the Mastership Program at the Mendocino Art Center, an accredited alternative art school for children and teens. Instructors included James Maxwell (life drawing), Miriam Rice (sculpture), Ray Rice (murals and animation), Charles Stevenson (painting), and Bill Zacha (watercolor). Outside the classroom, Bill Zacha was the school's administrator and Dorr Bothwell acted as advisor.\n\nThe Stevenson Studio at the Mendocino Art Center was donated by Mildred and Charles Marchant Stevenson II, the artist's parents.\n\nIn 1976 Stevenson donated a large parcel of land to the Mendocino Art Center.Arvola, \"The Magic of Charles Stevenson\", p.4 Stevenson sold the property, located on Little Lake Street between School and Howard Streets, for one dollar,De Vall, \"The Mendocino Art Center\", p.18 with the provision that it be used for affordable housing for artists. In 2006 the property was sold to a private developer for 1\\.2 million dollars.\n\n### Stevenson\\-Leach Studios\n\nIn 1989, Stevenson invited young Mendocino artist Matt Leach first to be his apprentice, then to work with him as a partner; they formed Stevenson/Leach Studios.[Leach, *The Art of Charles M. Stevenson, Mendocino, California*](http://charlesstevenson.blogspot.com/)\"Artist's Magazine '95 Art Competition\", page 66\\. Among the works produced by the team were a series of large painted screens, of which [*Mendocino Afterglow*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053408/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16370&cat=283&page=5) is a strong example. *[The Artist's Magazine](/wiki/The_Artist%27s_Magazine \"The Artist's Magazine\")* awarded *Mendocino Afterglow* first place in its 1995 international landscape competition.\n\n#### Theatre\n\nBoth Stevenson and Leach worked in local theatre, designing sets and posters for local productions, including productions at the Mendocino Art Center's Helen Schoeni Theatre,Levene, *The Mendocino Art Center: A 50 Year Retrospective*, p.67Zacha, \"I've Been Looking For This Town All My Life: an Oral History\", pp.27\\-28 currently administered by the Mendocino Theatre Company,[Mendocino Theatre Company](http://www.mendocinotheatre.org/) and the Gloriana Opera Company (now [Gloriana Musical Theatre](http://www.gloriana.org/)).Arvola, \"The Magic of Charles Stevenson\", p.3 Stevenson directed plays as well.\n\n### Final years\n\nIn Stevenson's [later years](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053432/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16714&cat=308&page=1), he and his friend, artist Pamela Hunter, held [salons](/wiki/Salon_%28gathering%29 \"Salon (gathering)\") at Stevenson's house in the village of Mendocino — open gatherings of local artists, writers, and musicians, with art exhibits, [poetry readings](/wiki/Poetry_reading \"Poetry reading\"), and performances by local musicians.\n\nAfter a long illness, Stevenson died at home the day after his 77th birthday, August 30, 2004\\.\n\n",
"### Early life and education\n\nStevenson was born to Mildred and Charles Marchant Stevenson II in [Washington, D.C.](/wiki/Washington%2C_D.C. \"Washington, D.C.\") He spent his early years at his family home in [Maryland](/wiki/Maryland \"Maryland\").[\"EYE OF MEMORY,\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718052947/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16705&cat=283&page=4) Zacha's Bay Window Gallery website. Retrieved Dec. 26, 2022\\.\n\nHe was awarded a scholarship to the adult school of the [Corcoran Academy of Fine Art](/wiki/Corcoran_School_of_the_Arts_and_Design \"Corcoran School of the Arts and Design\") in Washington, D.C., which he attended from 1938 until 1945,Leach \\& Lamb, \"Interview: Charles Stevenson, Master Painter\", p.6 when, immediately after his eighteenth birthday, Stevenson enlisted in the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"). In the Navy, Stevenson worked on service publications, as an illustrator for *[All Hands](/wiki/All_Hands \"All Hands\")* and as art director for *Naval Training* and *Training Bulletin*.Arvola, \"The Magic of Charles Stevenson\", p.1\n\nAfter his tour of duty, Stevenson studied in [Philadelphia](/wiki/Philadelphia \"Philadelphia\"), at the [Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts](/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts \"Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts\") and the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\").\n\nStevenson's early jobs included church window design at the Paine\\-Speyers [stained glass](/wiki/Stained_glass \"Stained glass\") company, work as an attendant and [art therapist](/wiki/Art_therapist \"Art therapist\") in a mental hospital, and as an advertising artist for several department stores.\n\n",
"### Relocation to San Francisco\n\nIn 1954, Stevenson moved from the [East Coast](/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States \"East Coast of the United States\") to [San Francisco](/wiki/San_Francisco \"San Francisco\"). There he worked for the advertising agency Wyatt \\& Welch for several years before leaving for free\\-lance work as a [muralist](/wiki/Mural \"Mural\") and [portrait painter](/wiki/Portrait_painting \"Portrait painting\"). From 1957 to 1961, Stevenson ran Stevenson Graphics, a San Francisco advertising agency with ten commercial artists.\n\nExamples of Stevenson's artwork from this period include [*Charles Marchant Stevenson: Self Portrait*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053013/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16707&cat=283&page=1) (1960\\) and [*The Goat Lady's House*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053040/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16613&cat=283&page=1)(1960\\), a painting of [Lyford House, Richardson Bay Audubon Center \\& Sanctuary.](https://web.archive.org/web/20100815214831/http://www.tiburonaudubon.org/lyford.html), built in the 1870s, now a Registered Historical Landmark, part of the [Richardson Bay Audubon Center \\& Sanctuary](/wiki/Richardson_Bay \"Richardson Bay\") and open to the public.\n\n",
"### Relocation to Mendocino\n\nStevenson closed Stevenson Graphics in 1961 and left San Francisco for the village of [Mendocino, California](/wiki/Mendocino%2C_California \"Mendocino, California\"), which he made his home until his death.Eppstein, \"A Visit With Charles Stevenson\", p.24 Of his radical change in location and lifestyle, Stevenson said, \"Years ago a fortune teller told me that I had a chance to remake my entire life and I said, 'What I'd really like is to find someplace like [Carmel](/wiki/Carmel-by-the-Sea%2C_California \"Carmel-by-the-Sea, California\") or [Monterey](/wiki/Monterey%2C_California \"Monterey, California\") was when all the artists and writers were there,' and she said, 'Mendocino!'\" Levene, *The Mendocino Art Center: A 50 Year Retrospective*, p.145\n\nJust arrived in Mendocino, Stevenson phoned artist [Dorr Bothwell](/wiki/Dorr_Bothwell \"Dorr Bothwell\") who introduced him to Mendocino Art Center founders [Bill](/wiki/Bill_Zacha \"Bill Zacha\") and Jennie Zacha; that night the Zachas fed Stevenson dinner and rented him a studio behind their house. To earn money, at first Stevenson did architectural drafting for Bill Zacha, then worked part\\-time at several local restaurants.Leach \\& Lamb, \"Interview: Charles Stevenson, Master Painter\", p.22\n\n",
"### Mendocino Art Center\n\nSubsequently, Bill Zacha offered Stevenson a position teaching at the [Mendocino Art Center](http://www.mendocinoartcenter.org/), where Stevenson taught for almost forty years. In addition, Zacha represented Stevenson at [Zacha's Bay Window Gallery](http://www.williamzacha.com/).Wallace \\& Roberson, \"In Dreams Begin Responsibilities\", p.14\n\nInspired by private schools of art on the East Coast, in the mid\\-1970s Stevenson created and was the first director of the Mastership Program at the Mendocino Art Center, an accredited alternative art school for children and teens. Instructors included James Maxwell (life drawing), Miriam Rice (sculpture), Ray Rice (murals and animation), Charles Stevenson (painting), and Bill Zacha (watercolor). Outside the classroom, Bill Zacha was the school's administrator and Dorr Bothwell acted as advisor.\n\nThe Stevenson Studio at the Mendocino Art Center was donated by Mildred and Charles Marchant Stevenson II, the artist's parents.\n\nIn 1976 Stevenson donated a large parcel of land to the Mendocino Art Center.Arvola, \"The Magic of Charles Stevenson\", p.4 Stevenson sold the property, located on Little Lake Street between School and Howard Streets, for one dollar,De Vall, \"The Mendocino Art Center\", p.18 with the provision that it be used for affordable housing for artists. In 2006 the property was sold to a private developer for 1\\.2 million dollars.\n\n",
"### Stevenson\\-Leach Studios\n\nIn 1989, Stevenson invited young Mendocino artist Matt Leach first to be his apprentice, then to work with him as a partner; they formed Stevenson/Leach Studios.[Leach, *The Art of Charles M. Stevenson, Mendocino, California*](http://charlesstevenson.blogspot.com/)\"Artist's Magazine '95 Art Competition\", page 66\\. Among the works produced by the team were a series of large painted screens, of which [*Mendocino Afterglow*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053408/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16370&cat=283&page=5) is a strong example. *[The Artist's Magazine](/wiki/The_Artist%27s_Magazine \"The Artist's Magazine\")* awarded *Mendocino Afterglow* first place in its 1995 international landscape competition.\n\n#### Theatre\n\nBoth Stevenson and Leach worked in local theatre, designing sets and posters for local productions, including productions at the Mendocino Art Center's Helen Schoeni Theatre,Levene, *The Mendocino Art Center: A 50 Year Retrospective*, p.67Zacha, \"I've Been Looking For This Town All My Life: an Oral History\", pp.27\\-28 currently administered by the Mendocino Theatre Company,[Mendocino Theatre Company](http://www.mendocinotheatre.org/) and the Gloriana Opera Company (now [Gloriana Musical Theatre](http://www.gloriana.org/)).Arvola, \"The Magic of Charles Stevenson\", p.3 Stevenson directed plays as well.\n\n",
"#### Theatre\n\nBoth Stevenson and Leach worked in local theatre, designing sets and posters for local productions, including productions at the Mendocino Art Center's Helen Schoeni Theatre,Levene, *The Mendocino Art Center: A 50 Year Retrospective*, p.67Zacha, \"I've Been Looking For This Town All My Life: an Oral History\", pp.27\\-28 currently administered by the Mendocino Theatre Company,[Mendocino Theatre Company](http://www.mendocinotheatre.org/) and the Gloriana Opera Company (now [Gloriana Musical Theatre](http://www.gloriana.org/)).Arvola, \"The Magic of Charles Stevenson\", p.3 Stevenson directed plays as well.\n\n",
"### Final years\n\nIn Stevenson's [later years](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053432/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16714&cat=308&page=1), he and his friend, artist Pamela Hunter, held [salons](/wiki/Salon_%28gathering%29 \"Salon (gathering)\") at Stevenson's house in the village of Mendocino — open gatherings of local artists, writers, and musicians, with art exhibits, [poetry readings](/wiki/Poetry_reading \"Poetry reading\"), and performances by local musicians.\n\nAfter a long illness, Stevenson died at home the day after his 77th birthday, August 30, 2004\\.\n\n",
"Art practice\n------------\n\n### Media\n\nFor his large work, Stevenson preferred acrylic paint, sometimes on canvas or canvas board, but more often on wood or [masonite](/wiki/Masonite \"Masonite\") panels, which he prepared for painting with a ground of gessoed cheesecloth, a technique Stevenson developed painting for theatre.Pertha, \"Drawing With Charles Stevenson\", p.27 Referring to Stevenson's paintings, Maureen Eppstein wrote, \"In some the richness of texture is enhanced by the surface under the paint, layers of gesso and loosely woven cheesecloth...\"Eppstein, \"A Visit With Charles Stevenson\", p.26 In addition to acrylics, Stevenson worked in [serigraphy](/wiki/Screen-printing \"Screen-printing\"), [watercolor](/wiki/Watercolor_painting \"Watercolor painting\"), [gouache](/wiki/Gouache \"Gouache\") and pen and ink drawing.\n\n### Portraits\n\nInitially, Stevenson's work focused on his distinctive multiple\\-image portraits,Huckaby, \"Charles Stevenson: The Nature of Reality\", p.5 for example *[Bata Bheag: Portrait](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053206/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16691&cat=283&page=2) of [Irving S. Shapiro](/wiki/Irving_S._Shapiro \"Irving S. Shapiro\")* (1968\\), [*Mendocino Shepherd: Portrait of Thorkild Thompson*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053220/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16690&cat=283&page=2) (1967\\) and [*Dorr*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053237/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16376&cat=283&page=1) (1964\\), Stevenson's portrait of [Dorr Bothwell](/wiki/Dorr_Bothwell \"Dorr Bothwell\") at work in her Mendocino studio.\n\nAlthough Stevenson always painted portraits, in the early 1970s he became more selective in accepting commissions and began to focus on other genres; his interests were wide and most are reflected in his subject matter.Leach \\& Lamb, \"Interview: Charles Stevenson, Master Painter\", p.23\n\n### Golden ratio and \"Sparles\"\n\nStevenson based his compositions on the [golden ratio](/wiki/Golden_ratio \"Golden ratio\"),[Obara, *Golden Ratio in Art and Architecture*](http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.2000/Obara/Emat6690/Golden%20Ratio/golden.html) first referred to by [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Leonardo da Vinci\") as the *secto aurea* (golden section). Leonardo's line drawings of the [five Platonic solids](/wiki/Platonic_solid \"Platonic solid\") illustrate [Luca Pacioli](/wiki/Luca_Pacioli \"Luca Pacioli\")'s book *La Divina Proportione* (1509\\). One of [Stevenson's reference books on the subject](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053308/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16641&cat=283&page=5) was *Elements of Dynamic Symmetry* by [Jay Hambidge](/wiki/Jay_Hambidge \"Jay Hambidge\").\n\nStevenson's post\\-1961 work often included dynamic fractures inspired by [Pythagoras](/wiki/Pythagoras \"Pythagoras\")' \"theory of spiraling forms, serial dynamic symmetry\"Eppstein, \"A Visit With Charles Stevenson\", p.25 patterns which Stevenson said compose \"the webwork of energy that extends everywhere.\", illustrated in [*Apotheosis of the Working Man*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053315/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16619&cat=283&page=7) (1993\\), [*As I See It: Mendocino Bay*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053321/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16628&cat=283&page=8) (1995\\) and Stevenson's double portrait of jazz poet [Ruth Weiss](/wiki/Ruth_Weiss_%28poet%29 \"Ruth Weiss (poet)\") and artist Paul Blake, [*The Poet \\& The Artist*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053330/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16399&cat=283&page=10) (2002\\). Originally Stevenson called the star\\-like figures which emerged in spiraling fractures, \"sparkles\", but an interviewer's typo changed the word to \"sparles\" and Stevenson adopted it.\n\n### Liturgical work\n\nAlthough Stevenson was eclectic in his personal spiritual exploration, with a special interest in [Hermetic philosophy](/wiki/Hermeticism \"Hermeticism\"), some of Stevenson's [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") [liturgical](/wiki/Liturgical \"Liturgical\") work can be seen at several Northern California churches. The [stained glass angel windows at Saint Michael \\& All Angels Episcopal Church](https://web.archive.org/web/20100918093540/http://www.estmichael.org/StainedGlass.htm), [Fort Bragg, California](/wiki/Fort_Bragg%2C_California \"Fort Bragg, California\"), were designed by Stevenson and installed in 1984\\.Arvola, \"The Magic of Charles Stevenson\", p.2 Other church installations include Stevenson's murals at the Methodist Church of the Good Shepherd (now Good Shepherd United Methodist Church),[Good Shepherd United Methodist Church](http://www.rchurch.com/good-shepherd-united-methodist-church-richmond-california.html) [Richmond, California](/wiki/Richmond%2C_California \"Richmond, California\"), and the Piedmont Community Church, [Piedmont, California](/wiki/Piedmont%2C_California \"Piedmont, California\"). In a rare foray into sculpture, Stevenson designed the altar cross for the children's chapel at the Piedmont Community Church.\n\n### Book illustration\n\nThose who are familiar with the work of musician, writer and cultural icon [Chester Anderson](/wiki/Chester_Anderson \"Chester Anderson\") will recognize Charles Stevenson as the illustrator of Anderson's groundbreaking proto\\-[graphic novel](/wiki/Graphic_novel \"Graphic novel\")Anderson, *Fox \\& Hare: the Story of a Friday Evening*.Williams, \"Introduction\", *Fox \\& Hare: The Story of A Friday Evening*. [*Fox \\& Hare: The Story of a Friday Evening*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718052703/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16715&cat=307&page=1) (1980\\), published by [Paul Williams](/wiki/Paul_Williams_%28journalist%29 \"Paul Williams (journalist)\")' Entwhistle Books.\n\n*Lately I've Been Thinking* (1990\\), one of the *Mendocino Malady* series by Bobby Markels, is illustrated on the cover and throughout the text with Stevenson's line drawings of the author.Markels, Bobby. *Lately I've Been Thinking* (Stone Publishing, 1990\\).\n\nStevenson's painting *The Hee Ancestor Landing on the Headlands* appears on the cover of the [Kelley House Museum](http://www.kelleyhousemuseum.org/) publication *Chinese of the Mendocino Coast*, by Dorothy Bear and David Houghton.Bear, Dorothy and Houghton, David. *Chinese of the Mendocino Coast* Mendocino Historical Research, Inc. (1990–1991\\).\n\n",
"### Media\n\nFor his large work, Stevenson preferred acrylic paint, sometimes on canvas or canvas board, but more often on wood or [masonite](/wiki/Masonite \"Masonite\") panels, which he prepared for painting with a ground of gessoed cheesecloth, a technique Stevenson developed painting for theatre.Pertha, \"Drawing With Charles Stevenson\", p.27 Referring to Stevenson's paintings, Maureen Eppstein wrote, \"In some the richness of texture is enhanced by the surface under the paint, layers of gesso and loosely woven cheesecloth...\"Eppstein, \"A Visit With Charles Stevenson\", p.26 In addition to acrylics, Stevenson worked in [serigraphy](/wiki/Screen-printing \"Screen-printing\"), [watercolor](/wiki/Watercolor_painting \"Watercolor painting\"), [gouache](/wiki/Gouache \"Gouache\") and pen and ink drawing.\n\n",
"### Portraits\n\nInitially, Stevenson's work focused on his distinctive multiple\\-image portraits,Huckaby, \"Charles Stevenson: The Nature of Reality\", p.5 for example *[Bata Bheag: Portrait](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053206/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16691&cat=283&page=2) of [Irving S. Shapiro](/wiki/Irving_S._Shapiro \"Irving S. Shapiro\")* (1968\\), [*Mendocino Shepherd: Portrait of Thorkild Thompson*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053220/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16690&cat=283&page=2) (1967\\) and [*Dorr*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053237/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16376&cat=283&page=1) (1964\\), Stevenson's portrait of [Dorr Bothwell](/wiki/Dorr_Bothwell \"Dorr Bothwell\") at work in her Mendocino studio.\n\nAlthough Stevenson always painted portraits, in the early 1970s he became more selective in accepting commissions and began to focus on other genres; his interests were wide and most are reflected in his subject matter.Leach \\& Lamb, \"Interview: Charles Stevenson, Master Painter\", p.23\n\n",
"### Golden ratio and \"Sparles\"\n\nStevenson based his compositions on the [golden ratio](/wiki/Golden_ratio \"Golden ratio\"),[Obara, *Golden Ratio in Art and Architecture*](http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.2000/Obara/Emat6690/Golden%20Ratio/golden.html) first referred to by [Leonardo da Vinci](/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci \"Leonardo da Vinci\") as the *secto aurea* (golden section). Leonardo's line drawings of the [five Platonic solids](/wiki/Platonic_solid \"Platonic solid\") illustrate [Luca Pacioli](/wiki/Luca_Pacioli \"Luca Pacioli\")'s book *La Divina Proportione* (1509\\). One of [Stevenson's reference books on the subject](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053308/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16641&cat=283&page=5) was *Elements of Dynamic Symmetry* by [Jay Hambidge](/wiki/Jay_Hambidge \"Jay Hambidge\").\n\nStevenson's post\\-1961 work often included dynamic fractures inspired by [Pythagoras](/wiki/Pythagoras \"Pythagoras\")' \"theory of spiraling forms, serial dynamic symmetry\"Eppstein, \"A Visit With Charles Stevenson\", p.25 patterns which Stevenson said compose \"the webwork of energy that extends everywhere.\", illustrated in [*Apotheosis of the Working Man*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053315/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16619&cat=283&page=7) (1993\\), [*As I See It: Mendocino Bay*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053321/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16628&cat=283&page=8) (1995\\) and Stevenson's double portrait of jazz poet [Ruth Weiss](/wiki/Ruth_Weiss_%28poet%29 \"Ruth Weiss (poet)\") and artist Paul Blake, [*The Poet \\& The Artist*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053330/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16399&cat=283&page=10) (2002\\). Originally Stevenson called the star\\-like figures which emerged in spiraling fractures, \"sparkles\", but an interviewer's typo changed the word to \"sparles\" and Stevenson adopted it.\n\n",
"### Liturgical work\n\nAlthough Stevenson was eclectic in his personal spiritual exploration, with a special interest in [Hermetic philosophy](/wiki/Hermeticism \"Hermeticism\"), some of Stevenson's [Christian](/wiki/Christianity \"Christianity\") [liturgical](/wiki/Liturgical \"Liturgical\") work can be seen at several Northern California churches. The [stained glass angel windows at Saint Michael \\& All Angels Episcopal Church](https://web.archive.org/web/20100918093540/http://www.estmichael.org/StainedGlass.htm), [Fort Bragg, California](/wiki/Fort_Bragg%2C_California \"Fort Bragg, California\"), were designed by Stevenson and installed in 1984\\.Arvola, \"The Magic of Charles Stevenson\", p.2 Other church installations include Stevenson's murals at the Methodist Church of the Good Shepherd (now Good Shepherd United Methodist Church),[Good Shepherd United Methodist Church](http://www.rchurch.com/good-shepherd-united-methodist-church-richmond-california.html) [Richmond, California](/wiki/Richmond%2C_California \"Richmond, California\"), and the Piedmont Community Church, [Piedmont, California](/wiki/Piedmont%2C_California \"Piedmont, California\"). In a rare foray into sculpture, Stevenson designed the altar cross for the children's chapel at the Piedmont Community Church.\n\n",
"### Book illustration\n\nThose who are familiar with the work of musician, writer and cultural icon [Chester Anderson](/wiki/Chester_Anderson \"Chester Anderson\") will recognize Charles Stevenson as the illustrator of Anderson's groundbreaking proto\\-[graphic novel](/wiki/Graphic_novel \"Graphic novel\")Anderson, *Fox \\& Hare: the Story of a Friday Evening*.Williams, \"Introduction\", *Fox \\& Hare: The Story of A Friday Evening*. [*Fox \\& Hare: The Story of a Friday Evening*](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718052703/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/product.php?productid=16715&cat=307&page=1) (1980\\), published by [Paul Williams](/wiki/Paul_Williams_%28journalist%29 \"Paul Williams (journalist)\")' Entwhistle Books.\n\n*Lately I've Been Thinking* (1990\\), one of the *Mendocino Malady* series by Bobby Markels, is illustrated on the cover and throughout the text with Stevenson's line drawings of the author.Markels, Bobby. *Lately I've Been Thinking* (Stone Publishing, 1990\\).\n\nStevenson's painting *The Hee Ancestor Landing on the Headlands* appears on the cover of the [Kelley House Museum](http://www.kelleyhousemuseum.org/) publication *Chinese of the Mendocino Coast*, by Dorothy Bear and David Houghton.Bear, Dorothy and Houghton, David. *Chinese of the Mendocino Coast* Mendocino Historical Research, Inc. (1990–1991\\).\n\n",
"Exhibitions\n-----------\n\nA Charles M. Stevenson retrospective was held at the [Mendocino Art Center](/wiki/Mendocino_Art_Center \"Mendocino Art Center\") in 1994\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n### Notes\n\n### Sources\n\n* Anderson, Chester. Charles Stevenson, illustrator. *Fox \\& Hare: the story of a Friday evening*. Entwhistle Books. Glen Ellen, California, 1980\\. Print.\n* \"[Archive of the Art of Charles Marchant Stevenson](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718052932/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/home.php?cat=298)\". Accessed 05\\-30\\-2010\\. Web.\n* \"Artist's Magazine '95 Art Competition: Landscapes, First Place: Charles Stevenson and Matthew Leach: Capturing Passing Time.\" *The Artist's Magazine*, Fall \\& Winter, 1995\\. Page 66\\. Print.\n* Arvola, K. Andarin, \"The Magic of Charles M. Stevenson: August 29, 1927 \\- August 30, 2004\", *Real Estate Magazine: Mendocino Property, Vol. 18, No. 8, Issue 450*. Pages 1–4\\. Print.\n* Arvola, Andarin, \"[The Magic of Charles M. Stevenson: August 29, 1927 \\- August 30, 2004](http://www.realestatemendocino.com/editorial_archives.htm)\", *Real Estate Magazine, Editorial 450 for Printing*. Accessed 11\\-14\\-2009\\. Web.\n* Bear, Dorothy \\& Houghton, David.\"Chinese of the Mendocino Coast\", *Mendocino Historical Review, Volume XV*. Winter/Spring 1990\\-1991\\. Kelley House Museum (original name of publisher: Mendocino Historical Research), P.O. Box 922, Mendocino, California. Print.\n* Bear, Dorothy \\& Houghton, David. [*The Temple of Kwan Tai*](https://web.archive.org/web/20050901193709/http://www.humboldt.edu/~jdo2/mendocino.htm). Excerpts from *The Chinese of the Mendocino Coast*. *Mendocino Historical Review, Volume XV Winter/Spring*. The Kelley House Museum, publisher. 1990\\-1991\\. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Blick, Carol Goodwin, \"[Charles Stevenson (1927\\-2004\\)](https://web.archive.org/web/20100308124145/http://www.williamzacha.com/charles-stevenson.php)\". 2008\\. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Brossard, Chandler. Ted Streshinsky, photographer. \"[California Village: A Young Man Saves an Old Town](https://web.archive.org/web/20100308122605/http://www.williamzacha.com/zacha_legacy.php)\", *Look Magazine*. September 25, 1962\\. Accessed 06\\-10\\-2010\\. Web.\n* De Vall, Norman. \"The Mendocino Art Center\", *Mendocino Arts*, The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California 95460\\. Summer 2006\\. Page 18\\. Print.\n* [Good Shepherd United Methodist Church](http://www.rchurch.com/good-shepherd-united-methodist-church-richmond-california.html), formerly Methodist Church of the Good Shepherd, 6226 Arlington Boulevard, Richmond, California. Accessed 06\\-28\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Hambidge, Jay. *Elements of Dynamic Symmetry*. Dover Books on Art Instruction. 1967\\. 133 pages. Print.\n* Hee\\-Chorley, Lorraine. *Chinese In Mendocino County*. Arcadia Publishing. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. 2009\\. Print.\n* Review, \"[Chinese in Mendocino County](http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=9780738559131)\" by Lorraine Hee\\-Chorley, Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. Accessed 06\\-12\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Huckaby, Gerry. \"Charles Stevenson: The Nature of Reality.\" *A\\&E Magazine*. August 1994\\. Mendocino Art Center. Mendocino, California. Pages 4–6\\. Print.\n* [Kelley House Museum](http://www.kelleyhousemuseum.org/), 45007 Albion Street, Mendocino, California, 95460\\. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Kjeldsen, Beverley Baker, \"Mendocino Art Center's 35th Anniversary: Bill Zacha Builds an Art Center\", *Arts \\& Entertainment Magazine* The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California, Vol.XIX, No. 8\\. August 1994\\. Pages 8–10\\. Print.\n* Korbel, Connie. \"Art Center Denied Extension: Must Reapply For Water Permit\", *[Mendocino Beacon](/wiki/Mendocino_Beacon \"Mendocino Beacon\")*. 07\\-06\\-2006 Page 1\\. Print\n* Korbel, Connie. \"Harvest at Mendosa's Secures More Water\", *[Mendocino Beacon](/wiki/Mendocino_Beacon \"Mendocino Beacon\")*. 01\\-04\\-2007\\. Page 1\\. Print.\n* Lamb, Antonia. \"Interview: Charles Stevenson\", *A\\&E Magazine*. December 6, 1990 . Mendocino Art Center. Mendocino, California 95460\\. Print.\n* Leach, Matt with Lamb, Antonia. \"Interview: Charles Stevenson, Master Painter\", A\\&E Magazine. Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California, 95460\\. August 1994\\. Pages 5–7, 22\\-23\\. Print.\n* Leach, Matt, [*The Art of Charles M. Stevenson, Mendocino, California*](http://charlesstevenson.blogspot.com/) Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Levene, Bruce, compiler \\& editor. *The Mendocino Art Center: A 50 Year Retrospective*. Pacific Transcriptions, Mendocino, California 95460\\. 2009\\. . Print.\n* [Lyford House](https://web.archive.org/web/20100815214831/http://www.tiburonaudubon.org/lyford.html) at Richardson Bay Audubon Center \\& Sanctuary. Tiburon, California. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Markels, Bobby. \"[Quotes by Bobby Markels](http://www.goodread.com/author/quotes/2921018.Bobby_Markels)\", *GoodReads*. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Markels, Bobby. Lately I've Been Thinking. Charles Stevenson, illustrator. Saul Bellow and Anne Halley, comments on back cover. Stone Publishing Company, P.O. Box 711, Mendocino, California 95460\\. 1990\\. Print.\n* Markels, Bobby. \"Lately I've Been Thinking\", *Mendocino Malady: The Complete Collection, 1966 \\- 2006*. Cypress House. . Print.\n* [Mendocino Art Center](http://www.mendocinoartcenter.org/), 45200 Little Lake Street, Mendocino, California, 95460\\. Accessed 06\\-14\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Mendocino Community Services District, [minutes of the meeting](http://www.mccsd.com/minutes/July%2028.pdf), July 28, 2008\\. Accessed 11\\-16\\-2009\\. Web.\n* Miller, Rebecca. John Birchard \\& Justin Lewis, photographers. Judy Dietrick, book designer. \"Charles Stevenson\", *Mendocino Artists: An Endangered Species*. North Coast Rural Challenge and Mendocino County Museum in collaboration with Monday Press, Palo Alto, California. 2000\\. Unpaged. Print.\n* Obara, Samuel. \"[Golden Ratio in Art and Architecture](http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.2000/Obara/Emat6690/Golden%20Ratio/golden.html)\", The University of Georgia, Department of Mathematics Education. Accessed 06\\-28\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Pacioli, Luca. \"Divina Proportione\" Nabu Press. 2010\\. . Print.\n* Pertha, Hilda. \"Drawing with Charles Stevenson\", *A\\&E Magazine* The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California. Summer 2002\\. Pages 27, 75\\. Reprinted with permission. Originally published in WESTART, May 1975\\. Print.\n* [Piedmont Community Church](https://web.archive.org/web/20100709140601/http://piedmontchurch.squarespace.com/), 400 Highland Avenue, Piedmont, California. Accessed 06\\-10\\-2010\\. Web.\n* [Richardson Bay Audubon Center \\& Sanctuary](https://web.archive.org/web/20100724055708/http://tiburonaudubon.org/index.html). Tiburon, California. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* [Saint Michael \\& All Angels Episcopal Church](https://web.archive.org/web/20100918093540/http://www.estmichael.org/StainedGlass.htm), Fort Bragg, California. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* [*Saint Michael \\& All Angels Episcopal Church*](http://www.stmichaelfb.com/) 201 E. Fir Street, Fort Bragg, California 95437\\. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Stevenson, Charles. Antonia Lamb, editor. \"Local Artists on Avant Garde: Charles Stevenson talks about the onward march of culture and other things related to the avant garde\", *Arts \\& Entertainment Magazine*. The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California 95460\\. March 1981\\. Pages 8–9\\. Print.\n* [Stevenson/Leach Studios](https://web.archive.org/web/20110714164923/http://www.nerdworld.com/cgi-bin/subjects.cgi?usr=582&cat=1167). Accessed 06\\-28\\-2010\\. Web\n* [*The Temple of Kwan Tai*](http://www.kwantaitemple.org/), 54160 Albion Street, Mendocino, California. Accessed 06\\-10\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Wallace, Kent \\& Roberson, Robyn. \"In Dreams Begin Responsibilities: The Saga of Bill Zacha and the Mendocino Art Center\", *OutLook* (formerly *Mendocino County Outlook*). August 1994\\. Page 14\\. Print.\n* Williams, Paul. \"Introduction\", *Fox and Hare: The Story of A Friday Evening*. Entwhistle Books, Glen Ellen, California 95442\\. Chester Anderson, author. Charles Stevenson, illustrator. 1980\\. Print.\n* Zacha, Bill. \"I've Been Looking For This Town All My Life: an Oral History\",*The Mendocino Art Center: A 50 Year Retrospective*. Pacific Transcriptions, Mendocino, California 95460\\. 2009\\. . Print.\n* Zacha, Bill, \"The Nurturing Love\", *Arts \\& Entertainment Magazine*, Vol. XIX, No. 8\\. The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California, 95460\\. August 1994\\. Page 11\\. Print.\n* Zacha, Lucia. \"Divine Inspiration, Creative Genius. A Whim.\", *Mendocino Arts*. The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California 95460\\. Fall 2010\\. Page 11\\. Print.\n\n[Category:1927 births](/wiki/Category:1927_births \"1927 births\")\n[Category:2004 deaths](/wiki/Category:2004_deaths \"2004 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American painters](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_painters \"20th-century American painters\")\n[Category:American male painters](/wiki/Category:American_male_painters \"American male painters\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American painters](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_painters \"21st-century American painters\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American male artists](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_artists \"21st-century American male artists\")\n[Category:People from Mendocino, California](/wiki/Category:People_from_Mendocino%2C_California \"People from Mendocino, California\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male artists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_artists \"20th-century American male artists\")\n\n",
"### Notes\n\n",
"### Sources\n\n* Anderson, Chester. Charles Stevenson, illustrator. *Fox \\& Hare: the story of a Friday evening*. Entwhistle Books. Glen Ellen, California, 1980\\. Print.\n* \"[Archive of the Art of Charles Marchant Stevenson](https://web.archive.org/web/20110718052932/http://www.williamzacha.com/gallery/home.php?cat=298)\". Accessed 05\\-30\\-2010\\. Web.\n* \"Artist's Magazine '95 Art Competition: Landscapes, First Place: Charles Stevenson and Matthew Leach: Capturing Passing Time.\" *The Artist's Magazine*, Fall \\& Winter, 1995\\. Page 66\\. Print.\n* Arvola, K. Andarin, \"The Magic of Charles M. Stevenson: August 29, 1927 \\- August 30, 2004\", *Real Estate Magazine: Mendocino Property, Vol. 18, No. 8, Issue 450*. Pages 1–4\\. Print.\n* Arvola, Andarin, \"[The Magic of Charles M. Stevenson: August 29, 1927 \\- August 30, 2004](http://www.realestatemendocino.com/editorial_archives.htm)\", *Real Estate Magazine, Editorial 450 for Printing*. Accessed 11\\-14\\-2009\\. Web.\n* Bear, Dorothy \\& Houghton, David.\"Chinese of the Mendocino Coast\", *Mendocino Historical Review, Volume XV*. Winter/Spring 1990\\-1991\\. Kelley House Museum (original name of publisher: Mendocino Historical Research), P.O. Box 922, Mendocino, California. Print.\n* Bear, Dorothy \\& Houghton, David. [*The Temple of Kwan Tai*](https://web.archive.org/web/20050901193709/http://www.humboldt.edu/~jdo2/mendocino.htm). Excerpts from *The Chinese of the Mendocino Coast*. *Mendocino Historical Review, Volume XV Winter/Spring*. The Kelley House Museum, publisher. 1990\\-1991\\. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Blick, Carol Goodwin, \"[Charles Stevenson (1927\\-2004\\)](https://web.archive.org/web/20100308124145/http://www.williamzacha.com/charles-stevenson.php)\". 2008\\. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Brossard, Chandler. Ted Streshinsky, photographer. \"[California Village: A Young Man Saves an Old Town](https://web.archive.org/web/20100308122605/http://www.williamzacha.com/zacha_legacy.php)\", *Look Magazine*. September 25, 1962\\. Accessed 06\\-10\\-2010\\. Web.\n* De Vall, Norman. \"The Mendocino Art Center\", *Mendocino Arts*, The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California 95460\\. Summer 2006\\. Page 18\\. Print.\n* [Good Shepherd United Methodist Church](http://www.rchurch.com/good-shepherd-united-methodist-church-richmond-california.html), formerly Methodist Church of the Good Shepherd, 6226 Arlington Boulevard, Richmond, California. Accessed 06\\-28\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Hambidge, Jay. *Elements of Dynamic Symmetry*. Dover Books on Art Instruction. 1967\\. 133 pages. Print.\n* Hee\\-Chorley, Lorraine. *Chinese In Mendocino County*. Arcadia Publishing. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. 2009\\. Print.\n* Review, \"[Chinese in Mendocino County](http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=9780738559131)\" by Lorraine Hee\\-Chorley, Arcadia Publishing, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. Accessed 06\\-12\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Huckaby, Gerry. \"Charles Stevenson: The Nature of Reality.\" *A\\&E Magazine*. August 1994\\. Mendocino Art Center. Mendocino, California. Pages 4–6\\. Print.\n* [Kelley House Museum](http://www.kelleyhousemuseum.org/), 45007 Albion Street, Mendocino, California, 95460\\. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Kjeldsen, Beverley Baker, \"Mendocino Art Center's 35th Anniversary: Bill Zacha Builds an Art Center\", *Arts \\& Entertainment Magazine* The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California, Vol.XIX, No. 8\\. August 1994\\. Pages 8–10\\. Print.\n* Korbel, Connie. \"Art Center Denied Extension: Must Reapply For Water Permit\", *[Mendocino Beacon](/wiki/Mendocino_Beacon \"Mendocino Beacon\")*. 07\\-06\\-2006 Page 1\\. Print\n* Korbel, Connie. \"Harvest at Mendosa's Secures More Water\", *[Mendocino Beacon](/wiki/Mendocino_Beacon \"Mendocino Beacon\")*. 01\\-04\\-2007\\. Page 1\\. Print.\n* Lamb, Antonia. \"Interview: Charles Stevenson\", *A\\&E Magazine*. December 6, 1990 . Mendocino Art Center. Mendocino, California 95460\\. Print.\n* Leach, Matt with Lamb, Antonia. \"Interview: Charles Stevenson, Master Painter\", A\\&E Magazine. Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California, 95460\\. August 1994\\. Pages 5–7, 22\\-23\\. Print.\n* Leach, Matt, [*The Art of Charles M. Stevenson, Mendocino, California*](http://charlesstevenson.blogspot.com/) Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Levene, Bruce, compiler \\& editor. *The Mendocino Art Center: A 50 Year Retrospective*. Pacific Transcriptions, Mendocino, California 95460\\. 2009\\. . Print.\n* [Lyford House](https://web.archive.org/web/20100815214831/http://www.tiburonaudubon.org/lyford.html) at Richardson Bay Audubon Center \\& Sanctuary. Tiburon, California. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Markels, Bobby. \"[Quotes by Bobby Markels](http://www.goodread.com/author/quotes/2921018.Bobby_Markels)\", *GoodReads*. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Markels, Bobby. Lately I've Been Thinking. Charles Stevenson, illustrator. Saul Bellow and Anne Halley, comments on back cover. Stone Publishing Company, P.O. Box 711, Mendocino, California 95460\\. 1990\\. Print.\n* Markels, Bobby. \"Lately I've Been Thinking\", *Mendocino Malady: The Complete Collection, 1966 \\- 2006*. Cypress House. . Print.\n* [Mendocino Art Center](http://www.mendocinoartcenter.org/), 45200 Little Lake Street, Mendocino, California, 95460\\. Accessed 06\\-14\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Mendocino Community Services District, [minutes of the meeting](http://www.mccsd.com/minutes/July%2028.pdf), July 28, 2008\\. Accessed 11\\-16\\-2009\\. Web.\n* Miller, Rebecca. John Birchard \\& Justin Lewis, photographers. Judy Dietrick, book designer. \"Charles Stevenson\", *Mendocino Artists: An Endangered Species*. North Coast Rural Challenge and Mendocino County Museum in collaboration with Monday Press, Palo Alto, California. 2000\\. Unpaged. Print.\n* Obara, Samuel. \"[Golden Ratio in Art and Architecture](http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.2000/Obara/Emat6690/Golden%20Ratio/golden.html)\", The University of Georgia, Department of Mathematics Education. Accessed 06\\-28\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Pacioli, Luca. \"Divina Proportione\" Nabu Press. 2010\\. . Print.\n* Pertha, Hilda. \"Drawing with Charles Stevenson\", *A\\&E Magazine* The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California. Summer 2002\\. Pages 27, 75\\. Reprinted with permission. Originally published in WESTART, May 1975\\. Print.\n* [Piedmont Community Church](https://web.archive.org/web/20100709140601/http://piedmontchurch.squarespace.com/), 400 Highland Avenue, Piedmont, California. Accessed 06\\-10\\-2010\\. Web.\n* [Richardson Bay Audubon Center \\& Sanctuary](https://web.archive.org/web/20100724055708/http://tiburonaudubon.org/index.html). Tiburon, California. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* [Saint Michael \\& All Angels Episcopal Church](https://web.archive.org/web/20100918093540/http://www.estmichael.org/StainedGlass.htm), Fort Bragg, California. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* [*Saint Michael \\& All Angels Episcopal Church*](http://www.stmichaelfb.com/) 201 E. Fir Street, Fort Bragg, California 95437\\. Accessed 06\\-13\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Stevenson, Charles. Antonia Lamb, editor. \"Local Artists on Avant Garde: Charles Stevenson talks about the onward march of culture and other things related to the avant garde\", *Arts \\& Entertainment Magazine*. The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California 95460\\. March 1981\\. Pages 8–9\\. Print.\n* [Stevenson/Leach Studios](https://web.archive.org/web/20110714164923/http://www.nerdworld.com/cgi-bin/subjects.cgi?usr=582&cat=1167). Accessed 06\\-28\\-2010\\. Web\n* [*The Temple of Kwan Tai*](http://www.kwantaitemple.org/), 54160 Albion Street, Mendocino, California. Accessed 06\\-10\\-2010\\. Web.\n* Wallace, Kent \\& Roberson, Robyn. \"In Dreams Begin Responsibilities: The Saga of Bill Zacha and the Mendocino Art Center\", *OutLook* (formerly *Mendocino County Outlook*). August 1994\\. Page 14\\. Print.\n* Williams, Paul. \"Introduction\", *Fox and Hare: The Story of A Friday Evening*. Entwhistle Books, Glen Ellen, California 95442\\. Chester Anderson, author. Charles Stevenson, illustrator. 1980\\. Print.\n* Zacha, Bill. \"I've Been Looking For This Town All My Life: an Oral History\",*The Mendocino Art Center: A 50 Year Retrospective*. Pacific Transcriptions, Mendocino, California 95460\\. 2009\\. . Print.\n* Zacha, Bill, \"The Nurturing Love\", *Arts \\& Entertainment Magazine*, Vol. XIX, No. 8\\. The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California, 95460\\. August 1994\\. Page 11\\. Print.\n* Zacha, Lucia. \"Divine Inspiration, Creative Genius. A Whim.\", *Mendocino Arts*. The Mendocino Art Center, Mendocino, California 95460\\. Fall 2010\\. Page 11\\. Print.\n\n[Category:1927 births](/wiki/Category:1927_births \"1927 births\")\n[Category:2004 deaths](/wiki/Category:2004_deaths \"2004 deaths\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American painters](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_painters \"20th-century American painters\")\n[Category:American male painters](/wiki/Category:American_male_painters \"American male painters\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American painters](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_painters \"21st-century American painters\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American male artists](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_male_artists \"21st-century American male artists\")\n[Category:People from Mendocino, California](/wiki/Category:People_from_Mendocino%2C_California \"People from Mendocino, California\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American male artists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_artists \"20th-century American male artists\")\n\n"
]
} |
Knollcroft | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | kdlfumckjq6yuva8vwecl4baomrg78y | 2022-06-02T02:03:18Z | 960,872,779 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Knollcroft** is a historic home located at [New Concord](/wiki/Chatham%2C_New_York \"Chatham, New York\") in [Columbia County, New York](/wiki/Columbia_County%2C_New_York \"Columbia County, New York\"). It was built in 1880 as a summer retreat. It is a large, two\\-story brick\\-and\\-frame structure designed in the [Queen Anne](/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States \"Queen Anne style architecture in the United States\") style. It features a two\\-story, projecting polygonal bay with a hipped roof and a large, deep [verandah](/wiki/Verandah \"Verandah\"). Also on the property is a [carriage house](/wiki/Carriage_house \"Carriage house\"), well house, and [privy](/wiki/Outhouse \"Outhouse\"). *See also:* \n\nIt was added to the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 1985\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Houses_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Queen Anne architecture in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Queen_Anne_architecture_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Queen Anne architecture in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Houses completed in 1880](/wiki/Category:Houses_completed_in_1880 \"Houses completed in 1880\")\n[Category:Houses in Columbia County, New York](/wiki/Category:Houses_in_Columbia_County%2C_New_York \"Houses in Columbia County, New York\")\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, New York](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Columbia_County%2C_New_York \"National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, New York\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Coulter Cottage | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | 7faryfplw2p46zwqp2ch0pj2dttwtng | 2022-06-02T01:37:27Z | 1,049,607,329 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Coulter Cottage** is a historic [cure cottage](/wiki/Cure_Cottages_of_Saranac_Lake \"Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake\") located at [Saranac Lake](/wiki/Saranac_Lake%2C_New_York \"Saranac Lake, New York\"), town of [North Elba](/wiki/North_Elba%2C_New_York \"North Elba, New York\") in [Essex County, New York](/wiki/Essex_County%2C_New_York \"Essex County, New York\").\n\nIt was built between 1897 and 1899 and is a \\-story wood\\-frame structure on a stone foundation and topped by a gambrel roof in the [Shingle Style](/wiki/Shingle_Style_architecture \"Shingle Style architecture\"). It features a sitting out porch and four upper story sleeping porches. The house was designed by noted [Adirondack](/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains \"Adirondack Mountains\") area architect [William L. Coulter](/wiki/William_L._Coulter \"William L. Coulter\") (1865–1907\\). *See also:* It was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\") in 1992\\.\n\nIt is located in the [Helen Hill Historic District](/wiki/Helen_Hill_Historic_District \"Helen Hill Historic District\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Houses_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Shingle Style houses](/wiki/Category:Shingle_Style_houses \"Shingle Style houses\")\n[Category:Houses completed in 1897](/wiki/Category:Houses_completed_in_1897 \"Houses completed in 1897\")\n[Category:Houses in Essex County, New York](/wiki/Category:Houses_in_Essex_County%2C_New_York \"Houses in Essex County, New York\")\n[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, New York](/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Essex_County%2C_New_York \"National Register of Historic Places in Essex County, New York\")\n[Category:Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Individually_listed_contributing_properties_to_historic_districts_on_the_National_Register_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in New York (state)\")\n[Category:Shingle Style architecture in New York (state)](/wiki/Category:Shingle_Style_architecture_in_New_York_%28state%29 \"Shingle Style architecture in New York (state)\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
When There's No You | {
"id": [
12406635
],
"name": [
"SporkBot"
]
} | 0yny9nnqs22nomaushjxpr6vqoz2i6d | 2021-11-29T00:26:05Z | 1,031,575,553 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\"**When There's No You**\" is a song written by [Les Reed](/wiki/Les_Reed_%28songwriter%29 \"Les Reed (songwriter)\") and [Jackie Rae](/wiki/Jackie_Rae \"Jackie Rae\") and performed by [Engelbert Humperdinck](/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_%28singer%29 \"Engelbert Humperdinck (singer)\"). The melody was adapted from the music of [Ruggero Leoncavallo](/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo \"Ruggero Leoncavallo\")'s opera *[Pagliacci](/wiki/Pagliacci \"Pagliacci\")*. The single was Humperdinck's second of four number ones on the [Easy Listening](/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_%28chart%29 \"Adult Contemporary (chart)\") chart in the US, reaching number one in April 1971\\. On the *Billboard* Hot 100, \"When There's No You\" peaked at number forty\\-five.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of number\\-one adult contemporary singles of 1971 (U.S.)](/wiki/List_of_number-one_adult_contemporary_singles_of_1971_%28U.S.%29 \"List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1971 (U.S.)\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1971 singles](/wiki/Category:1971_singles \"1971 singles\")\n[Category:Engelbert Humperdinck songs](/wiki/Category:Engelbert_Humperdinck_songs \"Engelbert Humperdinck songs\")\n[Category:Songs written by Jackie Rae](/wiki/Category:Songs_written_by_Jackie_Rae \"Songs written by Jackie Rae\")\n[Category:Songs written by Les Reed (songwriter)](/wiki/Category:Songs_written_by_Les_Reed_%28songwriter%29 \"Songs written by Les Reed (songwriter)\")\n[Category:1971 songs](/wiki/Category:1971_songs \"1971 songs\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
List of county routes in Suffolk County, New York (1–25) | {
"id": [
1493851
],
"name": [
"DanTD"
]
} | 7b4jvfo3qi0veg05vutte3271ozalof | 2024-10-11T19:06:46Z | 1,250,662,252 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"County Route 1",
"County Route 2",
"County Route 2A",
"County Route 3",
"County Route 4",
"County Route 5",
"County Route 6",
"County Route 7",
"County Route 8",
"County Route 9",
"County Route 10",
"County Route 11",
"County Route 11A",
"County Route 11B",
"County Route 11C",
"County Route 12",
"County Route 13",
"County Route 13A",
"County Route 14",
"County Route 15",
"County Route 16",
"County Route 17",
"County Route 18",
"County Route 19",
"County Route 19A",
"County Route 20",
"County Route 21",
"County Route 21A",
"County Route 22",
"County Route 23",
"County Route 24",
"County Route 25",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[County routes](/wiki/County_route \"County route\") in [Suffolk County, New York](/wiki/Suffolk_County%2C_New_York \"Suffolk County, New York\"), are maintained by the Suffolk County Department of Public Works and signed with the [Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices](/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices \"Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices\")\\-standard yellow\\-on\\-blue pentagon route marker. The designations do not follow any fixed pattern. Routes 1 to 25 are listed below.\n\n",
"County Route 1\n--------------\n\n**County Route 1** is known as County Line Road and extends for through the [town of Babylon](/wiki/Babylon_%28town%29%2C_New_York \"Babylon (town), New York\"). It begins at [NY 27A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27A \"New York State Route 27A\") ([Montauk Highway](/wiki/Montauk_Highway \"Montauk Highway\")) in [Amityville](/wiki/Amityville%2C_New_York \"Amityville, New York\") and heads north to the intersection of Joyce Avenue in [East Farmingdale](/wiki/East_Farmingdale%2C_New_York \"East Farmingdale, New York\"). Parts of the road enter [Nassau County](/wiki/Nassau_County%2C_New_York \"Nassau County, New York\"); however, the Nassau County sections are not part of CR 1\\.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 2\n--------------\n\n**County Route 2** is mostly known as Straight Path and extends from the [village of Amityville](/wiki/Amityville%2C_New_York \"Amityville, New York\") to the town of [Huntington](/wiki/Huntington%2C_New_York \"Huntington, New York\"). It begins at an intersection with [NY 110](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110 \"New York State Route 110\") in [Amityville](/wiki/Amityville%2C_New_York \"Amityville, New York\") and heads east along Dixon Avenue to [CR 47](/wiki/County_Route_47_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 47 (Suffolk County, New York)\") in [Copiague](/wiki/Copiague%2C_New_York \"Copiague, New York\"). From there it begins to move to the northeast until it eventually becomes Straight Path before the intersection with [NY 27](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27 \"New York State Route 27\") in [North Lindenhurst](/wiki/North_Lindenhurst%2C_New_York \"North Lindenhurst, New York\"). The road widens into a four\\-lane divided highway ahead of its junction with [CR 3](/wiki/County_Route_3_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 3 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Wellwood Avenue). This intersection contains turning ramps on all corners except the southwest corner, where Heathcote Road ends. The divider ends at Sherbrooke Road and the North Lindenhurst Fire Department, where the road returns to a four\\-lane undivided highway.\n\nThe road intersects an at\\-grade crossing with the [Central Branch](/wiki/Central_Branch_%28Long_Island_Rail_Road%29 \"Central Branch (Long Island Rail Road)\") of the [Long Island Rail Road](/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road \"Long Island Rail Road\"). From there the road crosses [NY 109](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_109 \"New York State Route 109\") and meets the [Southern State Parkway](/wiki/Southern_State_Parkway \"Southern State Parkway\"). As CR 2 approaches the interchange with the parkway, the road becomes narrower despite remaining four lanes wide. On the northwest corner of this interchange is the beginning of St. Johns Catholic Cemetery, where the road widens to accommodate a center left\\-turn lane. The northern border of the cemetery is along Edison Avenue, located near the intersection with Little East Neck Road in [Wyandanch](/wiki/Wyandanch%2C_New_York \"Wyandanch, New York\").\n\nCR 2 narrows to two lanes with stretches occasionally featuring medians. North of Commonwealth Drive, the road become four lanes with no left\\-turn lane until it approaches the vicinity of [Wyandanch Station](/wiki/Wyandanch_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Wyandanch (LIRR station)\"). Past Winter Avenue, CR 2 narrows back down to two lanes, but with a center left\\-turn lane. The road continues in this manner until it reaches its terminus at an intersection with [NY 231](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_231 \"New York State Route 231\") in [Half Hollow Hills](/wiki/Half_Hollow_Hills%2C_New_York \"Half Hollow Hills, New York\").\n\nCR 2 was assigned on January 27, 1930, to the portion of its alignment between Albany Avenue in Amityville and modern NY 231 in Huntington. It was extended west along Dixon Avenue to NY 110 on February 5, 1943, replacing CR 2A. An extension beyond NY 231 was proposed during the 1960s and 1970s and officially added to CR 2's alignment on June 22, 1961\\. The terminus was to be at the [Long Island Motor Parkway](/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway \"Long Island Motor Parkway\"); however, this extension was never built. The intersection between CR 2 and NY 27 was once intended to be upgraded into an interchange.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 2A\n---------------\n\n**County Route 2A** was a former suffixed extension of CR 2 assigned to Dixon Avenue between [NY 110](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110 \"New York State Route 110\") and [NY 27](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27 \"New York State Route 27\") from the 1930s to February 5, 1943\n\n",
"County Route 3\n--------------\n\n**County Route 3** is a north–south road that includes Wellwood Avenue and Pinelawn Road. It runs mostly parallel to [NY 110](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110 \"New York State Route 110\") until it crosses over the [Long Island Expressway](/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway \"Long Island Expressway\"), where it moves to the northwest to use NY 110 before its northern terminus with Walt Whitman Road.\n\nRoute description\nCounty Route 3 begins as Wellwood Avenue on the [Lindenhurst village line](/wiki/Lindenhurst%2C_New_York \"Lindenhurst, New York\") at Perry Street in [North Lindenhurst](/wiki/North_Lindenhurst%2C_New_York \"North Lindenhurst, New York\"), which quickly encounters a cloverleaf interchange with [NY 27](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27 \"New York State Route 27\"), where the road briefly becomes a four\\-lane divided highway until the intersection of Spieglehagen Street and becomes a four\\-lane undivided highway. The road divides again at [CR 2](/wiki/County_Route_2_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 2 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Straight Path), and includes a northwest to northeast turning ramp. The divider ends at June Street, and the road returns to a four\\-lane undivided highway.\nAs the road intersects an at\\-grade crossing with the [LIRR Central Branch](/wiki/Central_Branch_%28Long_Island_Rail_Road%29 \"Central Branch (Long Island Rail Road)\") and becomes a divided highway again north of Gear Avenue as it approaches [NY 109](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_109 \"New York State Route 109\"). North of NY 109, CR 3 runs through the center of the Cemetery zone of southwestern Suffolk County along the following burial grounds;\n* Mount Ararat Cemetery on the west side between NY 109 and Southern State Parkway.\n* New Montifeore Cemetery on the northeast corner of the Southern State Parkway interchange.\n* [Roman Catholic Church Diocese of Brooklyn](/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brooklyn \"Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn\") Cemetery on the west side from Southern State Parkway(exit 35\\) to the [Main Line of the LIRR](/wiki/Main_Line_%28Long_Island_Rail_Road%29 \"Main Line (Long Island Rail Road)\").\n* [Wellwood Cemetery](/wiki/Wellwood_Cemetery \"Wellwood Cemetery\") on the east side north of Patton Avenue.\n* [Beth Moses Cemetery](/wiki/Beth_Moses_Cemetery \"Beth Moses Cemetery\") on the east side north of Wellwood Cemetery.\n* [Pinelawn Cemetery](/wiki/Pinelawn_Cemetery \"Pinelawn Cemetery\") on the north site of the LIRR Main Line and northeast corner of [Pinelawn Station](/wiki/Pinelawn_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Pinelawn (LIRR station)\").\n* [Long Island National Cemetery](/wiki/Long_Island_National_Cemetery \"Long Island National Cemetery\") on the east side north of Pinelawn Cemetery.\n\nBefore leaving the cemetery zone, CR 3 becomes a divided highway again and passes by the headquarters of *[Newsday](/wiki/Newsday \"Newsday\")*, which also includes the former right\\-of\\-way for the [Long Island Motor Parkway](/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway \"Long Island Motor Parkway\"). Both of these sites are on the southwest corner of CR 3 and CR 5 (Ruland Road). North of unsigned [CR 5](/wiki/County_Route_5_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 5 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Ruland Road), CR 3 becomes Pinelawn Road, and runs parallel to Old East Neck Road until hitting Half Hollow Road, which leads to the only remaining drivable section of [Long Island Motor Parkway](/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway \"Long Island Motor Parkway\") ([CR 67](/wiki/County_Route_67_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 67 (Suffolk County, New York)\"). From there, CR 3 takes a northwesterly turn and crosses over the [Long Island Expressway](/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway \"Long Island Expressway\") east of exit 49, where it becomes a four\\-lane highway again approaching [NY 110](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110 \"New York State Route 110\"). CR 3 and Pinelawn Road end just north of NY 110 at Walt Whitman Road. The road continues northward as Sweet Hollow Road as it meanders through the Manetto Hills area past Gwynne Park and West Hills County Park before reaching [NY 25](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25 \"New York State Route 25\"), but not as CR 3\\.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 4\n--------------\n\n**County Route 4** consists mainly of Commack Road. The road starts at a northeast angle off of [NY 231](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_231 \"New York State Route 231\"), and immediately has an intersection with Carll's Straight Path to the northwest. The road continues to the northeast as it crosses the [Main Line of the Long Island Rail Road](/wiki/Main_Line_%28Long_Island_Rail_Road%29 \"Main Line (Long Island Rail Road)\"). A realigned section exists on the western border of the former [Edgewood State Hospital](/wiki/Edgewood_State_Hospital \"Edgewood State Hospital\") and current [Pilgrim State Hospital](/wiki/Pilgrim_State_Hospital \"Pilgrim State Hospital\"). The segment in front of Edgewood Hospital was intended to either be replaced by or run parallel to the formerly proposed [Babylon–Northport Expressway](/wiki/Babylon%E2%80%93Northport_Expressway \"Babylon–Northport Expressway\").\n\nBetween the [Long Island Expressway](/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway \"Long Island Expressway\") and [Jericho Turnpike](/wiki/Jericho_Turnpike \"Jericho Turnpike\"), Commack Road is a four\\-lane undivided highway with sporadic residential frontage roads. Similar features were installed on parts of Larkfield Road and [CR 11](/wiki/County_Route_11_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 11 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Pulaski Road).\n\nNorth of NY 25, CR 4 becomes Townline Road. Though the first two sites consist of [churches](/wiki/Commack_Methodist_Church_and_Cemetery \"Commack Methodist Church and Cemetery\") listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places \"National Register of Historic Places\"), the rest of the area is standard residential suburbia. North of Dovecote Lane, Townline Road runs mostly along the border between the towns of [Huntington](/wiki/Huntington%2C_New_York \"Huntington, New York\") and [Smithtown](/wiki/Smithtown%2C_New_York \"Smithtown, New York\"). [New York State Bicycle Route 25A](/wiki/New_York_State_Bicycle_Route%C2%A025A \"New York State Bicycle Route 25A\") is shared with CR 4 between Burr Road and Scholar Road.\n\nThe designation for CR 4 ends at the intersection at Clay Pitts Road in [Commack](/wiki/Commack%2C_New_York \"Commack, New York\"), but the roadway continues northward towards [NY 25A](/wiki/NY%C2%A025A \"NY 25A\") in [Fort Salonga](/wiki/Fort_Salonga%2C_New_York \"Fort Salonga, New York\").\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 5\n--------------\n\n**County Route 5** is a short industrial county route known as Ruland Road and Colonial Springs Road. It runs parallel to a former section of the original [Long Island Motor Parkway](/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway \"Long Island Motor Parkway\"), beginning at an intersection with [New York State Route 110](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_110 \"New York State Route 110\") and heading east. The road passes the headquarters of *[Newsday](/wiki/Newsday \"Newsday\")* and the northern end of [Long Island National Cemetery](/wiki/Long_Island_National_Cemetery \"Long Island National Cemetery\"), before terminating just east of the intersection with Little East Neck Road North at the [Huntington](/wiki/Huntington%2C_New_York \"Huntington, New York\")/[Babylon](/wiki/Babylon%2C_New_York \"Babylon, New York\") town line in [Wheatley Heights](/wiki/Wheatley_Heights%2C_New_York \"Wheatley Heights, New York\").\n\nThe route was unsigned for much of its existence. As of January 2024, the route is once again signed.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 6\n--------------\n\n**County Route 6** is Rabro Drive and serves the Hauppauge Industrial Park and the state and county government office buildings. The road begins at an intersection with [County Route 108](/wiki/County_Route_108_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 108 (Suffolk County, New York)\") and proceeds east to [New York State Route 111](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_111 \"New York State Route 111\"), all within the [hamlet](/wiki/Hamlet_%28New_York%29 \"Hamlet (New York)\") of [Hauppauge](/wiki/Hauppauge%2C_New_York \"Hauppauge, New York\").\n\nMajor intersections\nThe entire route is in [Hauppauge](/wiki/Hauppauge%2C_New_York \"Hauppauge, New York\").\n\n",
"County Route 7\n--------------\n\n**County Route 7**, better known as Wicks Road, runs south to north from [CR 13](/wiki/County_Route_13_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 13 (Suffolk County, New York)\") to the [Long Island Motor Parkway](/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway \"Long Island Motor Parkway\") (at the former [Long Island Expressway](/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway \"Long Island Expressway\") exit 54\\). The road is entirely in [Brentwood](/wiki/Brentwood%2C_New_York \"Brentwood, New York\").\n\nThe road was named for Francis Moses Asbury Wicks (1818\\-1867\\), a wealthy landowner and politician who owned the land in the vicinity of the former [Thompson's (LIRR station)](/wiki/Thompson%27s_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Thompson's (LIRR station)\"), and later [Pine Aire (LIRR station)](/wiki/Pine_Aire_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Pine Aire (LIRR station)\"). His home, a large and rambling farmhouse, served as the railroad depot, inn, and general store.\n\nOriginally, Wicks Road ran further north than CR 67 onto part of what is today Moreland Road, across the [Northern State Parkway](/wiki/Northern_State_Parkway \"Northern State Parkway\") to the west side of Hoyt's Farm Town Park, and as far north as [NY 25](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25 \"New York State Route 25\").\n\nMajor intersections\nThe entire route is in [Brentwood](/wiki/Brentwood%2C_New_York \"Brentwood, New York\").\n\n",
"County Route 8\n--------------\n\n**County Route 8** was reserved for the never\\-built Yaphank Bypass. It was intended to be a new four\\-lane road beginning at the vicinity of exit 66 of the Long Island Expressway, running west of the Carman's River and terminating at [CR 21](/wiki/County_Route_21_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 21 (Suffolk County, New York)\") near Bayliss (Bailey) Road.\n\n",
"County Route 9\n--------------\n\n**County Route 9**, known as Greenlawn Road and Cuba Hill Road, is an unsigned county road that runs through the town of [Huntington](/wiki/Huntington%2C_New_York \"Huntington, New York\"). The road runs northwest to southeast, beginning as Greenlawn Road and crossing over the [Long Island Rail Road](/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road \"Long Island Rail Road\") as Cuba Hill Road. Its northern terminus is East Main Street ([NY 25A](/wiki/NY%C2%A025A \"NY 25A\")) in [Huntington](/wiki/Huntington_%28CDP%29%2C_New_York \"Huntington (CDP), New York\"), and it ends across from Burr Road at the intersection of Elwood Road (CR 10\\) in [Elwood](/wiki/Elwood%2C_New_York \"Elwood, New York\").\n\nCR 9 serves [BAE Systems](/wiki/BAE_Systems \"BAE Systems\") Long Island, located at the corner of Cuba Hill Road and Pulaski Road ([CR 11](/wiki/County_Route_11_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 11 (Suffolk County, New York)\")) in Greenlawn, and [James H. Boyd Intermediate School](/wiki/James_H._Boyd_Intermediate_School \"James H. Boyd Intermediate School\"). The section of CR 9 between Little Plains Road and the intersection with Elwood Road (CR 10\\) is part of [New York State Bicycle Route 25A](/wiki/New_York_State_Bicycle_Route%C2%A025A \"New York State Bicycle Route 25A\").\n\nHistory\nThe Greenlawn Road portion of CR 9 was formerly CR 34 and was reassigned in 1930\\. The expansion of CR 9 led from the Long Island Rail Road tracks to CR 10, Elwood Road. This expansion, today, is known as Cuba Hill Road, and was added on December 26, 1936\\. CR 34 was appended onto CR 9 sometime after the 1960s. The road is currently [unsigned](/wiki/Unsigned_highway \"Unsigned highway\"); however, there were once signs that marked CR 9\\.\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 10\n---------------\n\n**County Route 10**, commonly referred to as Elwood Road, is a two\\-lane suburban county road. It runs from [NY 25](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25 \"New York State Route 25\") in [Elwood](/wiki/Elwood%2C_New_York \"Elwood, New York\") to [NY 25A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A \"New York State Route 25A\") in [Northport](/wiki/Northport%2C_New_York \"Northport, New York\").\n\nFrom the 1950s into the 1980s, there were proposals by the [New York State Department of Transportation](/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation \"New York State Department of Transportation\") to build the [Babylon–Northport Expressway](/wiki/Babylon%E2%80%93Northport_Expressway \"Babylon–Northport Expressway\") within the vicinity of the west side of Elwood Road, with interchanges at both ends that included ramps utilizing CR 10\\. Suburban sprawl and public opposition to the roadway has resulted in the cancellation of the highway.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 11\n---------------\n\n**County Route 11**, commonly referred to as Pulaski Road, runs west to east between Cold Spring Harbor and Kings Park. CR 11 provides the closest access to the [Port Jefferson Branch](/wiki/Port_Jefferson_Branch \"Port Jefferson Branch\") of the [Long Island Rail Road](/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road \"Long Island Rail Road\"), which runs roughly parallel to the tracks throughout its span in northwestern [Suffolk County](/wiki/Suffolk_County%2C_New_York \"Suffolk County, New York\").\n\n",
"County Route 11A\n----------------\n\n**County Route 11A** was a former suffixed extension of CR 11 assigned to Pulaski Road between [CR 86](/wiki/County_Route_86_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 86 (Suffolk County, New York)\") and [CR 10](/wiki/County_Route_10_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 10 (Suffolk County, New York)\") from January 26, 1931 to September 21, 1966\n\n",
"County Route 11B\n----------------\n\n**County Route 11B** was a former suffixed extension of CR 11 assigned to Pulaski Road between [NY 110](/wiki/NY%C2%A0110 \"NY 110\") and [CR 86](/wiki/County_Route_86_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 86 (Suffolk County, New York)\") from December 28, 1931 to September 21, 1966\n\n",
"County Route 11C\n----------------\n\n**County Route 11C** was a former suffixed extension of CR 11 assigned to Pulaski Road between [NY 108](/wiki/NY%C2%A0108 \"NY 108\") and [NY 110](/wiki/NY%C2%A0110 \"NY 110\") from November 27, 1933 to September 21, 1966\n\n",
"County Route 12\n---------------\n\n**County Route 12** runs west to east along Oak Street, Hoffman Avenue and Railroad Avenue, parallel to the [Babylon Branch](/wiki/Babylon_Branch \"Babylon Branch\") of the [Long Island Rail Road](/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road \"Long Island Rail Road\"). It begins at an intersection of [CR 1](/wiki/County_Route_1_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 1 (Suffolk County, New York)\") and Old Sunrise Highway (unsigned [NY 900D](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_900D \"New York State Route 900D\")) and ends at [CR 96](/wiki/County_Route_96_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 96 (Suffolk County, New York)\") at the [village of Babylon](/wiki/Babylon_%28village%29%2C_New_York \"Babylon (village), New York\") line in [West Babylon](/wiki/West_Babylon%2C_New_York \"West Babylon, New York\").\n\nHistory\nCR 12 was originally a suffixed extension of [CR 50](/wiki/County_Route_50_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 50 (Suffolk County, New York)\") until 1959\\.\nRoute description\nAt the intersection of [CR 47](/wiki/County_Route_47_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 47 (Suffolk County, New York)\"), the elevated [Copiague Station](/wiki/Copiague_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Copiague (LIRR station)\") over the street is visible to the north. The station can also be seen from the next block at the intersection of an unnamed street leading to Railroad Avenue. The Babylon Branch finally runs along the north side of Oak Street between Garfield and Strong Avenues, where it crosses the [Copiague](/wiki/Copiague%2C_New_York \"Copiague, New York\")–[Lindenhurst](/wiki/Lindenhurst%2C_New_York \"Lindenhurst, New York\") village line.\nIn Lindenhurst, the name of CR 12 is changed to Hoffman Avenue. However, this name is also shared by a street running parallel to it on the north side of the Babylon Branch maintained by the village. East of the intersection with [CR 3](/wiki/County_Route_3_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 3 (Suffolk County, New York)\"), the road passes in front of [Lindenhurst Station](/wiki/Lindenhurst_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Lindenhurst (LIRR station)\"), while the village of Lindenhurst's Hoffman Avenue runs behind it.\n\nIn West Babylon, CR 12's name is changed to South Railroad Avenue, a name it will hold onto upon crossing the border with the village of Babylon. At the border, which is at the intersection of [CR 96](/wiki/County_Route_96_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 96 (Suffolk County, New York)\"), is the eastern terminus of CR 12\\. The roadway east of the terminus reaches [NY 109](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_109 \"New York State Route 109\"), where it becomes Trolley Line Road, named for the former [Babylon Railroad](/wiki/Babylon_Railroad \"Babylon Railroad\") Company, which used the street as part of the route for its streetcar.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 13\n---------------\n\n**County Route 13** is a [county road](/wiki/County_road \"County road\") that runs north to south from [CR 4](/wiki/County_Route_4_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 4 (Suffolk County, New York)\") near Commack to [NY 27A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27A \"New York State Route 27A\") in Bay Shore which includes Fifth Avenue and Crooked Hill Road.. The road runs primarily east of [Robert Moses Causeway](/wiki/Robert_Moses_Causeway \"Robert Moses Causeway\") and [Sagtikos State Parkway](/wiki/Sagtikos_State_Parkway \"Sagtikos State Parkway\"), until it crosses over the Sagtikos Parkway in the vicinity of [Pilgrim State Hospital](/wiki/Pilgrim_State_Hospital \"Pilgrim State Hospital\"). The route was added to the county highway system on April 28, 1930, and extensions were made on July 9, 1945\\.\n\nRoute description\nCR 13 begins at NY 27A in Bay Shore. It heads northwest as the northbound one\\-way Fifth Avenue, part of a [one\\-way couplet](/wiki/One-way_couplet \"One-way couplet\") that includes the southbound\\-only North Clinton Avenue ([CR 13A](/wiki/County_Route_13A_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 13A (Suffolk County, New York)\")) one block to the west. They converge south of [CR 57](/wiki/County_Route_57_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 57 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Howell's Road) itself located just south of [NY 27](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27 \"New York State Route 27\"). CR 13 moves over the main road and service roads of Sunrise Highway (NY 27\\), connecting to the highway by way of exit 43, a cloverleaf interchange. Continuing on, Fifth Avenue meets Brook Avenue, which leads to a shopping mall along Sunrise Highway before looping back to meet Third Avenue in Bay Shore.\nPast Brook Avenue, the route takes on a more northerly routing as it heads into [North Bay Shore](/wiki/North_Bay_Shore%2C_New_York \"North Bay Shore, New York\") and connects to the [Heckscher State Parkway](/wiki/Heckscher_State_Parkway \"Heckscher State Parkway\") at exit 42\\. Farther north, CR 13 passes by the [Entenmann's](/wiki/Entenmann%27s \"Entenmann's\") bakery factory prior to crossing the [Main Line](/wiki/Ronkonkoma_Branch \"Ronkonkoma Branch\") of the [Long Island Rail Road](/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road \"Long Island Rail Road\") and intersecting [CR 100](/wiki/County_Route_100_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 100 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Suffolk Avenue) in [Brentwood](/wiki/Brentwood%2C_New_York \"Brentwood, New York\"). The route's run as Fifth Avenue ends just north of CR 100 at a junction with [CR 7](/wiki/County_Route_7_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 7 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Wicks Road), which continues north from the intersection on the routing established by Fifth Avenue. CR 13, meanwhile, forks to the northwest as Crooked Hill Road.\n\nNot far from CR 7, the route serves both the [Pilgrim State Psychiatric Center](/wiki/Pilgrim_State_Psychiatric_Center \"Pilgrim State Psychiatric Center\") and [Suffolk County Community College](/wiki/Suffolk_County_Community_College \"Suffolk County Community College\")'s Grant Campus and connects to the [Sagtikos State Parkway](/wiki/Sagtikos_State_Parkway \"Sagtikos State Parkway\") at exit S2\\. Crooked Hill Road was originally southbound exit S1 on the Sagtikos Parkway. A traffic circle also existed at the southbound ramps to and from the parkway. When the nearby [Long Island Expressway](/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway \"Long Island Expressway\") was constructed, the southbound off\\-ramp was eliminated, but the on\\-ramp was left intact. The reconstruction of the Long Island Expressway–Sagtikos Parkway interchange from 1988–1991 revived a southbound connection from the parkway to Crooked Hill Road via exit S1W. Today, and as always, Crooked Hill Road is also accessible from exit S2, which connect to roads within the grounds of the Pilgrim State Psychiatric Center, including unsigned [CR 106](/wiki/County_Route_106_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 106 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Community College Drive).\n\nThe route continues on, descending Crooked Hill to reach the Long Island Expressway and its service roads. It crosses under the highway between exits 52 and 53, but has no ramps to or from the main road. Instead, the only access is to the service roads that lead to the expressway westbound and from the expressway eastbound. North of the expressway, CR 13 begins to head in a more north–northeasterly direction that takes it on a largely parallel routing to that of nearby [CR 4](/wiki/County_Route_4_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 4 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Commack Road). CR 13 ends when the two roads finally converge just south of the [Long Island Motor Parkway](/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway \"Long Island Motor Parkway\") (CR 67\\) in [Commack](/wiki/Commack%2C_New_York \"Commack, New York\").\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 13A\n----------------\n\n**County Route 13A** is the southbound only segment of CR 13 in downtown Bay Shore. At the intersection of Reil Place all southbound traffic along CR 13 shifts to a parallel street called Clinton Avenue. This segment was designated CR 53 until May 22, 1967\\. North of this switch, Clinton Avenue runs parallel to Fifth Avenue as a two\\-way street, until the intersection with Joseph Avenue, only to be cut off by the interchange with Sunrise Highway. Both CR 13 and CR 13A cross the [LIRR Montauk Branch](/wiki/LIRR_Montauk_Branch \"LIRR Montauk Branch\") and intersect with [CR 50](/wiki/County_Route_50_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 50 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Union Boulevard) before terminating at [NY 27A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27A \"New York State Route 27A\").\n\nMajor intersections\nThe entire route is in [Bay Shore](/wiki/Bay_Shore%2C_New_York \"Bay Shore, New York\"), and the junction list below runs from north to south. \n\n",
"County Route 14\n---------------\n\n**County Route 14** is a county highway running south to north from [NY 25](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25 \"New York State Route 25\") (Jericho Turnpike) in Commack to [NY 25A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A \"New York State Route 25A\") in Kings Park. It runs parallel to the east of [Sunken Meadow State Parkway](/wiki/Sunken_Meadow_State_Parkway \"Sunken Meadow State Parkway\"). CR 14 ends at NY 25A near [Kings Park Station](/wiki/Kings_Park_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Kings Park (LIRR station)\"), just two blocks east of [CR 11](/wiki/County_Route_11_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 11 (Suffolk County, New York)\"). North of NY 25A, the road turns into Church Street, then Kohr Road, and runs along the east side of [Sunken Meadow State Park](/wiki/Sunken_Meadow_State_Park \"Sunken Meadow State Park\") until ending at Sunken Meadow Road. CR 14 was first added to the county highway system on January 27, 1930\\. A portion of former CR 2 (Straight Path) was added to CR 14 on June 22, 1961\\.\n\nIn 1978, New York State Department of Transportation built an interchange to\\-and\\-from the northbound lane of the Sunken Meadow State Parkway, in order to prevent accidents from motorists trying to cross NY 25 in order to get to CR 14 at exit SM3 E. This interchange was designated exit SM3A. West\\-to\\-northbound motorists from NY 25 use the on\\-ramp from this newer interchange to get to the parkway.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 15\n---------------\n\n**County Route 15**, Maple Avenue, was an unsigned, county highway in [Smithtown](/wiki/Smithtown_%28CDP%29%2C_New_York \"Smithtown (CDP), New York\"). The route began at an intersection with [NY 111](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_111 \"New York State Route 111\") to [NY 25](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25 \"New York State Route 25\") and [NY 25A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A \"New York State Route 25A\") (Main Street). CR 15 was added to the county highway system on January 27, 1930 and is no longer recognized by the Suffolk County Department of Public Works nor the New York State Department of Transportation.\n\nMajor intersections\nThe entire route was in the [Community of Smithtown](/wiki/Smithtown_%28CDP%29%2C_New_York \"Smithtown (CDP), New York\").\n\n",
"County Route 16\n---------------\n\n**County Route 16** is a county\\-maintained highway stretching from [NY 25](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25 \"New York State Route 25\") in [Village of the Branch](/wiki/Village_of_the_Branch%2C_New_York \"Village of the Branch, New York\") eastward to [Montauk Highway](/wiki/Montauk_Highway \"Montauk Highway\") (CR 80\\) in [Brookhaven](/wiki/Brookhaven_%28CDP%29%2C_New_York \"Brookhaven (CDP), New York\") consisting of part of five roads: Terry Road, Smithtown Boulevard, Lake Shore Drive (formerly East Lake Terrace), Portion Road, and Horse Block Road. CR 16 has been in the Suffolk County highway system since January 27, 1930\\.\n\nThough CR 16 has run consistently from [the Town of Smithtown](/wiki/Smithtown%2C_New_York \"Smithtown, New York\") to [the Town of Brookhaven](/wiki/Brookhaven%2C_New_York \"Brookhaven, New York\") since the mid\\-1960s, this was not always the case. Many segments have been part of other county roads. Lake Shore Drive and Portion Road used to be part of [CR 19](/wiki/County_Route_19_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 19 (Suffolk County, New York)\") from the Smithtown–Brookhaven town line to Waverly Avenue in Farmingville. In 1960, this terminus was moved to Patchogue–Holbrook Road. The construction of Sunrise Highway in 1957 lead to the realignment of Horseblock Road west of its original eastern terminus with South Country Road (former [Montauk Highway](/wiki/Montauk_Highway \"Montauk Highway\")) in [South Haven](/wiki/South_Haven%2C_New_York \"South Haven, New York\"). Because the interchange is shared with [CR 21](/wiki/County_Route_21_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 21 (Suffolk County, New York)\"), the new alignment was originally designated as CR 21A. Horse Block Road used to be a western extension of [CR 56](/wiki/County_Route_56_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 56 (Suffolk County, New York)\") between Victory Avenue, a frontage road along Sunrise Highway that begins at [CR 46](/wiki/County_Route_46_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 46 (Suffolk County, New York)\"), in Brookhaven and Waverly Avenue in Farmingville. In 1964, it was moved only to Victory Avenue.\n\n",
"County Route 17\n---------------\n\n**County Route 17** is a [county road](/wiki/County_road \"County road\") located in western Suffolk County. The route runs south\\-to\\-north from [NY 27A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27A \"New York State Route 27A\") in [East Islip](/wiki/East_Islip%2C_New_York \"East Islip, New York\") to [NY 111](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_111 \"New York State Route 111\") in [Hauppauge](/wiki/Hauppauge%2C_New_York \"Hauppauge, New York\"), just south of exit 56 on [I\\-495](/wiki/Interstate_495_%28New_York%29 \"Interstate 495 (New York)\") (the Long Island Expressway). Originally, CR 17 was an alignment of NY 111 (designated as State Highway 1208 internally). On September 13, 1966, the alignment was transferred from the state to Suffolk County and redesignated CR 17\\. The exit with the [Heckscher State Parkway](/wiki/Heckscher_State_Parkway \"Heckscher State Parkway\") was added in the early 1990s.\n\nRoute description\nThe NY 111 designation was moved from Carleton Avenue to Islip Avenue, which runs parallel to Carleton Avenue between NY 27A and I\\-495, on September 13, 1966, in order to facilitate access to the [Heckscher State Parkway](/wiki/Heckscher_State_Parkway \"Heckscher State Parkway\"). Evidence of County Road 17's former status as a State Highway can be found at the railroad bridge in Islip, which carries the [Montauk Line](/wiki/Montauk_Branch_%28LIRR%29 \"Montauk Branch (LIRR)\") of the Long Island Rail Road. Between then and the mid\\-to\\-late 1980s, CR 17 passed over the Heckscher State Parkway with no access, other than to nearby frontage roads that were used for residents. Exit 43A, linking CR 17 to the parkway, was built in the 1980s. Carleton Avenue also runs through the grounds of the former [Central Islip Psychiatric Center](/wiki/Central_Islip_Psychiatric_Center \"Central Islip Psychiatric Center\"). Nursing quarters were located on a frontage road along the west side of the street. The hospital was closed in 1990, and converted into a campus for the [New York Institute of Technology](/wiki/New_York_Institute_of_Technology \"New York Institute of Technology\"). The road was widened to four lanes in the 1990s from Heckscher Parkway to the northern terminus of the former hospital grounds. North of the NYIT Campus, Carleton Avenue squeezes through downtown Central Islip. The former [Central Islip railroad station](/wiki/Central_Islip_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Central Islip (LIRR station)\") was on the corner of the [Main Line](/wiki/Main_Line_%28Long_Island_Rail_Road%29 \"Main Line (Long Island Rail Road)\") of the [Long Island Rail Road](/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road \"Long Island Rail Road\") just south of [County Road 100](/wiki/County_Route_100_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 100 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Suffolk Avenue). A modernized station was built down the tracks on the corner of CR 100 and Lowell Avenue.\nNorth of Suffolk Avenue, CR 17 moves northwest onto Wheeler's Road. This section kept its given name while NY 111 was renamed \"Wheeler Road\" in order to distinguish the [state route](/wiki/State_route \"State route\") from CR 17\\. From there, CR 17 crosses [County Road 67](/wiki/County_Route_67_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 67 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (the [Long Island Motor Parkway](/wiki/Long_Island_Motor_Parkway \"Long Island Motor Parkway\")) and encounters Bridge Road, a side road that mainly runs parallel to Motor Parkway for much of its run south of the Long Island Expressway. The northern terminus is at a [fork in the road](/wiki/Fork_%28intersection%29 \"Fork (intersection)\") with NY 111 roughly 250 yards south of I\\-495\\. The NY 111/CR 17 intersection has quite a history. It was originally an at\\-grade interchange with an overhead expressway signpost holding two signs mounted on the corner that could be seen from the Long Island Expressway. The NY 111 shield was moved from one sign to the next in 1966, but the outline of the former NY 111 shield could still be seen on the original sign. Eventually, as the road was downgraded and the area developed, this sign came down. A [Texaco](/wiki/Texaco \"Texaco\") gas station was built at the fork in the road in the mid\\-1970s. It was shortly converted into a [Park and Ride](/wiki/Park_and_Ride \"Park and Ride\") for traffic from the Long Island Expressway.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 18\n---------------\n\n**County Route 18** was a county highway along Broadway Avenue from east of Sayville to Holbrook. It was an unsigned two\\-lane arterial spanning from [Montauk Highway](/wiki/Montauk_Highway \"Montauk Highway\") (CR 85\\) to [CR 19](/wiki/County_Route_19_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 19 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Patchogue–Holbrook Road). A former segment of Broadway Avenue called \"Old Broadway Avenue\" runs east of the segment between Montauk Highway and somewhere south of Sunrise Highway along the border of [Sans Soucci Lakes County Park](/wiki/Sans_Soucci_Lakes_County_Park \"Sans Soucci Lakes County Park\") and near a former [Girl Scouts of the USA](/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA \"Girl Scouts of the USA\") camp. The route was added to the Suffolk County highway system on January 27, 1930\\.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 19\n---------------\n\n**County Route 19** is a south–north arterial through central Suffolk County. The highway begins at an intersection with [CR 65](/wiki/County_Route_65_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 65 (Suffolk County, New York)\") in [Patchogue](/wiki/Patchogue%2C_New_York \"Patchogue, New York\"). It connects several bedroom communities with major highways such as [I\\-495](/wiki/Interstate_495_%28New_York%29 \"Interstate 495 (New York)\") (the Long Island Expressway) and [NY 27](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27 \"New York State Route 27\"). CR 19 terminates at an intersection with [CR 16](/wiki/County_Route_16_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 16 (Suffolk County, New York)\") in [Lake Ronkonkoma](/wiki/Lake_Ronkonkoma%2C_New_York \"Lake Ronkonkoma, New York\"). The route was added to the Suffolk County highway system on January 27, 1930, and was amended on January 29, 1965\\.\n\nRoute description\nThe highway's southern terminus is at [CR 65](/wiki/County_Route_65_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 65 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Division Street). It serves as a widened, upgraded version of local West Street, which continues south of Division Street toward the [Great South Bay](/wiki/Great_South_Bay \"Great South Bay\"). The starting point of the highway is immediately to the west of the [Long Island Rail Road](/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road \"Long Island Rail Road\")'s [Patchogue station](/wiki/Patchogue_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Patchogue (LIRR station)\"). The road heads north and crosses [Montauk Highway](/wiki/Montauk_Highway \"Montauk Highway\") just west of downtown [Patchogue](/wiki/Patchogue%2C_New_York \"Patchogue, New York\"). The road then curves west as it forms the southern bank of Great Patchogue Lake. Curving north again after passing the lake, the road assumes the name of Waverly Avenue, a pre\\-existing road that extends south of CR 19 toward Montauk Highway. Still with four lanes, the road passes near [Saint Joseph's College](/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_College%2C_New_York \"Saint Joseph's College, New York\")'s Patchogue branch campus before crossing [NY 27](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27 \"New York State Route 27\") (Sunrise Highway). The diamond interchange here was built between 1988 and 1991 when NY 27 was converted from an urban boulevard to a limited\\-access freeway, although it was originally planned as a cloverleaf interchange.\\[Town of Brookhaven Zoning Map; August 21, 2000(and earlier)]\\[Hagstrom's Atlas of Suffolk County, New York (1969, and other dates)]\nLeaving the Patchogue area, the road curves slightly left, as Waverly Avenue (unsigned CR 61\\) leaves CR 19 and continues its north–south route. Just to the north, CR 19 (now Patchogue–Holbrook Road) intersects two more partial\\-limited access highways. [CR 99](/wiki/County_Route_99_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 99 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Woodside Avenue), which leads to the [IRS](/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service \"Internal Revenue Service\") center at [Holtsville](/wiki/Holtsville%2C_New_York \"Holtsville, New York\"), has its terminus at CR 19 with a traffic signal. Less than a quarter mile to the north, [CR 97](/wiki/County_Route_97_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 97 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Nicolls Road) passes overhead and has a [diamond interchange](/wiki/Diamond_interchange \"Diamond interchange\") with CR 19\\. Now entering [Holbrook](/wiki/Holbrook%2C_New_York \"Holbrook, New York\"), the road divides various large bedroom communities. As it nears downtown Holbrook, the road moves onto a new alignment that was built between 1971 and 1973 to bypass the hamlet. After this bypass was built, the old section was renamed Main Street, eliminated between the new section and former [CR 18](/wiki/County_Route_18_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 18 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Broadway Avenue) and designated [CR 19A](/wiki/County_Route_19A_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 19A (Suffolk County, New York)\") (now a former route). The new alignment carries four lanes up and over the Long Island Rail Road's Main Line, and was intended to have an interchange with Union Avenue and Main Street. Reassuming its former alignment, CR 19 then crosses the [Long Island Expressway](/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway \"Long Island Expressway\") (I\\-495\\) with another diamond interchange. This interchange was the eastern terminus of the Long Island Expressway until 1971\\.\n\nAfter the Long Island Expressway interchange, the highway narrows to just two lanes with center turn lane. The road again takes an S\\-curve to the west before heading north again. Halfway within this S\\-curve, CR 19 was originally intended to terminate at the never built \"[MacArthur Airport](/wiki/Long_Island_MacArthur_Airport \"Long Island MacArthur Airport\") Expressway.\"Proposed Park and Ride Center; Lake Ronkonkoma (Suffolk County Department of Planning) The character of this northernmost portion of the road is quite different from the rest, as the road has a much lower speed limit and even passes through a school zone roughly a mile before the terminus at [CR 16](/wiki/County_Route_16_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 16 (Suffolk County, New York)\").\n\nHistory \nCR 19 originally included all of Waverly Avenue, including the portion designated as the unmarked CR 61\\. In 1965, it was realigned onto the new Patchogue\\-Holbrook Road. The road ran directly through \"downtown\" Holbrook until a realignment project taking place between 1971 and 1973\\.\n \n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 19A\n----------------\n\n**County Route 19A** was a former segment of CR 19 in Holbrook. When Patchogue–Holbrook Road was realigned, this section was named Main Street. The old alignment goes \"around\" Holbrook, which was realigned to carry four lanes up and over the Long Island Rail Road's Main Line, which was intended to have an interchange with Union Avenue and Main Street.\n\nMajor intersections\nThe entire route is in [Holbrook](/wiki/Holbrook%2C_New_York \"Holbrook, New York\").\n\n",
"County Route 20\n---------------\n\n**County Route 20** was the unsigned designation for a portion of North Country Road from [NY 25A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A \"New York State Route 25A\") in [Port Jefferson](/wiki/Port_Jefferson%2C_New_York \"Port Jefferson, New York\"), just north of the [railroad station](/wiki/Port_Jefferson_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Port Jefferson (LIRR station)\"), to an intersection with NY 25A in [Sound Beach](/wiki/Sound_Beach%2C_New_York \"Sound Beach, New York\"). CR 20 was added to the county highway system on January 27, 1930\\. Until the 1980s, it also included Sheep Pasture Road and Lower Sheep Pasture Road from [Stony Brook](/wiki/Stony_Brook%2C_New_York \"Stony Brook, New York\") to Port Jefferson.\n\nCR 20 was shared with [New York State Bicycle Route 25](/wiki/New_York_State_Bicycle_Route%C2%A025 \"New York State Bicycle Route 25\") east of Belle Terre Road in Port Jefferson,[State Bike Route 25 (Bicycling in New York; NYSDOT)](https://www.dot.ny.gov/portal/pls/portal/MEXIS_APP.DYN_BIKE_TRAIL_DETAIL_MAIN.show?p_arg_names=p_trail_id&p_arg_values=233) and ran through most of the [Miller Place Historic District](/wiki/Miller_Place_Historic_District \"Miller Place Historic District\").\n\nSheep Pasture Road\nSheep Pasture Road is an alternate route in [East Setauket](/wiki/East_Setauket%2C_New_York \"East Setauket, New York\") connecting [Stony Brook](/wiki/Stony_Brook%2C_New_York \"Stony Brook, New York\") to [Port Jefferson Station](/wiki/Port_Jefferson_Station \"Port Jefferson Station\"). For a small section it is broken up into Upper Sheep Pasture Road and Lower Sheep Pasture Road. Its main claim to fame is its name which at one time meant that there were sheep and pastures around in abundance but currently it is a heavily travelled artery and is almost all residential. The only sheep to be found are in a [petting zoo](https://web.archive.org/web/20110421070514/http://www.bennersfarm.com/BF%20Home/bfhome.html) about a mile north of the road on Gnarled Hollow Road. There are a few businesses closer to the eastern end in Port Jefferson Station. There is a picturesque bridge over the [Long Island Rail Road](/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road \"Long Island Rail Road\") track as it enters Port Jefferson Station. Unfortunately this bridge has been the scene of quite a few suicides in recent years by despondent youths. One of the largest [Greek Orthodox](http://www.kimisis.org/) church complexes on [Long Island](/wiki/Long_Island \"Long Island\") is on this road. It is the responsibility of [Brookhaven](/wiki/Brookhaven%2C_New_York \"Brookhaven, New York\") town to maintain this road.\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 21\n---------------\n\n**County Route 21** is a two\\-lane, highway running from Brookhaven to Rocky Point. Its southern terminus is at [CR 80](/wiki/County_Route_80_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 80 (Suffolk County, New York)\") south of the interchange between [CR 16](/wiki/County_Route_16_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 16 (Suffolk County, New York)\") and [NY 27](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_27 \"New York State Route 27\") (which includes Yaphank Avenue in the interchange) in Brookhaven. The highway heads northward and terminates at an intersection with [NY 25A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A \"New York State Route 25A\") in Rocky Point. CR 21 was added to the Suffolk County highway system on January 27, 1930\\.\n\nRoute description\nCR 21 ends at [CR 80](/wiki/County_Route_80_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 80 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Montauk Highway), although this portion of the road was severed when Sunrise Highway was built. For all intents and purposes as an uninterrupted route, CR 21 ends at [CR 16](/wiki/County_Route_16_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 16 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Horseblock Road) in [Yaphank](/wiki/Yaphank%2C_New_York \"Yaphank, New York\"). The road continues through Yaphank, a formerly agrarian area that has been built up by [Suffolk County](/wiki/Suffolk_County%2C_New_York \"Suffolk County, New York\") into a government office center, which includes the [Suffolk County Police Department](/wiki/Suffolk_County_Police_Department \"Suffolk County Police Department\") headquarters, and one of the main county jails. In conjunction with the development of this zone, CR 21 was widened in the mid\\-1970s. This project included a bridge over the [Long Island Rail Road Main Line](/wiki/Main_Line_%28Long_Island_Rail_Road%29 \"Main Line (Long Island Rail Road)\") as well as some local streets, one of which leads directly to [Yaphank Station](/wiki/Yaphank_%28LIRR_station%29 \"Yaphank (LIRR station)\"). North of the tracks, the [Suffolk County Almshouse Barn](/wiki/Suffolk_County_Almshouse_Barn \"Suffolk County Almshouse Barn\") can be found west of the road, as well as the former Suffolk County Sanitorium, and other county government buildings. In this area, CR 21 also crosses [I\\-495](/wiki/Interstate_495_%28New_York%29 \"Interstate 495 (New York)\"), which was built through the existing road in the late 1960s. The interchange here was not finished until 2000, when a westbound on\\-ramp and an eastbound off\\-ramp were added.\nNorth of the Long Island Expressway, Yaphank Avenue runs on top of the dam for Lower Yaphank Lake before its terminus at East Main Street. Here the historic [Homan\\-Gerard House and Mills](/wiki/Homan-Gerard_House_and_Mills \"Homan-Gerard House and Mills\") can be found on the southeast corner, while the former Yaphank Garage can be found on the southwest corner. CR 21 makes a left turn at the intersection and proceeds through historic Yaphank. East Main Street leads to another historic Long Island road named Moriches–Middle Island Road, which took residents between Rocky Point and The Moricheses long before the automobile was invented, let alone the Suffolk County Highway System. Near Upper Yaphank Lake, CR 21 intersects with West Main Street, at one of two former Yaphank triangles (the other being at Mill Road and Patchogue–Yaphank Road). At this point, CR 21 resumes its northward heading. Also at this point, a former section of the road is visible on land now owned by the Suffolk County Parks Department. It is visible diagonally across the street from and north of a building formerly owned by [New York Telephone](/wiki/New_York_Telephone \"New York Telephone\").\n\nCR 21 meanders through a variety of landscapes as it heads north to [Middle Island](/wiki/Middle_Island%2C_New_York \"Middle Island, New York\"), including farmland and forest. It passes close to the [Carman's River](/wiki/Carmans_River \"Carmans River\") at this point, particularly in the area of Cathedral Pines County Park. This area was notorious as one of the most deadly stretches of the road until safety improvements realigned and modernized the roadway near East Bartlett Road and again north of Longwood Road. Another former section of road called Old Middle Island–Yaphank Road breaks off to the left near CR 21's intersection with [NY 25](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25 \"New York State Route 25\"). North of NY 25, the name of the road changes from Yaphank–Middle Island Road to Rocky Point–Yaphank Road. The former alignment of the road continues roughly parallel to the newer road, rejoining it near the intersection of Bayliss Road (also known as Bailey Road). Additionally, a former meander in the road is visible on either side of CR 21 just south of Whiskey Road.\n\nBetween Middle Island and Rocky Point, much of CR 21 runs through the Rocky Point Natural Resources Management Area, a major conservation area on land once owned by the [Radio Corporation of America](/wiki/Radio_Corporation_of_America \"Radio Corporation of America\"). This land was once considered the world's largest radio transmitting field. Here, the road is given a second name of Marconi Boulevard. North of the former RCA Labs, CR 21 runs between a high school and a housing project, before terminating at [NY 25A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A \"New York State Route 25A\"). North of NY 25A, the road turns into Hallock Landing Road as it heads towards the bluffs of the [Long Island Sound](/wiki/Long_Island_Sound \"Long Island Sound\").\n\nHistory\nCR 21 was added to the Suffolk County highway system on January 27, 1930, on various roads dating back to colonial times. A widening project took place along Yaphank Avenue during the 1970s but various realignments took place along Yaphank–Middle Island Road, and Rocky Point–Yaphank Road before then. Though CR 21 runs almost the entire breadth of Central Long Island, it does not intersect many major highways. Due to steep public opposition to highway improvements, there are multiple proposed and never\\-built highways that would have intersected this road:\n* [CR 99](/wiki/County_Route_99_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 99 (Suffolk County, New York)\") was supposed to be extended east of [CR 16](/wiki/County_Route_16_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 16 (Suffolk County, New York)\") terminating at an interchange with CR 21\\.\n* [CR 90](/wiki/County_Route_90_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 90 (Suffolk County, New York)\") was supposed to have an interchange with Yaphank Avenue near the Suffolk County Police Department Headquarters. This was to be part of the proposed [Central Suffolk Highway](/wiki/Central_Suffolk_Highway \"Central Suffolk Highway\") designed to reconnect the two broken ends of [NY 24](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_24 \"New York State Route 24\").\n* [CR 102](/wiki/County_Route_102_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 102 (Suffolk County, New York)\") was a proposed upgrade of East Main Street east of CR 21\\. The new highway would have extended to exit 68 on the [Long Island Expressway](/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway \"Long Island Expressway\") and [William Floyd Parkway](/wiki/William_Floyd_Parkway \"William Floyd Parkway\").\n* [CR 101](/wiki/County_Route_101_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 101 (Suffolk County, New York)\") was either supposed to cross over Lower Yaphank Lake and East Main Street or at the east triangle with West Main Street and Middle Island–Yaphank Road. Both proposed extensions were to lead to William Floyd Parkway between [Parr Meadows](/wiki/Parr_Meadows \"Parr Meadows\") and Longwood Road.\n* [CR 24](/wiki/County_Route_24_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 24 (Suffolk County, New York)\") was supposed to be upgraded to an extension between East Bartlett Road and Longwood Road.\n* [CR 8](/wiki/County_Route_8_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 8 (Suffolk County, New York)\"), the formerly proposed Yaphank Bypass, was supposed to terminate between Bayliss Road (also known as Bailey Road) and Miller Place–Yaphank Road.\n* [CR 111](/wiki/County_Route_111_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 111 (Suffolk County, New York)\") was supposed to have an interchange at the intersection of Whiskey Road.\n* [CR 26](/wiki/County_Route_26_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 26 (Suffolk County, New York)\") was supposed to have an interchange at the north end of the Rocky Point Natural Resources Management Area. It was intended to be relocated from the North Fork and upgraded as part of [NY 347](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_347 \"New York State Route 347\").\n\nWith the construction of exit 57 along Sunrise Highway, which interrupted original sections of both Horseblock Road and Yaphank Avenue, the new section of Horseblock Road was originally designated CR 21A. This designation was eventually integrated into part of CR 16\\.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 21A\n----------------\n\n**County Route 21A** was a suffixed alternate of CR 21 created during the construction of exit 57 along Sunrise Highway, which interrupted original sections of both Horse Block Road and Yaphank Avenue, The new section was officially part of Horse Block Road, but was eventually deleted, when it was integrated into part of CR 16\\.\n\n",
"County Route 22\n---------------\n\n**County Route 22** was an unsigned, north–south county highway known as Manor Lane. The designation ran from [NY 25](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25 \"New York State Route 25\") in the community of [Jamesport](/wiki/Jamesport%2C_New_York \"Jamesport, New York\") to an intersection with Sound Avenue, a former alignment of [NY 25A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A \"New York State Route 25A\"), in [Northville](/wiki/Northville%2C_Suffolk_County%2C_New_York \"Northville, Suffolk County, New York\"), just east of now former CR 23\\. CR 22 began in the Suffolk County highway system since January 27, 1930\\.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 23\n---------------\n\n**County Route 23** was an unsigned, north–south county highway. CR 23, designated Church Lane, began at an intersection with [NY 25](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25 \"New York State Route 25\") (Main Road) in [Aquebogue](/wiki/Aquebogue%2C_New_York \"Aquebogue, New York\") and terminated at an intersection with Sound Avenue in Northville. CR 23 was added to the county highway system on January 27, 1930, and is no longer recognized by either SCDPW or NYSDOT.\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 24\n---------------\n\n**County Route 24** was an unsigned county highway extending from [CR 21](/wiki/County_Route_21_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 21 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (Yaphank–Middle Island Road) in the community of Middle Island to [CR 46](/wiki/County_Route_46_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 46 (Suffolk County, New York)\") (William Floyd Parkway) in Upton. CR 24, designated Longwood Road, also served Cathedral Pines County Park at its western terminus. The route, which was originally named South Manor Road, was added to the county highway system for Suffolk County on March 25, 1975\\. The route is no longer recognized by the Suffolk County Department of Public Works and the [New York State Department of Transportation](/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Transportation \"New York State Department of Transportation\").\n\nMajor intersections\n\n",
"County Route 25\n---------------\n\n**County Route 25** was an north–south two\\-lane highway running from Center Moriches to Wading River. CR 25 went from the [Montauk Highway](/wiki/Montauk_Highway \"Montauk Highway\") in Center Moriches to an intersection with [NY 25A](/wiki/New_York_State_Route_25A \"New York State Route 25A\") in the community of [Riverhead](/wiki/Riverhead%2C_New_York \"Riverhead, New York\"). The highway was designated on May 1, 1968, from former CR 66 along Brookfield Avenue, Wading River Road and Schultz Road. During the 1970s, the highway was to receive widening and realignment projects west of the existing Wading River Road. The projects were to stretch from exit 69 on the [Long Island Expressway](/wiki/Long_Island_Expressway \"Long Island Expressway\") (I\\-495\\) southward to the Montauk Highway and the western terminus of the Moriches Bypass, designated [CR 98](/wiki/County_Route_98_%28Suffolk_County%2C_New_York%29 \"County Route 98 (Suffolk County, New York)\"). The new section of the road was never built, and the CR 25 designation was eventually removed.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Suffolk County Roads 1–25 @NYCRoads.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20120221164139/http://www.nycroads.com/roads/suffolk_001-025/)\n\n[1\\-25](/wiki/Category:County_routes_in_Suffolk_County%2C_New_York \"County routes in Suffolk County, New York\")\n\n"
]
} |
Kagoshima dialect | {
"id": [
10951369
],
"name": [
"Onel5969"
]
} | kr56ycpuyae8mvnzhq2gh80gf5r38ma | 2024-09-14T12:48:23Z | 1,239,516,661 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Distribution and subdialects",
"History",
"Current status",
"Phonology",
"Vowels",
"Consonants",
"Placeless consonants",
"Phonological processes",
"Vowel coalescence",
"High-vowel deletion",
"Sonorant gliding",
"Vowel length reduction",
"Other changes",
"Phonotactics",
"Prosody",
"Kagoshima accent",
"Makurazaki accent",
"Koshikijima accent",
"Copula",
"Adjectives",
"Adjectival verbs",
"Inflection",
"Adjectival nouns",
"Adverbs",
"Particles",
"Vocabulary",
"Pronouns",
"Suffixes",
"Demonstratives",
"Verbs",
"See also",
"Notes",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
3,
4,
3,
4,
4,
4,
4,
4,
3,
3,
4,
4,
4,
2,
2,
3,
4,
3,
2,
2,
2,
3,
4,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe , often referred to as the , is a group of [dialects](/wiki/Dialect \"Dialect\") or [dialect continuum](/wiki/Dialect_continuum \"Dialect continuum\") of the [Japanese language](/wiki/Japanese_language \"Japanese language\") spoken mainly within the area of the former [Ōsumi](/wiki/%C5%8Csumi_Province \"Ōsumi Province\") and [Satsuma](/wiki/Satsuma_Province \"Satsuma Province\") [provinces](/wiki/Provinces_of_Japan \"Provinces of Japan\") now incorporated into the southwestern [prefecture](/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan \"Prefectures of Japan\") of [Kagoshima](/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture \"Kagoshima Prefecture\"). It may also be collectively referred to as the **Satsuma dialect** ( or ), owing to both the prominence of the [Satsuma Province](/wiki/Satsuma_Province \"Satsuma Province\") and the region of the [Satsuma Domain](/wiki/Satsuma_Domain \"Satsuma Domain\") which spanned the former Japanese provinces of Satsuma, Ōsumi and the southwestern part of [Hyūga](/wiki/Hy%C5%ABga_Province \"Hyūga Province\"). The Satsugū dialect is commonly cited for its [mutual unintelligibility](/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility \"Mutual intelligibility\") to even its neighboring [Kyūshū variants](/wiki/Japanese_dialects%23Kyushu_Japanese \"Japanese dialects#Kyushu Japanese\"), prompting the [Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology](/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology \"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology\") to classify it as a distinct language in the Japanesic branch in its [Glottolog](/wiki/Glottolog \"Glottolog\") database. It shares over three\\-quarters of the Standard Japanese vocabulary corpus and some areal features of [Kyūshū](/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB \"Kyūshū\").\n [thumb\\|220x124px \\| right \\| An example of Kagoshima dialect](/wiki/File:Kagoshima_dialect2020feb22.jpg \"Kagoshima dialect2020feb22.jpg\")\n\n",
"Distribution and subdialects\n----------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|150px\\|**Traditional division:** \n■ Satsuma, ■ Ōsumi, ■ Morokata ■ Other \n(*Regions approximated*)](/wiki/File:Satsuma-Osumi-Morokata.svg \"Satsuma-Osumi-Morokata.svg\")\nThe boundaries of the Satsugū dialect are traditionally defined as the former region controlled by the [Satsuma Domain](/wiki/Satsuma_Domain \"Satsuma Domain\"), which primarily encompassed the main portion of the [Kagoshima Prefecture](/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture \"Kagoshima Prefecture\"), located in the southern part of Japan's [Kyushu](/wiki/Kyushu \"Kyushu\") Island, and a small part of the [Miyazaki Prefecture](/wiki/Miyazaki_Prefecture \"Miyazaki Prefecture\") to the East. For precision, this area could be further separated into three distinct branches of the Satsugū dialect: the *Satsuma dialect* spoken in western Kagoshima, the *Ōsumi dialect* spoken in eastern Kagoshima, and the *Morokata dialect* spoken in the southwesternmost part of the Miyazaki Prefecture.\n\nHowever, the dialectal differences are much more localized making this three\\-way distinction superficial. Variations in pronunciation, words, expressions and grammatical constructions may occur between neighboring cities, towns and villages, with peripheral islands exhibiting greater divergence due to isolation. As such, Satsugū may be considered a dialect continuum, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater. By this token, all major areas of the mainland—including Satsuma, Ōsumi, Morokata, and possibly also a small fraction of southern [Kumamoto](/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture \"Kumamoto Prefecture\")—may form a single, closely related dialect branch with no precise boundaries due to continuous contact between the regions. Conversely, the peripheral islands are easier to distinguish and seemingly form three distinct, but related clades associated with the proximity of the islands. These would be: the [Koshikijima Islands](/wiki/Koshikijima_Islands \"Koshikijima Islands\") to the West, the [Ōsumi Islands](/wiki/%C5%8Csumi_Islands \"Ōsumi Islands\") directly to the South (such as [Tanegashima](/wiki/Tanegashima \"Tanegashima\"), [Yakushima](/wiki/Yakushima \"Yakushima\"), and [Kuchinoerabu](/wiki/Kuchinoerabu_Island \"Kuchinoerabu Island\")), and the [Tokara Islands](/wiki/Tokara_Islands \"Tokara Islands\") in the very far South. The variants spoken on the [Amami Islands](/wiki/Amami_Islands \"Amami Islands\") are not considered part of the Satsugū dialect, but are rather part of the Northern [Ryukyuan language](/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages \"Ryukyuan languages\") branch.Shibatani (1990\\), pp. 192\\-194\n\nFurther subdivisions are possible for all areas, and a classification tree of the general Satsugū sub\\-dialects might look something like the following (areas in parentheses indicate approximate regions):\n\n* Satsugū (Southern [Kyushu](/wiki/Kyushu \"Kyushu\"))\n\t+ Mainland Kagoshima\n\t\t- [Satsuma](/wiki/Satsuma_Province \"Satsuma Province\") (Western Kagoshima)\n\t\t\t* Hokusatsu (North\\-Western Satsuma)\n\t\t\t\t+ [Izumi](/wiki/Izumi%2C_Kagoshima \"Izumi, Kagoshima\")\\-[Akune](/wiki/Akune%2C_Kagoshima \"Akune, Kagoshima\") (and surrounding areas)\n\t\t\t\t+ [Nagashima](/wiki/Nagashima%2C_Kagoshima \"Nagashima, Kagoshima\")\\-Shishijima\n\t\t\t* Central Satsuma (most of Kagoshima, especially in and around [Kagoshima City](/wiki/Kagoshima \"Kagoshima\"))\n\t\t\t* Southern Satsuma\n\t\t\t\t+ South [Satsuma Peninsula](/wiki/Satsuma_Peninsula \"Satsuma Peninsula\") ([Makurazaki](/wiki/Makurazaki%2C_Kagoshima \"Makurazaki, Kagoshima\"))\n\t\t\t\t+ Western [Ōsumi Islands](/wiki/%C5%8Csumi_Islands \"Ōsumi Islands\") (Kuroshima, Takeshima, [Iōjima](/wiki/I%C5%8Djima%2C_Kagoshima \"Iōjima, Kagoshima\"))\n\t\t- [Ōsumi](/wiki/%C5%8Csumi_Province \"Ōsumi Province\") (Eastern Kagoshima)\n\t\t- Morokata (South\\-Western [Miyazaki](/wiki/Miyazaki_Prefecture \"Miyazaki Prefecture\"))\n\t+ [Koshikijima Islands](/wiki/Koshikijima_Islands \"Koshikijima Islands\")\n\t\t- North (Kami\\-Koshikijima)\n\t\t- Central (Naka\\-Koshikijima)\n\t\t- South (Shimo\\-Koshikijima)\n\t+ Eastern [Ōsumi Islands](/wiki/%C5%8Csumi_Islands \"Ōsumi Islands\")\n\t\t- [Tanegashima](/wiki/Tanegashima \"Tanegashima\")\n\t\t\t* Northern Tanegashima ([Nishinoomote](/wiki/Nishinoomote%2C_Kagoshima \"Nishinoomote, Kagoshima\"))\n\t\t\t* Southern Tanegashima ([Nakatane](/wiki/Nakatane%2C_Kagoshima \"Nakatane, Kagoshima\"), [Minamitane](/wiki/Minamitane%2C_Kagoshima \"Minamitane, Kagoshima\"))\n\t\t- [Yakushima](/wiki/Yakushima%2C_Kagoshima \"Yakushima, Kagoshima\")\n\t\t\t* [Yakushima Island](/wiki/Yakushima \"Yakushima\")\n\t\t\t* [Kuchinoerabu Island](/wiki/Kuchinoerabu_Island \"Kuchinoerabu Island\")\n\t+ [Tokara Islands](/wiki/Tokara_Islands \"Tokara Islands\")\n\t\t- Northern Tokara ([Kuchinoshima](/wiki/Kuchinoshima \"Kuchinoshima\"), [Nakanoshima](/wiki/Nakanoshima \"Nakanoshima\"))\n\t\t- Central Tokara (Tairajima, [Suwanosejima](/wiki/Suwanosejima \"Suwanosejima\"))\n\t\t- Southern Tokara ([Takarajima](/wiki/Takarajima \"Takarajima\"))\n\t\t\n\n \n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nHistorically, Satsuma had maintained an influential control over the trading routes that bounded the [Kyūshū](/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB \"Kyūshū\") island to the [Ryukyu Islands](/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands \"Ryukyu Islands\"), [Mainland Japan](/wiki/Mainland_Japan \"Mainland Japan\") and by extension, the rest of the world. Its commercial importance to the rest of Japan was reflected in the adoption of such terms as *Satsuma imo* (sweet potato), *Satsuma yaki* (Satsuma styled pottery), and *Satsuma jisho* (Japanese\\-English dictionary). Similar terms such as [satsuma ware](/wiki/Satsuma_ware \"Satsuma ware\") and [satsuma](/wiki/Satsuma_%28fruit%29 \"Satsuma (fruit)\") (orange) were also, along with several words from the dialect itself such as [soy](/wiki/Soy \"Soy\") (Satsugū: そい\\~しょい ), later incorporated into the [English language](/wiki/English_language \"English language\").\n\nDuring the [Edo period](/wiki/Edo_period \"Edo period\"), the [Sakoku Edict of 1635](/wiki/Sakoku_Edict_of_1635 \"Sakoku Edict of 1635\") led to the strict seclusion of Japan from the outside world. However, the [Satsuma Domain](/wiki/Satsuma_Domain \"Satsuma Domain\"), which spanned the provinces of Satsuma, Ōsumi, and the southwestern part of [Hyūga](/wiki/Hy%C5%ABga_Province \"Hyūga Province\"), maintained trade relations with neighboring countries by using the [Ryukyu Islands](/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands \"Ryukyu Islands\") as a conduit, and by advocating that the islands distinctively formed an independent kingdom, even though in reality the Satsuma Domain had conquered the [Ryūkyū Kingdom](/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Kingdom \"Ryūkyū Kingdom\") in 1609\\. The [invasion of Ryukyu](/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu \"Invasion of Ryukyu\") had assured Satsuma's place as one of the most powerful feudal domains in [Tokugawa Japan](/wiki/Edo_period \"Edo period\"), and would also set a precedent for Satsuma as a vital role in later overthrowing the [Tokugawa shogunate](/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate \"Tokugawa shogunate\") and initiating the [Meiji Restoration](/wiki/Meiji_Restoration \"Meiji Restoration\").\n\nIn the Fall of 1729, a ship from Satsuma bound for the province of [Osaka](/wiki/Osaka \"Osaka\") drifted off course and ended up landing at [Cape Lopatka](/wiki/Cape_Lopatka \"Cape Lopatka\"), in [Russia](/wiki/Russia \"Russia\").\\* \n \n \n * + - Upon arrival, the crew were attacked by a group of [cossacks](/wiki/Cossacks \"Cossacks\") led by Andreï Chtinnikov. Out of seventeen members, only two survived: a trader named Soza, and the pilot's son and apprentice, [Gonza](/wiki/Gonza \"Gonza\"). The two were sent across the country to the capital of [Saint Petersburg](/wiki/Saint_Petersburg \"Saint Petersburg\"), where they were received in audience by Empress [Anna Ivanovna](/wiki/Anna_of_Russia \"Anna of Russia\"), and later baptized in the [Russian Orthodox Church](/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church \"Russian Orthodox Church\"). They went on afterwards to teach Japanese, and helped establish the first Japanese\\-language school in Russia. Gonza, who was also fluent in Russian, wrote and edited a number of books about the Japanese language, using the [Cyrillic alphabet](/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet \"Cyrillic alphabet\") to transliterate words. These transliterations provide not only the oldest record of the Satsugū dialect, but have also been cited for their comprehensive evidence of the history, phonology and variability of the Japanese language.\n\n[left\\|thumb\\|100px\\|The flag of the Satsuma Domain](/wiki/Image:Flag_of_Satsuma_domain.svg \"Flag of Satsuma domain.svg\")\nWhen Japan started slowly opening up to the rest of the world in the mid 19th century, Satsuma was one of the first domains to embrace Western culture and methods. However, tension quickly grew between the increasing invasiveness of Westerners in southern Japan. When the [Namamugi Incident](/wiki/Namamugi_Incident \"Namamugi Incident\") of September 14, 1862 occurred, political and ideological differences between the [United Kingdom](/wiki/United_Kingdom \"United Kingdom\") and [Satsuma Province](/wiki/Satsuma_Province \"Satsuma Province\") sparked outrage and quickly boiled into the [Anglo\\-Satsuma War](/wiki/Bombardment_of_Kagoshima \"Bombardment of Kagoshima\"). Satsuma would ultimately lose, leaving way to increasing dissatisfaction with the Tokugawan government. The [Meiji government](/wiki/Meiji_government \"Meiji government\") would then take its place after the Tokugawan government was overthrown in the [Boshin War](/wiki/Boshin_War \"Boshin War\"). However, corruption in the Meiji government, which it originally helped establish, would then give birth to the [Satsuma Rebellion](/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion \"Satsuma Rebellion\") of 1877\\. Despite their numbers, the Satsuma Domain was rapidly overpowered, and its defeat eventually resulted in the end of its dominance in Japan's southern sphere. The Satsugū dialect, which had a predominant role in [samurai](/wiki/Samurai \"Samurai\") affairs and equally the police hierarchy system throughout Japan, steadily declined in influence following this defeat.\n\nIn July 1871, the [Japanese domain system](/wiki/Han_%28administrative_division%29 \"Han (administrative division)\") was abolished. The region of the Satsuma Domain mostly became part of the [Kagoshima Prefecture](/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture \"Kagoshima Prefecture\"), while a small portion of its northeastern region was incorporated into the [Miyazaki Prefecture](/wiki/Miyazaki_Prefecture \"Miyazaki Prefecture\"). The abolition of the domain system also brought forth standardized education. However, as Kagoshima was already an uncontested part of mainland Japan, assimilation through education was not a priority as it had been in [Okinawa](/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture \"Okinawa Prefecture\"). Though contrary to Okinawa, the [Satsuma clan](/wiki/Shimazu_clan \"Shimazu clan\") sought to preserve the uniqueness of its own dialect. As such, the Satsugū dialect persisted.\n\nWhen the [United States](/wiki/United_States \"United States\") later took control of Japan's South in [World War II](/wiki/World_War_II \"World War II\"), Japanese officials tactically sought to exploit Kagoshima's more northern position, its advancement in shipping technology, and most notably the Satsugū dialect's mutual unintelligibility as a method of [cryptographic communication](/wiki/Cryptography \"Cryptography\") between Japan and Germany. Dozens of international phone calls had been made using the Satsugū dialect, and despite being able to eavesdrop on the conversations being sent back and forth, the United States was unable to determine the language spoken. The use of the Satsugū dialect to further obfuscate communication during both the Second World War and possibly the period of the earlier Satsuma Domain has led to a popular belief that Satsugū was created as an [artificial language](/wiki/Artificial_language \"Artificial language\") and promoted for the purpose of being unintelligible in order to thwart enemy spies.\n\n",
"Current status\n--------------\n\nLike other Japanese regional dialects, the traditional dialects of Kagoshima are now being displaced by standard Japanese as a consequence of standardized education and centralized media, especially among the younger generation. As a result, many of the features that so characterize the dialects are now disappearing. In terms of phonology, for example, the palatalized variant of the vowel is now being phased out, as is the retention of the labialized consonants . More prominently, many of the phonological processes, such as [vowel coalescence](/wiki/%23Vowel_coalescence \"#Vowel coalescence\") and [high vowel deletion](/wiki/%23High-vowel_deletion \"#High-vowel deletion\"), as well as most grammatical constructions and words that are unique to these dialects, are being completely uprooted by their standard forms.\n\nDespite this, many popular words and expressions continue to persist today, even among younger speakers. Examples pulled from a research survey include \"please do your best\", \"thank you for your work\", \"older brother\", \"shy\", and \"exactly\", among numerous others. The same research also revealed through interviews that, while people generally felt a positive vibe to hearing the traditional dialect spoken, those under the age of 40 expressed some difficulty understanding. One woman in her sixties was quoted saying: \"There are now very few people who can use the true dialect\".\n\nEfforts to document the dialects or promote them through cultural means are few, though some notable dictionaries on the mainland Kagoshima dialect have been published, such as the , while others can be accessed online. A few [manga](/wiki/Manga \"Manga\") written in an admixture of the dialect and standard Japanese, such as and by have also been published.\n\n",
"Phonology\n---------\n\n### Vowels\n\n| | Front | Central | Back |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Close | | | |\n| Mid | | | |\n| Open | | | |\n\nAll of the Kagoshima dialects contrast the following five vowels: , , , and . In terms of pronunciation, the Kagoshima dialects pattern with other far\\-western Honshu and Kyushu dialects, wherein the [close back vowel](/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel%23Close_back_compressed_vowel \"Close back rounded vowel#Close back compressed vowel\") is slightly more rounded than in Tokyo Japanese.Shibatani (1990\\), p.161 Additionally, the [mid front unrounded vowel](/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel \"Mid front unrounded vowel\") differs from standard Japanese in that it retains the [Late Middle Japanese](/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese \"Late Middle Japanese\") variation between palatalized and unpalatalized . The palatalization may spread to the previous consonant, so that the syllables might vary between and . This is similar to the palatalization observed with the vowel : . In Tanegashima, the [mid back vowel](/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel \"Close-mid back rounded vowel\") still exhibits rounding in some words such as *io* \"fish\" or *shio* \"salt\".\n\nVowel length remains contrastive in all regional dialects, but is noticeably less prominent and sometimes ambiguous in the mainland as a result of a process of [vowel length reduction](/wiki/%23Vowel_length_reduction \"#Vowel length reduction\"). Should historically short, high vowels be shown to devoice rather than delete following sibilant consonants, then dialects of the mainland may effectively contrast the devoiced vowels and with their non\\-devoiced counterparts and , which arose from historically long vowels.\n\nIn comparison to standard Japanese, co\\-occurring vowel sequences tend to fuse into a single vowel, giving rise to a complex system of [vowel coalescence](/wiki/%23Vowel_coalescence \"#Vowel coalescence\") in all regional dialects. In the dialect of [Takarajima](/wiki/Takarajima \"Takarajima\") exceptionally, the sequences , and have not merged into as in other regions, but have instead centralized to and . The vowel tends to result from a fusion of , while usually stems from the fusion of or . Neither of these two coalesced vowels trigger palatalization, consider, for example: \"siblings\" (not ). The vowel is also unique in this dialect in that it may trigger the labialization of the consonant to , as in \"ash\".\n\n### Consonants\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Conflation of the *[yotsugana](/wiki/Yotsugana \"Yotsugana\")* syllables throughout Japan. Kagoshima falls in the purple area where all four syllables are still mostly distinguished. Using [Nihon\\-shiki romanization](/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization \"Nihon-shiki romanization\"):\n\n](/wiki/File:Yotsugana.png \"Yotsugana.png\")\nThe basic consonant inventory of the Satsugū dialect is the same as that of standard Japanese.\n\n| | [Bilabial](/wiki/Bilabial_consonant \"Bilabial consonant\") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant \"Palatal consonant\") | [Labio\\-velar](/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant \"Labialized velar consonant\") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant \"Glottal consonant\") | Placeless |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_stop \"Nasal stop\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [Plosive](/wiki/Plosive_consonant \"Plosive consonant\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [Flap](/wiki/Flap_consonant \"Flap consonant\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant_consonant \"Approximant consonant\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n\nThe plosive consonants are [laminal](/wiki/Laminal_consonant \"Laminal consonant\") denti\\-alveolar and the fricatives are laminal alveolar. Before and palatalized , these sounds are [alveolo\\-palatal](/wiki/Alveolo-palatal \"Alveolo-palatal\") () and before they are alveolar (). In terms of the latter, the distinction between all four of the traditional syllables , , and is still preserved within the Kyūshū portion of Kagoshima. Here, they are contrastively realized as , , and . In respect to high vowel deletion, the pairs ヂ and ヅ act as obstruents rather than fricatives, as indicated through their underlying representations and . In parts of northern Koshikijima exceptionally, the sounds contrast with : \"song.DAT\" vs \"song.TOP\" vs \"hit.TOP\".\n\nThe flap consonant is generally an [apical](/wiki/Apical_consonant \"Apical consonant\") postalveolar flap with undefined [laterality](/wiki/Lateral_consonant \"Lateral consonant\"). In word medial and final position, is frequently rendered as a glide (see [sonorant gliding](/wiki/%23Sonorant_gliding \"#Sonorant gliding\") below). It may also be subject to fortition, merging into in initial position, while occasionally shifting to or in medial position, especially if preceded by a devoiced syllable. Examples of fortition include → \"ease\", → \"next year\", → \"interesting; amusing\", and → (pronounced ) \"cooking\".\n\nThe fricative consonant is pronounced as a [voiceless bilabial fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative \"Voiceless bilabial fricative\") before the vowel , and may vary from a [voiceless palatal fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative \"Voiceless palatal fricative\") to a [voiceless alveolo\\-palatal fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative \"Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative\") before the vowel , effectively merging with in this position. Curiously, the sibilant consonant has a tendency to [debuccalize](/wiki/Debuccalization \"Debuccalization\") to in word medial position before the low vowel , and more commonly before the high vowel in all positions. Examples of this include *\\-han* for *\\-san* (negative 'su' ending), *kagohima* for Kagoshima, *gowahi* for *gowashi* (copula), *sahikabui* for *sashikabui* \"long time no see\", etc.\n\nThe labialized velar consonants and have limited use, contrasting and almost solely before the vowel . For example, \"conflagration\" contrasts \"housework\". Nowadays, however, these sounds are in regression and younger speakers merge them with their non\\-labialized counterparts as in standard Japanese. So words like \"hoe\", \"sweets\", \"useless\" and \"[Goddess of Mercy](/wiki/Guanyin \"Guanyin\")\" are now increasingly being pronounced , , and . Though uncommon, other sequences such as , , and may occur through contraction of to . For example, the imperative form of \"eat\", which is in standard Japanese, becomes in the dialect, which contrasts both \"landslide\" (pronounced ) and \"shellfish\". They may also surface in a few onomatopoeic words, such as \"[woof woof](/wiki/Bark_%28utterance%29 \"Bark (utterance)\")\". In parts of Southern Satsuma and Tanegashima, may allophonically be realized as , so that \"eat.\" may be pronounced as , and Tanegashima \"thorn\" becomes .\n\n#### Placeless consonants\n\nThe [archiphonemes](/wiki/Archiphoneme \"Archiphoneme\") and can also be represented by the [uvular nasal](/wiki/Uvular_nasal \"Uvular nasal\") and the [glottal stop](/wiki/Glottal_stop \"Glottal stop\") . Both of these phonemes derive from a single process consisting of deleting the point of articulation of a given syllable, both correspond to a full [mora](/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29 \"Mora (linguistics)\"), and both undergo a variety of [assimilatory](/wiki/Assimilation_%28linguistics%29 \"Assimilation (linguistics)\") processes.\n\nAs with standard Japanese, the place of articulation of the moraic nasal , which corresponds to a reduced nasal syllable, is determined by the following consonant. Contrary to standard Japanese, however, the moraic nasal may also surface in word\\-initial position, as in the expression \"wow!\" or the word \"horse\".\n\nSimilarly, the moraic obstruent corresponds to a reduced stop syllable. Contrary to the standard language, the moraic obstruent may occur word medially before any other sound except the moraic nasal. It may also occur in word\\-final position, which means that its phonetic realization cannot be immediately determined within the lexical unit. Like the moraic nasal, its place of articulation is mostly determined by the following consonant. Before other stops and fricatives, it assimilates, creating an effect of gemination. Before nasal syllables, the moraic obstruent may be realized, depending on the regional dialect, as a [glottal stop](/wiki/Glottal_stop \"Glottal stop\") , so that \"fox\" is pronounced . Other dialects exhibit gemination in this position, so that the latter is pronounced instead. At the end of utterances and in isolation, the moraic obstruent is predictably realized as a glottal stop , which may also suggest that a parallelism exists between the glottal stop in interjections and the moraic obstruent in standard Japanese itself.\n\nIn some regions of Kagoshima such as Uchinoura, a third archiphoneme is described. is generally pronounced and historically stems from a reduction of the syllables , , and in non\\-word initial position. For example, in Uchinoura, became \"daughter\", became \"grilling on a skewer\", and became \"conflagration\".\n\n### Phonological processes\n\n#### Vowel coalescence\n\n[Vowel coalescence](/wiki/Vowel_coalescence \"Vowel coalescence\") or vowel fusion is a phonological process by which two consecutive vowels merge into a single one. For example, in most Japanese dialects including that of [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo_dialect \"Tokyo dialect\"), the sequence of results in the [monophthong](/wiki/Monophthong \"Monophthong\") : → \"tall\". Similarly, the Kagoshima dialects have also undergone a process of vowel coalescence. However, unlike dialects like that of Tokyo, the process is much more pervasive in Kagoshima, to the extent that nearly all vowel sequences exhibit some form of fusion.\n\nFor instance, vowel coalescence systematically occurs with the vowel followed by , so that \"ash\" and \"shellfish\" become and respectively. Likewise, followed by results in the , so that \"come\" is becomes as well. A sentence such as \"Come buy shellfish\" would thus become , which, due to [vowel length reduction](/wiki/%23Vowel_length_reduction \"#Vowel length reduction\"), is pronounced entirely as in mainland Kagoshima.\n\nIt also occurs with the vowel followed by , so that \"(to become) red\" and \"buy\" become and respectively. Other mergers include → , → , → , → , among numerous others that can be summarized in the following table, where the *y*\\-axis denotes the first vowel and the *x*\\-axis the second:\n\n| \\+ Table of vowel mergers in Kagoshima |\n| --- |\n| | | | | | |\n| | | | | , | |\n| | | | | | |\n| | | | | , | |\n| | , | | | | |\n| | | | , | | |\n\nDespite the extent of this sound change, the Kagoshima dialects are not devoid of co\\-occurring vowels due to other, subsequent sound changes that have taken place in the dialects. As an example, \"this\" exists and is not reduced to because it historically comes from .\n\n#### High\\-vowel deletion\n\nIn Kagoshima's mainland, the high vowels and are systematically dropped in word final position after a non\\-[fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") consonant. The remaining consonant is syllabified into coda position, where it is reduced to a [moraic obstruent](/wiki/Japanese_phonology%23Moraic_obstruent \"Japanese phonology#Moraic obstruent\") if [oral](/wiki/Oral_consonant \"Oral consonant\"), or a [moraic nasal](/wiki/Japanese_phonology%23Moraic_nasal \"Japanese phonology#Moraic nasal\") if [nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\"). In the case of the [palatal approximant](/wiki/Palatal_approximant \"Palatal approximant\") , it is reduced to its corresponding high vowel .\n\n| Standard Japanese | [Underlying form](/wiki/Underlying_representation \"Underlying representation\") | Surface realization | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | ear |\n| | | | to bite |\n| | | | dog |\n| | | | neck |\n| | | | nail |\n| | | | shoes |\n| | | | dew |\n| | | | soy sauce |\n\nWord\\-medially, a syllable containing the high vowels and may also be reduced to its respective moraic equivalent if not already followed by a moraic obstruent or nasal. In this way, the town of [Matsumoto](/wiki/Matsumoto%2C_Kagoshima \"Matsumoto, Kagoshima\") is realized as , the village of Shikine as , the noun *skin boil* as and the adjective *painful* as . The assimilatory processes of a given regional dialect are then applied, so that \"skin boil\" is pronounced , and \"painful\" may become either or . With regards to the latter, the difference may be marked in writing, so that for , the pronunciation is written as , whereas is written as .\n\nA similar effect to high vowel deletion can be observed with sibilants. Namely, the high vowels and will be devoiced to and respectively following a sibilant consonant such as or , and may be deleted entirely especially in word\\-final position. This has an effect of weakening the syllables within which they are contained, causing them to have no effect on [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_accent \"Pitch accent\") in the same way as both the moraic nasal and obstruent do not. Devoicing or deletion of high vowels can also trigger devoicing of the fricative , so that \"conflagration\" is pronounced or . Occasionally, such syllables may dropped entirely, leaving behind an assimilatory trace like the moraic obstruent. For example, the name [Kagoshima](/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture \"Kagoshima Prefecture\") itself may be subject to this phenomenon, resulting in or instead of . Conflictingly, however, the [sibilant consonant](/wiki/Sibilant_consonant \"Sibilant consonant\") followed by may instead merge with or be dropped entirely, leading to the added pronunciations and .\n\n#### Sonorant gliding\n\nSonorant gliding is a phonological process whereby the sonorant syllables , and are reduced to the high vowel in word medial or final position. When followed by another vowel, the may turn into a palatal glide .\n\n| Standard Japanese | Kagoshima | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| | | round |\n| | | ball |\n| | | rare |\n| | | I, me |\n| | | This, that, that over there |\n| | | Car, vehicle |\n| | | Grateful, thankful |\n| | | To be involved in |\n\nNote that, when it comes to the syllable , this sound change is mostly limited to the nominal rather than verbal paradigm, where the flap becomes a moraic obstruent instead (e.g. → ).\n\n#### Vowel length reduction\n\nToday, the dialects of mainland Satsuma and Ōsumi can be described as lacking [compensatory vowel lengthening](/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening \"Compensatory lengthening\"), so that two vowels which coalesce into one will be short rather than long.\n\n| Standard Japanese | Tokyo Japanese | Tanegashima | Satsuma\\-Ōsumi | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | | Radish |\n| | | | | Usually |\n\nHowever, it would be more accurate to say that the mainland dialects exhibited vowel length reduction, so that long vowels such as later shortened to . This accounts for the reason as to why certain words such as \"yesterday\" or \"[torii](/wiki/Torii \"Torii\")\", which are and in standard Japanese, are not subject to high vowel deletion or sonorant gliding, while \"silk\" and \"bird\", which are and in standard Japanese, are. It also accounts for the discrepancy between forms when particles are attached to words, such as こい \"this\", which derives from the historical form ; versus \"this.\", which derives from , a fusion of \"this\" and the [dative](/wiki/Dative_case \"Dative case\") particle .\n\n#### Other changes\n\nNumerous other, less consistent changes have affected many of the regional dialects in Kagoshima. Some of these include:\n\n* Historical vowel raising of the short vowel to following alveolar consonants in non\\-word\\-initial position:\n\t+ → (→ ) \"thing; matter\"\n\t+ → (→ ) \"play\"\n\t+ → \"over there\"\n* Historical vowel raising of the short vowel to following nasal consonants in word\\-final position, and subsequent reduction of the syllable to a moraic nasal in most Kagoshima dialects:\n\t+ → → \"thing; person\"\n\t+ → → \"plural suffix\"\n* Reduction of the sequence to , or less commonly :\n\t+ → (→ ) \"river; well\"\n\t+ → (→ ) \"river; well\"\n* Depalatalization of the sequences and , especially in mainland Kagoshima:\n\t+ → → \"soy sauce\"\n\t+ → \"doctor\"\n\t+ → \"cute\"\n* Intervocalic voicing of plosive consonants in southern Satsuma, notably in [Makurazaki City](/wiki/Makurazaki%2C_Kagoshima \"Makurazaki, Kagoshima\"):\n\t+ → \"man\"\n\t+ → \"cherry blossom\"\n\n### Phonotactics\n\nThe syllable structure of the Kagoshima dialects is more complex than that of standard Japanese and can minimally be represented by the formula (C2)(G)V2(P), where C2 represents a consonant or cluster of two consonants, G represents a glide, V2 represents a vowel or sequence of vowels and P represents any placeless consonant.\n\n| | Component | Details |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Onset (*optional*) | Consonant2 | Any consonant or cluster of two consonants. Permissible clusters vary by region, but are largely limited to fricative\\-stop clusters such as and . |\n| Glide | Only the palatal glide falls in this category. |\n| Nucleus (obligatory) | Vowel2 | Any vowel, long vowel or sequence of vowels. |\n| Coda (*optional*) | Placeless | Any placeless consonant, including , and . |\n\nThe above formula accounts for nearly all permissible syllable structures, with only one exception which is that and can constitute full syllables on their own, found primarily only in word\\-initial position.\n\nThe following table illustrates some of the different types of syllables that are allowed in the Kagoshima dialects.\n\n| Syllable structure | Example word |\n| --- | --- |\n| V | 大 \"large, great\" |\n| VV | 蟻 \"ant\" |\n| CVV | そい \"that\" |\n| CCV | () 人 \"person\" |\n| CGV | 今日 \"today\" |\n| CVP | 火事 \"conflagration\" |\n| CGVP | 軍鶏 \"game fowl\" |\n| NN (\\+ CV) | 馬 \"horse\" |\n\n### Prosody\n\n[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Map of the pitch accent systems throughout Japan. Most of Kagoshima falls into the South\\-Western Kyushu two\\-pattern accent group (■ ).](/wiki/File:Japanese_pitch_accent_map-ja.png \"Japanese pitch accent map-ja.png\")\n\n#### Kagoshima accent\n\nOne of the most oft\\-studied aspects of the Kagoshima dialect is its prosodic system. With the exception of a few areas such as Tanegashima, the system is described as a two\\-pattern pitch accent in which phrasal units may be either accented or unaccented. In accented units (also called \"Type A\" tone\\-bearing units), all syllables bear a low tonal pitch (\"L\") except for the penultimate syllable, which bears a high pitch (\"H\"). In unaccented units (also called \"Type B\" tone\\-bearing units), all syllables bear a low pitch until the final syllable, at which point the pitch rises to a high pitch.\n\n| \\+ Tone placement in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 1 syllable | **(H)L** or \"spirit\" | **H** \"tree\" |\n| 2 syllables | **HL** \"nose\" | **LH** \"flower\" |\n| 3 syllables | **LHL** \"longish\" | **LLH** \"scene\" |\n\n* In accented words with only one syllable, the pitch is described as falling (sometimes written \"F\"). This is because the vowel is subject to lengthening, where the first mora in the syllable will bear a high tone while the second mora will bear a low tone. This means that \"spirit\" would be pronounced like and have a high\\-low (HL) pitch, as if it were a two\\-syllable word. This vowel length disappears when the word is followed by other morphemes such as particles.\n\nAlthough the type of pitch accent is lexically determined, it is more specifically determined by the first element in a syntactic phrase and will apply to that entire phrase. This effectively means that the placement of the high tone in accented or unaccented units will shift rightwards to the penultimate or final syllable of the phrase when other morphemes, auxiliaries or grammatical particles such as are appended at the end.\n \n * + \n\n| \\+ Tone shifting in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 1 → 2 syllables | **HL**気が \"spirit \" | **LH**木が \"tree \" |\n| 2 → 3 syllables | **LHL**鼻が \"nose \" | **LLH**花が \"flower \" |\n| 3 → 4 syllables | **LLHL**長めが \"longish \" | **LLLH**眺めが \"scene \" |\n\nBecause the accent pattern is always determined by the first element of the phrasal unit, prefixes will alter the accent type of the word to which they attach. For example, \"temple\" and are normally accented, but when the honorific prefix *o\\-* is added, they shift to an unaccented pattern: and .\n\nNote that the high tone falls on the syllable rather than the [mora](/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29 \"Mora (linguistics)\"), so tone placement remains unaffected by moraic obstruents, moraic nasals, fricatives resulting from devoicing, long vowels and diphthongs.\n\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Moraic Nasal | \"stubbornness\" → | \"[Obon Festival](/wiki/Bon_Festival \"Bon Festival\")\" → |\n| Moraic Obstruent | \"one's convenience\" → | \"adzuki\\-bean mochi\" → |\n| Devoiced fricative | \"glass\" → | \"crow\" → |\n| Vowel | \"car\" → | \"passing through\" → |\n\n#### Makurazaki accent\n\nThe Makurazaki dialect, spoken in and around [Makurazaki City](/wiki/Makurazaki%2C_Kagoshima \"Makurazaki, Kagoshima\"), is described as a two\\-pattern pitch accent system very similar to that of the Kagoshima accent. In this dialect, accented units bear a high tone on all syllables except the penultimate syllable, which bears a low pitch. In unaccented units, all syllables have a high pitch except the final syllable, which bears a middle pitch (\"M\").\n\n| \\+ Tone placement in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 1 syllable | **H** \"day\" | **M** \"fire\" |\n| 2 syllables | **LH** \"nose\" | **HM** \"flower\" |\n| 3 syllables | **HLH** \"cherry blossom\" | **HHM** \"man\" |\n| 4 syllables | **HHLH** \"weft\" | **HHHM** \"morning glory\" |\n\n* The tone of unaccented words with one syllable has also been described as \"falling\", but it is not clear whether this manifests itself as vowel lengthening similar to accented words in the Kagoshima accent.\n\nLike mainland Kagoshima, the accent type is determined by the first element in the phrasal unit and the pitch will shift accordingly as other morphemes are added. For example, \"flower\" has a high\\-middle (HM) pitch in isolation, but when the particle is appended, it becomes \"flower \" with a high\\-high\\-middle pitch (HHM).\n\n#### Koshikijima accent\n\nThe prosodic system of Koshikijima, like that of mainland Kagoshima, is characterized as a two\\-pattern pitch accent. It differs, however, in the placement of the accent. In this system, the primary high tone falls on a mora and is always preceded by a low\\-pitched syllable. Any other syllables preceding the low one will automatically bear a high tone.\n\nSimilar to the Kagoshima Accent, the high tone is assigned to the very last mora in an unaccented unit. In an accented unit, the high tone falls on the penultimate mora and falls back down on the last mora. Tone placement will also shift accordingly when morphemes and the such are appended to the unit.\n\n| \\+ Tone placement in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 2 syllables | **H\\*L** \"candy\" | **LH\\*** \"rain\" |\n| 3 syllables | **LH\\*L** \"fish\" | **HLH\\*** \"life\" |\n| 5 syllables | **HHLH\\*L** \"candy festival\" | **HHHLH\\*** \"rain festival\" |\n\nIf, in an accented unit, the final low tone falls on a moraic consonant such as , the second mora of a long vowel, or the second vowel of a diphthong, any syllable that follows will also bear a low tone. Otherwise, if the final low tone falls on a consonant\\-vowel syllable, any syllable that is added will shift the entire tone placement.\n\n| Colloquial | \"wild animal\" | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Non\\-colloquial | \"wild animal\" | |\n\nWhen multiple phrasal units are combined together, the second peak containing the primary high tone will become low in all units except the last one. Thus, for example, when the verbal phrase \"was seen\" is combined with the nominalized phrase \"wild animal\", the accent pattern becomes: \"a wild animal was seen\". Likewise, when it is combined with the colloquial form , the pattern becomes: .\n\n",
"### Vowels\n\n| | Front | Central | Back |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Close | | | |\n| Mid | | | |\n| Open | | | |\n\nAll of the Kagoshima dialects contrast the following five vowels: , , , and . In terms of pronunciation, the Kagoshima dialects pattern with other far\\-western Honshu and Kyushu dialects, wherein the [close back vowel](/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel%23Close_back_compressed_vowel \"Close back rounded vowel#Close back compressed vowel\") is slightly more rounded than in Tokyo Japanese.Shibatani (1990\\), p.161 Additionally, the [mid front unrounded vowel](/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel \"Mid front unrounded vowel\") differs from standard Japanese in that it retains the [Late Middle Japanese](/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese \"Late Middle Japanese\") variation between palatalized and unpalatalized . The palatalization may spread to the previous consonant, so that the syllables might vary between and . This is similar to the palatalization observed with the vowel : . In Tanegashima, the [mid back vowel](/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel \"Close-mid back rounded vowel\") still exhibits rounding in some words such as *io* \"fish\" or *shio* \"salt\".\n\nVowel length remains contrastive in all regional dialects, but is noticeably less prominent and sometimes ambiguous in the mainland as a result of a process of [vowel length reduction](/wiki/%23Vowel_length_reduction \"#Vowel length reduction\"). Should historically short, high vowels be shown to devoice rather than delete following sibilant consonants, then dialects of the mainland may effectively contrast the devoiced vowels and with their non\\-devoiced counterparts and , which arose from historically long vowels.\n\nIn comparison to standard Japanese, co\\-occurring vowel sequences tend to fuse into a single vowel, giving rise to a complex system of [vowel coalescence](/wiki/%23Vowel_coalescence \"#Vowel coalescence\") in all regional dialects. In the dialect of [Takarajima](/wiki/Takarajima \"Takarajima\") exceptionally, the sequences , and have not merged into as in other regions, but have instead centralized to and . The vowel tends to result from a fusion of , while usually stems from the fusion of or . Neither of these two coalesced vowels trigger palatalization, consider, for example: \"siblings\" (not ). The vowel is also unique in this dialect in that it may trigger the labialization of the consonant to , as in \"ash\".\n\n",
"### Consonants\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|300px\\|Conflation of the *[yotsugana](/wiki/Yotsugana \"Yotsugana\")* syllables throughout Japan. Kagoshima falls in the purple area where all four syllables are still mostly distinguished. Using [Nihon\\-shiki romanization](/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization \"Nihon-shiki romanization\"):\n\n](/wiki/File:Yotsugana.png \"Yotsugana.png\")\nThe basic consonant inventory of the Satsugū dialect is the same as that of standard Japanese.\n\n| | [Bilabial](/wiki/Bilabial_consonant \"Bilabial consonant\") | [Alveolar](/wiki/Alveolar_consonant \"Alveolar consonant\") | [Palatal](/wiki/Palatal_consonant \"Palatal consonant\") | [Labio\\-velar](/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant \"Labialized velar consonant\") | [Velar](/wiki/Velar_consonant \"Velar consonant\") | [Glottal](/wiki/Glottal_consonant \"Glottal consonant\") | Placeless |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\n [Nasal](/wiki/Nasal_stop \"Nasal stop\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [Plosive](/wiki/Plosive_consonant \"Plosive consonant\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [Fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [Flap](/wiki/Flap_consonant \"Flap consonant\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n [Approximant](/wiki/Approximant_consonant \"Approximant consonant\") |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n |\n\nThe plosive consonants are [laminal](/wiki/Laminal_consonant \"Laminal consonant\") denti\\-alveolar and the fricatives are laminal alveolar. Before and palatalized , these sounds are [alveolo\\-palatal](/wiki/Alveolo-palatal \"Alveolo-palatal\") () and before they are alveolar (). In terms of the latter, the distinction between all four of the traditional syllables , , and is still preserved within the Kyūshū portion of Kagoshima. Here, they are contrastively realized as , , and . In respect to high vowel deletion, the pairs ヂ and ヅ act as obstruents rather than fricatives, as indicated through their underlying representations and . In parts of northern Koshikijima exceptionally, the sounds contrast with : \"song.DAT\" vs \"song.TOP\" vs \"hit.TOP\".\n\nThe flap consonant is generally an [apical](/wiki/Apical_consonant \"Apical consonant\") postalveolar flap with undefined [laterality](/wiki/Lateral_consonant \"Lateral consonant\"). In word medial and final position, is frequently rendered as a glide (see [sonorant gliding](/wiki/%23Sonorant_gliding \"#Sonorant gliding\") below). It may also be subject to fortition, merging into in initial position, while occasionally shifting to or in medial position, especially if preceded by a devoiced syllable. Examples of fortition include → \"ease\", → \"next year\", → \"interesting; amusing\", and → (pronounced ) \"cooking\".\n\nThe fricative consonant is pronounced as a [voiceless bilabial fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative \"Voiceless bilabial fricative\") before the vowel , and may vary from a [voiceless palatal fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative \"Voiceless palatal fricative\") to a [voiceless alveolo\\-palatal fricative](/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative \"Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative\") before the vowel , effectively merging with in this position. Curiously, the sibilant consonant has a tendency to [debuccalize](/wiki/Debuccalization \"Debuccalization\") to in word medial position before the low vowel , and more commonly before the high vowel in all positions. Examples of this include *\\-han* for *\\-san* (negative 'su' ending), *kagohima* for Kagoshima, *gowahi* for *gowashi* (copula), *sahikabui* for *sashikabui* \"long time no see\", etc.\n\nThe labialized velar consonants and have limited use, contrasting and almost solely before the vowel . For example, \"conflagration\" contrasts \"housework\". Nowadays, however, these sounds are in regression and younger speakers merge them with their non\\-labialized counterparts as in standard Japanese. So words like \"hoe\", \"sweets\", \"useless\" and \"[Goddess of Mercy](/wiki/Guanyin \"Guanyin\")\" are now increasingly being pronounced , , and . Though uncommon, other sequences such as , , and may occur through contraction of to . For example, the imperative form of \"eat\", which is in standard Japanese, becomes in the dialect, which contrasts both \"landslide\" (pronounced ) and \"shellfish\". They may also surface in a few onomatopoeic words, such as \"[woof woof](/wiki/Bark_%28utterance%29 \"Bark (utterance)\")\". In parts of Southern Satsuma and Tanegashima, may allophonically be realized as , so that \"eat.\" may be pronounced as , and Tanegashima \"thorn\" becomes .\n\n#### Placeless consonants\n\nThe [archiphonemes](/wiki/Archiphoneme \"Archiphoneme\") and can also be represented by the [uvular nasal](/wiki/Uvular_nasal \"Uvular nasal\") and the [glottal stop](/wiki/Glottal_stop \"Glottal stop\") . Both of these phonemes derive from a single process consisting of deleting the point of articulation of a given syllable, both correspond to a full [mora](/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29 \"Mora (linguistics)\"), and both undergo a variety of [assimilatory](/wiki/Assimilation_%28linguistics%29 \"Assimilation (linguistics)\") processes.\n\nAs with standard Japanese, the place of articulation of the moraic nasal , which corresponds to a reduced nasal syllable, is determined by the following consonant. Contrary to standard Japanese, however, the moraic nasal may also surface in word\\-initial position, as in the expression \"wow!\" or the word \"horse\".\n\nSimilarly, the moraic obstruent corresponds to a reduced stop syllable. Contrary to the standard language, the moraic obstruent may occur word medially before any other sound except the moraic nasal. It may also occur in word\\-final position, which means that its phonetic realization cannot be immediately determined within the lexical unit. Like the moraic nasal, its place of articulation is mostly determined by the following consonant. Before other stops and fricatives, it assimilates, creating an effect of gemination. Before nasal syllables, the moraic obstruent may be realized, depending on the regional dialect, as a [glottal stop](/wiki/Glottal_stop \"Glottal stop\") , so that \"fox\" is pronounced . Other dialects exhibit gemination in this position, so that the latter is pronounced instead. At the end of utterances and in isolation, the moraic obstruent is predictably realized as a glottal stop , which may also suggest that a parallelism exists between the glottal stop in interjections and the moraic obstruent in standard Japanese itself.\n\nIn some regions of Kagoshima such as Uchinoura, a third archiphoneme is described. is generally pronounced and historically stems from a reduction of the syllables , , and in non\\-word initial position. For example, in Uchinoura, became \"daughter\", became \"grilling on a skewer\", and became \"conflagration\".\n\n",
"#### Placeless consonants\n\nThe [archiphonemes](/wiki/Archiphoneme \"Archiphoneme\") and can also be represented by the [uvular nasal](/wiki/Uvular_nasal \"Uvular nasal\") and the [glottal stop](/wiki/Glottal_stop \"Glottal stop\") . Both of these phonemes derive from a single process consisting of deleting the point of articulation of a given syllable, both correspond to a full [mora](/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29 \"Mora (linguistics)\"), and both undergo a variety of [assimilatory](/wiki/Assimilation_%28linguistics%29 \"Assimilation (linguistics)\") processes.\n\nAs with standard Japanese, the place of articulation of the moraic nasal , which corresponds to a reduced nasal syllable, is determined by the following consonant. Contrary to standard Japanese, however, the moraic nasal may also surface in word\\-initial position, as in the expression \"wow!\" or the word \"horse\".\n\nSimilarly, the moraic obstruent corresponds to a reduced stop syllable. Contrary to the standard language, the moraic obstruent may occur word medially before any other sound except the moraic nasal. It may also occur in word\\-final position, which means that its phonetic realization cannot be immediately determined within the lexical unit. Like the moraic nasal, its place of articulation is mostly determined by the following consonant. Before other stops and fricatives, it assimilates, creating an effect of gemination. Before nasal syllables, the moraic obstruent may be realized, depending on the regional dialect, as a [glottal stop](/wiki/Glottal_stop \"Glottal stop\") , so that \"fox\" is pronounced . Other dialects exhibit gemination in this position, so that the latter is pronounced instead. At the end of utterances and in isolation, the moraic obstruent is predictably realized as a glottal stop , which may also suggest that a parallelism exists between the glottal stop in interjections and the moraic obstruent in standard Japanese itself.\n\nIn some regions of Kagoshima such as Uchinoura, a third archiphoneme is described. is generally pronounced and historically stems from a reduction of the syllables , , and in non\\-word initial position. For example, in Uchinoura, became \"daughter\", became \"grilling on a skewer\", and became \"conflagration\".\n\n",
"### Phonological processes\n\n#### Vowel coalescence\n\n[Vowel coalescence](/wiki/Vowel_coalescence \"Vowel coalescence\") or vowel fusion is a phonological process by which two consecutive vowels merge into a single one. For example, in most Japanese dialects including that of [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo_dialect \"Tokyo dialect\"), the sequence of results in the [monophthong](/wiki/Monophthong \"Monophthong\") : → \"tall\". Similarly, the Kagoshima dialects have also undergone a process of vowel coalescence. However, unlike dialects like that of Tokyo, the process is much more pervasive in Kagoshima, to the extent that nearly all vowel sequences exhibit some form of fusion.\n\nFor instance, vowel coalescence systematically occurs with the vowel followed by , so that \"ash\" and \"shellfish\" become and respectively. Likewise, followed by results in the , so that \"come\" is becomes as well. A sentence such as \"Come buy shellfish\" would thus become , which, due to [vowel length reduction](/wiki/%23Vowel_length_reduction \"#Vowel length reduction\"), is pronounced entirely as in mainland Kagoshima.\n\nIt also occurs with the vowel followed by , so that \"(to become) red\" and \"buy\" become and respectively. Other mergers include → , → , → , → , among numerous others that can be summarized in the following table, where the *y*\\-axis denotes the first vowel and the *x*\\-axis the second:\n\n| \\+ Table of vowel mergers in Kagoshima |\n| --- |\n| | | | | | |\n| | | | | , | |\n| | | | | | |\n| | | | | , | |\n| | , | | | | |\n| | | | , | | |\n\nDespite the extent of this sound change, the Kagoshima dialects are not devoid of co\\-occurring vowels due to other, subsequent sound changes that have taken place in the dialects. As an example, \"this\" exists and is not reduced to because it historically comes from .\n\n#### High\\-vowel deletion\n\nIn Kagoshima's mainland, the high vowels and are systematically dropped in word final position after a non\\-[fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") consonant. The remaining consonant is syllabified into coda position, where it is reduced to a [moraic obstruent](/wiki/Japanese_phonology%23Moraic_obstruent \"Japanese phonology#Moraic obstruent\") if [oral](/wiki/Oral_consonant \"Oral consonant\"), or a [moraic nasal](/wiki/Japanese_phonology%23Moraic_nasal \"Japanese phonology#Moraic nasal\") if [nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\"). In the case of the [palatal approximant](/wiki/Palatal_approximant \"Palatal approximant\") , it is reduced to its corresponding high vowel .\n\n| Standard Japanese | [Underlying form](/wiki/Underlying_representation \"Underlying representation\") | Surface realization | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | ear |\n| | | | to bite |\n| | | | dog |\n| | | | neck |\n| | | | nail |\n| | | | shoes |\n| | | | dew |\n| | | | soy sauce |\n\nWord\\-medially, a syllable containing the high vowels and may also be reduced to its respective moraic equivalent if not already followed by a moraic obstruent or nasal. In this way, the town of [Matsumoto](/wiki/Matsumoto%2C_Kagoshima \"Matsumoto, Kagoshima\") is realized as , the village of Shikine as , the noun *skin boil* as and the adjective *painful* as . The assimilatory processes of a given regional dialect are then applied, so that \"skin boil\" is pronounced , and \"painful\" may become either or . With regards to the latter, the difference may be marked in writing, so that for , the pronunciation is written as , whereas is written as .\n\nA similar effect to high vowel deletion can be observed with sibilants. Namely, the high vowels and will be devoiced to and respectively following a sibilant consonant such as or , and may be deleted entirely especially in word\\-final position. This has an effect of weakening the syllables within which they are contained, causing them to have no effect on [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_accent \"Pitch accent\") in the same way as both the moraic nasal and obstruent do not. Devoicing or deletion of high vowels can also trigger devoicing of the fricative , so that \"conflagration\" is pronounced or . Occasionally, such syllables may dropped entirely, leaving behind an assimilatory trace like the moraic obstruent. For example, the name [Kagoshima](/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture \"Kagoshima Prefecture\") itself may be subject to this phenomenon, resulting in or instead of . Conflictingly, however, the [sibilant consonant](/wiki/Sibilant_consonant \"Sibilant consonant\") followed by may instead merge with or be dropped entirely, leading to the added pronunciations and .\n\n#### Sonorant gliding\n\nSonorant gliding is a phonological process whereby the sonorant syllables , and are reduced to the high vowel in word medial or final position. When followed by another vowel, the may turn into a palatal glide .\n\n| Standard Japanese | Kagoshima | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| | | round |\n| | | ball |\n| | | rare |\n| | | I, me |\n| | | This, that, that over there |\n| | | Car, vehicle |\n| | | Grateful, thankful |\n| | | To be involved in |\n\nNote that, when it comes to the syllable , this sound change is mostly limited to the nominal rather than verbal paradigm, where the flap becomes a moraic obstruent instead (e.g. → ).\n\n#### Vowel length reduction\n\nToday, the dialects of mainland Satsuma and Ōsumi can be described as lacking [compensatory vowel lengthening](/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening \"Compensatory lengthening\"), so that two vowels which coalesce into one will be short rather than long.\n\n| Standard Japanese | Tokyo Japanese | Tanegashima | Satsuma\\-Ōsumi | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | | Radish |\n| | | | | Usually |\n\nHowever, it would be more accurate to say that the mainland dialects exhibited vowel length reduction, so that long vowels such as later shortened to . This accounts for the reason as to why certain words such as \"yesterday\" or \"[torii](/wiki/Torii \"Torii\")\", which are and in standard Japanese, are not subject to high vowel deletion or sonorant gliding, while \"silk\" and \"bird\", which are and in standard Japanese, are. It also accounts for the discrepancy between forms when particles are attached to words, such as こい \"this\", which derives from the historical form ; versus \"this.\", which derives from , a fusion of \"this\" and the [dative](/wiki/Dative_case \"Dative case\") particle .\n\n#### Other changes\n\nNumerous other, less consistent changes have affected many of the regional dialects in Kagoshima. Some of these include:\n\n* Historical vowel raising of the short vowel to following alveolar consonants in non\\-word\\-initial position:\n\t+ → (→ ) \"thing; matter\"\n\t+ → (→ ) \"play\"\n\t+ → \"over there\"\n* Historical vowel raising of the short vowel to following nasal consonants in word\\-final position, and subsequent reduction of the syllable to a moraic nasal in most Kagoshima dialects:\n\t+ → → \"thing; person\"\n\t+ → → \"plural suffix\"\n* Reduction of the sequence to , or less commonly :\n\t+ → (→ ) \"river; well\"\n\t+ → (→ ) \"river; well\"\n* Depalatalization of the sequences and , especially in mainland Kagoshima:\n\t+ → → \"soy sauce\"\n\t+ → \"doctor\"\n\t+ → \"cute\"\n* Intervocalic voicing of plosive consonants in southern Satsuma, notably in [Makurazaki City](/wiki/Makurazaki%2C_Kagoshima \"Makurazaki, Kagoshima\"):\n\t+ → \"man\"\n\t+ → \"cherry blossom\"\n",
"#### Vowel coalescence\n\n[Vowel coalescence](/wiki/Vowel_coalescence \"Vowel coalescence\") or vowel fusion is a phonological process by which two consecutive vowels merge into a single one. For example, in most Japanese dialects including that of [Tokyo](/wiki/Tokyo_dialect \"Tokyo dialect\"), the sequence of results in the [monophthong](/wiki/Monophthong \"Monophthong\") : → \"tall\". Similarly, the Kagoshima dialects have also undergone a process of vowel coalescence. However, unlike dialects like that of Tokyo, the process is much more pervasive in Kagoshima, to the extent that nearly all vowel sequences exhibit some form of fusion.\n\nFor instance, vowel coalescence systematically occurs with the vowel followed by , so that \"ash\" and \"shellfish\" become and respectively. Likewise, followed by results in the , so that \"come\" is becomes as well. A sentence such as \"Come buy shellfish\" would thus become , which, due to [vowel length reduction](/wiki/%23Vowel_length_reduction \"#Vowel length reduction\"), is pronounced entirely as in mainland Kagoshima.\n\nIt also occurs with the vowel followed by , so that \"(to become) red\" and \"buy\" become and respectively. Other mergers include → , → , → , → , among numerous others that can be summarized in the following table, where the *y*\\-axis denotes the first vowel and the *x*\\-axis the second:\n\n| \\+ Table of vowel mergers in Kagoshima |\n| --- |\n| | | | | | |\n| | | | | , | |\n| | | | | | |\n| | | | | , | |\n| | , | | | | |\n| | | | , | | |\n\nDespite the extent of this sound change, the Kagoshima dialects are not devoid of co\\-occurring vowels due to other, subsequent sound changes that have taken place in the dialects. As an example, \"this\" exists and is not reduced to because it historically comes from .\n\n",
"#### High\\-vowel deletion\n\nIn Kagoshima's mainland, the high vowels and are systematically dropped in word final position after a non\\-[fricative](/wiki/Fricative_consonant \"Fricative consonant\") consonant. The remaining consonant is syllabified into coda position, where it is reduced to a [moraic obstruent](/wiki/Japanese_phonology%23Moraic_obstruent \"Japanese phonology#Moraic obstruent\") if [oral](/wiki/Oral_consonant \"Oral consonant\"), or a [moraic nasal](/wiki/Japanese_phonology%23Moraic_nasal \"Japanese phonology#Moraic nasal\") if [nasal](/wiki/Nasal_consonant \"Nasal consonant\"). In the case of the [palatal approximant](/wiki/Palatal_approximant \"Palatal approximant\") , it is reduced to its corresponding high vowel .\n\n| Standard Japanese | [Underlying form](/wiki/Underlying_representation \"Underlying representation\") | Surface realization | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | ear |\n| | | | to bite |\n| | | | dog |\n| | | | neck |\n| | | | nail |\n| | | | shoes |\n| | | | dew |\n| | | | soy sauce |\n\nWord\\-medially, a syllable containing the high vowels and may also be reduced to its respective moraic equivalent if not already followed by a moraic obstruent or nasal. In this way, the town of [Matsumoto](/wiki/Matsumoto%2C_Kagoshima \"Matsumoto, Kagoshima\") is realized as , the village of Shikine as , the noun *skin boil* as and the adjective *painful* as . The assimilatory processes of a given regional dialect are then applied, so that \"skin boil\" is pronounced , and \"painful\" may become either or . With regards to the latter, the difference may be marked in writing, so that for , the pronunciation is written as , whereas is written as .\n\nA similar effect to high vowel deletion can be observed with sibilants. Namely, the high vowels and will be devoiced to and respectively following a sibilant consonant such as or , and may be deleted entirely especially in word\\-final position. This has an effect of weakening the syllables within which they are contained, causing them to have no effect on [pitch](/wiki/Pitch_accent \"Pitch accent\") in the same way as both the moraic nasal and obstruent do not. Devoicing or deletion of high vowels can also trigger devoicing of the fricative , so that \"conflagration\" is pronounced or . Occasionally, such syllables may dropped entirely, leaving behind an assimilatory trace like the moraic obstruent. For example, the name [Kagoshima](/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture \"Kagoshima Prefecture\") itself may be subject to this phenomenon, resulting in or instead of . Conflictingly, however, the [sibilant consonant](/wiki/Sibilant_consonant \"Sibilant consonant\") followed by may instead merge with or be dropped entirely, leading to the added pronunciations and .\n\n",
"#### Sonorant gliding\n\nSonorant gliding is a phonological process whereby the sonorant syllables , and are reduced to the high vowel in word medial or final position. When followed by another vowel, the may turn into a palatal glide .\n\n| Standard Japanese | Kagoshima | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| | | round |\n| | | ball |\n| | | rare |\n| | | I, me |\n| | | This, that, that over there |\n| | | Car, vehicle |\n| | | Grateful, thankful |\n| | | To be involved in |\n\nNote that, when it comes to the syllable , this sound change is mostly limited to the nominal rather than verbal paradigm, where the flap becomes a moraic obstruent instead (e.g. → ).\n\n",
"#### Vowel length reduction\n\nToday, the dialects of mainland Satsuma and Ōsumi can be described as lacking [compensatory vowel lengthening](/wiki/Compensatory_lengthening \"Compensatory lengthening\"), so that two vowels which coalesce into one will be short rather than long.\n\n| Standard Japanese | Tokyo Japanese | Tanegashima | Satsuma\\-Ōsumi | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | | | | Radish |\n| | | | | Usually |\n\nHowever, it would be more accurate to say that the mainland dialects exhibited vowel length reduction, so that long vowels such as later shortened to . This accounts for the reason as to why certain words such as \"yesterday\" or \"[torii](/wiki/Torii \"Torii\")\", which are and in standard Japanese, are not subject to high vowel deletion or sonorant gliding, while \"silk\" and \"bird\", which are and in standard Japanese, are. It also accounts for the discrepancy between forms when particles are attached to words, such as こい \"this\", which derives from the historical form ; versus \"this.\", which derives from , a fusion of \"this\" and the [dative](/wiki/Dative_case \"Dative case\") particle .\n\n",
"#### Other changes\n\nNumerous other, less consistent changes have affected many of the regional dialects in Kagoshima. Some of these include:\n\n* Historical vowel raising of the short vowel to following alveolar consonants in non\\-word\\-initial position:\n\t+ → (→ ) \"thing; matter\"\n\t+ → (→ ) \"play\"\n\t+ → \"over there\"\n* Historical vowel raising of the short vowel to following nasal consonants in word\\-final position, and subsequent reduction of the syllable to a moraic nasal in most Kagoshima dialects:\n\t+ → → \"thing; person\"\n\t+ → → \"plural suffix\"\n* Reduction of the sequence to , or less commonly :\n\t+ → (→ ) \"river; well\"\n\t+ → (→ ) \"river; well\"\n* Depalatalization of the sequences and , especially in mainland Kagoshima:\n\t+ → → \"soy sauce\"\n\t+ → \"doctor\"\n\t+ → \"cute\"\n* Intervocalic voicing of plosive consonants in southern Satsuma, notably in [Makurazaki City](/wiki/Makurazaki%2C_Kagoshima \"Makurazaki, Kagoshima\"):\n\t+ → \"man\"\n\t+ → \"cherry blossom\"\n",
"### Phonotactics\n\nThe syllable structure of the Kagoshima dialects is more complex than that of standard Japanese and can minimally be represented by the formula (C2)(G)V2(P), where C2 represents a consonant or cluster of two consonants, G represents a glide, V2 represents a vowel or sequence of vowels and P represents any placeless consonant.\n\n| | Component | Details |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Onset (*optional*) | Consonant2 | Any consonant or cluster of two consonants. Permissible clusters vary by region, but are largely limited to fricative\\-stop clusters such as and . |\n| Glide | Only the palatal glide falls in this category. |\n| Nucleus (obligatory) | Vowel2 | Any vowel, long vowel or sequence of vowels. |\n| Coda (*optional*) | Placeless | Any placeless consonant, including , and . |\n\nThe above formula accounts for nearly all permissible syllable structures, with only one exception which is that and can constitute full syllables on their own, found primarily only in word\\-initial position.\n\nThe following table illustrates some of the different types of syllables that are allowed in the Kagoshima dialects.\n\n| Syllable structure | Example word |\n| --- | --- |\n| V | 大 \"large, great\" |\n| VV | 蟻 \"ant\" |\n| CVV | そい \"that\" |\n| CCV | () 人 \"person\" |\n| CGV | 今日 \"today\" |\n| CVP | 火事 \"conflagration\" |\n| CGVP | 軍鶏 \"game fowl\" |\n| NN (\\+ CV) | 馬 \"horse\" |\n\n",
"### Prosody\n\n[thumb\\|300px\\|right\\|Map of the pitch accent systems throughout Japan. Most of Kagoshima falls into the South\\-Western Kyushu two\\-pattern accent group (■ ).](/wiki/File:Japanese_pitch_accent_map-ja.png \"Japanese pitch accent map-ja.png\")\n\n#### Kagoshima accent\n\nOne of the most oft\\-studied aspects of the Kagoshima dialect is its prosodic system. With the exception of a few areas such as Tanegashima, the system is described as a two\\-pattern pitch accent in which phrasal units may be either accented or unaccented. In accented units (also called \"Type A\" tone\\-bearing units), all syllables bear a low tonal pitch (\"L\") except for the penultimate syllable, which bears a high pitch (\"H\"). In unaccented units (also called \"Type B\" tone\\-bearing units), all syllables bear a low pitch until the final syllable, at which point the pitch rises to a high pitch.\n\n| \\+ Tone placement in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 1 syllable | **(H)L** or \"spirit\" | **H** \"tree\" |\n| 2 syllables | **HL** \"nose\" | **LH** \"flower\" |\n| 3 syllables | **LHL** \"longish\" | **LLH** \"scene\" |\n\n* In accented words with only one syllable, the pitch is described as falling (sometimes written \"F\"). This is because the vowel is subject to lengthening, where the first mora in the syllable will bear a high tone while the second mora will bear a low tone. This means that \"spirit\" would be pronounced like and have a high\\-low (HL) pitch, as if it were a two\\-syllable word. This vowel length disappears when the word is followed by other morphemes such as particles.\n\nAlthough the type of pitch accent is lexically determined, it is more specifically determined by the first element in a syntactic phrase and will apply to that entire phrase. This effectively means that the placement of the high tone in accented or unaccented units will shift rightwards to the penultimate or final syllable of the phrase when other morphemes, auxiliaries or grammatical particles such as are appended at the end.\n \n * + \n\n| \\+ Tone shifting in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 1 → 2 syllables | **HL**気が \"spirit \" | **LH**木が \"tree \" |\n| 2 → 3 syllables | **LHL**鼻が \"nose \" | **LLH**花が \"flower \" |\n| 3 → 4 syllables | **LLHL**長めが \"longish \" | **LLLH**眺めが \"scene \" |\n\nBecause the accent pattern is always determined by the first element of the phrasal unit, prefixes will alter the accent type of the word to which they attach. For example, \"temple\" and are normally accented, but when the honorific prefix *o\\-* is added, they shift to an unaccented pattern: and .\n\nNote that the high tone falls on the syllable rather than the [mora](/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29 \"Mora (linguistics)\"), so tone placement remains unaffected by moraic obstruents, moraic nasals, fricatives resulting from devoicing, long vowels and diphthongs.\n\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Moraic Nasal | \"stubbornness\" → | \"[Obon Festival](/wiki/Bon_Festival \"Bon Festival\")\" → |\n| Moraic Obstruent | \"one's convenience\" → | \"adzuki\\-bean mochi\" → |\n| Devoiced fricative | \"glass\" → | \"crow\" → |\n| Vowel | \"car\" → | \"passing through\" → |\n\n#### Makurazaki accent\n\nThe Makurazaki dialect, spoken in and around [Makurazaki City](/wiki/Makurazaki%2C_Kagoshima \"Makurazaki, Kagoshima\"), is described as a two\\-pattern pitch accent system very similar to that of the Kagoshima accent. In this dialect, accented units bear a high tone on all syllables except the penultimate syllable, which bears a low pitch. In unaccented units, all syllables have a high pitch except the final syllable, which bears a middle pitch (\"M\").\n\n| \\+ Tone placement in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 1 syllable | **H** \"day\" | **M** \"fire\" |\n| 2 syllables | **LH** \"nose\" | **HM** \"flower\" |\n| 3 syllables | **HLH** \"cherry blossom\" | **HHM** \"man\" |\n| 4 syllables | **HHLH** \"weft\" | **HHHM** \"morning glory\" |\n\n* The tone of unaccented words with one syllable has also been described as \"falling\", but it is not clear whether this manifests itself as vowel lengthening similar to accented words in the Kagoshima accent.\n\nLike mainland Kagoshima, the accent type is determined by the first element in the phrasal unit and the pitch will shift accordingly as other morphemes are added. For example, \"flower\" has a high\\-middle (HM) pitch in isolation, but when the particle is appended, it becomes \"flower \" with a high\\-high\\-middle pitch (HHM).\n\n#### Koshikijima accent\n\nThe prosodic system of Koshikijima, like that of mainland Kagoshima, is characterized as a two\\-pattern pitch accent. It differs, however, in the placement of the accent. In this system, the primary high tone falls on a mora and is always preceded by a low\\-pitched syllable. Any other syllables preceding the low one will automatically bear a high tone.\n\nSimilar to the Kagoshima Accent, the high tone is assigned to the very last mora in an unaccented unit. In an accented unit, the high tone falls on the penultimate mora and falls back down on the last mora. Tone placement will also shift accordingly when morphemes and the such are appended to the unit.\n\n| \\+ Tone placement in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 2 syllables | **H\\*L** \"candy\" | **LH\\*** \"rain\" |\n| 3 syllables | **LH\\*L** \"fish\" | **HLH\\*** \"life\" |\n| 5 syllables | **HHLH\\*L** \"candy festival\" | **HHHLH\\*** \"rain festival\" |\n\nIf, in an accented unit, the final low tone falls on a moraic consonant such as , the second mora of a long vowel, or the second vowel of a diphthong, any syllable that follows will also bear a low tone. Otherwise, if the final low tone falls on a consonant\\-vowel syllable, any syllable that is added will shift the entire tone placement.\n\n| Colloquial | \"wild animal\" | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Non\\-colloquial | \"wild animal\" | |\n\nWhen multiple phrasal units are combined together, the second peak containing the primary high tone will become low in all units except the last one. Thus, for example, when the verbal phrase \"was seen\" is combined with the nominalized phrase \"wild animal\", the accent pattern becomes: \"a wild animal was seen\". Likewise, when it is combined with the colloquial form , the pattern becomes: .\n\n",
"#### Kagoshima accent\n\nOne of the most oft\\-studied aspects of the Kagoshima dialect is its prosodic system. With the exception of a few areas such as Tanegashima, the system is described as a two\\-pattern pitch accent in which phrasal units may be either accented or unaccented. In accented units (also called \"Type A\" tone\\-bearing units), all syllables bear a low tonal pitch (\"L\") except for the penultimate syllable, which bears a high pitch (\"H\"). In unaccented units (also called \"Type B\" tone\\-bearing units), all syllables bear a low pitch until the final syllable, at which point the pitch rises to a high pitch.\n\n| \\+ Tone placement in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 1 syllable | **(H)L** or \"spirit\" | **H** \"tree\" |\n| 2 syllables | **HL** \"nose\" | **LH** \"flower\" |\n| 3 syllables | **LHL** \"longish\" | **LLH** \"scene\" |\n\n* In accented words with only one syllable, the pitch is described as falling (sometimes written \"F\"). This is because the vowel is subject to lengthening, where the first mora in the syllable will bear a high tone while the second mora will bear a low tone. This means that \"spirit\" would be pronounced like and have a high\\-low (HL) pitch, as if it were a two\\-syllable word. This vowel length disappears when the word is followed by other morphemes such as particles.\n\nAlthough the type of pitch accent is lexically determined, it is more specifically determined by the first element in a syntactic phrase and will apply to that entire phrase. This effectively means that the placement of the high tone in accented or unaccented units will shift rightwards to the penultimate or final syllable of the phrase when other morphemes, auxiliaries or grammatical particles such as are appended at the end.\n \n * + \n\n| \\+ Tone shifting in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 1 → 2 syllables | **HL**気が \"spirit \" | **LH**木が \"tree \" |\n| 2 → 3 syllables | **LHL**鼻が \"nose \" | **LLH**花が \"flower \" |\n| 3 → 4 syllables | **LLHL**長めが \"longish \" | **LLLH**眺めが \"scene \" |\n\nBecause the accent pattern is always determined by the first element of the phrasal unit, prefixes will alter the accent type of the word to which they attach. For example, \"temple\" and are normally accented, but when the honorific prefix *o\\-* is added, they shift to an unaccented pattern: and .\n\nNote that the high tone falls on the syllable rather than the [mora](/wiki/Mora_%28linguistics%29 \"Mora (linguistics)\"), so tone placement remains unaffected by moraic obstruents, moraic nasals, fricatives resulting from devoicing, long vowels and diphthongs.\n\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Moraic Nasal | \"stubbornness\" → | \"[Obon Festival](/wiki/Bon_Festival \"Bon Festival\")\" → |\n| Moraic Obstruent | \"one's convenience\" → | \"adzuki\\-bean mochi\" → |\n| Devoiced fricative | \"glass\" → | \"crow\" → |\n| Vowel | \"car\" → | \"passing through\" → |\n\n",
"#### Makurazaki accent\n\nThe Makurazaki dialect, spoken in and around [Makurazaki City](/wiki/Makurazaki%2C_Kagoshima \"Makurazaki, Kagoshima\"), is described as a two\\-pattern pitch accent system very similar to that of the Kagoshima accent. In this dialect, accented units bear a high tone on all syllables except the penultimate syllable, which bears a low pitch. In unaccented units, all syllables have a high pitch except the final syllable, which bears a middle pitch (\"M\").\n\n| \\+ Tone placement in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 1 syllable | **H** \"day\" | **M** \"fire\" |\n| 2 syllables | **LH** \"nose\" | **HM** \"flower\" |\n| 3 syllables | **HLH** \"cherry blossom\" | **HHM** \"man\" |\n| 4 syllables | **HHLH** \"weft\" | **HHHM** \"morning glory\" |\n\n* The tone of unaccented words with one syllable has also been described as \"falling\", but it is not clear whether this manifests itself as vowel lengthening similar to accented words in the Kagoshima accent.\n\nLike mainland Kagoshima, the accent type is determined by the first element in the phrasal unit and the pitch will shift accordingly as other morphemes are added. For example, \"flower\" has a high\\-middle (HM) pitch in isolation, but when the particle is appended, it becomes \"flower \" with a high\\-high\\-middle pitch (HHM).\n\n",
"#### Koshikijima accent\n\nThe prosodic system of Koshikijima, like that of mainland Kagoshima, is characterized as a two\\-pattern pitch accent. It differs, however, in the placement of the accent. In this system, the primary high tone falls on a mora and is always preceded by a low\\-pitched syllable. Any other syllables preceding the low one will automatically bear a high tone.\n\nSimilar to the Kagoshima Accent, the high tone is assigned to the very last mora in an unaccented unit. In an accented unit, the high tone falls on the penultimate mora and falls back down on the last mora. Tone placement will also shift accordingly when morphemes and the such are appended to the unit.\n\n| \\+ Tone placement in accented and unaccented units |\n| --- |\n| | Accented | Unaccented |\n| 2 syllables | **H\\*L** \"candy\" | **LH\\*** \"rain\" |\n| 3 syllables | **LH\\*L** \"fish\" | **HLH\\*** \"life\" |\n| 5 syllables | **HHLH\\*L** \"candy festival\" | **HHHLH\\*** \"rain festival\" |\n\nIf, in an accented unit, the final low tone falls on a moraic consonant such as , the second mora of a long vowel, or the second vowel of a diphthong, any syllable that follows will also bear a low tone. Otherwise, if the final low tone falls on a consonant\\-vowel syllable, any syllable that is added will shift the entire tone placement.\n\n| Colloquial | \"wild animal\" | |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Non\\-colloquial | \"wild animal\" | |\n\nWhen multiple phrasal units are combined together, the second peak containing the primary high tone will become low in all units except the last one. Thus, for example, when the verbal phrase \"was seen\" is combined with the nominalized phrase \"wild animal\", the accent pattern becomes: \"a wild animal was seen\". Likewise, when it is combined with the colloquial form , the pattern becomes: .\n\n",
"Copula\n------\n\n[thumb\\|250px\\|right\\|A map portraying the extent of the [copula](/wiki/Copula_%28linguistics%29 \"Copula (linguistics)\") variants , and throughout Japan](/wiki/Image:Ja_da_ya.png \"Ja da ya.png\")\nThe standard Japanese plain copula is replaced by the Satsugū dialectal variation , which has further developed into や in some parts of the [Satsuma Peninsula](/wiki/Satsuma_Peninsula \"Satsuma Peninsula\"), most notably the capital city, [Kagoshima](/wiki/Kagoshima \"Kagoshima\"). Historically, these forms arose from a contraction of the classical construction . Accordingly, the copula borrows its conjugational pattern from the existential verb , which is dialectally pronounced as or , as seen below:\n\n| \\+ **Using \\* as the base** |\n| --- |\n| Satsugū | Tokyo Japanese | Meaning |\n| | | Copula (to be) |\n| | | However, though |\n| | | Is that so? |\n| | | Negative copula |\n| | | Copula \\+ emphasis |\n| | | Copula \\+ assertion |\n| | | Copula (explanation) with noun |\n| | | Copula (question) |\n| | | Copula (explanation) with verb |\n| | | Seems, I think, I guess |\n| | | Because of... the reason is... |\n| | | However, but |\n| | | Copula (past) |\n\n Politeness\nContrary to Western dialects, there exists no true equivalent to the standard polite copula . In cases where standard Japanese would normally use , the Satsugū dialect would tend towards employing the plain form. For example, becomes , \"this is it\".\nIn very formal contexts, the honorific verb or , and their variants and , may be used instead. For the most part, their usage overlaps that of the standard form . Compare, for example, the standard formulation to the Satsugū variant \"it is alright\"; or to \"it is a book\". Note that while similar, the honorific copula or is not normally preceded by the connecting particle . Therefore, such forms as \\* may be considered [calques](/wiki/Calque \"Calque\") on their standard counterpart.\n\n",
"Adjectives\n----------\n\n### Adjectival verbs\n\nA common feature among Western Kyūshū dialects is the difference in their adjective endings. Adjectival verbs, or true adjectives, end with the generic inflection rather than in their attributive and predicative forms. Eastern Kyūshū dialects, however, follow the same pattern as Standard Japanese, using the inflectional ending . Positioned somewhat in the middle of this boundary, the Satsugū dialect makes use of both types of endings. For example, the adjectives \"cold\" and \"exhausted\" may surface as and , or and (variants: and ) depending on the speaker and region. The ending will normally coalesce with the vowel of the preceding syllable (e.g. \\+ → ), so that \"delicious\" and \"shy\" become and respectively.\n\nThe majority of [Kagoshima](/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture \"Kagoshima Prefecture\")'s surrounding island dialects, however, tend to favor the generic inflection , which may occasionally be [voiced](/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing \"Consonant voicing and devoicing\") into in southern parts of the Satsuma Peninsula, the [Koshikijima Islands](/wiki/Koshikijima_Islands \"Koshikijima Islands\"), [Kuchinoerabujima](/wiki/Kuchinoerabujima \"Kuchinoerabujima\") and in northern Tanegashima. These peripheral dialects also tend to observe compensatory vowel lengthening when making use of the ending, so that the coalesced vowels will be long rather than short, thus resulting in and for \"delicious\" and \"shy\".\n\n| \\+ **Comparative examples of and adjectives in Mainland Kagoshima** |\n| --- |\n| ending | ending | Standard Japanese | Meaning |\n| | | | good |\n| | | | painful |\n| | | | delicious |\n| | | | hot |\n| | | | bad |\n| | | | big |\n| | | | sly |\n| | | | heavy |\n| | | | light |\n| | | | strong |\n| | | | cute |\n| | | | cold |\n| | | | loud, noisy, annoying |\n| | | | pitiful, pathetic |\n| | | | shy, embarrassed |\n\n#### Inflection\n\nThe ending historically derives from a contraction of the adverbial or infinitive ending followed by the conjugated form of the [copular](/wiki/Copula_%28linguistics%29 \"Copula (linguistics)\") verb , from which the rest of the adjectival paradigm derives.Martin (2004\\), p. 373 As such, the ending inflects mostly in the same way as the ending. It differs primarily in the negative form where the final in is also turned into a , reflecting the basic inflectional form of the adjective. The ending also differs in the hypothetical form, where it becomes instead of (compare to \"if it's cold\"). In relation to standard Japanese, both and adjectives distinguish themselves in the participle form. Here, the participle form surfaces as for the standard くて form.\n\n| \\+ Inflectional paradigm of the adjective \"hot\" |\n| --- |\n|\n\n adjective |\n *i* adjective |\n|present\n\n |\n |\n |\n| neg. | | |\n|past\n\n |\n |\n |\n| neg. | | |\n|imperfective\n\n |\n |\n|hypothetical\n\n |\n |\n|participle\n\n |\n |\n\n* Unless already geminated, the syllable may be reduced to a moraic obstruent, resulting in a following geminate consonant. For example, may be pronounced as . This same reduction occurred in the participle form, where the syllable in (standard ) was turned into a geminate . Alternatively, the syllable can be reduced to just , conforming with the basic adverbial ending. For example, becomes \"it doesn't taste good\".\n* The hypothetical ending can be colloquially pronounced as as a result of sonorant gliding ( → → ). Compare to \"if it's good\".\n\n### Adjectival nouns\n\n[Adjectival nouns](/wiki/Adjectival_noun_%28Japanese%29 \"Adjectival noun (Japanese)\"), also called nominal adjectives or \\-adjectives, comprise a set of nouns that functionally act as adjectives by combining themselves with the copula. The copula is subsequently inflected for aspect and tense, becoming in its common [attributive form](/wiki/Adjective%23Form \"Adjective#Form\"). For example, means \"a rude person\".\n\n| Mainland Kagoshima | Standard Japanese | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| | | useless, hopeless |\n| | | trouble, bother, worry |\n| | | bashful, shy, timid |\n| | | worry, concern, aid, help |\n| | | impolite |\n\n",
"### Adjectival verbs\n\nA common feature among Western Kyūshū dialects is the difference in their adjective endings. Adjectival verbs, or true adjectives, end with the generic inflection rather than in their attributive and predicative forms. Eastern Kyūshū dialects, however, follow the same pattern as Standard Japanese, using the inflectional ending . Positioned somewhat in the middle of this boundary, the Satsugū dialect makes use of both types of endings. For example, the adjectives \"cold\" and \"exhausted\" may surface as and , or and (variants: and ) depending on the speaker and region. The ending will normally coalesce with the vowel of the preceding syllable (e.g. \\+ → ), so that \"delicious\" and \"shy\" become and respectively.\n\nThe majority of [Kagoshima](/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture \"Kagoshima Prefecture\")'s surrounding island dialects, however, tend to favor the generic inflection , which may occasionally be [voiced](/wiki/Consonant_voicing_and_devoicing \"Consonant voicing and devoicing\") into in southern parts of the Satsuma Peninsula, the [Koshikijima Islands](/wiki/Koshikijima_Islands \"Koshikijima Islands\"), [Kuchinoerabujima](/wiki/Kuchinoerabujima \"Kuchinoerabujima\") and in northern Tanegashima. These peripheral dialects also tend to observe compensatory vowel lengthening when making use of the ending, so that the coalesced vowels will be long rather than short, thus resulting in and for \"delicious\" and \"shy\".\n\n| \\+ **Comparative examples of and adjectives in Mainland Kagoshima** |\n| --- |\n| ending | ending | Standard Japanese | Meaning |\n| | | | good |\n| | | | painful |\n| | | | delicious |\n| | | | hot |\n| | | | bad |\n| | | | big |\n| | | | sly |\n| | | | heavy |\n| | | | light |\n| | | | strong |\n| | | | cute |\n| | | | cold |\n| | | | loud, noisy, annoying |\n| | | | pitiful, pathetic |\n| | | | shy, embarrassed |\n\n#### Inflection\n\nThe ending historically derives from a contraction of the adverbial or infinitive ending followed by the conjugated form of the [copular](/wiki/Copula_%28linguistics%29 \"Copula (linguistics)\") verb , from which the rest of the adjectival paradigm derives.Martin (2004\\), p. 373 As such, the ending inflects mostly in the same way as the ending. It differs primarily in the negative form where the final in is also turned into a , reflecting the basic inflectional form of the adjective. The ending also differs in the hypothetical form, where it becomes instead of (compare to \"if it's cold\"). In relation to standard Japanese, both and adjectives distinguish themselves in the participle form. Here, the participle form surfaces as for the standard くて form.\n\n| \\+ Inflectional paradigm of the adjective \"hot\" |\n| --- |\n|\n\n adjective |\n *i* adjective |\n|present\n\n |\n |\n |\n| neg. | | |\n|past\n\n |\n |\n |\n| neg. | | |\n|imperfective\n\n |\n |\n|hypothetical\n\n |\n |\n|participle\n\n |\n |\n\n* Unless already geminated, the syllable may be reduced to a moraic obstruent, resulting in a following geminate consonant. For example, may be pronounced as . This same reduction occurred in the participle form, where the syllable in (standard ) was turned into a geminate . Alternatively, the syllable can be reduced to just , conforming with the basic adverbial ending. For example, becomes \"it doesn't taste good\".\n* The hypothetical ending can be colloquially pronounced as as a result of sonorant gliding ( → → ). Compare to \"if it's good\".\n",
"#### Inflection\n\nThe ending historically derives from a contraction of the adverbial or infinitive ending followed by the conjugated form of the [copular](/wiki/Copula_%28linguistics%29 \"Copula (linguistics)\") verb , from which the rest of the adjectival paradigm derives.Martin (2004\\), p. 373 As such, the ending inflects mostly in the same way as the ending. It differs primarily in the negative form where the final in is also turned into a , reflecting the basic inflectional form of the adjective. The ending also differs in the hypothetical form, where it becomes instead of (compare to \"if it's cold\"). In relation to standard Japanese, both and adjectives distinguish themselves in the participle form. Here, the participle form surfaces as for the standard くて form.\n\n| \\+ Inflectional paradigm of the adjective \"hot\" |\n| --- |\n|\n\n adjective |\n *i* adjective |\n|present\n\n |\n |\n |\n| neg. | | |\n|past\n\n |\n |\n |\n| neg. | | |\n|imperfective\n\n |\n |\n|hypothetical\n\n |\n |\n|participle\n\n |\n |\n\n* Unless already geminated, the syllable may be reduced to a moraic obstruent, resulting in a following geminate consonant. For example, may be pronounced as . This same reduction occurred in the participle form, where the syllable in (standard ) was turned into a geminate . Alternatively, the syllable can be reduced to just , conforming with the basic adverbial ending. For example, becomes \"it doesn't taste good\".\n* The hypothetical ending can be colloquially pronounced as as a result of sonorant gliding ( → → ). Compare to \"if it's good\".\n",
"### Adjectival nouns\n\n[Adjectival nouns](/wiki/Adjectival_noun_%28Japanese%29 \"Adjectival noun (Japanese)\"), also called nominal adjectives or \\-adjectives, comprise a set of nouns that functionally act as adjectives by combining themselves with the copula. The copula is subsequently inflected for aspect and tense, becoming in its common [attributive form](/wiki/Adjective%23Form \"Adjective#Form\"). For example, means \"a rude person\".\n\n| Mainland Kagoshima | Standard Japanese | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| | | useless, hopeless |\n| | | trouble, bother, worry |\n| | | bashful, shy, timid |\n| | | worry, concern, aid, help |\n| | | impolite |\n\n",
"Adverbs\n-------\n\nWith regards to adverbs, the same phonological process which reduced the [Late Middle Japanese](/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese%23Adjectives \"Late Middle Japanese#Adjectives\") terminal and attributive endings (*\\-shi* and *\\-ki*, respectively) to *\\-i*, also reduced the ending *\\-ku* to simply *\\-u*, yielding such forms as *hayō* (contraction of *hayau*) for *hayaku* \"quickly\". This change was once commonplace throughout Japan, however the adverbial form *\\-ku* was reintroduced through Standard Japanese as it was still preserved in some Eastern dialects. Even so, the *\\-u* ending persists in various [honorifics](/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese \"Honorific speech in Japanese\") (such as *arigatō* and *omedetō*) as a result of borrowing from the [Kansai dialect](/wiki/Kansai_dialect \"Kansai dialect\"), which was still regarded as a dialect of prestige well after it was no longer considered the standard language. Elsewhere, the *\\-u* ending remains a staple of Western Japanese and rural dialects. This includes the Satsugū dialect, where this ending still thrives today:\n\n| Root | Coalesced form (*\\-u*) | | Standard Japanese (*\\-ku*) | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Satsuma\\-Ōsumi | Tanegashima |\n| | | | | quickly |\n| | | | | slowly |\n| | | | | sadly, sorrowfully |\n| | | | | lightly, weakly |\n\nIn addition to these characteristic adjectival adverbs, there are also many non\\-standard nominal and onomatopoeic adverbs unique to the dialects of Kagoshima. A few examples include:\n\n| Satsugū | Standard Japanese | Meaning |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| | , | generally, fairly, considerably |\n| | | mostly, almost |\n| | , , | considerably, moderately, suitably |\n| , , , , , , | , | very, really, exceedingly |\n| | | immediately, instantly, soon |\n| | | in a short time, a little, somewhat |\n| | , | anytime, always, whenever |\n| | , | one way or another |\n| | | by all means, no matter what, surely |\n| , , | , | really, truly |\n| | | gradually, slowly |\n| | | sometimes, at times |\n\n",
"Particles\n---------\n\nParticles ( ) used in the dialects of Kagoshima share many features common to other dialects spoken in Kyūshū, with some being unique to the Satsugū dialect, and others corresponding the Standard Japanese and Kyūshū variants. Like [standard Japanese particles](/wiki/Japanese_particles \"Japanese particles\"), they act as suffixes, prepositions or words immediately following the noun, verb, adjective or phrase that they modify, and are used to indicate the relationship between the various elements of a sentence.\n\nUnlike central Japanese dialects, particles in the Kagoshima dialects are bound [clitics](/wiki/Clitic \"Clitic\"), as they have the effect of resyllabifying the last word they attach to. So, for example, the standard forms \"book \", \"writing \" and \"ball \" would be realized as , and ( ← ) in most of northern and central Kagoshima, and , and ( ← ) in parts of Kagoshima's southern mainland.Shibatani (1990\\), p. 210\n\nResyllabification has also led to the reanalysis of some particles in a few dialects. For instance, the topic particle has been completely superseded by the form in [Izumi](/wiki/Izumi%2C_Kagoshima \"Izumi, Kagoshima\"), which in most mainland dialects is merely a variant of after a moraic nasal.\n\n| \\+ Comparison of some particles between Kagoshima and standard Japanese |\n| --- |\n| [Kagoshima dialect](/wiki/Particles_of_the_Kagoshima_dialects \"Particles of the Kagoshima dialects\") | [Standard Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_particles \"Japanese particles\") | General meaning |\n| | | Marks the topic |\n| | | Marks an assertion |\n| | | Marks an adverse or opposition statement |\n| | | Marks approximation |\n| | | Marks possession |\n| | | Marks a time or place as a limit |\n| | | Marks a location, direction, indirect object or agent of a passive sentence |\n| | | Marks the direct object |\n| | | Marks an extent or limit |\n| | | Marks a nominalized phrase |\n| | | Marks provenance |\n\nFor a full in\\-depth list of the particles found in this dialect, including examples, see the article [Particles of the Kagoshima dialects](/wiki/Particles_of_the_Kagoshima_dialects \"Particles of the Kagoshima dialects\").\n\n",
"Vocabulary\n----------\n\n### Pronouns\n\nPronouns in the Satsugū dialect display considerable variation from their standard counterparts. The table below lists the most common pronouns as they occur in their basic forms. When followed by particles beginning with a vowel or a glide, affected pronouns will be resyllabified in the [coda](/wiki/Syllable_coda \"Syllable coda\") according to the phonological patterns of the local dialect. In most of mainland Kagoshima, for instance, when the pronouns \"I\" and \"you\" are followed by the topic particle , they become and respectively. Similarly, in Tanegashima, when the pronoun \"oneself\" is followed by the topic particle , it becomes .\n\n| [Romaji](/wiki/Romaji \"Romaji\") | [Hiragana](/wiki/Hiragana \"Hiragana\") | [Kanji](/wiki/Kanji \"Kanji\") | [Formality](/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese \"Honorific speech in Japanese\") | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Reflexive pronoun | | | | |\n| | | | formal | Often used in the sense of the standard term , roughly meaning \"oneself\", \"yourself\" or \"myself\". |\n| First\\-person pronouns | | | | |\n| | | | formal, informal | Though it derives from , the pronoun is commonly used by both men and women of all ages in Kagoshima. The shortened form is also used in a few regions. |\n| | | | formal | More common among women; the form is sometimes used. Derives from . |\n| | | | | Used chiefly in Tanegashima; variants include , and . |\n| | | | | Used chiefly in [Nakanoshima](/wiki/Nakanoshima_%28Kagoshima%29 \"Nakanoshima (Kagoshima)\"). Possibly borrowed from the Amami dialects where this form is common. Note that the form , also used in Tanegashima along with the variants and , is a plural second\\-person pronoun meaning \"you (*pl*)\" (cf. the pronoun below). |\n| Second\\-person pronouns | | | | |\n| | | | formal | The honorific prefix is sometimes omitted, making it more informal. |\n| | | | informal | A variant of . |\n| | | | formal | Derives from the historical form . The shortened form is sometimes used. |\n| | | | very formal | Related to the standard form which is now considered archaic. |\n| | | or | | Considered somewhat archaic and abasing. The form derives from a reduction of the historical pronoun , meaning \"you\" or \"thou\". Sometimes used in the sense of the standard term , roughly meaning \"oneself\", \"yourself\" or \"myself\". |\n| | | | formal, informal | Used chiefly in Tanegashima. |\n| | | | | Used chiefly in northern Koshikijima. In this dialect, it is considered slightly more polite than the pronoun . |\n| | | | | Used chiefly in Nakanoshima. Possibly borrowed from the Amami dialects where this form is common. |\n| Third\\-person pronouns | | | | |\n| | | | | Derives from the form , which itself stems from the older form , still used in standard Japanese. As a deictic pronoun, it follows the morphological pattern of [demonstratives](/wiki/%23Demonstratives \"#Demonstratives\"). Thus, becomes in its possessive form. |\n| | | | | Though it ultimately derives from , the form is here used as a third person pronoun and does not carry the pejorative nuance it does in mainland Japan. The related forms and are also occasionally used, and differ primarily by the proximity or relation between the person concerned and the speaker. |\n| | | | | From the demonstrative and the person suffix ; equivalent to the standard term あの人 . The related forms and are also sometimes used, and differ primarily by the proximity or relation between the person concerned and the speaker. |\n| | | | very formal | The related variants , , and are also sometimes used. Like the above, these differ primarily by the proximity or relation between the person concerned and the speaker. |\n\n#### Suffixes\n\nIn mainland Kagoshima, the two suffixes and are commonly appended to the pronouns above in order to indicate plurality: \"I\" → \"we\", \"you\" → \"you (*pl*)\". The suffix historically derives from the ending , as revealed when topicalized as . More rarely, it may also be topicalized as , as in \"we.\" or \"you (*pl*).\". Due to its pervasive use in the Satsuma region, the ending may have come to be associated with the speech of samurais, and thus carries a slight condescending or humble connotation in standard Japanese. The suffix originates from , and may be topicalized as . Elsewhere in Kagoshima's peripheral islands, the forms differ only slightly. In the Satsunan islands, the ending is most common, and may be topicalized as in Tanegashima. The ending appears to be favored in the Tokara Islands and may be clipped as in Tanegashima, resulting in such forms as or for \"you (*pl*)\".\n\nIn the mainland, the suffix also carries a second function: it can be used as an honorific as opposed to a plural\\-marking suffix. It is worth noting, however, that the honorific suffix stems from the historical form , now used in standard Japanese almost uniquely in business correspondences. In Kagoshima, the usage of the honorific suffix corresponds very closely to that of the standard Japanese honorifics and . For instance, can be used in a very pompous manner with the first\\-person pronoun, resulting in \"I/my esteemed self\", which is equivalent to standard Japanese . Other examples of honorific usage include \"mom\" (standard: ), \"dad\" (standard: ) and \"sun\" (standard: ). The suffix is also used in terms of address in a similar way to in Japanese, so would be equivalent to in standard Japanese or \"Mr./Ms. Ōsako\" in English. Now more and more, however, this usage is being phased out in favor of its standard Japanese counterparts.\n\nThe honorific suffix is also used in a limited number of expressions, along with its more common mainland variant . For example, or are honorific pronouns used to refer to a third person, while is another honorific term used to refer to the sun, and is an honorific referring to gods or deities. Under the influence of mainland Japanese and in certain regions like Nakanoshima, the variants and are used, especially with terms of kinship. Some examples from Nakanoshima include: \"dad\", \"mom\" and \"older brother\".\n\n### Demonstratives\n\n| | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | this one | that one | that one over there | which one? |\n| | (of) this | (of) that | (of) that over there | (of) what? |\n| | like thisin this manner | like thatin that manner | like that over therein that (other) manner | what sort of?how? in what manner? |\n| | here | there | \\*over there | where? |\n| | to this extent,only this much | to that extent,only that much | to that extent,only that much | to what extent?how much? |\n\n \\* irregular formation; variants include , and \n\nAs with Standard Japanese, demonstratives also occur in the (proximal), (mesial), and (distal) series, with the corresponding interrogative form as .\n\nThe pronoun series is created using the suffix , which is a reduced form of the standard suffix . Particles attached to this form may cause the underlying historical form to resurface. For example, when the dative particle (standard ) is attached, the forms become , , and , since sonorant gliding (i.e. → ) fails to trigger when the vowel stems from a historically long vowel or diphthong (i.e. → ). So instead, vowel coalescence and vowel reduction are exhibited ( → → ).\n\nThe determiner suffix surfaces as for the standard ending . Thus, \"this book\" would be expressed as . The determiner series also serves to replace the standard Japanese person series by compounding onto it the noun (or in Tanegashima), roughly meaning \"person\", creating the forms , , and more rarely .坂田勝 (2007\\), p. 107 Tanegashima also appears to make use of the determiner series followed by the suffix 共 to indicate plurality, so would effectively mean \"these people\" or \"these guys\".\n\nThe kind and manner series, which are and in standard Japanese, are grouped together under the (before a verb) and (before a noun) series, which may be elided to and in casual speech. In parts of the Koshikijima Islands, the latter may be pronounced as or . In other parts, namely the Southern Satsuma Peninsula, these forms are replaced by compounding the determiner suffix with the noun followed by the directional suffix if used before a verb, thus creating the forms , , and . The preceding compound is equivalent to that of the standard form , as in , , etc.\n\nThe place suffix remains the same as standard Japanese. However, the directional series , preserved in the expression \"here and there\" (standard ),坂田勝 (2007\\), p. 15 is more commonly replaced by appending the directional particle (standard and ) to the place series, resulting in the form (, , , ) due to vowel coalescence. In Tanegashima uniquely, this form is instead expressed by tagging on the directional particle to the pronominal series (), resulting in , , , and . The directional ending is also in use in a number of areas, giving , , , .\n\nAnd lastly, the Satsugū dialect also makes use of an extra series that describes limits using the suffix, which is roughly the equivalent of the standard Japanese construction \\+ or . So \"only that much\" in standard Japanese would become in the dialect. To express approximation, as in \"only about that much\", the particle may be added to form . The interrogative form is commonly used to ask about prices: \"how much is it?\" (standard ).\n\n",
"### Pronouns\n\nPronouns in the Satsugū dialect display considerable variation from their standard counterparts. The table below lists the most common pronouns as they occur in their basic forms. When followed by particles beginning with a vowel or a glide, affected pronouns will be resyllabified in the [coda](/wiki/Syllable_coda \"Syllable coda\") according to the phonological patterns of the local dialect. In most of mainland Kagoshima, for instance, when the pronouns \"I\" and \"you\" are followed by the topic particle , they become and respectively. Similarly, in Tanegashima, when the pronoun \"oneself\" is followed by the topic particle , it becomes .\n\n| [Romaji](/wiki/Romaji \"Romaji\") | [Hiragana](/wiki/Hiragana \"Hiragana\") | [Kanji](/wiki/Kanji \"Kanji\") | [Formality](/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese \"Honorific speech in Japanese\") | Notes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Reflexive pronoun | | | | |\n| | | | formal | Often used in the sense of the standard term , roughly meaning \"oneself\", \"yourself\" or \"myself\". |\n| First\\-person pronouns | | | | |\n| | | | formal, informal | Though it derives from , the pronoun is commonly used by both men and women of all ages in Kagoshima. The shortened form is also used in a few regions. |\n| | | | formal | More common among women; the form is sometimes used. Derives from . |\n| | | | | Used chiefly in Tanegashima; variants include , and . |\n| | | | | Used chiefly in [Nakanoshima](/wiki/Nakanoshima_%28Kagoshima%29 \"Nakanoshima (Kagoshima)\"). Possibly borrowed from the Amami dialects where this form is common. Note that the form , also used in Tanegashima along with the variants and , is a plural second\\-person pronoun meaning \"you (*pl*)\" (cf. the pronoun below). |\n| Second\\-person pronouns | | | | |\n| | | | formal | The honorific prefix is sometimes omitted, making it more informal. |\n| | | | informal | A variant of . |\n| | | | formal | Derives from the historical form . The shortened form is sometimes used. |\n| | | | very formal | Related to the standard form which is now considered archaic. |\n| | | or | | Considered somewhat archaic and abasing. The form derives from a reduction of the historical pronoun , meaning \"you\" or \"thou\". Sometimes used in the sense of the standard term , roughly meaning \"oneself\", \"yourself\" or \"myself\". |\n| | | | formal, informal | Used chiefly in Tanegashima. |\n| | | | | Used chiefly in northern Koshikijima. In this dialect, it is considered slightly more polite than the pronoun . |\n| | | | | Used chiefly in Nakanoshima. Possibly borrowed from the Amami dialects where this form is common. |\n| Third\\-person pronouns | | | | |\n| | | | | Derives from the form , which itself stems from the older form , still used in standard Japanese. As a deictic pronoun, it follows the morphological pattern of [demonstratives](/wiki/%23Demonstratives \"#Demonstratives\"). Thus, becomes in its possessive form. |\n| | | | | Though it ultimately derives from , the form is here used as a third person pronoun and does not carry the pejorative nuance it does in mainland Japan. The related forms and are also occasionally used, and differ primarily by the proximity or relation between the person concerned and the speaker. |\n| | | | | From the demonstrative and the person suffix ; equivalent to the standard term あの人 . The related forms and are also sometimes used, and differ primarily by the proximity or relation between the person concerned and the speaker. |\n| | | | very formal | The related variants , , and are also sometimes used. Like the above, these differ primarily by the proximity or relation between the person concerned and the speaker. |\n\n#### Suffixes\n\nIn mainland Kagoshima, the two suffixes and are commonly appended to the pronouns above in order to indicate plurality: \"I\" → \"we\", \"you\" → \"you (*pl*)\". The suffix historically derives from the ending , as revealed when topicalized as . More rarely, it may also be topicalized as , as in \"we.\" or \"you (*pl*).\". Due to its pervasive use in the Satsuma region, the ending may have come to be associated with the speech of samurais, and thus carries a slight condescending or humble connotation in standard Japanese. The suffix originates from , and may be topicalized as . Elsewhere in Kagoshima's peripheral islands, the forms differ only slightly. In the Satsunan islands, the ending is most common, and may be topicalized as in Tanegashima. The ending appears to be favored in the Tokara Islands and may be clipped as in Tanegashima, resulting in such forms as or for \"you (*pl*)\".\n\nIn the mainland, the suffix also carries a second function: it can be used as an honorific as opposed to a plural\\-marking suffix. It is worth noting, however, that the honorific suffix stems from the historical form , now used in standard Japanese almost uniquely in business correspondences. In Kagoshima, the usage of the honorific suffix corresponds very closely to that of the standard Japanese honorifics and . For instance, can be used in a very pompous manner with the first\\-person pronoun, resulting in \"I/my esteemed self\", which is equivalent to standard Japanese . Other examples of honorific usage include \"mom\" (standard: ), \"dad\" (standard: ) and \"sun\" (standard: ). The suffix is also used in terms of address in a similar way to in Japanese, so would be equivalent to in standard Japanese or \"Mr./Ms. Ōsako\" in English. Now more and more, however, this usage is being phased out in favor of its standard Japanese counterparts.\n\nThe honorific suffix is also used in a limited number of expressions, along with its more common mainland variant . For example, or are honorific pronouns used to refer to a third person, while is another honorific term used to refer to the sun, and is an honorific referring to gods or deities. Under the influence of mainland Japanese and in certain regions like Nakanoshima, the variants and are used, especially with terms of kinship. Some examples from Nakanoshima include: \"dad\", \"mom\" and \"older brother\".\n\n",
"#### Suffixes\n\nIn mainland Kagoshima, the two suffixes and are commonly appended to the pronouns above in order to indicate plurality: \"I\" → \"we\", \"you\" → \"you (*pl*)\". The suffix historically derives from the ending , as revealed when topicalized as . More rarely, it may also be topicalized as , as in \"we.\" or \"you (*pl*).\". Due to its pervasive use in the Satsuma region, the ending may have come to be associated with the speech of samurais, and thus carries a slight condescending or humble connotation in standard Japanese. The suffix originates from , and may be topicalized as . Elsewhere in Kagoshima's peripheral islands, the forms differ only slightly. In the Satsunan islands, the ending is most common, and may be topicalized as in Tanegashima. The ending appears to be favored in the Tokara Islands and may be clipped as in Tanegashima, resulting in such forms as or for \"you (*pl*)\".\n\nIn the mainland, the suffix also carries a second function: it can be used as an honorific as opposed to a plural\\-marking suffix. It is worth noting, however, that the honorific suffix stems from the historical form , now used in standard Japanese almost uniquely in business correspondences. In Kagoshima, the usage of the honorific suffix corresponds very closely to that of the standard Japanese honorifics and . For instance, can be used in a very pompous manner with the first\\-person pronoun, resulting in \"I/my esteemed self\", which is equivalent to standard Japanese . Other examples of honorific usage include \"mom\" (standard: ), \"dad\" (standard: ) and \"sun\" (standard: ). The suffix is also used in terms of address in a similar way to in Japanese, so would be equivalent to in standard Japanese or \"Mr./Ms. Ōsako\" in English. Now more and more, however, this usage is being phased out in favor of its standard Japanese counterparts.\n\nThe honorific suffix is also used in a limited number of expressions, along with its more common mainland variant . For example, or are honorific pronouns used to refer to a third person, while is another honorific term used to refer to the sun, and is an honorific referring to gods or deities. Under the influence of mainland Japanese and in certain regions like Nakanoshima, the variants and are used, especially with terms of kinship. Some examples from Nakanoshima include: \"dad\", \"mom\" and \"older brother\".\n\n",
"### Demonstratives\n\n| | | | | |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | this one | that one | that one over there | which one? |\n| | (of) this | (of) that | (of) that over there | (of) what? |\n| | like thisin this manner | like thatin that manner | like that over therein that (other) manner | what sort of?how? in what manner? |\n| | here | there | \\*over there | where? |\n| | to this extent,only this much | to that extent,only that much | to that extent,only that much | to what extent?how much? |\n\n \\* irregular formation; variants include , and \n\nAs with Standard Japanese, demonstratives also occur in the (proximal), (mesial), and (distal) series, with the corresponding interrogative form as .\n\nThe pronoun series is created using the suffix , which is a reduced form of the standard suffix . Particles attached to this form may cause the underlying historical form to resurface. For example, when the dative particle (standard ) is attached, the forms become , , and , since sonorant gliding (i.e. → ) fails to trigger when the vowel stems from a historically long vowel or diphthong (i.e. → ). So instead, vowel coalescence and vowel reduction are exhibited ( → → ).\n\nThe determiner suffix surfaces as for the standard ending . Thus, \"this book\" would be expressed as . The determiner series also serves to replace the standard Japanese person series by compounding onto it the noun (or in Tanegashima), roughly meaning \"person\", creating the forms , , and more rarely .坂田勝 (2007\\), p. 107 Tanegashima also appears to make use of the determiner series followed by the suffix 共 to indicate plurality, so would effectively mean \"these people\" or \"these guys\".\n\nThe kind and manner series, which are and in standard Japanese, are grouped together under the (before a verb) and (before a noun) series, which may be elided to and in casual speech. In parts of the Koshikijima Islands, the latter may be pronounced as or . In other parts, namely the Southern Satsuma Peninsula, these forms are replaced by compounding the determiner suffix with the noun followed by the directional suffix if used before a verb, thus creating the forms , , and . The preceding compound is equivalent to that of the standard form , as in , , etc.\n\nThe place suffix remains the same as standard Japanese. However, the directional series , preserved in the expression \"here and there\" (standard ),坂田勝 (2007\\), p. 15 is more commonly replaced by appending the directional particle (standard and ) to the place series, resulting in the form (, , , ) due to vowel coalescence. In Tanegashima uniquely, this form is instead expressed by tagging on the directional particle to the pronominal series (), resulting in , , , and . The directional ending is also in use in a number of areas, giving , , , .\n\nAnd lastly, the Satsugū dialect also makes use of an extra series that describes limits using the suffix, which is roughly the equivalent of the standard Japanese construction \\+ or . So \"only that much\" in standard Japanese would become in the dialect. To express approximation, as in \"only about that much\", the particle may be added to form . The interrogative form is commonly used to ask about prices: \"how much is it?\" (standard ).\n\n",
"Verbs\n-----\n\nThe verbal morphology of the Kagoshima dialects is heavily marked by its divergent phonological processes. Vowels can, for instance, coalesce, devoice, or be deleted entirely depending on the preceding sound. For example, the standard form \"write\" becomes in the dialects of the mainland as a result of [high vowel deletion](/wiki/%23High-vowel_deletion \"#High-vowel deletion\"). In addition to such changes, noticeable morphological differences exist between the standard language and the dialects. For example, the Kagoshima dialects pattern more closely with Western Japanese and Kyushu dialects, using the negative ending as opposed to .[:ja:日本語の方言の比較表\\#.E4\\.B9\\.9D.E5\\.B7\\.9E.EF.BC.88\\.E8\\.A5\\.BF.E6\\.B5\\.B7\\.E9\\.81\\.93\\.EF.BC.89, 2012\\-08\\-25](/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E3%81%AE%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E8%A1%A8%23.E4.B9.9D.E5.B7.9E.EF.BC.88.E8.A5.BF.E6.B5.B7.E9.81.93.EF.BC.89%2C_2012-08-25 \"日本語の方言の比較表#.E4.B9.9D.E5.B7.9E.EF.BC.88.E8.A5.BF.E6.B5.B7.E9.81.93.EF.BC.89, 2012-08-25\"), Retrieved 2012\\-08\\-27 So the form \"not write\" is used instead of the standard equivalent . Other examples include the use of the form instead of in the imperfective () and participle () forms of verbs ending with the vowel stem , or the auxiliary ( ) instead of for the progressive form. More specific to regions of Kyushu, the dialects continue to use the form for verbs that would end in in standard Japanese, as in ( ) \"to be seen\" instead of , and they also use the auxiliary verb () where standard Japanese uses the ending to express desire, as in \"want to eat\" as opposed to the standard forms or .\n\nOther noticeable differences specific to Kagoshima include its significant array of honorifics. For example, the polite auxiliary verbs (or in Tanegashima) and , sometimes written as and respectively, are used instead of the standard ending . Compare to \"(*polite*) eat\". The endings and are also sometimes used to replace to stem of verbs ending in in order to add an extra degree of politeness. As a result, multiple variants of the same verb may exist: , and are all formal auxiliaries used in imperative constructions, as in \"please eat\". And, while the form exists, the forms and are not used, suggesting that and may be reduced forms of the auxiliary verbs and . Related differences include or instead of the standard form for politely requesting that someones does something for the speaker.\n\nMany other differences also exist, especially at the lexical level. Examples in mainland Kagoshima include () instead of \"to play\", () instead of \"to die\", () instead of \"to do one's best\", or ( or ) instead of \"to walk around\", () instead of \"to walk\", and so on.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\nJapanese dialects spoken north of Kagoshima:\n* [Hichiku dialect](/wiki/Hichiku_dialect \"Hichiku dialect\")\n* [Hōnichi dialect](/wiki/H%C5%8Dnichi_dialect \"Hōnichi dialect\")\n\nJaponic languages spoken directly south of the Kagoshima dialect boundaries:\n* [Amami Ōshima language](/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language \"Amami Ōshima language\")\n* [Kikai language](/wiki/Kikai_language \"Kikai language\")\n\nInfluential dialects:\n* [Kansai dialect](/wiki/Kansai_dialect \"Kansai dialect\") (historically influential)\n* [Tokyo dialect](/wiki/Tokyo_dialect \"Tokyo dialect\") (currently influential)\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n General\n\n* Parts of this article were adapted from its correspondent [Japanese](/wiki/Japanese_language \"Japanese language\") article .\n Specific\n\n[Category:Japanese dialects](/wiki/Category:Japanese_dialects \"Japanese dialects\")\n[Category:Kagoshima Prefecture](/wiki/Category:Kagoshima_Prefecture \"Kagoshima Prefecture\")\n\n"
]
} |
USCGC Point Glover | {
"id": [
7903804
],
"name": [
"Citation bot"
]
} | a3l8pbfxrj05uwh7dn7wy7hnwkuohsq | 2023-08-29T05:03:43Z | 1,153,152,266 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Construction and design details",
"History",
"Gallery",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n* + - * + - * + - **USCGC *Point Glover* (WPB\\-82307\\)** was an [Point class cutter](/wiki/Point_class_cutter \"Point class cutter\") constructed at the [Coast Guard Yard](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Yard \"United States Coast Guard Yard\") at [Curtis Bay, Maryland](/wiki/Curtis_Bay%2C_Maryland \"Curtis Bay, Maryland\") in 1960 for use as a law enforcement and search and rescue patrol boat. Since the Coast Guard policy in 1960 was not to name [cutters](/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Cutter \"United States Coast Guard Cutter\") under in length, it was designated as *WPB\\-82307* when commissioned and acquired the name *Point Glover* in January 1964 when the Coast Guard started naming all cutters longer than .[Coast Guard Historian website](http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Point_Class_WPB_Index.asp)Scheina, p 72\n\n",
"Construction and design details\n-------------------------------\n\n*Point Glover* was built to accommodate an 8\\-man crew.Scheina, p 71 She was powered by two VT600 [Cummins](/wiki/Cummins \"Cummins\") diesel main drive engines and had two five\\-bladed propellers. The main drive engines were later replaced by VT800 Cummins engines. Water tank capacity was and fuel tank capacity was at 95% full.Scheina, p 71 Engine exhaust was ported through the transom rather than through a conventional stack and this permitted a 360 degree view from the bridge; a feature that was very useful in search and rescue work as well as a combat environment.Scotti, p 165\n\nThe design specifications for *Point Glover* included a steel hull for durability and an aluminum superstructure and longitudinally framed construction was used to save weight. Ease of operation with a small crew size was possible because of the non\\-manned main drive engine spaces. Controls and alarms located on the [bridge](/wiki/Bridge_%28nautical%29 \"Bridge (nautical)\") allowed one man operation of the cutter thus eliminating a live engineer [watch](/wiki/Watch_system \"Watch system\") in the engine room.Scotti, p 165 Because of design, four men could operate the cutter; however, the need for resting watchstanders brought the crew size to eight men for normal domestic service.Scotti, p 165 The [screws](/wiki/Propeller \"Propeller\") were designed for ease of replacement and could be changed without removing the cutter from the water. A clutch\\-in idle speed of three knots helped to conserve fuel on lengthy patrols and an eighteen knot maximum speed could get the cutter on scene quickly.Scotti, p 166 Air\\-conditioned interior spaces were a part of the original design for the Point class cutter. Interior access to the deckhouse was through a [watertight door](/wiki/Ship_floodability \"Ship floodability\") on the [starboard side](/wiki/Starboard_side \"Starboard side\") aft of the [deckhouse](/wiki/Deckhouse \"Deckhouse\"). The deckhouse contained the cabin for the officer\\-in\\-charge and the executive petty officer.Scotti, p 166 The deckhouse also included a small arms locker, [scuttlebutt](/wiki/Scuttlebutt \"Scuttlebutt\"), a small desk and [head](/wiki/Head_%28watercraft%29 \"Head (watercraft)\"). Access to the lower deck and engine room was down a ladder. At the bottom of the ladder was the [galley](/wiki/Galley_%28kitchen%29 \"Galley (kitchen)\"), [mess](/wiki/Mess \"Mess\") and recreation deck. A watertight door at the front of the mess [bulkhead](/wiki/Bulkhead_%28partition%29 \"Bulkhead (partition)\") led to the main crew quarters which was ten feet long and included six bunks that could be stowed, three bunks on each side. Forward of the bunks was the crew's head complete with a compact sink, shower and commode.Scotti, p 166 Accommodations for a 13\\-man crew were installed for Vietnam service.Scheina, p 72Scotti, p 10Scotti, p 219\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nAfter delivery in 1960, *Point Glover* was assigned a homeport of [Fort Hancock, New Jersey](/wiki/Fort_Hancock%2C_New_Jersey \"Fort Hancock, New Jersey\"), where she served as a law enforcement and search and rescue patrol boat. On 6 May 1962, she towed a disabled pleasure craft near [Sandy Hook, New Jersey](/wiki/Sandy_Hook%2C_New_Jersey \"Sandy Hook, New Jersey\").\n\nAt the request of the [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\"), in April 1965, she was alerted for service in [South Vietnam](/wiki/South_Vietnam \"South Vietnam\") and assigned to [Coast Guard Squadron One](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Squadron_One \"Coast Guard Squadron One\") in support of [Operation Market Time](/wiki/Operation_Market_Time \"Operation Market Time\") along with 16 other Point class cutters.Cutler, p 84Larzelere, p 21 While the crew completed overseas training and weapons qualifications at [Coast Guard Island](/wiki/Coast_Guard_Island \"Coast Guard Island\") and [Camp Parks, California](/wiki/Parks_Reserve_Forces_Training_Area \"Parks Reserve Forces Training Area\"), *Point Glover* was loaded onto a merchant ship, and transported to [Subic Bay](/wiki/Subic_Bay \"Subic Bay\"), [Philippines](/wiki/Philippines \"Philippines\") in May 1965 where she was refitted for combat service. Shipyard modifications included installation of new single\\-sideband radio equipment, additional floodlights, small arms lockers, bunks, additional sound\\-powered phone circuits, and the addition of four [M2 machine guns](/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun \"M2 Browning machine gun\"). The original bow\\-mounted machine gun was replaced with a combination over\\-under .50 caliber machine gun/81 mm trigger\\-fired mortar that had been developed by the Coast Guard for service in Vietnam.Larzelere, p 21Cutler, p 82 For service in Vietnam, two officers were added to the crew complement to add seniority to the crew in the mission of interdicting vessels at sea.Larzelere, p 15\n\n*Point Glover* was assigned to Division 11 of Squadron One to be based at [An Thoi Naval Base](/wiki/An_Thoi_Naval_Base \"An Thoi Naval Base\") on the southern tip of [Phú Quốc](/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Qu%E1%BB%91c \"Phú Quốc\") island along with , , , , , , , and . After sea trials, the Division left Subic Bay for An Thoi on 17 July 1965 in the company of , their temporary support ship. After almost two weeks at sea, they arrived at their new duty station on 1 August and began patrolling the waters in the [Gulf of Thailand](/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand \"Gulf of Thailand\") near the [Ca Mau](/wiki/Ca_Mau \"Ca Mau\") peninsula.Kelley, p 5\\-97Larzelere, p 48 Duty consisted of boarding Vietnamese junks to search for contraband weapons and ammunition and check the identification papers of persons on board. During September 1965, , a repair ship outfitted for the repair of WPB's relieved the *Floyd County*. Also during this time, the WPB's were directed to paint the hulls and superstructures formula 20 deck gray to cover the stateside white paint. This increased the effectiveness of night patrols.Cutler, p 85\n\nOn 19 September 1965, *Point Glover* sank one [Viet Cong](/wiki/Viet_Cong \"Viet Cong\") junk and assisted *Point Marone* in the capture of another near [Hà Tiên](/wiki/H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn \"Hà Tiên\").Kelley, p 5\\-208 Both junks had arms, ammunition, and documents on board.Cutler, p 110Larzelere, p 45\n\nBy fall of 1969 the crew of the *Point Glover* was training a replacement [Republic of Vietnam Navy](/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Navy \"Republic of Vietnam Navy\") (RVNN) crew for the eventual turnover of the cutter to RVNN control. On 14 February 1970, *Point Glover* was turned over to the RVNN as part of the [Vietnamization](/wiki/Vietnamization \"Vietnamization\") of the war effort and recommissioned as RVNS *Đào Văn Đặng* (HQ\\-711\\).Scotti, p 210\n\n",
"Gallery\n-------\n\nFile:United States Coast Guard Point Glover March 1967\\.pdf\\|United States Coast Guard Point Glover March 1967\nFile:United States Coast Guard Point Glover November 1969\\.pdf\\|United States Coast Guard Point Glover November 1969\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\nBibliography\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [The Coast Guard's Vietnam](http://www.aug.edu/~libwrw/vwar/ron1/vn6970.htm) Augusta State University website\n\n[Glover](/wiki/Category:Point-class_cutters \"Point-class cutters\")\n[Category:1960 ships](/wiki/Category:1960_ships \"1960 ships\")\n[Category:Vietnam War patrol vessels of the United States](/wiki/Category:Vietnam_War_patrol_vessels_of_the_United_States \"Vietnam War patrol vessels of the United States\")\n[Category:United States Coast Guard ships transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Navy](/wiki/Category:United_States_Coast_Guard_ships_transferred_to_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_Navy \"United States Coast Guard ships transferred to the Republic of Vietnam Navy\")\n[Category:Ships built by the United States Coast Guard Yard](/wiki/Category:Ships_built_by_the_United_States_Coast_Guard_Yard \"Ships built by the United States Coast Guard Yard\")\n\n"
]
} |
Noémi-Noire Oursel | {
"id": [
7436027
],
"name": [
"Kjell Knudde"
]
} | rjzkd38mud7qj4lxbf179ulsfo10ms7 | 2023-05-15T15:16:08Z | 1,111,260,024 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Works",
"Sources",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Noémi\\-Noire Oursel** (15 October 1847, [Rouen](/wiki/Rouen \"Rouen\") \\- unknown date, 20th century) was a [French](/wiki/French_people \"French people\") librarian and biographer. In addition to many articles in several magazines, *la Normandie Littéraire*, *le Voleur illustré*, etc., Oursel published her great work, the *Nouvelle Biographie normande* in 1886, followed by two Suppléments (1888 and 1912\\).\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\n* *Nouvelle Biographie normande*, Paris, Picard, 1886\\.\n* *Supplément à la Nouvelle Biographie normande*, Paris, Picard, 1888\\.\n* *Nouvelle Biographie normande. Deuxième supplément*, Paris, E. Dumont, 1912\\.\n* *Une Havraise oubliée, [Marie Le Masson Le Golft](/wiki/Marie_Le_Masson_Le_Golft \"Marie Le Masson Le Golft\")*, Évreux, Imprimerie de l’Eure, 1908\\.\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* [Angelo De Gubernatis](/wiki/Angelo_De_Gubernatis \"Angelo De Gubernatis\"), *Dictionnaire international des écrivains du jour*, [Florence](/wiki/Florence \"Florence\"), L. Niccolai, 1891, .\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Noémi\\-Noire Oursel](http://data.bnf.fr/12748258/noemi-noire_oursel/) on [data.bnf.fr](/wiki/Data.bnf.fr \"Data.bnf.fr\")\n\n[Category:French librarians](/wiki/Category:French_librarians \"French librarians\")\n[Category:French women librarians](/wiki/Category:French_women_librarians \"French women librarians\")\n[Category:1847 births](/wiki/Category:1847_births \"1847 births\")\n[Category:Writers from Rouen](/wiki/Category:Writers_from_Rouen \"Writers from Rouen\")\n[Category:French biographers](/wiki/Category:French_biographers \"French biographers\")\n[Category:French women biographers](/wiki/Category:French_women_biographers \"French women biographers\")\n[Category:French bibliographers](/wiki/Category:French_bibliographers \"French bibliographers\")\n[Category:Women bibliographers](/wiki/Category:Women_bibliographers \"Women bibliographers\")\n[Category:French lexicographers](/wiki/Category:French_lexicographers \"French lexicographers\")\n[Category:Year of death missing](/wiki/Category:Year_of_death_missing \"Year of death missing\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Frédéric Bégin | {
"id": [
41941497
],
"name": [
"DarkNight0917"
]
} | bsfx1v91rn6b9gnwrtevj2fycqct4p7 | 2024-08-30T01:24:46Z | 1,216,679,549 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early life and education",
"Filmography",
"Feature length",
"Shorts",
"Television",
"Awards and nominations",
"Awards",
"Nominations",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
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3,
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3,
3,
2,
2
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"content": [
"\n\n**Frédéric Bégin** (born November 10, 1975, in [Trois\\-Pistoles](/wiki/Trois-Pistoles%2C_Quebec \"Trois-Pistoles, Quebec\"), Quebec) is a Canadian [score composer](/wiki/Score_composer \"Score composer\"). Bégin received two [Gémeaux Awards](/wiki/G%C3%A9meaux_Awards \"Gémeaux Awards\") at the 24th annual ceremony, both for his work on the second season of the Canadian television series *[Les Étoiles filantes](/wiki/Les_%C3%89toiles_filantes \"Les Étoiles filantes\")* (*The Shooting Stars*).\n\n",
"Early life and education\n------------------------\n\nBégin graduated with a degree in music from the Université de Montréal.[\"Frédéric Bégin: Beyond the Mirage\"](https://www.socanmagazine.ca/features/frederic-begin-beyond-the-mirage/?doing_wp_cron=1553730217.6517839431762695312500). *Words and Music*, SOCAN, by Sarah Lévesque \\| August 5, 2015\n\n",
"Filmography\n-----------\n\n### Feature length\n\n* 2005: *[Dodging the Clock](/wiki/Dodging_the_Clock \"Dodging the Clock\") (Horloge biologique)*\n* 2007: *[Bluff](/wiki/Bluff_%282007_film%29 \"Bluff (2007 film)\")*\n* 2009: *[1981](/wiki/1981_%28film%29 \"1981 (film)\")*\n* 2010: *Y'en aura pas de facile*\n* 2011: *[The Happiness of Others](/wiki/The_Happiness_of_Others \"The Happiness of Others\") (Le Bonheur des autres)*\n* 2014: *[1987](/wiki/1987_%28film%29 \"1987 (film)\")*\n* 2015: *[Aurélie Laflamme \\- Les pieds sur terre](/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lie_Laflamme_-_Les_pieds_sur_terre \"Aurélie Laflamme - Les pieds sur terre\")*\n* 2015: *[The Mirage](/wiki/The_Mirage_%282015_film%29 \"The Mirage (2015 film)\") (Le Mirage)*\n* 2017: *[Threesome](/wiki/Threesome_%282017_film%29 \"Threesome (2017 film)\") (Le Trip à trois)*\n* 2018: *[1991](/wiki/1991_%28film%29 \"1991 (film)\")*\n* 2020: *[The Guide to the Perfect Family](/wiki/The_Guide_to_the_Perfect_Family \"The Guide to the Perfect Family\") (Le Guide de la famille parfaite)*\n\n### Shorts\n\n* 2004 : *Nourri au Grain*\n* 2009 : *Le Technicien*\n* 2016 : *Introduction to Virtual Reality*\n* 2016 : *Through the Ages: President Obama Celebrates America's National Parks*\n* 2017 : *The People's House – Inside the White House with Barack and Michelle Obama* \n* 2019 : *Mercy*\n\n### Television\n\n* 2004: *[Smash](/wiki/Smash_%28Canadian_TV_series%29 \"Smash (Canadian TV series)\")*\n* 2005: *[Smash 2](/wiki/Smash_%28Canadian_TV_series%29 \"Smash (Canadian TV series)\")*\n* 2006: *[3X Rien](/wiki/3X_Rien \"3X Rien\")* (2006\\)\n* 2006: *[Les Étoiles filantes](/wiki/Les_%C3%89toiles_filantes \"Les Étoiles filantes\")* (2006\\)\n* 2007: *[Les Étoiles filantes 2](/wiki/Les_%C3%89toiles_filantes \"Les Étoiles filantes\")*\n* 2007: *[Nos étés](/wiki/Nos_%C3%A9t%C3%A9s \"Nos étés\")*\n* 2010: *[Malenfant](/wiki/Malenfant_%28Canadian_TV_series%29 \"Malenfant (Canadian TV series)\")*\n* 2010: *En audition avec Simon*\n* 2012: *[Roxy](/wiki/Roxy_%28TV_series%29 \"Roxy (TV series)\")*\n* 2014: *[Ces gars\\-là](/wiki/Ces_gars-l%C3%A0 \"Ces gars-là\")*\n* 2014: *[Le Berceau des anges](/wiki/Le_Berceau_des_anges \"Le Berceau des anges\")* (2015\\)\n* 2020: *[La Maison\\-Bleue](/wiki/La_Maison-Bleue \"La Maison-Bleue\")*\n* 2020: *Les Mecs*\n",
"### Feature length\n\n* 2005: *[Dodging the Clock](/wiki/Dodging_the_Clock \"Dodging the Clock\") (Horloge biologique)*\n* 2007: *[Bluff](/wiki/Bluff_%282007_film%29 \"Bluff (2007 film)\")*\n* 2009: *[1981](/wiki/1981_%28film%29 \"1981 (film)\")*\n* 2010: *Y'en aura pas de facile*\n* 2011: *[The Happiness of Others](/wiki/The_Happiness_of_Others \"The Happiness of Others\") (Le Bonheur des autres)*\n* 2014: *[1987](/wiki/1987_%28film%29 \"1987 (film)\")*\n* 2015: *[Aurélie Laflamme \\- Les pieds sur terre](/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lie_Laflamme_-_Les_pieds_sur_terre \"Aurélie Laflamme - Les pieds sur terre\")*\n* 2015: *[The Mirage](/wiki/The_Mirage_%282015_film%29 \"The Mirage (2015 film)\") (Le Mirage)*\n* 2017: *[Threesome](/wiki/Threesome_%282017_film%29 \"Threesome (2017 film)\") (Le Trip à trois)*\n* 2018: *[1991](/wiki/1991_%28film%29 \"1991 (film)\")*\n* 2020: *[The Guide to the Perfect Family](/wiki/The_Guide_to_the_Perfect_Family \"The Guide to the Perfect Family\") (Le Guide de la famille parfaite)*\n",
"### Shorts\n\n* 2004 : *Nourri au Grain*\n* 2009 : *Le Technicien*\n* 2016 : *Introduction to Virtual Reality*\n* 2016 : *Through the Ages: President Obama Celebrates America's National Parks*\n* 2017 : *The People's House – Inside the White House with Barack and Michelle Obama* \n* 2019 : *Mercy*\n",
"### Television\n\n* 2004: *[Smash](/wiki/Smash_%28Canadian_TV_series%29 \"Smash (Canadian TV series)\")*\n* 2005: *[Smash 2](/wiki/Smash_%28Canadian_TV_series%29 \"Smash (Canadian TV series)\")*\n* 2006: *[3X Rien](/wiki/3X_Rien \"3X Rien\")* (2006\\)\n* 2006: *[Les Étoiles filantes](/wiki/Les_%C3%89toiles_filantes \"Les Étoiles filantes\")* (2006\\)\n* 2007: *[Les Étoiles filantes 2](/wiki/Les_%C3%89toiles_filantes \"Les Étoiles filantes\")*\n* 2007: *[Nos étés](/wiki/Nos_%C3%A9t%C3%A9s \"Nos étés\")*\n* 2010: *[Malenfant](/wiki/Malenfant_%28Canadian_TV_series%29 \"Malenfant (Canadian TV series)\")*\n* 2010: *En audition avec Simon*\n* 2012: *[Roxy](/wiki/Roxy_%28TV_series%29 \"Roxy (TV series)\")*\n* 2014: *[Ces gars\\-là](/wiki/Ces_gars-l%C3%A0 \"Ces gars-là\")*\n* 2014: *[Le Berceau des anges](/wiki/Le_Berceau_des_anges \"Le Berceau des anges\")* (2015\\)\n* 2020: *[La Maison\\-Bleue](/wiki/La_Maison-Bleue \"La Maison-Bleue\")*\n* 2020: *Les Mecs*\n",
"Awards and nominations\n----------------------\n\n### Awards\n\n* 2015 : [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\") : Best music for a dramatic series for *[Le Berceau des Anges](/wiki/Le_Berceau_des_Anges \"Le Berceau des Anges\")* )\n* 2009 : [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\") : Best music for a dramatic series for *[Les Étoiles filantes 2](/wiki/Les_%C3%89toiles_filantes \"Les Étoiles filantes\")* )\n* 2009 : [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\") : Best musical theme for *[Les Étoiles filantes 2](/wiki/Les_%C3%89toiles_filantes \"Les Étoiles filantes\")* )\n\n### Nominations\n\n* 2004 : Best Music for *[Smash](/wiki/Smash_%28Canadian_TV_series%29 \"Smash (Canadian TV series)\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2004 : Best musical Theme *[Smash](/wiki/Smash_%28Canadian_TV_series%29 \"Smash (Canadian TV series)\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2006 : Best music *[Horloge biologique](/wiki/Dodging_the_Clock \"Dodging the Clock\")* at [Jutras Awards](/wiki/Prix_Jutra \"Prix Jutra\")\n* 2007 : Best musical theme *[Les Étoiles filantes](/wiki/Les_%C3%89toiles_filantes \"Les Étoiles filantes\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2007 : Best music *[Nos étés](/wiki/Nos_%C3%A9t%C3%A9s \"Nos étés\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2015 : Best music *[Le Berceau des Anges](/wiki/Le_Berceau_des_Anges \"Le Berceau des Anges\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2015 : Best musical theme *[Le Berceau des Anges](/wiki/Le_Berceau_des_Anges \"Le Berceau des Anges\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2019 : Best music *1991* at [Gala Québec Cinéma](/wiki/Gala_Qu%C3%A9bec_Cin%C3%A9ma \"Gala Québec Cinéma\")\n",
"### Awards\n\n* 2015 : [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\") : Best music for a dramatic series for *[Le Berceau des Anges](/wiki/Le_Berceau_des_Anges \"Le Berceau des Anges\")* )\n* 2009 : [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\") : Best music for a dramatic series for *[Les Étoiles filantes 2](/wiki/Les_%C3%89toiles_filantes \"Les Étoiles filantes\")* )\n* 2009 : [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\") : Best musical theme for *[Les Étoiles filantes 2](/wiki/Les_%C3%89toiles_filantes \"Les Étoiles filantes\")* )\n",
"### Nominations\n\n* 2004 : Best Music for *[Smash](/wiki/Smash_%28Canadian_TV_series%29 \"Smash (Canadian TV series)\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2004 : Best musical Theme *[Smash](/wiki/Smash_%28Canadian_TV_series%29 \"Smash (Canadian TV series)\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2006 : Best music *[Horloge biologique](/wiki/Dodging_the_Clock \"Dodging the Clock\")* at [Jutras Awards](/wiki/Prix_Jutra \"Prix Jutra\")\n* 2007 : Best musical theme *[Les Étoiles filantes](/wiki/Les_%C3%89toiles_filantes \"Les Étoiles filantes\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2007 : Best music *[Nos étés](/wiki/Nos_%C3%A9t%C3%A9s \"Nos étés\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2015 : Best music *[Le Berceau des Anges](/wiki/Le_Berceau_des_Anges \"Le Berceau des Anges\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2015 : Best musical theme *[Le Berceau des Anges](/wiki/Le_Berceau_des_Anges \"Le Berceau des Anges\")* at [Gemeaux Awards](/wiki/Prix_G%C3%A9meaux \"Prix Gémeaux\")\n* 2019 : Best music *1991* at [Gala Québec Cinéma](/wiki/Gala_Qu%C3%A9bec_Cin%C3%A9ma \"Gala Québec Cinéma\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1975 births](/wiki/Category:1975_births \"1975 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:People from Trois\\-Pistoles, Quebec](/wiki/Category:People_from_Trois-Pistoles%2C_Quebec \"People from Trois-Pistoles, Quebec\")\n[Category:Canadian film score composers](/wiki/Category:Canadian_film_score_composers \"Canadian film score composers\")\n[Category:Canadian male film score composers](/wiki/Category:Canadian_male_film_score_composers \"Canadian male film score composers\")\n[Category:Musicians from Quebec](/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Quebec \"Musicians from Quebec\")\n\n"
]
} |
Proacerella | {
"id": [
14423536
],
"name": [
"Plantdrew"
]
} | t6dia1bp99adk6n23c5uyhjmmoc46tx | 2023-11-07T22:39:04Z | 1,009,389,873 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Species",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n***Proacerella*** is a genus of [proturans](/wiki/Protura \"Protura\") in the family [Acerentomidae](/wiki/Acerentomidae \"Acerentomidae\").\n\n",
"Species\n-------\n\n* *[Proacerella reducta](/wiki/Proacerella_reducta \"Proacerella reducta\")* Bernard, 1975\n* *[Proacerella vasconica](/wiki/Proacerella_vasconica \"Proacerella vasconica\")* Aldaba, 1983\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Protura](/wiki/Category:Protura \"Protura\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Jared Norman | {
"id": [
29077096
],
"name": [
"Crowsus"
]
} | 0o7dkwgkhlnzal87ygnha3q2cm7b3o1 | 2024-02-18T21:13:00Z | 1,208,548,792 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Jared Simon Gregory Norman** (born 28 November 1974\\) is a former English [cricketer](/wiki/Cricket \"Cricket\"). Norman was a right\\-handed [batsman](/wiki/Batsman_%28cricket%29 \"Batsman (cricket)\") who bowled right\\-arm [medium pace](/wiki/Seam_bowling \"Seam bowling\"). He was born at [Barnet](/wiki/Chipping_Barnet \"Chipping Barnet\"), [London](/wiki/London \"London\").\n\nNorman made his debut for [Cambridgeshire](/wiki/Cambridgeshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club\") in the 1997 [Minor Counties Championship](/wiki/Minor_Counties_Championship \"Minor Counties Championship\") against [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk_County_Cricket_Club \"Norfolk County Cricket Club\"). From 1997 to 2001, he represented the county in 22 Minor Counties Championship matches, with his final appearance in that competition coming against [Norfolk](/wiki/Norfolk_County_Cricket_Club \"Norfolk County Cricket Club\").[Minor Counties Championship Matches played by Jared Norman](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/7/7300/Minor_Counties_Championship_Matches.html) He also represented the county in 11 [MCCA Knockout Trophy](/wiki/MCCA_Knockout_Trophy \"MCCA Knockout Trophy\") matches from 1998 to 2002, with his final appearance for the county coming against the [Essex Cricket Board](/wiki/Essex_Cricket_Board \"Essex Cricket Board\").[Minor Counties Trophy Matches played by Jared Norman](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/7/7300/Minor_Counties_Trophy_Matches.html)\n\nNorman also represented Cambridgeshire in [List\\-A cricket](/wiki/List-A_cricket \"List-A cricket\"), where he made his debut in that format of the game against [Kent](/wiki/Kent_County_Cricket_Club \"Kent County Cricket Club\") in the [1998 NatWest Trophy](/wiki/1998_NatWest_Trophy \"1998 NatWest Trophy\"). He played 2 further List\\-A matches for the county against the [Netherlands](/wiki/Netherlands_national_cricket_team \"Netherlands national cricket team\") in the [1999 NatWest Trophy](/wiki/1999_NatWest_Trophy \"1999 NatWest Trophy\") and [Hertfordshire](/wiki/Hertfordshire_County_Cricket_Club \"Hertfordshire County Cricket Club\") in the [2000 NatWest Trophy](/wiki/2000_NatWest_Trophy \"2000 NatWest Trophy\").[List\\-A Matches played by Jared Norman](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/7/7300/List_A_Matches.html) In his 3 List\\-A matches, he scored just 19 runs at a [batting average](/wiki/Batting_average_%28cricket%29 \"Batting average (cricket)\") of 6\\.33, with a high score of 7\\.[List\\-A Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Jared Norman](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/7/7300/a_Batting_by_Team.html)\n\nNorman continues to play club cricket for [Potters Bar Cricket Club](/wiki/Potters_Bar_Cricket_Club \"Potters Bar Cricket Club\") in the [Home Counties Premier Cricket League](/wiki/Home_Counties_Premier_Cricket_League \"Home Counties Premier Cricket League\").[Home Counties Premier League Matches played by Jared Norman](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/7/7300/Home_Counties_Premier_League_Matches.html)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Jared Norman](http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/18030.html) at [Cricinfo](/wiki/Cricinfo \"Cricinfo\")\n* [Jared Norman](https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/7/7300/7300.html) at CricketArchive\n\n[Category:1974 births](/wiki/Category:1974_births \"1974 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:People from Chipping Barnet](/wiki/Category:People_from_Chipping_Barnet \"People from Chipping Barnet\")\n[Category:Cricketers from the London Borough of Barnet](/wiki/Category:Cricketers_from_the_London_Borough_of_Barnet \"Cricketers from the London Borough of Barnet\")\n[Category:English cricketers](/wiki/Category:English_cricketers \"English cricketers\")\n[Category:Cambridgeshire cricketers](/wiki/Category:Cambridgeshire_cricketers \"Cambridgeshire cricketers\")\n\n"
]
} |
Middridge Quarry | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | pfzpz7oncqsobx7n5knsxvs65qkrpui | 2024-01-22T12:59:15Z | 1,160,394,685 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Middridge Quarry** is a [Site of Special Scientific Interest](/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest \"Site of Special Scientific Interest\") in the [Sedgefield](/wiki/Sedgefield_%28district%29 \"Sedgefield (district)\") district of [County Durham](/wiki/County_Durham \"County Durham\"), England. It is a disused quarry, situated alongside the railway line between [Newton Aycliffe](/wiki/Newton_Aycliffe \"Newton Aycliffe\") and [Shildon](/wiki/Shildon \"Shildon\"), 1 km south of the village of [Middridge](/wiki/Middridge \"Middridge\").\n\nThe quarry was excavated in [Magnesian Limestone](/wiki/Magnesian_Limestone \"Magnesian Limestone\"), the lowest level of which is an exceptionally fossiliferous [marl](/wiki/Marl \"Marl\") [slate](/wiki/Slate \"Slate\") which has yielded the richest and most varied Permian flora in the Britain and is the type locality for the [pteridosperm](/wiki/Pteridosperm \"Pteridosperm\") *Pseudoctensis middridgensis*. Fossils obtained from the quarry have included several species of fish and reptiles, numerous invertebrates and plants, and the site is considered to be of international palaeontological importance.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in County Durham](/wiki/Category:Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_County_Durham \"Sites of Special Scientific Interest in County Durham\")\n[Category:Quarries in County Durham](/wiki/Category:Quarries_in_County_Durham \"Quarries in County Durham\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Richard Cantrell | {
"id": [
1189543
],
"name": [
"Simeon"
]
} | 4032elm31b9fvpxfm8v771n71gv1mj0 | 2021-04-19T06:37:34Z | 997,425,190 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Richard Seaward Cantrell** (1825 – 11 August 1872\\) was a 19th\\-century [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_parliament \"Member of parliament\") from [Dunedin](/wiki/Dunedin \"Dunedin\"), New Zealand.\n\nCantrell was born in England in 1825\\. He arrived in Dunedin in 1858 and took over the Commercial Hotel in December of that year.\n\nCantrell was one of four candidates in the in the [Caversham](/wiki/Caversham_%28New_Zealand_electorate%29 \"Caversham (New Zealand electorate)\") electorate, coming second but being decisively beaten by [Arthur John Burns](/wiki/Arthur_John_Burns \"Arthur John Burns\"). Burns resigned after four years but Cantrell did not stand in the resulting [1870 Caversham by\\-election](/wiki/1870_Caversham_by-election \"1870 Caversham by-election\"). The by\\-election was won by [James McIndoe](/wiki/James_McIndoe \"James McIndoe\") and at the , Cantrell defeated McIndoe. On 27 March 1871, Cantrell was one of five candidates for the [Otago Provincial Council](/wiki/Otago_Provincial_Council \"Otago Provincial Council\"), also for the Caversham electorate. He comfortably won this election.\n\nCantrell represented the (parliamentary) Caversham electorate until 1872, when he resigned due to ill health. He sent his resignation from Dunedin by mail on 1 August and while the resignation was read out by the speaker on 6 August, it took effect on 31 July (i.e. the day prior to sending it; presumably the date shown on the letter). He had also resigned from the provincial council, but as the council was out of session (the 30th session had finished on 31 May), the resignation could not be processed and his representation ended with his death.\n\nAt the provincial council, three candidates contested the resulting by\\-election on 15 August: [Robert Stout](/wiki/Robert_Stout \"Robert Stout\") (149 votes), [Henry Fish](/wiki/Henry_Fish \"Henry Fish\") (110 votes), and [Richard Henry Leary](/wiki/Richard_Henry_Leary \"Richard Henry Leary\") (90 votes), with Stout thus elected. Cantrell's parliamentary resignation caused the [1872 Caversham by\\-election](/wiki/1872_Caversham_by-election \"1872 Caversham by-election\"), which was held on 28 August and won by [William Tolmie](/wiki/William_Tolmie_%28politician%29 \"William Tolmie (politician)\"). Cantrell did not live to see either by\\-election; he died on 11 August aged 47 years. As [captain](/wiki/Captain_%28armed_forces%29 \"Captain (armed forces)\") of a volunteer unit (South District Rifles), he received a military funeral. He was survived by a family of six sons and two daughters.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1825 births](/wiki/Category:1825_births \"1825 births\")\n[Category:1872 deaths](/wiki/Category:1872_deaths \"1872 deaths\")\n[Category:Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives \"Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives\")\n[Category:New Zealand MPs for Dunedin electorates](/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_MPs_for_Dunedin_electorates \"New Zealand MPs for Dunedin electorates\")\n[Category:19th\\-century New Zealand politicians](/wiki/Category:19th-century_New_Zealand_politicians \"19th-century New Zealand politicians\")\n[Category:Unsuccessful candidates in the 1866 New Zealand general election](/wiki/Category:Unsuccessful_candidates_in_the_1866_New_Zealand_general_election \"Unsuccessful candidates in the 1866 New Zealand general election\")\n[Category:Members of the Otago Provincial Council](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Otago_Provincial_Council \"Members of the Otago Provincial Council\")\n\n"
]
} |
John Dempsey (Medal of Honor) | {
"id": [
25544900
],
"name": [
"Dillonn241"
]
} | nrh1s3syzpn7zuaterck4gvu2o4xncr | 2024-04-20T22:24:55Z | 1,219,510,903 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**John Dempsey** (–1884\\), was an Irish\\-born American military officer, who served as a [United States Navy](/wiki/United_States_Navy \"United States Navy\") sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the [Medal of Honor](/wiki/Medal_of_Honor \"Medal of Honor\").\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nBorn in 1848 in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"), Dempsey immigrated to the United States and joined the U.S. Navy from [Massachusetts](/wiki/Massachusetts \"Massachusetts\"). By January 23, 1875, he was serving as a [seaman](/wiki/Seaman_%28rank%29 \"Seaman (rank)\") on the . On that day, while *Kearsarge* was at [Shanghai](/wiki/Shanghai \"Shanghai\"), [China](/wiki/China \"China\"), he jumped overboard and rescued a shipmate from drowning. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.\n\nDempsey's official Medal of Honor citation reads:\n\n> On board the U.S.S. *Kearsarge* at Shanghai, China, 23 January 1875\\. Displaying gallant conduct, Dempsey jumped overboard from the *Kearsarge* and rescued from drowning one of the crew of that vessel.\n\nHe died on September 14, 1884, in San Francisco. He was buried at [Greenlawn Memorial Park](/wiki/Greenlawn_Memorial_Park_%28Colma%2C_California%29 \"Greenlawn Memorial Park (Colma, California)\") in Colma, California.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime](/wiki/List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients_during_peacetime \"List of Medal of Honor recipients during peacetime\")\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1840s births](/wiki/Category:1840s_births \"1840s births\")\n[Category:1884 deaths](/wiki/Category:1884_deaths \"1884 deaths\")\n[Category:Irish emigrants to the United States](/wiki/Category:Irish_emigrants_to_the_United_States \"Irish emigrants to the United States\")\n[Category:United States Navy sailors](/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy_sailors \"United States Navy sailors\")\n[Category:United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients](/wiki/Category:United_States_Navy_Medal_of_Honor_recipients \"United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients\")\n[Category:Irish\\-born Medal of Honor recipients](/wiki/Category:Irish-born_Medal_of_Honor_recipients \"Irish-born Medal of Honor recipients\")\n[Category:Irish sailors in the United States Navy](/wiki/Category:Irish_sailors_in_the_United_States_Navy \"Irish sailors in the United States Navy\")\n[Category:Non\\-combat recipients of the Medal of Honor](/wiki/Category:Non-combat_recipients_of_the_Medal_of_Honor \"Non-combat recipients of the Medal of Honor\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Katiola Department | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"87.49.44.170"
]
} | evmtsfji9oqvenanqfftph9yn3op8gn | 2022-08-30T21:38:28Z | 1,107,601,540 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Notes"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Katiola Department** is a [department](/wiki/Departments_of_Ivory_Coast \"Departments of Ivory Coast\") of [Hambol Region](/wiki/Hambol_Region \"Hambol Region\") in [Vallée du Bandama District](/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_du_Bandama_District \"Vallée du Bandama District\"), [Ivory Coast](/wiki/Ivory_Coast \"Ivory Coast\"). In 2021, its population was 162,472 and its seat is the settlement of [Katiola](/wiki/Katiola \"Katiola\"). The [sub\\-prefectures](/wiki/Sub-prefectures_of_Ivory_Coast \"Sub-prefectures of Ivory Coast\") of the department are [Fronan](/wiki/Fronan \"Fronan\"), [Katiola](/wiki/Katiola \"Katiola\"), and [Timbé](/wiki/Timb%C3%A9%2C_Ivory_Coast \"Timbé, Ivory Coast\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|Katiola Department upon its creation in 1969\\. It kept these boundaries until 1974, when it became one of the first of the new departments to be divided.](/wiki/File:Katiola_Department_locator_map_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire_%281969-74%29.jpg \"Katiola Department locator map Côte d'Ivoire (1969-74).jpg\")\n[thumb\\|left\\|Katiola Department from 1974 to 2009\\. (Other subdivision boundaries began to change in 1980\\.)](/wiki/File:Katiola_Department_locator_map_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire_%281974-80%29.jpg \"Katiola Department locator map Côte d'Ivoire (1974-80).jpg\")\nKatiola Department was created in 1969 as one of the 24 new departments that were created to take the place of the six departments that were being abolished. It was created from territory that was formerly part of [Centre Department](/wiki/Centre_Department_%28Ivory_Coast%29 \"Centre Department (Ivory Coast)\"). Using current boundaries as a reference, from 1969 to 1974 the department occupied the same territory as [Hambol Region](/wiki/Hambol_Region \"Hambol Region\").\n\nIn 1974, Katiola Department was divided to create [Dabakala Department](/wiki/Dabakala_Department \"Dabakala Department\").[\"Regions of Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)\"](http://www.statoids.com/yci.html), statoids.com, accessed 16 February 2016\\. In 1997, [regions](/wiki/Regions_of_Ivory_Coast \"Regions of Ivory Coast\") were introduced as new first\\-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast; as a result, all departments were converted into second\\-level subdivisions. Katiola Department was included as part of [Vallée du Bandama Region](/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_du_Bandama_Region \"Vallée du Bandama Region\").\n\nIn 2009, Katiola Department was divided again to create [Niakaramandougou Department](/wiki/Niakaramandougou_Department \"Niakaramandougou Department\").\n\nIn 2011, [districts](/wiki/Districts_of_Ivory_Coast \"Districts of Ivory Coast\") were introduced as new first\\-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast. At the same time, regions were reorganised and became second\\-level subdivisions and all departments were converted into third\\-level subdivisions. At this time, Katiola Department became part of [Hambol Region](/wiki/Hambol_Region \"Hambol Region\") in [Vallée du Bandama District](/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_du_Bandama_District \"Vallée du Bandama District\").\n\n",
"Notes\n-----\n\n[Category:Departments of Hambol](/wiki/Category:Departments_of_Hambol \"Departments of Hambol\")\n[Category:1969 establishments in Ivory Coast](/wiki/Category:1969_establishments_in_Ivory_Coast \"1969 establishments in Ivory Coast\")\n[Category:States and territories established in 1969](/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1969 \"States and territories established in 1969\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Audrey (disambiguation) | {
"id": [
21228317
],
"name": [
"Kirby777"
]
} | 6ozod02crphv7tfo9spam90j4aepe4o | 2024-04-24T14:19:44Z | 1,082,129,486 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction"
],
"level": [
1
],
"content": [
"\n**[Audrey](/wiki/Audrey \"Audrey\")** is an Anglo\\-Norman given name from *Æðelþryð*.\n\n**Audrey** may also refer to:\n* [Audrey (owarai)](/wiki/Audrey_%28owarai%29 \"Audrey (owarai)\"), owarai or comedy duo in Japan\n* [Hurricane Audrey](/wiki/Hurricane_Audrey \"Hurricane Audrey\"), a 1957 hurricane that devastated Louisiana\n* The [3Com Audrey](/wiki/3Com_Audrey \"3Com Audrey\"), a short\\-lived Internet appliance\n* [*Audrey*](/wiki/Audrey_magazine \"Audrey magazine\"), a U.S. magazine for Asian American women\n* [Audrey (band)](/wiki/Audrey_%28band%29 \"Audrey (band)\"), a Swedish music group\n* *Audrey*, a painting by [Philip Richard Morris](/wiki/Philip_Richard_Morris \"Philip Richard Morris\")\n* [*Audrey* (novel)](/wiki/Audrey_%28novel%29 \"Audrey (novel)\"), a best\\-selling 1902 novel by [Mary Johnston](/wiki/Mary_Johnston \"Mary Johnston\")\n* [*Audrey* (1916 film)](/wiki/Audrey_%281916_film%29 \"Audrey (1916 film)\"), an American silent drama film\n* [*Audrey* (2014 film)](/wiki/Audrey_%282014_film%29 \"Audrey (2014 film)\"), an American comedy film\n* [*Audrey* (2020 film)](/wiki/Audrey_%282020_film%29 \"Audrey (2020 film)\"), a British documentary film about Audrey Hepburn\n* [*Audrey* (tugboat)](/wiki/Audrey_%28tugboat%29 \"Audrey (tugboat)\"), a 1909 small steam vessel\n* Audrey Smith, a character in the animated series *[Harvey Street Kids](/wiki/Harvey_Girls_Forever%21 \"Harvey Girls Forever!\")*\n\n"
]
} |
Sakellari Peninsula | {
"id": [
27199084
],
"name": [
"Entranced98"
]
} | 6gi7rurbjrvcv2bp25lrpm99dy8t49j | 2024-08-26T23:14:36Z | 868,909,835 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Sakellari Peninsula** is a large ice\\-covered [peninsula](/wiki/Peninsula \"Peninsula\") between [Amundsen Bay](/wiki/Amundsen_Bay \"Amundsen Bay\") and [Casey Bay](/wiki/Casey_Bay \"Casey Bay\") in [Enderby Land](/wiki/Enderby_Land \"Enderby Land\"), [Antarctica](/wiki/Antarctica \"Antarctica\"). This region was photographed by Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions ([ANARE](/wiki/ANARE \"ANARE\")) in 1956\\-57 and by the [Soviet](/wiki/USSR \"USSR\") expedition in the *Lena* in 1957\\. Named by the Soviet expedition for [Nikolai Sakellari](/wiki/Nikolai_Sakellari \"Nikolai Sakellari\"), Soviet scientist and navigator.\n\n[Cape Streten](/wiki/Cape_Streten \"Cape Streten\") is an ice cape at the northeast tip of the Sakellari Peninsula, forming the west side of the entrance to Amundsen Bay. \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Peninsulas of Antarctica](/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_Antarctica \"Peninsulas of Antarctica\")\n[Category:Enderby Land](/wiki/Category:Enderby_Land \"Enderby Land\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Spirit Boat Procession | {
"id": [
null
],
"name": [
"27.85.205.64"
]
} | 4lzzinufon6yvi3xmef67547j3apbpp | 2022-01-24T03:19:19Z | 1,058,663,121 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Description",
"Boats",
"Origin",
"Song",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"[thumb\\|250px\\|A large boat being pushed, 2017](/wiki/File:Spirit_Boat_Procession_Shoro_Nagashi_Nagasaki_City_August_15%2C_2017.B.jpg \"Spirit Boat Procession Shoro Nagashi Nagasaki City August 15, 2017.B.jpg\")\nThe is an event celebrated in various places in [Nagasaki prefecture](/wiki/Nagasaki_prefecture \"Nagasaki prefecture\"), [Japan](/wiki/Japan \"Japan\"). It is part of the [Bon Festival](/wiki/Bon_Festival \"Bon Festival\"). During the event, the souls of the deceased are mourned.\n\n[thumb\\|thumbtime\\=24\\|250px\\|Several scenes of the Spirit Boat Procession in 2018](/wiki/File:Nagasaki_Spirit_Boat_Procession_-_Nagasaki_-_2018_8_15.webm \"Nagasaki Spirit Boat Procession - Nagasaki - 2018 8 15.webm\")\n\n",
"Description\n-----------\n\nThe procession takes place on August 15 of every year. During the procession, people float boats which are said to be carrying the spirits of the deceased down the river. The spirits are said to be sent to [Sukhavati](/wiki/Sukhavati \"Sukhavati\"). It is done as an act of mourning by those who have lost a family member in the past year, though people who are not mourning participate as well. \n\nAs with many other Japanese festivals, people carry firecrackers and gongs, and often sound off with [kakegoe](/wiki/Kakegoe \"Kakegoe\"). Some boats are built up to look like festival floats, and many tourists come to see the event. Despite the atmosphere, the procession is actually a Buddhist event of mourning the deceased. At one time the boats were floated off into the ocean, but in recent years the boats are retrieved before they go out that far so as to prevent polluting the ocean.\n\nIn 2010, it was reported that more than 180,000 people had attended the event.\n\n### Boats\n\nThe boats are called . The boats are said to carry the souls of the deceased on them. The boats are mainly built by people who have lost a family member in the last year, though they are also built by others.\n\nThe boats can be built from a quantity of different supplies and no particular one is preferred. Bamboo and grass are often used, though [cogongrass](/wiki/Cogongrass \"Cogongrass\") is popular in [Saikai, Nagasaki](/wiki/Saikai%2C_Nagasaki \"Saikai, Nagasaki\"),[チガヤや竹で精霊船作り 西海・柳地区、お盆の伝統脈々](http://www.nagasaki-np.co.jp/kiji/20100814/06.shtml) \\- 長崎新聞 and some other people use hardened corrugated cardboard. People who are mourning decorate the boat with the family crest, put a portrait of the deceased and the mortuary tablet on the boat, and also sometimes use a token that exemplifies the person (e.g. a shogi player may have a shogi piece on the boat). Those who are not mourning generally build small laced rafts, and set O\\-Bon lanterns, fruit or non\\-natural flowers on them instead. Boats made by individuals or family members are generally between 1 and 2 meters. Often boats also have a sail with [sutras](/wiki/Sutra \"Sutra\") for Buddha and Kannon.\n\nLarger boats, called *moyaibune*, are created and sent out by neighborhoods, local councils or organizations. Prior to the 1950s, these sorts of boats were more popular, as individual family boats are expensive and considered relatively luxurious. Neighborhood boats are usually adorned with the town icon, and paper lanterns with family crests are hung off the boat.\n\nIn more recent years, less traditional boats have gained popularity. These boats are discussed to as and are becoming progressively popular. An example of such a boat would be a yacht\\-shaped boat for someone who was an avid sailor.\n\n",
"### Boats\n\nThe boats are called . The boats are said to carry the souls of the deceased on them. The boats are mainly built by people who have lost a family member in the last year, though they are also built by others.\n\nThe boats can be built from a quantity of different supplies and no particular one is preferred. Bamboo and grass are often used, though [cogongrass](/wiki/Cogongrass \"Cogongrass\") is popular in [Saikai, Nagasaki](/wiki/Saikai%2C_Nagasaki \"Saikai, Nagasaki\"),[チガヤや竹で精霊船作り 西海・柳地区、お盆の伝統脈々](http://www.nagasaki-np.co.jp/kiji/20100814/06.shtml) \\- 長崎新聞 and some other people use hardened corrugated cardboard. People who are mourning decorate the boat with the family crest, put a portrait of the deceased and the mortuary tablet on the boat, and also sometimes use a token that exemplifies the person (e.g. a shogi player may have a shogi piece on the boat). Those who are not mourning generally build small laced rafts, and set O\\-Bon lanterns, fruit or non\\-natural flowers on them instead. Boats made by individuals or family members are generally between 1 and 2 meters. Often boats also have a sail with [sutras](/wiki/Sutra \"Sutra\") for Buddha and Kannon.\n\nLarger boats, called *moyaibune*, are created and sent out by neighborhoods, local councils or organizations. Prior to the 1950s, these sorts of boats were more popular, as individual family boats are expensive and considered relatively luxurious. Neighborhood boats are usually adorned with the town icon, and paper lanterns with family crests are hung off the boat.\n\nIn more recent years, less traditional boats have gained popularity. These boats are discussed to as and are becoming progressively popular. An example of such a boat would be a yacht\\-shaped boat for someone who was an avid sailor.\n\n",
"Origin\n------\n\nThere are various theories as to the festival's origin, though it is believed to be strongly influenced by a similar Chinese festival. The meaning of the firecrackers that are fired on the side of the road leading up to the launching place comes from a Chinese idea on how to ward off evil spirits, and by passing the boats by, they are cleansed.\n\n",
"Song\n----\n\n[Masashi Sada](/wiki/Masashi_Sada \"Masashi Sada\"), a native of Nagasaki, wrote a song called *Shoro nagashi* that is essentially about the festival. It was recorded along with Masami Yoshida under the band name *Grape* and was released in 1974\\. At the end of 2009 Sada's father died, and in 2010 he and his family sailed a boat in honor of his father. Footage was broadcast around the country.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Bon Odori](/wiki/Bon_Odori \"Bon Odori\")\n* [Obon](/wiki/Obon \"Obon\")\n* [Tōrō nagashi](/wiki/T%C5%8Dr%C5%8D_nagashi \"Tōrō nagashi\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Shoronagashi (Nagasaki city)](https://web.archive.org/web/20091001142659/http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/kanko/shoronagashi/spirits/index.html) \n* [Nagasaki newspaper writeup](https://web.archive.org/web/20100820094847/http://www.nagasaki-np.co.jp/kankou/douga/09/index.html) \n\n[Category:Festivals in Japan](/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Japan \"Festivals in Japan\")\n[Category:Tourist attractions in Nagasaki Prefecture](/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Nagasaki_Prefecture \"Tourist attractions in Nagasaki Prefecture\")\n[Category:Boat festivals](/wiki/Category:Boat_festivals \"Boat festivals\")\n\n"
]
} |
Gorges family | {
"id": [
47641100
],
"name": [
"GentleHillRacer"
]
} | o7dc2pkxcgke7hqmoxh6wge6x3ee5xk | 2024-06-08T11:44:06Z | 1,224,181,434 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Early history",
"Gorges of Longford and Dundalk",
"Coat of arms",
"Notable Family Members",
"References",
"Sources",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[right\\|thumb\\|150px\\|Original arms of Gorges, with heraldic *gurges* or whirlpool: *Argent, a gurges azure*. These arms were used continuously by the senior line at Tamerton Foliot, but were dropped by the first Baron Gorges in favour of the arms of Morville, which latter he is recorded as having used at the [Siege of Caerlaverock](/wiki/Caerlaverock_Castle \"Caerlaverock Castle\") in 1300See [Roll of Caerlaverock](/wiki/Roll_of_Arms \"Roll of Arms\") and external link <http://www.briantimms.net/rolls_of_arms/rolls/caerlaverockK.htm>, where the arms of \"Rauf de Gorges\" at Caerlaverock were [blazoned](/wiki/Blazon \"Blazon\") as \"mascle de or et de asur\", an alternative description for \"lozengy or and azure\".](/wiki/File:Heraldic_gurges_%28whirlpool%29_Gorges.svg \"Heraldic gurges (whirlpool) Gorges.svg\")\n\nThe **Gorges family** was a [gentry](/wiki/Gentry \"Gentry\") family established in the southwest of [England](/wiki/England \"England\").\n\n",
"Early history\n-------------\n\nBelieved to have come from [Gorges](/wiki/Gorges%2C_Manche \"Gorges, Manche\") in [Normandy](/wiki/Normandy \"Normandy\"), the first documented member was Sir Ralph Gorges (died 1272\\) who held the [manor](/wiki/Manorialism \"Manorialism\") of [Wraxall](/wiki/Wraxall%2C_Somerset \"Wraxall, Somerset\") in [Somerset](/wiki/Somerset \"Somerset\"). He married Eleanor Morville (died 1291\\), who apparently brought into the family the manors of [Bradpole](/wiki/Bradpole \"Bradpole\") in [Dorset](/wiki/Dorset \"Dorset\") and [Knighton](/wiki/Knighton%2C_Isle_of_Wight \"Knighton, Isle of Wight\") on the [Isle of Wight](/wiki/Isle_of_Wight \"Isle of Wight\"). They had a daughter Eleanor, who married Sir John Maltravers (died 1341\\) and became the mother of [John Maltravers, 1st Baron Maltravers](/wiki/John_Maltravers%2C_1st_Baron_Maltravers \"John Maltravers, 1st Baron Maltravers\"), together with a son Sir Ralph Gorges (died 1297\\) who was the father of Sir Ralph Gorges (died 1323\\), created [Baron Gorges](/wiki/Baron_Gorges \"Baron Gorges\").\n\nHis two daughters were his heiresses: Joan Gorges, who married Sir William Cheyne (died 1345\\) and was mother of Sir [Ralph Cheyne](/wiki/Ralph_Cheyne \"Ralph Cheyne\"), and Eleanor Gorges who married Sir Theobald Russell (died 1341\\), of [Kingston Russell](/wiki/Kingston_Russell_House \"Kingston Russell House\"), son of Sir [William Russell](/wiki/William_Russell_%28knight%29 \"William Russell (knight)\"). She inherited the Gorges manors of Wraxall and Knighton, passing Wraxall to her younger son Theobald Russell (died 1380\\), later knighted, who adopted the surname and arms of Gorges and so continued the family line.\n\nThe younger Theobald had a son Thomas Gorges (died 1403\\) who married Agnes Beauchamp (died 1419\\) and was father of Sir Theobald Gorges (died 1470\\). From his first marriage to Joan Hankford (died 1433\\), sister of Sir [Richard Hankford](/wiki/Richard_Hankford \"Richard Hankford\"), he left three children: Joan Gorges who married John Hatch (died 1476\\), Elizabeth Gorges who married Sir Thomas Grenville (died 1485\\), and his heir Walter Gorges.Gorges, Raymond \\& Brown, Frederick, Rev., FSA. *The Story of a Family through Eleven Centuries, Illustrated by Portraits and Pedigrees: Being a History of the Family of Gorges*. Boston, US, (Merrymount Press privately published), 1944\\.[Full text of \"Sir Ferdinando Gorges and his province of Maine.](https://archive.org/stream/sirferdinandogor01baxtuoft/sirferdinandogor01baxtuoft_djvu.txt) Including the Brief Relations, the Brief Narration, his Defence, the Charter Granted to him, his Will, and His Letters, p. 4[Hutchins](/wiki/John_Hutchins_%28antiquary%29 \"John Hutchins (antiquary)\"), *History of Dorset*, vol.3, p.342; Roberts, Cal. Gen. 71; Worsley, p.205 (all quoted in VCH Hants, 1912, vol.5, Parishes: Newchurch)Victoria County History, Hampshire, 1912, vol.5, Parishes: Newchurch (Knighton Manor)Chancery Inquisitiones post mortem, 10 Henry VI. no. 39; Wrottesley, Pedigrees from Plea Roll 346, 347 ( Quoted in VCH, Hants., vol. 5, Knighton, footnote 124Calendar of Close Rolls, 1343\\-6, p.66De Banco Roll 345, m.56Chart.R. 36 Edw III, m.9, no.14VCH Hants, 1912, vol.5, Knighton.\n\n",
"Gorges of Longford and Dundalk\n------------------------------\n\n[thumb\\|right\\|[Longford Castle](/wiki/Longford_Castle \"Longford Castle\"), mansion of Sir [Thomas Gorges](/wiki/Thomas_Gorges \"Thomas Gorges\")](/wiki/File:Longford_Castle_front.jpg \"Longford Castle front.jpg\") \nWalter Gorges' son was Sir Edmund Gorges (1454–1512\\), who married Anne Howard and became the father of Sir Edward Gorges (1481–1566\\). His son, from his second marriage to Mary Poyntz, was Sir [Thomas Gorges](/wiki/Thomas_Gorges \"Thomas Gorges\") (1536–1610\\) who acquired the manor of [Longford](/wiki/Longford%2C_Wiltshire \"Longford, Wiltshire\") in [Wiltshire](/wiki/Wiltshire \"Wiltshire\") in 1573 and built there [Longford Castle](/wiki/Longford_Castle \"Longford Castle\"). He married (as her second husband) [Helena Snakenborg](/wiki/Helena_Snakenborg \"Helena Snakenborg\"), Marchioness of Northampton (1549–1635\\), a Swedish noblewoman and lady in waiting to Queen Elizabth I, through whose influence Swedish\\-style architecture was adopted in the construction of the mansion and who has a notable monument in [Salisbury Cathedral](/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral \"Salisbury Cathedral\"). \n[thumb\\|271x271px\\|Monument in Salisbury Cathedral of [Helena Snakenborg](/wiki/Helena_Snakenborg%2C_Marchioness_of_Northampton \"Helena Snakenborg, Marchioness of Northampton\") and her second husband Sir Thomas Gorges](/wiki/File:2010-08-02_Salisbury_Cathedral_interior_15.jpg \"2010-08-02 Salisbury Cathedral interior 15.jpg\")\nTheir son [Edward Gorges](/wiki/Baron_Gorges_of_Dundalk \"Baron Gorges of Dundalk\") was created a baronet in 1611 and obtained the barony of [Dundalk](/wiki/Dundalk \"Dundalk\") in [Ireland](/wiki/Ireland \"Ireland\"). Both he and his son Richard Gorges (died 1712\\) sat in the [Parliament of Ireland](/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland \"Parliament of Ireland\") for the constituency of [Ratoath](/wiki/Ratoath_%28Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency%29 \"Ratoath (Parliament of Ireland constituency)\"). Richard Gorges' tomb can be seen in the church of [Stetchworth](/wiki/Stetchworth \"Stetchworth\") in [Cambridgeshire](/wiki/Cambridgeshire \"Cambridgeshire\").\n\n",
"Coat of arms\n------------\n\n[thumb\\|left\\|300px\\|Award of a court of honour convened before Calais in 1347 in the matter of Warbleton vs. Gorges. MS Ashmole 1137, f.143r, Bodleian Library](/wiki/File:18th-century_facsimile_of_charter_recording_the_verdict_of_Warbelton_v_Gorges_%281347%29.jpg \"18th-century facsimile of charter recording the verdict of Warbelton v Gorges (1347).jpg\")\n\nIn 1341 Theobald Russell \"de Gorges” adopted the Gorges arms used by his uncle and grandfather, that is to say, those taken from their de Morville heiress who brought them Wraxall. In 1347 he was challenged by Sir John Warbleton (or Warburton), a knight from Cheshire who happened to be serving with him at the [Siege of Calais](/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_%281346%29 \"Siege of Calais (1346)\"), who noticed they both bore the same arms on their shields, \"Lozengy or and azure\" (a field of gold and blue lozenges). The case was brought before a court of honour convened at Calais and presided over by [Henry of Grosmont, Earl of Lancaster](/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont%2C_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster \"Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster\") which adjudged on 19 July 1347 the disputed arms to Warbleton. Theobald Russell \"de Gorges\" thus added a \"[chevron](/wiki/Chevron_%28insignia%29 \"Chevron (insignia)\") gules\" (red chevron) to the de Morville arms as a [difference](/wiki/Difference_%28heraldry%29 \"Difference (heraldry)\"), in order not to contravene the judgement. Thus the new Gorges arms, known as *Gorges Modern*, became \"Lozengy or and azure, a chevron gules\",Burke's *The General Armory*, 1884, p.413, which however gives the incorrect date, here obtained corrected from Raymond Gorges's *History of the Gorges Family* and one of the more celebrated and historic heraldic cases heard in a military court was recorded. This coat of arms was afterwards used by Sir Ferdinando Gorges.For the most celebrated such case see [Scrope v Grosvenor](/wiki/Scrope_v_Grosvenor \"Scrope v Grosvenor\") The ancient Gorges [canting arms](/wiki/Canting_arms \"Canting arms\") of \"Argent, a gurges azure\", being a blue whirlpool on a white (or silver) background, *gurges* signifying in Latin a Whirlpool,Cassell's Latin Dictionary, 260th Thousand, Marchant \\& Charles: Gurges\\-itis (m), (from root GAR to swallow) a whirlpool, eddy, abyss had been retained some generations before by the senior Gorges line seated at [Tamerton Foliot](/wiki/Tamerton_Foliot \"Tamerton Foliot\"), Devon, the cadet line having married the de Morville heiress.\n\nThe whirlpool arms as borne by the senior branch can be seen in [Tamerton Foliot](/wiki/Tamerton_Foliot \"Tamerton Foliot\") Church of St. Mary as a whorl in the 9th. quartering on the 1617 Coplestone funerary monument. The Coplestone family inherited Tamerton Foliot by marriage to a Gorges heiress. In the form of 3 concentric annulets the arms were formerly visible sculpted on the tunic of the adjacent knightly effigy, said by Raymond Gorges *op.cit* to represent John Gorges of [Warleigh House](/wiki/Warleigh%2C_Tamerton_Foliot \"Warleigh, Tamerton Foliot\"), lord of the manor of Tamerton Foliot, who flourished at the start of the 15th century, and his wife. Fire damage has since removed all visible traces of any armorial bearings on the knight's tunic. A pair of the wooden roof bosses of the church at [Chagford](/wiki/Chagford \"Chagford\"), Devon, display whorls, believed to be the Gorges arms, as the family was connected with that manor.Chagford Church booklet \"The Parish Church of St. Michael the Archangel, Chagford, A Short History \\& Guide, p.14\\. G.W. Ormerod, in his \"Historical sketch of the Parish of Chagford\", states that the Gorges family had \"a great influence in the parish between 1439 and 1461 being descended in the female line from the Wibberi family\".\n\n",
"Notable Family Members\n----------------------\n\n* **[Baron Gorges](/wiki/Baron_Gorges \"Baron Gorges\")**\n* **[Baron Gorges of Dundalk](/wiki/Baron_Gorges_of_Dundalk \"Baron Gorges of Dundalk\")**, descended from a coheiress of the last Baron Gorges\n* **[Thomas Gorges](/wiki/Thomas_Gorges \"Thomas Gorges\")** (1536 \\- 30 Mar 1610\\), a courtier and Groom of the Chamber to Queen Elizabeth I\\[1], and second cousin of Queen Anne Boleyn, mother of Queen Elizabeth I. He was the second husband of [Helena Snakenborg](/wiki/Helena_Snakenborg%2C_Marchioness_of_Northampton \"Helena Snakenborg, Marchioness of Northampton\"), Marchioness of Northampton and the uncle of [Arthur Gorges](/wiki/Arthur_Gorges \"Arthur Gorges\") (see below)\n* **[Sir Arthur Gorges](/wiki/Arthur_Gorges \"Arthur Gorges\")** (1569–1625\\) was a poet, translator, and courtier.\n* **Sir Tristram Gorges** (1562–1608\\) was a sea captain under the command of [Sir Francis Drake](/wiki/Francis_Drake \"Francis Drake\"). He fought against the [Spanish Armada](/wiki/Spanish_Armada \"Spanish Armada\") and was the jailer of Pedro de Valdez.\n* **[Sir Ferdinando Gorges](/wiki/Ferdinando_Gorges \"Ferdinando Gorges\")** (1565–1647\\), called the \"Father of English Colonization in North America\"\\[1], was an early English colonial entrepreneur and founder of the Province of Maine in 1622\\. Gorges himself never set foot in the New World.\n* Edward Gorges (1631\\-1708\\), MP for [Somerset](/wiki/Somerset_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)\").\n* [Samuel Gorges](/wiki/Samuel_Gorges \"Samuel Gorges\") (1635\\-1686\\), Edward's brother, judge of the [Court of Common Pleas (Ireland)](/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_%28Ireland%29 \"Court of Common Pleas (Ireland)\").\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"Sources\n-------\n\n* Burke, John. *A General Dictionary of the Peerages of England, Ireland and Scotland*, p. 226, Gorges\\- baron Gorges, page 226\n* Burke, John Bernard. *A Genealogical History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies*, p. 222\n* Fox\\-Davies, Arthur Charles. *A Complete Guide to Heraldry*, p. 153\n* Lower, Mark Antony. *Patronymica Britannica*, p. 134\n* Burke, John. *The General Armory*, London, 1884, p. 413\n* *Mémoires de la Société des antiquaires de Normandie*, 2nd bunch, p. 228\n* [Moule, Thomas](/wiki/Thomas_Moule \"Thomas Moule\"). *Heraldry of a Fish: Notices of the Principal Families Bearing Fish in their Arms*, p. 86\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Full text of \"Sir Ferdinando Gorges and his province of Maine.](https://archive.org/stream/sirferdinandogor01baxtuoft/sirferdinandogor01baxtuoft_djvu.txt) Including the Brief Relations, the Brief Narration, his Defence, the Charter Granted to him, his Will, and His Letters.\n* [Collections for a Parochial History of Wraxall](https://archive.org/stream/collectionsfora00brangoog/collectionsfora00brangoog_djvu.txt)\n\n[Category:English families](/wiki/Category:English_families \"English families\")\n[Category:Anglo\\-Norman families](/wiki/Category:Anglo-Norman_families \"Anglo-Norman families\")\n[Category:English gentry families](/wiki/Category:English_gentry_families \"English gentry families\")\n\n"
]
} |
William Newzam Nicholson | {
"id": [
7098284
],
"name": [
"Tassedethe"
]
} | cxovywqi1u5ktfqklu5mo5ukaxdblgd | 2022-09-25T17:14:36Z | 1,089,392,033 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n[thumb\\|upright\\|Nicholson in 1880](/wiki/File:W-n-nicholson-1880.jpg \"W-n-nicholson-1880.jpg\")\n**William Newzam Nicholson** (1816 – 17 May 1899\\) was an English [Conservative Party](/wiki/Conservative_Party_%28UK%29 \"Conservative Party (UK)\") politician who sat in the [House of Commons](/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom \"House of Commons of the United Kingdom\") from 1880 to 1885\\.\n\nNicholson was the son of Benjamin Nicholson of [Newark](/wiki/Newark-on-Trent \"Newark-on-Trent\") and his wife Frances Newzam, daughter of John Newzam of Newark. He was educated at the [Magnus Grammar School](/wiki/Magnus_Grammar_School \"Magnus Grammar School\") at Newark and founded a business in agricultural engineering. In 1851 he was mayor of Newark. He was [J.P.](/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace \"Justice of the Peace\") for Newark and became chairman of the school board in 1871\\.[Debretts House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1881](https://archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1881londuoft#page/172/mode/2up)\n\nAt the [1880 general election](/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1880 United Kingdom general election\") Nicholson was elected as a [Member of Parliament](/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_%28United_Kingdom%29 \"Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)\") (MP) for [Newark](/wiki/Newark_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29 \"Newark (UK Parliament constituency)\"). He held the seat until the [1885 general election](/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election \"1885 United Kingdom general election\"), when the two\\-seat [parliamentary borough](/wiki/Parliamentary_borough \"Parliamentary borough\") of Newark was abolished under the [Redistribution of Seats Act](/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885 \"Redistribution of Seats Act 1885\"). The town was then represented as part of a single\\-seat county division of Nottinghamshire, but Nicholson did not stand in the election.\n\nNicholson died at the age of 82\\.\n\nNicholson married firstly Maria Alice Betts of Newark in 1842, and secondly Annie Prior, daughter of Joseph Prior of Woodstock in 1866\\. Their son [William](/wiki/William_Nicholson_%28artist%29 \"William Nicholson (artist)\") was an artist and the father of [Ben Nicholson](/wiki/Ben_Nicholson \"Ben Nicholson\") and [Nancy Nicholson](/wiki/Nancy_Nicholson \"Nancy Nicholson\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1816 births](/wiki/Category:1816_births \"1816 births\")\n[Category:1899 deaths](/wiki/Category:1899_deaths \"1899 deaths\")\n[Category:UK MPs 1880–1885](/wiki/Category:UK_MPs_1880%E2%80%931885 \"UK MPs 1880–1885\")\n[Category:Mayors of places in Nottinghamshire](/wiki/Category:Mayors_of_places_in_Nottinghamshire \"Mayors of places in Nottinghamshire\")\n[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies](/wiki/Category:Conservative_Party_%28UK%29_MPs_for_English_constituencies \"Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\")\n[Category:People educated at Magnus Church of England School](/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Magnus_Church_of_England_School \"People educated at Magnus Church of England School\")\n[Category:People from Newark\\-on\\-Trent](/wiki/Category:People_from_Newark-on-Trent \"People from Newark-on-Trent\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Kristijan Koren | {
"id": [
26696921
],
"name": [
"Leachim Nimajneb"
]
} | 3d3y2iwvhgcf1fg2h34q4rzpbjeryil | 2024-08-06T10:51:06Z | 1,236,957,140 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Career",
"Personal life",
"Major results",
"Grand Tour general classification results timeline",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Kristijan Koren** (born 25 November 1986\\) is a [Slovenian](/wiki/Slovenia \"Slovenia\") former professional [road racing cyclist](/wiki/Road_racing_cyclist \"Road racing cyclist\"), who rode for [UCI Continental team](/wiki/UCI_Continental_Circuits \"UCI Continental Circuits\") .\n\nDuring his racing career, Koren won the [Gran Premio Città di Camaiore](/wiki/Gran_Premio_Citt%C3%A0_di_Camaiore \"Gran Premio Città di Camaiore\") in 2010, and the [Slovenian National Road Race Championships](/wiki/Slovenian_National_Road_Race_Championships \"Slovenian National Road Race Championships\") in 2022\\. He also served a doping suspension between 2019 and 2021, for his involvement in [Operation Aderlass](/wiki/Operation_Aderlass \"Operation Aderlass\"), an investigation into the practices of German physician Mark Schmidt.\n\n",
"Career\n------\n\nBorn in [Postojna](/wiki/Postojna \"Postojna\"), Koren turned professional with , a [UCI ProTeam](/wiki/UCI_ProTeam \"UCI ProTeam\"), in 2010\\. He remained with for the 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014 seasons.\n\nKoren signed with , a UCI ProTeam, for the 2015 season. He was named in the start list for the [2017 Giro d'Italia](/wiki/2017_Giro_d%27Italia \"2017 Giro d'Italia\"). In 2019, Koren was banned for two years after it was found that he had doped. The discovery was part of [Operation Aderlass](/wiki/Operation_Aderlass \"Operation Aderlass\").\n\nUpon the conclusion of his suspension, Koren returned to professional racing, competing at the [Tour of Slovenia](/wiki/2021_Tour_of_Slovenia \"2021 Tour of Slovenia\") and the [GP Kranj](/wiki/GP_Kranj \"GP Kranj\") in 2021, with the [Slovenia national team](/wiki/Slovenian_Cycling_Federation \"Slovenian Cycling Federation\"). He remained without a team until the following May, when he joined the team ahead of the [2022 Tour de Hongrie](/wiki/2022_Tour_de_Hongrie \"2022 Tour de Hongrie\"). The following month, Koren won the [Slovenian National Road Race Championships](/wiki/Slovenian_National_Road_Race_Championships \"Slovenian National Road Race Championships\"), after an attack from the finish. It was his final victory, as he announced that he would retire from the sport at the end of 2023\\.\n\n",
"Personal life\n-------------\n\nKoren previously resided in [Budanje](/wiki/Budanje \"Budanje\"), Slovenia.\n\n",
"Major results\n-------------\n\nSource: \n\n2006\n National Under\\-23 Road Championships\n1st [20px](/wiki/File:MaillotEslovenia.PNG \"MaillotEslovenia.PNG\") [Time trial](/wiki/Slovenian_National_Time_Trial_Championships%23Men \"Slovenian National Time Trial Championships#Men\")\n3rd [Road race](/wiki/Slovenian_National_Road_Race_Championships%23Men \"Slovenian National Road Race Championships#Men\")\n 5th Time trial, [UEC European Under\\-23 Road Championships](/wiki/2006_European_Road_Championships \"2006 European Road Championships\")\n 10th [Time trial](/wiki/2006_UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_under-23_time_trial \"2006 UCI Road World Championships – Men's under-23 time trial\"), [UCI Under\\-23 Road World Championships](/wiki/2006_UCI_Road_World_Championships \"2006 UCI Road World Championships\")\n2007\n National Under\\-23 Road Championships\n1st [20px](/wiki/File:MaillotEslovenia.PNG \"MaillotEslovenia.PNG\") [Time trial](/wiki/Slovenian_National_Time_Trial_Championships%23Men \"Slovenian National Time Trial Championships#Men\")\n3rd [Road race](/wiki/Slovenian_National_Road_Race_Championships%23Men \"Slovenian National Road Race Championships#Men\")\n 6th Overall [Istrian Spring Trophy](/wiki/Istrian_Spring_Trophy \"Istrian Spring Trophy\")\n 6th [La Côte Picarde](/wiki/La_C%C3%B4te_Picarde \"La Côte Picarde\")\n 8th Overall [The Paths of King Nikola](/wiki/The_Paths_of_King_Nikola \"The Paths of King Nikola\")\n2008\n 1st [La Côte Picarde](/wiki/La_C%C3%B4te_Picarde \"La Côte Picarde\")\n [Vuelta a Cuba](/wiki/Vuelta_a_Cuba \"Vuelta a Cuba\")\n1st Stages 5 \\& 15\n 2nd [Time trial](/wiki/Slovenian_National_Time_Trial_Championships%23Men \"Slovenian National Time Trial Championships#Men\"), National Road Championships\n 2nd Overall [Istrian Spring Trophy](/wiki/Istrian_Spring_Trophy \"Istrian Spring Trophy\")\n1st Prologue\n 3rd Overall [Giro delle Regioni](/wiki/Giro_delle_Regioni \"Giro delle Regioni\")\n 3rd [Tour de Rijke](/wiki/Tour_de_Rijke \"Tour de Rijke\")\n [UEC European Road Under\\-23 Championships](/wiki/2008_European_Road_Championships \"2008 European Road Championships\")\n6th Road race\n10th Time trial\n 7th [Time trial](/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_under-23_time_trial \"UCI Road World Championships – Men's under-23 time trial\"), [UCI Road World Under\\-23 Championships](/wiki/2008_UCI_Road_World_Championships \"2008 UCI Road World Championships\")\n 7th [Gran Premio della Liberazione](/wiki/Gran_Premio_della_Liberazione \"Gran Premio della Liberazione\")\n2009\n [Giro della Valle d'Aosta](/wiki/Giro_della_Valle_d%27Aosta \"Giro della Valle d'Aosta\")\n1st Stages 1a ([TTT](/wiki/Team_time_trial \"Team time trial\")) \\& 7\n 2nd [Gran Premio di Poggiana](/wiki/Gran_Premio_di_Poggiana \"Gran Premio di Poggiana\")\n 3rd [Time trial](/wiki/Slovenian_National_Time_Trial_Championships%23Men \"Slovenian National Time Trial Championships#Men\"), National Road Championships\n 4th [Giro del Medio Brenta](/wiki/Giro_del_Medio_Brenta \"Giro del Medio Brenta\")\n 5th Time trial, [Mediterranean Games](/wiki/2009_Mediterranean_Games%23Sports \"2009 Mediterranean Games#Sports\")\n 5th Overall [Giro del Friuli\\-Venezia Giulia](/wiki/Giro_della_Regione_Friuli_Venezia_Giulia \"Giro della Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia\")\n1st Stage 3\n 5th Overall [Girobio](/wiki/Giro_Next_Gen \"Giro Next Gen\")\n1st Stages 8 \\& 9\n 7th [Memorial Davide Fardelli](/wiki/Memorial_Davide_Fardelli \"Memorial Davide Fardelli\")\n2010\n 1st [Gran Premio Città di Camaiore](/wiki/Gran_Premio_Citt%C3%A0_di_Camaiore \"Gran Premio Città di Camaiore\")\n 2nd [Time trial](/wiki/Slovenian_National_Time_Trial_Championships%23Men \"Slovenian National Time Trial Championships#Men\"), National Road Championships\n\n2011\n ~~3rd [Time trial](/wiki/Slovenian_National_Time_Trial_Championships%23Men \"Slovenian National Time Trial Championships#Men\"), National Road Championships~~\n ~~4th [Coppa Bernocchi](/wiki/Coppa_Bernocchi \"Coppa Bernocchi\")~~\n ~~6th Overall [Tour of Slovenia](/wiki/Tour_of_Slovenia \"Tour of Slovenia\")~~\n2012\n ~~3rd Overall [Tour of Slovenia](/wiki/Tour_of_Slovenia \"Tour of Slovenia\")~~\n~~1st [20px](/wiki/File:Jersey_green.svg \"Jersey green.svg\") Points classification~~\n~~1st Stage 4 ([ITT](/wiki/Individual_time_trial \"Individual time trial\"))~~\n\n2014\n 2nd [Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli](/wiki/Gran_Premio_Bruno_Beghelli \"Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli\")\n 4th Overall [Tour of Slovenia](/wiki/2014_Tour_of_Slovenia \"2014 Tour of Slovenia\")\n 5th [RideLondon–Surrey Classic](/wiki/2014_RideLondon%E2%80%93Surrey_Classic \"2014 RideLondon–Surrey Classic\")\n 6th [Gran Premio della Costa Etruschi](/wiki/Gran_Premio_della_Costa_Etruschi \"Gran Premio della Costa Etruschi\")\n 9th [Dutch Food Valley Classic](/wiki/Arnhem%E2%80%93Veenendaal_Classic \"Arnhem–Veenendaal Classic\")\n2021\n 6th [GP Kranj](/wiki/GP_Kranj \"GP Kranj\")\n2022\n 1st [20px](/wiki/File:MaillotEslovenia.PNG \"MaillotEslovenia.PNG\") [Road race](/wiki/Slovenian_National_Road_Race_Championships \"Slovenian National Road Race Championships\"), National Road Championships\n\n### Grand Tour general classification results timeline\n\n| [Grand Tour](/wiki/Grand_Tour_%28cycling%29 \"Grand Tour (cycling)\") | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A pink jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_pink.svg \"Jersey pink.svg\") [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Giro_d%27Italia \"General classification in the Giro d'Italia\") | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [128](/wiki/2017_Giro_d%27Italia \"2017 Giro d'Italia\") | — | [DNF](/wiki/2019_Giro_d%27Italia \"2019 Giro d'Italia\") |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A yellow jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg \"Jersey yellow.svg\") [Tour de France](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France \"General classification in the Tour de France\") | [93](/wiki/2010_Tour_de_France \"2010 Tour de France\") | ~~[85](/wiki/2011_Tour_de_France \"2011 Tour de France\")~~ | ~~[98](/wiki/2012_Tour_de_France \"2012 Tour de France\")~~ | [100](/wiki/2013_Tour_de_France \"2013 Tour de France\") | [135](/wiki/2014_Tour_de_France \"2014 Tour de France\") | [69](/wiki/2015_Tour_de_France \"2015 Tour de France\") | [152](/wiki/2016_Tour_de_France \"2016 Tour de France\") | — | [102](/wiki/2018_Tour_de_France \"2018 Tour de France\") | — |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A red jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_red.svg \"Jersey red.svg\") [Vuelta a España](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"General classification in the Vuelta a España\") | colspan\\=10 |\n\n| \\+Legend |\n| --- |\n| — | Did not compete |\n| DNF | [Did not finish](/wiki/Did_not_finish \"Did not finish\") |\n| DSQ | Disqualified |\n| ~~No.~~ | Results expunged |\n\n",
"### Grand Tour general classification results timeline\n\n| [Grand Tour](/wiki/Grand_Tour_%28cycling%29 \"Grand Tour (cycling)\") | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A pink jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_pink.svg \"Jersey pink.svg\") [Giro d'Italia](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Giro_d%27Italia \"General classification in the Giro d'Italia\") | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | [128](/wiki/2017_Giro_d%27Italia \"2017 Giro d'Italia\") | — | [DNF](/wiki/2019_Giro_d%27Italia \"2019 Giro d'Italia\") |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A yellow jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_yellow.svg \"Jersey yellow.svg\") [Tour de France](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Tour_de_France \"General classification in the Tour de France\") | [93](/wiki/2010_Tour_de_France \"2010 Tour de France\") | ~~[85](/wiki/2011_Tour_de_France \"2011 Tour de France\")~~ | ~~[98](/wiki/2012_Tour_de_France \"2012 Tour de France\")~~ | [100](/wiki/2013_Tour_de_France \"2013 Tour de France\") | [135](/wiki/2014_Tour_de_France \"2014 Tour de France\") | [69](/wiki/2015_Tour_de_France \"2015 Tour de France\") | [152](/wiki/2016_Tour_de_France \"2016 Tour de France\") | — | [102](/wiki/2018_Tour_de_France \"2018 Tour de France\") | — |\n| [20px\\|link\\=\\|alt\\=A red jersey](/wiki/File:Jersey_red.svg \"Jersey red.svg\") [Vuelta a España](/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a \"General classification in the Vuelta a España\") | colspan\\=10 |\n\n| \\+Legend |\n| --- |\n| — | Did not compete |\n| DNF | [Did not finish](/wiki/Did_not_finish \"Did not finish\") |\n| DSQ | Disqualified |\n| ~~No.~~ | Results expunged |\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Cycling Base: Kristjan Koren](http://www.cyclingbase.com/palcoureurs.php?Id_Rider=5586&Id_Saison=34&Id_Title=1&lang=en)\n* [Cannondale\\-Garmin: Kristjan Koren](http://www.slipstreamsports.com/riders/kristjian-koren/)\n\n[Category:1986 births](/wiki/Category:1986_births \"1986 births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Slovenian male cyclists](/wiki/Category:Slovenian_male_cyclists \"Slovenian male cyclists\")\n[Category:Sportspeople from Postojna](/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Postojna \"Sportspeople from Postojna\")\n[Category:Slovenian sportspeople in doping cases](/wiki/Category:Slovenian_sportspeople_in_doping_cases \"Slovenian sportspeople in doping cases\")\n[Category:Doping cases in cycling](/wiki/Category:Doping_cases_in_cycling \"Doping cases in cycling\")\n[Category:Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games](/wiki/Category:Competitors_at_the_2009_Mediterranean_Games \"Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games\")\n[Category:Mediterranean Games competitors for Slovenia](/wiki/Category:Mediterranean_Games_competitors_for_Slovenia \"Mediterranean Games competitors for Slovenia\")\n\n"
]
} |
Saint-Pierre-en-Antioche Church, Ascq | {
"id": [
196446
],
"name": [
"BD2412"
]
} | qece8chu2t1uu4f4psoxofi37k3kr67 | 2024-04-30T00:01:09Z | 1,002,838,344 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Saint\\-Pierre\\-en\\-Antioche Church** is a [Catholic](/wiki/Catholic \"Catholic\") [church](/wiki/Church_%28building%29 \"Church (building)\") located in the village of [Ascq](/wiki/Ascq \"Ascq\"), now part of the [commune](/wiki/Communes_of_France \"Communes of France\") of [Villeneuve\\-d'Ascq](/wiki/Villeneuve-d%27Ascq \"Villeneuve-d'Ascq\"), [Nord](/wiki/Nord_%28French_department%29 \"Nord (French department)\") department, northern [France](/wiki/France \"France\").\n\nThe church contains a tapestry designated as a [monument historique](/wiki/Monument_historique \"Monument historique\") in 1906, called *Les Noces de Cana* ([Marriage at Cana](/wiki/Marriage_at_Cana \"Marriage at Cana\")), painted by A. Werniers in 1735\\. It was originally part of a collection of six pieces for Saint Sauveur church.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Churches in Nord (French department)](/wiki/Category:Churches_in_Nord_%28French_department%29 \"Churches in Nord (French department)\")\n[Category:Buildings and structures in Villeneuve\\-d'Ascq](/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Villeneuve-d%27Ascq \"Buildings and structures in Villeneuve-d'Ascq\")\n[Category:Churches completed in 1842](/wiki/Category:Churches_completed_in_1842 \"Churches completed in 1842\")\n[Category:19th\\-century Roman Catholic church buildings in France](/wiki/Category:19th-century_Roman_Catholic_church_buildings_in_France \"19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in France\")\n[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1932](/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_churches_completed_in_1932 \"Roman Catholic churches completed in 1932\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Skylight, Arkansas | {
"id": [
753665
],
"name": [
"Ser Amantio di Nicolao"
]
} | gggr2n302dpnwz8l9czb091gkh9bfpy | 2024-07-08T20:57:56Z | 1,167,672,878 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Skylight** is an [unincorporated community](/wiki/Unincorporated_area \"Unincorporated area\") in [Boston Township](/wiki/Boston_Township%2C_Washington_County%2C_Arkansas \"Boston Township, Washington County, Arkansas\"), of southwestern [Washington County](/wiki/Washington_County%2C_Arkansas \"Washington County, Arkansas\"), [Arkansas](/wiki/Arkansas \"Arkansas\"), United States.\"Feature Detail Report for: Skylight, Arkansas.\" [USGS](/wiki/USGS \"USGS\"). Retrieved September 12, 2010\\. Skylight lies about one mile west\\-northwest of Skylight Mountain (elev. ).\"Feature Detail Report for: Skylight Mountain.\" [USGS](/wiki/USGS \"USGS\"). Retrieved September 12, 2010\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Unincorporated communities in Washington County, Arkansas](/wiki/Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Washington_County%2C_Arkansas \"Unincorporated communities in Washington County, Arkansas\")\n[Category:Northwest Arkansas](/wiki/Category:Northwest_Arkansas \"Northwest Arkansas\")\n[Category:Unincorporated communities in Arkansas](/wiki/Category:Unincorporated_communities_in_Arkansas \"Unincorporated communities in Arkansas\")\n\n"
]
} |
Crocidosema marcidellum | {
"id": [
46437444
],
"name": [
"Scorpions1325"
]
} | 38x2h19zodnngkj4yzwbxwlyro28oph | 2024-02-24T14:09:35Z | 1,022,099,080 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n* + \n\t***Crocidosema marcidellum*** is a [moth](/wiki/Moth \"Moth\") of the family [Tortricidae](/wiki/Tortricidae \"Tortricidae\"). It was first described by [Lord Walsingham](/wiki/Thomas_de_Grey%2C_6th_Baron_Walsingham \"Thomas de Grey, 6th Baron Walsingham\") in 1907\\. It is endemic to the Hawaiian islands of [Kauai](/wiki/Kauai \"Kauai\") and [Oahu](/wiki/Oahu \"Oahu\").\n\nThe [wingspan](/wiki/Wingspan \"Wingspan\") ranges up to 20 mm.\n\nThe larvae feed on the fruit of *[Hibiscus arnottianus](/wiki/Hibiscus_arnottianus \"Hibiscus arnottianus\")* and the petiole of *[Abutilon sandwicense](/wiki/Abutilon_sandwicense \"Abutilon sandwicense\")*.\n\nThe pupa is about 7 mm long and yellowish brown.\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:Eucosmini](/wiki/Category:Eucosmini \"Eucosmini\")\n[Category:Endemic moths of Hawaii](/wiki/Category:Endemic_moths_of_Hawaii \"Endemic moths of Hawaii\")\n[Category:Moths described in 1907](/wiki/Category:Moths_described_in_1907 \"Moths described in 1907\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Clock Open | {
"id": [
37991216
],
"name": [
"1ctinus"
]
} | rs88u03a8bfyyvvfgs9kpg6j3e1lgu1 | 2024-05-04T18:30:06Z | 1,211,863,299 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Winners",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\nThe **Clock Open** was a [golf](/wiki/Golf \"Golf\") tournament on the [LPGA Tour](/wiki/LPGA_Tour \"LPGA Tour\") from 1955 to 1956\\.[LPGA Tournament Chronology 1950\\-1959](http://www.lpga.com/content/Chronology50-59.pdf) It was played at the Clock Country Club in [Whittier, California](/wiki/Whittier%2C_California \"Whittier, California\").\n\n",
"Winners\n-------\n\n* 1956 [Marlene Hagge](/wiki/Marlene_Hagge \"Marlene Hagge\")\n* 1955 [Patty Berg](/wiki/Patty_Berg \"Patty Berg\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Former LPGA Tour events](/wiki/Category:Former_LPGA_Tour_events \"Former LPGA Tour events\")\n[Category:Golf tournaments in California](/wiki/Category:Golf_tournaments_in_California \"Golf tournaments in California\")\n[Category:Sports competitions in Los Angeles County, California](/wiki/Category:Sports_competitions_in_Los_Angeles_County%2C_California \"Sports competitions in Los Angeles County, California\")\n[Category:Women's sports in California](/wiki/Category:Women%27s_sports_in_California \"Women's sports in California\")\n[Category:Whittier, California](/wiki/Category:Whittier%2C_California \"Whittier, California\")\n[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1955](/wiki/Category:Recurring_sporting_events_established_in_1955 \"Recurring sporting events established in 1955\")\n[Category:Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1956](/wiki/Category:Recurring_sporting_events_disestablished_in_1956 \"Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1956\")\n[Category:1955 establishments in California](/wiki/Category:1955_establishments_in_California \"1955 establishments in California\")\n[Category:1956 disestablishments in California](/wiki/Category:1956_disestablishments_in_California \"1956 disestablishments in California\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Supnje | {
"id": [
43527527
],
"name": [
"Enews01"
]
} | jhxhn3ijkmgccuvxrkin1x507bq13c5 | 2024-10-05T05:51:43Z | 957,870,664 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n [thumb \\| right](/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%9A%D0%B5.jpg \"Супње.jpg\")\n**Supnje** is a [village](/wiki/Village \"Village\") in the [municipality](/wiki/Municipalities_of_Serbia \"Municipalities of Serbia\") of [Raška](/wiki/Ra%C5%A1ka%2C_Serbia \"Raška, Serbia\"), [Serbia](/wiki/Serbia \"Serbia\"). According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 3525 people.Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i Stanova 2002\\. Knjiga 1: Nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost po naseljima. Republika Srbija, Republički zavod za statistiku Beograd 2003\\. \n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Populated places in Raška District](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Ra%C5%A1ka_District \"Populated places in Raška District\")\n\n"
]
} |
Karijärve | {
"id": [
13892613
],
"name": [
"Estopedist1"
]
} | q9otaefxcw1q6n6qv97v1vfmszm3ihw | 2021-07-29T06:28:07Z | 1,035,829,769 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Karijärve** is a village in [Elva Parish](/wiki/Elva_Parish \"Elva Parish\"), [Tartu County](/wiki/Tartu_County \"Tartu County\") in eastern [Estonia](/wiki/Estonia \"Estonia\"). (retrieved 28 July 2021\\)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Villages in Tartu County](/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Tartu_County \"Villages in Tartu County\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1534 | {
"id": [
14232556
],
"name": [
"MirkoS18"
]
} | 7coimk5c0ucxdb4a4jsdm8mrz8ezvei | 2024-09-24T08:31:40Z | 1,189,800,312 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Resolution",
"Observations",
"Acts",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**United Nations Security Council resolution 1534**, adopted unanimously on 26 March 2004, after recalling resolutions [827](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_827 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 827\") (1993\\), [955](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_955 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 955\") (1994\\), [978](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_978 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 978\") (1995\\), [1165](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1165 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1165\") (1998\\), [1166](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1166 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1166\") (1998\\), [1329](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1329 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1329\") (2000\\), [1411](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1411 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1411\") (2002\\), [1431](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1431 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1431\") (2002\\) and [1481](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1481 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1481\") (2003\\), the Council called on the [International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia](/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia \"International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia\") (ICTY) and the [International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda](/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda \"International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda\") (ICTR) to complete all trial activities by the end of 2008\\.\n\n",
"Resolution\n----------\n\n### Observations\n\nThe Security Council commended the progress both tribunals had made in contributing to peace and security in the [former Yugoslavia](/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia \"Former Yugoslavia\") and [Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda \"Rwanda\"). It envisaged, in accordance with [Resolution 1503](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1503 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1503\") (2004\\), the completion of ICTY and ICTR investigations by 2004, trials by the end of 2008 and all work in 2010\\. There was concern that the completion strategies for both tribunals could not be implemented.\n\n### Acts\n\nActing under [Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter](/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter \"Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter\"), the Council called on all states, particularly [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Bosnia and Herzegovina\"), Croatia, [Serbia and Montenegro](/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro \"Serbia and Montenegro\") and the [Republic Srpska](/wiki/Republic_Srpska \"Republic Srpska\") within Bosnia and Herzegovina to co\\-operate with the ICTY with regard to [Radovan Karadžić](/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87 \"Radovan Karadžić\"), [Ratko Mladić](/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87 \"Ratko Mladić\") and [Ante Gotovina](/wiki/Ante_Gotovina \"Ante Gotovina\"). Meanwhile, the [Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"), Kenya, [Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda \"Rwanda\") and the [Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo \"Republic of the Congo\"), among other states, were requested to co\\-operate with the ICTR with regard to [Félicien Kabuga](/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_Kabuga \"Félicien Kabuga\") and the [Rwandan Patriotic Army](/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Army \"Rwandan Patriotic Army\"). The council, emphasising the importance of implementing the completion strategies, asked the [prosecutors](/wiki/Prosecutor \"Prosecutor\") to review their caseloads and determine which cases to proceed with and those to defer to national [jurisdictions](/wiki/Jurisdiction \"Jurisdiction\"), while prioritising the trials of senior leaders. Both tribunals were asked to report every six months on progress towards implementing the completion strategies.\n\nThe resolution praised countries that had concluded agreements for enforcing the sentences of persons convicted by the ICTR and ICTY and encouraged others to do so. It noted that strengthening national judicial systems was crucial to the implementation of the completion strategies. Finally, the Council welcomed efforts to establish a [war crimes](/wiki/War_crime \"War crime\") chamber in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo \"Sarajevo\"), Bosnia and Herzegovina and to ensure the success of domestic prosecutions in the country.\n\n",
"### Observations\n\nThe Security Council commended the progress both tribunals had made in contributing to peace and security in the [former Yugoslavia](/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia \"Former Yugoslavia\") and [Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda \"Rwanda\"). It envisaged, in accordance with [Resolution 1503](/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1503 \"United Nations Security Council Resolution 1503\") (2004\\), the completion of ICTY and ICTR investigations by 2004, trials by the end of 2008 and all work in 2010\\. There was concern that the completion strategies for both tribunals could not be implemented.\n\n",
"### Acts\n\nActing under [Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter](/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter \"Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter\"), the Council called on all states, particularly [Bosnia and Herzegovina](/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina \"Bosnia and Herzegovina\"), Croatia, [Serbia and Montenegro](/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro \"Serbia and Montenegro\") and the [Republic Srpska](/wiki/Republic_Srpska \"Republic Srpska\") within Bosnia and Herzegovina to co\\-operate with the ICTY with regard to [Radovan Karadžić](/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87 \"Radovan Karadžić\"), [Ratko Mladić](/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87 \"Ratko Mladić\") and [Ante Gotovina](/wiki/Ante_Gotovina \"Ante Gotovina\"). Meanwhile, the [Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\"), Kenya, [Rwanda](/wiki/Rwanda \"Rwanda\") and the [Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo \"Republic of the Congo\"), among other states, were requested to co\\-operate with the ICTR with regard to [Félicien Kabuga](/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_Kabuga \"Félicien Kabuga\") and the [Rwandan Patriotic Army](/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Army \"Rwandan Patriotic Army\"). The council, emphasising the importance of implementing the completion strategies, asked the [prosecutors](/wiki/Prosecutor \"Prosecutor\") to review their caseloads and determine which cases to proceed with and those to defer to national [jurisdictions](/wiki/Jurisdiction \"Jurisdiction\"), while prioritising the trials of senior leaders. Both tribunals were asked to report every six months on progress towards implementing the completion strategies.\n\nThe resolution praised countries that had concluded agreements for enforcing the sentences of persons convicted by the ICTR and ICTY and encouraged others to do so. It noted that strengthening national judicial systems was crucial to the implementation of the completion strategies. Finally, the Council welcomed efforts to establish a [war crimes](/wiki/War_crime \"War crime\") chamber in [Sarajevo](/wiki/Sarajevo \"Sarajevo\"), Bosnia and Herzegovina and to ensure the success of domestic prosecutions in the country.\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Bosnian Genocide](/wiki/Bosnian_Genocide \"Bosnian Genocide\")\n* [List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1501 to 1600](/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_1501_to_1600 \"List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1501 to 1600\") (2003–2005\\)\n* [Rwandan genocide](/wiki/Rwandan_genocide \"Rwandan genocide\")\n* [Yugoslav Wars](/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars \"Yugoslav Wars\")\n* [List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions related to the conflicts in former Yugoslavia](/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolutions_related_to_the_conflicts_in_former_Yugoslavia \"List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions related to the conflicts in former Yugoslavia\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Text of the Resolution at undocs.org](https://undocs.org/S/RES/1534(2004))\n\n [1534](/wiki/Category:2004_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions \"2004 United Nations Security Council resolutions\")\n [1534](/wiki/Category:United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_the_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia \"United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia\")\n [1534](/wiki/Category:United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_the_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda \"United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda\")\n[Category:March 2004 events](/wiki/Category:March_2004_events \"March 2004 events\")\n\n"
]
} |
Manthe | {
"id": [
8019410
],
"name": [
"Quebec99"
]
} | rr2v8runmy48sx7othdkuwu23a37oap | 2023-04-21T17:27:17Z | 1,003,222,187 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n **Manthe** is a village on the [Chindwin River](/wiki/Chindwin_River \"Chindwin River\") in [Homalin Township](/wiki/Homalin_Township \"Homalin Township\"), [Hkamti District](/wiki/Hkamti_District \"Hkamti District\"), in the [Sagaing Region](/wiki/Sagaing_Region \"Sagaing Region\") of northwestern [Burma](/wiki/Burma \"Burma\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Maplandia World Gazetteer](http://www.maplandia.com/burma/sagaing/homalin/manthe)\n\n[Category:Populated places in Hkamti District](/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_Hkamti_District \"Populated places in Hkamti District\")\n[Category:Homalin Township](/wiki/Category:Homalin_Township \"Homalin Township\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Byron Writers Festival | {
"id": [
237572
],
"name": [
"GünniX"
]
} | s4qacjcj6ie0v40ie6zk8etfqbuxv7x | 2024-03-29T19:58:16Z | 1,179,911,792 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Byron Writers Festival** (formerly known as Byron Bay Writers Festival) is a literary event taking place annually in [Byron Bay, New South Wales](/wiki/Byron_Bay%2C_New_South_Wales \"Byron Bay, New South Wales\"). The festival commenced in 1997 and was founded by Peter Barclay and a group of volunteers who in part drew some of their inspiration from the Adelaide Writers Week. The festival was organised through the Northern Rivers Writers' Centre, incorporated in 1995\\. In 2016, the Centre and the Festival were amalgamated under one banner and was renamed as Byron Writers Festival.\n\nIt is held on the first weekend of August each year. As of 2010 it included presentations by over 100 participants, which has continued in every year since. The festival has included interviews with a number of notable writers including [Cheryl Strayed](/wiki/Cheryl_Strayed \"Cheryl Strayed\"), [Bret Easton Ellis](/wiki/Bret_Easton_Ellis \"Bret Easton Ellis\"), [Matthew Reilly](/wiki/Matthew_Reilly \"Matthew Reilly\") and [Kathy Lette](/wiki/Kathy_Lette \"Kathy Lette\").\n\nIn 2005 the festival had an audience of between 7,000 and 8,000, an increase of 25 per cent over the previous year. Notable participants included [Midnight Oil](/wiki/Midnight_Oil \"Midnight Oil\") drummer and songwriter [Rob Hirst](/wiki/Rob_Hirst \"Rob Hirst\"), writers [Delia Falconer](/wiki/Delia_Falconer \"Delia Falconer\") and [Kate Grenville](/wiki/Kate_Grenville \"Kate Grenville\"), and novelist [Robert Drewe](/wiki/Robert_Drewe \"Robert Drewe\") who lives in the area.\n\nThe tenth festival was held in 2006, and attracted an audience of 9,000 across 90 sessions. Presenters included sports journalist [Gideon Haigh](/wiki/Gideon_Haigh \"Gideon Haigh\"), actor and writer [William McInnes](/wiki/William_McInnes \"William McInnes\"), and Robert Drewe. In 2015, individual visitors to the three\\-day event reached 3000 a day and a total of 65,000 at sessions, compared with 109,000 at Sydney Writers' Festival. 2019 was a record year, with the highest box office sales in its 23\\-year history and 140 local and international guests across 121 on\\-site events, 17 off\\-site events, 15 workshops, a schools program for primary\\- and secondary\\-school students, and a road trip to regional towns.\n\nEdwina Johnson was the festival's longest standing director from 2014\\-2022\\. Edwina was praised in the [Sydney Morning Herald](/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald \"The Sydney Morning Herald\") for growing the festival into an international event, including guests such as [Jeanette Winterson](/wiki/Jeanette_Winterson \"Jeanette Winterson\") and [Geoff Dyer](/wiki/Geoff_Dyer \"Geoff Dyer\"). The festival did not run in 2020 or 2021, due to the pandemic. In 2022, it returned under new director Zoe Pollock. In 2023, it will be held in the Bangalow Showgrounds for the first time.\n\nThe festival has four flagship programs: the annual festival, a free creative writing program for children called StoryBoard, professional development services for members, and the annual residential mentorship opportunity. The Residential Mentorship was established in 2001 for emerging writers in the region, and has led to significant amounts of publication. Notable alumni include [Jesse Blackadder](/wiki/Jesse_Blackadder \"Jesse Blackadder\"), Jarrah Dundler, Jessie Cole, Russell Eldridge, [Mirandi Riwoe](/wiki/Mirandi_Riwoe \"Mirandi Riwoe\"), Emma Ashmere, Helen Burns, Bronwyn Birdsall and Lisa Walker. Local author [Marele Day](/wiki/Marele_Day \"Marele Day\") was the mentor from 2001\\-2021 and in 2022, former participant [Sarah Armstrong](/wiki/Sarah_Armstrong \"Sarah Armstrong\") became the new mentor.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Byron Writers Festival](http://www.byronwritersfestival.com) website\n\n[Category:Literary festivals in Australia](/wiki/Category:Literary_festivals_in_Australia \"Literary festivals in Australia\")\n[Category:Festivals established in 1997](/wiki/Category:Festivals_established_in_1997 \"Festivals established in 1997\")\n[Category:1997 establishments in Australia](/wiki/Category:1997_establishments_in_Australia \"1997 establishments in Australia\")\n[Category:Byron Bay](/wiki/Category:Byron_Bay \"Byron Bay\")\n[Category:Festivals in New South Wales](/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_New_South_Wales \"Festivals in New South Wales\")\n\n"
]
} |
1954 Massachusetts gubernatorial election | {
"id": [
11487766
],
"name": [
"LucasBrown"
]
} | afm073t1g4ynqrwoctbhupyorba5emt | 2024-07-03T22:45:52Z | 1,230,697,824 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Democratic primary",
"Candidates",
"Results",
"General election",
"Results",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
3,
3,
2,
3,
2,
2
],
"content": [
" \n\nThe **1954 Massachusetts gubernatorial election** was held on November 2, 1954\\. Republican [governor](/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts \"Governor of Massachusetts\") [Christian Herter](/wiki/Christian_Herter \"Christian Herter\") was re\\-elected, defeating Democrat [Robert F. Murphy](/wiki/Robert_F._Murphy_%28politician%29 \"Robert F. Murphy (politician)\"), Socialist Labor candidate Lawrence Gilfedder, and Prohibition candidate Guy S. Williams.\n\n",
"Democratic primary\n------------------\n\n### Candidates\n\n* [Francis E. Kelly](/wiki/Francis_E._Kelly \"Francis E. Kelly\"), former [Lieutenant Governor](/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts \"Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts\") and [Attorney General](/wiki/Massachusetts_Attorney_General \"Massachusetts Attorney General\")\n* [Robert F. Murphy](/wiki/Robert_F._Murphy_%28politician%29 \"Robert F. Murphy (politician)\"), State Representative from [Malden](/wiki/Malden%2C_Massachusetts \"Malden, Massachusetts\") and Minority Leader of the House of Representatives\n\n### Results\n\n",
"### Candidates\n\n* [Francis E. Kelly](/wiki/Francis_E._Kelly \"Francis E. Kelly\"), former [Lieutenant Governor](/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts \"Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts\") and [Attorney General](/wiki/Massachusetts_Attorney_General \"Massachusetts Attorney General\")\n* [Robert F. Murphy](/wiki/Robert_F._Murphy_%28politician%29 \"Robert F. Murphy (politician)\"), State Representative from [Malden](/wiki/Malden%2C_Massachusetts \"Malden, Massachusetts\") and Minority Leader of the House of Representatives\n",
"### Results\n\n",
"General election\n----------------\n\n### Results\n\n",
"### Results\n\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [1953–1954 Massachusetts legislature](/wiki/1953%E2%80%931954_Massachusetts_legislature \"1953–1954 Massachusetts legislature\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[1954](/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_gubernatorial_elections \"Massachusetts gubernatorial elections\")\n[Gubernatorial](/wiki/Category:1954_Massachusetts_elections \"1954 Massachusetts elections\")\n[Category:1954 United States gubernatorial elections](/wiki/Category:1954_United_States_gubernatorial_elections \"1954 United States gubernatorial elections\")\n[Category:November 1954 events in the United States](/wiki/Category:November_1954_events_in_the_United_States \"November 1954 events in the United States\")\n\n"
]
} |
Caroline Ansink | {
"id": [
48292276
],
"name": [
"SparklingBlueMoon"
]
} | by0i6835q6qyioc56llwjfe4uv0e0q9 | 2024-08-17T18:48:51Z | 1,231,835,507 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Awards and honors",
"Works",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n**Caroline Ansink** (born 8 August 1959 in [Amsterdam](/wiki/Amsterdam \"Amsterdam\")) is a Dutch musician, music educator and composer.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nAnsink studied music at [Utrechts Conservatorium](/wiki/Utrechts_Conservatorium \"Utrechts Conservatorium\"), flute with [Abbie de Quant](/wiki/Abbie_de_Quant \"Abbie de Quant\") and composition with Joep Straesser. After completing her studies with Docerend Musicus (1985\\) and Uitvoerend Musicus (1986\\) degrees, Ansink worked as a flutist with the [Clara Schumann](/wiki/Clara_Schumann \"Clara Schumann\") Orchestra in [Cologne](/wiki/Cologne \"Cologne\") and a music teacher at the Utrechts Conservatorium.\n\nIn 1992 Ansink and composer [Catharina van Rennes](/wiki/Catharina_van_Rennes \"Catharina van Rennes\") were subjects of a television documentary *I compose as a human being* by NOS TV.\n\n",
"Awards and honors\n-----------------\n\n* 1989 Composition Prize\n* 1985 second prize of DEDOK Mannheim\n* 1989 the first prize GEDOK for Pyrrhus for organ (1988\\), for which she \\*1988 Cappella Civica award in Trieste\n* 1989 third prize of the Association of Hungarian Musicians\n* 1990 encouragement prize from the Amsterdams Fonds voor de Kunst\n* 1990 honorable mention The Washington International Competition\n* 1992 Prize from the city of Chard, Great Britain\n",
"Works\n-----\n\nAnsink composes chamber music, orchestral and choir works. Selected works include:\n* *Shades of Silence* for string quartet (1984\\)\n* *Pyrrhus* for organ (1988\\)\n* *SkopÛs* piano trio (1989\\)\n* *Night and Day* (1990\\)\n* *Zeitenschrunde* (1990\\)\n* *Brezze* for string quartet (1990\\)\n* *Capriccio for Solo Violin*\n* *Over the Moon*\n* *Epitaph für Marius*for flute and piano (2008\\)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:1959 births](/wiki/Category:1959_births \"1959 births\")\n[Category:20th\\-century classical composers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_classical_composers \"20th-century classical composers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century classical composers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_classical_composers \"21st-century classical composers\")\n[Category:Dutch women classical composers](/wiki/Category:Dutch_women_classical_composers \"Dutch women classical composers\")\n[Category:Dutch classical composers](/wiki/Category:Dutch_classical_composers \"Dutch classical composers\")\n[Category:Dutch music educators](/wiki/Category:Dutch_music_educators \"Dutch music educators\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Musicians from Amsterdam](/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Amsterdam \"Musicians from Amsterdam\")\n[Category:21st\\-century Dutch musicians](/wiki/Category:21st-century_Dutch_musicians \"21st-century Dutch musicians\")\n[Category:Dutch women music educators](/wiki/Category:Dutch_women_music_educators \"Dutch women music educators\")\n[Category:20th\\-century women composers](/wiki/Category:20th-century_women_composers \"20th-century women composers\")\n[Category:21st\\-century women composers](/wiki/Category:21st-century_women_composers \"21st-century women composers\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Rachel Kranton | {
"id": [
28103413
],
"name": [
"Vermont"
]
} | pfjnmzwioz8ubvkl6059vvs7tv58uxe | 2024-07-21T05:14:26Z | 1,170,076,017 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Biography",
"Research",
"Recognition",
"Notable previous positions",
"Professional service",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Rachel E. Kranton** (born c. 1962\\) is an American [economist](/wiki/Economist \"Economist\") and [James B. Duke Professor](/wiki/James_B._Duke_Professor \"James B. Duke Professor\") of Economics at [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\"). She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts \\& Science, Fellow of the [Econometric Society](/wiki/Econometric_Society \"Econometric Society\"), and 2010 recipient of the [Blaise Pascal Chair](/wiki/Blaise_Pascal_Chair \"Blaise Pascal Chair\"). She was elected to serve on the [Executive Committee of the American Economic Association](https://www.aeaweb.org/AboutAEA/board.php) from 2015 to 2018\\. Kranton's research focuses on how social institutions affect economic outcomes, and has applications in a variety of fields within economics, such as economic development, international economics, and industrial organization.\n\nMore specifically, Kranton studies social networks and develops formal theories of how social networks affect economic behavior, the effects of buyer\\-seller networks,Rachel Kranton and Deborah Minehart, \"Competition for Goods in Buyer\\-Seller Networks,\" *[Review of Economic Design](/wiki/Review_of_Economic_Design \"Review of Economic Design\")*, 5 (3\\), September 2000, pp. 301–31\\. institutions in [colonial India](/wiki/Colonial_India \"Colonial India\"),Rachel Kranton and Anand Swamy, \"Contracts, Hold\\-Up, and Exports: Textiles and Opium in Colonial India,\" American Economic Review 98 (3\\), June 2008, pp. 967–89\\.\"The Hazards of Piecemeal Reform: British Civil Courts and the Credit Market in Colonial India,\" Rachel Kranton and Anand Swamy, Journal of Development Economics, 58 (1\\), February 1999, pp. 1–24\\. and reciprocal exchange.Rachel Kranton, \"Reciprocal Exchange: A Self\\-Sustaining System,\" American Economic Review, 86 (4\\), September 1996, pp. 830–51\\. By this, she's a major contributor to the emerging new field of [economics of networks](/wiki/Economics_of_networks \"Economics of networks\"). She uses formal models of strategic interaction in select economic settings, and draws on these findings through mathematical tools to find how network structures influence economic outcomes. She also focuses on the cost and benefits of networks and informal exchange, which is the economic activity through social relationship.\n\nIn a long\\-term collaboration, Kranton and [George Akerlof](/wiki/George_Akerlof \"George Akerlof\") of University of California, Berkeley introduce [social identity](/wiki/Social_identity \"Social identity\") into formal economic analysis.Akerlof, G. and R. Kranton, \"Economics and Identity,\" Quarterly Journal of Economics CVX (3\\), August 2000, pp. 715–53\\.Akerlof, G. and R. Kranton, \"Identity and the Economics of Organizations,\" Journal of Economic Perspectives 19 (1\\), Winter 2005, pp. 9–32\\. Akerlof, G. and R. Kranton, \"Identity and Schooling: Some Lessons for the Economics of Education,\" Journal of Economic Literature, 40 (4\\), December 2002, pp. 1167–201\\.Akerlof, G. and R. Kranton, \"Identity, Supervision, and Work Groups,\" American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 98 (2\\), May 2008, pp. 212–17\\. In 2010, Akerlof and published *Identity Economics,* which provides a comprehensive and accessible discussion of their research.Akerlof, G. and R. Kranton, *Identity Economics,* Princeton University Press, 2010\\. In a review for [*Science*](/wiki/Science_%28journal%29 \"Science (journal)\"), Robert Sugden writes: \"Nonspecialist readers will find a lot of insightful and well\\-informed analysis of how issues of identity affect real economic problems.\"Sugden, Robert (2010\\), Science 21, Vol. 328 no. 5981, p. 978\\. [Bloomberg](/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P. \"Bloomberg L.P.\") lists *Identity Economics* as one of the top 30 business books of 2010\\.\n\n",
"Biography\n---------\n\nRachel Kranton completed her undergraduate studies in economics and Middle East studies at the [University of Pennsylvania](/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania \"University of Pennsylvania\"). She then received an M.P.A. in economics and public affairs from the [Woodrow Wilson School](/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_School \"Woodrow Wilson School\") at [Princeton University](/wiki/Princeton_University \"Princeton University\"), and later her Ph.D. in economics from the [University of California, Berkeley](/wiki/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley \"University of California, Berkeley\").\n\nKranton has held positions at the [University of Maryland](/wiki/University_of_Maryland \"University of Maryland\") and [Duke University](/wiki/Duke_University \"Duke University\"), and received research fellowships at the [Russell Sage Foundation](/wiki/Russell_Sage_Foundation \"Russell Sage Foundation\") and Princeton's [Institute for Advanced Study](/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study \"Institute for Advanced Study\"). In 2011–12, Kranton was a visiting professor at the [Paris School of Economics](/wiki/Paris_School_of_Economics \"Paris School of Economics\"). She was announced to take over the position of dean of social sciences at Duke University from July 2018\\. She was also awarded as a fellow into the [Econometric Society](/wiki/Econometric_Society \"Econometric Society\") from Duke University in 2012\\.\n\n",
"Research\n--------\n\nRachel Kranton's research interests is on the effect of institutions and the social setting on economic outcomes. She has made huge influence in the field of Identity Economics and the economics of networks. Her work includes a general framework to study social norms and identity in economics (together with her collaborator George Akerlof) and formal models of strategic interaction in different economic settings.\nHer publications can be found in the link \\* [Kranton's Duke econ page](https://econ.duke.edu/people/rachel-kranton)\nShe has achieved grant for her researches: Social Influences on Financial Decision Making, Networks, Public Goods, And Social Interactions: At The Edge Of Analytics and Complexity and Collabarative Research: CDI\\-Type I: Innovation in Social Networks.\n\n",
"Recognition\n-----------\n\nRachel Kranton was elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2020\\. She was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 2021\\.\n\nRachel Kranton was recognized in an article by Gregory Phillips (a communications manager at the Fuqua School of Business \\& staff member at Duke University)'Desire To Be In A Group Leads To Harsher Judgement Of Others,' which recognized Kranton for her study of \"groupiness.\" This study divided a portion of 141 participants into \nthree different settings, including, 1\\)declared political leanings, 2\\)a more neutral group using the participants preferences of similar poems and paintings, 3\\)a random grouping. These three groups were asked to distribute money amongst themselves in their groups, or to themselves and someone outside their group. This test was used to determine if there were discriminatory factors against people outside of their groups. Yet, the result of this study found that this separate grouping created biases against people outside of their group, regardless of their political beliefs. It was found that a third of the participants were more likely to be politically independent and not have a group bias in the allocation of these assets. Some of the other findings was that the \"groupiness\" of people does not relate to gender or ethnicity.\n\n",
"Notable previous positions\n--------------------------\n\n* Dean of social sciences, Trinity College, Duke University, 2018–2022\\.\n* Professor, department of economics, Duke University, 2007–2012\\.\n* Chaire Blaise Pascal, Paris School of Economics, 2011–2012\\.\n* Professor, department of economics, University of Maryland, 2004–2008\\.\n* Visiting associate professor, department of economics, Princeton University, 2002–2003\n* Member, school of social science, Institute for Advanced Study, 2001–2002\\.\n* Russell Sage Foundation Visiting Scholar, New York, NY, 1997–1998\\.\n\n",
"Professional service\n--------------------\n\n* Founding executive committee, *Economic Research on Identity, Norms, and Narratives* (*ERINN*), 2016–present.\n* Core, *Theoretical Research in Development Economics* (*ThReD*), 2015–present.\n* Managing editor, *The Economic Journal*, 2017–2020\\.\n* Executive committee (elected member), American Economic Association, 2015–2018\\.\n* Editorial board, *Journal of Economic Literature*, 2013–2019\\.\n* Editorial board, *American Economic Review*, 2001–2007\\.\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [Kranton's Duke page](https://sites.duke.edu/rachelkranton).\n* [Kranton's Duke econ page](https://econ.duke.edu/people/rachel-kranton)\n\n[Category:1960s births](/wiki/Category:1960s_births \"1960s births\")\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni](/wiki/Category:Princeton_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs_alumni \"Princeton School of Public and International Affairs alumni\")\n[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni](/wiki/Category:University_of_California%2C_Berkeley_alumni \"University of California, Berkeley alumni\")\n[Category:Duke University faculty](/wiki/Category:Duke_University_faculty \"Duke University faculty\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American economists](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_economists \"21st-century American economists\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American economists](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_economists \"20th-century American economists\")\n[Category:American women economists](/wiki/Category:American_women_economists \"American women economists\")\n[Category:Economics journal editors](/wiki/Category:Economics_journal_editors \"Economics journal editors\")\n[Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society](/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Econometric_Society \"Fellows of the Econometric Society\")\n[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences](/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences \"Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\")\n[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences](/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences \"Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences\")\n[Category:20th\\-century American women](/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_women \"20th-century American women\")\n[Category:21st\\-century American women](/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_women \"21st-century American women\")\n\n"
]
} |
Jeevana Jyothi | {
"id": [
26074453
],
"name": [
"Gotitbro"
]
} | 528yvxm4up0qkjfjngbqwjvdul32ssc | 2024-04-16T05:53:23Z | 1,219,177,548 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"See also"
],
"level": [
1,
2
],
"content": [
"**Jeevana Jyothi** or **Jeevana Jyoti** or **Jeevan Jyoti** or **Jeewan Jyoti** () is the name of many Indian films:\n\n* [*Jeevan Jyoti* (1937 film)](/wiki/Jeevan_Jyoti_%281937_film%29 \"Jeevan Jyoti (1937 film)\"), a [1937 Hindi film](/wiki/List_of_Hindi_films_of_1937 \"List of Hindi films of 1937\")\n* [*Jeevana Jyothi* (1940 film)](/wiki/Jeevana_Jyothi_%281940_film%29 \"Jeevana Jyothi (1940 film)\"), a [1940 Telugu film](/wiki/List_of_Telugu_films_of_1940 \"List of Telugu films of 1940\")\n* [*Jeewan Jyoti* (1953 film)](/wiki/Jeewan_Jyoti_%281953_film%29 \"Jeewan Jyoti (1953 film)\"), a 1953 Hindi film\n* [*Jeevana Jyothi* (1975 film)](/wiki/Jeevana_Jyothi_%281975_film%29 \"Jeevana Jyothi (1975 film)\"), a 1975 Telugu film directed by K. Vishwanath\n* [*Jeevan Jyoti* (1976 film)](/wiki/Jeevan_Jyoti_%281976_film%29 \"Jeevan Jyoti (1976 film)\"), a 1976 Hindi film by A.V.M. Productions\n* [*Jeevana Jyothi* (1987 film)](/wiki/Jeevana_Jyothi_%281987_film%29 \"Jeevana Jyothi (1987 film)\"), a Kannada film\n* [*Jeevana Jyothi* (1988 film)](/wiki/Jeevana_Jyothi_%281988_film%29 \"Jeevana Jyothi (1988 film)\"), a 1988 Telugu film directed by Relangi Narasimha Rao\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Jeevan](/wiki/Jeevan \"Jeevan\"), an Indian name\n* [Jyothi (disambiguation)](/wiki/Jyothi_%28disambiguation%29 \"Jyothi (disambiguation)\")\n* [Light of Life (disambiguation)](/wiki/Light_of_Life_%28disambiguation%29 \"Light of Life (disambiguation)\")\n* [Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana](/wiki/Pradhan_Mantri_Jeevan_Jyoti_Bima_Yojana \"Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana\") (), an Indian government insurance scheme\n\n"
]
} |
Jürgen Theuerkauff | {
"id": [
9784415
],
"name": [
"Tom.Reding"
]
} | pj0btvo0absfxv1r0mfy06980mea3wb | 2024-10-02T12:17:06Z | 1,242,176,895 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n**Jürgen Theuerkauff** (8 September 1934 – 5 September 2022\\) was a German [fencer](/wiki/Fencing \"Fencing\"). He represented the [United Team of Germany](/wiki/United_Team_of_Germany \"United Team of Germany\") in 1960 and 1964 and West Germany in 1968\\. He won a bronze medal in the team [foil](/wiki/Foil_%28fencing%29 \"Foil (fencing)\") event at the [1960 Summer Olympics](/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics \"1960 Summer Olympics\").\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n[Category:1934 births](/wiki/Category:1934_births \"1934 births\")\n[Category:2022 deaths](/wiki/Category:2022_deaths \"2022 deaths\")\n[Category:German male fencers](/wiki/Category:German_male_fencers \"German male fencers\")\n[Category:Olympic fencers for the United Team of Germany](/wiki/Category:Olympic_fencers_for_the_United_Team_of_Germany \"Olympic fencers for the United Team of Germany\")\n[Category:Olympic fencers for West Germany](/wiki/Category:Olympic_fencers_for_West_Germany \"Olympic fencers for West Germany\")\n[Category:Fencers at the 1960 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Fencers_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics \"Fencers at the 1960 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Fencers at the 1964 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Fencers_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics \"Fencers at the 1964 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Fencers at the 1968 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Fencers_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics \"Fencers at the 1968 Summer Olympics\")\n[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for the United Team of Germany](/wiki/Category:Olympic_bronze_medalists_for_the_United_Team_of_Germany \"Olympic bronze medalists for the United Team of Germany\")\n[Category:Olympic medalists in fencing](/wiki/Category:Olympic_medalists_in_fencing \"Olympic medalists in fencing\")\n[Category:Fencers from Berlin](/wiki/Category:Fencers_from_Berlin \"Fencers from Berlin\")\n[Category:Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics](/wiki/Category:Medalists_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics \"Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics\")\n\n \n\n"
]
} |
Gwee Li Sui | {
"id": [
125972
],
"name": [
"Rodw"
]
} | hg4nylu1t9ch9t6hhcgm3u344amlbgm | 2024-10-20T16:58:21Z | 1,249,133,020 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Gwee Li Sui",
"Education",
"Academic career",
"Literary career",
"Works",
"Public Life",
"Select bibliography",
"Graphic novels",
"Poetry",
"Non-fiction",
"Translations",
"Picture book",
"Fiction",
"Monograph",
"Edited volumes",
"References"
],
"level": [
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"content": [
"**Gwee Li Sui** (; [Korean](/wiki/Korean_language \"Korean language\"): 위리서; born 22 August 1970\\) is an acclaimed bestselling writer in [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\"). He works in poetry, comics, non\\-fiction, criticism, and translation. He is the creator of *Myth of the Stone*, arguably Singapore's first long\\-form [graphic novel](/wiki/Graphic_novel \"Graphic novel\") in English. He is also the author of *Spiaking Singlish* – the first book on [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\") written entirely in the patois, complete with colloquial spelling – and the only published Singlish translator to date.\n\n",
"Education\n---------\n\nGwee went to the now\\-defunct MacRitchie Primary School and then [Anglo\\-Chinese Secondary School](/wiki/Anglo-Chinese_School \"Anglo-Chinese School\") and [Anglo\\-Chinese Junior College](/wiki/Anglo-Chinese_Junior_College \"Anglo-Chinese Junior College\"). In 1995, he graduated from the [National University of Singapore](/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore \"National University of Singapore\") with a First\\-Class Honours degree in English literature and was awarded the NUS Society Gold Medal for Best Student in English. His Honours thesis was on [Günter Grass](/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass \"Günter Grass\")'s novel *[The Tin Drum](/wiki/The_Tin_Drum \"The Tin Drum\")* (German: *Die Blechtrommel*). His Master's thesis was on [Hermann Broch](/wiki/Hermann_Broch \"Hermann Broch\")'s novel *[The Death of Virgil](/wiki/The_Death_of_Virgil \"The Death of Virgil\")* (German: *Der Tod des Vergil*). Gwee pursued his doctoral research on the period from the [English Enlightenment](/wiki/English_Enlightenment \"English Enlightenment\") to early [German Romanticism](/wiki/German_Romanticism \"German Romanticism\") at [Queen Mary, University of London](/wiki/Queen_Mary%2C_University_of_London \"Queen Mary, University of London\"). His thesis was on the discursive influence of [Newtonianism](/wiki/Newtonianism \"Newtonianism\") on the poetry of [Richard Blackmore](/wiki/Richard_Blackmore \"Richard Blackmore\"), [Alexander Pope](/wiki/Alexander_Pope \"Alexander Pope\"), and [Novalis](/wiki/Novalis \"Novalis\").\n\n",
"Academic career\n---------------\n\nFrom 2003 to 2009, Gwee worked as an assistant professor at the NUS Department of English Language and Literature. He taught a wide range of courses on world literature, 17th\\- and 18th\\-century fiction, poetry, literary criticism, and film criticism. Apart from English literature, philosophy, and science, Gwee’s other research interests include British and German romanticism, modern German literature, Singaporean literature, and Reformation and modern theology.\n\n",
"Literary career\n---------------\n\nGwee has been a full\\-time writer since leaving academia, with over 20 books to date. A popular speaker, he continues to instruct at various universities and institutions. He is sought for his opinions on literature, language, and religion and has been on the evaluation panel for several top literary awards in Singapore, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. In 2010, he was an international writer\\- and critic\\-in\\-residence at the [Toji Cultural Centre](/wiki/Toji_Cultural_Centre \"Toji Cultural Centre\") in [South Korea](/wiki/South_Korea \"South Korea\").\n\nFrom 2008 to 2011, Gwee hosted public interviews with Singaporean cultural figures at the [independent bookstore](/wiki/Independent_bookstore \"Independent bookstore\") [BooksActually](/wiki/BooksActually \"BooksActually\"). From 2013 to 2017, he ran [The Arts House](/wiki/The_Arts_House \"The Arts House\")'s \"Sing Lit 101: How to Read a Singaporean Poem\" and gave 5 seasons of public lectures on important Singaporean poems. From 2018 to 2022, he led the [National Library Board](/wiki/National_Library_Board \"National Library Board\")'s \"How to Fall in Love with Classics\" series for 10 seasons, focusing on literary classics in different mediums and genres. He also fronted [Yahoo!](/wiki/Yahoo%21 \"Yahoo!\") Singapore's flagship TV programme \"Singlish with Uncle Gwee\" for 4 seasons from 2018 to 2020\\.\n\n",
"Works\n-----\n\nGwee wrote and illustrated Singapore’s first long\\-form [graphic novel](/wiki/Graphic_novel \"Graphic novel\") in English *Myth of the Stone*, published in 1993\\. Earlier such collections had involved short comic stories. *Myth of the Stone* is part\\-children's story, part\\-fantasy, and part\\-allegory and follows a boy's adventures in a realm of mismatched mythical creatures. A 20th\\-anniversary edition, with 2 new stories among its bonuses, was published by [Epigram Books](/wiki/Epigram_Books \"Epigram Books\") in 2013\\.\n\nGwee's poetry is known for its versatility and involves a wide range of styles and moods. His first verse collection is the well\\-loved *Who Wants to Buy a Book of Poems?*, published in 1998\\. It is full of linguistic play, [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\") rhymes, and jabs at Singapore's social history and culture. The 2015 expanded edition *Who Wants to Buy an Expanded Edition of a Book of Poems?* contains all the poems excluded from the first edition. *[The Straits Times](/wiki/The_Straits_Times \"The Straits Times\")* named it one of the 50 greatest works of Singaporean literature in 2021\\.\n\nGwee's second verse collection is an extremely well\\-received volume of love poems titled *One Thousand and One Nights*. Poet [Cyril Wong](/wiki/Cyril_Wong \"Cyril Wong\") calls it \"shockingly tender, even heartbreaking\" while theatre director [Alvin Tan](/wiki/Alvin_Tan_%28director%29 \"Alvin Tan (director)\") praises \"\\[his] impeccable measurement of emotion, surprising use of words and relentless clarity of thought\". Gwee returned to humour poetry with *The Other Merlion and Friends* in 2015 before releasing a dark, meditative collection titled *Death Wish* in 2017\\. With *Haikuku* (2017\\) and *This Floating World* (2021\\), he brought together nearly 600 haikus written over a decade.\n\nGwee also famously writes on and in [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\"). In 2017, He published *Spiaking Singlish: A Companion to How Singaporeans Communicate*, which is hailed by pioneering Singlish writer [Sylvia Toh](/wiki/Sylvia_Toh \"Sylvia Toh\") as \"the definitive book on Singlish\". In 2019, he translated [Antoine de Saint\\-Exupéry](/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry \"Antoine de Saint-Exupéry\")'s *[The Little Prince](/wiki/The_Little_Prince \"The Little Prince\")* into Singlish, making *The Leeter Tunku* the first literary classic in Singlish. His subsequent translations include [Beatrix Potter](/wiki/Beatrix_Potter \"Beatrix Potter\")'s *[The Tale of Peter Rabbit](/wiki/The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit \"The Tale of Peter Rabbit\")*, selected [Brothers Grimm](/wiki/Brothers_Grimm \"Brothers Grimm\")'s *[Children's and Household Tales](/wiki/Children%27s_and_Household_Tales \"Children's and Household Tales\")*, and [A. A. Milne](/wiki/A._A._Milne \"A. A. Milne\")'s *[Winnie\\-the\\-Pooh](/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh \"Winnie-the-Pooh\")*.\n\nAs an editor, Gwee first worked on one of two seminal volumes on Singaporean and Malaysian literature in English *Sharing Borders: Studies in Contemporary Singaporean\\-Malaysian Literature*, published in 2009\\. His introduction exposes the problems of ideology that continue to plague the countries' literature in the name of postcolonial studies. In 2010, he edited the popular fiction collection *Telltale: Eleven Stories*, which was adopted as a Literature O\\-Level text.\n\nIn 2011, Gwee's human rights\\-based anthology *Man/Born/Free: Writings on the Human Spirit from Singapore* pays tribute to the life of [Nelson Mandela](/wiki/Nelson_Mandela \"Nelson Mandela\") and was launched in [Cape Town](/wiki/Cape_Town \"Cape Town\"), [South Africa](/wiki/South_Africa \"South Africa\"). In 2015, he edited the massive, two\\-volume *Singathology: 50 New Works by Celebrated Singaporean Writers*, a commemoration of [Singapore](/wiki/Singapore \"Singapore\")'s [golden jubilee](/wiki/Golden_jubilee \"Golden jubilee\").\n\n",
"Public Life\n-----------\n\nSince leaving academia, Gwee has been one of few outspoken literary voices on a range of subject matters in Singapore. In 2009, during the AWARE Saga, he wrote an influential Facebook note calling on fellow Christians not to support covert action. The AWARE saga was an event in Singapore's feminist, human rights, and LGBT history that involved the leadership of the [Association of Women for Action and Research](/wiki/Association_of_Women_for_Action_and_Research \"Association of Women for Action and Research\"). Gwee objected to the imposing of any group's religious beliefs on a secular organisation and warned against its implications on Christian witness.\n\nIn 2014, when the [National Library Board](/wiki/National_Library_Board \"National Library Board\") announced the pulping of 3 children's books following a user's complaint of their LGBT themes, Gwee – with fellow writers [Adrian Tan](/wiki/Adrian_Tan \"Adrian Tan\"), [Prem Anand](/wiki/Prem_Anand \"Prem Anand\"), and [Felix Cheong](/wiki/Felix_Cheong \"Felix Cheong\") – cancelled their library event on writing humour. Gwee further called off his keynote speech at a National Schools Literature Festival that weekend. 2 of the affected books were eventually moved to the adults' section.\n\nAlso in 2014, Gwee was among the [Singapore Literature Prize](/wiki/Singapore_Literature_Prize \"Singapore Literature Prize\")'s English poetry judges when poet [Grace Chia](/wiki/Grace_Chia \"Grace Chia\") accused the prize of sexism after her collection *Cordelia* did not win. Gwee clarified, \"All entries have an equal chance of consideration for winning, and we discussed it based on that point alone, and on the strengths of the collections.\" The other judges were prominent poets [Leong Liew Geok](/wiki/Leong_Liew_Geok \"Leong Liew Geok\") and [Boey Kim Cheng](/wiki/Boey_Kim_Cheng \"Boey Kim Cheng\"). Gwee, in fact, wrote the preface to *Cordelia*.\n\nIn 2016, Gwee wrote an editorial in *[The New York Times](/wiki/The_New_York_Times \"The New York Times\")* on the growth of [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\") through the decades. The Press Secretary of the [Prime Minister of Singapore](/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore \"Prime Minister of Singapore\") responded to it with a statement that sparked a month\\-long national debate. The statement charged that Gwee had \"\\[made] light of the government’s efforts to promote the mastery of standard English by Singaporeans\".\n\nOn a lighter note, in 2020, days before the [COVID\\-19 pandemic](/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic \"COVID-19 pandemic\") was declared, Irish singer [Ronan Keating](/wiki/Ronan_Keating \"Ronan Keating\") made a misleading social media post about ships not docking in Singapore due to the coronavirus. Gwee's comment \"You say it best when you say nothing at all\" – referencing words from Keating's hit song – went viral, creating a very humorous moment in the early days of the pandemic. The post was swiftly taken down.\n\nIn 2024, Gwee was among the voices disapproving of the installation of 2 colonial statues at Singapore's historic [Fort Canning Hill](/wiki/Fort_Canning_Hill \"Fort Canning Hill\"). The statues were of [East India Company](/wiki/East_India_Company \"East India Company\") official [Sir Stamford Raffles](/wiki/Sir_Stamford_Raffles \"Sir Stamford Raffles\") and botanist [Nathaniel Wallich](/wiki/Nathaniel_Wallich \"Nathaniel Wallich\"). Gwee pointed to \"a serious failure to reframe – or at least re\\-evaluate – received history 200 years later and a related insensitivity to both local history and global feelings about colonialism\" and said, \"Neutral history is lazy history. Colonialism is not neutral.\"\n\n",
"Select bibliography\n-------------------\n\n### Graphic novels\n\n* *Myth of the Stone* (East Asia Book Services, 1993\\) \n* *Myth of the Stone: 20th Anniversary Edition* (Epigram Books, 2013\\) \n* *Old Man Solve Mystery* (Self\\-published, 2018\\) \n\n### Poetry\n\n* *Who Wants to Buy a Book of Poems?* (Landmark Books, 1998\\) \n* *One Thousand and One Nights* (Landmark Books, 2014\\) \n* *Who Wants to Buy an Expanded Edition of a Book of Poems?* (Landmark Books, 2015\\) \n* *The Other Merlion and Friends* (Landmark Books, 2015\\) \n* *Haikuku* (Landmark Books, 2017\\) \n* *Death Wish* (Landmark Books, 2017\\) \n* *This Floating World* (Landmark Books, 2021\\) \n\n### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *Fear No Poetry!: An Essential Guide to Close Reading* ([Ethos Books](/wiki/Ethos_Books \"Ethos Books\"), 2014\\) \n* *Spiaking Singlish: A Companion to How Singaporeans Communicate* ([Marshall\\-Cavendish International](/wiki/Marshall-Cavendish_International \"Marshall-Cavendish International\"), 2017\\) \n* *The Leeter Spiaking Singlish. Book 1: End Particles* ([Marshall\\-Cavendish International](/wiki/Marshall-Cavendish_International \"Marshall-Cavendish International\"), 2022\\) \n* *The Leeter Spiaking Singlish. Book 2: Idioms* ([Marshall\\-Cavendish International](/wiki/Marshall-Cavendish_International \"Marshall-Cavendish International\"), 2022\\) \n* *The Leeter Spiaking Singlish. Book 3: Loanwords* ([Marshall\\-Cavendish International](/wiki/Marshall-Cavendish_International \"Marshall-Cavendish International\"), 2022\\) \n\n### Translations\n\n* *The Leeter Tunku* ([Edition Tintenfaß](/wiki/Edition_Tintenfa%C3%9F \"Edition Tintenfaß\"), 2019\\) \\- [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\") translation of [Antoine de Saint\\-Exupéry](/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry \"Antoine de Saint-Exupéry\")'s *[The Little Prince](/wiki/The_Little_Prince \"The Little Prince\")*.\n* *The Tale of Peter Labbit* ([Edition Tintenfaß](/wiki/Edition_Tintenfa%C3%9F \"Edition Tintenfaß\"), 2021\\) \\- [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\")\\-[English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") edition of [Beatrix Potter](/wiki/Beatrix_Potter \"Beatrix Potter\")'s *[The Tale of Peter Rabbit](/wiki/The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit \"The Tale of Peter Rabbit\")*.\n* *Grimms' Fairy Tales in Singlish: Ten Chewren's and Household Tales* ([Edition Tintenfaß](/wiki/Edition_Tintenfa%C3%9F \"Edition Tintenfaß\"), 2021\\) \\- [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\") translation of the [Brothers Grimm](/wiki/Brothers_Grimm \"Brothers Grimm\")'s *[Children's and Household Tales](/wiki/Children%27s_and_Household_Tales \"Children's and Household Tales\")*.\n* *Winnie\\-da\\-Pooh in Singlish* ([Edition Tintenfaß](/wiki/Edition_Tintenfa%C3%9F \"Edition Tintenfaß\"), 2023\\) \\- [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\") translation of [A. A. Milne](/wiki/A._A._Milne \"A. A. Milne\")'s *[Winnie\\-the\\-Pooh](/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh \"Winnie-the-Pooh\")*.\n\n### Picture book\n\n* *Amazing Things* ([Yinthway Foundation](/wiki/Yinthway_Foundation \"Yinthway Foundation\"), 2019\\) \n\n### Fiction\n\n* *2719* ([Ethos Books](/wiki/Ethos_Books \"Ethos Books\"), 2020\\) \n\n### Monograph\n\n* Mein Kampf *Re\\-Examined* (NUS Department of English Language and Literature, 1996\\) \n\n### Edited volumes\n\n* *Sharing Borders: Studies in Contemporary Singaporean\\-Malaysian Literature II* (National Library Board and National Arts Council Singapore, 2009\\) (hbk), (pbk)\n* *From the Window of the Epoch: An Anthology of Malaysian and Singaporean Poems*, edited with Shamsudin Othman, Mohamed Pitchay Gani bin Mohamed Abdul Aziz, Tan Chee Lay, and Seetha Lakshmi (National Institute of Translation Malaysia and National Arts Council Singapore, 2010\\) \n* *Telltale: Eleven Stories* ([Ethos Books](/wiki/Ethos_Books \"Ethos Books\") and National Arts Council Singapore, 2010\\) \n* *Man/Born/Free: Writings on the Human Spirit from Singapore* ([Ethos Books](/wiki/Ethos_Books \"Ethos Books\"), 2011\\) \n* *Edwin Thumboo \\- Time Travelling: A Select Annotated Bibliography (With Recollections and Critical Essays)*, edited with Michelle Heng (National Library Board Singapore, 2012\\). (hbk), (pbk)\n* *Singathology: 50 New Works by Celebrated Singaporean Writers*, 2 volumes (National Arts Council Singapore and Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2015\\) , \n* *Written Country: The History of Singapore through Literature* (Landmark Books, 2016\\) \n* *Places: A Graphic Anthology on the East of Singapore* (National Library Board Singapore, 2016\\) \n* *Stranger to My World: The Covid Diary of a Bangladeshi Migrant Worker*, by MD Sharif Uddin (Landmark Books, 2021\\) \n* *The Epigram Books Collection of Best New Singaporean Short Stories: Volume Six* (Epigram Books, 2023\\) \n* *A Walk with My Pig*, by Mervin Mirapuri (Pagesetters Services, 2023\\) \n",
"### Graphic novels\n\n* *Myth of the Stone* (East Asia Book Services, 1993\\) \n* *Myth of the Stone: 20th Anniversary Edition* (Epigram Books, 2013\\) \n* *Old Man Solve Mystery* (Self\\-published, 2018\\) \n",
"### Poetry\n\n* *Who Wants to Buy a Book of Poems?* (Landmark Books, 1998\\) \n* *One Thousand and One Nights* (Landmark Books, 2014\\) \n* *Who Wants to Buy an Expanded Edition of a Book of Poems?* (Landmark Books, 2015\\) \n* *The Other Merlion and Friends* (Landmark Books, 2015\\) \n* *Haikuku* (Landmark Books, 2017\\) \n* *Death Wish* (Landmark Books, 2017\\) \n* *This Floating World* (Landmark Books, 2021\\) \n",
"### Non\\-fiction\n\n* *Fear No Poetry!: An Essential Guide to Close Reading* ([Ethos Books](/wiki/Ethos_Books \"Ethos Books\"), 2014\\) \n* *Spiaking Singlish: A Companion to How Singaporeans Communicate* ([Marshall\\-Cavendish International](/wiki/Marshall-Cavendish_International \"Marshall-Cavendish International\"), 2017\\) \n* *The Leeter Spiaking Singlish. Book 1: End Particles* ([Marshall\\-Cavendish International](/wiki/Marshall-Cavendish_International \"Marshall-Cavendish International\"), 2022\\) \n* *The Leeter Spiaking Singlish. Book 2: Idioms* ([Marshall\\-Cavendish International](/wiki/Marshall-Cavendish_International \"Marshall-Cavendish International\"), 2022\\) \n* *The Leeter Spiaking Singlish. Book 3: Loanwords* ([Marshall\\-Cavendish International](/wiki/Marshall-Cavendish_International \"Marshall-Cavendish International\"), 2022\\) \n",
"### Translations\n\n* *The Leeter Tunku* ([Edition Tintenfaß](/wiki/Edition_Tintenfa%C3%9F \"Edition Tintenfaß\"), 2019\\) \\- [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\") translation of [Antoine de Saint\\-Exupéry](/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry \"Antoine de Saint-Exupéry\")'s *[The Little Prince](/wiki/The_Little_Prince \"The Little Prince\")*.\n* *The Tale of Peter Labbit* ([Edition Tintenfaß](/wiki/Edition_Tintenfa%C3%9F \"Edition Tintenfaß\"), 2021\\) \\- [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\")\\-[English](/wiki/English_language \"English language\") edition of [Beatrix Potter](/wiki/Beatrix_Potter \"Beatrix Potter\")'s *[The Tale of Peter Rabbit](/wiki/The_Tale_of_Peter_Rabbit \"The Tale of Peter Rabbit\")*.\n* *Grimms' Fairy Tales in Singlish: Ten Chewren's and Household Tales* ([Edition Tintenfaß](/wiki/Edition_Tintenfa%C3%9F \"Edition Tintenfaß\"), 2021\\) \\- [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\") translation of the [Brothers Grimm](/wiki/Brothers_Grimm \"Brothers Grimm\")'s *[Children's and Household Tales](/wiki/Children%27s_and_Household_Tales \"Children's and Household Tales\")*.\n* *Winnie\\-da\\-Pooh in Singlish* ([Edition Tintenfaß](/wiki/Edition_Tintenfa%C3%9F \"Edition Tintenfaß\"), 2023\\) \\- [Singlish](/wiki/Singlish \"Singlish\") translation of [A. A. Milne](/wiki/A._A._Milne \"A. A. Milne\")'s *[Winnie\\-the\\-Pooh](/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh \"Winnie-the-Pooh\")*.\n",
"### Picture book\n\n* *Amazing Things* ([Yinthway Foundation](/wiki/Yinthway_Foundation \"Yinthway Foundation\"), 2019\\) \n",
"### Fiction\n\n* *2719* ([Ethos Books](/wiki/Ethos_Books \"Ethos Books\"), 2020\\) \n",
"### Monograph\n\n* Mein Kampf *Re\\-Examined* (NUS Department of English Language and Literature, 1996\\) \n",
"### Edited volumes\n\n* *Sharing Borders: Studies in Contemporary Singaporean\\-Malaysian Literature II* (National Library Board and National Arts Council Singapore, 2009\\) (hbk), (pbk)\n* *From the Window of the Epoch: An Anthology of Malaysian and Singaporean Poems*, edited with Shamsudin Othman, Mohamed Pitchay Gani bin Mohamed Abdul Aziz, Tan Chee Lay, and Seetha Lakshmi (National Institute of Translation Malaysia and National Arts Council Singapore, 2010\\) \n* *Telltale: Eleven Stories* ([Ethos Books](/wiki/Ethos_Books \"Ethos Books\") and National Arts Council Singapore, 2010\\) \n* *Man/Born/Free: Writings on the Human Spirit from Singapore* ([Ethos Books](/wiki/Ethos_Books \"Ethos Books\"), 2011\\) \n* *Edwin Thumboo \\- Time Travelling: A Select Annotated Bibliography (With Recollections and Critical Essays)*, edited with Michelle Heng (National Library Board Singapore, 2012\\). (hbk), (pbk)\n* *Singathology: 50 New Works by Celebrated Singaporean Writers*, 2 volumes (National Arts Council Singapore and Marshall Cavendish Editions, 2015\\) , \n* *Written Country: The History of Singapore through Literature* (Landmark Books, 2016\\) \n* *Places: A Graphic Anthology on the East of Singapore* (National Library Board Singapore, 2016\\) \n* *Stranger to My World: The Covid Diary of a Bangladeshi Migrant Worker*, by MD Sharif Uddin (Landmark Books, 2021\\) \n* *The Epigram Books Collection of Best New Singaporean Short Stories: Volume Six* (Epigram Books, 2023\\) \n* *A Walk with My Pig*, by Mervin Mirapuri (Pagesetters Services, 2023\\) \n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Living people](/wiki/Category:Living_people \"Living people\")\n[Category:Singaporean poets](/wiki/Category:Singaporean_poets \"Singaporean poets\")\n[Category:Singaporean writers](/wiki/Category:Singaporean_writers \"Singaporean writers\")\n[Category:Singaporean male writers](/wiki/Category:Singaporean_male_writers \"Singaporean male writers\")\n[Category:Academic staff of the National University of Singapore](/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_National_University_of_Singapore \"Academic staff of the National University of Singapore\")\n[Category:Singaporean people of Chinese descent](/wiki/Category:Singaporean_people_of_Chinese_descent \"Singaporean people of Chinese descent\")\n[Category:Anglo\\-Chinese School alumni](/wiki/Category:Anglo-Chinese_School_alumni \"Anglo-Chinese School alumni\")\n[Category:Anglo\\-Chinese Junior College alumni](/wiki/Category:Anglo-Chinese_Junior_College_alumni \"Anglo-Chinese Junior College alumni\")\n[Category:National University of Singapore alumni](/wiki/Category:National_University_of_Singapore_alumni \"National University of Singapore alumni\")\n[Category:Alumni of Queen Mary University of London](/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Queen_Mary_University_of_London \"Alumni of Queen Mary University of London\")\n[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)](/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29 \"Year of birth missing (living people)\")\n\n"
]
} |
Rural Municipality of St. Peter No. 369 | {
"id": [
332841
],
"name": [
"Tony1"
]
} | bft864rk3gou7gucu8785l3d9u8qg28 | 2024-07-01T07:45:27Z | 1,223,133,113 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Geography",
"Communities and localities",
"Demographics",
"Government",
"Transportation",
"See also",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
3,
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2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\nThe **Rural Municipality of St. Peter No. 369** ([2016 population](/wiki/Canada_2016_Census \"Canada 2016 Census\"): ) is a [rural municipality](/wiki/List_of_rural_municipalities_in_Saskatchewan \"List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan\") (RM) in the [Canadian province](/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada \"Provinces and territories of Canada\") of [Saskatchewan](/wiki/Saskatchewan \"Saskatchewan\") within [Census Division No. 15](/wiki/Division_No._15%2C_Saskatchewan \"Division No. 15, Saskatchewan\") and [ Division No. 5](/wiki/SARM_Division_No._5 \"SARM Division No. 5\").\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nThe RM of St. Peter No. 369 was largely settled during the early 20th century by [German\\-American](/wiki/German-American \"German-American\") [Roman Catholics](/wiki/Roman_Catholic \"Roman Catholic\") from [Stearns County, Minnesota](/wiki/Stearns_County%2C_Minnesota \"Stearns County, Minnesota\"). Kathleen Neils Conzen (2003\\), *Germans in Minnesota*, [Minnesota Historical Society](/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society \"Minnesota Historical Society\") Press. Pages 26–27\\.\n\n[St. Peter's Abbey](/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Abbey%2C_Saskatchewan \"St. Peter's Abbey, Saskatchewan\") began in 1903 with the arrival of seven [Benedictine monks](/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict \"Order of Saint Benedict\") under the obedience of Peter Engel O.S.B. the abbot of [Saint John's Abbey](/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Abbey%2C_Collegeville \"Saint John's Abbey, Collegeville\") in [Collegeville](/wiki/Collegeville%2C_Minnesota \"Collegeville, Minnesota\"), Minnesota. The monks established parishes and were able to serve local congregations due to their knowledge of the distinctive Stearns County dialect of the [German language](/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States \"German language in the United States\").\n\nSt. Peter was incorporated as a rural municipality on December 11, 1911\\.\n\n",
"Geography\n---------\n\n### Communities and localities\n\nThe following [urban municipalities](/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Saskatchewan%23Urban_municipalities \"List of municipalities in Saskatchewan#Urban municipalities\") are surrounded by the RM.\n\n[Villages](/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Saskatchewan \"List of villages in Saskatchewan\")\n* [Annaheim](/wiki/Annaheim%2C_Saskatchewan \"Annaheim, Saskatchewan\")\n* [Englefeld](/wiki/Englefeld%2C_Saskatchewan \"Englefeld, Saskatchewan\")\n* [Lake Lenore](/wiki/Lake_Lenore%2C_Saskatchewan \"Lake Lenore, Saskatchewan\")\n* [St. Gregor](/wiki/St._Gregor%2C_Saskatchewan \"St. Gregor, Saskatchewan\")\n* [Muenster](/wiki/Muenster%2C_Saskatchewan \"Muenster, Saskatchewan\")\n",
"### Communities and localities\n\nThe following [urban municipalities](/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Saskatchewan%23Urban_municipalities \"List of municipalities in Saskatchewan#Urban municipalities\") are surrounded by the RM.\n\n[Villages](/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Saskatchewan \"List of villages in Saskatchewan\")\n* [Annaheim](/wiki/Annaheim%2C_Saskatchewan \"Annaheim, Saskatchewan\")\n* [Englefeld](/wiki/Englefeld%2C_Saskatchewan \"Englefeld, Saskatchewan\")\n* [Lake Lenore](/wiki/Lake_Lenore%2C_Saskatchewan \"Lake Lenore, Saskatchewan\")\n* [St. Gregor](/wiki/St._Gregor%2C_Saskatchewan \"St. Gregor, Saskatchewan\")\n* [Muenster](/wiki/Muenster%2C_Saskatchewan \"Muenster, Saskatchewan\")\n",
"Demographics\n------------\n\nIn the [2021 Census of Population](/wiki/2021_Canadian_census \"2021 Canadian census\") conducted by [Statistics Canada](/wiki/Statistics_Canada \"Statistics Canada\"), the RM of St. Peter No. 369 had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021\\.\n\nIn the [2016 Census of Population](/wiki/2016_Canadian_census \"2016 Canadian census\"), the RM of St. Peter No. 369 recorded a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016\\.\n\n",
"Government\n----------\n\nThe RM of St. Peter No. 369 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Thursday of every month. The [reeve](/wiki/Reeve_%28Canada%29 \"Reeve (Canada)\") of the RM is Glenn Ehalt while its administrator is Angie Peake. The RM's office is located in Annaheim.\n\n",
"Transportation\n--------------\n\n* [Canadian National Railway](/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway \"Canadian National Railway\")\n* [Saskatchewan Highway 5](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_5 \"Saskatchewan Highway 5\")\n* [Saskatchewan Highway 368](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_368 \"Saskatchewan Highway 368\")\n* [Saskatchewan Highway 756](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_756 \"Saskatchewan Highway 756\")\n* [Saskatchewan Highway 777](/wiki/Saskatchewan_Highway_777 \"Saskatchewan Highway 777\")\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Francis Xavier Pierz](/wiki/Francis_Xavier_Pierz \"Francis Xavier Pierz\")\n* [List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan](/wiki/List_of_rural_municipalities_in_Saskatchewan \"List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[\\*](/wiki/Category:St._Peter_No._369%2C_Saskatchewan \"St. Peter No. 369, Saskatchewan\")\n[St. Peter](/wiki/Category:Rural_municipalities_in_Saskatchewan \"Rural municipalities in Saskatchewan\")\n[Category:Division No. 15, Saskatchewan](/wiki/Category:Division_No._15%2C_Saskatchewan \"Division No. 15, Saskatchewan\")\n[Category:German\\-Canadian culture in Saskatchewan](/wiki/Category:German-Canadian_culture_in_Saskatchewan \"German-Canadian culture in Saskatchewan\")\n[Category:German diaspora in Canada](/wiki/Category:German_diaspora_in_Canada \"German diaspora in Canada\")\n\n"
]
} |
Empire Bakuba | {
"id": [
33913908
],
"name": [
"DejiJJ"
]
} | aay1v19ppytoucutwsuss2qg2achbrf | 2024-05-13T14:45:14Z | 1,212,506,043 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"History",
"Partial discography",
"References"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"* + \n\n**Empire Bakuba** is an influential [soukous](/wiki/Soukous \"Soukous\") band that formed in [Zaire](/wiki/Zaire \"Zaire\") (now [Democratic Republic of the Congo](/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo \"Democratic Republic of the Congo\")) in 1972\\. The name of the band refers to the [Bakuba Kingdom](/wiki/Bakuba_Kingdom \"Bakuba Kingdom\"); it is sometimes reported as **Empire Bakuba du Grand Kalle**, in honor of [Grand Kalle](/wiki/Grand_Kalle \"Grand Kalle\"), the \"father of Congolese music\", who was also [bandleader](/wiki/Bandleader \"Bandleader\") [Pepe Kalle](/wiki/Pepe_Kalle \"Pepe Kalle\")'s [mentor](/wiki/Mentor \"Mentor\"). The band has never formally disbanded, although its activity has been scarce since Pepe Kalle's death (in 1998\\).\n\nCore members of the group include singers [Pepe Kalle](/wiki/Pepe_Kalle \"Pepe Kalle\"), \"Papy Tex\" Matolu Dode, Dilu Dilumona, and lead singer, dancer, songwriter, choreographer and animateur Bileku Mpasi Djouna Mumbafu (Bigone). Djouna played a major role to popularize Empire Bakuba since 1980 at the age of 15 years when he was discovered by Pepe Kalle and brought into the Empire Bakuba Band, through November 1998, when Pepe Kalle died. Djouna Mumbafu continues to be active both with the current scarce Empire Bakuba band activity, and as a solo artist with his Orchestre Big One. Other members of Empire Bakuba include guitarists \"Boeing 737\" Kinanga Nanzao and \"Doris\" Ebuya Lange, Dokolos, Jolie Bebe and the dancer \"Emoro\" Tumba Ayila.\n\n",
"History\n-------\n\nEmpire Bakuba was founded in 1972 by Pepe Kalle, Papy Tex and Dilu Dilumona, who were all at the time members of Lipua Lipua, and had previously been part of neighbourhood band African Choc. They quickly established themselves as one of the leading youth bands of [Kinshasa](/wiki/Kinshasa \"Kinshasa\"), becoming a constant presence in the Congolese charts and a major part of the [soukous](/wiki/Soukous \"Soukous\") scene in the 1970s and 1980s.\n\nCompared to that of other popular soukous bands of the time, such as [Zaiko Langa Langa](/wiki/Zaiko_Langa_Langa \"Zaiko Langa Langa\"), Empire Bakuba's sound was characterized by the strong influence of Congolese traditional and tribal music.<https://web.archive.org/web/20110103201112/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/pepe_kalle_with_empire_bakuba_27175/en_US> This also reflects in the [kwassa kwassa](/wiki/Kwassa_kwassa \"Kwassa kwassa\"), a dance style that was popularized by Empire Bakuba and later adopted by several other Congolese acts, most notably [Kanda Bongo Man](/wiki/Kanda_Bongo_Man \"Kanda Bongo Man\") and [Koffi Olomide](/wiki/Koffi_Olomide \"Koffi Olomide\"). Empire Bakuba's live performances were highly scenographic, with frontman Pepe Kalle, who was six feet tall and weighing 300 pounds, accompanied by [dwarf](/wiki/Dwarfism \"Dwarfism\") dancer Emoro.\n\nIn 1992 the band had to face Emoro's sudden death. By this time, the apex of Empire Bakuba's success had passed, yet the group remained quite popular. Emoro was replaced by three [Pygmy](/wiki/Pygmy_peoples \"Pygmy peoples\") dancers and Empire's live performances became even more similar to [circus](/wiki/Circus \"Circus\") shows. When Pepe Kalle died in 1998, and his death was followed by a serious car accident involving Papy Tex. For a while, Empire Bakuba was considered by the media to have ceased to exist. By 1999, nevertheless, Papy Tex had recovered and become the new leader of the band, which released a few more albums. Papy Tex is still with Empire Bakuba, although the band has not been very active in recent years.\n\n",
"Partial discography\n-------------------\n\nNote: The following discographic references have been retrieved from and \n* *Nazingi Maboto*\n* *Chérie Ondi* (Editions Veve 198?)\n* *Zabolo* (Rythmes et Musique 1982\\)\n* *Amour propre* (Editions Veve 1984\\)\n* *Tête africaine* (DK 1985\\)\n* *Bombe atomique* (Mélodie 1985\\)\n* *Muana Bangui* (Rythmes et Musique 1985\\)\n* *Trop c'est trop* (Rythmes et Musique 1985\\)\n* *La Belle Etoile* (Rythmes et Musique 1984\\)\n* *Bonana 85* (PF 1985\\)\n* *Kabambare* (1985\\)\n* *Livre d'or* (DV 1986\\)\n* *Dans Masassi calculé à Abidjan* (ACMP 1986\\)\n* *Adieu Dr. Nico* (Sonodisc 1986\\)\n* *Obosini Kisomele* (Syllart 1986\\)\n* *Allah* (Rythmes et Musique, 1986\\)\n* *Bakuba Show* (Syllart 1987\\)\n* *Sombokila* (Syllart 1987\\)\n* *Blanche neige* (Rythmes et Musique 1987, with [Grand Zaiko Wa Wa](/wiki/Grand_Zaiko_Wa_Wa \"Grand Zaiko Wa Wa\"))\n* *Nzoto ya chance / 8000 km*, also known as *Kwassa Kwassa* (Leader Records Repro 1987\\)\n* *Joe Dikando* (LS 1987\\)\n* *Pon Moun Paka Bougé* (Afrorythmes 1988\\)\n* *Moyibi* (Syllart 1988\\)\n* *Ya Moseka de l'Empire Bakuba* (SIC 1988\\)\n* *Show times* (1989\\)\n* *Cé Chalé Carnaval* (Afrorythmes 1989\\)\n* *Pepe Kalle chante le poète Simaro* (JM Production 1989\\)\n* *Atinze Mwana Popi* (BB 1989, reissued by Sonodisc in 1993\\)\n* *Gigantafrique* (Globestyle 1990\\)\n* *L'argent ne fait pas le bonheur* (Gefraco/Kaluila 1990\\)\n* *Mavuela Somo \\& Pepe Kalle* (MDL 1990, with [Mavuela Somo](/wiki/Mavuela_Somo \"Mavuela Somo\"))\n* *Stop feu rouge – voisin* (Bleu Caraibes 1990\\)\n* *Le tube de vos vacances: Liya Liya Faina* (SIMS/Sonodisc 1991\\)\n* *Feux d'artifice* (Sonodisc 1992\\)\n* *Hommage à Emoro* (Syllart 1992\\)\n* *Larger than Life* (Stern's STCD 1992\\)\n* *Divisé par deux* (Sonodisc 1993\\)\n* *Poto Malili: Kinshasa Moto! Moto!* (Musicanova 1993\\)\n* *Mamie* (Gefraco/Kaluila 1993\\)\n* *Savoir vivre* (B\\-Mass BMP 1995\\)\n* *Gardez votre souffle* (SUN 1995\\)\n* *Kamola Basse* (1995\\)\n* *Wasiwa* (Sonodisc 1996\\)\n* *Welcome in Africa* (Babi/Jimmy's 1996\\)\n* *Full Option* (Babi Production 1997\\)\n* *Souci ya Likinga* (Flash FDB 1997\\)\n* *Merci Maman* (B\\-Mass BMP 1997\\)\n* *Loin des yeux, Dieu seul sait* (Flash FDB 1997\\)\n* *Les plus grands succès* (Ngoyarto 1998\\)\n* *Cocktail* (Ndiaye/Mélodies Tempo 1998\\)\n* *Best of...* (Syllart 1998\\)\n* *Young Africa* (EXW 1999\\)\n* *Souvenirs* (Syllart 1999\\)\n* *The Best of Pepe Kalle* (BMG\\-Milan 1999\\)\n* *Sauvetage* (J.P.S. 2001\\)\n* *Sango Ya Mawa* (Ngoyarto 2003\\)\n* *La naissance de l'Orchestre: Nazoki* (Ngoyarto 2003\\)\n* *Johnny Bitoto* (Ngoyarto 2004\\)\n\n",
"References\n----------\n\n[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo musical groups](/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_musical_groups \"Democratic Republic of the Congo musical groups\")\n[Category:Soukous groups](/wiki/Category:Soukous_groups \"Soukous groups\")\n[Category:Culture of Kinshasa](/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Kinshasa \"Culture of Kinshasa\")\n\n"
]
} |
Toilet no Kamisama | {
"id": [
46831981
],
"name": [
"Enoryt nwased lamaj"
]
} | d17nl7lwyxv46sz95zu1i2ioun5bwot | 2024-08-24T02:51:04Z | 1,241,948,597 | 0 | {
"title": [
"Introduction",
"Writing",
"Promotion",
"Music videos",
"Adaptations",
"Main cast and staff in drama",
"Track listing",
"Chart rankings",
"Sales and certifications",
"Personnel<ref name=\"ReleaseNotes\">{{cite AV media notes |title=Watashi no Kakera-tachi |others=Kana Uemura |date=2010 |publisher=King Records |id=KIZC-59 |location=[[Bunkyo, Tokyo]] |language=Japanese}}</ref>",
"Release history",
"See also",
"References",
"External links"
],
"level": [
1,
2,
2,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
3,
2,
2,
2,
2,
2
],
"content": [
"\n\n is a song by Japanese singer\\-songwriter [Kana Uemura](/wiki/Kana_Uemura \"Kana Uemura\"), recounting her thoughts about her late grandmother. It was the leading track from her [extended play](/wiki/Extended_play \"Extended play\") *[Watashi no Kakera\\-tachi](/wiki/Watashi_no_Kakera-tachi \"Watashi no Kakera-tachi\")*, released on March 10, 2010\\. The song was re\\-recorded with [Kotaro Oshio](/wiki/Kotaro_Oshio \"Kotaro Oshio\"), and used as a promotional track from Uemura's self\\-cover album, *[Kana: My Favorite Things](/wiki/Kana:My_Favorite_Things \"My Favorite Things\")*, later in September 2010\\.\n\nThe song was popular enough to boost Uemura's popularity, being downloaded more than 250,000 times to cellphones and 250,000 times to PCs and boosting the sales of *Watashi no Kakera\\-tachi*, giving Uemura her first gold\\-certified album. The song inspired several other media, such as an autobiographical book by Uemura, as well as a special drama to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the opening of [Mainichi Broadcasting System](/wiki/Mainichi_Broadcasting_System \"Mainichi Broadcasting System\").\n\nThe song was awarded two [Japan Record Awards](/wiki/Japan_Record_Award \"Japan Record Award\") in 2010, one in the general song category along with 9 other songs, as well as Uemura being awarded the lyricist award for the song.\n\n",
"Writing\n-------\n\nThe song is a ballad, beginning with a simple guitar\\-based arrangement and later expanding to a band and orchestra arrangement. The song's lyrics are an extended narrative that tell the story of Uemura and her grandmother. When she was a 3rd grader (8 years old), she lived at her grandmother's house next door to her parents, playing [gomoku](/wiki/Gomoku \"Gomoku\"), eating nanban\\-style duck noodle soup when they went out shopping, watching videotapes of the comedy program *[Yoshimoto Shinkigeki](/wiki/Yoshimoto_Shinkigeki \"Yoshimoto Shinkigeki\")* and helping her every day. Uemura was not very fond of cleaning toilets, so her grandmother told her that a beautiful goddess lives in the toilet, if she cleaned it every day, this goddess would make her into a beautiful woman. As Uemura grew older, the communication gap between her and her grandmother worsened and the two grew apart. Uemura, feeling resentful, moved away from home with her then boyfriend and rarely came home to visit. Her grandmother later became more ill and was hospitalized two years after Uemura left for Tokyo. Uemura visited her, saying \"Grandma, I'm home!\" as she used to when she was little, before the two began to fight. Her grandmother could not say much and the next morning died quietly in her sleep. Uemura believes her grandmother was waiting for her, besides being left alone from her all this time. She feels regret for hurting her grandmother and says thank you to her at the end of the song.\n\nThe song mentions several words in [Kansai dialect](/wiki/Kansai_dialect \"Kansai dialect\"), especially in the way the grandmother speaks. She adds to the ends of her sentences, and uses specifically Kansai terms, such as and , instead of standard Japanese and . Uemura thanks her grandmother by saying , as opposed to . While the song is called \"Toilet no Kamisama,\" the word is not used in the song, instead the song talks about a in the toilet.\n\nWhen Uemura met music producer Yohito Teraoka, her self\\-introduction featured the story of her grandmother. Teraoka suggested they turn this story into a song.\n\n",
"Promotion\n---------\n\nThe song was first aired at [FM802](/wiki/FM802 \"FM802\"), on \"Hiro T's Morning Jam\" on January 7, 2010, and began receiving radio play in the song's full length. The song was released as a free ringtone from February 10, until March 9, when it became a paid ringtone.\n\nUemura performed at the 61st *[Kōhaku Uta Gassen](/wiki/K%C5%8Dhaku_Uta_Gassen \"Kōhaku Uta Gassen\")* New Years' singing battle. She performed the full\\-length version of \"Toilet no Kamisama.\" The performance was one of the longest in Kōhaku's history, after [Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi](/wiki/Tsuyoshi_Nagabuchi \"Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi\")'s 15 minute performance in 1990\\. She also performed the song on [Yoshimoto Shinkigeki](/wiki/Yoshimoto_Shinkigeki \"Yoshimoto Shinkigeki\")'s new years' special during the curtain call, the television show mentioned in Uemura's song.\n\n",
"Music videos\n------------\n\n[thumb\\|Kana Uemura in the live\\-action music video](/wiki/File:UemurakanaToiletMV.jpg \"UemurakanaToiletMV.jpg\")\n[thumb\\|A scene from the Daisuke Hashimoto/Mari Torigoe animated version](/wiki/File:UemurakanaToiletAnimated.jpg \"UemurakanaToiletAnimated.jpg\")\n\nTwo music videos were produced for the song: a live action version directed by [Tatsuaki](/wiki/Tatsuaki \"Tatsuaki\"), which was shot on January 23, 2010, and an animated version by [Daisuke Hashimoto](/wiki/Daisuke_Hashimoto \"Daisuke Hashimoto\"), set to the version from *[Kana: My Favorite Things](/wiki/Kana:My_Favorite_Things \"My Favorite Things\")* featuring [Kotaro Oshio](/wiki/Kotaro_Oshio \"Kotaro Oshio\").\n\nThe live action version features Uemura performing the song on guitar on a sunlit river bank, interspersed with scenes of a grandmother and several different actresses portraying the scenes described in the song. The final scenes show the grandmother walking with the adolescent actress along the river bank where Uemura sung the song. The Hashimoto animated version similarly enacts the storyline from the song, featuring drawings of a grandmother and a small girl. The video's artwork is based on the *Toilet no Kamisama* picture book, illustrated by Mari Torigoe, and released in September 2010\\.\n\n",
"Adaptations\n-----------\n\nThe song inspired two books by Uemura, both with the same title. The first is an autobiography released in July 2010 through [Takarajimasha](/wiki/Takarajimasha \"Takarajimasha\"), telling anecdotes about her grandmother and the process of making the song. The second is a picture book version, published through [Kodansha](/wiki/Kodansha \"Kodansha\") in September 2010\\. The version features illustrations by [Mari Torigoe](/wiki/Mari_Torigoe \"Mari Torigoe\").\n\n[Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc.](/wiki/Mainichi_Broadcasting_System \"Mainichi Broadcasting System\") aired a two\\-hour drama based on the autobiography *Toilet no Kamisama* on January 5, 2011, on 28 stations including itself, [TBS](/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System \"Tokyo Broadcasting System\") and [CBC](/wiki/Chubu-Nippon_Broadcasting \"Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting\"), also on Akita TV on January 8\\. It was one of the programs for the 60th anniversary of the opening of MBS. The drama starred [Kii Kitano](/wiki/Kii_Kitano \"Kii Kitano\") as Uemura, and [Shima Iwashita](/wiki/Shima_Iwashita \"Shima Iwashita\") as her grandmother. The drama's plot is inspired by the events described in Uemura's *Toilet no Kamisama* autobiography, such as the death of her grandfather and her path to becoming a singer.\n\nUnder the influence of the [Tohoku earthquake and tsunami](/wiki/2011_Tohoku_earthquake_and_tsunami \"2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami\") which occurred on March 11, 2011, MBS aired the drama again on March 16, instead of \"Ichi\\-Hachi Final Special\", on 26 stations except [TBC](/wiki/Tohoku_Broadcasting_Company \"Tohoku Broadcasting Company\") and [TV U Fukushima](/wiki/TV_U_Fukushima \"TV U Fukushima\").\n\nThe drama received the TV Film Prize in the 17th Shanghai TV Festival International Program Contest in May 2011\\.\n\n### Main cast and staff in drama\n\n(from [MBS drama *Toilet no Kamisama* website](http://www.mbs.jp/toire/))\nMain cast\n* Kana Uemura: [Mana Ashida](/wiki/Mana_Ashida \"Mana Ashida\") (in her childhood) / Kii Kitano (after growing up)\n* Waka Uemura (Kana's grandmother): Shima Iwashita\n* Yoko Uemura (Kana's mother): [Yui Natsukawa](/wiki/Yui_Natsukawa \"Yui Natsukawa\")\n* Shunji Uemura (Kana's grandfather): [Nenji Kobayashi](/wiki/Nenji_Kobayashi \"Nenji Kobayashi\")\n* Daisuke (Kana's boyfriend in her high school days): [Shohei Miura](/wiki/Shohei_Miura \"Shohei Miura\")\nStaff\n* Dramawriter: Shizuka Oki\n* Producers: Yasuo Yagi (TBS), Hajime Takezono (MBS), Hiroaki Kamei (MBS\\-Planning Corp.)\n* Director: Hajime Takezono (MBS)\n* Production cooperated by MBS\\-Planning Corporation\n* Copyrighted by Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc.\n\n",
"### Main cast and staff in drama\n\n(from [MBS drama *Toilet no Kamisama* website](http://www.mbs.jp/toire/))\nMain cast\n* Kana Uemura: [Mana Ashida](/wiki/Mana_Ashida \"Mana Ashida\") (in her childhood) / Kii Kitano (after growing up)\n* Waka Uemura (Kana's grandmother): Shima Iwashita\n* Yoko Uemura (Kana's mother): [Yui Natsukawa](/wiki/Yui_Natsukawa \"Yui Natsukawa\")\n* Shunji Uemura (Kana's grandfather): [Nenji Kobayashi](/wiki/Nenji_Kobayashi \"Nenji Kobayashi\")\n* Daisuke (Kana's boyfriend in her high school days): [Shohei Miura](/wiki/Shohei_Miura \"Shohei Miura\")\nStaff\n* Dramawriter: Shizuka Oki\n* Producers: Yasuo Yagi (TBS), Hajime Takezono (MBS), Hiroaki Kamei (MBS\\-Planning Corp.)\n* Director: Hajime Takezono (MBS)\n* Production cooperated by MBS\\-Planning Corporation\n* Copyrighted by Mainichi Broadcasting System, Inc.\n\n",
"Track listing\n-------------\n\n",
"Chart rankings\n--------------\n\n| Chart | Peakposition |\n| --- | --- |\n| *[Billboard](/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29 \"Billboard (magazine)\")* Adult Contemporary Airplay |6\n\n| *Billboard* [Japan Hot 100](/wiki/Japan_Hot_100 \"Japan Hot 100\") |1\n\n| *[Oricon](/wiki/Oricon \"Oricon\")* daily singles |1\n\n| *Oricon* weekly singles |1\n\n| *[RIAJ](/wiki/RIAJ \"RIAJ\")* [Digital Track Chart](/wiki/RIAJ_Digital_Track_Chart \"RIAJ Digital Track Chart\") weekly top 100 |1\n\n| *RIAJ* Digital Track Chart weekly top 100 \"Toilet no Kamisama\" with Kotaro Oshio |45\n\n| *RIAJ* Digital Track Chart yearly top 100 |37\n\n### Sales and certifications\n\n| Chart | Amount |\n| --- | --- |\n| *Oricon* physical sales (subscription only) |137,000\n\n| *RIAJ* physical shipping certification |Gold (100,000\\+)\n\n| *RIAJ* full\\-length cellphone downloads |Platinum (250,000\\+)\n\n| *RIAJ* PC downloads |Platinum (250,000\\+)\n\n",
"### Sales and certifications\n\n| Chart | Amount |\n| --- | --- |\n| *Oricon* physical sales (subscription only) |137,000\n\n| *RIAJ* physical shipping certification |Gold (100,000\\+)\n\n| *RIAJ* full\\-length cellphone downloads |Platinum (250,000\\+)\n\n| *RIAJ* PC downloads |Platinum (250,000\\+)\n\n",
"Personnel\n---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n* Kana Uemura \\- acoustic guitar, lyrics, music, vocals\n* Hiroshi Hiranuma \\- recording engineer\n* Haruki Mino \\- acoustic piano, [celesta](/wiki/Celesta \"Celesta\")\n* Eiji Shimamura \\- drums\n* Masatsugu Shinozaki \\- string section arranger\n* Shinozaki Strings \\- string instruments\n* Kenji Takamizu \\- bass\n* Yohito Teraoka \\- arranger, producer, recording engineer\n* Hiroshi Yamada \\- additional lyrics\n",
"Release history\n---------------\n\n| Region | Date | Format |\n\n|Japan\n\n |\n Radio debut |\n| | Ringtone |\n| | Cellphone download |\n| | PC download |\n| | CD single, rental CD |\n",
"See also\n--------\n\n* [Toilet god](/wiki/Toilet_god \"Toilet god\")\n",
"References\n----------\n\n",
"External links\n--------------\n\n* [MBS 60th anniversary drama *Toilet no Kamisama* website](http://www.mbs.jp/toire/) \n\n[Category:Songs about old age](/wiki/Category:Songs_about_old_age \"Songs about old age\")\n[Category:2010 singles](/wiki/Category:2010_singles \"2010 singles\")\n[Category:Japanese folk songs](/wiki/Category:Japanese_folk_songs \"Japanese folk songs\")\n[Category:Songs in Japanese](/wiki/Category:Songs_in_Japanese \"Songs in Japanese\")\n[Category:Commemoration songs](/wiki/Category:Commemoration_songs \"Commemoration songs\")\n[Category:Oricon Weekly number\\-one singles](/wiki/Category:Oricon_Weekly_number-one_singles \"Oricon Weekly number-one singles\")\n[Category:Billboard Japan Hot 100 number\\-one singles](/wiki/Category:Billboard_Japan_Hot_100_number-one_singles \"Billboard Japan Hot 100 number-one singles\")\n[Category:RIAJ Digital Track Chart number\\-one singles](/wiki/Category:RIAJ_Digital_Track_Chart_number-one_singles \"RIAJ Digital Track Chart number-one singles\")\n[Category:King Records (Japan) singles](/wiki/Category:King_Records_%28Japan%29_singles \"King Records (Japan) singles\")\n[Category:2010 songs](/wiki/Category:2010_songs \"2010 songs\")\n\n"
]
} |
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