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['To distinguish malignant from benign branch duct (BD)-intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) still remains difficult. Recently, we revealed that MSX2 was frequently expressed in pancreatic cancer and its expression was correlated with aggressive behavior of the cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the involvement of MSX2 in IPMN development and whether its expression would differentiate malignant from benign IPMN.', 'Seventeen microdissected lesions and 45 IPMN tissues were used for quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The role of MSX2 in the pancreatic duct cell was assessed by the induced expression of MSX2 in a normal human pancreatic duct epithelial cell line (HPDE).', 'Malignant IPMN expressed significantly higher levels of MSX2 mRNA than benign IPMN lesions. MSX2 protein expression was frequently found in borderline and malignant lesions (20/29, 68.9%), while its expression was seen in only one of 16 benign IPMN tissues. Univariate analysis showed that nodules of 6 mm or more and MSX2 expression were significantly correlated with the malignancy of BD-IPMN (P = 0.022 and 0.0026, respectively), and multivariate analysis revealed that only MSX2 expression was identified as an independent factor to predict malignant BD-IPMN. HPDE cells expressing MSX2 showed increased cellular proliferation compared to control cells.'] Does expression of MSX2 predict malignancy of branch duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.069955587387085,
-1.4256242513656616,
2.5475289821624756
] |
["To determine if DNA excision repair enzymes oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) and xeroderma pigmentosum group F protein (XPF) are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) in a cell model.", "PC12 cells were treated with 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridine ion (MPP(+)) for various periods of time to induce oxidative DNA damage. MTT assay was used to determine cell viability. Immunocytochemistry with antibody against 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) was used to evaluate oxidative DNA damage. Immunoblotting was used to detect the protein levels of OGG1 and XPF.", 'MPP(+) treatment (1 mmol/L) for 18 h and 24 h reduced cell viability to 78.6% and 70.3% of the control, respectively, in a time-dependent way. MPP(+) increased the immunoreactivity of 8-oxodG in the cytoplasm at 3 h and in the nucleus at 24 h of treatment. With the treatment of MPP(+), the expression of OGG1 was significantly increased at 1 h, reaching a peak at 3 h, and then it was decreased at 24 h, as compared to that with vehicle treatment. The same effect was exerted on XPF level, except that the XPF level reached a peak at 18 h of MPP(+) treatment. Moreover, the maximally-increased protein level of OGG1 by MPP(+) was approximately 2-fold higher than that of XPF.'] Does 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium time-dependently alter expressions of oxoguanine glycosylase 1 and xeroderma pigmentosum group F protein in PC12 cells? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0970051288604736,
-1.5069255828857422,
2.6130895614624023
] |
['Intravenous injection of the endocannabinoid anandamide induces complex cardiovascular changes via cannabinoid CB(1), CB(2) and vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. Recently, evidence has been accumulating that in vitro, but not in vivo, anandamide relaxes blood vessels, via an as yet unidentified, non-CB(1) vascular cannabinoid receptor, sensitive to O-1918 (1,3-dimethoxy-5-2-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]-benzene). We here examined whether the anandamide-induced hypotension in urethane-anaesthetized rats was also mediated via a non-CB(1) vascular cannabinoid receptor.', 'Effects of two antagonists (O-1918 and cannabidiol) of the non-CB(1) vascular cannabinoid receptor on anandamide-induced changes in mean, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (MBP, SBP, DBP), mesenteric (MBF) and renal (RBF) blood flow and heart rate (HR) in urethane-anaesthetized rats was examined.', 'In anaesthetized rats, anandamide (1.5-3 micromol.kg(-1)) and its stable analogue methanandamide (0.5 micromol.kg(-1)) caused a delayed and prolonged decrease in MBP, SBP, DBP, MBF and RBF by about 10-30% of the respective basal values without changing HR. In pithed rats, anandamide (3 micromol.kg(-1)) decreased blood pressure by about 15-20% of the basal value without affecting HR, MBF and RBF. All vascular changes were reduced by about 30-70% by cannabidiol and O-1918 (3 micromol.kg(-1), each).'] Is a cannabinoid receptor , sensitive to O-1918 , involved in the delayed hypotension induced by anandamide in anaesthetized rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2046666145324707,
-1.3763573169708252,
2.6578097343444824
] |
['Tetrandrine, a well-known naturally occurring calcium antagonist with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-fibrogenetic activities, has long been used clinically for treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and arrhythmia. However, little is known about the effect of tetrandrine on cardiac hypertrophy. The aims of the present study were to determine whether tetrandrine could attenuate cardiac hypertrophy and to clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms.', 'Tetrandrine (50 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1)) was administered by oral gavage three times a day for one week and then the mice were subjected to either chronic pressure overload generated by aortic banding (AB) or sham surgery (control group). Cardiac function was determined by echocardiography.', 'Tetrandrine attenuated the cardiac hypertrophy induced by AB, as assessed by heart weight/body weight and lung weight/body weight ratios, cardiac dilatation and the expression of genes of hypertrophic markers. Tetrandrine also inhibited fibrosis and attenuated the inflammatory response. The cardioprotective effects of tetrandrine were mediated by blocking the increased production of reactive oxygen species and the activation of ERK1/2-dependent nuclear factor-kappaB and nuclear factor of activated T cells that occur in response to hypertrophic stimuli.'] Does tetrandrine block cardiac hypertrophy by disrupting reactive oxygen species-dependent ERK1/2 signalling? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.446697473526001,
-1.2029070854187012,
2.751974582672119
] |
['The modulation of energetic homeostasis by pollutants has recently emerged as a potential contributor to the onset of metabolic disorders. Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used industrial plasticizer to which humans are widely exposed. Phthalates can activate the three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) isotypes on cellular models and induce peroxisome proliferation in rodents.', 'In this study, we aimed to evaluate the systemic and metabolic consequences of DEHP exposure that have remained so far unexplored and to characterize the underlying molecular mechanisms of action.', 'As a proof of concept and mechanism, genetically engineered mouse models of PPARs were exposed to high doses of DEHP, followed by metabolic and molecular analyses.', 'DEHP-treated mice were protected from diet-induced obesity via PPARalpha-dependent activation of hepatic fatty acid catabolism, whereas the activity of neither PPARbeta nor PPARgamma was affected. However, the lean phenotype observed in response to DEHP in wild-type mice was surprisingly abolished in PPARalpha-humanized mice. These species differences are associated with a different pattern of coregulator recruitment.'] Does the pollutant diethylhexyl phthalate regulate hepatic energy metabolism via species-specific PPARalpha-dependent mechanisms? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.7057578563690186,
-0.8580241799354553,
2.5922131538391113
] |
['To investigate the effect and mechanism of FTY720 on acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) in rat small bowel transplantation (SBTx).', 'Heterotopic SBTx was performed using a parent (WF)-into-F1 (WFxACI) rat combination. Recipient rats were divided into experimental group (n=6) and control group (n=6). Rats in the experimental group were administered with FTY720 at 0.5 mg/kg for 14 days. Lymphocyte apoptosis in the liver and the mucosa of intestine and graft was detected by TUNEL and flow cytometry 15 days after transplantation. Recipient survival and lymphocyte apoptosis were compared between the two groups.', 'Recipients in the control group died of GVHD after a mean survival time of (16+/-2.1) days. FTY720-treated recipients had a significantly longer survival (>100 days). After administration of FTY720, the percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes was significantly increased in the graft as compared to that in the control group by flow cytometry. The ratio of apoptotic lymphocyte in the liver and graft was also significantly higher in the experimental group by TUNEL.'] Does [ FTY720-induced lymphocyte apoptosis inhibit acute graft versus host disease in rat small bowel transplantation ]? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.007673501968384,
-1.3349368572235107,
2.38289737701416
] |
['The expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) and 2 (TIMP-2) in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN I-III) and in vulvar invasive carcinoma were evaluated.', 'A retrospective study.', 'Oulu University Hospital, Finland.', 'The study population consisted of 68 patients with vulvar neoplasia (13 VIN I, 5 VIN II, 6 VIN III and 44 squamous cell carcinomas).', 'Paraffin-embedded tissue samples were examined by immunohistochemistry.', 'MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression in VIN compared to vulvar carcinoma.', 'In VIN I-III MMP-2 expression was positive in 13%, MMP-9 in 13%, TIMP-1 in 50% and TIMP-2 in 17% of patients. The positive expressions in patients with vulvar carcinoma were 52% for MMP-2, 36% for MMP-9, 41% for TIMP-1 and 78% for TIMP-2.'] Is increased matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression associated with progression from vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive carcinoma? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.273183584213257,
-1.3130860328674316,
2.6591014862060547
] |
['Obesity is associated with a state of chronic low-grade inflammation mediated by immune cells that are primarily located to adipose tissue and liver. The chronic inflammatory response appears to underlie obesity-induced metabolic deterioration including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Osteopontin (OPN) is an inflammatory cytokine, the expression of which is strongly upregulated in adipose tissue and liver upon obesity. Here, we studied OPN effects in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance by targeting OPN action in vivo.', 'C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity and were then intravenously treated with an OPN-neutralizing or control antibody. Insulin sensitivity and inflammatory alterations in adipose tissue and liver were assessed.', 'Interference with OPN action by a neutralizing antibody for 5 days significantly improved insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice. Anti-OPN treatment attenuated liver and adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and inflammatory gene expression by increasing macrophage apoptosis and significantly reducing c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase activation. Moreover, we report OPN as a novel negative regulator for the activation of hepatic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which is essential for glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Consequently, OPN neutralization decreased expression of hepatic gluconeogenic markers, which are targets of STAT3-mediated downregulation.'] Does neutralization of osteopontin inhibit obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.5647454261779785,
-1.0723121166229248,
2.7054128646850586
] |
['The aim of this study was to examine the function of the bone morphogenic protein growth differentiation factor 5 (Gdf5) in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI).', 'The Gdf5 has been implicated in skeletal development, but a potential role in the heart had not been studied.', 'The Gdf5-knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to permanent left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation. Cardiac pathology, function, gene expression levels, and signaling pathways downstream of Gdf5 were examined. Effects of recombinant Gdf5 (rGdf5) were tested in primary cardiac cell cultures.', 'The WT mice showed increased cardiac Gdf5 levels after MI, with increased expression in peri-infarct cardiomyocytes and myofibroblasts. At 1 and 7 days after MI, no differences were observed in ischemic or infarct areas between WT and Gdf5-KO mice. However, by 28 days after MI, Gdf5-KO mice exhibited increased infarct scar expansion and thinning with decreased arteriolar density compared with WT. The Gdf5-KO hearts also displayed increased left ventricular dilation, with decreased contractility after MI. At 4 days after MI, Gdf5-KO mice exhibited increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis and decreased expression of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl2 and Bcl-xL compared with WT. Unexpectedly, Gdf5-KO hearts displayed increased Smad 1/5/8 phosphorylation but decreased p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation versus WT. The latter was associated with increased collagen gene (Col1a1, Col3a1) expression and fibrosis. In cultures, rGdf5 induced p38-MAPK phosphorylation in cardiac fibroblasts and Smad-dependent increases in Bcl2 and Bcl-xL in cardiomyocytes.'] Does growth differentiation factor 5 regulate cardiac repair after myocardial infarction? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.170197010040283,
-1.3879075050354004,
2.566512107849121
] |
['The involvement of neutrophil activation in the sentinel, potentially reversible, events in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) is only partially understood. alpha-Defensins are the most abundant proteins secreted by activated human neutrophils, but their contribution to ALI in mouse models is hindered by their absence from murine neutrophils and the inability to study their effects in isolation in other species.', 'To study the role of alpha-defensins in the pathogenesis of ALI in a clinically relevant setting using mice transgenic for polymorphonuclear leukocyte expression of alpha-defensins.', 'Transgenic mice expressing polymorphonuclear leukocyte alpha-defensins were generated. ALI was induced by acid aspiration. Pulmonary vascular permeability was studied in vivo using labeled dextran and fibrin deposition. The role of the low-density lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP) in permeability was examined.', 'Acid aspiration induced neutrophil migration and release of alpha-defensins into lung parenchyma and airways. ALI was more severe in alpha-defensin-expressing mice than in wild-type mice, as determined by inspection, influx of neutrophils into the interstitial space and airways, histological evidence of epithelial injury, interstitial edema, extravascular fibrin deposition, impaired oxygenation, and reduced survival. Within 4 hours of insult, alpha-defensin-expressing mice showed greater disruption of capillary-epithelial barrier function and ALI that was attenuated by systemic or intratracheal administration of specific inhibitors of the LRP.'] Do neutrophil alpha-defensins cause lung injury by disrupting the capillary-epithelial barrier? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.5183145999908447,
-1.2743319272994995,
2.8260579109191895
] |
['There is growing evidence that venous thrombotic and arterial atherosclerotic diseases are interrelated. This presumption is supported by the similar ethiopathogenesis, risk factors and clinical appearance of the two diseases. We investigated whether the prevalence of preclinical indicators of atherosclerosis is higher in patients with spontaneous venous thrombosis than in healthy subjects. Further, we studied the extent of preclinical deterioration of the arterial wall in different beds of the arterial system.', 'Forty seven patients of both sexes (mean age, 52.3+/-14.3 years) with idiopathic venous thrombosis and 44-age matched controls were studied. Using ultrasound, bifurcations of the carotid and femoral arteries were investigated and intima-media thickness plus the presence and thickness of atherosclerotic plaques were determined.', 'The intima-media was on average, and in all beds investigated, significantly thicker in patients than in controls (0.94 mm +/-0.29 vs. 0.71 mm +/-0.15, p<0.001). The prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques was higher in patients (33/47 vs. 15/44, p<0.001). Furthermore, the number of plaques per individual, the number of arterial segments involved, and total plaque thickness were significantly longer in patients than in controls.'] Is idiopathic venous thrombosis associated with preclinical atherosclerosis? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9098197221755981,
-1.2208038568496704,
2.1854004859924316
] |
['Increased oxidative stress might contribute to diabetic (DM) neuropathy, so the effects of long-term treatment with fluvastatin (FL) on myocardial oxidative stress and cardiac sympathetic neural function were investigated in diabetic rats.', 'FL (10 mg . kg(-1) . day(-1), DM-FL) or vehicle (DM-VE) was orally administered for 2 weeks to streptozotocin-induced DM rats. Cardiac oxidative stress was determined by myocardial 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) and NADPH oxidase subunit p22(phox) mRNA expression. Sympathetic neural function was quantified by autoradiography using (131)I- and (125)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). FL did not affect plasma glucose levels but remarkably decreased PGF(2alpha) levels compared with DM-VE rats (13.8+/-9.2 vs 175.0+/-93.9 ng/g tissue), although PGF(2alpha) levels were below the detection limit in non-DM rats. FL significantly reduced myocardial p22(phox) mRNA expression. Cardiac (131)I-MIBG uptake was lower in DM-VE rats than in non-DM rats, but the decrease was attenuated in DM-FL rats (1.31+/-0.08, 1.88+/-0.22, and 1.58+/-0.18 %kg dose/g, respectively, P<0.01). Cardiac MIBG clearance was not affected by the induction of DM or by FL, indicating that the reduced MIBG uptake in DM rats might result from impaired neural function.'] Does fluvastatin attenuate diabetes-induced cardiac sympathetic neuropathy in association with a decrease in oxidative stress? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.58614981174469,
-1.651080846786499,
2.186923027038574
] |
['The goal of our study was to evaluate the influence of genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-3 and MMP-7 on susceptibility to endometrial cancer.', 'In the present study, we enrolled a total of 118 patients with endometrial cancer confirmed by histopathology, and 229 unrelated healthy individuals. Polymorphism for the MMP-2 (rs2285053), MMP-3 (rs3025058) and MMP-7 (rs11568818) genes was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme length polymorphism.', 'The frequencies of MMP-7 -181 G/G and A/G genotypes were found to be significantly higher in cancer patients compared with healthy controls (p = 0.017). Stratification showed that individuals with MMP-7 -181 G allele were at increased risk for endometrial cancer when >50 years of age [odds ratios (OR) = 2.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21-3.39], endometrioid (OR = 1.80; 95% CI 1.11-2.92), low (stage I-II) (OR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.05-2.83) or high stage (stage III-IV) (OR = 2.69; 95% CI 1.16-6.24). Compared with the A/A genotype, the A/G + G/G genotype modified the risk of developing endometrial carcinoma and significance was detected in patients over 50 years old, and those with endometrioid type and high stage endometrial cancer. However, no significant difference in MMP-2 (-735 C/T) and MMP-3 (6A/5A) genotypes was observed between endometrial carcinoma cases and controls.'] Is matrix metalloproteinase-7 ( MMP-7 ) polymorphism a risk factor for endometrial cancer susceptibility? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.4884674549102783,
-1.6492433547973633,
2.1270077228546143
] |
['Chromatin-modifying compounds that inhibit the activity of histone deacetylases have shown potency as radiosensitizers, but the action of these drugs at a molecular level is not clear. Here we investigated the effect of suberoylanilide hydroxyamic acid (SAHA) on DNA breaks and their repair and induction of rearrangements.', 'The effect of SAHA on both clonogenic survival and repair was assessed using cell lines SCC-25, MCF7, and TK6. In order to study unique DNA double-strand breaks, anti-CD95 antibody was employed to introduce a DNA double-strand break at a known location within the 11q23 region. The effects of SAHA on DNA cleavage and rearrangements were analyzed by ligation-mediated PCR and inverse PCR, respectively.', 'SAHA acts as radiosensitizer at 1 microM, with dose enhancement factors (DEFs) at 10% survival of: SCC-25 - 1.24 +/- 0.05; MCF7 - 1.16 +/- 0.09 and TK6 - 1.17 +/- 0.05, and it reduced the capacity of SCC-25 cells to repair radiation induced lesions. Additionally, SAHA treatment diffused site-specific fragmentation over at least 1 kbp in TK6 cells. Chromosomal rearrangements produced in TK6 cells exposed to SAHA showed a reduction in microhomology at the breakpoint between 11q23 and partner chromosomes.'] Does suberoylanilide hydroxyamic acid modification of chromatin architecture affect DNA break formation and repair? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3061630725860596,
-1.3579391241073608,
2.7304763793945312
] |
['The aim of the present retrospective study was to investigate the influence of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on liver regeneration after portal vein occlusion before major hepatectomy.', 'Between 2003 and 2007, 26 patients underwent portal vein occlusion, of whom 22 had portal vein embolisation and 4 portal vein ligation. 15 of 23 patients with colorectal liver metastases had neoadjuvant chemotherapy.', 'After portal vein occlusion, the ratio of the future liver remnant volume to total parenchymal liver volume (FLR%) was reduced in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (27 +/- 1% vs 32 +/- 1%, p = 0.03). A smaller future liver remnant before portal vein occlusion resulted in a greater degree of hypertrophy (r(2) = 0.18, p = 0.04). Patients with tumour size greater than 60 mm showed a decreased degree of hypertrophy (7 +/- 1)% as compared to patients with smaller tumours (13 +/- 1%, p = 0.01). There was one death shortly after portal vein embolisation. 19/26 patients were resected with zero operative mortality.'] Does prolonged chemotherapy impair liver regeneration after portal vein occlusion - an audit of 26 patients? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.6823421716690063,
-1.3115334510803223,
2.0004043579101562
] |
['To explore the mechanisms involved in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) invading human monocytic U937 cells.', 'S. aureus were added to U937 cells at multiplicity of infections (MOI) of 20:1 for 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 minutes, respectively. Cell apoptosis was analyzed with Hoechst 33258 staining and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometry analysis. Akt and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activities were detected by Western blotting.', 'Infection of U937 cells with S. aureus induced rapid cell death in a time-dependent manner, and the cells displayed characteristic features of apoptosis. S. aureus-induced apoptosis was associated with a prominent downregulation of activated (phosphorylated) Akt and NF-kappaB. The inhibition of phosphorylated Akt by LY294002 led to the inhibition of NF-kappaB in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of Akt with LY294002 caused further increase in apoptosis of U937 cells.'] Are phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and nuclear factor-kappaB involved in Staphylococcus aureus-induced apoptosis in U937 cells? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.420330762863159,
-1.3283116817474365,
2.7846946716308594
] |
['CDX2 is associated with the intestinal phenotype in the gastrointestinal tracts and is expressed in the intestinal type of gastric cancer. Helicobacter pylori-associated atrophic gastritis is characterized by aberrant expression of CDX2. The aim was to investigate the effects of eradication to the expression of genes related to the gastric and intestinal phenotype including CDX2. We compared the effect of eradication between the patients at high risk for gastric cancer and controls.', '20 patients with endoscopic resection for early gastric cancer and 12 sex- and age-matched controls were studied. CDX2 and mucin mRNA expressions were examined using whole biopsy specimens and microdissected gastric glands taken from corpus lesser and greater curves before and 1 year after eradication.', 'CDX2 and MUC2 expressions in the cancer group were significantly higher than in the controls and were significantly decreased after eradication. MUC5AC (p = 0.01) and MUC6 (p = 0.02) expression significantly increased in the control group; the difference between the two groups became significant after eradication. CDX2 expression in the glands without goblet cells was detectable and disappeared after eradication.'] Does helicobacter pylori eradication prevent extension of intestinalization even in the high-risk group for gastric cancer? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2927958965301514,
-1.0950579643249512,
2.427435874938965
] |
['Incisional glaucoma surgical procedures produce greater intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and less IOP variability than medical treatment. We sought to determine the efficacy of glaucoma surgery in decreasing localized and global rates of visual field (VF) progression.', 'Retrospective, interventional case series.', 'Subjects in the New York Glaucoma Progression Study with glaucomatous optic neuropathy, repeatable VF loss, and 10 or more Swedish interactive threshold algorithm standard VF examinations were assessed for eligibility. Patients who underwent successful glaucoma surgery (not requiring further surgical intervention and IOP < 18 mm Hg) in either eye and who were followed up for at least 2 years before and after surgery were enrolled. Automated pointwise linear regression analysis was used to calculate global and localized rates of progression before and after surgery. Eyes with other ocular conditions likely to affect the VF and an insufficient number of VF to create a slope before and after surgery were excluded. Comparisons were performed within the same eyes before and after surgery (Student paired t test).', 'We enrolled 28 eyes of 28 patients (mean age, 61.2 +/- 14.5 years). The mean number +/- standard deviation of VF was 13.4 +/- 2.3, spanning 7.1 +/- 1.2 years (range, 4 to 9 years). Mean IOP +/- standard deviation decreased from 19.0 +/- 3.9 mm Hg before surgery to 11.3 +/- 3.7 mm Hg after surgery (40% reduction; P < .01). Mean global progression rates decreased from -1.48 +/- 1.4 dB/year before surgery to -0.43 +/- 0.8 dB/year after surgery (70% reduction; P = .01). Twelve eyes (42.8%) had at least 1 significantly progressing point before surgery, whereas only 2 (7.1%) had at least 1 progressing point after surgery. Each 1 mm Hg of IOP reduction after surgery resulted in a 0.1 dB/year decrease in the global rate of progression.'] Does glaucoma surgery decrease the rates of localized and global visual field progression? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.777358889579773,
-1.5041611194610596,
1.2537219524383545
] |
['Stent thrombosis remains an important complication after stent implantation, despite the use of dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and clopidogrel. Several studies have shown an increased risk of thrombotic events in patients with resistance to clopidogrel. Some recent studies have suggested that a higher clopidogrel maintenance dosage could enhance ex vivo platelet inhibition and thereby overcome resistance to clopidogrel.', 'To investigate whether a higher clopidogrel maintenance dosage is associated with a reduced risk of stent thrombosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in clopidogrel-resistant patients and to evaluate the frequency of hemorrhagic accidents that could be associated with a high clopidogrel maintenance dosage.', 'An observational study was performed in 52 consecutive clopidogrel-resistant patients (resistance defined according to adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation assessment) who underwent a PCI with stenting at a tertiary referral center (Toulouse University Hospital, France). All patients received a clopidogrel loading dose of 300 mg, then 32 patients received a clopidogrel maintenance dosage of 75 mg/day (patients admitted between 2004 and 2005) and 20 patients received 150 mg/day (patients admitted in 2006). We compared the occurrence of definite stent thrombosis and hemorrhagic accidents between these two groups, using a regression model.', 'Among the patients treated with clopidogrel 75 mg/day, 26 (81.3%) had definite stent thrombosis versus seven (35.0%) treated with 150 mg/day (adjusted relative risk [RR] 2.46; 95% CI 1.63, 2.76; p = 0.002). The risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was also significantly lower in patients treated with 150 mg/day (adjusted RR 2.63; 95% CI 1.82, 2.82; p = 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding hemorrhagic accidents.'] Is high maintenance dosage of clopidogrel associated with a reduced risk of stent thrombosis in clopidogrel-resistant patients? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9669049978256226,
-1.45476496219635,
2.436056137084961
] |
['Several single-institution series have demonstrated that compared with open thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy may be associated with fewer postoperative complications. In the absence of randomized trials, we queried the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database to compare postoperative mortality and morbidity following open and video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy. A propensity-matched analysis using a large national database may enable a more comprehensive comparison of postoperative outcomes.', 'All patients having lobectomy as the primary procedure via thoracoscopy or thoracotomy were identified in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database from 2002 to 2007. After exclusions, 6323 patients were identified: 5042 having thoracotomy, 1281 having thoracoscopy. A propensity analysis was performed, incorporating preoperative variables, and the incidence of postoperative complications was compared.', 'Matching based on propensity scores produced 1281 patients in each group for analysis of postoperative outcomes. After video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy, 945 patients (73.8%) had no complications, compared with 847 patients (65.3%) who had lobectomy via thoracotomy (P < .0001). Compared with open lobectomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy was associated with a lower incidence of arrhythmias [n = 93 (7.3%) vs 147 (11.5%); P = .0004], reintubation [n = 18 (1.4%) vs 40 (3.1%); P = .0046], and blood transfusion [n = 31 (2.4%) vs n = 60 (4.7%); P = .0028], as well as a shorter length of stay (4.0 vs 6.0 days; P < .0001) and chest tube duration (3.0 vs 4.0 days; P < .0001). There was no difference in operative mortality between the 2 groups.'] Is thoracoscopic lobectomy associated with lower morbidity than open lobectomy : a propensity-matched analysis from the STS database? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.2496966123580933,
-1.6924269199371338,
1.9302254915237427
] |
['Most germline-activating mutations of the RET proto-oncogene associated with inherited medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) are localized in exons 10, 11 and 13-15. Four novel RET variants, located in the extracellular domain (p.A510V, p.E511K and p.C531R) coded by exon 8 and in the intracellular juxtamembrane region (p.K666N) coded by exon 11, were identified on the leukocyte DNA from apparently sporadic cases.', 'Plasmids carrying Ret9-wild-type (Ret9-WT), Ret9-C634R and all Ret9 variants were transfected, and the phosphorylation levels of RET and ERK were evaluated by western blot analyses. The transforming potentials were assessed by the focus formation assay.', 'The p.A510V, p.E511K and p.C531R variants were found to generate RET and ERK phosphorylation levels and to have a transforming activity higher than that of Ret9-WT variant, but lower than that of Ret9-C634R variant. Differently, the p.K666N variant, located immediately downstream of the transmembrane domain, and involving a conserved residue, displayed high kinase and transforming activities. Computational analysis predicted non-conservative alterations in the mutant proteins consistent with putative modifications of the receptor conformation.'] Do four novel RET germline variants in exons 8 and 11 display an oncogenic potential in vitro? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.326514959335327,
-1.2720324993133545,
2.641496419906616
] |
['A new assessment system for bone histology, termed the turnover-mineralization-volume system, is advocated for patients with chronic kidney disease-related mineral and bone disorder. The system measures cancellous bone volume (BV/TV) as a third major evaluation axis; however, the physiologic significance of BV/TV remains unclear.', 'Conventional bone histomorphometry was performed in 75 iliac bone samples obtained from dialysis patients. In 47 of the 75 samples, the remaining samples were subjected to direct microfocus x-ray computed tomographic observation. Quantitative morphologic examinations, including micro-bone mineral densitometry, and marrow space star volume, Euler number, and node-strut analyses, were performed in the virtual three-dimensional space reconstructed from the microfocus x-ray computed tomographic images.', 'The levels of BV/TV were comparable in each of the conventional bone histomorphometric criteria. No significant correlations were found between BV/TV and other parameters. Two- and three-dimensional BV/TVs were significantly correlated with cancellous bone mass but not with cortical bone thickness or cortical bone mass. Two- and three-dimensional BV/TVs were significantly correlated with trabecular bone connectivity as determined by marrow space star volume, Euler number, and node-strut analyses.'] Is cancellous bone volume an indicator for trabecular bone connectivity in dialysis patients? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1098499298095703,
-1.3510220050811768,
2.5583789348602295
] |
['An active lifestyle is associated with a reduced cardiovascular risk in middle-aged as well as in elderly patients. In the present study, we investigated the association between physical activity habits of elderly participants prior to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and survival free from both all-cause and cardiac death.', 'Study population consisted of 587 elderly patients (>or=70 years) CABG patients stratified, according to the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE), into less active (low PASE) and exercised (high PASE) groups. At follow-up (mean: 44.3 +/- 21.0 months), 33 (37.1%) of 89 total deaths occurred for cardiac causes. Sixty-month survival rate was 65% and 96% for low-PASE and high-PASE groups, respectively (log rank = 49.460, p < .0001). Cox survival analysis indicated a significant (p < .0001) nonlinear association between PASE score increments and improved survival with the most evident differences in the lowest score categories. A robust association was also found between low PASE score and increased cardiac-related mortality (p < .0001).'] Is an active lifestyle prior to coronary surgery associated with improved survival in elderly patients? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.6913634538650513,
-0.905592143535614,
1.7465468645095825
] |
['White blood cell (WBC) count is, like C-reactive protein (CRP), a clinical marker of inflammation and predicts cardiovascular disease and mortality in middle-aged populations. Limited data exist on the association between WBC count and mortality in the oldest old. Moreover, because CRP and WBC count are closely linked, it is not known whether WBC count and CRP are independent risk factors for mortality. We assessed the independent predictive value of WBC count and CRP levels in relation to mortality, both vascular and nonvascular, in very old participants.', 'A total of 599 women and men were evaluated longitudinally in the Leiden 85-plus Study. Blood samples and medical information were collected at age 85, and all participants were visited annually until age 90 or death. Mortality risks were estimated with Cox proportional hazard models.', 'Increasing WBC count was associated with an increased risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, HR [95% confidence interval, CI] = 1.26 [1.15-1.38]) after adjustment for sex and smoking status. CRP levels were also associated with an increased risk for mortality (HR [95% CI] = 1.22 [1.10-1.35]). The association between increasing WBC count and mortality remained significant after adjustment for CRP levels (HR [95% CI] = 1.20 [1.09-1.33]), whereas also the relation between increasing CRP levels and mortality remained significant after adjustment for WBC count (HR [95% CI] = 1.17 [1.05-1.30]).'] Are white blood cell count and C-reactive protein independent predictors of mortality in the oldest old? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.4491313099861145,
-1.4232425689697266,
0.9784436225891113
] |
['In patients with essential hypertension (EHT), the intrarenal resistance index (RI) has been shown to be related to the severity of target organ damage (TOD). Cystatin C is has been reported to be related to TOD in EHT. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether the RI predicts future renal function assessed by cystatin C levels in EHT.', 'One-hundred and twelve patients participated. RI and cystatin C were measured at baseline, and 12 months later, cystatin C was measured again.', 'The patients were divided into 2 groups according to RI value: the low RI group (RI<0.7) and the high RI group (RI> or =0.7). After 12 months, cystatin C levels were significantly elevated in the high RI group, whereas the levels remained unchanged in the low RI group. Stepwise regression analysis using the baseline values of RI, age, pulse pressure, HbA1c, cystatin C, log-transformed (ln) C-reactive protein and ln urinary albumin/creatinine as covariates, showed baseline RI was the only independent determinant of the time-related changes in cystatin C levels.'] Is renal resistance index a marker of future renal dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0378782749176025,
-1.3302050828933716,
2.4201478958129883
] |
['Parvovirus B19 is the aetiological agent of erythema infectiosum. The presence of B19 DNA in lesional skin of other cutaneous manifestations has frequently been reported although there is disagreement on the role of the B19 virus in tissues.', 'To investigate the presence of B19 DNA (1) in skin lesions of patients with a described B19-related disease, (2) in skin lesions of B19-unrelated diseases and (3) in healthy skin.', 'A total of 121 skin samples were examined for the presence of B19 DNA by PCR assays and peptide-nucleic-acid-based in situ hybridisation techniques.', 'B19 DNA was detected in 11/38 (28.9%) pityriasis lichenoides, 8/30 (26.7%) melanocytic naevi, 5/29 (17.2%) primary melanomas and 6/24 (25.0%) healthy skin biopsies. A difference in B19 DNA prevalence was observed in specimens grouped according to age, irrespective of pathologies.'] Is parvovirus b19 DNA commonly harboured in human skin? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2322158813476562,
-1.172756314277649,
2.570648431777954
] |
['Dermatophytes are the main cause of onychomycoses, but various non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi are often isolated from abnormal nails.', 'Our aim was the in situ identification of the fungal infectious agent in 8 cases of onychomycoses which could not be cured after systemic terbinafine and itraconazole treatment.', 'Fungal DNA was extracted from nail samples, and infectious fungi were identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of amplified fungal ribosomal DNA using a previously described PCR/RFLP assay.', 'PCR/RFLP identification of fungi in nails allows the identification of the infectious agent: Fusarium sp., Acremonium sp. and Aspergillus sp. were found as a sole infectious agent in 5, 2 and 1 cases, respectively.'] Does onychomycosis insensitive to systemic terbinafine and azole treatments reveal non-dermatophyte moulds as infectious agents? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.579181432723999,
-0.9983612895011902,
2.6990861892700195
] |
['To study the correlation between final visual acuity after successful anatomic macular hole repair and features on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).', 'Retrospective review of charts of patients who underwent macular hole surgery. Data collection included pre- and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield foveal thickness (CSFT), and presence or absence of inner segment-outer segment (IS-OS) line changes on SD-OCT. Data collected from SD-OCT were correlated with Snellen BCVA, which was converted to logMAR score. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: group I had improvement in BCVA of 2 lines or more and group II improved less than 2 lines or had worsening of BCVA.', 'A total of 35 eyes of 32 patients had successful anatomic closure, which was documented both clinically and on SD-OCT. Mean age of the patients was 74.1 years and 71.2% (23/32) of patients were female. Overall, the mean BCVA changed from 1.01+/-0.38 preoperatively to 0.89+/-0.48 postoperatively (p=0.33). Based on the postoperative visual outcome, 16 eyes belonged to group I and 19 eyes belonged to group II. On the SD-OCT, the mean CSFT was 252.7+/-69.1 microm. No correlation was found between the mean CSFT and BCVA in either group. All the 16 patients in group I had a continuous IS-OS line on SD-OCT at the fovea in contrast to 26.3 % (5/19) of patients in group II (p=0.03).'] Does foveal structure defined by spectral domain optical coherence tomography correlate with visual function after macular hole surgery? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.5071039199829102,
-1.6794275045394897,
2.1808388233184814
] |
['Prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha) is a key regulator of endometrial function and exerts its biological action after coupling with its heptahelical G protein-coupled receptor (FP receptor). In endometrial adenocarcinoma the FP receptor expression is elevated. We have shown previously that PGF(2alpha)-FP receptor signalling in endometrial adenocarcinoma cells can upregulate several angiogenic factors including fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2). In the present study, we investigated the paracrine effect of conditioned medium produced via PGF(2alpha)-FP receptor signalling in endometrial adenocarcinoma cells stably expressing the FP receptor (Ishikawa FPS cells), on endothelial cell function.', 'Conditioned medium (CM) was collected from FPS cells after 24 hrs treatment with either vehicle (V CM) or 100 nM PGF(2alpha) (P CM). Treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with P CM significantly enhanced endothelial cell differentiation (network formation) and proliferation. Using chemical inhibitors of intracellular signalling, we found that P CM-stimulated endothelial cell network formation was mediated by secretion of endothelial PGF(2alpha) and activation of endothelial FP receptors, following FGF2-FGFR1 signalling, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and induction of COX-2. Whereas, P CM stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation occurred independently of PGF(2alpha) secretion via an FGF2-FGFR1-ERK1/2 dependent mechanism involving activation of the mTOR pathway.'] Does f-Prostaglandin receptor regulate endothelial cell function via fibroblast growth factor-2? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.388152837753296,
-1.4156278371810913,
2.8073272705078125
] |
['Endothelial cell-cell junctions maintain endothelial integrity and regulate vascular morphogenesis and homeostasis. Cell-cell junctions are usually depicted with a linear morphology along the boundaries between adjacent cells and in contact with cortical F-actin. However, in the endothelium, cell-cell junctions are highly dynamic and morphologically heterogeneous.', 'We report that endothelial cell-cell junctions can attach to the ends of stress fibres instead of to cortical F-actin, forming structures that we name discontinuous adherens junctions (AJ). Discontinuous AJ are highly dynamic and are increased in response to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, correlating with the appearance of stress fibres. We show that vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin/beta-catenin/alpha-catenin complexes in discontinuous AJ are linked to stress fibres. Moreover, discontinuous AJ connect stress fibres from adjacent cells independently of focal adhesions, of which there are very few in confluent endothelial cells, even in TNF-alpha-stimulated cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown of VE-cadherin, but not zonula occludens-1, reduces the linkage of stress fibres to cell-cell junctions, increases focal adhesions, and dramatically alters the distribution of these actin cables in confluent endothelial cells.'] Do adherens junctions connect stress fibres between adjacent endothelial cells? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.6936864852905273,
-0.8699830174446106,
2.6633353233337402
] |
["Sheep carcasses with yellow fat are sporadically observed at Norwegian slaughter houses. This phenomenon is known to be inherited as a recessive trait, and is caused by accumulation of carotenoids in adipose tissue. Two enzymes are known to be important in carotenoid degradation in mammals, and are therefore potential candidate genes for this trait. These are beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase 1 (BCMO1) and the beta-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2).", 'In the present study the coding region of the BCMO1 and the BCO2 gene were sequenced in yellow fat individuals and compared to the corresponding sequences from control animals with white fat. In the yellow fat individuals a nonsense mutation was found in BCO2 nucleotide position 196 (c.196C>T), introducing a stop codon in amino acid position 66. The full length protein consists of 575 amino acids. In spite of a very low frequency of this mutation in the Norwegian AI-ram population, 16 out of 18 yellow fat lambs were found to be homozygous for this mutation.'] Is a nonsense mutation in the beta-carotene oxygenase 2 ( BCO2 ) gene tightly associated with accumulation of carotenoids in adipose tissue in sheep ( Ovis aries )? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.5737688541412354,
-0.5653717517852783,
2.157032012939453
] |
['MicroRNAs (miRNAs) repress target genes at the post-transcriptional level, and function in the development and cell-lineage pathways of host species. Tissue-specific expression of miRNAs is highly relevant to their physiological roles in the corresponding tissues. However, to date, few miRNAs have been spatially identified in the silkworm.', 'We establish for the first time the spatial expression patterns of nearly 100 miRNAs in multiple normal tissues (organs) of Bombyx mori females and males using microarray and Northern-blotting analyses. In all, only 10 miRNAs were universally distributed (including bmo-let-7 and bmo-bantam), while the majority were expressed exclusively or preferentially in specific tissue types (e.g., bmo-miR-275 and bmo-miR-1). Additionally, we examined the developmental patterns of miRNA expression during metamorphosis of the body wall, silk glands, midgut and fat body. In total, 63 miRNAs displayed significant alterations in abundance in at least 1 tissue during the developmental transition from larvae to pupae (e.g., bmo-miR-263b and bmo-miR-124). Expression patterns of five miRNAs were significantly increased during metamorphosis in all four tissues (e.g., bmo-miR-275 and bmo-miR-305), and two miRNA pairs, bmo-miR-10b-3p/5p and bmo-miR-281-3p/5p, showed coordinate expression.'] Do microRNAs show diverse and dynamic expression patterns in multiple tissues of Bombyx mori? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9623454809188843,
-0.6093272566795349,
1.5860682725906372
] |
['This study compares a laparoscopic skill training protocol without proficiency targets to the same protocol with explicit targets and notification of progress.', 'Fourteen surgery interns were randomized into 2 groups. The intervention group received task-specific proficiency criteria to guide practice. The control group did not. After training, participants were evaluated by blinded faculty during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.', 'The control group met significantly fewer of the 7 LapSim (Surgical Science Sweden AB, Gotëborg) targets (mean = 1.14) than the intervention group (mean = 7.00; P = .001) and significantly fewer of the 5 video trainer targets (mean = .86) than the intervention group (mean = 5.00; P = .001). Ratings of depth perception, bimanual dexterity, efficiency, tissue handling, autonomy, and overall competence were higher for the intervention group. Effect sizes ranged from medium to large (.394-.981), indicating an impact of the proficiency-based training protocol.'] Does laparoscopic simulation training with proficiency targets improve practice and performance of novice surgeons? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.119834065437317,
-0.8107463121414185,
1.0055378675460815
] |
['Motor impairment after stroke has been related to infarct size, infarct location, and integrity of motor tracts. To determine the value of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) as a predictor of motor outcome and its role as a structural surrogate marker of impairment in chronic stroke, we tested correlations between motor impairment and DTI-derived measures of motor tract integrity.', 'Thirty-five chronic stroke patients with varying degrees of recovery underwent DTI and motor impairment assessments. Fibers originating from the precentral gyrus were traced and separated into pyramidal tract (PT) and alternate motor fibers (aMF). Asymmetry indices of fiber number and regional fractional anisotropy (FA) values comparing lesional with nonlesional hemispheres were correlated with motor impairment scores and compared to an age-matched control group.', "Fiber number and regional FA value asymmetry significantly differed between the groups with lower values in the patients' lesional hemispheres. Both measures significantly predicted motor impairment with stronger predictions when all motor tracts were combined as compared to predictions using only the PT. The pattern of motor tract damage (PT only vs PT and aMF) led to a classification of mild, moderate, or severe impairment with significant between-group differences in motor impairment scores."] Does structural integrity of corticospinal motor fibers predict motor impairment in chronic stroke? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.407935380935669,
-1.0460069179534912,
2.555565357208252
] |
['Although cognitive dysfunction affects a relevant portion of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), its pathologic substrate has not been clarified and it does not seem entirely explained by white matter changes.', "A total of 100 consecutive patients with relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and 42 normal controls (NC) were enrolled in the study. Cognitive performance was assessed by Rao's Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB). Regional cortical thickness (CTh) was evaluated by Freesurfer.", 'Thirty-one patients with RRMS failed 1 or 2 tests of BRB and were considered to have a mild cognitive impairment (mCI-RRMS), while 8 patients failed at least 3 tests and were classified as markedly impaired (sCI-RRMS). The mean CTh of mCI-RRMS and sCI-RRMS group was significantly lower than in NC (p < 0.001) and cognitively normal patients with RRMS (CN-RRMS) (p < 0.001). The regional analysis revealed significant cortical thinning in frontal and temporal regions (frontotemporal thinning) of CN-RRMS compared to NC, while a widespread pattern of cortical thinning was observed in mCI-RRMS and in sCI-RRMS compared to both CN-RRMS and NC. A correlation was observed between cognitive score (CS) and the mean CTh (r = -0.69, p < 0.001) and between CS and CTh of almost all the cortical areas analyzed (r value between -0.20 and -0.65, p < 0.01). A correlation was found between T2-WM-LV and mean CTh (r = -0.31, p = 0.004) or CS (r = 0.21, p = 0.031). The multivariate analysis confirmed a widespread cortical thinning as the best predictor of cognitive impairment.'] Does widespread cortical thinning characterize patients with MS with mild cognitive impairment? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.3814231157302856,
-1.581329345703125,
1.8870129585266113
] |
['Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is an aggressive malignancy with an annual mortality rate close to its annual incidence. We recently demonstrated that angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) might be involved in PDA angiogenesis. This study evaluated the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of an AT1R blocker, losartan, in PDA cells with different p53 mutation status.', 'Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometric analysis of DNA content; apoptosis by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (V-FITC) and terminal deoxytransferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining; messenger RNA and protein by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting; caspase-3 activity by colorimetric assay; and promoter activity by luciferase assay.', 'Losartan dose-dependently decreased cell survival and increased their preG1 accumulation. It also increased p53, p21, p27, and Bax and reduced Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl expression. In wtp53 cells, losartan increased p53 transcription and activated caspase-3 in both cell lines. However, its proapoptotic effects in mtp53 cells were mainly caspase-3-dependent.'] Does blocking angiotensin II Type 1 receptor trigger apoptotic cell death in human pancreatic cancer cells? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4719631671905518,
-1.3395700454711914,
2.8379483222961426
] |
['Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), often coexpressed in cancer, are associated with poor prognosis. However, results from pancreatic cancer trials of their inhibitors were disappointing. This study delineated the role of COX-2 and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in angiogenesis and VEGF regulation.', 'AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells were cocultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). NS398 or VEGF-neutralizing antibody was added, and HUVEC viability assayed. Prostaglandin E2 and VEGF were quantified. Tumor cells were treated with NS398 or celecoxib, and VEGF quantified.', 'In cocultures, HUVEC viability in AsPC-1 was 60% that of BxPC-3 controls (P < 0.05). Prostaglandin E2 and VEGF from BxPC-3 were double that of AsPC-1 (P < 0.05). NS398 reduced prostaglandin E2 to undetectable levels (P < 0.05) but had no effect on HUVEC viability. Vascular endothelial growth factor-neutralizing antibody reduced HUVEC viability in BxPC-3 wells to that of AsPC-1 (P < 0.05). NS398 had no effect on VEGF. Celecoxib increased VEGF in a concentration-dependent manner in each cell line up to 4-fold (P < 0.05).'] Does vascular endothelial growth factor and not cyclooxygenase 2 promote endothelial cell viability in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1414449214935303,
-1.4659565687179565,
2.5735692977905273
] |
['Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a serine protease inhibitor that blocks the protease, neutrophil elastase. Previous population studies have suggested that heterozygote status for the AAT gene (SERPINA1) is a risk factor for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). This implies a potential genetic predisposition to CRS tied to AAT deficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SERPINA1 gene and CRS.', 'DNA extracted from a population of 206 patients diagnosed with CRSwNPs and 196 postal code-matched controls was used. A maximally informative set of tagging SNPs from SERPINA1 on chromosome 14q were selected from the HapMap data set (International HapMap Consortium, Nature 437:1299-1320, 2005) and genotyped on the Sequenom platform (Sequenom, San Diego, CA).', 'Successful genotyping was performed for 32 of 33 SNPs. Two SNPs (rs1243168 and rs4900229) located upstream of the SERPINA1gene, were associated with CRS. Individuals homozygous (TT) for these SNPs had an increased probability of having CRS with an odds ratio of 5.95 and 1.49, respectively. Subgroup analysis according to severity of disease identified each SNP to be increasingly common in individuals as disease severity increased (p < 0.001). These individuals were also less likely to be responsive to medical therapy (p < 0.001).'] Are polymorphisms in the SERPINA1 ( Alpha-1-Antitrypsin ) gene associated with severe chronic rhinosinusitis unresponsive to medical therapy? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9700901508331299,
-1.435868740081787,
2.3731818199157715
] |
['Dynamic regulation of respiratory ciliary beat frequency (CBF) is regulated by fluxes in intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)). P2X receptors (P2XR) are extracellular ATP-gated, Ca(2+)-permeable, nonselective cation channels. Zinc increases intracellular Ca(2+) in a sodium (Na(+))-free environment through activation of P2XR channels. We hypothesize that topical zinc increases CBF in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion as a result of this mechanism.', 'The apical surface of mouse sinonasal air-liquid interface cultures were bathed in zinc in a Na(+)-free solution with or without Ca(2+). High-speed digital video imaging captured and analyzed CBF at a sampling rate of 100 frames/s.', 'CBF significantly increased fourfold over baseline from 5.99 +/- 3.16 Hz to 22.4 +/- 4.33 Hz in the presence of zinc chloride (50 micromoles) and calcium chloride (3 mM). This effect is abolished in the presence of extracellular Na(+) and was pH dependent.'] Does zinc increase ciliary beat frequency in a calcium-dependent manner? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.325462818145752,
-1.2484922409057617,
2.603965997695923
] |
['The contribution of low frequency drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants to failure of antiretroviral therapy is not well defined in treatment-experienced patients. We sought to detect minor nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant variants at the initiation of multidrug efavirenz-containing therapy in both NNRTI-naive and NNRTI-experienced patients and to determine their association with virologic response.', 'Plasma samples at entry and at time of virologic failure from patients enrolled in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group study 398 were analyzed by standard genotype, single-genome sequencing and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (K103N and Y181C) to detect and quantify minor NNRTI-resistant variants.', 'Minor populations of NNRTI-resistant variants that were missed by standard genotype were detected more often at study entry in NNRTI-experienced patients than NNRTI-naive patients by both single-genome sequencing (8 of 12 vs 3 of 15; P = .022) and allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (11% Y181C, 5 of 22 vs 3 of 72, respectively; P = .016). K103N variants at frequencies 11% were associated with inferior HIV-1 RNA response to efavirenz-containing therapy between entry and week 24 (change in HIV-1 RNA level, +0.5 vs -1.1 log(10) copies/mL; P < .001).'] Do low frequency nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-resistant variants contribute to failure of efavirenz-containing regimens in treatment- experienced patients? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.7619177103042603,
-1.6143333911895752,
2.3573405742645264
] |
['To assess the modulation of acute provoked pain by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the motor cortex in patients with chronic neuropathic pain.', 'In 32 patients with chronic neuropathic pain affecting one upper limb, laser-evoked potentials (LEPs) (N2 and P2 components) were recorded in response to laser stimulation of the painful or painless hand, before and after active or sham rTMS applied at 10Hz over the motor cortex corresponding to the painful hand. Laser-induced pain was scored on a visual analogue scale.', 'Both active and sham rTMS reduced N2-P2 amplitude of the LEPs in response to painful or painless hand stimulation, likely due to the decline of attention during the sessions. However, active rTMS, but not sham rTMS, specifically reduced N2 amplitude and N2/P2 amplitude ratio of the painful hand LEPs. Painful hand LEP attenuation correlated with the magnitude of pain relief produced by active rTMS.'] Does motor cortex rTMS reduce acute pain provoked by laser stimulation in patients with chronic neuropathic pain? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.327355146408081,
-1.062591791152954,
2.5048859119415283
] |
['The "neural efficiency" hypothesis posits that neural activity is reduced in experts. Here we tested the hypothesis that compared with non-athletes, elite athletes are characterized by a reduced cortical activation during simple voluntary movement and that this is reflected by the modulation of dominant alpha rhythms (8-12 Hz).', 'EEG data (56 channels; EB-Neuro) were continuously recorded in the following right-handed subjects: 10 elite karate athletes and 12 non-athletes. During the EEG recordings, they performed brisk voluntary wrist extensions of the right or left hand (right movement and left movement). The EEG cortical sources were estimated by standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) freeware. With reference to a baseline period, the power decrease of alpha rhythms during the motor preparation and execution indexed the cortical activation (event-related desynchronization, ERD).', 'During both preparation and execution of the right movements, the low- (about 8-10 Hz) and high-frequency alpha ERD (about 10-12 Hz) was lower in amplitude in primary motor area, in lateral and medial premotor areas in the elite karate athletes than in the non-athletes. For the left movement, only the high-frequency alpha ERD during the motor execution was lower in the elite karate athletes than in the non-athletes.'] Is movement-related desynchronization of alpha rhythms lower in athletes than non-athletes : a high-resolution EEG study? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.521124839782715,
-0.407348096370697,
2.0392422676086426
] |
['Roughly, 10% of elderly patients develop postoperative cognitive dysfunction. General anesthesia impairs spatial memory in aged rats, but the mechanism is not known. Hippocampal neurogenesis affects spatial learning and memory in rats, and isoflurane affects neurogenesis in neonatal and young adult rats. We tested the hypothesis that isoflurane impairs neurogenesis and hippocampal function in aged rats.', 'Isoflurane was administered to 16-month-old rats at one minimum alveolar concentration for 4 h. FluoroJade staining was performed to assess brain cell death 16 h after isoflurane administration. Dentate gyrus progenitor proliferation was assessed by bromodeoxyuridine injection 4 days after anesthesia and quantification of bromodeoxyuridine+ cells 12 h later. Neuronal differentiation was studied by determining colocalization of bromodeoxyuridine with the immature neuronal marker NeuroD 5 days after anesthesia. New neuronal survival was assessed by quantifying cells coexpressing bromodeoxyuridine and the mature neuronal marker NeuN 5 weeks after anesthesia. Four months after anesthesia, associative learning was assessed by fear conditioning. Spatial reference memory acquisition and retention was tested in the Morris Water Maze.', 'Cell death was sporadic and not different between groups. We did not detect any differences in hippocampal progenitor proliferation, neuronal differentiation, new neuronal survival, or in any of the tests of long-term hippocampal function.'] Does isoflurane affect brain cell death , hippocampal neurogenesis , or long-term neurocognitive outcome in aged rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3417999744415283,
-1.2182830572128296,
2.6507673263549805
] |
['General anesthesia combined with surgery has been shown to decrease the nocturnal peak of melatonin in patients. However, the role of anesthesia itself on melatonin secretion remains unknown. We previously showed that anesthesia induced by propofol modifies the circadian time structure in both rats and humans and phase advances the circadian rest-activity rhythm in rats. In this study, we examined the secretion of melatonin during 24 h after a 30-min propofol anesthesia in rats.', 'Rats were exposed to 12-h light/12-h dark alteration conditions and anesthetized with propofol (120 mg/kg intraperitoneally) around their peak of melatonin secretion (Zeitgeber time 16). Trunk blood samples were collected at seven subsequent Zeitgeber times to assess the effects of propofol on circadian melatonin secretion.', 'Propofol modifies the peripheral melatonin by significantly decreasing its concentration ( approximately 22-28%) during the immediate 3 h after the wake up from anesthesia and then significantly increasing melatonin secretion 20 h after anesthesia ( approximately 38%). Cosinor analysis suggests that propofol induces a phase advance of the circadian secretion of peripheral melatonin.'] Does propofol anesthesia significantly alter plasma blood levels of melatonin in rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3522262573242188,
-1.1469100713729858,
2.5242087841033936
] |
["In order to assess the impact of leukocyte reduction, all transfusion reactions reported at Liege Teaching Hospital's Blood Bank 2 years before and after the implementation of universal leukocyte reduction of red blood cells concentrates which started-up on 1 January 2005 were evaluated.", "A retrospective analysis of transfusion reactions from 1 January 2003 to 31st December 2006 was undertaken. Data were collected from computerized reports, which were entered as soon as a transfusion reaction was reported. Symptoms were classified in different reaction's categories. Blood cultures, antibody screening and direct antiglobulin test were performed. Differences between the two time periods, before (2003-2004) and after (2005-2006) universal leukoreduction were determined by the Chi-square test and significance was defined as a p value less than 0.05.", 'During period before the implementation of systematic leukoreduction, 68.7% of red blood cells transfused were leukoreduced. A total of 365 transfusion reactions in 91,996 red blood cells units transfused (0.4%) were reported, of which 266 were classified as febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions (72.9%), followed by allergic reactions (7.1%) and miscellaneous reactions (3.8%). When comparing the two-time periods, the rate of all transfusion reactions in general significantly decreased from 0.49 to 0.31% (p<0.001). Therefore, universal leukocyte reduction significantly reduced the rates of febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions (0.35% versus 0.24%; p=0.002) and allergic reactions (0.05% versus 0.01%; p<0.001).'] Does [ The effect of leukocyte-reduction on the transfusion reactions to red blood cells concentrate ]? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.2859735488891602,
-1.5775082111358643,
1.8825287818908691
] |
['Hyperglycaemia is now a recognized predictive factor of morbidity and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). For this reason, we aimed to evaluate the postoperative management of glucose control in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery, and to assess the impact of glucose levels on in-hospital mortality and morbidity.', 'This was a retrospective study investigating the association between postoperative blood glucose and outcomes, including death, post-surgical complications, and length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and in hospital.', "A total of 642 consecutive patients were enrolled into the study after cardiovascular surgery (CABG, carotid endarterectomy and bypass in the lower limbs). Patients' mean age was 68+/-10 years, and 74% were male. In-hospital mortality was 5% in diabetic patients vs 2% in non-diabetic patients (OR: 1.66, P=0.076). Having blood glucose levels in the upper quartile range (> or =8.8 mmol/L) on postoperative day 1 was independently associated with death (OR: 10.16, P=0.0002), infectious complications (OR: 1.76, P=0.04) and prolonged ICU stay (OR: 3.10, P<0.0001). Patients presenting with three or more hypoglycaemic episodes (<4.1 mmol/L) had increased rates of mortality (OR: 9.08, P<0.0001) and complications (OR: 8.57, P<0.0001)."] Is blood glucose level on postoperative day 1 predictive of adverse outcomes after cardiovascular surgery? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.9648330807685852,
-1.5728874206542969,
1.56437349319458
] |
['Neuropsychiatric toxicity is a common dose-limiting side effect of interferon therapy. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether patients receiving long-term low-dose peginterferon therapy had a higher incidence of cognitive side effects compared with untreated patients enrolled in the Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term treatment against Cirrhosis (HALT-C) Trial.', 'A total of 129 patients with chronic hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis completed a battery of 10 neuropsychological tests and the Beck Depression Inventory at pretreatment baseline and at months 12, 24, 36, and 48 while receiving long-term peginterferonalpha2a (90 microg/week) or no therapy during the randomized phase of the HALT-C Trial. Cognitive impairment was defined as a global deficit score (GDS) > or = 1.0.', 'The mean age was 51.2 years, 67% were male, and 42% had cirrhosis. After accounting for baseline GDS scores, the mean GDS scores did not significantly change over time (P=0.46) nor with treatment group (P=0.49). Cognitive function was also not influenced by medication adherence in the 66 patients receiving maintenance peginterferon (P=0.14) after controlling for baseline GDS scores and time. Beck Depression scores did not significantly increase over time (P=0.60), nor did they vary by treatment group (P=0.74). Although 32% of patients experienced objective worsening of their liver disease during follow-up, the frequency and severity of cognitive impairment did not differ in those with and without disease progression (P=0.71).'] Does cognitive function worsen during long-term low-dose peginterferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.4818841218948364,
-1.5394961833953857,
1.9407439231872559
] |
['Adults with congenital heart diseases have a substantial risk for bleeding upon re-operations. Due to the detrimental effects of allogeneic blood transfusion, reduction of transfusion requirement is a major concern. To investigate the efficacy of autologous blood predonation (ABP), we focussed on a homogeneous subgroup of patients, with right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction.', 'Prospectively collected data included 76 patients older than 16 years with repeated right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction from May 1995 to November 2006. In 27 patients, ABP was performed without any complication.', 'Primary diagnoses included Tetralogy of Fallot in 50 patients and others in 26 patients. All patients had at least one previous operation, 62% had more than one. All patients received a homograft conduit between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. Preoperative haemoglobin was 123+/-15 g l(-1) in patients with ABP and 134+/-22 g l(-1) in the remainder (p=0.037), but was not significantly different after cardiopulmonary bypass until discharge from the intensive care unit. Significantly more patients without ABP required transfusion of allogeneic packed red cells (PRCs) (26 of 49 patients (53%) vs 4 of 27 patients (15%), p=0.001) and allogeneic fresh frozen plasma (FFP) (30 of 49 patients (61%) vs 6 of 27 patients (22%), p=0.002) than patients with ABP. Of 27 patients, 23 (85%) and 25 (93%) with ABP received their predonated PRC and FFP, respectively. Logistic regression analysis identified no ABP (p=0.005, odds ratio (OR) 5.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-17.7) and time on extracorporeal circulation >83 min (p=0.009, OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.5-16.8) to be predictive for allogeneic blood transfusion.'] Does predonation of autologous blood reduce perioperative allogenic transfusion requirement in grown-up patients with congenital heart disease? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.1978956460952759,
-1.7260680198669434,
1.8755013942718506
] |
['Folate (vitamin B9) is essential for cellular proliferation as it is involved in the biosynthesis of deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) and s-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). The link between folate depletion and the genesis and progression of cancers of epithelial origin is of high clinical relevance, but still unclear. We recently demonstrated that sensitivity to low folate availability is affected by the rate of polyamine biosynthesis, which is prominent in prostate cells. We, therefore, hypothesized that prostate cells might be highly susceptible to genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic changes consequent to folate restriction.', 'We studied the consequences of long-term, mild folate depletion in a model comprised of three syngenic cell lines derived from the transgenic adenoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, recapitulating different stages of prostate cancer; benign, transformed and metastatic. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that mild folate depletion (100 nM) sufficed to induce imbalance in both the nucleotide and AdoMet pools in all prostate cell lines. Random oligonucleotide-primed synthesis (ROPS) revealed a significant increase in uracil misincorporation and DNA single strand breaks, while spectral karyotype analysis (SKY) identified five novel chromosomal rearrangements in cells grown with mild folate depletion. Using global approaches, we identified an increase in CpG island and histone methylation upon folate depletion despite unchanged levels of total 5-methylcytosine, indicating a broad effect of folate depletion on epigenetic regulation. These genomic changes coincided with phenotype changes in the prostate cells including increased anchorage-independent growth and reduced sensitivity to folate depletion.'] Does mild folate deficiency induce genetic and epigenetic instability and phenotype changes in prostate cancer cells? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4693515300750732,
-1.318551778793335,
2.842810869216919
] |
['Glycoprotein 130 is the common receptor subunit for the interleukin (IL)-6 cytokine family. Previously, we reported that pretreatment of IL-11, an IL-6 family cytokine, activates the glycoprotein 130 signaling pathway in cardiomyocytes and prevents ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo; however, its long-term effects on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) remain to be elucidated.', 'MI was generated by ligating the left coronary artery in C57BL/6 mice. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that IL-11 mRNA was remarkably upregulated in the hearts exposed to MI. Intravenous injection of IL-11 activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a downstream signaling molecule of glycoprotein 130, in cardiomyocytes in vivo, suggesting that cardiac myocytes are target cells of IL-11 in the hearts. Twenty-four hours after coronary ligation, IL-11 was administered intravenously, followed by consecutive administration every 24 hours for 4 days. IL-11 treatment reduced fibrosis area 14 days after MI, attenuating cardiac dysfunction. Consistent with a previous report that STAT3 exhibits antiapoptotic and angiogenic activity in the heart, IL-11 treatment prevented apoptotic cell death of the bordering myocardium adjacent to the infarct zone and increased capillary density at the border zone. Importantly, cardiac-specific ablation of STAT3 abrogated IL-11-mediated attenuation of fibrosis and was associated with left ventricular enlargement. Moreover, with the use of cardiac-specific transgenic mice expressing constitutively active STAT3, cardiac STAT3 activation was shown to be sufficient to prevent adverse cardiac remodeling.'] Does therapeutic activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 by interleukin-11 ameliorate cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.371541738510132,
-1.3778796195983887,
2.7837953567504883
] |
['To evaluate the association between gestational age (GA), early and late postnatal growth variables and ophthalmologic outcome in ex-preterm children. methods: Children (GA < 32 weeks, n = 66), previously examined regarding insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) serum concentrations in relation to ROP, underwent ophthalmologic examination at median 5.6 years. Weight, height, and head circumference (HC) were measured and expressed as SDS. Growth variables were analysed in relation to ophthalmologic outcome.', 'At follow-up 74% had some ophthalmologic abnormality and 17% had visual impairment. Poor visual acuity was correlated with low GA (r(s) = 0.29, p = 0.019), low weight at 32 weeks (r(s) = 0.30, p = 0.013), and low weight (r(s) = 0.37, p = 0.0025), height (r(s) = 0.41, p = 0.0007) and HC (r(s) = 0.55, p < 0.0001) at follow-up. Hyperopic children (25%) had low neonatal IGF-1 (p = 0.0096) and HC at follow-up (p = 0.022). Poor visual perception was correlated with low early weight (r(s) = 0.38, p = 0.0036) and HC at follow-up (r(s) = 0.39, p = 0.0024). Head circumference at follow-up was correlated with GA (r(s) = 0.40, p = 0.0012), neonatal IGF-1 (r(s) = 0.37, p = 0.0031), and early weight (r(s) = 0.27, p = 0.035).'] Are early postnatal growth variables related to morphologic and functional ophthalmologic outcome in children born preterm? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.6838152408599854,
-1.4433913230895996,
2.1832737922668457
] |
["To characterise and compare the nutritional management and growth in infants <33 weeks' gestation in two tertiary centres.", "An audit of daily intake and growth from birth to discharge home was undertaken in two neonatal units: The KK Women's and Children's Hospital Singapore and the Adelaide Women's and Children's Hospital, South Australia. Mixed models were used to model intake and daily weight (g/day) accounting for repeated day per subject.", 'The clinical characteristics of the two cohorts were similar. The Adelaide cohort had a higher initial energy intake in the first 5 days compared with the Singapore cohort, and a significantly greater weekly increase of 21.0 kcal/week (95% CI 7.7-34.3; P = 0.002). The Adelaide cohort also had a higher initial protein intake and a significantly greater weekly increase of 0.88 g/week (95% CI 0.5, 1.3), P < 0.001) compared with the Singapore cohort. The weight gain of the Adelaide cohort was 9 g/day more than the Singapore cohort (95% CI 7.3, 10.7; P < 0.001). Post-natal growth failure was evident in 32% (n = 64) of the Adelaide cohort and 64% (n = 94) of the Singapore cohort.'] Is higher protein and energy intake associated with increased weight gain in pre-term infants? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
0.022776277735829353,
-1.019791603088379,
0.1616673767566681
] |
['Languages differ greatly both in their syntactic and morphological systems and in the social environments in which they exist. We challenge the view that language grammars are unrelated to social environments in which they are learned and used.', 'We conducted a statistical analysis of >2,000 languages using a combination of demographic sources and the World Atlas of Language Structures--a database of structural language properties. We found strong relationships between linguistic factors related to morphological complexity, and demographic/socio-historical factors such as the number of language users, geographic spread, and degree of language contact. The analyses suggest that languages spoken by large groups have simpler inflectional morphology than languages spoken by smaller groups as measured on a variety of factors such as case systems and complexity of conjugations. Additionally, languages spoken by large groups are much more likely to use lexical strategies in place of inflectional morphology to encode evidentiality, negation, aspect, and possession. Our findings indicate that just as biological organisms are shaped by ecological niches, language structures appear to adapt to the environment (niche) in which they are being learned and used. As adults learn a language, features that are difficult for them to acquire, are less likely to be passed on to subsequent learners. Languages used for communication in large groups that include adult learners appear to have been subjected to such selection. Conversely, the morphological complexity common to languages used in small groups increases redundancy which may facilitate language learning by infants.'] Is language structure partly determined by social structure? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 1 | [
-2.2732999324798584,
2.5323498249053955,
-0.824531078338623
] |
['The Th17 subset has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of autoimmune diseases. However, little is known about its role in anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). We measured serum levels of IL-17A and associated upstream cytokines and the frequency of IL-17-producing autoantigen-specific T cells in patients with AAV.', 'ELISA on sera from acute (n = 28) and convalescent (n = 65) patients with AAV from Hammersmith Hospital was performed for IL-17A and the associated upstream cytokines IL-23, IL-6 and IL-1beta, as well as the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma. ELISPOT was performed to measure autoantigen-specific recall T cell responses in convalescent patients and the frequency of IL-17- and IFN-gamma-producing cells.', 'Serum IL-17A and IL-23 levels were significantly elevated in acute AAV patients compared to healthy controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively), but importantly, remained elevated in a proportion of convalescent patients. By contrast, no significant differences in IFN-gamma levels were detected between patient groups and controls. Patients with elevated levels of IL-23 compared to those with low IL-23 had more active disease as measured by Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (P < 0.05) and had higher ANCA titres (P < 0.05). Critically, immunosuppressive therapy did not always effectively suppress IL-23 or IL-17 production. Additionally, autoantigen-specific IL-17-producing, but not IFN-gamma-producing, cells were significantly elevated in patients during disease convalescence compared to healthy controls.'] Are serum IL-17 and IL-23 levels and autoantigen-specific Th17 cells elevated in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.120112657546997,
-1.4352715015411377,
2.567380905151367
] |
['To evaluate differences in bladder filling sensations and current perception threshold (CPT) values between patients with and without overactive bladder (OAB), and to further investigate the correlation between CPT values and voiding patterns in OAB patients.', 'Detrusor overactivity and bladder volumes at first sensation of bladder filling, first desire to void, and strong desire to void during filling cystometry were compared between 55 female patients with OAB and 42 with non-OAB. CPT measurements from the bladder mucosa taken after neuroselective electrostimulation at frequencies of 2000, 250, and 5 Hz were compared between the 2 groups. In OAB patients, the correlations between CPT values and voiding variables based on 3-day bladder diaries were investigated.', 'OAB patients showed significantly more detrusor overactivity than non-OAB patients (P <.05). Bladder volumes at first sensation of bladder filling, first desire to void, and strong desire to void were significantly lower in OAB patients than in non-OAB patients (P <.05). CPT values at all 3 frequencies were also significantly lower in OAB patients (P <.05). The total number of urgency episodes correlated with CPT values at 250 (r = -0.274, P = .045) and 5 Hz (r = -0.293, P = .032). The total number of urge incontinence episodes also correlated with CPT values at 250 (r = -0.279, P = .041) and 5 Hz (r = -0.272, P = .046).'] Is overactive bladder only overactive but also hypersensitive? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.8147791028022766,
-1.6577033996582031,
1.4106940031051636
] |
['A major determinant of the progression from insulin resistance to the development of overt type 2 diabetes is a failure to mount an appropriate compensatory beta-cell hyperplastic response to maintain normoglycemia. We undertook the present study to directly explore the significance of the cell cycle protein cyclin D2 in the expansion of beta-cell mass in two different models of insulin resistance.', 'We created compound knockouts by crossing mice deficient in cyclin D2 (D2KO) with either the insulin receptor substrate 1 knockout (IRS1KO) mice or the insulin receptor liver-specific knockout mice (LIRKO), neither of which develops overt diabetes on its own because of robust compensatory beta-cell hyperplasia. We phenotyped the double knockouts and used RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry to examine beta-cell mass.', 'Both compound knockouts, D2KO/LIRKO and D2KO/IRS1KO, exhibited insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia and an absence of compensatory beta-cell hyperplasia. However, the diabetic D2KO/LIRKO group rapidly succumbed early compared with a relatively normal lifespan in the glucose-intolerant D2KO/IRS1KO mice.'] Is cyclin D2 essential for the compensatory beta-cell hyperplastic response to insulin resistance in rodents? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.396345853805542,
-1.2056305408477783,
2.6611251831054688
] |
['Insulin resistance might play a role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The family of glycoprotein 130 (gp130) cytokines could influence insulin action. One of these cytokines is interleukin (IL)-6, which exerts a short-term insulin-sensitizing effect, whereas in a long-term period, it might induce insulin resistance. Some other gp130 activators are supposed to have beneficial metabolic effects. Gp130 is present in the circulation in the soluble form (sgp130), which inhibits intracellular gp130 signaling. The aim of the present study was to estimate the relation between sgp130 and insulin sensitivity in women with PCOS.', 'We studied 78 women with PCOS (35 lean and 43 obese) and 34 healthy women (18 lean and 16 obese). The euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and the measurements of serum sgp130, IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and sex hormones were performed.', 'Both obesity and PCOS were characterized by an increased sgp130 (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0002, respectively). sIL-6R concentration was lower (P = 0.0036) in women with PCOS independently of obesity. Serum sgp130 was negatively correlated with insulin sensitivity when control and PCOS women were analyzed together (r = -0.36, P < 0.0001) and in the PCOS subjects separately (r = -0.34, P = 0.002). In multiple regression analysis, this correlation was significant after adjustment for BMI, waist, percent of body fat, postload glucose and insulin, triglycerides, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein.'] Is serum soluble glycoprotein 130 concentration inversely related to insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.6190093755722046,
-1.5482048988342285,
2.0804460048675537
] |
['We examined in insulin-resistant muscle if, in contrast to long-standing dogma, mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation is increased and whether this is attributed to an increased nuclear content of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator (PGC) 1alpha and the adaptations of specific mitochondrial subpopulations.', 'Skeletal muscles from male control and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were used to determine 1) intramuscular lipid distribution, 2) subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondrial morphology, 3) rates of palmitate oxidation in subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria, and 4) the subcellular localization of PGC1alpha. Electotransfection of PGC1alpha cDNA into lean animals tested the notion that increased nuclear PGC1alpha preferentially targeted subsarcolemmal mitochondria.', 'Transmission electron microscope analysis revealed that in ZDF animals the number (+50%), width (+69%), and density (+57%) of subsarcolemmal mitochondria were increased (P < 0.05). In contrast, intermyofibrillar mitochondria remained largely unchanged. Rates of palmitate oxidation were approximately 40% higher (P < 0.05) in ZDF subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar mitochondria, potentially as a result of the increased PPAR-targeted proteins, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I, and fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36. PGC1alpha mRNA and total protein were not altered in ZDF animals; however, a greater (approximately 70%; P < 0.05) amount of PGC1alpha was located in nuclei. Overexpression of PGC1alpha only increased subsarcolemmal mitochondrial oxidation rates.'] Are compensatory increases in nuclear PGC1alpha protein primarily associated with subsarcolemmal mitochondrial adaptations in ZDF rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.160512924194336,
-1.4659627676010132,
2.6593236923217773
] |
['The dental plaque is comprised of numerous bacterial species, which may or may not be pathogenic. Human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) respond to perturbation by various bacteria of the dental plaque by production of different levels of inflammatory cytokines, which is a putative reflection of their virulence. The aim of the current study was to determine responses in terms of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 secretion induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus gordonii in order to gauge their virulence potential.', 'HGECs were challenged with the four bacterial species, live or heat killed, at various multiplicity of infections and the elicited IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 responses were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.', 'Primary HGECs challenged with live P. gingivalis produced high levels of IL-1beta, while challenge with live A. actinomycetemcomitans gave high levels of IL-8. The opportunistic pathogen F. nucleatum induces the highest levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while the commensal S. gordonii is the least stimulatory.'] Does epithelial cell pro-inflammatory cytokine response differ across dental plaque bacterial species? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.7190120220184326,
-0.8379891514778137,
2.6656417846679688
] |
['The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rapidly increasing. Both comorbidities are considered significant risk factors for cardiovascular complications. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of DM with and without CKD on prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated invasively.', 'This single-center prospective study encompassed 3334 AMI-patients without cardiogenic shock, who were divided into 2 major groups: 999 patients with type 2 DM diagnosed prior to or during index hospitalization, and 2335 non-diabetics. All diabetic patients were divided with respect to their renal status into: diabetics with CKD (DM-CKD; n=264) and without (DM-nCKD; n=735). Short- and long-term outcomes were compared between study groups. Independent predictors of death and composite end-point were selected with multivariate Cox-regression model.', 'Mortality rates were significantly higher in DM group compared to nDM in all observation periods. DM-CKD was associated with excessive total mortality (35.6%) when compared to DM-nCKD (11.6%, P<0.001) and to nDM (9.8%, P<0.001). Mortality and major adverse cardiovascular event rates did not differ significantly between DM-nCKD and nDM groups. Diabetes coexisting with CKD was one of the strongest independent risk factors for death (hazard ratio 1.93; confidence interval 1.79-2.07; P<0.001).'] Is prognosis in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction treated invasively related to renal function? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.6294384002685547,
-1.4410642385482788,
2.104041814804077
] |
['Problems with language and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in childhood and adolescence are often strongly linked to low scholastic performance. Early recognition of children who are at increased risk is necessary. Our objective was to determine whether mixed-handedness, which is associated with atypical cerebral laterality, is associated with language, scholastic, and ADHD symptoms in childhood and adolescence.', 'Prospective data come from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, a longitudinal, population-based birth cohort with assessments when children were 7 to 8 and 16 years of age (N = 7871). Teacher, parent, and/or adolescent reports were used to assess language difficulties, scholastic performance, and mental health, including ADHD symptoms.', 'Mixed-handed children, relative to right-handed, had approximately a twofold increase in odds of having difficulties with language and scholastic performance at the age of 8 years. Eight years later, as 16-year-olds, adolescents had twofold increase in odds concerning difficulties in school with language and with ADHD symptoms. Mixed-handed children were more likely to have scores indicating probable psychiatric disturbance, including ADHD symptoms. As adolescents, mixed-handed children with previous behavioral problems were at considerably higher risk for scoring within the range of probable ADHD-inattention or ADHD-combined case. Mixed-handedness was associated with greater symptom severity in children and adolescents (P = .01) concerning psychiatric disturbance and ADHD inattention but not ADHD hyperactivity.'] Is mixed-handedness linked to mental health problems in children and adolescents? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.385272741317749,
-0.19443705677986145,
1.6551949977874756
] |
['Residual proteinuria is a strong modifiable risk factor for renal failure progression. We previously showed that the antiproteinuric effect of combined half doses of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) is increased by raising diuretic dosage. Methods. We tested whether uptitration of loop diuretics on top of combined half doses of ACEI and ARB would better decrease proteinuria than uptitration to combined full doses of ACEI and ARB in a randomized, crossover, three periods of 6-week controlled study. Eighteen patients with stable proteinuria over 1 g/day with combined ramipril at 5 mg/day and valsartan at 80 mg/day in addition to conventional antihypertensive treatments were randomized to receive combined ramipril at 5 mg/day and valsartan at 80 mg/day, or combined ramipril at 10 mg/day and valsartan at 160 mg/day, or combined ramipril at 5 mg/day, valsartan at 80 mg/day and increased furosemide dosage in random order. The primary end point was the mean urinary protein/creatinine ratio in two 24-hour urine collections at the end of the three treatment periods. Secondary end points included mean 24-hour proteinuria, home systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels.', 'The geometric mean urinary protein/creatinine ratio was lower with combined ramipril at 5 mg/day, valsartan at 80 mg/day and increased furosemide dosage compared to combined ramipril at 5 mg/day and valsartan at 80 mg/day, but also to combined ramipril at 10 mg/day and valsartan at 160 mg/day. These differences remained significant after adjustment for SBP, DBP or MAP and 24-hour natriuresis but not after adjustment on eGFR. Diuretic dosage uptitration did not increase the number of home systolic blood pressure measurements below 100 mmHg, but led to a statistically significant increase in the number of symptomatic hypotension episodes.'] Does diuretic uptitration with half dose combined ACEI + ARB better decrease proteinuria than combined ACEI + ARB uptitration? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0457253456115723,
-1.5305885076522827,
2.618340492248535
] |
['Recently, it was shown that the interaction of each of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Portland cement with dentin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) promotes a biomineralization process that leads to the formation of an interfacial layer with tag-like structures at the cement-dentin interface. This study analyzes the influence of the biomineralization process on the push-out strength of ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK), MTA Branco (Angelus Soluções Odontológicas, Londrina, PR, Brazil), MTA BIO (Angelus Soluções Odontológicas), or Portland cement with and without calcium chloride.', 'Dentin discs with standardized cavities were filled with ProRoot MTA, MTA Branco, MTA BIO, white Portland cement + 20% bismuth oxide (PC1), or PC1 + 10% of calcium chloride (PC2). The specimens were randomly divided into two groups: cement in contact with a wet cotton pellet for 72 hours or immersed in PBS for 2 months. The bond strengths were measured with the Instron Testing machine (Model 4444; Instron Corp, Canton, MA), and the fractured surfaces on the root walls were observed by scanning electron microscopy.', 'All samples immersed in PBS displayed a significantly greater resistance to displacement than that observed for the samples in contact with a wet cotton pellet for 72 hours (p < 0.05). MTAs displayed a significantly greater resistance to displacement than Portland cements.'] Does the biomineralization ability of mineral trioxide aggregate and Portland cement on dentin enhance the push-out strength? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9595009088516235,
-1.180342435836792,
2.327099323272705
] |
['The purpose of this study was to investigate whether adding emulsified isoflurane to St Thomas cardioplegia solution could enhance the cardiac protection after cardioplegic arrest in rats.', 'A randomized, blind study.', 'A university laboratory.', 'Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats.', 'Thirty isolated heart preparations were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 10/group) according to the different cardioplegia solutions being given: St Thomas solution mixed with emulsified isoflurane (containing 2.8% of isoflurane, group EI), St Thomas solution mixed with emulsified Intralipid (Huarui Pharmacy, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China) (group EL), and St Thomas solution alone (group St). In the 35-minute normothermic ischemia period, infusion of cardioplegia solution was repeated every 15 minutes. After the 35-minute ischemia period, the heart was perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer for another 2 hours.', 'The functional parameters of the heart were monitored throughout the experiments. The coronary effluent was collected for measuring the activity of CK-MB 30 minutes after reperfusion, and the infarct size was assessed at the end of reperfusion. The infarct size in group EI (24% +/- 4%) was reduced when compared with that in group EL (31% +/- 8%, p < 0.05) and group St (43% +/- 9%, p < 0.001). The CK-MB activity in group EI was decreased significantly when compared with that in group EL and group St (p < 0.05). The functional recovery in group EI also was improved. Compared with standard St Thomas solution alone, adding 30% Intralipid alone also significantly reduced the infarct size and the CK-MB leakage and improved the recovery of the mechanical function.'] Is cardioprotection afforded by St Thomas solution enhanced by emulsified isoflurane in an isolated heart ischemia reperfusion injury model in rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.3875972032546997,
-1.6881684064865112,
2.066751718521118
] |
['To evaluate whether patients with positive or negative heparin antibodies who received heparin preoperatively by continuous infusion developed cardiovascular changes upon heparin administration prior to cardiopulmonary bypass.', 'Clinical trial.', 'Single institution, academic hospital.', 'Eighty (80) patients with good ventricular function on low-dose heparin infusion prior to surgery.', 'Patients were divided into 2 equal groups: group A had negative heparin antibodies (% ratio < 0.26), group B had positive heparin antibodies (% ratio > 1.2). All patients received heparin, 400 units/kg, prior to institution of cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiovascular changes, activated coagulation time (ACT), and histamine levels were measured before and 5 minutes after administration of heparin. Platelets also were counted before and 6 hours after surgery.', 'Significant hypotension and decreased cardiac index occurred in patients with positive heparin antibodies who received heparin prior to cardiac surgery. Histamine levels increased significantly 5 minutes after heparin administration. Significant thrombocytopenia occurred 6 hours after surgery in group B patients. There was a good correlation between heparin antibodies, histamine levels, thrombocytopenia and cardiovascular changes. Group B patients also had heparin resistance as manifested by a lower ACT after the loading doses of heparin.'] Does preoperative heparin therapy cause immune-mediated hypotension upon heparin administration for cardiac surgery? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.42842698097229,
-1.1797406673431396,
2.7103734016418457
] |
['Vitamin D insufficiency is common in winter in the Nordic countries.', 'To examine whether a short course of narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) improves vitamin D balance.', 'Fifty-six healthy, white women (mean age 41 years) volunteered and 53 completed the study. NB-UVB exposures were given on seven consecutive days either on the whole body (n = 19), on the head and arms (n = 9) or on the abdomen (n = 14). Similarly, seven solar simulator exposures were given on the face and arms (n = 11). The cumulative UVB dose was 13 standard erythema doses in all regimens. Serum calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay before and after the NB-UVB exposures. Follow-up samples were taken from the whole-body NB-UVB group at 2 months.', 'At onset 41 women (77%) had vitamin D insufficiency (calcidiol < 50 nmol L(-1)) and six (11%) had vitamin D deficiency (calcidiol < 25 nmol L(-1)). Calcidiol concentration increased significantly, by a mean of 11.4 nmol L(-1) when NB-UVB was given on the whole body, by 11.0 nmol L(-1) when given on the head and arms and by 4.0 nmol L(-1) when given on the abdomen. Solar simulator exposures given on the face and arms increased calcidiol by 3.8 nmol L(-1). After 2 months serum calcidiol was still higher than initially in the group who received NB-UVB exposures on the whole body.'] Does narrowband ultraviolet B course improve vitamin D balance in women in winter? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.37189769744873047,
-1.694411039352417,
1.0729883909225464
] |
['Several studies have reported green tea catechin to have both antifibrotic and anti-oxidative effects. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of green tea cathechin therapy in hepatic tissue injury using cholestatic rats with bile duct ligation.', "We performed bile duct ligation on cholestatic seven-week-old male Wistar rats and classified them into three groups according to the method of treatment. The groups comprised the SHAM group, the NT-group (no-treatment-group), and the T-group (treatment-group). The rats were orally administered green tea catechin at a dose of 50mg/kg/day and were sacrificed on the 17th postoperative day. We subsequently investigated the levels of fibrosis and antioxidant activity associated with various clinical markers. We evaluated the serum AST and ALT levels and performed immunohistochemical analyses for 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), 8-oxo-2'deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). We also evaluated the levels of activator protein-1 m-RNA (AP-1 m-RNA) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1 m-RNA (TIMP-1 m-RNA) by Real Time PCR. Finally, we performed Azan staining and immunohistochemical staining of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) to evaluate the degree of fibrosis.", 'The values of serum AST, serum ALT, AP-1 m-RNA, alpha-SMA, TGF-beta1, 4-HNE, and 8-OHdG in the T-Group were significantly lower than those in NT-Group. Therefore, the administration of green tea catechin might have suppressed the oxidative stress, controlled the stellate cell activation and consequently reduced the fibrosis.'] Does the antioxidant effect of green tea catechin ameliorate experimental liver injury? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3817853927612305,
-1.3579285144805908,
2.798497438430786
] |
['The herbal Isatis tinctoria extract (ITE) inhibits the inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase (COX-2) as well as lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and therefore possesses anti-inflammatory properties. The extract might also be useful in allergic airway diseases which are characterized by chronic inflammation.', 'ITE obtained from leaves by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction was investigated in ovalbumin (OVA) immunised BALB/c mice given intranasally together with antigen challenge in the murine model of allergic airway disease (asthma) with the analysis of the inflammatory and immune parameters in the lung.', 'ITE given with the antigen challenge inhibited in a dose related manner the allergic response. ITE diminished airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and eosinophil recruitment into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid upon allergen challenge, but had no effect in the saline control mice. Eosinophil recruitment was further assessed in the lung by eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity at a dose of 30 microg ITE per mouse. Microscopic investigations revealed less inflammation, eosinophil recruitment and mucus hyperproduction in the lung in a dose related manner. Diminution of AHR and inflammation was associated with reduced IL-4, IL-5, and RANTES production in the BAL fluid at the 30 microg ITE dose, while OVA specific IgE and eotaxin serum levels remained unchanged.'] Does the plant extract Isatis tinctoria L. extract ( ITE ) inhibit allergen-induced airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in mice? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4415009021759033,
-1.2801718711853027,
2.8126697540283203
] |
['The key feature of salutogenesis is that good health can be directly sustained by positive factors. The Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale was developed by Antonovsky as a measure related to the concept of salutogenesis including aspects of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness.', 'The aim was to investigate whether Sense of Coherence can serve as a salutogenetic factor modifying the long-term development of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms.', 'Twin study of Child and Adolescent Development (TCHAD) is a longitudinal study of all twin pairs born in Sweden between May 1985 and December 1986. The present project is a sub-sample of 312 individuals (135 boys and 177 girls). At 16 years of age, the young persons and their parents were interviewed with K-SADS especially symptoms of ADHD. The young person also completed the SOC questionnaire. At 21 years of age, the young person completed a questionnaire about symptoms of ADHD.', '\u2002 Higher (worse) ADHD scores at 16 years of age were associated with higher (worse) ADHD scores at 21 years of age. However, this relationship was stronger for lower (worse) SOC. A higher (better) SOC at 16 years was associated with lower (better) ADHD at 21 years and this relationship was stronger for higher (worse) ADHD at 16 years.'] Is high sense of coherence in adolescence a protective factor in the longitudinal development of ADHD symptoms? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.883670449256897,
-0.6978392004966736,
1.5938594341278076
] |
['Mast cells infiltrate the bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) in asthmatic patients, but the mechanism of mast cell adhesion is still unknown. The adhesion molecules CD44 (i.e. hyaluronate receptor) and CD51 (i.e. vitronectin receptor) are widely expressed and bind to many extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The aims of the study are (i) to identify the role of ECM in mast cell adhesion to BSM and (ii) to examine the role of CD51 and CD44 in this adhesion.', 'Human lung mast cells, human mast cell line (HMC-1), and BSM cells from control donors or asthmatic patients were cultured in the presence/absence of various cytokines. Mast cell-BSM interaction was assessed using (3)H-thymidine-pulsed mast cells, confocal immunofluorescence, or electron microscopy. Adhesion molecules expression and collagen production on both cell types were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry.', 'Mast cell adhesion to BSM cells mostly involved type I collagen of the ECM. Such an adhesion was increased in normal BSM cells under inflammatory condition, whereas it was maximal in asthmatic BSM cells. Blockade of either CD51 or CD44 significantly decreased mast cell adhesion to BSM. At the molecular level, protein and the transcriptional expression of type I collagen, CD51 or CD44 remained unchanged in asthmatic BSM cells or in mast cells/BSM cells under inflammatory conditions, whereas that of CD44 variant isoform 6 (v6) was increased.'] Does mast cell adhesion to bronchial smooth muscle in asthma specifically depend on CD51 and CD44 variant 6? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4593183994293213,
-1.232955813407898,
2.7671303749084473
] |
['We recently reported that various environmental estrogens induce mast cell degranulation and enhance IgE-mediated release of allergic mediators in vitro.', "We hypothesized that environmental estrogens would enhance allergic sensitization as well as bronchial inflammation and responsiveness. To test this hypothesis, we exposed fetal and neonatal mice to the common environmental estrogen bisphenol A (BPA) via maternal loading and assessed the pups' response to allergic sensitization and bronchial challenge.", 'Female BALB/c mice received 10 microg/mL BPA in their drinking water from 1 week before impregnation to the end of the study. Neonatal mice were given a single 5 microg intraperitoneal dose of ovalbumin (OVA) with aluminum hydroxide on postnatal day 4 and 3% OVA by nebulization for 10 min on days 13, 14, and 15. Forty-eight hours after the last nebulization, we assessed serum IgE antibodies to OVA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness by enumerating eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whole-body barometric plethysmography, and a forced oscillation technique.', 'Neonates from BPA-exposed mothers responded to this "suboptimal" sensitization with higher serum IgE anti-OVA concentrations compared with those from unexposed mothers (p < 0.05), and eosinophilic inflammation in their airways was significantly greater. Airway responsiveness of the OVA-sensitized neonates from BPA-treated mothers was enhanced compared with those from unexposed mothers (p < 0.05).'] Does maternal bisphenol a exposure promote the development of experimental asthma in mouse pups? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3241918087005615,
-1.3912625312805176,
2.703516721725464
] |
['Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) causes outbreaks of life-threatening diseases throughout the world. The genesis of these severe diseases is unknown.', 'During an outbreak of HEV71 infection, we investigated risk factors for critical illness. We developed a modified pediatric index of mortality (mPIM) incorporating heart rate, temperature, white blood cell count, respiratory rate, chest infiltrates, skin color, reflexes, responsiveness, and mobility. We calculated the mPIM for 103 patients (22 deaths) using complete scoring criteria in the medical record. In a case-control study, we compared cases (mPIM > or =10 or death) with controls (mPIM = 0-9) by drugs received within 96 hours after onset of fever, initial temperature, age, and nutritional anthropometry.', 'About 66% (68/103) of the patients with an mPIM score (28 cases and 40 controls) had data on initial exposures. About 50% of the 28 cases and 18% of the 40 controls received an injection to treat fever during the first 96 hours after onset (Odds ratio [OR] = 7.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.8-28). Injections containing exclusively glucocorticoids (OR = 4.8, 95% CI: 1.2-21) or pyrazolones (OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 0.91-19, P = 0.047) were risk factors for severe HEV71 infection. About 25% of cases and 5% of controls received both drugs parenterally while 7% of cases and 30% of controls received neither (OR = 21, 95% CI: 1.8-305). Conversely, cases and controls had identical average initial temperature, and did not differ significantly by age, sex, nutritional measurements, use of other drugs, or timeliness of medical care received.'] Is glucocorticoid and pyrazolone treatment of acute fever a risk factor for critical and life-threatening human enterovirus 71 infection during an outbreak in China , 2008? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.539360761642456,
-1.6878794431686401,
1.265834093093872
] |
['Intensive glycemic control has been shown to positively impact outcomes in an intensive care setting. Whether this practice is beneficial after liver transplantation (LT) is not known.', 'A retrospective review of patients undergoing LT from February 2002 to July 2007 was conducted to analyze the association between perioperative hyperglycemia and outcomes after LT. Covariates included preexisting diabetes, mean glucose 3 months pre-LT, need for insulin drip post-LT, mean total glucose during the post-LT hospitalization, age, sex, type of transplant, and model for end-stage liver disease score. Outcomes within 1 year of LT included rejection, infection, rehospitalization, prolonged ventilation, and patient/graft survival.', 'One hundred thirteen LT and 31 liver-kidney recipients were included. By multivariate logistic regression adjusting for covariates, the rejection rate was significantly lower for patients with postoperative glucose levels less than 200 mg/dL (n=114) vs. more than 200 mg/dL (n=30) (odds ratio: 0.055; 95% confidence interval: 0.0154-0.200; P<0.001). The need for prolonged ventilation was more common in patients with glucose less than 200 vs. more than 200 mg/dL (odds ratio: 4.30; 95% confidence interval: 1.284-14.388; P=0.018). Although other outcomes, infection, rehospitalization, patient/graft survival, were not different among the glucose control groups, rejection was associated with increased rehospitalizations and infections.'] Is posttransplant hyperglycemia associated with increased risk of liver allograft rejection? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.9538975954055786,
-1.471733808517456,
2.4243433475494385
] |
['Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies in the Western world. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling has been implicated to play a role in ovarian tumorigenesis. Mutational activation of one member of this receptor family, FGFR2, is a frequent event in endometrioid endometrial cancer. Given the similarities in the histologic and molecular genetics of ovarian and endometrial cancers, we hypothesized that activating FGFR2 mutations may occur in a subset of endometrioid ovarian tumors, and possibly other histotypes.', 'Six FGFR2 exons were sequenced in 120 primary ovarian tumors representing the major histologic subtypes.', 'FGFR2 mutation was detected at low frequency in endometrioid (1/46, 2.2%) and serous (1/41, 2.4%) ovarian cancer. No mutations were detected in clear cell, mucinous, or mixed histology tumors or in the ovarian cancer cell lines tested. Functional characterization of the FGFR2 mutations confirmed that the mutations detected in ovarian cancer result in receptor activation.'] Are fGFR2 mutations rare across histologic subtypes of ovarian cancer? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.359971523284912,
-1.238647222518921,
2.6092405319213867
] |
['PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) is a clinically heterogeneous endocrine disorder which affects up to 4-10% of women of reproductive age. A standardized definition is still difficult because of a huge variety of different phenotypes. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible correlations between the degree of cycle irregularity and the grade of endocrine and metabolic abnormalities.', "A cross-sectional study was carried out. Hyperandrogenic and/or hirsute women with regular menstrual cycles and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound (PCOS eumenorr, n=45), PCOS patients with oligomenorrhea (PCOS oligo, n=42) and PCOS patients with amenorrhea (PCOS amenorr, n=31) were recruited from the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine of the Women's University Hospital Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany).", 'Normocyclic patients demonstrated significantly better metabolic parameters (BMI, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR) than patients with oligo/amenorrhea. Hormonal parameters (LH, FSH, FAI and testosterone) were significantly different between patients with different menstrual patterns and patients with regular cycles.'] Does the degree of cycle irregularity correlate with the grade of endocrine and metabolic disorders in PCOS patients? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4102609157562256,
-1.2584025859832764,
2.731433153152466
] |
['Islet transplantation is a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes but is hampered by a shortage of donor human tissue and early failure. Research on islet cell transplantation includes finding new sources of cells and immunoisolation to protect from immune assault and tumourigenic potential. Small islet cell aggregates were studied to determine if their survival and function were superior to intact islets within microcapsules because of reduced oxygen transport limitation and inflammatory mediators.', 'Islet cell aggregates were generated by dispersing rat islets into single cells and allowing them to re-aggregate in culture. Rat islets and islet cell aggregates were encapsulated in barium alginate capsules and studied when cultured in low (0.5% or 2%) or normal (20%) oxygen, or transplanted into mice.', 'Encapsulated islet cell aggregates were able to survive and function better than intact islets in terms of oxygen-consumption rate, nuclei counts, insulin-to-DNA ratio and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. They also had reduced expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Islet cell aggregates showed reduced tissue necrosis in an immunodeficient transplant model and a much greater proportion of diabetic xenogeneic transplant recipients receiving islet cell aggregates (tissue volume of only 85 islet equivalents) had reversal of hyperglycaemia than recipients receiving intact islets.'] Are rat islet cell aggregates superior to islets for transplantation in microcapsules? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.5336196422576904,
-0.7740694880485535,
2.350229024887085
] |
['To clarify whether age at the time of the initial administration of corticosteroids is a risk factor for corticosteroid-associated osteonecrosis in children with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).', 'From 1986 to 2007, MRI was used to prospectively study 676 joints, including 72 joints (36 hips and 36 knees) in 18 pediatric patients with SLE (<15 years old), 100 joints (50 hips and 50 knees) in 25 adolescent patients with SLE (15-20 years old), and 504 joints (252 hips and 252 knees) in 126 adult patients with SLE (>20 years old), beginning just after corticosteroid administration, for at least 1 year. The followup rate was 100%.', 'In pediatric patients, osteonecrosis developed in 4 joints (6%; all hips). In adolescent patients, osteonecrosis developed in 49 joints (49%; 18 hips and 31 knees). In adult patients, osteonecrosis developed in 207 joints (41%; 95 hips and 112 knees). The rate of osteonecrosis was significantly lower in pediatric patients than in adolescent or adult patients (P = 0.0001). Logistic regression analysis revealed that adolescent and adult patients had a significantly higher risk for osteonecrosis compared with pediatric patients, with an odds ratio of 10.3 (P < 0.0001). The youngest patients with osteonecrosis in the hip and knee were 14.9 years old and 15.5 years old, respectively. Osteonecrosis did not develop in patients younger than age 14 years.'] Is age at time of corticosteroid administration a risk factor for osteonecrosis in pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus : a prospective magnetic resonance imaging study? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.2799570560455322,
-1.4362735748291016,
1.7297606468200684
] |
['Pathological neovascularization is a critical component of diseases such as proliferative retinopathies, cancer and rheumatoid arthritis, yet much remains to be learned about the underlying causes. Previous studies showed that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A activates the membrane-anchored metalloproteinase ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17) in endothelial cells, thereby stimulating crosstalk between VEGF receptor 2 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. These findings raised interesting questions about the role of ADAM17 in angiogenesis and neovascularization in vivo.', 'The objective of this study was to inactivate ADAM17 in endothelial cells or in pericytes to determine how this affects developmental angiogenesis, pathological retinal neovascularization and heterotopic tumor growth.', 'We generated animals in which floxed ADAM17 was removed by Tie2-Cre in endothelial cells, or by smooth muscle (sm) Cre in smooth muscle cells and pericytes. There were no evident developmental defects in either conditional knockout strain, but pathological retinal neovascularization and growth of heterotopically injected tumor cells was reduced in Adam17flox/flox/Tie2-Cre mice, although not in Adam17flox/flox/sm-Cre mice. Moreover, lack of ADAM17 in endothelial cells decreased ex vivo chord formation, and this could be largely restored by addition of the ADAM17 substrate HB-EGF (heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor). Finally we found that ADAM17 is important for the VEGF receptor 2 stimulated processing of several receptors with known functions in endothelial cell biology.'] Is pathological neovascularization reduced by inactivation of ADAM17 in endothelial cells but not in pericytes? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.442286729812622,
-1.2487256526947021,
2.7555785179138184
] |
['p120-catenin (p120) is an armadillo family protein that binds to the cytoplasmic domain of classical cadherins and prevents cadherin endocytosis. The role of p120 in vascular development is unknown.', 'The purpose of this study is to examine the role of p120 in mammalian vascular development by generating a conditionally mutant mouse lacking endothelial p120 and determining the effects of the knockout on vasculogenesis, angiogenic remodeling, and the regulation of endothelial cadherin levels.', 'A conditional Cre/loxP gene deletion strategy was used to ablate p120 expression, using the Tie2 promoter to drive endothelial Cre recombinase expression. Mice lacking endothelial p120 died embryonically beginning at embryonic day 11.5. Major blood vessels appeared normal at embryonic day 9.5. However, both embryonic and extraembryonic vasculature of mutant animals were disorganized and displayed decreased microvascular density by embryonic day 11.5. Importantly, both vascular endothelial cadherin and N-cadherin levels were significantly reduced in vessels lacking p120. This decrease in cadherin expression was accompanied by reduced pericyte recruitment and hemorrhaging. Furthermore, p120-null cultured endothelial cells exhibited proliferation defects that could be rescued by exogenous expression of vascular endothelial cadherin.'] Is p120-Catenin required for mouse vascular development? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.420009136199951,
-1.1868932247161865,
2.661722421646118
] |
['The aim of this study was to evaluate whether gastric bypass with or without vagal preservation resulted in a different outcome.', 'Body weight, food intake and postprandial peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) levels were compared between gastric bypass (n = 55) and sham-operated rats (n = 27) in three groups. In group 1 (n = 17), the vagal nerve was not preserved, while in group 2 the vagal nerve was preserved during gastric bypass (n = 10). In group 3, gastric bypass rats (n = 28) were randomised for either one of the two techniques.', 'Rats in which the vagal nerve was preserved during gastric bypass showed a lower body weight (p < 0.001) and reduced food intake (p < 0.001) compared to rats in which the vagal nerve was not preserved during the gastric bypass operation. Levels of PYY and GLP-1 were significantly increased after gastric bypass compared to sham-operated controls (p < 0.05), but there was no difference between gastric bypass rats with and without vagal preservation. Differences in food intake and body weight were not related to the size of the gastro-jejunostomy in gastric bypass rats. There were no signs of malabsorption or inflammation after gastric bypass.'] Does vagal sparing surgical technique but not stoma size affect body weight loss in rodent model of gastric bypass? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3012146949768066,
-1.1305598020553589,
2.4890103340148926
] |
['To identify and evaluate profiles of US and CT features associated with acute appendicitis.', 'Consecutive patients presenting with acute abdominal pain at the emergency department were invited to participate in this study. All patients underwent US and CT. Imaging features known to be associated with appendicitis, and an imaging diagnosis were prospectively recorded by two independent radiologists. A final diagnosis was assigned after 6 months. Associations between appendiceal imaging features and a final diagnosis of appendicitis were evaluated with logistic regression analysis.', 'Appendicitis was assigned to 284 of 942 evaluated patients (30%). All evaluated features were associated with appendicitis. Imaging profiles were created after multivariable logistic regression analysis. Of 147 patients with a thickened appendix, local transducer tenderness and peri-appendiceal fat infiltration on US, 139 (95%) had appendicitis. On CT, 119 patients in whom the appendix was completely visualised, thickened, with peri-appendiceal fat infiltration and appendiceal enhancement, 114 had a final diagnosis of appendicitis (96%). When at least two of these essential features were present on US or CT, sensitivity was 92% (95% CI 89-96%) and 96% (95% CI 93-98%), respectively.'] Does profiles of US and CT imaging feature with a high probability of appendicitis? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.105051040649414,
-1.3376785516738892,
1.5266592502593994
] |
['The aim of the present study was to compare the influence of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with postoperative CRT on the incidence and types of postoperative complications in rectal cancer patients who underwent sphincter-saving resection.', 'We reviewed 285 patients who received preoperative CRT and 418 patients who received postoperative CRT between January 2000 and December 2006.', 'There was no between-group difference in age, gender, or cancer stage. In the pre-CRT group, the mean level of anastomosis from the anal verge was lower (3.5 +/- 1.4 cm vs. 4.3 +/- 1.7 cm, p < 0.001) and the rate of T4 lesion and temporary diverting ileostomy was higher than in the post-CRT group. Delayed anastomotic leakage and rectovaginal fistulae developed more frequently in the pre-CRT group than in the post-CRT group (3.9% vs. 1.2%, p = 0.020, 6.5% vs. 1.3%, p = 0.027, respectively). Small bowel obstruction (arising from radiation enteritis) requiring surgical intervention was more frequent in the post-CRT group (0% in the pre-CRT group vs. 1.4% in the post-CRT group, p = 0.042). Multivariate analysis identified preoperative CRT as an independent risk factor for fistulous complications (delayed anastomotic leakage, rectovaginal fistula, rectovesical fistula), and postoperative CRT as a risk factor for obstructive complications (anastomotic stricture, small bowel obstruction). The stoma-free rates were significantly lower in the pre-CRT group than in the post-CRT group (5-year stoma-free rates: 92.8% vs. 97.0%, p = 0.008).'] Is complications after sphincter-saving resection in rectal cancer patients according to whether chemoradiotherapy performed before or after surgery? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.2433879375457764,
-1.3777821063995361,
2.6913304328918457
] |
['Adolescence is a critical period for rising adiposity and falling insulin sensitivity (IS), but the independent relation between adiposity and IS remains understudied.', 'The objective was to examine which adiposity measures are most strongly associated with IS in nondiabetic adolescents, whether sex-difference exists, and to what degree genetic or environmental factors affect the adiposity-IS relation.', 'The study included 1613 rural Chinese adolescents (888 males) aged 13-20 y from a population-based twin cohort. We used graphic plots and linear mixed models to examine the relation of anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-based measures of adiposity with IS [QUantitative Insulin-sensitivity ChecK Index (QUICKI), fasting serum insulin (FSI), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)] and structural equation models to estimate genetic/environmental influences on these associations.', 'In graphic analyses, participants in the highest quintile (quintile 5) of waist circumference (WC) and percentage body fat (%BF) had the lowest QUICKI and the highest FSI and HOMA-IR values for all age-sex groups. In regression models adjusted for age, Tanner stage, zygosity, and physical activity, all adiposity measures showed inverse associations with IS in both sexes, but WC explained the largest fraction of variance in IS measures (10-14%). Of the phenotypic correlations between adiposity measures and IS (-0.28 to -0.38), 74-85% were attributed to shared genetic factors and 15-26% to common unique environmental factors in both sexes.'] Is adiposity inversely related to insulin sensitivity in relatively lean Chinese adolescents : a population-based twin study? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.5532722473144531,
-1.2087284326553345,
1.78324294090271
] |
['The Jinleng method is based on the principle of lowered temperature and diathermic action on the testis. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and safety of the Jinleng method on oligospermia and asthenospermia.', 'We treated 39 infertile males with oligospermia or asthenospermia with Jinleng underpants (Jinleng method) bid for 3 months, observed the changes in the sperm parameters of the patients after the treatment and recorded the pregnancy outcomes of their wives.', 'Of the 36 patients who accomplished the treatment, 31 showed significantly improvement in semen volume, sperm concentration, forward sperm motility, total sperm motility, total sperm count and total motile sperm count (P < 0.05), with an effectiveness rate of 86.1%. Five of the patients wives achieved pregnancy in the 2-month follow-up. Adverse effects were found in none of the patients.'] Is [ Jinleng method effective and safe for the treatment of oligospermia and asthenospermia ]? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.081228017807007,
-0.6568016409873962,
1.8003053665161133
] |
['It was found that second-line or thereafter therapies for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who failed previous chemotherapy yielded a modest survival benefit. However, whether elderly patients (> or =70 years) benefit and are as suitable for salvage therapy as nonelderly patients (<70 years) are unknown. Whether epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) is more favorable than chemotherapeutic agents as a salvage therapy agent in elderly patients with NSCLC is also undetermined.', 'We retrospectively reviewed and updated the data of our patients with NSCLC who received second-line salvage therapies, classified them into elderly and nonelderly groups, and compared the efficacy, toxicities, and survival of the patients.', 'Four hundred sixty-one cases were reviewed. The nonelderly group had a similar response rate, control rate, and median survival time than the elderly group (p = 0.2, p = 0.9, and p = 0.5, respectively). The median progression-free time was numerically longer in the elderly than the nonelderly patients (p = 0.08). The nonelderly group had statistically insignificantly less hematologic toxicities than the elderly group, but more nausea and vomiting. In addition, the use of EGFR-TKI salvage therapy, compared with salvage chemotherapies in the elderly group, resulted in a similar disease control rate and median survival time and more favorable toxicity profiles.'] Is second-line therapy for elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer who failed previous chemotherapy as effective as for younger patients? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.073827028274536,
-1.2196974754333496,
2.3876376152038574
] |
['The purpose of this study was to determine whether screening for anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies (Abs) could predict development of acute rejection (AR) before clinical evidence of kidney allograft dysfunction in nonsensitized recipients.', 'Eighty-four non-HLA identical kidney transplant recipients were prospectively tested for anti-HLA Abs (FlowPRA analysis and anti-HLA Ab specificity determination) at 0, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 180 and 365 posttransplantation, and at the time of clinical suspicion of AR. Allograft biopsies were performed at the time of engraftment, 3 and 12 months posttransplantation, when patients developed new anti-HLA Abs, or when clinically indicated.', 'Among the 70 patients without preformed anti-HLA Abs, 11 developed de novo anti-HLA Abs (8 donor-specific Abs) at a median of 30 days (q1-q3=10-180 days) after transplantation. Patients with de novo anti-HLA Abs had a shorter time to AR than patients without de novo anti-HLA Abs, P=0.06. However, in all cases, de novo anti-HLA Abs developed concomitantly or after a clinically evident AR.'] Does screening for de novo anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies in nonsensitized kidney transplant recipients predict acute rejection? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.0195419788360596,
-1.4187407493591309,
2.4568493366241455
] |
['The relevance of borderline change (BL) and subclinical cellular rejection (SCR) observed in renal transplantation remains to be determined. Several studies have shown in BL and SCR the presence of a Th1 immune response, qualitatively similar to but quantitatively reduced in comparison with infiltrates typical of acute cellular rejection (ACR).', 'To elucidate the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the local control of the allogenic response, we studied their presence by immunohistochemistry in 24 biopsies with graft dysfunction (12 ACR and 12 BL) and in 16 protocol biopsies at 1 year (eight SCR and eight subclinical BL).', 'The proportion of Tregs in CD4 T infiltrates was higher in BL and SCR when compared with ACR. Moreover, their presence was correlated with the intensity of interstitial inflammation (r=-0.35, P=0.027, n=40) and with graft function at the time of the biopsy (r=-0.37, P=0.018, n=40).'] Do regulatory T cells in kidney allograft infiltrates correlate with initial inflammation and graft function? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1993329524993896,
-1.2877388000488281,
2.5746967792510986
] |
['This study determined the long-term outcome after colectomy for acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) and assessed whether the duration of in-hospital medical therapy is related to postoperative outcome.', 'All patients who underwent urgent colectomy and ileostomy for ASUC between 1994 and 2000 were identified from a prospective database. Patient details, preoperative therapy and complications to last follow-up were recorded.', 'Eighty patients were identified, who were treated with intravenous steroids for a median of 6 (range 1-22) days before surgery. Twenty-three (29 per cent) also received intravenous ciclosporin. There were 23 complications in 22 patients in the initial postoperative period. Sixty-eight patients underwent further planned surgery, including restorative ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in 57. During a median follow-up of 5.4 (range 0.5-9.0) years, 48 patients (60 per cent) developed at least one complication. Patients with a major complication at any time during follow-up had a significantly longer duration of medical therapy before colectomy than patients with no major complications (median 8 versus 5 days; P = 0.036).'] Is delayed surgery for acute severe colitis associated with increased risk of postoperative complications? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.62020742893219,
-1.1438462734222412,
1.7706959247589111
] |
['GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is a non protein amino acid that has been reported to accumulate in a number of plant species when subjected to high salinity and many other environmental constraints. However, no experimental data are to date available on the molecular function of GABA and the involvement of its metabolism in salt stress tolerance in higher plants. Here, we investigated the regulation of GABA metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana at the metabolite, enzymatic activity and gene transcription levels upon NaCl stress.', 'We identified the GABA transaminase (GABA-T), the first step of GABA catabolism, as the most responsive to NaCl. We further performed a functional analysis of the corresponding gene POP2 and demonstrated that the previously isolated loss-of-function pop2-1 mutant was oversensitive to ionic stress but not to osmotic stress suggesting a specific role in salt tolerance. NaCl oversensitivity was not associated with overaccumulation of Na+ and Cl- but mutant showed a slight decrease in K+. To bring insights into POP2 function, a promoter-reporter gene strategy was used and showed that POP2 was mainly expressed in roots under control conditions and was induced in primary root apex and aerial parts of plants in response to NaCl. Additionally, GC-MS- and UPLC-based metabolite profiling revealed major changes in roots of pop2-1 mutant upon NaCl stress including accumulation of amino acids and decrease in carbohydrates content.'] Does the Arabidopsis pop2-1 mutant reveal the involvement of GABA transaminase in salt stress tolerance? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.50850510597229,
-0.8948841691017151,
2.3933091163635254
] |
['Aldosterone plays a role in hypertension, the pathogenesis of heart failure and vascular injury. However, little information exists about the possible influence of aldosterone on bone marrow derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), which are involved in the repair of damaged endothelium. This study was designed to determine the long- term in vivo influence of aldosterone on the number of EPC.', 'Male Wistar rats were equipped with a subcutaneous pump which released aldosterone (n=20) or placebo (n=20) over 28 days. The animals were either fed with or without the aldosterone antagonist spironolactone (each n=10). EPC were identified by the uptake of ac-LDL and BS-1. The expression of VEGF-2 receptor, VEGF, HGF, SDF1 and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in EPC was assessed by quantitative PCR. Finally, VEGF concentration was measured in the serum of all animals by ELISA.', 'The total number of EPC was significantly lowered by chronic aldosterone treatment. Spironolactone compensated the effect and lead to a 2-fold increase. While the SDF1 mRNA was not affected by aldosterone, HGF, MR2 and VEGF receptor mRNA were significantly downregulated in EPC. Strikingly spironolactone not only leads to increases in the mRNA expression in hyper-aldosteronemic animals but also exhibited significant increases above the control levels.'] Is hyperaldosteronism associated with a decrease in number and altered growth factor expression of endothelial progenitor cells in rats? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3686044216156006,
-1.3103690147399902,
2.716632843017578
] |
['Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized cells, which capture antigen in peripheral tissues and migrate to lymph nodes, where they dynamically interact with and activate T cells. Both migration and formation of DC-T cell contacts depend on cytoskeleton plasticity. However, the molecular bases governing these events have not been completely defined.', 'Utilizing a T cell-dependent model of arthritis, we find that PLCgamma2-/- mice are protected from local inflammation and bone erosion. PLCgamma2 controls actin remodeling in dendritic cells, thereby affecting their capacity to prime T cells. DCs from PLCgamma2-/- mice mature normally, however they lack podosomes, typical actin structures of motile cells. Absence of PLCgamma2 impacts both DC trafficking to the lymph nodes and migration towards CCL21. The interaction with T cells is also affected by PLCgamma2 deficiency. Mechanistically, PLCgamma2 is activated by CCL21 and modulates Rac activation. Rac1/2-/- DCs also lack podosomes and do not respond to CCL21. Finally, antigen pulsed PLCgamma2-/- DCs fail to promote T cell activation and induce inflammation in vivo when injected into WT mice. Conversely, injection of WT DCs into PLCgamma2-/- mice rescues the inflammatory response but not focal osteolysis, confirming the importance of PLCgamma2 both in immune and bone systems.'] Is phospholipase C gamma 2 critical for development of a murine model of inflammatory arthritis by affecting actin dynamics in dendritic cells? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.4886486530303955,
-1.1985464096069336,
2.7905495166778564
] |
['The MYC protein controls cellular functions such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In response to genotoxic agents, cells overexpressing MYC undergo apoptosis. However, the MYC-regulated effectors acting upstream of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway are still unknown.', 'In this study, we demonstrate that expression of Myc is required to activate the Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent DNA damage checkpoint responses in rat cell lines exposed to ionizing radiation (IR) or the bacterial cytolethal distending toxin (CDT). Phosphorylation of the ATM kinase and its downstream effectors, such as histone H2AX, were impaired in the myc null cell line HO15.19, compared to the myc positive TGR-1 and HOmyc3 cells. Nuclear foci formation of the Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (Nbs) 1 protein, essential for efficient ATM activation, was also reduced in absence of myc. Knock down of the endogenous levels of MYC by siRNA in the human cell line HCT116 resulted in decreased ATM and CHK2 phosphorylation in response to irradiation. Conversely, cell death induced by UV irradiation, known to activate the ATR-dependent checkpoint, was similar in all the cell lines, independently of the myc status.'] Is myc required for activation of the ATM-dependent checkpoints in response to DNA damage? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.498067617416382,
-1.123595952987671,
2.687554359436035
] |
['An inverse association between hospital procedure volume and postoperative mortality has been demonstrated for a variety of pediatric surgical procedures. The objective of our study was to determine whether such an association exists for pediatric liver transplantation.', 'We performed a retrospective analysis of pediatric liver transplant procedures included in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients over a 7.5-year time period from July 1, 2000, through December 31, 2007. Pediatric liver transplant centers were divided into three volume categories (high, middle, low) based on absolute annual volume. Mean 1-year patient survival rates and aggregate 1-year observed-to-expected (O:E) patient death ratios were calculated for each hospital volume category and then compared using ordered logistic regression and chi square analyses.', "High-volume pediatric liver transplant centers achieved significantly lower aggregate 1-year O:E patient death ratios than low-volume centers. When freestanding children's hospitals (FCH), children's hospitals within adult hospitals (CAH), and other centers (OC) were considered separately, we found that a significant volume-outcomes association existed among OC centers but not among FCH or CAH centers. Low-volume OC centers, which represent 41.6% of all pediatric liver transplant centers and perform 10% of all pediatric liver transplantation, had the least favorable aggregate 1-year O:E patient death ratio of all groups."] Is low volume associated with worse patient outcomes for pediatric liver transplant centers? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.2729804515838623,
-0.30724120140075684,
0.6220544576644897
] |
['The development of diastolic dysfunction (DDF) is multifactorial. Possible mechanisms include metabolic disturbances, myocardial fibrosis, chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Recognizing early stages of DDF may help to identify patients at risk of developing symptomatic DDF. Therefore, biomarkers reflecting pathophysiological changes within the myocardium were investigated in patients with DDF.', 'Seventy-seven patients submitted for coronary angiography with stable or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) were consecutively enrolled. Those without known diabetes mellitus (DM) underwent a standardized oral glucose tolerance test. Echocardiography for the diagnosis of DDF was performed according to the European Society of Cardiology. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) serum concentrations were analyzed using the ELISA technique.', 'A total of 36% of patients had DM and 74% had CAD. The prevalence of DDF was higher in patients with DM (89% versus 74%) and CAD (84% versus 53%) (P<0.05). DDF in patients with DM was more severe with a significantly lower mitral annulus velocity of 6.5 cm/s versus 7.8 cm/s (P<0.01). Patients with DDF showed significantly higher sP-selectin (140.3 mug/L versus 107.6 mug/L, P<0.05) and MMP-2 (270.5 mug/L versus 224.7 mug/L, P<0.05) levels compared with those without DDF. There was a significant correlation between sP-selectin and MMP-2 (P=0.01), independent of the diagnosis of DM or CAD.'] Are soluble P-selectin and matrix metalloproteinase 2 levels elevated in patients with diastolic dysfunction independent of glucose metabolism disorder or coronary artery disease? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-1.6349037885665894,
-1.666121006011963,
2.2527689933776855
] |
['There are no definite guidelines regarding colonoscopic evaluation for the indication of constipation, a common gastrointestinal complaint. The aim of our study was to determine the risk of finding significant lesions in patients undergoing colonoscopy for the indication of constipation alone compared with constipation with another indication or average-risk screening.', 'A retrospective review of the Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative database was carried out for colonoscopies undertaken between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2003. A total of 41,775 index colonoscopies performed for the indications of average-risk screening, constipation only or constipation with another indication were identified. Logistic regression analyses were performed for constipation alone versus constipation with another indication, and for constipation alone versus average-risk screening.', 'Constipation alone did not show any increased risk of significant findings on colonoscopy. Constipation and the presence of another indication, however, had a statistically significant increased risk of a significant finding on colonoscopy. The indication of constipation alone had a lower risk of significant findings on colonoscopy compared with average-risk screening. Variations in the definition of constipation used was a limitation of the study.'] Is constipation associated with an increased rate of findings on colonoscopy : results from a national endoscopy consortium? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.454866647720337,
-1.0651668310165405,
2.613844871520996
] |
['To see whether celecoxib prevents gastric cancer occurrence by disrupting the progression of chronic gastritis into gastric carcinoma through its inhibition of the migration of CD133-positive cells, one of the surface markers of bone marrow-derived cells, in Helicobacter pylori-infected gerbils.', '70 gerbils were divided into six groups. Group 1 gerbils served as control (n = 6). 10 gerbils were given N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), 30 ppm (group 2). 6 short-term Helicobacter pylori-infected gerbils (group 3) were sacrificed after 8 weeks of H. pylori infection and 6 long-term H. pylori-infected gerbils were sacrificed after 42 weeks of H. pylori infection (group 4). 20 gerbils were given MNU pretreatment and long-term H. pylori infection (group 5). In addition, after H. pylori inoculation, 22 gerbils also received a celecoxib in their diet (group 6). CD133 and CCR2 expression in gastric tissues was evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunostaining.', 'CD133-positive cells were mainly localized in the bottom of the gastric epithelial cells. CD133-positive cells also migrated into gastric cancer tissues in this model. CD133-positive cells in MNU-pretreated H. pylori-infected gerbils were significantly increased compared to those in H. pylori short-term infected gerbils. Celecoxib treatment significantly reduced CD133-positive cell migration and CCR2 expression levels. CD133- and CCR2-positive cells were colocalized in H. pylori-infected gastritis and gastric cancer tissues. Celecoxib treatment significantly reduced the number of CD133- and CCR2-positive cells.'] Does celecoxib inhibit CD133-positive cell migration via reduction of CCR2 in Helicobacter pylori-infected Mongolian gerbils? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.1462371349334717,
-1.454413890838623,
2.605037212371826
] |
["The prevalence of reflux esophagitis, which might lead to development of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma, has been increasing. The aim of this study was to assess risk factors for reflux esophagitis.", 'We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,495 Japanese subjects undergoing health checkups (822 males and 673 females; median age 50 years) at a tertiary care center.', 'One hundred and twenty-seven subjects (8%) had reflux esophagitis and hiatal hernia was observed in 292 subjects (20%). Reflux esophagitis (13 vs. 3%) and hiatal hernia (28 vs. 9%) were more frequent in males than females. Significant differences in clinical backgrounds were observed between females and males. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that hiatal hernia (OR 6.63, 95% CI 2.47-17.8; p = 0.0002) was associated with reflux esophagitis in females. In males, age (per 1-year increment: OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.94-0.99; p = 0.007), hiatal hernia (OR 3.16, 95% CI 2.05-4.87; p < 0.0001) and waist circumference (per 1-cm increase: OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.15; p = 0.006) were associated with reflux esophagitis.'] Is large waist circumference a risk factor for reflux esophagitis in Japanese males? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-0.6308598518371582,
-1.725380539894104,
1.3172332048416138
] |
['Anemia of inflammation, commonly observed in patients with chronic diseases, is associated with decreased serum iron. Hepcidin, mainly produced by hepatocytes in a STAT3- and/or SMAD-dependent manner, is involved in iron homeostasis. What remains to be established is whether or not the hepatic IL-6/STAT3 signal has a role in anemia of inflammation in vivo.', 'Turpentine oil was subcutaneously injected into wild-type mice or hepatocyte-specific STAT3-deficient mice (L-STAT3KO) to induce inflammation.', 'Turpentine injection increased serum IL-6 levels. It activated liver STAT3 in wild-type mice, but not in L-STAT3KO mice. In chronic inflammation, wild-type mice showed decreased serum iron levels and anemia with up-regulation of hepcidin levels in the liver. In contrast, L-STAT3KO mice showed no increase in hepatic hepcidin levels or anemia.'] Is sTAT3 signaling within hepatocytes required for anemia of inflammation in vivo? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.475616693496704,
-1.1263597011566162,
2.6551287174224854
] |
['Migrating leukocytes normally have a polarized morphology with an actin-rich lamellipodium at the front and a uropod at the rear. Microtubules (MTs) are required for persistent migration and chemotaxis, but how they affect cell polarity is not known.', 'Here we report that T cells treated with nocodazole to disrupt MTs are unable to form a stable uropod or lamellipodium, and instead often move by membrane blebbing with reduced migratory persistence. However, uropod-localized receptors and ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins still cluster in nocodazole-treated cells, indicating that MTs are required specifically for uropod stability. Nocodazole stimulates RhoA activity, and inhibition of the RhoA target ROCK allows nocodazole-treated cells to re-establish lamellipodia and uropods and persistent migratory polarity. ROCK inhibition decreases nocodazole-induced membrane blebbing and stabilizes MTs. The myosin inhibitor blebbistatin also stabilizes MTs, indicating that RhoA/ROCK act through myosin II to destabilize MTs.'] Do microtubules regulate migratory polarity through Rho/ROCK signaling in T cells? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.5736911296844482,
-1.047282099723816,
2.6466636657714844
] |
['Substantial data indicate that the oncogene microRNA 21 (miR-21) is significantly elevated in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and regulates multiple genes associated with cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasiveness. Thus, miR-21 can theoretically become a target to enhance the chemotherapeutic effect in cancer therapy. So far, the effect of downregulating miR-21 to enhance the chemotherapeutic effect to taxol has not been studied in human GBM.', 'Human glioblastoma U251 (PTEN-mutant) and LN229 (PTEN wild-type) cells were treated with taxol and the miR-21 inhibitor (in a poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer), alone or in combination. The 50% inhibitory concentration and cell viability were determined by the MTT assay. The mechanism between the miR-21 inhibitor and the anticancer drug taxol was analyzed using the Zheng-Jun Jin method. Annexin V/PI staining was performed, and apoptosis and the cell cycle were evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. Expression of miR-21 was investigated by RT-PCR, and western blotting was performed to evaluate malignancy related protein alteration.', 'IC(50) values were dramatically decreased in cells treated with miR-21 inhibitor combine with taxol, to a greater extent than those treated with taxol alone. Furthermore, the miR-21 inhibitor significantly enhanced apoptosis in both U251 cells and LN229 cells, and cell invasiveness was obviously weakened. Interestingly, the above data suggested that in both the PTEN mutant and the wild-type GBM cells, miR-21 blockage increased the chemosensitivity to taxol. It is worth noting that the miR-21 inhibitor additively interacted with taxol on U251cells and synergistically on LN229 cells. Thus, the miR-21 inhibitor might interrupt the activity of EGFR pathways, independently of PTEN status. Meanwhile, the expression of STAT3 and p-STAT3 decreased to relatively low levels after miR-21 inhibitor and taxol treatment. The data strongly suggested that a regulatory loop between miR-21 and STAT3 might provide an insight into the mechanism of modulating EGFR/STAT3 signaling.'] Does microRNA-21 inhibitor sensitize human glioblastoma cells U251 ( PTEN-mutant ) and LN229 ( PTEN-wild type ) to taxol? | qiaojin/PubMedQA | 2 | [
-2.3149631023406982,
-1.320992350578308,
2.6480565071105957
] |
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