subtitle/068rdc75mHM.srt

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♪ ♪</font>

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NARRATOR:

We live in a world</font>

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where objects have permanence.</font>

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And we see cause, then effect.</font>

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But a startling phenomenon

is revealing</font>

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that this is not

how the universe works</font>

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at the smallest scales of atoms

and tiny particles.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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Albert Einstein argued

it couldn't possibly be real.</font>

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DAVID KAISER:

Einstein was like

a jack-in-the-box;</font>

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every day, he'd pop up

with a new challenge.</font>

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NARRATOR:

But after a century of disputes

and discoveries...</font>

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ANTON ZEILINGER:

The experiment is

just beautiful.</font>

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NARRATOR:

...we're using it to create

revolutionary, new technologies.</font>

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What we have here is

a quantum playground.</font>

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JIAN-WEI PAN:

We want to push

these technologies</font>

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as far as possible.</font>

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NARRATOR:

It's perhaps the strangest

concept in physics.</font>

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SHOHINI GHOSE:

We're left with conclusions

that make no sense whatsoever.</font>

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NARRATOR:

Yet it could be what forms

the very fabric of our cosmos.</font>

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In the end, we just have

this quantum mechanical world.</font>

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There is no space anymore.</font>

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GHOSE:

It's like being

in "Alice in Wonderland."</font>

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Everything is possible.</font>

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NARRATOR:

Could it be real?</font>

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It's

"Einstein's Quantum Riddle,"</font>

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right now, on "NOVA."</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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NARRATOR:

Is reality an illusion?</font>

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Could something here

mysteriously affect</font>

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something there?</font>

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A century of discoveries

in physics</font>

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reveals a strange,

counterintuitive micro-world</font>

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of atoms and tiny particles</font>

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that challenges

our intuitive understanding</font>

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of the world we see around us.</font>

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It's known as quantum mechanics.</font>

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This strange theory has

enabled us to develop</font>

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the remarkable technologies

of our digital age.</font>

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But it makes

a very troubling prediction--</font>

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called quantum entanglement.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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GHOSE:

Entanglement is</font>

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this very powerful

but strange connection</font>

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that exists

between pairs of particles.</font>

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ROBBERT DIJKGRAAF:

Even if they're very far apart,</font>

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in a way,

they're always coordinated.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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NARRATOR:

Nature's fundamental building

blocks could be connected</font>

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and influence each other

instantaneously,</font>

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as if the space between them

doesn't exist.</font>

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As if two objects can mirror

each other</font>

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without any apparent connection.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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Einstein called it

"spooky action at a distance."</font>

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He rejected the idea</font>

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and tried to prove

it couldn't be real.</font>

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GHOSE:

You could have situations</font>

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where the cause and the effect

happen at the same time.</font>

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NARRATOR:

But if entanglement isn't real,</font>

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cutting-edge technologies

could be in jeopardy.</font>

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KAISER:

Quantum computers,

quantum encryption--</font>

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they depend on entanglement

being a fact in the world.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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NARRATOR:

Underlying it all</font>

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is a profound question:</font>

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do we live in Einstein's

universe of common-sense laws</font>

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or a bizarre quantum reality</font>

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that allows spooky connections

across space and time?</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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300 miles off the coast

of West Africa,</font>

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on one of the Canary Islands,</font>

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a team of physicists is setting

up a remarkable experiment</font>

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that will use almost the

entire breadth of the universe</font>

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to settle the question,</font>

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"Is the seemingly impossible

phenomenon</font>

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"of quantum entanglement</font>

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"an illusion,</font>

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or is it actually real?"</font>

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Leading the team

is Anton Zeilinger.</font>

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ZEILINGER:

So we're now going up

the mountain</font>

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towards

the Roque de los Muchachos.</font>

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So everything looks perfect

today.</font>

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NARRATOR:

It's a precarious undertaking.</font>

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They've got a short window</font>

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on two of Europe's

largest telescopes.</font>

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Each one will simultaneously

focus on a different quasar--</font>

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an extremely distant galaxy</font>

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emitting huge amounts of light

from its core.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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This light will be used

to control precise equipment</font>

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that must be perfectly aligned</font>

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to make measurements

on tiny subatomic particles.</font>

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(speaking German):</font>

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MAN (on radio):

Okay.</font>

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NARRATOR:

And if that isn't tricky enough,</font>

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the weather on the mountain

is notoriously unpredictable.</font>

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The team needs

perfect conditions</font>

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for the experiment to work.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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ZEILINGER:

In the end

it could be running smoothly</font>

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or there need to be

a couple of decisions made,</font>

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you know, in an excited state

in the last instant.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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NARRATOR:

With the experiment

finally set up,</font>

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the team takes their positions.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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David Kaiser

has worked on this experiment</font>

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with his colleagues</font>

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Jason Gallicchio

and Andy Friedman</font>

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for four years.</font>

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Coordinating it all

is Dominik Rauch.</font>

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The experiment is

his thesis project,</font>

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and it's been years

in the making.</font>

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But as darkness falls,</font>

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temperatures on the mountain

begin to drop.</font>

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MAN (speaking German, on radio):</font>

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(speaking German)</font>

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Okay, there's bad news.</font>

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They have been told to leave

the William Herschel</font>

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because the road will be

so dangerous,</font>

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too dangerous,

so they have to go down now.</font>

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KAISER:

Too icy?</font>

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Yeah.</font>

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That's okay.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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NARRATOR:

The next day, the team prepares

for another attempt.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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They verify the equipment hasn't

been affected by the weather.</font>

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But now, the air is thick

with clouds.</font>

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ZEILINGER:

Here's the humidity

at the various telescopes,</font>

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and you see

the humidity is 100%.</font>

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So as long as this lasts,</font>

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we can't do much.</font>

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(wind whistling)</font>

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(phone ringing)</font>

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NARRATOR:

The teams at both telescopes

wait.</font>

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But the clouds don't clear.</font>

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All the preparation has come

to nothing.</font>

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Time on these huge telescopes

is precious,</font>

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and theirs has run out.</font>

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This ambitious test

of quantum entanglement</font>

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must wait.</font>

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♪ ♪</font>

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Why are physicists so determined</font>

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to put this bizarre aspect

of quantum mechanics</font>

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to the ultimate test?</font>

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To explore the beginning

of the story,</font>

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David Kaiser has come

to Brussels,</font>

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the city that Albert Einstein

traveled to in 1927</font>

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to attend a meeting

about a new theory</font>

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<font color="white" size=".72c">
that described the micro-world

of atoms and tiny particles--</font>

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<font color="white" size=".72c">
quantum mechanics.</font>

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Quantum mechanics is one</font>

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of the most amazing intellectual

achievements in human history.</font>

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GHOSE:

For the first time,</font>

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scientists were able to probe

a world that was, until then,</font>

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quite invisible to us.</font>

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Looking at the world

at the scale of atoms,</font>

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a million times smaller

than the width of a human hair.</font>

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One way to think

about the scales</font>

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is that if you take

an everyday object,</font>

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like a soccer ball...</font>

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and you enlarge

that soccer ball,</font>

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so that actually you can see

the individual atoms,</font>

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you roughly have to make it

the size of the Earth.</font>

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And then move into the planet.</font>

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Then you are in the world

of atoms and particles.</font>

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NARRATOR:

It was the nature

of fundamental particles,</font>

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which make up the world

we see around us,</font>

174
00:09:39,745 --> 00:09:42,648
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that Einstein had come

to Brussels to discuss.</font>

175
00:09:42,681 --> 00:09:45,918
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And it was here that Einstein

entered into a heated debate</font>

176
00:09:45,951 --> 00:09:53,258
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that would lead to the discovery

of quantum entanglement--</font>

177
00:09:53,290 --> 00:09:56,228
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a concept that would trouble him

for the rest of his life.</font>

178
00:09:56,261 --> 00:09:58,564
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

179
00:09:58,597 --> 00:10:02,167
<font color="white" size=".72c">
David Kaiser has come

to the place where it all began.</font>

180
00:10:02,200 --> 00:10:04,837
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

181
00:10:04,870 --> 00:10:08,574
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:

This is the original

Solvay Institute building.</font>

182
00:10:08,607 --> 00:10:10,809
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Beautiful grand building.</font>

183
00:10:10,842 --> 00:10:12,211
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And this is the place,</font>

184
00:10:12,244 --> 00:10:15,614
<font color="white" size=".72c">
back in October 1927,</font>

185
00:10:15,647 --> 00:10:17,683
<font color="white" size=".72c">
where the fifth

Solvay Conference was held.</font>

186
00:10:17,716 --> 00:10:21,854
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This amazing, weeklong series

of discussions</font>

187
00:10:21,887 --> 00:10:23,255
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on really

what the world was made of,</font>

188
00:10:23,288 --> 00:10:26,625
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on the nature of matter

and the new quantum theory.</font>

189
00:10:26,658 --> 00:10:30,963
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And these steps are

the very steps</font>

190
00:10:30,996 --> 00:10:34,767
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on which this famous

group photograph was taken.</font>

191
00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:36,568
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's a collection</font>

192
00:10:36,601 --> 00:10:39,772
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the some of the most

brilliant people in the world.</font>

193
00:10:39,805 --> 00:10:42,040
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Here in the front row,

we see Albert Einstein,</font>

194
00:10:42,074 --> 00:10:44,610
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and the great Marie Curie

and Max Planck;</font>

195
00:10:44,643 --> 00:10:48,147
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in the back row, standing,

the dapper Erwin Schrödinger.</font>

196
00:10:48,180 --> 00:10:50,282
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And these sort of brash

20-year-olds, or mid-20s,</font>

197
00:10:50,315 --> 00:10:52,751
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Werner Heisenberg

and Wolfgang Pauli.</font>

198
00:10:52,784 --> 00:10:57,790
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

These scientists were the

pioneers of quantum mechanics.</font>

199
00:10:57,823 --> 00:11:00,626
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:

I had a huge version

of this photograph</font>

200
00:11:00,659 --> 00:11:01,627
<font color="white" size=".72c">
up on the wall,</font>

201
00:11:01,660 --> 00:11:03,095
<font color="white" size=".72c">
it was a poster

in my college dorm room.</font>

202
00:11:03,128 --> 00:11:04,897
<font color="white" size=".72c">
My roommates had

their favorite bands,</font>

203
00:11:04,930 --> 00:11:07,332
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and I had

the 1927 Solvay Conference,</font>

204
00:11:07,365 --> 00:11:08,767
<font color="white" size=".72c">
which says a lot.</font>

205
00:11:08,800 --> 00:11:12,171
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

This was one of the greatest

meetings of minds</font>

206
00:11:12,204 --> 00:11:14,306
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in history.</font>

207
00:11:14,339 --> 00:11:17,042
<font color="white" size=".72c">
More than half were,

or would become,</font>

208
00:11:17,075 --> 00:11:20,045
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Nobel Prize winners.</font>

209
00:11:20,078 --> 00:11:24,650
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Their experiments were showing

that deep inside matter,</font>

210
00:11:24,683 --> 00:11:28,587
<font color="white" size=".72c">
tiny particles-- like atoms

and their orbiting electrons--</font>

211
00:11:28,620 --> 00:11:31,890
<font color="white" size=".72c">
were not solid little spheres.</font>

212
00:11:31,923 --> 00:11:36,862
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They seemed fuzzy and undefined.</font>

213
00:11:36,895 --> 00:11:39,498
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:

So this, this group here,</font>

214
00:11:39,531 --> 00:11:40,833
<font color="white" size=".72c">
these, these were the folks</font>

215
00:11:40,866 --> 00:11:45,471
<font color="white" size=".72c">
who had just been plumbing

deeper and deeper and deeper</font>

216
00:11:45,504 --> 00:11:47,873
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to find what they hoped would be

a bedrock</font>

217
00:11:47,906 --> 00:11:48,907
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of what the world was made of,</font>

218
00:11:48,940 --> 00:11:50,743
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and to their surprise,</font>

219
00:11:50,776 --> 00:11:53,579
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they found things less

and less solid as they dug in.</font>

220
00:11:53,612 --> 00:11:55,514
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This world was not

tiny little bricks</font>

221
00:11:55,547 --> 00:11:56,749
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that got smaller and smaller.</font>

222
00:11:56,782 --> 00:12:00,285
<font color="white" size=".72c">
At some point, the bricks

gave way to this mush,</font>

223
00:12:00,318 --> 00:12:02,554
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and what looked like solidity,

solidness,</font>

224
00:12:02,587 --> 00:12:04,556
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in fact became very confusing</font>

225
00:12:04,589 --> 00:12:07,659
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and kind of a whole new way

of thinking about nature.</font>

226
00:12:07,692 --> 00:12:10,296
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

227
00:12:12,664 --> 00:12:14,900
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

The theory of quantum mechanics

presented at the meeting</font>

228
00:12:14,933 --> 00:12:18,270
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was strange.</font>

229
00:12:18,303 --> 00:12:21,907
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It said that a particle,

like an electron,</font>

230
00:12:21,940 --> 00:12:26,445
<font color="white" size=".72c">
isn't physically real

until it's observed--</font>

231
00:12:26,478 --> 00:12:30,983
<font color="white" size=".72c">
measured by an instrument

that can detect it.</font>

232
00:12:31,016 --> 00:12:33,218
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Before it's detected,</font>

233
00:12:33,251 --> 00:12:35,821
<font color="white" size=".72c">
instead of being

a solid particle,</font>

234
00:12:35,854 --> 00:12:39,224
<font color="white" size=".72c">
an electron is just

a fuzzy wave--</font>

235
00:12:39,257 --> 00:12:42,995
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a wave of probability.</font>

236
00:12:43,028 --> 00:12:46,298
<font color="white" size=".72c">
These objects,

like electrons and atoms,</font>

237
00:12:46,331 --> 00:12:49,001
<font color="white" size=".72c">
when we describe mathematically

their behavior,</font>

238
00:12:49,034 --> 00:12:50,536
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the only thing we can describe</font>

239
00:12:50,569 --> 00:12:55,507
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is the probability of being

at one place or another.</font>

240
00:12:55,540 --> 00:12:56,575
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CARROLL:

It's like a wave</font>

241
00:12:56,608 --> 00:12:58,477
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of all those different

possibilities.</font>

242
00:12:58,510 --> 00:13:01,580
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's not that the electron is

in one place or the other,</font>

243
00:13:01,613 --> 00:13:03,282
<font color="white" size=".72c">
we just don't know,</font>

244
00:13:03,315 --> 00:13:05,617
<font color="white" size=".72c">
it's that the electron really is

a combination</font>

245
00:13:05,650 --> 00:13:08,353
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of every possible place

it could be</font>

246
00:13:08,386 --> 00:13:09,688
<font color="white" size=".72c">
until we look at it.</font>

247
00:13:11,156 --> 00:13:14,393
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Quantum mechanics only tells us

the probability</font>

248
00:13:14,426 --> 00:13:16,228
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of a particle's properties,</font>

249
00:13:16,261 --> 00:13:18,463
<font color="white" size=".72c">
like location.</font>

250
00:13:18,496 --> 00:13:21,934
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The laws of nature were

no longer definite statements</font>

251
00:13:21,967 --> 00:13:24,036
<font color="white" size=".72c">
about what's going to happen

next.</font>

252
00:13:24,069 --> 00:13:26,839
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They were just statements

about probabilities.</font>

253
00:13:26,872 --> 00:13:29,441
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And Einstein felt,

"Well, that's defeat.</font>

254
00:13:29,474 --> 00:13:33,145
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"You're giving up on the heart

of what physics has been,</font>

255
00:13:33,178 --> 00:13:36,515
<font color="white" size=".72c">
namely, to give a complete

description of reality."</font>

256
00:13:36,548 --> 00:13:39,518
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

257
00:13:39,551 --> 00:13:41,553
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

For Einstein,</font>

258
00:13:41,586 --> 00:13:44,890
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the idea that particles only pop

into existence</font>

259
00:13:44,923 --> 00:13:46,792
<font color="white" size=".72c">
when they're observed</font>

260
00:13:46,825 --> 00:13:50,829
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is akin to magic.</font>

261
00:13:50,862 --> 00:13:52,564
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's said he asked,</font>

262
00:13:52,597 --> 00:13:55,267
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"Do you really believe

the moon is not there</font>

263
00:13:55,300 --> 00:13:59,338
<font color="white" size=".72c">
when you are not looking at it?"</font>

264
00:13:59,371 --> 00:14:00,706
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

265
00:14:00,739 --> 00:14:03,909
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Outside of the formal setting

of the conference...</font>

266
00:14:03,942 --> 00:14:05,510
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:

Bonsoir.</font>

267
00:14:05,543 --> 00:14:08,380
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

...he challenged the most vocal

supporter of these ideas:</font>

268
00:14:08,413 --> 00:14:13,619
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the great Danish physicist

Niels Bohr.</font>

269
00:14:13,652 --> 00:14:16,321
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:

Einstein would show up

to breakfast at the hotel,</font>

270
00:14:16,354 --> 00:14:17,923
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and Niels Bohr would be there,</font>

271
00:14:17,956 --> 00:14:20,259
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and Einstein would present

his latest challenge.</font>

272
00:14:20,292 --> 00:14:22,895
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Niels Bohr would sort of mumble

and wonder</font>

273
00:14:22,928 --> 00:14:24,763
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and confer

with his younger colleagues.</font>

274
00:14:24,796 --> 00:14:27,966
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They'd head off to the formal

meeting at the institute,</font>

275
00:14:27,999 --> 00:14:31,036
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and somehow, every night

by suppertime,</font>

276
00:14:31,069 --> 00:14:32,604
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Bohr would have an answer.</font>

277
00:14:32,637 --> 00:14:34,306
<font color="white" size=".72c">
One of the observers said</font>

278
00:14:34,339 --> 00:14:35,908
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that Einstein was like

a jack-in-the-box;</font>

279
00:14:35,941 --> 00:14:37,809
<font color="white" size=".72c">
every day, he'd pop up

with a new challenge.</font>

280
00:14:37,842 --> 00:14:40,112
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And Bohr would flip

this way and that,</font>

281
00:14:40,145 --> 00:14:42,547
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and in the end, by supper,

have crushed that one,</font>

282
00:14:42,580 --> 00:14:44,016
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and it would start

all over again.</font>

283
00:14:46,117 --> 00:14:48,153
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

To Bohr and his colleagues,</font>

284
00:14:48,186 --> 00:14:52,391
<font color="white" size=".72c">
quantum mechanics not only

explained experimental results,</font>

285
00:14:52,424 --> 00:14:56,461
<font color="white" size=".72c">
its mathematics were elegant

and beautiful.</font>

286
00:14:56,494 --> 00:15:00,532
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And since Einstein hadn't found

flaws in their equations,</font>

287
00:15:00,565 --> 00:15:04,670
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they left the Solvay meeting

feeling more confident than ever</font>

288
00:15:04,703 --> 00:15:06,505
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in their ideas.</font>

289
00:15:06,538 --> 00:15:09,708
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But Einstein didn't give up

his conviction</font>

290
00:15:09,741 --> 00:15:13,412
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that quantum mechanics

was flawed.</font>

291
00:15:13,445 --> 00:15:15,013
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And in his refusal to accept</font>

292
00:15:15,046 --> 00:15:17,616
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the weird implications

of the theory,</font>

293
00:15:17,649 --> 00:15:22,287
<font color="white" size=".72c">
he would wind up uncovering

something even weirder.</font>

294
00:15:22,320 --> 00:15:23,789
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

295
00:15:23,822 --> 00:15:28,860
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In 1933, with the Nazi Party

in power in Germany,</font>

296
00:15:28,893 --> 00:15:31,396
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Einstein chose to settle

in America</font>

297
00:15:31,429 --> 00:15:34,199
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and took a position at the

Institute for Advanced Study</font>

298
00:15:34,232 --> 00:15:36,268
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in Princeton, New Jersey.</font>

299
00:15:36,301 --> 00:15:39,004
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

300
00:15:39,037 --> 00:15:42,174
<font color="white" size=".72c">
He recruited two physicists

to help him,</font>

301
00:15:42,207 --> 00:15:46,645
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Nathan Rosen and Boris Podolsky.</font>

302
00:15:46,678 --> 00:15:49,581
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And in 1935, at afternoon tea,</font>

303
00:15:49,614 --> 00:15:53,285
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the three men spotted a possible

flaw in quantum mechanics</font>

304
00:15:53,318 --> 00:15:56,455
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that would shake the

very foundations of the theory.</font>

305
00:15:58,323 --> 00:16:01,193
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They noticed that the

mathematics of quantum mechanics</font>

306
00:16:01,226 --> 00:16:06,264
<font color="white" size=".72c">
led to a seemingly impossible

situation.</font>

307
00:16:06,297 --> 00:16:10,869
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Today, Robbert Dijkgraaf is

the director of the institute.</font>

308
00:16:10,902 --> 00:16:12,371
<font color="white" size=".72c">
DIJKGRAAF:

Apparently Podolsky would say,</font>

309
00:16:12,404 --> 00:16:14,306
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"Well, Professor Einstein,</font>

310
00:16:14,339 --> 00:16:16,875
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"this is very important

in your arguments</font>

311
00:16:16,908 --> 00:16:19,945
<font color="white" size=".72c">
showing that quantum theory

is incomplete."</font>

312
00:16:19,978 --> 00:16:23,115
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So they got

this very animated discussion</font>

313
00:16:23,148 --> 00:16:25,017
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and what can happen still is,</font>

314
00:16:25,050 --> 00:16:27,619
<font color="white" size=".72c">
now you have a bunch of

scientists discussing,</font>

315
00:16:27,652 --> 00:16:31,256
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and at some point, someone says,

"Let's write a paper together."</font>

316
00:16:31,289 --> 00:16:32,257
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So they did.</font>

317
00:16:32,290 --> 00:16:34,826
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

318
00:16:34,859 --> 00:16:38,363
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Their paper,

known today as EPR,</font>

319
00:16:38,396 --> 00:16:43,235
<font color="white" size=".72c">
argued that the equations

of quantum mechanics</font>

320
00:16:43,268 --> 00:16:46,738
<font color="white" size=".72c">
predicted an impossible

connection between particles--</font>

321
00:16:46,771 --> 00:16:49,108
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a seemingly magical effect.</font>

322
00:16:50,608 --> 00:16:54,212
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It would be like having

two particles,</font>

323
00:16:54,245 --> 00:16:56,382
<font color="white" size=".72c">
each hidden under a cup.</font>

324
00:16:58,750 --> 00:17:01,053
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Looking at one</font>

325
00:17:01,086 --> 00:17:05,624
<font color="white" size=".72c">
mysteriously causes the other

to reveal itself, too,</font>

326
00:17:05,656 --> 00:17:09,428
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with matching properties.</font>

327
00:17:10,361 --> 00:17:12,130
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Quantum theory suggested</font>

328
00:17:12,163 --> 00:17:15,934
<font color="white" size=".72c">
this effect could happen

in the real world,</font>

329
00:17:15,967 --> 00:17:20,239
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for example, with particles

of light-- photons.</font>

330
00:17:21,673 --> 00:17:24,776
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The equations implied

that a source of photons</font>

331
00:17:24,809 --> 00:17:28,046
<font color="white" size=".72c">
could create pairs

in such a way</font>

332
00:17:28,079 --> 00:17:30,315
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that when we measure one,</font>

333
00:17:30,348 --> 00:17:32,918
<font color="white" size=".72c">
causing it to snap

out of its fuzzy state,</font>

334
00:17:32,951 --> 00:17:37,656
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the other mysteriously snaps

out of its fuzzy state</font>

335
00:17:37,689 --> 00:17:39,491
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at the same instant,</font>

336
00:17:39,524 --> 00:17:42,027
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with correlated properties.</font>

337
00:17:47,499 --> 00:17:51,203
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The 1935 paper

that described this effect</font>

338
00:17:51,236 --> 00:17:56,108
<font color="white" size=".72c">
has become Einstein's

most referenced work of all.</font>

339
00:17:56,141 --> 00:18:00,212
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It has captivated generations

of physicists,</font>

340
00:18:00,245 --> 00:18:03,915
<font color="white" size=".72c">
including Anton Zeilinger.</font>

341
00:18:03,948 --> 00:18:08,353
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ZEILINGER:

The Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen

paper fascinated me.</font>

342
00:18:08,386 --> 00:18:11,890
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And I had to read it

at least five or six times</font>

343
00:18:11,923 --> 00:18:14,559
<font color="white" size=".72c">
until I finally understood

what goes on.</font>

344
00:18:14,592 --> 00:18:17,562
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And then it didn't let me go

again.</font>

345
00:18:17,595 --> 00:18:21,066
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Another way to think

of the paired particles</font>

346
00:18:21,099 --> 00:18:25,637
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is to imagine a game of chance

that's somehow rigged.</font>

347
00:18:25,670 --> 00:18:30,509
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Suppose I had a pair

of quantum dice.</font>

348
00:18:30,542 --> 00:18:35,947
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I put these two quantum dice

in my little cup,</font>

349
00:18:35,980 --> 00:18:39,384
<font color="white" size=".72c">
throw them.</font>

350
00:18:39,417 --> 00:18:43,255
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I look at them,

they show the same number-- six.</font>

351
00:18:43,288 --> 00:18:45,624
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I put them again in the cup,</font>

352
00:18:45,657 --> 00:18:48,226
<font color="white" size=".72c">
throw them again.</font>

353
00:18:48,259 --> 00:18:51,163
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Now they both show three.</font>

354
00:18:51,196 --> 00:18:55,634
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I put them in again,

throw again,</font>

355
00:18:55,667 --> 00:18:58,236
<font color="white" size=".72c">
now they both show one.</font>

356
00:18:58,269 --> 00:19:01,773
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Point now being,

what I see here is,</font>

357
00:19:01,806 --> 00:19:04,910
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I see two random processes--</font>

358
00:19:04,943 --> 00:19:07,379
<font color="white" size=".72c">
namely, each die showing

some number--</font>

359
00:19:07,412 --> 00:19:13,485
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but these two random processes

do the same.</font>

360
00:19:13,518 --> 00:19:15,086
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's really mind-boggling.</font>

361
00:19:15,119 --> 00:19:16,655
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

362
00:19:16,688 --> 00:19:19,891
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

How could two particles act

in unison,</font>

363
00:19:19,924 --> 00:19:22,694
<font color="white" size=".72c">
even when they're separated

from each other?</font>

364
00:19:25,129 --> 00:19:26,965
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Essential to the EPR argument</font>

365
00:19:26,998 --> 00:19:29,467
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is that these particles can be,

can be separated</font>

366
00:19:29,500 --> 00:19:30,735
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at an arbitrary distance.</font>

367
00:19:30,768 --> 00:19:32,170
<font color="white" size=".72c">
One could be here at Princeton,</font>

368
00:19:32,203 --> 00:19:33,972
<font color="white" size=".72c">
one could be

in the Andromeda Galaxy.</font>

369
00:19:34,005 --> 00:19:36,775
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And yet, according

to quantum mechanics,</font>

370
00:19:36,808 --> 00:19:38,677
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a choice to measure

something here</font>

371
00:19:38,710 --> 00:19:41,413
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is somehow

instantaneously affecting</font>

372
00:19:41,446 --> 00:19:43,882
<font color="white" size=".72c">
what could be said

about this other particle.</font>

373
00:19:43,915 --> 00:19:46,318
<font color="white" size=".72c">
You can't go from Princeton

to Andromeda instantly,</font>

374
00:19:46,351 --> 00:19:47,819
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and yet that, they argued,</font>

375
00:19:47,852 --> 00:19:50,021
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is what the equations of quantum

mechanics seemed to imply,</font>

376
00:19:50,054 --> 00:19:51,122
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and that, they said,</font>

377
00:19:51,155 --> 00:19:52,657
<font color="white" size=".72c">
so much the worse

for quantum mechanics.</font>

378
00:19:52,690 --> 00:19:55,160
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The world simply can't operate

that way.</font>

379
00:19:56,761 --> 00:20:00,532
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

For Einstein, this strange

effect conflicted</font>

380
00:20:00,565 --> 00:20:04,769
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with the most basic concept

we use to describe reality--</font>

381
00:20:04,802 --> 00:20:06,471
<font color="white" size=".72c">
space.</font>

382
00:20:06,504 --> 00:20:11,643
<font color="white" size=".72c">
For him, objects, particles,

everything that exists</font>

383
00:20:11,676 --> 00:20:15,747
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is located in space.</font>

384
00:20:15,780 --> 00:20:18,516
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Space, together with time,</font>

385
00:20:18,549 --> 00:20:21,753
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was the key ingredient in his

theory of special relativity,</font>

386
00:20:21,786 --> 00:20:28,994
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with its famous equation,

E = MC squared.</font>

387
00:20:29,027 --> 00:20:33,265
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CARROLL:

Einstein, of course, was

the master of space-time.</font>

388
00:20:33,298 --> 00:20:35,634
<font color="white" size=".72c">
He thought that

if something happened here,</font>

389
00:20:35,667 --> 00:20:38,436
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that shouldn't immediately

and instantaneously</font>

390
00:20:38,469 --> 00:20:40,338
<font color="white" size=".72c">
change something

that is going on over there--</font>

391
00:20:40,371 --> 00:20:43,242
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the principle of locality,

as we currently call it.</font>

392
00:20:44,876 --> 00:20:47,812
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

For Einstein,

it's simply common sense</font>

393
00:20:47,845 --> 00:20:51,082
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that if objects are separated

in space,</font>

394
00:20:51,115 --> 00:20:53,285
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for one to affect the other,</font>

395
00:20:53,318 --> 00:20:57,355
<font color="white" size=".72c">
something must travel

between them.</font>

396
00:20:57,388 --> 00:21:01,660
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

397
00:21:01,693 --> 00:21:03,495
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And that traveling takes time.</font>

398
00:21:07,532 --> 00:21:11,136
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Quantum particles acting in

unison could be explained</font>

399
00:21:11,169 --> 00:21:14,572
<font color="white" size=".72c">
if they were communicating--</font>

400
00:21:14,605 --> 00:21:18,376
<font color="white" size=".72c">
one particle instantly

sending a signal to the other,</font>

401
00:21:18,409 --> 00:21:22,314
<font color="white" size=".72c">
telling it what properties

it should have.</font>

402
00:21:22,347 --> 00:21:24,215
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But that would require a signal</font>

403
00:21:24,248 --> 00:21:26,951
<font color="white" size=".72c">
traveling faster

than the speed of light,</font>

404
00:21:26,984 --> 00:21:29,587
<font color="white" size=".72c">
something Einstein's theory

of special relativity</font>

405
00:21:29,620 --> 00:21:34,125
<font color="white" size=".72c">
had proven impossible.</font>

406
00:21:34,158 --> 00:21:39,464
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And it would mean the particles

were fuzzy and undefined</font>

407
00:21:39,497 --> 00:21:45,170
<font color="white" size=".72c">
until the moment

they were observed.</font>

408
00:21:45,203 --> 00:21:47,138
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Instead,</font>

409
00:21:47,171 --> 00:21:50,809
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Einstein thought the particles

should be real all along.</font>

410
00:21:50,842 --> 00:21:54,913
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They must carry with them

a hidden layer of deeper physics</font>

411
00:21:54,946 --> 00:21:59,484
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that determines their properties

from the start.</font>

412
00:21:59,517 --> 00:22:01,953
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Almost the way

that magic tricks,</font>

413
00:22:01,986 --> 00:22:07,859
<font color="white" size=".72c">
while appearing mysterious,

have a hidden explanation.</font>

414
00:22:07,892 --> 00:22:11,930
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But this hidden physics was

missing from quantum theory.</font>

415
00:22:11,963 --> 00:22:16,401
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen

argued that quantum mechanics</font>

416
00:22:16,434 --> 00:22:18,503
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was incomplete.</font>

417
00:22:18,536 --> 00:22:20,872
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

418
00:22:20,905 --> 00:22:23,975
<font color="white" size=".72c">
DIJKGRAAF:

Podolsky was very enthusiastic

about this project.</font>

419
00:22:24,008 --> 00:22:25,744
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In fact, he was so enthusiastic</font>

420
00:22:25,777 --> 00:22:28,747
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that he ran

to the "New York Times"</font>

421
00:22:28,780 --> 00:22:29,848
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and told them the news.</font>

422
00:22:29,881 --> 00:22:33,017
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So Einstein was really upset

with Podolsky,</font>

423
00:22:33,050 --> 00:22:35,653
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and apparently, he didn't speak

to him anymore.</font>

424
00:22:35,686 --> 00:22:37,255
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

425
00:22:37,288 --> 00:22:40,158
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

When Niels Bohr heard

of Einstein's paper,</font>

426
00:22:40,191 --> 00:22:43,528
<font color="white" size=".72c">
he wrote an obscure response,</font>

427
00:22:43,561 --> 00:22:46,631
<font color="white" size=".72c">
arguing that one particle

could somehow</font>

428
00:22:46,664 --> 00:22:49,901
<font color="white" size=".72c">
mysteriously influence

the other.</font>

429
00:22:49,934 --> 00:22:51,970
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This seemingly impossible

phenomenon</font>

430
00:22:52,003 --> 00:22:56,708
<font color="white" size=".72c">
became known

as quantum entanglement.</font>

431
00:22:58,709 --> 00:23:04,082
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But Einstein dismissed it as

"spooky actions at a distance."</font>

432
00:23:05,716 --> 00:23:08,086
<font color="white" size=".72c">
No one could think of

an experiment to test</font>

433
00:23:08,119 --> 00:23:13,124
<font color="white" size=".72c">
whether Einstein or Bohr

was correct.</font>

434
00:23:13,157 --> 00:23:16,060
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But that didn't stop

physicists and engineers</font>

435
00:23:16,093 --> 00:23:17,762
<font color="white" size=".72c">
from making use

of quantum mechanics</font>

436
00:23:17,795 --> 00:23:20,899
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to do new things.</font>

437
00:23:20,932 --> 00:23:23,067
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GHOSE:

In the '30s and '40s,</font>

438
00:23:23,100 --> 00:23:26,805
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the debate around the EPR paper

sort of dies down.</font>

439
00:23:26,838 --> 00:23:28,706
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But, quantum theory

actually takes off.</font>

440
00:23:28,739 --> 00:23:31,109
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

441
00:23:31,142 --> 00:23:35,113
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The mathematics leads to all

kinds of amazing developments.</font>

442
00:23:35,146 --> 00:23:37,749
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Entanglement aside,</font>

443
00:23:37,782 --> 00:23:39,217
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the equations

of quantum mechanics</font>

444
00:23:39,250 --> 00:23:42,554
<font color="white" size=".72c">
enabled the scientists

of the Manhattan Project</font>

445
00:23:42,587 --> 00:23:45,290
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to develop the atomic bomb.</font>

446
00:23:45,323 --> 00:23:47,725
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And in the years

after the Second World War,</font>

447
00:23:47,758 --> 00:23:50,462
<font color="white" size=".72c">
researchers at Bell Labs

in New Jersey</font>

448
00:23:50,495 --> 00:23:53,665
<font color="white" size=".72c">
used quantum theory to develop

one of the first lasers...</font>

449
00:23:53,698 --> 00:23:54,999
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN (in film):

In our laboratories,</font>

450
00:23:55,032 --> 00:23:56,734
<font color="white" size=".72c">
men experiment with a light</font>

451
00:23:56,767 --> 00:23:59,671
<font color="white" size=".72c">
once undreamed-of

in the natural world.</font>

452
00:23:59,704 --> 00:24:01,139
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

...and build small devices</font>

453
00:24:01,172 --> 00:24:03,808
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that could control

the flow of electricity--</font>

454
00:24:03,841 --> 00:24:05,777
<font color="white" size=".72c">
transistors.</font>

455
00:24:05,810 --> 00:24:08,847
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN 2 (on film):

It's destined to play

a vital role in your future,</font>

456
00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:11,015
<font color="white" size=".72c">
your electronic future.</font>

457
00:24:11,048 --> 00:24:14,018
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Transistors became

the building blocks</font>

458
00:24:14,051 --> 00:24:16,654
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the burgeoning field

of electronics.</font>

459
00:24:16,687 --> 00:24:18,056
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Computers, disc drives--</font>

460
00:24:18,089 --> 00:24:21,793
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the entire digital revolution

soon followed,</font>

461
00:24:21,826 --> 00:24:22,794
<font color="white" size=".72c">
all made possible</font>

462
00:24:22,827 --> 00:24:26,198
<font color="white" size=".72c">
by the equations

of quantum theory.</font>

463
00:24:27,198 --> 00:24:30,935
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Yet Einstein's questions

about entanglement</font>

464
00:24:30,968 --> 00:24:32,070
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and what it implied</font>

465
00:24:32,103 --> 00:24:34,105
<font color="white" size=".72c">
about the incompleteness

of quantum mechanics</font>

466
00:24:34,138 --> 00:24:38,776
<font color="white" size=".72c">
remained unanswered

until the 1960s,</font>

467
00:24:38,809 --> 00:24:42,013
<font color="white" size=".72c">
when a physicist

from Northern Ireland</font>

468
00:24:42,046 --> 00:24:44,349
<font color="white" size=".72c">
made a remarkable breakthrough--</font>

469
00:24:44,382 --> 00:24:46,751
<font color="white" size=".72c">
John Bell.</font>

470
00:24:46,784 --> 00:24:49,454
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:

Bell was a very talented

young physics student,</font>

471
00:24:49,487 --> 00:24:52,190
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but he quickly grew dissatisfied

with what he considered almost,</font>

472
00:24:52,223 --> 00:24:54,425
<font color="white" size=".72c">
almost a kind of dishonesty

among his teachers.</font>

473
00:24:54,458 --> 00:24:55,827
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(talking in background)</font>

474
00:24:55,860 --> 00:24:57,161
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Bell insisted</font>

475
00:24:57,194 --> 00:24:59,964
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that Einstein's questions

about quantum mechanics</font>

476
00:24:59,997 --> 00:25:01,599
<font color="white" size=".72c">
had not been addressed.</font>

477
00:25:01,632 --> 00:25:04,369
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:

He got into shouting matches

with his professors.</font>

478
00:25:04,402 --> 00:25:06,671
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"Don't tell us that Bohr solved

all the problems.</font>

479
00:25:06,704 --> 00:25:09,407
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This really deserves

further thought."</font>

480
00:25:09,440 --> 00:25:13,144
<font color="white" size=".72c">
BELL:

Quantum mechanics has been

fantastically successful.</font>

481
00:25:13,177 --> 00:25:16,347
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So it is

a very intriguing situation</font>

482
00:25:16,380 --> 00:25:19,083
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that at the, at the foundation</font>

483
00:25:19,116 --> 00:25:22,287
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of all that impressive success,</font>

484
00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:23,821
<font color="white" size=".72c">
there are these great doubts.</font>

485
00:25:23,854 --> 00:25:26,658
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

486
00:25:26,691 --> 00:25:29,727
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CARROLL:

It's a very strange thing

that ever since the 1930s,</font>

487
00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:31,930
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the idea of sitting

and thinking hard</font>

488
00:25:31,963 --> 00:25:33,698
<font color="white" size=".72c">
about the foundations

of quantum mechanics</font>

489
00:25:33,731 --> 00:25:36,768
<font color="white" size=".72c">
has been disreputable

among professional physicists.</font>

490
00:25:36,801 --> 00:25:38,436
<font color="white" size=".72c">
When people tried to do that,</font>

491
00:25:38,469 --> 00:25:40,772
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they were kicked out

of physics departments.</font>

492
00:25:40,805 --> 00:25:42,607
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And so, for someone like Bell,</font>

493
00:25:42,640 --> 00:25:46,344
<font color="white" size=".72c">
he needed to have a day job

doing ordinary particle physics,</font>

494
00:25:46,377 --> 00:25:48,179
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but at night,

you know, hidden away,</font>

495
00:25:48,212 --> 00:25:49,247
<font color="white" size=".72c">
he could do work</font>

496
00:25:49,280 --> 00:25:50,648
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on the foundations

of quantum mechanics.</font>

497
00:25:50,681 --> 00:25:54,118
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Bell became

a leading particle physicist</font>

498
00:25:54,151 --> 00:25:55,987
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at CERN, in Geneva.</font>

499
00:25:56,020 --> 00:25:58,222
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But he continued to explore

the debate</font>

500
00:25:58,255 --> 00:26:01,426
<font color="white" size=".72c">
between Einstein and Bohr.</font>

501
00:26:01,459 --> 00:26:06,164
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And in 1964, he published

an astonishing paper.</font>

502
00:26:07,865 --> 00:26:10,034
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Bell proved</font>

503
00:26:10,067 --> 00:26:14,238
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that Bohr's and Einstein's ideas

made different predictions.</font>

504
00:26:14,271 --> 00:26:18,576
<font color="white" size=".72c">
If you could randomly perform

one of two possible measurements</font>

505
00:26:18,609 --> 00:26:20,044
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on each particle,</font>

506
00:26:20,077 --> 00:26:24,749
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and check how often

the results lined up,</font>

507
00:26:24,782 --> 00:26:27,552
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the answer would reveal whether

we lived in Einstein's world--</font>

508
00:26:27,585 --> 00:26:31,422
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a world that followed

common-sense laws--</font>

509
00:26:31,455 --> 00:26:34,892
<font color="white" size=".72c">
or Bohr's--</font>

510
00:26:34,925 --> 00:26:37,195
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a world that was deeply strange</font>

511
00:26:37,228 --> 00:26:40,298
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and allowed

spooky quantum connections.</font>

512
00:26:40,331 --> 00:26:41,566
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We now know with hindsight</font>

513
00:26:41,599 --> 00:26:43,901
<font color="white" size=".72c">
this was one of

the most significant articles</font>

514
00:26:43,934 --> 00:26:45,136
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in the history of physics--</font>

515
00:26:45,169 --> 00:26:46,938
<font color="white" size=".72c">
not just the history

of 20th-century physics,</font>

516
00:26:46,971 --> 00:26:49,541
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in the history of,

of the field as a whole.</font>

517
00:26:51,609 --> 00:26:54,245
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But Bell's article appears

in this, you know,</font>

518
00:26:54,278 --> 00:26:55,480
<font color="white" size=".72c">
sort of out-of-the-way journal--</font>

519
00:26:55,513 --> 00:26:57,882
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in fact, the journal itself

folds a few years later.</font>

520
00:26:57,915 --> 00:27:00,385
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This is not central

to the physics community.</font>

521
00:27:00,418 --> 00:27:03,254
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's sort of dutifully filed

on library shelves</font>

522
00:27:03,287 --> 00:27:04,355
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and then forgotten.</font>

523
00:27:04,388 --> 00:27:06,891
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It literally collects dust

on the shelf.</font>

524
00:27:06,924 --> 00:27:11,963
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

A few years later,

completely by chance,</font>

525
00:27:11,996 --> 00:27:13,631
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a brilliant

experimental physicist</font>

526
00:27:13,664 --> 00:27:16,768
<font color="white" size=".72c">
stumbled upon Bell's article.</font>

527
00:27:16,801 --> 00:27:19,904
<font color="white" size=".72c">
JOHN CLAUSER:

I thought this is one

of the most amazing papers</font>

528
00:27:19,937 --> 00:27:23,041
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I had ever read

in my whole life.</font>

529
00:27:23,074 --> 00:27:26,711
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And I kept wondering,

"Well, gee, this is wonderful,</font>

530
00:27:26,744 --> 00:27:29,514
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but where's

the experimental evidence?"</font>

531
00:27:29,547 --> 00:27:32,083
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

John worked on Bell's theory</font>

532
00:27:32,116 --> 00:27:33,918
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with fellow physicist

Abner Shimony,</font>

533
00:27:33,951 --> 00:27:37,088
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and at the University

of California, Berkeley,</font>

534
00:27:37,121 --> 00:27:40,191
<font color="white" size=".72c">
started work on an experiment

to test it.</font>

535
00:27:40,224 --> 00:27:44,062
<font color="white" size=".72c">
He had a talent for tinkering

in the lab</font>

536
00:27:44,095 --> 00:27:45,496
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and building the parts

he needed.</font>

537
00:27:45,529 --> 00:27:46,964
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CLAUSER:

I used to rummage around here</font>

538
00:27:46,997 --> 00:27:49,867
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and scavenge and dumpster-dive

for old equipment.</font>

539
00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:54,172
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

He knew where to find hidden

storage rooms, like this,</font>

540
00:27:54,205 --> 00:27:57,241
<font color="white" size=".72c">
which he could raid

to salvage spare parts</font>

541
00:27:57,274 --> 00:27:59,544
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for his experiments.</font>

542
00:27:59,577 --> 00:28:02,346
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(grunts)</font>

543
00:28:02,379 --> 00:28:07,251
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CLAUSER:

This was a power supply

for diode lasers.</font>

544
00:28:07,284 --> 00:28:09,387
<font color="white" size=".72c">
That looks like

something I built.</font>

545
00:28:09,420 --> 00:28:12,657
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

546
00:28:12,690 --> 00:28:15,259
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Here is a picture

of the experiment I did.</font>

547
00:28:15,292 --> 00:28:19,130
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(chuckling):

I had more hair in those days.</font>

548
00:28:19,163 --> 00:28:20,665
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Here's another picture.</font>

549
00:28:20,698 --> 00:28:22,333
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This is of Stu Freedman,</font>

550
00:28:22,366 --> 00:28:24,602
<font color="white" size=".72c">
who worked on it with me.</font>

551
00:28:24,635 --> 00:28:29,540
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Piece by piece,

John Clauser and Stuart Freedman</font>

552
00:28:29,573 --> 00:28:32,877
<font color="white" size=".72c">
constructed the world's first

Bell test experiment.</font>

553
00:28:32,910 --> 00:28:37,014
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They focused a laser

onto calcium atoms,</font>

554
00:28:37,047 --> 00:28:40,051
<font color="white" size=".72c">
causing them to emit

pairs of photons</font>

555
00:28:40,084 --> 00:28:42,987
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that the equations

of quantum theory suggested</font>

556
00:28:43,020 --> 00:28:45,990
<font color="white" size=".72c">
should be entangled.</font>

557
00:28:46,023 --> 00:28:48,726
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They recorded whether or not

the photons passed</font>

558
00:28:48,759 --> 00:28:51,662
<font color="white" size=".72c">
through filters on each side</font>

559
00:28:51,695 --> 00:28:56,200
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and checked how often

the answers agreed.</font>

560
00:28:56,233 --> 00:28:58,870
<font color="white" size=".72c">
After hundreds of thousands

of measurements,</font>

561
00:28:58,903 --> 00:29:00,638
<font color="white" size=".72c">
if the pairs were

more correlated</font>

562
00:29:00,671 --> 00:29:03,307
<font color="white" size=".72c">
than Einstein's physics

predicted,</font>

563
00:29:03,340 --> 00:29:08,579
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they must be spookily entangled.</font>

564
00:29:08,612 --> 00:29:10,481
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We saw the stronger correlation</font>

565
00:29:10,514 --> 00:29:12,150
<font color="white" size=".72c">
characteristic

of quantum mechanics.</font>

566
00:29:12,183 --> 00:29:16,087
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We measured it,

and that is what we got.</font>

567
00:29:16,120 --> 00:29:17,855
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

568
00:29:17,888 --> 00:29:19,023
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

The outcome was exactly</font>

569
00:29:19,056 --> 00:29:22,560
<font color="white" size=".72c">
what Bohr's quantum mechanics

predicted.</font>

570
00:29:22,593 --> 00:29:25,530
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The experiment appeared to show</font>

571
00:29:25,563 --> 00:29:28,332
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that the spooky connections

of quantum entanglement</font>

572
00:29:28,365 --> 00:29:31,469
<font color="white" size=".72c">
did exist in the natural world.</font>

573
00:29:31,502 --> 00:29:38,910
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Could it be that the great

Albert Einstein was wrong?</font>

574
00:29:38,943 --> 00:29:40,711
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Remarkably,</font>

575
00:29:40,744 --> 00:29:44,982
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the first people to react

to this extraordinary result</font>

576
00:29:45,015 --> 00:29:48,085
<font color="white" size=".72c">
were not the world's

leading physicists.</font>

577
00:29:48,118 --> 00:29:51,656
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

578
00:29:51,689 --> 00:29:54,692
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CLAUSER:

Ronald Reagan's definition

of a hippie</font>

579
00:29:54,725 --> 00:29:58,596
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was someone who dresses

like Tarzan,</font>

580
00:29:58,629 --> 00:29:59,831
<font color="white" size=".72c">
has hair like Jane,</font>

581
00:29:59,864 --> 00:30:02,099
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and smells like Cheeta.</font>

582
00:30:02,132 --> 00:30:02,767
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(laughs)</font>

583
00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:06,003
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

584
00:30:06,036 --> 00:30:09,073
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

A small group

of free-thinking physicists</font>

585
00:30:09,106 --> 00:30:12,577
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at the heart of San Francisco's

New Age scene</font>

586
00:30:12,610 --> 00:30:15,379
<font color="white" size=".72c">
got in touch with John.</font>

587
00:30:15,412 --> 00:30:18,449
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:

They called themselves

the Fundamental Fysiks Group.</font>

588
00:30:18,482 --> 00:30:20,351
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They spelled physics with an F.</font>

589
00:30:20,384 --> 00:30:23,454
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Some members would experiment

with psychedelic drugs.</font>

590
00:30:23,487 --> 00:30:25,456
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I mean, they were,

they were kind of in the flow</font>

591
00:30:25,489 --> 00:30:26,791
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the kind of hippie scene.</font>

592
00:30:26,824 --> 00:30:29,193
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And that group was

just mesmerized</font>

593
00:30:29,226 --> 00:30:30,394
<font color="white" size=".72c">
by the question of entanglement.</font>

594
00:30:30,427 --> 00:30:33,264
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

595
00:30:33,297 --> 00:30:36,234
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CLAUSER:

The idea was just to discuss

fringe subjects</font>

596
00:30:36,267 --> 00:30:37,401
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with an open mind.</font>

597
00:30:37,434 --> 00:30:38,736
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And I thought, "Oh, sure!</font>

598
00:30:38,769 --> 00:30:40,838
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Uh, that's kind of what I do."</font>

599
00:30:40,871 --> 00:30:42,874
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

600
00:30:42,907 --> 00:30:47,578
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They were doing their best

to link Eastern mysticism</font>

601
00:30:47,611 --> 00:30:50,147
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with quantum entanglement.</font>

602
00:30:50,180 --> 00:30:52,717
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They sold a lot

of popular textbooks.</font>

603
00:30:52,750 --> 00:30:55,019
<font color="white" size=".72c">
There were a lot of followers.</font>

604
00:30:55,052 --> 00:30:57,455
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Their books became bestsellers,</font>

605
00:30:57,488 --> 00:31:01,592
<font color="white" size=".72c">
like "The Tao of Physics,"

which highlighted</font>

606
00:31:01,625 --> 00:31:03,461
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that Eastern philosophy

and quantum entanglement</font>

607
00:31:03,494 --> 00:31:06,430
<font color="white" size=".72c">
both described

a deep connectedness</font>

608
00:31:06,463 --> 00:31:09,000
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of things in the universe.</font>

609
00:31:09,033 --> 00:31:11,135
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It was the great cosmic oneness.</font>

610
00:31:11,168 --> 00:31:17,074
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

The group held meetings

at the iconic Esalen Institute.</font>

611
00:31:17,107 --> 00:31:19,944
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CLAUSER:

It was a marvelous,

beautiful place</font>

612
00:31:19,977 --> 00:31:21,979
<font color="white" size=".72c">
where they would discuss

all of these ideas.</font>

613
00:31:22,012 --> 00:31:25,049
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It was right

on the Pacific Coast</font>

614
00:31:25,082 --> 00:31:26,984
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with the overflow

from the hot tubs</font>

615
00:31:27,017 --> 00:31:30,321
<font color="white" size=".72c">
cascading down the cliffs

into the Pacific Ocean.</font>

616
00:31:30,354 --> 00:31:33,324
<font color="white" size=".72c">
To my knowledge,</font>

617
00:31:33,357 --> 00:31:36,961
<font color="white" size=".72c">
no useful connections

to Eastern mysticism</font>

618
00:31:36,994 --> 00:31:38,729
<font color="white" size=".72c">
were ever discovered

by the group.</font>

619
00:31:38,762 --> 00:31:41,332
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

620
00:31:41,365 --> 00:31:43,234
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(chuckles):

But it was fun.</font>

621
00:31:44,702 --> 00:31:46,437
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

The Fundamental Fysiks Group</font>

622
00:31:46,470 --> 00:31:50,308
<font color="white" size=".72c">
may not have uncovered

the secrets of "cosmic oneness,"</font>

623
00:31:50,341 --> 00:31:54,278
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but in seeing entanglement

as central to physics,</font>

624
00:31:54,311 --> 00:32:00,351
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they were decades ahead

of their time.</font>

625
00:32:00,384 --> 00:32:04,689
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

626
00:32:04,722 --> 00:32:06,524
<font color="white" size=".72c">
40 years later,</font>

627
00:32:06,557 --> 00:32:08,893
<font color="white" size=".72c">
cutting-edge labs

around the world</font>

628
00:32:08,926 --> 00:32:11,963
<font color="white" size=".72c">
are now racing

to harness quantum entanglement</font>

629
00:32:11,996 --> 00:32:15,866
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to create revolutionary

new technologies...</font>

630
00:32:15,899 --> 00:32:18,569
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

631
00:32:18,602 --> 00:32:22,006
<font color="white" size=".72c">
...like quantum computers.</font>

632
00:32:22,039 --> 00:32:24,308
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

633
00:32:24,341 --> 00:32:25,676
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GHOSE:

In our everyday computers,</font>

634
00:32:25,709 --> 00:32:29,080
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the fundamental unit

of computing is a bit,</font>

635
00:32:29,113 --> 00:32:31,148
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a binary digit-- zero or one.</font>

636
00:32:31,181 --> 00:32:33,884
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And inside the computer,

there's all these transistors,</font>

637
00:32:33,917 --> 00:32:35,619
<font color="white" size=".72c">
which are turning on and off

currents.</font>

638
00:32:35,652 --> 00:32:37,855
<font color="white" size=".72c">
On is one, off is zero,</font>

639
00:32:37,888 --> 00:32:41,559
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and these combinations lead

to universal computing.</font>

640
00:32:41,592 --> 00:32:43,094
<font color="white" size=".72c">
With a quantum computer,</font>

641
00:32:43,127 --> 00:32:44,428
<font color="white" size=".72c">
you start

with a fundamental unit</font>

642
00:32:44,461 --> 00:32:47,098
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that's not a bit,

but a quantum bit,</font>

643
00:32:47,131 --> 00:32:49,667
<font color="white" size=".72c">
which is not really

a zero or a one,</font>

644
00:32:49,700 --> 00:32:50,701
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but it can be fluid.</font>

645
00:32:50,734 --> 00:32:52,803
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

646
00:32:52,836 --> 00:32:57,808
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

A quantum bit makes use of the

fuzziness of the quantum world.</font>

647
00:32:57,841 --> 00:32:59,343
<font color="white" size=".72c">
A qubit, as it's known,</font>

648
00:32:59,376 --> 00:33:04,648
<font color="white" size=".72c">
can be zero or one,

or a combination of both.</font>

649
00:33:04,681 --> 00:33:07,284
<font color="white" size=".72c">
A particle

or tiny quantum system</font>

650
00:33:07,317 --> 00:33:09,453
<font color="white" size=".72c">
can be made into a qubit.</font>

651
00:33:09,486 --> 00:33:11,689
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And today, it's not just

pairs of particles</font>

652
00:33:11,722 --> 00:33:13,891
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that can be entangled.</font>

653
00:33:13,924 --> 00:33:17,228
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Groups of qubits can be linked

with entanglement</font>

654
00:33:17,261 --> 00:33:19,730
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to create a quantum computer.</font>

655
00:33:19,763 --> 00:33:21,832
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

656
00:33:21,865 --> 00:33:25,503
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The more qubits, the greater

the processing power.</font>

657
00:33:25,536 --> 00:33:27,805
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

658
00:33:27,838 --> 00:33:31,842
<font color="white" size=".72c">
At Google's quantum computing

laboratory in Santa Barbara,</font>

659
00:33:31,875 --> 00:33:35,212
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the team has recently succeeded

in creating a tiny chip</font>

660
00:33:35,245 --> 00:33:39,116
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that holds an array

of 72 qubits.</font>

661
00:33:39,149 --> 00:33:41,685
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

662
00:33:41,718 --> 00:33:43,821
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The task for researcher

Marissa Giustina</font>

663
00:33:43,854 --> 00:33:45,022
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and her colleagues</font>

664
00:33:45,055 --> 00:33:49,827
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is to send signals

to these microscopic qubits</font>

665
00:33:49,860 --> 00:33:54,165
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to control and entangle them.</font>

666
00:33:54,198 --> 00:33:56,901
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GIUSTINA:

Mounted on the underside

of this plate,</font>

667
00:33:56,934 --> 00:33:58,836
<font color="white" size=".72c">
we have the quantum

processing chip itself,</font>

668
00:33:58,869 --> 00:34:01,272
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in essence,

a quantum playground,</font>

669
00:34:01,305 --> 00:34:02,273
<font color="white" size=".72c">
you could say.</font>

670
00:34:02,306 --> 00:34:05,543
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Each qubit is a quantum object</font>

671
00:34:05,576 --> 00:34:09,179
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that we should be able

to control at will.</font>

672
00:34:09,213 --> 00:34:11,815
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Thinking about it as...</font>

673
00:34:11,849 --> 00:34:15,085
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"the faster version

of that PC over there"</font>

674
00:34:15,119 --> 00:34:18,089
<font color="white" size=".72c">
would be a great slight to this.</font>

675
00:34:18,121 --> 00:34:19,757
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It can be much more than that.</font>

676
00:34:21,692 --> 00:34:24,228
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

By using entangled qubits,</font>

677
00:34:24,261 --> 00:34:27,164
<font color="white" size=".72c">
quantum computers could tackle

real-world problems</font>

678
00:34:27,197 --> 00:34:31,002
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that traditional computers

simply can't cope with.</font>

679
00:34:32,735 --> 00:34:34,205
<font color="white" size=".72c">
For example,</font>

680
00:34:34,237 --> 00:34:36,674
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a salesman has to travel

to several cities</font>

681
00:34:36,706 --> 00:34:40,143
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and wants to find

the shortest route.</font>

682
00:34:40,177 --> 00:34:43,313
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Sounds easy.</font>

683
00:34:43,347 --> 00:34:45,181
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But with just 30 cities,</font>

684
00:34:45,215 --> 00:34:47,650
<font color="white" size=".72c">
there are

so many possible routes</font>

685
00:34:47,684 --> 00:34:49,719
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that it would take

an ordinary computer,</font>

686
00:34:49,753 --> 00:34:51,222
<font color="white" size=".72c">
even a powerful one,</font>

687
00:34:51,255 --> 00:34:54,592
<font color="white" size=".72c">
hundreds of years

to try each one</font>

688
00:34:54,625 --> 00:34:57,261
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and find the shortest.</font>

689
00:34:57,294 --> 00:34:59,763
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But with a handful

of entangled qubits,</font>

690
00:34:59,796 --> 00:35:03,100
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a quantum computer could resolve

the optimal path</font>

691
00:35:03,133 --> 00:35:06,504
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in a fraction

of the number of steps.</font>

692
00:35:08,739 --> 00:35:12,276
<font color="white" size=".72c">
There's another reason teams

like Marissa's are racing</font>

693
00:35:12,309 --> 00:35:14,578
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to create a powerful

quantum computer--</font>

694
00:35:14,611 --> 00:35:18,649
<font color="white" size=".72c">
cracking secret codes.</font>

695
00:35:18,682 --> 00:35:21,085
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In today's world,

everything from online shopping</font>

696
00:35:21,118 --> 00:35:24,388
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to covert

military communications</font>

697
00:35:24,421 --> 00:35:28,692
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is protected from hackers

using secure digital codes,</font>

698
00:35:28,725 --> 00:35:34,031
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a process called encryption.</font>

699
00:35:34,064 --> 00:35:37,735
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But what if hackers

could get hold</font>

700
00:35:37,768 --> 00:35:39,837
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of quantum computers?</font>

701
00:35:39,870 --> 00:35:41,172
<font color="white" size=".72c">
GHOSE:

A quantum computer</font>

702
00:35:41,205 --> 00:35:43,841
<font color="white" size=".72c">
could crack

our best encryption protocols</font>

703
00:35:43,874 --> 00:35:45,075
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in minutes,</font>

704
00:35:45,108 --> 00:35:46,410
<font color="white" size=".72c">
whereas a regular computer,</font>

705
00:35:46,443 --> 00:35:48,512
<font color="white" size=".72c">
or even a super-computing

network today,</font>

706
00:35:48,545 --> 00:35:50,982
<font color="white" size=".72c">
couldn't do it, you know,

given months of time.</font>

707
00:35:52,382 --> 00:35:54,885
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

But while quantum entanglement

may be a threat</font>

708
00:35:54,918 --> 00:35:56,787
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to traditional encryption,</font>

709
00:35:56,820 --> 00:36:01,425
<font color="white" size=".72c">
it also offers an even more

secure alternative--</font>

710
00:36:01,458 --> 00:36:06,030
<font color="white" size=".72c">
a communication system

that the very laws of physics</font>

711
00:36:06,063 --> 00:36:08,499
<font color="white" size=".72c">
protect from secret hacking.</font>

712
00:36:08,532 --> 00:36:11,335
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

713
00:36:12,803 --> 00:36:17,141
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Researchers in China

are leading the way.</font>

714
00:36:17,174 --> 00:36:19,543
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Here in Shanghai,</font>

715
00:36:19,576 --> 00:36:23,347
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at the University

of Science and Technology,</font>

716
00:36:23,380 --> 00:36:29,486
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Jian-Wei Pan runs a leading

quantum research center.</font>

717
00:36:29,519 --> 00:36:31,055
<font color="white" size=".72c">
His teams are working to harness</font>

718
00:36:31,088 --> 00:36:35,125
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the properties

of the quantum world.</font>

719
00:36:35,158 --> 00:36:39,964
<font color="white" size=".72c">
They can send secret messages

using a stream of photons</font>

720
00:36:39,997 --> 00:36:42,533
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in a system

that instantly detects</font>

721
00:36:42,566 --> 00:36:45,803
<font color="white" size=".72c">
any attempt to eavesdrop.</font>

722
00:36:46,903 --> 00:36:48,672
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Jian-Wei's team</font>

723
00:36:48,705 --> 00:36:51,442
<font color="white" size=".72c">
has created

a network of optical fibers</font>

724
00:36:51,475 --> 00:36:53,344
<font color="white" size=".72c">
more than a thousand miles long</font>

725
00:36:53,377 --> 00:36:55,879
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that can carry

secure information</font>

726
00:36:55,912 --> 00:36:58,816
<font color="white" size=".72c">
from Beijing to Shanghai.</font>

727
00:36:58,849 --> 00:37:03,120
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It is used by banks

and data companies.</font>

728
00:37:03,153 --> 00:37:07,625
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But there's a limit to how far

quantum signals can be sent</font>

729
00:37:07,658 --> 00:37:10,761
<font color="white" size=".72c">
through optical fibers.</font>

730
00:37:10,794 --> 00:37:12,096
<font color="white" size=".72c">
To send signals further,</font>

731
00:37:12,129 --> 00:37:14,365
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Jian-Wei's team launched</font>

732
00:37:14,398 --> 00:37:18,669
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the world's first quantum

communication satellite.</font>

733
00:37:21,104 --> 00:37:25,576
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Above Earth's atmosphere,

there are fewer obstacles,</font>

734
00:37:25,609 --> 00:37:29,780
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and quantum particles can travel

much further.</font>

735
00:37:29,813 --> 00:37:33,183
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

736
00:37:33,216 --> 00:37:37,521
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Each night, teams on the ground

prepare to track the satellite</font>

737
00:37:37,554 --> 00:37:39,456
<font color="white" size=".72c">
across the sky.</font>

738
00:37:39,489 --> 00:37:43,193
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

739
00:37:43,226 --> 00:37:45,796
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Laser guidance equipment

locks on</font>

740
00:37:45,829 --> 00:37:49,767
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and allows signals to be sent

and received.</font>

741
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:52,836
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The team aims to use

this equipment</font>

742
00:37:52,869 --> 00:37:56,140
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to create a new, secure

communication system</font>

743
00:37:56,173 --> 00:37:58,976
<font color="white" size=".72c">
using quantum entanglement.</font>

744
00:38:01,712 --> 00:38:03,914
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The satellite sends

entangled photons</font>

745
00:38:03,947 --> 00:38:05,616
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to two users.</font>

746
00:38:05,649 --> 00:38:09,887
<font color="white" size=".72c">
An eavesdropper could intercept

one of the entangled photons,</font>

747
00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:15,125
<font color="white" size=".72c">
measure it, and

send on a replacement photon.</font>

748
00:38:15,158 --> 00:38:17,961
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But it wouldn't be

an entangled photon--</font>

749
00:38:17,994 --> 00:38:20,164
<font color="white" size=".72c">
its properties wouldn't match.</font>

750
00:38:20,197 --> 00:38:24,768
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It would be clear an

eavesdropper was on the line.</font>

751
00:38:24,801 --> 00:38:26,603
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In theory,

this technique could be used</font>

752
00:38:26,636 --> 00:38:30,541
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to create a totally secure

global communication network.</font>

753
00:38:30,574 --> 00:38:32,276
<font color="white" size=".72c">
PAN:

So the next step is,</font>

754
00:38:32,309 --> 00:38:35,279
<font color="white" size=".72c">
we will have ground station,

for example, in Canada,</font>

755
00:38:35,312 --> 00:38:38,349
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and also in Africa

and many countries.</font>

756
00:38:38,382 --> 00:38:40,617
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So, we will use our satellite</font>

757
00:38:40,650 --> 00:38:43,020
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for the global

quantum communication.</font>

758
00:38:43,053 --> 00:38:46,757
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We want to push this technology

as far as possible.</font>

759
00:38:48,024 --> 00:38:49,526
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

These are the first steps</font>

760
00:38:49,559 --> 00:38:52,696
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in creating a completely

unhackable quantum internet</font>

761
00:38:52,729 --> 00:38:54,031
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the future--</font>

762
00:38:54,064 --> 00:38:58,802
<font color="white" size=".72c">
made possible

by quantum entanglement.</font>

763
00:38:58,835 --> 00:39:01,004
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But there's a problem.</font>

764
00:39:01,037 --> 00:39:03,874
<font color="white" size=".72c">
What if quantum entanglement--</font>

765
00:39:03,907 --> 00:39:06,744
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"spooky action at a distance"--</font>

766
00:39:06,777 --> 00:39:08,612
<font color="white" size=".72c">
isn't real after all?</font>

767
00:39:10,580 --> 00:39:12,950
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It could mean entangled photons

are not the path</font>

768
00:39:12,983 --> 00:39:16,253
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to complete security.</font>

769
00:39:16,286 --> 00:39:17,521
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The question goes back</font>

770
00:39:17,554 --> 00:39:21,725
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to Clauser and Freedman's

Bell test experiment.</font>

771
00:39:21,758 --> 00:39:23,560
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

772
00:39:23,593 --> 00:39:26,196
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In the years

after their pioneering work,</font>

773
00:39:26,229 --> 00:39:29,099
<font color="white" size=".72c">
physicists began to test

possible loopholes</font>

774
00:39:29,132 --> 00:39:32,403
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in their experiment--</font>

775
00:39:32,436 --> 00:39:34,838
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ways in which

the illusion of entanglement</font>

776
00:39:34,871 --> 00:39:37,307
<font color="white" size=".72c">
might be created,</font>

777
00:39:37,340 --> 00:39:41,345
<font color="white" size=".72c">
so the effect might not be

so spooky after all.</font>

778
00:39:41,378 --> 00:39:45,783
<font color="white" size=".72c">
One loophole is especially hard

to rule out.</font>

779
00:39:47,150 --> 00:39:51,321
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In modern Bell test experiments,

devices at each side test</font>

780
00:39:51,354 --> 00:39:54,792
<font color="white" size=".72c">
whether the photons can pass

through one of two filters</font>

781
00:39:54,825 --> 00:39:57,161
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that are randomly chosen,</font>

782
00:39:57,194 --> 00:40:00,030
<font color="white" size=".72c">
effectively asking

one of two questions</font>

783
00:40:00,063 --> 00:40:04,034
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and checking how often

the answers agree.</font>

784
00:40:04,067 --> 00:40:06,203
<font color="white" size=".72c">
After thousands of photons,</font>

785
00:40:06,236 --> 00:40:08,372
<font color="white" size=".72c">
if the results show

more agreement</font>

786
00:40:08,405 --> 00:40:10,808
<font color="white" size=".72c">
than Einstein's physics

predicts,</font>

787
00:40:10,841 --> 00:40:16,413
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the particles must be

spookily entangled.</font>

788
00:40:16,446 --> 00:40:17,548
<font color="white" size=".72c">
But what if something</font>

789
00:40:17,581 --> 00:40:20,484
<font color="white" size=".72c">
had mysteriously influenced

the equipment</font>

790
00:40:20,517 --> 00:40:23,287
<font color="white" size=".72c">
so that the choices

of the filters</font>

791
00:40:23,320 --> 00:40:26,490
<font color="white" size=".72c">
were not truly random?</font>

792
00:40:26,523 --> 00:40:28,625
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:

Is there any common cause,</font>

793
00:40:28,658 --> 00:40:32,162
<font color="white" size=".72c">
deep in the past, before

you even turn on your device,</font>

794
00:40:32,195 --> 00:40:34,531
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that could have nudged

the questions to be asked</font>

795
00:40:34,564 --> 00:40:36,300
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and the types of particles

to be emitted?</font>

796
00:40:36,333 --> 00:40:38,368
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Maybe some strange particle,</font>

797
00:40:38,401 --> 00:40:41,205
<font color="white" size=".72c">
maybe some force that had not

been taken into account,</font>

798
00:40:41,238 --> 00:40:42,706
<font color="white" size=".72c">
so that what looks

like entanglement</font>

799
00:40:42,739 --> 00:40:45,108
<font color="white" size=".72c">
might indeed be an accident,

an illusion.</font>

800
00:40:45,141 --> 00:40:48,278
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Maybe the world still acts

like Einstein thought.</font>

801
00:40:48,311 --> 00:40:52,216
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

802
00:40:52,249 --> 00:40:53,517
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

It is this loophole</font>

803
00:40:53,550 --> 00:40:56,286
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that the team at

the high-altitude observatory</font>

804
00:40:56,319 --> 00:40:57,421
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in the Canary Islands</font>

805
00:40:57,454 --> 00:41:00,357
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is working to tackle.</font>

806
00:41:00,390 --> 00:41:04,294
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

807
00:41:04,327 --> 00:41:08,699
<font color="white" size=".72c">
With quantum mechanics

now more established than ever,</font>

808
00:41:08,732 --> 00:41:11,235
<font color="white" size=".72c">
they're determined

to put entanglement</font>

809
00:41:11,268 --> 00:41:12,769
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to the ultimate test,</font>

810
00:41:12,802 --> 00:41:15,372
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and finally settle

the Einstein-Bohr debate</font>

811
00:41:15,405 --> 00:41:17,040
<font color="white" size=".72c">
beyond all reasonable doubt.</font>

812
00:41:17,073 --> 00:41:21,044
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The team is creating

a giant version</font>

813
00:41:21,077 --> 00:41:23,146
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of Clauser and Freedman's

Bell test,</font>

814
00:41:23,179 --> 00:41:26,951
<font color="white" size=".72c">
with the entire universe

as their lab bench.</font>

815
00:41:29,219 --> 00:41:33,290
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In this "cosmic Bell test,"</font>

816
00:41:33,323 --> 00:41:36,193
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the source

of the entangled particles</font>

817
00:41:36,226 --> 00:41:40,631
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is about a third of a mile

from each of the detectors.</font>

818
00:41:40,664 --> 00:41:44,134
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The team must send perfectly

timed pairs of photons</font>

819
00:41:44,167 --> 00:41:46,970
<font color="white" size=".72c">
through the air to each side.</font>

820
00:41:47,003 --> 00:41:50,173
<font color="white" size=".72c">
At the same time, the telescopes

will collect light</font>

821
00:41:50,206 --> 00:41:54,211
<font color="white" size=".72c">
from two extremely far-off,

extremely bright galaxies</font>

822
00:41:54,244 --> 00:41:56,246
<font color="white" size=".72c">
called quasars.</font>

823
00:41:56,279 --> 00:41:59,283
<font color="white" size=".72c">
These are among the brightest

objects in the sky,</font>

824
00:41:59,316 --> 00:42:02,886
<font color="white" size=".72c">
emitting light in powerful jets.</font>

825
00:42:02,919 --> 00:42:05,355
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Random variations in this light</font>

826
00:42:05,388 --> 00:42:07,224
<font color="white" size=".72c">
will control

which filters are used</font>

827
00:42:07,257 --> 00:42:09,927
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to measure the photon pairs.</font>

828
00:42:09,960 --> 00:42:13,063
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And since the quasars

are so far away--</font>

829
00:42:13,096 --> 00:42:15,732
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the light has been traveling

for billions of years</font>

830
00:42:15,765 --> 00:42:17,734
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to reach Earth--</font>

831
00:42:17,767 --> 00:42:19,570
<font color="white" size=".72c">
it makes it incredibly unlikely</font>

832
00:42:19,603 --> 00:42:22,306
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that anything could be

influencing the random nature</font>

833
00:42:22,339 --> 00:42:25,175
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the test.</font>

834
00:42:26,943 --> 00:42:29,046
<font color="white" size=".72c">
If the experiment is successful,</font>

835
00:42:29,079 --> 00:42:30,647
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the team will have tackled

the loophole</font>

836
00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:33,283
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and shown

that quantum entanglement</font>

837
00:42:33,316 --> 00:42:36,053
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is as spooky

as Bohr always claimed.</font>

838
00:42:36,086 --> 00:42:40,257
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Dominik and Jason are

at one telescope.</font>

839
00:42:40,290 --> 00:42:41,558
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Hello, Anton.</font>

840
00:42:41,591 --> 00:42:45,362
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Anton is at the other.</font>

841
00:42:45,395 --> 00:42:48,699
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(speaking German):</font>

842
00:42:48,732 --> 00:42:51,134
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ZEILINGER

(speaking German on phone):</font>

843
00:42:51,167 --> 00:42:53,604
<font color="white" size=".72c">
RAUCH (speaking German):</font>

844
00:42:54,237 --> 00:42:57,274
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(both speaking German)</font>

845
00:42:57,307 --> 00:43:02,746
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

846
00:43:02,779 --> 00:43:05,983
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

With clear skies

finally overhead,</font>

847
00:43:06,016 --> 00:43:08,852
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the huge telescopes awaken...</font>

848
00:43:08,885 --> 00:43:11,655
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

849
00:43:15,258 --> 00:43:17,995
<font color="white" size=".72c">
...poised to collect light

from distant quasars.</font>

850
00:43:18,028 --> 00:43:22,232
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

851
00:43:22,265 --> 00:43:23,300
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Moving.</font>

852
00:43:23,333 --> 00:43:25,535
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN (speaking German on radio):</font>

853
00:43:25,568 --> 00:43:26,536
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN 2:

All right.</font>

854
00:43:26,569 --> 00:43:27,704
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Dark count level.</font>

855
00:43:27,737 --> 00:43:29,272
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN (on radio):

Okay, this is good.</font>

856
00:43:29,305 --> 00:43:31,274
<font color="white" size=".72c">
RAUCH:

So we're doing everything...</font>

857
00:43:31,307 --> 00:43:33,310
<font color="white" size=".72c">
...everything at once now.</font>

858
00:43:33,343 --> 00:43:34,611
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So the guys for the links</font>

859
00:43:34,644 --> 00:43:37,347
<font color="white" size=".72c">
are setting the state

of the entangled photon pair.</font>

860
00:43:37,380 --> 00:43:39,182
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We're trying to acquire

the quasar.</font>

861
00:43:39,215 --> 00:43:42,285
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We're just centering it</font>

862
00:43:42,318 --> 00:43:44,354
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and making the field of view

as small as possible,</font>

863
00:43:44,387 --> 00:43:46,623
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to be sure that we only have

the quasar.</font>

864
00:43:46,656 --> 00:43:47,658
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Okay.</font>

865
00:43:47,691 --> 00:43:48,925
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's guiding now?</font>

866
00:43:47,691 --> 00:43:48,925
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Yes.</font>

867
00:43:48,958 --> 00:43:49,960
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Let's wait for

one more image.</font>

868
00:43:49,993 --> 00:43:51,395
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Okay.</font>

869
00:43:49,993 --> 00:43:51,395
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Of this one.</font>

870
00:43:51,428 --> 00:43:52,429
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN:

All right.</font>

871
00:43:52,462 --> 00:43:55,365
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Great, great, great,

great, great.</font>

872
00:43:55,398 --> 00:43:56,767
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Yeah, that's good.</font>

873
00:43:57,300 --> 00:43:58,735
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Looks like, 90,</font>

874
00:43:58,768 --> 00:44:01,739
<font color="white" size=".72c">
let's say 91 to be conservative,

of purity.</font>

875
00:44:03,440 --> 00:44:05,642
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

With the telescopes

now locked on</font>

876
00:44:05,675 --> 00:44:08,412
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to two different quasars,</font>

877
00:44:08,445 --> 00:44:10,547
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the team begins

to take readings.</font>

878
00:44:10,580 --> 00:44:13,350
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN (on radio):

The red counts, 12,000.</font>

879
00:44:13,383 --> 00:44:15,485
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Blue counts, 7,000.</font>

880
00:44:15,518 --> 00:44:18,422
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

881
00:44:23,493 --> 00:44:26,863
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We did a full,

the full cosmic Bell test.</font>

882
00:44:26,896 --> 00:44:28,331
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN:

What?</font>

883
00:44:28,364 --> 00:44:30,067
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Yeah, we're doing

a full cosmic Bell test.</font>

884
00:44:31,367 --> 00:44:32,936
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

It's working.</font>

885
00:44:32,969 --> 00:44:37,074
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Light from the quasars is

selecting which filters are used</font>

886
00:44:37,107 --> 00:44:41,745
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to measure

the entangled photons.</font>

887
00:44:41,778 --> 00:44:43,413
<font color="white" size=".72c">
RAUCH:

It is exciting.</font>

888
00:44:43,446 --> 00:44:44,514
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It is.</font>

889
00:44:44,547 --> 00:44:45,882
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Now we do have a test,</font>

890
00:44:45,915 --> 00:44:49,286
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but it's not clear

what the outcome will be.</font>

891
00:44:49,319 --> 00:44:51,988
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

892
00:44:52,021 --> 00:44:53,056
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN:

Moving.</font>

893
00:44:53,089 --> 00:44:56,693
<font color="white" size=".72c">
(man talking indistinctly

on radio)</font>

894
00:44:56,726 --> 00:44:58,128
<font color="white" size=".72c">
MAN:

All right.</font>

895
00:44:58,161 --> 00:45:02,032
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Everything is exactly the same,

beautiful, perfect, yeah.</font>

896
00:45:02,065 --> 00:45:04,168
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

897
00:45:17,013 --> 00:45:20,317
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

898
00:45:20,350 --> 00:45:22,219
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Two months later,

back in Vienna,</font>

899
00:45:22,252 --> 00:45:26,022
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the team analyzes

the experimental data.</font>

900
00:45:26,055 --> 00:45:29,426
<font color="white" size=".72c">
RAUCH:

This might take a second.</font>

901
00:45:30,927 --> 00:45:33,063
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The numbers look

really great.</font>

902
00:45:33,096 --> 00:45:35,132
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And it is extremely pleasing

to see</font>

903
00:45:35,165 --> 00:45:37,534
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that all this worked

so nice.</font>

904
00:45:37,567 --> 00:45:39,903
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We clearly see

correlations</font>

905
00:45:39,936 --> 00:45:41,304
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that correspond

to quantum mechanics.</font>

906
00:45:41,337 --> 00:45:44,708
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

The results show entanglement.</font>

907
00:45:44,741 --> 00:45:47,711
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

908
00:45:47,744 --> 00:45:49,713
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And since the light

from the quasars</font>

909
00:45:49,746 --> 00:45:50,881
<font color="white" size=".72c">
controlling the test</font>

910
00:45:50,914 --> 00:45:54,384
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was nearly

eight billion years old,</font>

911
00:45:54,417 --> 00:45:55,786
<font color="white" size=".72c">
it's extremely unlikely</font>

912
00:45:55,819 --> 00:45:59,756
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that anything could have

affected its random nature.</font>

913
00:45:59,789 --> 00:46:04,661
<font color="white" size=".72c">
This remaining loophole seems

to be closed.</font>

914
00:46:04,694 --> 00:46:08,031
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ZEILINGER:

The experiment we did

is just fantastic.</font>

915
00:46:08,064 --> 00:46:10,133
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The big cosmos comes down</font>

916
00:46:10,166 --> 00:46:13,303
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to control

a small quantum experiment.</font>

917
00:46:13,336 --> 00:46:16,940
<font color="white" size=".72c">
That, that in itself is a,

is, is beautiful.</font>

918
00:46:16,973 --> 00:46:21,611
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

919
00:46:21,644 --> 00:46:24,414
<font color="white" size=".72c">
You know, honestly, I still,

I still get chills.</font>

920
00:46:24,447 --> 00:46:26,216
<font color="white" size=".72c">
I mean...</font>

921
00:46:26,249 --> 00:46:27,584
<font color="white" size=".72c">
...when I realize what our team

was able to do,</font>

922
00:46:27,617 --> 00:46:30,821
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in this intellectual journey

that stretches back</font>

923
00:46:30,854 --> 00:46:33,223
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to the early years

of the 20th century.</font>

924
00:46:33,256 --> 00:46:36,326
<font color="white" size=".72c">
There's, there's hardly

any room left</font>

925
00:46:36,359 --> 00:46:41,131
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for a kind of alternative,

Einstein-like explanation.</font>

926
00:46:41,164 --> 00:46:42,465
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We haven't ruled it out,</font>

927
00:46:42,498 --> 00:46:45,635
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but we've shoved it into

such a tiny corner of the cosmos</font>

928
00:46:45,668 --> 00:46:48,972
<font color="white" size=".72c">
as to make it

even more implausible</font>

929
00:46:49,005 --> 00:46:51,208
<font color="white" size=".72c">
for anything

other than entanglement</font>

930
00:46:51,241 --> 00:46:52,475
<font color="white" size=".72c">
to explain our results.</font>

931
00:46:52,508 --> 00:46:55,879
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

932
00:46:55,912 --> 00:46:58,048
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

Accepting that entanglement

is a part</font>

933
00:46:58,081 --> 00:47:00,684
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of the natural world around us</font>

934
00:47:00,717 --> 00:47:04,187
<font color="white" size=".72c">
has profound implications.</font>

935
00:47:04,220 --> 00:47:06,489
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It means we must accept

that an action in one place</font>

936
00:47:06,522 --> 00:47:10,060
<font color="white" size=".72c">
can have an instant effect

anywhere in the universe,</font>

937
00:47:10,093 --> 00:47:13,430
<font color="white" size=".72c">
as if there's no space

between them.</font>

938
00:47:13,463 --> 00:47:18,401
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Or that particles

only take on physical properties</font>

939
00:47:18,434 --> 00:47:22,105
<font color="white" size=".72c">
when we observe them.</font>

940
00:47:22,138 --> 00:47:25,041
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Or we must accept both.</font>

941
00:47:25,074 --> 00:47:27,377
<font color="white" size=".72c">
We're left with conclusions

about the universe</font>

942
00:47:27,410 --> 00:47:29,145
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that make no sense whatsoever.</font>

943
00:47:29,178 --> 00:47:32,315
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Science is stepping outside

of all of our boundaries</font>

944
00:47:32,348 --> 00:47:34,451
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of common sense.</font>

945
00:47:34,484 --> 00:47:36,720
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's almost like being

in "Alice in Wonderland," right?</font>

946
00:47:36,753 --> 00:47:39,690
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Where everything is possible.</font>

947
00:47:43,359 --> 00:47:45,128
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

948
00:47:45,161 --> 00:47:46,863
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

It was first seen</font>

949
00:47:46,896 --> 00:47:49,766
<font color="white" size=".72c">
as an unwelcome

but unavoidable consequence</font>

950
00:47:49,799 --> 00:47:52,269
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of quantum mechanics.</font>

951
00:47:52,302 --> 00:47:56,539
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Now, after nearly a century

of disputes and discoveries,</font>

952
00:47:56,572 --> 00:47:58,909
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"spooky action at a distance"</font>

953
00:47:58,942 --> 00:48:03,246
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is finally at the heart

of modern physics.</font>

954
00:48:03,279 --> 00:48:06,483
<font color="white" size=".72c">
At the Institute

for Advanced Study,</font>

955
00:48:06,516 --> 00:48:08,685
<font color="white" size=".72c">
where the concept

of entanglement</font>

956
00:48:08,718 --> 00:48:10,854
<font color="white" size=".72c">
was first described,</font>

957
00:48:10,887 --> 00:48:13,590
<font color="white" size=".72c">
researchers are now using it</font>

958
00:48:13,623 --> 00:48:17,527
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in their search for a single

unified theory of the universe--</font>

959
00:48:17,560 --> 00:48:21,698
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the holy grail of physics.</font>

960
00:48:23,266 --> 00:48:27,170
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Einstein's theories of special

and general relativity</font>

961
00:48:27,203 --> 00:48:30,640
<font color="white" size=".72c">
perfectly describe

space, time, and gravity</font>

962
00:48:30,673 --> 00:48:33,410
<font color="white" size=".72c">
at the largest scales

of the universe,</font>

963
00:48:33,443 --> 00:48:37,414
<font color="white" size=".72c">
while quantum mechanics

perfectly describes</font>

964
00:48:37,447 --> 00:48:38,782
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the tiniest scales.</font>

965
00:48:38,815 --> 00:48:44,788
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Yet these two theories have

never been brought together.</font>

966
00:48:44,821 --> 00:48:48,325
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So far, we have not yet had

a single complete theory</font>

967
00:48:48,358 --> 00:48:50,427
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that is both quantum mechanical</font>

968
00:48:50,460 --> 00:48:51,895
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and reproduces the prediction</font>

969
00:48:51,928 --> 00:48:56,066
<font color="white" size=".72c">
of Einstein's wonderful theory

of general relativity.</font>

970
00:48:56,099 --> 00:48:59,202
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Maybe the secret

is entanglement.</font>

971
00:49:01,004 --> 00:49:03,740
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

What if space itself

is actually created</font>

972
00:49:03,773 --> 00:49:07,177
<font color="white" size=".72c">
by the tiny quantum world?</font>

973
00:49:07,210 --> 00:49:10,880
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Just like temperature,

warm and cold,</font>

974
00:49:10,913 --> 00:49:15,552
<font color="white" size=".72c">
consists simply of the movement

of atoms inside an object,</font>

975
00:49:15,585 --> 00:49:18,455
<font color="white" size=".72c">
perhaps space as we know it</font>

976
00:49:18,488 --> 00:49:23,526
<font color="white" size=".72c">
emerges from networks

of entangled quantum particles.</font>

977
00:49:23,559 --> 00:49:27,497
<font color="white" size=".72c">
It's a mind-blowing idea.</font>

978
00:49:27,530 --> 00:49:29,699
<font color="white" size=".72c">
DIJKGRAAF:

What we are learning these days</font>

979
00:49:29,732 --> 00:49:33,870
<font color="white" size=".72c">
is that we might have to give up

that what Einstein holds sacred,</font>

980
00:49:33,903 --> 00:49:35,271
<font color="white" size=".72c">
namely, space and time.</font>

981
00:49:35,304 --> 00:49:37,407
<font color="white" size=".72c">
So, he was always thinking,</font>

982
00:49:37,440 --> 00:49:38,808
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"Well, we have little pieces

of space and time,</font>

983
00:49:38,841 --> 00:49:42,045
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and out of this,

we build the whole universe."</font>

984
00:49:42,078 --> 00:49:48,218
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

In a radical theory-- known

as the holographic universe--</font>

985
00:49:48,251 --> 00:49:52,155
<font color="white" size=".72c">
space and time are created

by entangled quantum particles</font>

986
00:49:52,188 --> 00:49:56,259
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on a sphere

that's infinitely far away.</font>

987
00:49:56,292 --> 00:49:58,995
<font color="white" size=".72c">
What's happening

in space</font>

988
00:49:59,028 --> 00:50:02,365
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in some sense

all described</font>

989
00:50:02,398 --> 00:50:05,668
<font color="white" size=".72c">
in terms of a screen

outside here.</font>

990
00:50:05,701 --> 00:50:07,637
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The ultimate description

of reality</font>

991
00:50:07,670 --> 00:50:09,806
<font color="white" size=".72c">
resides on this screen.</font>

992
00:50:09,839 --> 00:50:13,009
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Think of it as kind of quantum

bits living on that screen.</font>

993
00:50:13,042 --> 00:50:16,079
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And this,

like a movie projector,</font>

994
00:50:16,112 --> 00:50:19,816
<font color="white" size=".72c">
creates a illusion of

the three-dimensional reality</font>

995
00:50:19,849 --> 00:50:22,219
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that I'm now experiencing.</font>

996
00:50:24,387 --> 00:50:27,757
<font color="white" size=".72c">
NARRATOR:

It may be impossible

to intuitively understand</font>

997
00:50:27,790 --> 00:50:30,894
<font color="white" size=".72c">
this wild mathematical idea,</font>

998
00:50:30,927 --> 00:50:32,529
<font color="white" size=".72c">
but it suggests</font>

999
00:50:32,562 --> 00:50:34,531
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that entanglement could be</font>

1000
00:50:34,564 --> 00:50:39,969
<font color="white" size=".72c">
what forms the true fabric

of the universe.</font>

1001
00:50:40,002 --> 00:50:43,406
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The most puzzling element

of entanglement,</font>

1002
00:50:43,439 --> 00:50:47,744
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that, you know, somehow two

points in space can communicate,</font>

1003
00:50:47,777 --> 00:50:49,379
<font color="white" size=".72c">
becomes less of a problem,</font>

1004
00:50:49,412 --> 00:50:51,214
<font color="white" size=".72c">
because space itself

has disappeared.</font>

1005
00:50:51,247 --> 00:50:54,918
<font color="white" size=".72c">
In the end, we just have

this quantum mechanical world.</font>

1006
00:50:54,951 --> 00:50:57,654
<font color="white" size=".72c">
There is no space anymore.</font>

1007
00:50:57,687 --> 00:51:01,591
<font color="white" size=".72c">
And so in some sense,

the paradoxes of entanglement...</font>

1008
00:51:01,624 --> 00:51:05,261
<font color="white" size=".72c">
The EPR paradox

disappears into thin air.</font>

1009
00:51:05,294 --> 00:51:09,599
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

1010
00:51:09,632 --> 00:51:12,435
<font color="white" size=".72c">
CARROLL:

Truly understanding

quantum mechanics</font>

1011
00:51:12,468 --> 00:51:14,571
<font color="white" size=".72c">
will only happen

when we put ourselves</font>

1012
00:51:14,604 --> 00:51:16,106
<font color="white" size=".72c">
on the entanglement side,</font>

1013
00:51:16,139 --> 00:51:19,976
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and we stop privileging

the world that we see</font>

1014
00:51:20,009 --> 00:51:21,644
<font color="white" size=".72c">
and start thinking

about the world</font>

1015
00:51:21,677 --> 00:51:22,645
<font color="white" size=".72c">
as it actually is.</font>

1016
00:51:22,678 --> 00:51:25,448
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

1017
00:51:25,481 --> 00:51:28,885
<font color="white" size=".72c">
KAISER:

Science has made

enormous progress for centuries</font>

1018
00:51:28,918 --> 00:51:32,422
<font color="white" size=".72c">
by sort of breaking complicated

systems down into parts.</font>

1019
00:51:32,455 --> 00:51:34,591
<font color="white" size=".72c">
When we come to a phenomenon

like quantum entanglement,</font>

1020
00:51:34,624 --> 00:51:36,093
<font color="white" size=".72c">
that scheme breaks.</font>

1021
00:51:37,493 --> 00:51:40,430
<font color="white" size=".72c">
When it comes to the bedrock

of quantum mechanics,</font>

1022
00:51:40,463 --> 00:51:44,000
<font color="white" size=".72c">
the whole is more

than the sum of its parts.</font>

1023
00:51:44,033 --> 00:51:46,035
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

1024
00:51:46,068 --> 00:51:48,938
<font color="white" size=".72c">
ZEILINGER:

The basic motivation is</font>

1025
00:51:48,971 --> 00:51:51,374
<font color="white" size=".72c">
just to learn how nature works.</font>

1026
00:51:51,407 --> 00:51:53,977
<font color="white" size=".72c">
What's really going on?</font>

1027
00:51:54,010 --> 00:51:55,411
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Einstein said it very nicely.</font>

1028
00:51:55,444 --> 00:51:57,780
<font color="white" size=".72c">
He's not interested

in this detailed question</font>

1029
00:51:57,813 --> 00:51:59,048
<font color="white" size=".72c">
or that detailed question.</font>

1030
00:51:59,081 --> 00:52:01,684
<font color="white" size=".72c">
He just wanted to know</font>

1031
00:52:01,717 --> 00:52:06,456
<font color="white" size=".72c">
what were God's thoughts

when He created the world.</font>

1032
00:52:06,489 --> 00:52:09,860
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

1033
00:52:21,470 --> 00:52:26,943
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>

1034
00:52:34,850 --> 00:52:37,487
<font color="white" size=".72c">
To order this program on DVD,</font>

1035
00:52:37,520 --> 00:52:42,825
<font color="white" size=".72c">
visit ShopPBS

or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS.</font>

1036
00:52:42,858 --> 00:52:45,495
<font color="white" size=".72c">
Episodes of "NOVA" are available

with Passport.</font>

1037
00:52:45,528 --> 00:52:48,164
<font color="white" size=".72c">
"NOVA" is also available

on Amazon Prime Video.</font>

1038
00:52:48,197 --> 00:52:53,637
<font color="white" size=".72c">
♪ ♪</font>