README.md

---
language:
- ace
- acm
- acq
- aeb
- af
- ajp
- ak
- als
- am
- apc
- ar
- ars
- ary
- arz
- as
- ast
- awa
- ayr
- azb
- azj
- ba
- bm
- ban
- be
- bem
- bn
- bho
- bjn
- bo
- bs
- bug
- bg
- ca
- ceb
- cs
- cjk
- ckb
- crh
- cy
- da
- de
- dik
- dyu
- dz
- el
- en
- eo
- et
- eu
- ee
- fo
- fj
- fi
- fon
- fr
- fur
- fuv
- gaz
- gd
- ga
- gl
- gn
- gu
- ht
- ha
- he
- hi
- hne
- hr
- hu
- hy
- ig
- ilo
- id
- is
- it
- jv
- ja
- kab
- kac
- kam
- kn
- ks
- ka
- kk
- kbp
- kea
- khk
- km
- ki
- rw
- ky
- kmb
- kmr
- knc
- kg
- ko
- lo
- lij
- li
- ln
- lt
- lmo
- ltg
- lb
- lua
- lg
- luo
- lus
- lvs
- mag
- mai
- ml
- mar
- min
- mk
- mt
- mni
- mos
- mi
- my
- nl
- nn
- nb
- npi
- nso
- nus
- ny
- oc
- ory
- pag
- pa
- pap
- pbt
- pes
- plt
- pl
- pt
- prs
- quy
- ro
- rn
- ru
- sg
- sa
- sat
- scn
- shn
- si
- sk
- sl
- sm
- sn
- sd
- so
- st
- es
- sc
- sr
- ss
- su
- sv
- swh
- szl
- ta
- taq
- tt
- te
- tg
- tl
- th
- ti
- tpi
- tn
- ts
- tk
- tum
- tr
- tw
- tzm
- ug
- uk
- umb
- ur
- uzn
- vec
- vi
- war
- wo
- xh
- ydd
- yo
- yue
- zh
- zsm
- zu
language_details: >-
  ace_Arab, ace_Latn, acm_Arab, acq_Arab, aeb_Arab, afr_Latn, ajp_Arab,
  aka_Latn, amh_Ethi, apc_Arab, arb_Arab, ars_Arab, ary_Arab, arz_Arab,
  asm_Beng, ast_Latn, awa_Deva, ayr_Latn, azb_Arab, azj_Latn, bak_Cyrl,
  bam_Latn, ban_Latn,bel_Cyrl, bem_Latn, ben_Beng, bho_Deva, bjn_Arab, bjn_Latn,
  bod_Tibt, bos_Latn, bug_Latn, bul_Cyrl, cat_Latn, ceb_Latn, ces_Latn,
  cjk_Latn, ckb_Arab, crh_Latn, cym_Latn, dan_Latn, deu_Latn, dik_Latn,
  dyu_Latn, dzo_Tibt, ell_Grek, eng_Latn, epo_Latn, est_Latn, eus_Latn,
  ewe_Latn, fao_Latn, pes_Arab, fij_Latn, fin_Latn, fon_Latn, fra_Latn,
  fur_Latn, fuv_Latn, gla_Latn, gle_Latn, glg_Latn, grn_Latn, guj_Gujr,
  hat_Latn, hau_Latn, heb_Hebr, hin_Deva, hne_Deva, hrv_Latn, hun_Latn,
  hye_Armn, ibo_Latn, ilo_Latn, ind_Latn, isl_Latn, ita_Latn, jav_Latn,
  jpn_Jpan, kab_Latn, kac_Latn, kam_Latn, kan_Knda, kas_Arab, kas_Deva,
  kat_Geor, knc_Arab, knc_Latn, kaz_Cyrl, kbp_Latn, kea_Latn, khm_Khmr,
  kik_Latn, kin_Latn, kir_Cyrl, kmb_Latn, kon_Latn, kor_Hang, kmr_Latn,
  lao_Laoo, lvs_Latn, lij_Latn, lim_Latn, lin_Latn, lit_Latn, lmo_Latn,
  ltg_Latn, ltz_Latn, lua_Latn, lug_Latn, luo_Latn, lus_Latn, mag_Deva,
  mai_Deva, mal_Mlym, mar_Deva, min_Latn, mkd_Cyrl, plt_Latn, mlt_Latn,
  mni_Beng, khk_Cyrl, mos_Latn, mri_Latn, zsm_Latn, mya_Mymr, nld_Latn,
  nno_Latn, nob_Latn, npi_Deva, nso_Latn, nus_Latn, nya_Latn, oci_Latn,
  gaz_Latn, ory_Orya, pag_Latn, pan_Guru, pap_Latn, pol_Latn, por_Latn,
  prs_Arab, pbt_Arab, quy_Latn, ron_Latn, run_Latn, rus_Cyrl, sag_Latn,
  san_Deva, sat_Beng, scn_Latn, shn_Mymr, sin_Sinh, slk_Latn, slv_Latn,
  smo_Latn, sna_Latn, snd_Arab, som_Latn, sot_Latn, spa_Latn, als_Latn,
  srd_Latn, srp_Cyrl, ssw_Latn, sun_Latn, swe_Latn, swh_Latn, szl_Latn,
  tam_Taml, tat_Cyrl, tel_Telu, tgk_Cyrl, tgl_Latn, tha_Thai, tir_Ethi,
  taq_Latn, taq_Tfng, tpi_Latn, tsn_Latn, tso_Latn, tuk_Latn, tum_Latn,
  tur_Latn, twi_Latn, tzm_Tfng, uig_Arab, ukr_Cyrl, umb_Latn, urd_Arab,
  uzn_Latn, vec_Latn, vie_Latn, war_Latn, wol_Latn, xho_Latn, ydd_Hebr,
  yor_Latn, yue_Hant, zho_Hans, zho_Hant, zul_Latn
license: mit
metrics:
- bleu
datasets:
- mozilla-foundation/common_voice_8_0
pipeline_tag: automatic-speech-recognition
tags:
- zeroswot
- speech translation
- zero-shot
- end-to-end
- nllb
- wav2vec2
---

# ZeroSwot ✨🤖✨

<div style='display:flex; gap: 0.25rem; '>
<a href='https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.10422'><img src='https://img.shields.io/badge/paper-PDF-green'></a>
<a href='https://github.com/mt-upc/ZeroSwot/blob/main/LICENSE'><img src='https://img.shields.io/badge/License-MIT-blue.svg'></a>
<a href='https://github.com/mt-upc/ZeroSwot'><img src='https://img.shields.io/badge/github-%23121011.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=github&logoColor=white'></a>
</div>

ZeroSwot is a state-of-the-art zero-shot end-to-end Speech Translation system.

<div align=center><img src="resources/intro.png" height="75%" width="75%"/></div>

The model is created by adapting a wav2vec2.0-based encoder to the embedding space of NLLB, using a novel subword compression module and Optimal Transport, while only utilizing ASR data. It thus enables **Zero-shot E2E Speech Translation to all the 200 languages supported by NLLB**.

For more details please refer to our [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.10422) and the [original repo](https://github.com/mt-upc/ZeroSwot) build on fairseq.

## Architecture

The compression module is a light-weight transformer that takes as input the hidden state of wav2vec2.0 and the corresponding CTC predictions, and compresses them to subword-like embeddings similar to those expected from NLLB and aligns them using Optimal Transport. For inference we simply pass the output of the speech encoder to NLLB encoder.

<div align=center><img src="resources/methodology.png" height="120%" width="120%"/></div>

## Version

This version of ZeroSwot is trained with ASR data from CommonVoice, and adapted [wav2vec2.0-large](https://huggingface.co/facebook/wav2vec2-large-960h-lv60-self) to the [nllb-200-distilled-600M](https://huggingface.co/facebook/nllb-200-distilled-600M) model.

## Usage

The model is tested with python 3.9.16 and Transformer v4.41.2. Install also torchaudio and sentencepiece for processing.

```bash
pip install transformers torchaudio sentencepiece
```


```python
from transformers import Wav2Vec2Processor, NllbTokenizer, AutoModel, AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM
import torchaudio

def load_and_resample_audio(audio_path, target_sr=16000):
    audio, orig_freq = torchaudio.load(audio_path)
    if orig_freq != target_sr:
        audio = torchaudio.functional.resample(audio, orig_freq=orig_freq, new_freq=target_sr)
    audio = audio.squeeze(0).numpy()
    return audio

# Load processors and tokenizers
processor = Wav2Vec2Processor.from_pretrained("facebook/wav2vec2-large-960h-lv60-self")
tokenizer = NllbTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/nllb-200-distilled-600M")

# Load ZeroSwot Encoder
commit_hash = "eafabee295ea1c8b45483d1fd26bd747d9a7d937"
zeroswot_encoder = AutoModel.from_pretrained(
    "johntsi/ZeroSwot-Medium_asr-cv_en-to-200", trust_remote_code=True, revision=commit_hash,
)
zeroswot_encoder.eval()
zeroswot_encoder.to("cuda")

# Load NLLB Model
nllb_model = AutoModelForSeq2SeqLM.from_pretrained("facebook/nllb-200-distilled-600M")
nllb_model.eval()
nllb_model.to("cuda")

# Load audio file
audio = load_and_resample_audio(path_to_audio_file) # you can use "resources/sample.wav" for testing
input_values = processor(audio, sampling_rate=16000, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")

# translation to German
compressed_embeds, attention_mask = zeroswot_encoder(**input_values)
predicted_ids = nllb_model.generate(
    inputs_embeds=compressed_embeds,
    attention_mask=attention_mask,
    forced_bos_token_id=tokenizer.lang_code_to_id["deu_Latn"],
    num_beams=5,
)
translation = tokenizer.decode(predicted_ids[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
print(translation)
```

## Results

BLEU scores on CoVoST-2 test compared to supervised SOTA models [XLS-R-1B](https://huggingface.co/facebook/wav2vec2-xls-r-1b) and [SeamlessM4T-Medium](https://huggingface.co/facebook/seamless-m4t-medium). You can refer to Table 5 of the Results section in the paper for more details.

|     Models     |  ZS  |  Size (B)  |  Ar  |  Ca  |  Cy  |  De  |  Et  |  Fa  |  Id  |  Ja  |  Lv  |  Mn  |  Sl  |  Sv  |  Ta  |  Tr  |  Zh  | Average |
|:--------------:|:----:|:----------:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:----:|:-------:|
|    XLS-R-1B    |  ✗   |    1.0     | 19.2 | 32.1 | **31.8** | 26.2 | 22.4 | 21.3 | 30.3 | 39.9 | 22.0 | 14.9 | 25.4 | 32.3 | 18.1 | 17.1 | 36.7 |   26.0  |
| SeamlessM4T-M  |  ✗   |    1.2     | 20.8 | 37.3 | 29.9 | **31.4** | 23.3 | 17.2 | 34.8 | 37.5 | 19.5 | 12.9 | 29.0 | 37.3 | 18.9 | **19.8** | 30.0 |   26.6  |
| ZeroSwot-M_asr-cv |  ✓   | 0.35/0.95  | **24.4** | **38.7** | 28.8 | 31.2 | **26.2** | **26.0** | **36.0** | **46.0** | **24.8** | **19.0** | **31.6** | **37.8** | **24.4** | 18.6 | **39.0** |   **30.2**  |

## Citation

If you find ZeroSwot useful for your research, please cite our paper :)

```
@misc{tsiamas2024pushing,
      title={{Pushing the Limits of Zero-shot End-to-End Speech Translation}}, 
      author={Ioannis Tsiamas and Gerard I. Gállego and José A. R. Fonollosa and Marta R. Costa-jussà},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2402.10422},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```