--- language: - multilingual license: apache-2.0 library_name: transformers tags: - nlp - code - vision - chemistry - engineering - biology - bio-inspired - text-generation-inference - materials science pipeline_tag: image-text-to-text inference: parameters: temperature: 0.3 widget: - messages: - role: user content: <|image_1|>Can you describe what you see in the image? --- ## Model Summary Cephalo is a series of multimodal materials science focused vision large language models (V-LLMs) designed to integrate visual and linguistic data for advanced understanding and interaction in human-AI or multi-agent AI frameworks. A novel aspect of Cephalo's development is the innovative dataset generation method. The extraction process employs advanced algorithms to accurately detect and separate images and their corresponding textual descriptions from complex PDF documents. It involves extracting images and captions from PDFs to create well-reasoned image-text pairs, utilizing large language models (LLMs) for natural language processing. These image-text pairs are then refined and validated through LLM-based NLP processing, ensuring high-quality and contextually relevant data for training. Cephalo can interpret complex visual scenes and generating contextually accurate language descriptions and answer queries. The model is developed to process diverse inputs, including images and text, facilitating a broad range of applications such as image captioning, visual question answering, and multimodal content generation. The architecture combines a vision encoder model and an autoregressive transformer to process complex natural language understanding. ![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/623ce1c6b66fedf374859fe7/kl5GWBP9WS0D4uwd1t3S7.png) Cephalo provides a robust framework for multimodal interaction and understanding, including the development of complex generative pipelines to create 2D and 3D renderings of material microstructures as input for additive manufacturing methods. This version of Cephalo, ```lamm-mit/Cephalo-Llama-3.2-11B-Vision-Instruct-128k```, is based on the ```meta-llama/Llama-3.2-11B-Vision-Instruct``` model. The model was trained on a combination of scientific text-image data extracted from Wikipedia and scientific papers. For further details on the base model, see: https://huggingface.co/HuggingFaceM4/idefics2-8b-chatty. More details about technical aspects of the model, training and example applications to materials science problems are provided in the paper (reference at the bottom). ### Chat Format The ```lamm-mit/Cephalo-Llama-3.2-11B-Vision-Instruct-128k``` is suiteable for one or more image inputs, wih prompts using the chat format as follows: ```raw User: You carefully study the image, and respond accurately, but succinctly. Think step-by-step. What is shown in this image, and what is the relevance for materials design? Include a discussion of multi-agent AI. Assistant: ``` where the model generates the text after `Assistant:` . For multi-turn conversations, the prompt should be formatted as follows: ```raw User: You carefully study the image, and respond accurately, but succinctly. Think step-by-step. What is shown in this image, and what is the relevance for materials design? Include a discussion of multi-agent AI. Assistant: The image depicts ants climbing a vertical surface using their legs and claws. This behavior is observed in nature and can inspire the design of multi-agent AI systems that mimic the coordinated movement of these insects. The relevance lies in the potential application of such systems in robotics and materials science, where efficient and adaptive movement is crucial. User: How could this be used to design a fracture resistant material? Assistant: ``` ### Sample inference code This code snippets show how to get quickly started on a GPU: ```python model_id='lamm-mit/Cephalo-Llama-3.2-11B-Vision-Instruct-128k' model = MllamaForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained( model_id, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, #_attn_implementation="flash_attention_2", trust_remote_code=True, ).to (DEVICE ) processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained( model_id, trust_remote_code=True, ) ``` Simple inference example: We are asking a question about this image, showing a material microstructure and associated stress-strain responses. ![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/623ce1c6b66fedf374859fe7/4JwIGSfl82hMEyHasOSU4.png) ``` import requests import torch from PIL import Image url = "https://huggingface.co/lamm-mit/Cephalo-Llama-3.2-11B-Vision-Instruct-128k/resolve/main/architected_stress_strain.png" image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw) messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": [ {"type": "image"}, {"type": "text", "text": "Consider the stress-strain response under compression. What are the three curves shown. Based on an inspection of the plot, do they show good agreement or are they very different?"} ]} ] input_text = processor.apply_chat_template(messages, add_generation_prompt=True) inputs = processor(image, input_text, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device) output = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=512) print(processor.decode(output[0])) ``` Raw output: ``` <|begin_of_text|><|start_header_id|>user<|end_header_id|> <|image|>Consider the stress-strain response under compression. What are the three curves shown. Based on an inspection of the plot, do they show good agreement or are they very different?<|eot_id|><|start_header_id|>assistant<|end_header_id|> The image shows three curves representing the stress-strain response under compression. The x-axis represents strain, which is the deformation experienced by the material relative to its original length, while the y-axis represents stress, which is the force applied per unit area. - The blue curve is labeled "Predicted," indicating a predicted model or simulation result. - The orange curve is labeled "Ground truth," indicating actual experimental data or true values. - The green curve is labeled "Simulation result," likely representing another simulation result for comparison. The curves show an increasing trend of stress with strain, indicating that the material becomes more stressed as it deforms. The predicted and simulation results (blue and green curves) closely follow the ground truth (orange curve), suggesting good agreement among the predicted and simulated models and the actual experimental data. This implies that the models used are accurate in predicting the material's response under compression. The curves do not show significant deviations, indicating reliable modeling and simulation techniques.<|eot_id|> ``` Next we provide a convenience function for inference. This function takes the model, processor, question, and images, along with messages and images objects for repeated chat-like interactions with the model. ```python def ask_about_image (model, processor, question, images_input=[], verbatim=False,temperature=0.1,show_image=False, system="You are a materials scientist. ", init_instr = "", show_conversation=True, max_new_tokens=256, messages=[], images=[], use_Markdown=False): images_input=ensure_list(images_input) if len (images)==0: if len (images_input)>0: for image in tqdm (images_input) : if is_url(image): image= load_image(image) images.append (image) if show_image: display ( image ) if len (messages)==0: messages = [ {"role": "user", "content": [ {"type": "image"}, {"type": "text", "text": question} ]} ] input_text = processor.apply_chat_template(messages, add_generation_prompt=True) inputs = processor(image, input_text, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device) else: messages.append ( {"role": "user", "content": [ {"type": "text", "text": question} ]} ) if verbatim: print (messages) text = processor.tokenizer.apply_chat_template(messages, tokenize=False, add_generation_prompt=True) inputs = processor(text=text, images=images, return_tensors="pt", ).to(DEVICE) generation_args = { "max_new_tokens": max_new_tokens, "temperature": temperature, "do_sample": True, } generate_ids = model.generate(**inputs,# eos_token_id=processor.tokenizer.eos_token_id, **generation_args) generate_ids = generate_ids[:, inputs['input_ids'].shape[1]:-1] generated_texts = processor.decode(generate_ids[0], clean_up_tokenization_spaces=False) messages.append ( {"role": "assistant", "content": [ {"type": "text", "text": generated_texts}]} ) formatted_conversation = format_conversation(messages, images) # Display the formatted conversation in Jupyter Notebook if show_conversation: if use_Markdown: display(Markdown(formatted_conversation)) else: display(HTML(formatted_conversation)) return generated_texts, messages, images question = """What is shown in this image, and what is the relevance for materials design? Include a discussion of multi-agent AI. First brainstorm, then organize your thoughts, then respond.""" url1 = "https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2018/02/Ants_Lede1300.jpg" response, messages,images= ask_about_image ( model, processor, question, images_input=[url1,], temperature=0.1, system= '', init_instr='You carefully study the image, and respond accurately, but succinctly. Think step-by-step.\n\n', show_conversation=True, max_new_tokens=512, messages=[], images=[]) ``` Sample output: ![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/623ce1c6b66fedf374859fe7/5n6oRNHrfwHkBX0QertZp.png) Image by [Vaishakh Manohar](https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-simple-algorithm-that-ants-use-to-build-bridges-20180226/) 
The image shows a group of ants working together to move a large object. This scene illustrates the concept of swarm intelligence, where individual agents (ants) collectively achieve a complex task through decentralized, self-organized behavior. 

In materials design, this concept can be applied to develop new materials and structures by mimicking the behavior of swarms. For instance, researchers have used swarm intelligence algorithms to optimize the design of composite materials, such as fiber-reinforced polymers, by simulating the behavior of ants or other swarming organisms. These algorithms can help identify the optimal arrangement of fibers to maximize strength and minimize weight.

Multi-agent AI, which involves the coordination of multiple autonomous agents to achieve a common goal, can also be used in materials design. This approach can be applied to simulate the behavior of complex systems, such as biological tissues or nanomaterials, and optimize their properties through machine learning algorithms. By analyzing the behavior of individual agents and their interactions, researchers can develop new materials with improved performance and functionality.

In summary, the image of ants working together to move a large object serves as a metaphor for the potential of swarm intelligence and multi-agent AI in materials design. By mimicking the behavior of swarms, researchers can develop new materials and structures with improved properties and functionality.
## Dataset generation The schematic below shows a visualization of the approach to generate datasets for training the vision model. The extraction process employs advanced algorithms to accurately detect and separate images and their corresponding textual descriptions from complex PDF documents. It involves extracting images and captions from PDFs to create well-reasoned image-text pairs, utilizing large language models (LLMs) for natural language processing. These image-text pairs are then refined and validated through LLM-based NLP processing, ensuring high-quality and contextually relevant data for training. The image below shows reproductions of two representative pages of the scientific article (here, Spivak, Buehler, et al., 2011), and how they are used to extract visual scientific data for training the Cephalo model. ![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/623ce1c6b66fedf374859fe7/qHURSBRWEDgHy4o56escN.png) # Further model optimizations If your GPU allows, load and run inference in half precision (`torch.float16` or `torch.bfloat16`). ```diff model = AutoModelForVision2Seq.from_pretrained( "lamm-mit/Cephalo-Idefics-2-vision-8b-beta", + torch_dtype=torch.float16, ).to(DEVICE) ``` **Vision encoder efficiency** Given the high resolution supported, the vision part of the model can be memory hungry depending on your configuration. If you are GPU-memory-constrained, you can: - **deactivate the image splitting.** To do so, add `do_image_splitting=False` when initializing the processor (`AutoProcessor.from_pretrained`). There are no changes required on the model side. Note that only the sft model has been trained with image splitting. - **decrease the maximum image resolution.** To do so, add `size= {"longest_edge": 448, "shortest_edge": 378}` when initializing the processor (`AutoProcessor.from_pretrained`). In particular, the `longest_edge` value can be adapted to fit the need (the default value is `980`). We recommend using values that are multiples of 14. There are no changes required on the model side. `do_image_splitting=True` is especially needed to boost performance on complex tasks where a very large image is used as input. The model was fine-tuned with image splitting turned on. For simple tasks, this argument can be safely set to `False`. **Using Flash-attention 2 to speed up generation**
Click to expand. Mke sure to install `flash-attn`. Refer to the [original repository of Flash Attention](https://github.com/Dao-AILab/flash-attention) for the package installation. Simply change the snippet above with: ```diff model = AutoModelForVision2Seq.from_pretrained( "lamm-mit/Cephalo-Idefics-2-vision-8b-beta", + torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, + _attn_implementation="flash_attention_2", ).to(DEVICE) ```
**4 bit quantization with bitsandbytes**
Click to expand. It is possible to load Idefics2 in 4bits with `bitsandbytes`. Make sure that you have `accelerate` and `bitsandbytes` installed. ```diff + from transformers import BitsAndBytesConfig quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig( load_in_4bit=True, bnb_4bit_quant_type="nf4", bnb_4bit_use_double_quant=True, bnb_4bit_compute_dtype=torch.bfloat16 ) model = AutoModelForVision2Seq.from_pretrained( "lamm-mit/Cephalo-Idefics-2-vision-8b-beta", + torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16, + quantization_config=quantization_config, ).to(DEVICE) ```
## Citation Please cite as: ```bibtex @article{Buehler_Cephalo_2024, title={Cephalo: Multi-Modal Vision-Language Models for Bio-Inspired Materials Analysis and Design}, author={Markus J. Buehler}, journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.19076}, year={2024} } ```