diff --git "a/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt" "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/eval/samples.validation.hyp.paragraph_sentence.answer.lmqg_qg_squad.default.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,10570 @@
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California
+Denver Broncos
+gold
+so that the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals 50.
+February 7, 2016
+Denver Broncos
+so that the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals 50.
+Denver Broncos
+February 7, 2016
+Denver Broncos
+Levi's Stadium
+San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara
+Super Bowl L
+Super Bowl 50
+Super Bowl 50
+San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara
+Levi's Stadium
+Denver Broncos
+February 7, 2016
+Super Bowl 50
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Super Bowl 50
+Denver Broncos
+February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California.
+Super Bowl 50
+Denver Broncos
+Cam Newton
+20–1
+1995
+49–15
+12–4
+49–15
+12–4
+12–4
+four
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+12–4
+Arizona Cardinals
+12–4
+Cam Newton
+49–15
+2
+12–4
+Cam Newton
+12–4
+49–15
+Cam Newton
+49–15
+49–15 in the NFC Championship Game and advanced to their second Super Bowl appearance since the franchise was founded in 1995.
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+The Broncos
+Von Miller
+five solo tackles
+Denver's defense
+sacked him seven times
+Von Miller
+sacked him seven times
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+5
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+5
+sacked him seven times
+sacked him seven times
+sacked him seven times
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+sacked him seven times
+sacked him seven times
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Coldplay
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Coldplay
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+third
+$5 million
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Coldplay
+$5 million
+Coldplay
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Beyoncé and Bruno Mars
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+2012
+Roger Goodell
+2012
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+Roger Goodell
+phenomenal
+phenomenal
+2012
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Sun Life Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Sun Life Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+Sun Life Stadium
+Levi's Stadium
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.
+New Orleans
+Sun Life Stadium
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.
+Sun Life Stadium
+Mercedes-Benz Superdome
+New Orleans' Mercedes-Benz Superdome, Miami's Sun Life Stadium, and the San Francisco Bay Area's Levi's Stadium.
+October 16, 2012
+10
+10
+Super Bowl XLIV in 2010
+1985
+Sun Life Stadium
+October 16, 2012
+1985
+May 3, 2013
+Super Bowl XLIV in 2010
+Sun Life Stadium
+10
+Sun Life Stadium
+Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan
+1985
+New Orleans
+October 16, 2012
+20
+New Orleans
+1985
+Florida legislature refused to approve the funding plan
+May 21, 2013
+Boston
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+San Francisco Bay Area
+Boston
+May 21, 2013
+$1.2 billion
+San Francisco Bay Area
+San Francisco Bay Area
+May 21, 2013
+2014
+$1.2 billion
+1985
+San Francisco Bay Area
+May 21, 2013
+2014
+2003
+Boston
+May 21, 2013
+$1.2 billion
+$1.2 billion
+San Francisco Bay Area
+John Fox
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+John Fox
+Denver Broncos
+Denver Broncos
+Super Bowl XXXVIII
+Denver Broncos
+number one seeds
+number one seeds
+Super Bowl XLVIII
+John Fox
+Denver Broncos
+number one seeds
+Denver Broncos
+John Fox
+DeAngelo Williams
+DeAngelo Williams
+7
+1978
+DeAngelo Williams
+Ten
+Ten
+DeAngelo Williams
+1978
+14–0,
+14–0,
+DeAngelo Williams
+DeAngelo Williams
+DeAngelo Williams
+1978
+Ten
+DeAngelo Williams
+DeAngelo Williams and losing top wide receiver Kelvin Benjamin to a torn ACL in the preseason, the Carolina Panthers had their best regular season in franchise history, becoming the seventh team to win at least 15 regular season games since the league expanded to a 16-game schedule
+DeAngelo Williams
+Ten
+six
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+77
+Greg Olsen
+Cam Newton
+99.4
+77
+77
+Jonathan Stewart
+six
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+six
+500
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+Cam Newton
+39
+308
+136
+118
+308
+Kawann Short
+308
+Kawann Short
+308
+308
+Kurt Coleman
+308
+Kony Ealy
+Thomas Davis and Luke Kuechly.
+Kawann Short led the team in sacks with 11, while also forcing three fumbles and recovering two.
+Gary Kubiak
+Brock Osweiler
+plantar fasciitis
+San Diego Chargers
+Wade Phillips
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+plantar fasciitis
+plantar fasciitis
+plantar fasciitis
+Gary Kubiak
+Peyton Manning
+plantar fasciitis
+plantar fasciitis
+Gary Kubiak
+Gary Kubiak
+Peyton Manning
+Gary Kubiak
+a partial tear of the plantar fasciitis in his left foot.
+Wade Phillips
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+C. J. Anderson
+Osweiler
+67.9
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+Demaryius Thomas
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+5
+67.9
+67.9
+Demaryius Thomas
+C. J. Anderson
+Ronnie Hillman
+4,530
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+Danny Trevathan
+11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three
+DeMarcus Ware
+DeMarcus Ware
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+296
+Von Miller
+Danny Trevathan
+Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three.
+Von Miller
+Danny Trevathan
+Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+31–24
+Seattle Seahawks
+31–24
+Arizona Cardinals
+Seattle Seahawks
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Seattle Seahawks
+49–15
+Arizona Cardinals
+Arizona Cardinals
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+New England Patriots
+20–18
+New England Patriots
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+23–16
+New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+Manning
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+New England Patriots
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+New England Patriots
+New England Patriots
+Thomas Davis
+11-year
+11-year
+11
+11-year
+11-year
+11
+Super Bowl
+11-year
+11-year
+11
+Thomas Davis
+39
+John Elway
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+John Elway
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+John Elway
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Peyton Manning
+He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39.
+John Elway
+Newton
+2011
+26
+13 years and 48 days
+Von Miller
+Newton
+Newton
+26
+This was the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick
+Newton
+2011
+Von Miller
+Newton
+26
+13 years and 48 days
+Super Bowl XX
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Broncos
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Kubiak
+Super Bowl XX
+Justin Tucker
+Bermuda 419
+Ed Mangan
+the field had to be re-sodded multiple times
+the field had to be re-sodded multiple times
+Justin Tucker
+the field had to be re-sodded multiple times
+Bermuda 419 turf
+Justin Tucker
+a new playing surface
+hybrid Bermuda 419 turf.
+the turf showed problem throughout the game, with a number of players needing to change their cleats during the game and player slipping during plays all throughout the game.
+Justin Tucker
+Bermuda 419
+white
+34–19
+The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl
+white
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+34–19
+The Broncos last wore matching white jerseys and pants in the Super Bowl
+white
+white
+Pittsburgh Steelers
+Super Bowl XXXIII
+blue
+0-4
+black
+San Jose State
+Stanford
+San Jose State
+Stanford
+San Jose Marriott
+Santa Clara Marriott
+San Jose State
+Stanford
+San Jose State
+San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.
+Stanford
+Stanford
+San Jose State
+San Jose State practice facility and stayed at the San Jose Marriott.
+Stanford
+Stanford
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl V
+Jaime Weston
+Super Bowl XLV
+large numerals, colored in gold, behind the Vince Lombardi Trophy,
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl LI
+a practice established at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using Arabic numerals
+gold
+June 4, 2014
+Super Bowl 50
+the game would be named using Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L.
+gold
+The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.
+Super Bowl 50
+The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI.
+gold
+week 7
+50
+gold
+gold
+Golden Super Bowl
+"homecoming"
+all sideline jackets and hats
+gold
+NFL
+San Francisco
+Ed Lee
+Jane Kim
+Justin Herman Plaza
+More than 1 million
+Ed Lee
+NFL
+Super Bowl City
+NFL
+Super Bowl City
+Ed Lee
+Super Bowl City
+More than 1 million
+Ed Lee
+Jane Kim
+NFL
+Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University
+$2 million
+week
+$2 million
+a pep rally
+the city council
+$2 million
+the city council
+the city council
+$2 million
+the city council
+Monday
+Monday
+February 1, 2016
+San Jose
+Golden Gate Bridge
+Monday
+Monday
+Super Bowl Opening Night
+February 1, 2016
+San Jose
+Tuesday afternoon prior to the game
+Super Bowl Opening Night.
+February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose.
+an opening ceremony
+Monday
+Super Bowl Opening Night.
+February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose.
+an opening ceremony
+February 1, 2016
+Business Connect
+over $40 million
+Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron, and Dignity Health
+Gap
+Apple, Google, Yahoo!, Intel, Gap, Chevron
+Super Bowl 50
+over $40 million
+over $40 million
+Business Connect
+Business Connect
+over $40 million
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative
+the most giving Super Bowl ever
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative
+The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee
+The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+18
+33 lb (15 kg)
+Tiffany & Co.
+Tiffany & Co.
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co
+Vince Lombardi Trophy
+Tiffany & Co.
+CBS
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+EyeVision 36
+5K
+three
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines
+36
+5K resolution
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms called the contest, with Tracy Wolfson and Evan Washburn on the sidelines
+CBS
+three
+CBS
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+Jim Nantz and Phil Simms
+5K
+36
+ESPN Deportes
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe
+Alvaro Martin
+December 28, 2015
+Spanish
+ESPN Deportes
+ESPN Deportes
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
+ESPN Deportes
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre
+Alvaro Martin and Raul Allegre, and sideline reporter John Sutcliffe.
+streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers
+WatchESPN
+CBSSports.com
+CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital media players
+Windows 10
+CBSSports.com
+CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital media players
+streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers
+streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service
+streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers
+streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers via the NFL Mobile service.
+CBSSports.com, and the CBS Sports apps on tablets, Windows 10, Xbox One and other digital media players
+streaming on smartphones was only provided to Verizon Wireless customers
+ESPN Deportes Spanish
+Stephen Colbert
+James Corden
+Stephen Colbert
+James Corden
+Stephen Colbert
+a break for late local programming
+The Late Late Show
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+$5,000,000
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+Nintendo and The Pokémon Company
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Anheuser-Busch InBev
+Doritos
+Crash the Super Bowl
+"Small Business Big Game"
+"Small Business Big Game"
+"Small Business Big Game"
+nine
+"Small Business Big Game"
+nine
+"Small Business Big Game" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.
+"Small Business Big Game"
+ten
+"Small Business Big Game" contest, in which Death Wish Coffee had a 30-second commercial aired free of charge courtesy of QuickBooks.
+"Small Business Big Game"
+The Secret Life of Pets
+Gods of Egypt
+The Secret Life of Pets
+The Secret Life of Pets
+Gods of Egypt
+The Secret Life of Pets
+The Secret Life of Pets
+Captain America: Civil War
+Independence Day
+20th Century Fox, Lionsgate, Paramount Pictures, Universal Studios and Walt Disney Studios
+20th Century Fox
+Westwood One
+Westwood One
+Jim Gray
+Westwood One
+Westwood One
+two
+Westwood One
+Westwood One
+Westwood One
+Jim Gray
+Westwood One
+Westwood One
+Westwood One
+Jim Gray
+throughout North America
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+1110 AM
+Chester, South Carolina
+WBT
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+WBT
+WBT
+KOA (850 AM) and KRFX (103.5 FM)
+WBT-FM (99.3 FM)
+BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
+BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
+Greg Brady, Darren Fletcher and Rocky Boiman
+BBC Radio 5 Live and 5 Live Sports Extra
+Greg Brady
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+2001
+Peyton Manning
+on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players.
+Peyton Manning
+Harvey Martin
+on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players.
+on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players.
+Peyton Manning
+Peyton Manning
+Harvey Martin
+Six
+the national anthem
+Marlee Matlin
+the national anthem
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Marlee Matlin
+Six
+Marlee Matlin
+December 3
+Coldplay.
+Beyoncé, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson
+Coldplay.
+Pepsi
+"Hymn for the Weekend"
+Coldplay.
+Beyoncé
+Hymn for the Weekend
+Bruno Mars
+Owen Daniels
+Andre Caldwell
+Shaq Thompson
+Brandon McManus
+C. J. Anderson
+18
+Shaq Thompson
+Brandon McManus
+score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.
+Owen Daniels
+Owen Daniels
+C. J. Anderson
+Brandon McManus
+score marked the first time in the entire postseason that Carolina was facing a deficit.
+Mike Carey
+Cam Newton
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+Super Bowl XXVIII
+Jerricho Cotchery
+Mike Carey
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+Super Bowl XXVIII
+Mike Carey
+Von Miller
+Von Miller
+Super Bowl XXVIII
+11:28
+Brad Nortman
+28
+61
+33
+11:28
+11:28
+11:28
+Jordan Norwood
+33
+11:28
+McManus
+Darian Stewart
+Mike Tolbert
+Kony Ealy
+DeMarcus Ware
+DeMarcus Ware
+Mike Tolbert
+Kony Ealy
+Kony Ealy
+DeMarcus Ware
+Mike Tolbert
+Mike Tolbert
+Kony Ealy
+punt
+DeMarcus Ware
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+Graham Gano
+44
+McManus
+T. J. Ward
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+Graham Gano
+T. J. Ward.
+Trevathan
+Ted Ginn Jr.
+26-yard line
+Graham Gano
+Manning
+Ealy
+39
+Devin Funchess
+Devin Funchess
+41-yard line.
+Ealy
+Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line.
+punts.
+Ealy
+Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line.
+Devin Funchess
+punts.
+24
+Newton
+a holding penalty
+Manning
+Manning
+Miller
+Miller
+Newton
+a holding penalty
+Manning
+24-yard line
+Miller
+Miller
+a holding penalty
+Manning
+five
+13 of 23 for 141 yards
+90
+Luke Kuechly
+13 of 23 for 141 yards
+13 of 23 for 141 yards
+13 of 23 for 141 yards
+90
+Sanders
+Luke Kuechly
+Sanders
+90
+McManus
+13 of 23 for 141 yards
+90
+194
+11
+244
+Jordan Norwood
+112
+194
+11
+seven
+Broncos
+21
+11
+Broncos
+seven
+13.8
+the Nobel Prize
+1745
+Maria Skodowska-Curie
+Wadysaw Szpilman
+seven months old
+over 100
+the Krasiski Palace Garden
+The Saxon Garden
+Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
+76
+15 kilometres (9 miles)
+otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species
+13
+oxbow
+before winter
+it was the most diverse city in Poland, with significant numbers of foreign-born inhabitants.
+833,500
+around 34%
+Jewish
+internal migration and urbanisation
+Warsaw University of Technology
+Warsaw University of Technology
+Medical University of Warsaw
+1816
+Fryderyk Chopin University of Music
+1816
+over two million
+Marek Budzyski and Zbigniew Badowski
+Irena Bajerska
+10,000 m2
+infrastructure
+infrastructure
+solid economic growth
+improved markedly
+Warsaw
+Children's Memorial Health Institute
+Maria Skodowska-Curie Institute of Oncology
+10-floor building
+The infrastructure
+the National Philharmonic Hall
+many events and festivals
+the Palace of Culture and Science
+the National Philharmonic Hall
+many events and festivals
+Ogród Saski
+Saxon Garden
+1870 to 1939
+Momus
+Wojciech Bogusawski Theatre
+Midsummer’s Night
+Midsummer’s Night
+Midsummer’s Night
+when they would be married
+musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks
+Museum of Posters
+National Museum
+National Museum
+National Museum
+the history of arms
+Warsaw Uprising Museum
+Warsaw Uprising Museum
+stereoscopic
+patriotic and political
+60
+Royal Ujazdów Castle
+500
+Zachta National Gallery of Art
+mid-19th century
+last weekend of September
+Polonia Warsaw
+1946
+They also won the country’s championship in 1946, and won the cup twice
+Konwiktorska Street
+their disastrous financial situation
+syrenka
+The mermaid
+since at least the mid-14th century
+1390
+1609
+The origin of the legend
+set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas
+Denmark
+Warszowa
+A greedy merchant
+Warsaw
+Maria Górska
+Art Deco
+Israeli poet
+Isaac Bashevis Singer
+Economist Intelligence Unit
+Economist Intelligence Unit
+a wide variety of industries
+The Warsaw Stock Exchange
+Frontex
+1313
+Kraków
+1596
+King Sigismund III Vasa
+"Phoenix City"
+Roman Catholic
+Polish Academy of Sciences
+a UNESCO World Heritage Site
+King Sigismund's Column, St. John's Cathedral, Market Square, palaces, churches and mansions
+royal gardens
+Warszawa
+belonging to Warsz
+12th/13th-century nobleman
+12th/13th-century nobleman
+miasto stoeczne Warszawa
+Bródno
+The Prince of Pock
+1300
+1413
+1526
+General Sejm
+1569
+1573
+King Sigismund III Vasa
+1596
+1796
+the Kingdom of Prussia
+Napoleon's army
+Congress of Vienna of 1815
+1816
+November 1918
+1914
+Pisudski
+In the course of the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920
+the Red Army
+1 September 1939
+a German Nazi colonial administration
+30%
+19 April 1943
+almost a month
+the Germans
+Stalin was hostile to the idea of an independent Poland
+1 August 1944
+63 days
+between 150,000 and 200,000
+"Bricks for Warsaw"
+"Bricks for Warsaw"
+"Bricks for Warsaw" campaign was initiated, and large prefabricated housing projects were erected in Warsaw to address the housing shortage, along with other typical buildings of an Eastern Bloc city
+Palace of Culture and Science
+UNESCO's World Heritage list
+John Paul II
+1979 and 1983
+Victory Square
+Victory Square
+the incentive for the democratic changes
+Carpathian Mountains
+325
+Vistula River
+452.8 ft
+at the right bank of the Vistula
+Vistula Valley
+Vistula Valley
+Vistula Valley
+The Vistula River
+Warsaw Escarpment
+only a few
+former flooded terraces
+valleys and ground depressions
+There are several levels of the plain Vistula terraces
+pine
+architectural styles
+Second World War
+After liberation
+Leopold Kronenberg Palace
+Eastern bloc countries
+Gothic architecture
+14th century
+St. John's Cathedral
+Salwator tenement
+the Jesuit Church
+the later decades of the 17th century
+1688–1692
+Czapski Palace
+neoclassical
+1775–1795
+socialist realism
+socialist realism
+socialist realism
+the Warsaw University of Technology building
+Saxon Palace
+There are also many places commemorating the heroic history
+Pawiak
+The Warsaw Citadel
+Wincenty Kuma
+Wincenty Kuma
+Botanic Garden
+New Orangery
+Pole Mokotowskie
+Pole Mokotowskie
+In 1927 a zoological garden (Ogród Zoologiczny) was established
+close-to-wilderness areas
+within the borders of Warsaw
+Masovian Primeval Forest
+Kabaty Forest
+azienki park
+1,300,000
+420,000
+1951
+Poles
+Warsaw area enlargement
+multi-cultural
+56.2%
+56.2%
+56.2%
+the Warsaw Uprising of 1944
+a commune
+units of the second level of the territorial division – counties or powiats
+Lublin, Kraków
+60
+60
+every four years
+committees
+30 days
+President
+Jan Andrzej Menich
+1695–1696
+the City council
+the mayor of the district Centrum
+ródmiecie
+304,016
+7th greatest emerging market
+12%
+191.766 billion PLN
+1817
+World War II
+April 1991
+162 584 mln
+Polish United Workers' Party
+1951
+the Warszawa, Syrena, Fiat 125p (under license from Fiat, later renamed FSO 125p when the license expired) and the Polonez
+Daewoo
+AvtoZAZ
+Chevrolet Aveo
+Warszawa
+Warszawa
+Vistula River
+2.666 million residents
+1.740 million
+Warszawa
+Vistula River
+Vistula River
+1.740 million
+1.740 million
+Normandy, a region in France
+Normans
+Norse
+Rollo
+first half of the 10th century
+William the Conqueror
+Richard I of Normandy
+Catholic orthodoxy
+"Norseman, Viking
+9th century
+the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
+the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte
+the northern part of present-day Upper Normandy down to the river Seine
+Rollo
+Catholicism
+Catholicism
+1066
+999
+William of Apulia
+William of Apulia
+Drogo
+William Iron Arm
+the Saracens
+1130
+Squillace
+Kitab Rudjdjar
+The Book of Roger
+meritocratic
+Pechenegs, the Bulgars, and especially the Seljuk Turks
+1050s
+1060s
+Alexius Komnenos
+Afranji
+Oursel
+Sassoun and Taron
+Norman mercenary
+Robert Guiscard
+February 1082
+30,000
+Deabolis
+Bohemond
+Deabolis
+1185
+Dyrrachium
+Adriatic
+Ethelred
+Ethelred
+Duke Richard II of Normandy
+Sweyn Forkbeard
+Harthacnut
+1041
+Robert of Jumièges
+the Battle of Hastings
+Duke William II
+1066
+the Anglo-Saxons
+Modern English
+1169
+east of Ireland
+The Normans
+One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling,
+King Malcolm III of Scotland
+1072
+his son Duncan
+Sybilla of Normandy
+Norman
+Edward the Confessor
+defending the Marches and warring with the Welsh
+Edward the Confessor
+Wales
+1018
+William of Montreuil
+1097
+Bohemond of Taranto
+Jerusalem
+380 years
+a storm
+Berengaria
+Richard the Lion-hearted
+Isaac Komnenos
+Conrad of Montferrat
+Isaac surrendered
+Guy de Lusignan
+Richard the Lion-Heart
+12 May 1191
+double coronation
+1489
+Guy de Lusignan
+Africa
+Bethencourt
+Enrique Pérez de Guzmán
+Maciot de Bethencourt
+the legal systems of Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands
+Très ancien coutumier
+Romanesque
+Their style was characterised by rounded arches, particularly over windows and doorways, and massive proportions.
+Early Gothic
+Anglo-Saxon
+Italy, the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic, Lombard, and Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture within the Kingdom of Sicily
+the Cluniac reform
+the Cluniac reform
+The French Wars of Religion
+embroidery
+Bayeux Tapestry
+Odo
+mosaics
+Normandy
+William of Volpiano and John of Ravenna
+southern Italy
+Sant'Eufemia.
+Robert Guiscard
+a tradition of singing
+Nikola Tesla
+Serbian Cyrillic: икола есла; 10 July 1856
+7 January 1943
+Nikola Tesla
+7 January 1943
+Serbian Cyrillic: икола есла; 10 July 1856
+Nikola Tesla
+telephony and electrical engineering
+telephony and electrical engineering
+George Westinghouse
+New York City
+War of Currents
+telephony and electrical engineering
+telephony and electrical engineering
+New York City
+George Westinghouse
+AC induction motor and transformer
+1893
+high-voltage
+mechanical oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray imaging
+Colorado Springs
+1893
+a wireless controlled boat
+Wardenclyffe Tower project
+7 January 1943
+General Conference on Weights and Measures
+New York hotels
+mad scientist
+New York
+7 January 1943
+General Conference on Weights and Measures
+the 1990s
+achievements and showmanship
+Croatia
+Serbian Orthodox priest
+eidetic memory
+eidetic memory
+Serbian Orthodox priest
+Milutin Tesla
+uka
+making home craft tools, mechanical appliances, and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems
+his mother's genetics and influence
+four
+German
+1862
+Dane
+Milka, Angelina and Marica
+horse-riding
+Austrian Empire
+pastor
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+integral calculus
+that he was cheating
+1873
+1870
+Higher Real Gymnasium,
+Martin Sekuli
+German
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+the best engineering school
+the priesthood
+Smiljan
+1873
+cholera
+nine months
+the priesthood
+the best engineering school
+Tomingaj
+Mark Twain
+hunter's
+1874
+hunter's garb
+Smiljan
+1874
+hunter's garb
+Mark Twain
+1875
+Austrian Polytechnic
+1879
+gambling
+3 a.m. to 11 p.m.,
+Graz, Austria
+1875
+1879
+third
+overwork
+Graz
+dropped out of school
+draftsman
+to beg his son to return home
+nervous breakdown
+December 1878
+dropped out of school
+His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River.
+draftsman
+nervous breakdown
+not having a residence permit
+24 March 1879
+60
+a stroke
+Higher Real Gymnasium,
+not having a residence permit.
+24 March 1879
+Higher Real Gymnasium
+stroke
+two of Tesla's uncles
+Charles-Ferdinand
+auditor
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+two of Tesla's uncles
+January 1880
+Charles-Ferdinand University
+two of Tesla's uncles
+Ferenc Puskás
+the Budapest Telephone Exchange
+chief electrician
+telephone repeater or amplifier
+Central Telegraph Office
+1881
+a telegraph company
+the Budapest Telephone Exchange
+chief electrician
+1882
+France
+New York City
+Thomas Edison
+Thomas Edison
+Continental Edison Company
+France
+June 1884
+Thomas Edison
+Manhattan's lower east side
+fifty thousand dollars
+$10 a week
+months
+fifty thousand dollars
+"Tesla, you don't understand our American humor.
+US$10 a week
+Benjamin Vail
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+dynamo electric machine
+dynamo electric machine
+dynamo electric machine commutators
+Benjamin Vail
+1886
+Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
+dynamo electric machine
+Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail,
+forced him out
+penniless
+$2
+1886/1887
+He even lost control of the patents he had generated since he had assigned them to the company in lieu of stock.
+$2
+$2
+a Western Union superintendent
+13
+profit from generated patents would go 13 to Tesla, 13 to Peck and Brown, and 13 to fund development
+Manhattan
+1886
+a Western Union superintendent
+Charles F. Peck
+Manhattan
+13
+Europe and the United States
+May 1888
+commutator
+a simple self-starting design
+a simple self-starting design
+Europe and the United States
+long-distance, high-voltage transmission
+avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes
+May 1888
+the editor of Electrical World magazine
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+1888
+would probably control the market
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+Thomas Commerford Martin
+that Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system
+Galileo Ferraris
+March 1888
+that Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system
+1888
+$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
+$2.50
+$2,000 ($52,700
+$2.50 per AC horsepower produced by each motor
+1888
+$2,000 ($52,700
+$2,000 ($52,700
+Pittsburgh
+streetcars
+60-cycle AC current system
+DC traction motor
+streetcars.
+DC traction motor
+Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+arc lights
+General Electric
+General Electric
+AC
+Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse
+1888
+the financial strain of buying up patents and hiring the engineers needed to build it
+General Electric
+General Electric
+General Electric
+General Electric
+Tesla Polyphase System
+Tesla Polyphase System
+General Electric
+General Electric
+1893
+AC power
+Richard Dean Adams
+Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company
+Westinghouse Electric
+General Electric
+a two-phased system
+Richard Dean Adams
+Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company
+a two-phased system
+a two-phased system
+1896
+$216,000
+$2.50 per AC horsepower royalty
+$200,000
+J. P. Morgan
+$200,000
+$216,000
+35
+New York
+wirelessly
+the Tesla coil
+30 July 1891
+he patented the Tesla coil.
+35
+wireless
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+American Institute of Electrical Engineers
+1892 to 1894
+1892
+1892 to 1894
+Institute of Radio Engineers
+"Roentgen rays"
+March 1895
+Mark Twain
+the metal locking screw on the camera lens
+1894
+X-Rays
+March 1895
+an X-ray image
+Mark Twain
+bremsstrahlung
+1896
+radiography
+X-rays
+bremsstrahlung
+1896
+bremsstrahlung
+Roentgen rays
+longitudinal waves
+ozone generated in contact with the skin
+skin damage
+circuit and single-node X-ray-producing devices
+force-free magnetic fields
+ozone generated in contact with the skin
+longitudinal waves
+force-free magnetic fields
+skin damage
+Benjamin Lamme
+Benjamin Lamme
+Benjamin Lamme
+the Egg of Columbus
+induction
+11 July 1934
+a minute particle would break off the cathode, pass out of the tube, and physically strike him
+where it entered his body
+particles in the beam of force
+National Electric Light Association
+the Tesla Coil
+1893
+1898
+teleautomaton
+Madison Square Garden
+a radio-controlled boat—which he dubbed "teleautomaton"—to the public
+a trained monkey
+1900
+17
+1901
+1943
+Supreme Court of the United States
+17 May 1899
+Paris
+15 June 1899
+five inches
+lightning
+stationary
+the earth
+lightning
+millions of volts
+15 miles
+Light bulbs within 100 feet of the lab glowed even when turned off
+Butterflies were electrified
+a power outage
+the dynamos in a power house six miles away were repeatedly burned out
+The Electrical Experimenter:
+The Electrical Experimenter:
+communications from another planet
+Mars
+9 February 1901
+S (dot/dot/dot)
+July 1899
+John Jacob Astor IV
+to further develop and produce a new lighting system
+Colorado Springs
+1899
+7 January 1900
+torn down
+1904
+torn down
+Wardenclyffe
+Wardenclyffe
+Long Island
+to build a more powerful transmitter.
+Panic of 1901
+the recall of his part in the stock market crash
+over 50
+over 50 letters to Morgan, pleading for and demanding additional funding to complete the construction of Wardenclyffe.
+Newfoundland
+187 feet
+200
+200
+1906
+100–5,000 hp
+steam
+Houston Street lab
+sledge hammer
+World Today
+split the earth in two
+electricity
+saturating them unconsciously with electricity
+William H. Maxwell
+New York City schools
+overseas
+lost the funding he was receiving from his patents
+$20,000
+$20,000
+Boldt
+the August 1917 edition of the magazine Electrical Experimenter
+the August 1917 edition of the magazine Electrical Experimenter
+radar
+Émile Girardeau
+Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla
+Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg
+that Tesla and/or Edison had refused the prize
+a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner
+animosity toward each other
+1915
+1915
+1937
+1,655,114
+VTOL aircraft
+$1,000
+it may be the earliest known design for what became the tiltrotor/tilt-wing concept
+$125
+Hotel New Yorker
+the rest of Tesla's life
+impoverished
+determining the location of underground mineral deposits.
+a method of transmitting mechanical energy with minimal loss over any terrestrial distance
+determining the location of underground mineral deposits.
+accurately determining the location of underground mineral deposits
+1935
+to feed the pigeons
+a doctor
+three of his ribs
+early 1938
+1937
+Van de Graaff
+Van de Graaff generator
+anti-aircraft
+anti-aircraft purposes
+death ray
+1937
+the death ray,
+a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets
+a narrow stream of small tungsten pellets
+a little time
+charged particle beam weapons
+Nikola Tesla Museum archive
+Belgrade
+creating and directing non-dispersive particle streams
+a "superweapon that would put an end to all war
+efforts had been made to steal the invention
+there was no danger that his invention could be stolen,
+room had been entered
+86
+7 January 1943
+Alice Monaghan
+Alice Monaghan
+coronary thrombosis
+the FBI ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize Tesla's belongings
+John G. Trump
+there was nothing which would constitute a hazard
+Manhattan Storage and Warehouse Company
+Slovene-American author Louis Adamic
+Slovene-American author Louis Adamic
+12 January
+two thousand
+the Cathedral of Saint John the Divine
+80
+Sava Kosanovi
+Charlotte Muzar
+80
+in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal in the Nikola Tesla Museum
+around 300
+278
+United States, Britain, and Canada
+in patent archives
+8:10 p.m
+from 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later
+3:00 a.m
+the headwaiter
+8 to 10 miles per day
+exercise
+one hundred
+stimulated his brain cells
+telepathy
+"Suppose I made up my mind to murder you,"
+all fundamental laws could be reduced to one
+to feed the pigeons
+over $2,000
+wing and leg
+to feed the pigeons
+to feed the pigeons
+6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m)
+6 feet 2 inches
+1926
+New York City
+eight
+visions
+picture thinking
+blinding flashes of light would appear before his eyes, often accompanied by visions.
+photographic memory
+84 hours
+84 hours
+Graz
+Kenneth Swezey
+a journalist
+"Sometimes I feel that by not marrying, I made too great a sacrifice to my work
+madly in love
+toward the end of his life
+Dorothy Skerrit
+Robert Underwood Johnson
+asocial
+asocial
+Tesla's friend
+Mark Twain
+Mark Twain;
+the late 1920s
+overweight people
+secretary
+he fired a secretary because of her weight
+clothing;
+a pre-atomic understanding of physics
+ether
+an all pervasive "ether" that transmitted electrical energy
+19th century
+Einstein's
+theories about the conversion of matter into energy.
+relativity
+a "dynamic theory of gravity
+1892
+"dynamic theory of gravity"
+81
+selective breeding version of eugenics
+ruthless
+pity
+1937
+"Queen Bees."
+1926
+Queen Bees
+"Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War"
+Science and Discovery
+20 December 1914
+the League of Nations
+Orthodox Christian
+religious fanaticism
+Buddhism and Christianity
+"A Machine to End War"
+his religious views
+"A Machine to End War
+magazines
+magazines and journals
+Ben Johnston
+on the web
+1900
+"The Problem of Increasing Human Energy,"
+science fiction
+video games
+The impact of the technologies invented or envisioned by Tesla
+Time magazine
+Time magazine
+his contribution to electrical power generation
+Albert Einstein
+more than 70
+Computational complexity theory
+classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty
+Computational complexity theory
+significant resources
+mathematical models of computation
+time and storage
+the amount of communication
+to determine the practical limits on what computers can and cannot do
+analysis of algorithms and computability theory
+analysis of algorithms
+computational complexity theory
+analysis of algorithms and computability theory
+problem case
+The input string
+a rather concrete utterance,
+infinite collection of instances
+infinite collection of instances
+2000 kilometres
+Milan
+computational problems
+a string
+the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet
+bitstrings
+in binary notation
+their adjacency matrices
+Decision problems
+yes or no
+a special type of computational problem whose answer is either yes or no, or alternately either 1 or 0
+A decision problem
+A decision problem
+an arbitrary graph
+the set of all connected graphs—of course, to obtain a precise definition of this language, one has to decide how graphs are encoded as binary strings.
+how graphs are encoded as binary strings
+A function problem
+A function problem
+A function problem
+the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem
+A function problem
+decision problems
+the multiplication of two integers
+how much time the best algorithm requires to solve the problem
+the case
+the size of the instance
+size of the input in bits
+algorithms scale with an increase in the input size
+a feasible amount of resources
+the input size is n, the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
+the input size is n, the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
+the input size is n, the time taken can be expressed as a function of n.
+a polynomial time algorithm
+Turing machine
+an algorithm
+Turing machines
+symbols
+deterministic Turing machine
+deterministic Turing machine
+probabilistic Turing machine
+non-deterministic Turing machine
+randomized algorithms
+complexity classes
+time or space
+deterministic Turing machines, probabilistic Turing machines, non-deterministic Turing machines
+random access machines
+computational power
+memory
+deterministically
+a non-deterministic Turing machine
+more unusual resources
+has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms, but its branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems.
+has very little to do with how we physically want to compute algorithms, but its branching exactly captures many of the mathematical models we want to analyze, so that non-deterministic time is a very important resource in analyzing computational problems.
+the total number of state transitions
+complexity theory is interested in classifying problems based on their difficulty
+DTIME(f(n))
+deterministic Turing machine
+time and space are the most well-known complexity resources
+viewed as a computational resource
+Blum complexity axioms
+Blum complexity
+Blum complexity
+The best, worst and average case complexity
+time complexity (or any other complexity measure
+The best, worst and average case complexity
+The best, worst and average case complexity
+quicksort
+O(n2)
+O(n2)
+proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required
+analysis of algorithms
+proving upper and lower bounds on the minimum amount of time required
+T(n)
+lower bounds make a statement about all possible algorithms
+the big O notation
+constant factors and smaller terms
+T(n) = O(n2)
+independent of the specific details
+complicated definitions
+complicated definitions that do not fit into this framework
+complicated definitions
+complexity classes that depend on the chosen machine model
+in linear time on a multi-tape Turing machine,
+quadratic time in the model of single-tape Turing machines
+"the time complexities in any two reasonable and general models of computation are polynomially related"
+complexity class P
+time or space
+time or space
+time or space
+BPP, ZPP and RP
+BPP, ZPP and RP,
+BPP, ZPP and RP,
+#P
+IP and AM
+computation time
+DTIME(n2)
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+hierarchy theorems
+quantitative statements
+time and space hierarchy theorems
+EXPTIME
+PSPACE
+reduction
+a transformation of one problem into another problem
+X reduces to Y.
+Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions
+the bound on the complexity of reductions
+polynomial-time reduction
+multiplying two integers
+the reduction process takes polynomial time
+giving the same input to both inputs
+giving the same input to both inputs
+the type of reduction being used
+if every problem in C can be reduced to X
+an algorithm for X allows us to solve any problem in C
+NP-hard
+NP-complete problems
+NP
+polynomial-time solution
+NP
+The complexity class P
+the Cobham–Edmonds thesis
+The complexity class NP
+Boolean satisfiability problem
+deterministic Turing machines
+many important problems can be shown to have more efficient solutions
+operations research,
+$1,000,000
+if P  NP
+NP-intermediate problems
+The graph isomorphism problem
+The graph isomorphism problem
+NP-complete
+the polynomial time hierarchy
+the polynomial time hierarchy collapses to its second level
+Laszlo Babai and Eugene Luks
+The integer factorization problem
+deciding whether the input has a factor less than k
+cryptographic systems
+general number field sieve
+Many known complexity classes are suspected to be unequal
+P  NP  PP  PSPACE
+many known complexity classes between P and PSPACE
+Proving that any of these classes are unequal would be a major breakthrough
+co-NP
+problems with the yes/no answers reversed
+NP is not equal to co-NP;
+P is not equal to NP
+if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
+P or equal to P
+if L (the set of all problems that can be solved in logarithmic space) is strictly contained in P or equal to P.
+NL and NC
+distinct or equal classes
+intractable problems
+exponential-time algorithms
+NP-complete problems
+the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic
+the decision problem in Presburger arithmetic
+algorithms can solve the NP-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time
+algorithms can solve the NP-complete knapsack problem over a wide range of sizes in less than quadratic time
+the NP-complete Boolean satisfiability problem
+numerous foundations
+Turing machines
+Turing machines
+1936
+a very robust and flexible simplification of a computer
+On the Computational Complexity of Algorithms
+Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
+1965
+Juris Hartmanis and Richard Stearns
+1965
+John Myhill
+1961
+Hisao Yamada
+some concrete choice of input encoding
+some concrete choice of input encoding
+Manuel Blum
+speed-up theorem
+"Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems"
+Richard Karp
+a course of study
+pedagogy
+first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college.
+a course of study
+teacher
+A teacher's role may vary among cultures
+literacy and numeracy
+literacy and numeracy, workmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills.
+literacy and numeracy, workmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills
+a family member
+home schooling
+formal education
+a teacher
+a teacher
+religious texts
+religious texts
+the Quran, Torah or Bible
+Religious and spiritual teachers
+homeschooling
+professionals.
+Chartered
+informally, within the family, which is called homeschooling, or in the wider community
+professionals.
+organization of school functions
+field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors
+supervise study halls
+field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors
+teacher's colleges
+serve and protect the public
+serve and protect the public
+instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers
+serve and protect the public
+investigating complaints involving members
+teacher's colleges
+teacher's colleges
+teacher's colleges
+teacher's colleges
+in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors
+tutor
+teachers
+facilitate student learning
+formal
+pedagogy
+field trips
+technology
+technology, specifically the rise of the internet over the past decade, has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom.
+a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill
+the relevant authority
+The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
+The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.
+standardized curricula
+assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills
+self-study and problem solving
+to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
+to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint
+psychology
+relationship between teachers and children
+a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum
+ten or more
+primary school and secondary school teaching
+primary school
+alternative approaches
+platoon
+by staying with the same group of peers for all classes
+teachers who specialize in one subject
+United States
+Co-teaching
+two or more teachers
+social networking support
+two or more teachers
+social networking support
+corporal punishment
+substitute parent
+teacher
+Throughout the history of education
+While a child was in school
+corporal punishment
+Western countries
+1977
+1977
+physical pain
+30
+South
+declining
+a specially made wooden paddle
+in the principal's office
+caning
+Asian, African and Caribbean countries
+School corporal punishment.
+detention
+detention
+detention
+sit quietly
+write lines or a punishment essay
+North America and Western Europe
+immediate and fair punishment
+immediate and fair punishment
+sarcasm
+sarcasm
+assertive and confrontational
+East Asia
+assertive and confrontational
+assertive and confrontational
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+Japan
+40 to 50 students
+class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction
+teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students
+teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students
+teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students
+popularly based authority
+popularly based authority
+persuasion and negotiation
+the preservation of public order
+good, clear laws
+teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials
+teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content
+do not teach by rote
+higher
+teacher enthusiasm
+students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation
+nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation
+Enthusiastic teachers
+teacher enthusiasm
+emotional contagion
+energy and enthusiasm
+student-teacher relationships
+Enthusiastic teachers
+personal success is a student's internal goal of improving himself, whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior.
+guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals.
+student motivation and attitudes towards school
+Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive
+Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive
+teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students
+teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students
+enthusiasm about the students
+enthusiastic
+A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in the student
+An enthusiastic teacher
+The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching
+sexual misconduct
+9.6%
+9.6%
+9.6%
+9.6%
+0.3%
+priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers
+random... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24
+The AAUW study
+Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau
+teacher misconduct
+pedophile or hebephile
+Chris Keates
+child protection and parental rights groups
+shortage of male teachers
+teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent
+occupational stress
+relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections.
+occupational burnout
+occupational stress
+occupational stress
+42%
+42%
+twice the figure for the average profession
+teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress
+teachers experienced double the rate of anxiety, depression, and stress than average workers
+occupational hazards
+Organizational interventions
+Individual-level interventions
+may be effective in helping to reduce occupational stress among teachers
+Organizational interventions
+In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college
+Governments may require certification by a recognized body
+elementary school education certificate
+psychiatric
+many educational institutions especially within the US
+individual states and territories
+three
+three-tier model
+universities and/or TAFE colleges
+three-tier model
+a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree
+a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education
+private sector, businesses and sponsors
+special university classes, called Lehramtstudien
+Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies)
+Grundschule
+the civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung)
+Gymnasium
+Extra pay
+€53,423
+€27,814
+90,000
+the Teaching Council
+a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered with the Teaching Council - may not be paid from Oireachtas funds.
+Section 30 of the Teaching Council Act 2001
+a person employed in any capacity in a recognised teaching post - who is not registered with the Teaching Council - may not be paid from Oireachtas funds
+2006
+2006 Garda vetting has been introduced for new entrants to the teaching profession
+on a phased basis
+teaching and also to non-teaching posts
+41,004
+depending on experience and extra responsibilities
+20,980
+at least a bachelor's degree
+September 2007
+alternative licensing programs
+hard-to-fill positions
+vary by geographic area
+secondary
+secondary school teachers
+General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS)
+General Teaching Council for Scotland
+seven
+Provisional Registration
+"Full Registration" status after a year
+April 2008
+20,427
+32,583
+£20,427
+Trade Unions
+Education in Wales
+Welsh
+Welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges and universities and in adult education; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16
+22
+Welsh medium education is available to all age groups
+ATL, NUT or NASUWT
+ATL, NUT or NASUWT
+between 2005 and 2010
+ATL, NUT or NASUWT
+attacks on teachers in Welsh schools
+each state
+as long as ten years
+bachelor's degree
+charter schools
+No Child Left Behind
+teachers have been paid relatively low salaries
+average teacher salaries have improved rapidly
+more experience and higher education
+elementary school teachers
+TeachersPayTeachers.com
+spiritual formation
+Protestant
+a man (or, less often, woman), often a monastic, considered to be graced by God with certain gifts for the guidance of souls and the detection and correction of prelest
+(Roman) Catholic, (Eastern) Orthodox Catholic, and Protestant/Non-Denominational
+LDS Church
+Elder
+spiritual teacher"
+the husband and father of a family
+the father of the house
+guru
+extremely high
+disciples
+spiritual teacher
+Lama
+to be reborn
+Tulku
+many times
+Bodhisattva
+mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas
+mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas
+Sufism
+exoteric, or actions-oriented
+Qutb
+German
+18 February 1546
+Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church.
+that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased
+Pope Leo X
+good deeds
+good deeds
+sacerdotalism
+sacerdotalism
+a holy priesthood
+the vernacular
+It fostered the development of a standard version of the German language, added several principles to the art of translation, and influenced the writing of an English translation,
+Tyndale Bible
+hymns influenced the development of singing in churches
+Katharina von Bora
+Hans Luder (or Ludher, later Luther) and his wife Margarethe (née Lindemann)
+Saxony
+the Holy Roman Empire
+Catholic
+a lawyer
+University of Erfurt
+beerhouse and whorehouse
+four
+four
+1505
+law
+uncertainty
+theology and philosophy
+to be suspicious of even the greatest thinkers and to test everything himself by experience
+assurance about the use of reason but none about loving God
+he cried out, "Help!"
+2 July 1505
+Augustinian cloister
+the deaths of two friends
+His father was furious over what he saw as a waste of Luther's education
+the Augustinian order
+deep spiritual despair
+Christ
+Johann von Staupitz
+a change of heart
+1507
+von Staupitz
+1508
+9 March 1508
+Peter Lombard
+19 October 1512
+21 October 1512
+Bible
+University of Wittenberg
+Doctor of Theology
+1516
+to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica
+to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica
+charity and good works
+charity and good works
+31 October 1517
+Albert of Mainz
+The Ninety-Five Theses
+Hans Hillerbrand
+Thesis 86
+Johann Tetzel
+purgatory
+Johann Tetzel
+Johann Tetzel
+God
+indulgences
+indulgences
+false assurances
+Christ
+Tetzel
+exaggerate
+in line with Catholic dogma
+in line with Catholic dogma
+the story of the posting on the door
+the story of the posting on the door
+Philipp Melanchthon
+Wittenberg
+little foundation in truth
+Latin
+the printing press
+Latin
+two weeks
+two months
+1519
+Wittenberg
+early part of Luther's career
+1520
+To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian
+Psalms,
+penance
+corrupt
+the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight of what he saw as several of the central truths of Christianity
+the doctrine of justification
+God
+1525
+a gift from God
+the Smalcald Articles
+"the just person" of whom the Bible speaks (as in Romans 1:17) lives by faith
+Christ and His salvation
+Christ and His salvation
+indulgences
+"Christ and His salvation"
+Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz and Magdeburg
+Rome
+papal dispensation
+"the pope had a finger in the pie as well, because one half was to go to the building of St Peter's Church in Rome".
+Theses.
+Pope Leo X
+three years
+October 1518
+Antichrist
+arrest Luther
+January 1519
+Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector,
+Johann Eck
+popes
+Jan Hus
+15 June 1520
+41
+60 days
+Karl von Miltitz
+3 January 1521
+the secular authorities
+18 April 1521
+a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire
+Emperor Charles V
+Prince Frederick III
+Johann Eck
+Archbishop of Trier
+he stood by their contents
+the next day
+he was their author, but requested time to think about the answer
+Luther raised his arm
+the traditional salute of a knight winning a bout
+Michael Mullett
+epoch-making oratory
+Luther refused to recant his writings
+Luther
+they were inserted before "May God help me"
+Mullett
+private conferences
+25 May 1521
+Edict of Worms
+declaring Luther an outlaw, banning his literature, and requiring his arrest
+anyone to kill Luther
+Wittenberg
+escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle
+my Patmos
+doctrinal and polemical
+indulgences
+every good work designed to attract God's favor is a sin
+cannot be earned
+1 August 1521
+Melanchthon
+this life is not a place where justice resides."
+1521
+he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift,
+it is a gift
+private confession and absolution
+vows were an illegitimate and vain attempt to win salvation.
+prophetic faith
+1521
+Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25
+the Little Horn
+2 Thessalonians 2
+Gabriel Zwilling
+1521
+disturbances
+Zwickau prophets
+the town council
+6 March 1522
+"During my absence, Satan has entered my sheepfold, and committed ravages
+eight sermons
+Invocavit Sermons
+love, patience, charity, and freedom, and reminded the citizens to trust God's word rather than violence
+immediate
+Jerome Schurf
+the sixth sermon
+Dr. Martin's return
+misguided
+By working alongside the authorities to restore public order
+he signalled his reinvention as a conservative force
+Zwickau prophets
+radical reformers
+radical reformers
+Nicholas Storch
+Nicholas Storch
+1524–25
+the upper classes
+"liberal"
+the temporal authorities
+Thuringia
+mad dogs
+the devil's work
+the devil's
+three grounds
+St. Paul
+St. Paul
+Divine Right of Kings
+death in body and soul
+Without Luther's backing for the uprising
+the Swabian League
+15 May 1525
+Müntzer's execution
+Luther's Reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers
+Katharina von Bora
+herring barrels
+26
+41 years old
+April 1523
+13 June 1525
+On the evening of the same day, the couple was married
+The ceremonial walk to the church and the wedding banquet
+27 June
+Johannes Bugenhagen
+Andreas Karlstadt
+clerical marriage
+Biblical grounds
+the death of a heretic
+reckless
+The Black Cloister
+a former monastery
+six children
+Croesus
+Katharina
+choosing their own ministers
+a supervisory church body
+two
+two catechisms
+theology of the cross,
+extreme change
+the church in the Electorate of Saxony
+adviser
+John the Steadfast
+temporal sovereign
+1526
+Latin Mass
+simple people
+sacrifice
+freedom of ceremony
+1527
+Luther
+pastoral care and Christian education
+the common people
+many pastors are well-nigh unskilled and incapable of teaching
+the catechism
+1529
+pastors and teachers
+the Small Catechism,
+questions and answers
+The catechism
+"Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes
+the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism
+The Small Catechism
+Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible
+Luther's Small Catechism
+Luther's Small Catechism
+German vernacular
+doctrine
+Salvation
+1522
+1534
+the Old Testament
+alone
+Faith alone
+the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery
+the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery,
+make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans
+other people may read it without hindrance
+impediments and difficulties
+German-language publications
+Bible translation
+significant
+Lucas Cranach
+William Tyndale
+"Vom Himmel hoch, da komm ich her"
+high art and folk music
+German hymns
+a lute
+the waldzither
+particular events in his life
+the first individuals to be martyred by the Roman Catholic Church for Lutheran views
+Ein neues Lied we heben an
+John C. Messenger
+Flung to the Heedless Winds
+"Wir glauben all an einen Gott"
+"Wir glauben all an einen Gott"
+the Apostles' Creed in the Small Catechism
+adapted and expanded from an earlier German creedal hymn
+the perceived difficulty of its tune
+1538
+the Small Catechism
+liturgical setting of the Lord's Prayer and as a means of examining candidates on specific catechism questions
+multiple revisions
+Luther's tune
+"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir"
+"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir"
+"Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir"
+the Achtliederbuch
+essential Reformation doctrine
+Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland
+Veni redemptor gentium
+"Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland"
+"Dies sind die heilgen Zehn Gebot"
+German Te Deum
+"Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam"
+Johann Walter
+Psalm 67's prayer for grace
+J. S. Bach
+Johann Walter
+Luther's hymns
+four
+four
+four
+Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
+chorale cantatas
+chorale cantatas
+1707
+1724 to 1725
+chorale cantatas
+that a Christian's soul sleeps after it is separated from the body
+torments
+enter a prepared bedchamber in which they sleep in peace
+penitential suffering
+Smalcald Articles
+Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death
+Johann Gerhard
+Luther's teaching about the state of the Christian's soul after death differed from the later Lutheran theologians such as Johann Gerhard.
+1755
+Luther's Commentary on Genesis
+Gottfried Fritschel
+Gottfried Fritschel
+Gottfried Fritschel
+dreams
+October 1529
+Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse
+German and Swiss
+the nature of the Eucharist
+the nature of the Eucharist
+"This is my body which is for you"
+the Real Presence of the body and blood of Christ
+the sacramental union
+spiritually or symbolically present
+confrontational
+the Schmalkaldic League
+the Schmalkaldic League
+the Schmalkaldic League
+The Swiss cities
+John of Saxony, Philip of Hesse, and George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach
+reason
+reason
+Reason
+reason
+epistemological
+that Jesus Christ was born a Jew
+Luther began to lose hope in large-scale Jewish conversion to Christianity
+that Jesus Christ was born a Jew
+Anabaptists
+Von den Juden und ihren Lügen
+the Biblical apocalypse
+the Biblical apocalypse
+the antichrist
+the papacy
+Emperor Charles V
+a Latin translation of the Qur'an
+Islam
+Islam
+the devil
+He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an,
+claimed that God's gospel, not God's moral law (the Ten Commandments), revealed God's wrath to Christians
+God's gospel, not God's moral law
+city hall
+six series of theses
+On the Councils and the Church
+second use of the law
+the Holy Spirit's tool
+everything that is used to work sorrow over sin
+does not eliminate the accusing law
+asserting that Christians are no longer sinners in themselves and that the church consists only of essentially holy people
+positively teach how the Christian ought to live
+the Ten Commandments
+third use of the law
+illustration of the Ten Commandments
+the Ten Commandments
+the sacrament of baptism
+The Ten Commandments
+eschatological
+Philip I, Landgrave
+Philip I, Landgrave
+one of his wife's ladies-in-waiting
+history chiefly holds Luther accountable
+lasting damage
+theological and cultural
+the Jews
+the murder of Christ
+they rejected the divinity of Jesus
+that Jesus Christ was Born a Jew and also aimed to convert them to Christianity.
+Von den Juden und Ihren Lügen
+1543
+three years
+the devil's people
+murder
+Saxony, Brandenburg, and Silesia.
+Martin Luther
+whoever would help the Jews was doomed to perdition
+anti-Jewish works
+1580s
+Luther
+antisemitism
+Nazis' attacks on Jews
+Luther
+Nuremberg
+17 December 1941
+seven Protestant regional church confederations
+Diarmaid MacCulloch
+Bishop Martin Sasse
+"of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."
+opportunistic
+one of the 'church fathers' of anti-Semitism
+the Jews
+18th and 19th centuries
+His position was entirely religious and in no respect racial
+anti-Judaic—that is, opposed to Judaism
+anti-Semitism
+hysterical and demonizing mentality
+German Lutheran clergy and theologians
+German Lutheran clergy and theologians
+a declining state of mind
+antisemitic
+vulgarity and violence
+Muslims) and Catholics
+antisemitic
+the 1980s
+4,745
+Professor Richard (Dick) Geary
+1928-1933
+1531
+Philip of Hesse
+kidney and bladder stones
+ear infection
+angina
+poor physical health
+writings and comments
+poor physical health
+Katharina
+1545 and 1546
+Eisleben
+15 February 1546
+the obdurate Jews
+expel from all German territory
+convert
+Mansfeld
+1545
+1545
+1545
+copper
+17 February 1546
+chest pains
+Ps. 31:5
+"Into your hand I commit my spirit; you have redeemed me, O Lord, faithful God" (Ps. 31:5), the common prayer of the dying
+1 a.m
+apoplectic
+2:45 a.m
+18 February 1546
+the Castle Church
+Johannes Bugenhagen and Philipp Melanchthon
+Luther had written his last statement
+Latin
+"We are beggars,"
+monumental size
+Catholic saints
+physically imposing
+the medieval religious orders
+1530s and 1540s
+18 February
+18 February with a commemoration in the Lutheran Calendar of Saints and in the Episcopal (United States) Calendar of Saints.
+31 October
+31 October.
+18 February
+SoCal
+10 counties
+Southern California is a major economic center for the state of California and the United States.
+demographics and economic ties
+historical political divisions
+Southern California Megaregion
+11
+Las Vegas, Nevada
+The megaregion's area is more expansive, extending east into Las Vegas, Nevada, and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana.
+Tijuana
+Pacific
+seven
+three
+Southern California includes the heavily built-up urban area stretching along the Pacific coast from Ventura, through the Greater Los Angeles Area and the Inland Empire, and down to Greater San Diego
+17.5 million
+Colorado River
+Colorado River
+Colorado River
+Mexico–United States border
+Los Angeles
+3,792,621
+Los Angeles
+Los Angeles and San Diego
+south
+Los Angeles
+all are in the top 15 most populous counties in the United States
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside
+Hollywood
+Los Angeles
+The Walt Disney Company
+Los Angeles
+The Walt Disney Company
+Southern California
+Tony Hawk
+Shaun White
+Oahu
+Transpac
+desert
+beaches
+desert
+resort feel and nearby open spaces
+37° 9' 58.23"
+37° 9' 58.23"
+ten
+Point Conception and the Tehachapi Mountains
+northern
+northern boundary of southern California, such a division has existed from the time when Mexico ruled California, and political disputes raged
+the Californios of Monterey in the upper part and Los Angeles in the lower part of Alta California
+northern boundary of southern California, such a division has existed from the time when Mexico ruled California, and political disputes raged
+36 degrees, 30 minutes, the line of the Missouri Compromise
+the Compromise of 1850
+three
+Cow Counties
+three
+75
+Senator Milton Latham
+seven
+1900
+1999
+Imperial
+seven
+northern, central, and southern
+California State Automobile Association
+California State Automobile Association
+South of the Tehachapis
+northern, central, and southern
+It is the third most populated megalopolis in the United States, after the Great Lakes Megalopolis
+Southern California
+automobiles
+automobiles and highways
+international
+Camp Pendleton
+Temecula and Murrieta have as much connection with the San Diego metropolitan area as they do with the Inland Empire
+Riverside-San Bernardino
+San Bernardino and Riverside Counties
+1980s and 1990s
+Mediterranean
+Mediterranean
+60's
+Southwest
+70
+Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges
+one of the more varied collections of geologic, topographic, and natural ecosystem landscapes
+topographic
+Pacific Ocean islands, shorelines, beaches, and coastal plains, through the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges
+large and small interior valleys
+10,000
+so small
+6.7
+over $20 billion.
+over $20 billion
+8.0
+6.7 +
+San Jacinto Fault, the Puente Hills Fault, and the Elsinore Fault
+California Earthquake forecast
+California Earthquake forecast
+culturally, politically, and economically
+culturally, politically, and economically
+culturally, politically, and economic
+22,680,010.
+high growth rates
+the state's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0% in the 2000s
+the state's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0% in the 2000s
+the state's rate grew less than the state average of 10.0% in the 2000s
+eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas
+two
+two
+Southern Border Region
+17,786,419
+Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people),
+Los Angeles (at 3.7 million people) and San Diego (at 1.3 million people),
+34
+34
+San Bernardino and Riverside
+abundance of petroleum
+tourism
+housing bubble
+one of the largest
+housing bubble
+1920s
+cattle and citrus
+cattle and citrus
+cattle and citrus
+military spending cutbacks
+Southern California
+Central business districts
+Central business districts
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+San Fernando Valley
+Downtown Burbank, Downtown Santa Monica, Downtown Glendale
+San Bernardino-Riverside
+Riverside
+Hospitality Business/Financial Centre
+international corporations
+University of California, Irvine
+West Irvine
+international corporations
+international corporations
+Downtown San Diego
+Northern San Diego
+Northern San Diego
+Downtown San Diego
+Los Angeles International Airport
+second-busiest
+second-busiest
+second-busiest
+Van Nuys Airport
+Metrolink
+seven
+seven
+Orange
+Port of Los Angeles
+San Diego
+Port of Long Beach,
+The Tech Coast
+The Tech Coast
+The Tech Coast
+12
+12
+Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NFL
+Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NFL
+Los Angeles Rams, San Diego Chargers); NFL
+Los Angeles Kings
+LA Galaxy
+the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA
+the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA
+2014
+the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA
+2018
+College sports
+UCLA Bruins
+UCLA Bruins
+UCLA Bruins
+UCLA Bruins
+Rugby is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding Rugby as an official school sport.
+Rugby is also a growing sport in southern California, particularly at the high school level, with increasing numbers of schools adding Rugby as an official school sport.
+increasing numbers of schools adding rugby as an official school sport
+BSkyB
+BSkyB
+British Sky Broadcasting Group plc
+Sky plc
+Sky UK Limited
+May 2006
+Setanta Sports
+Sky B's monopoly
+£1.3bn
+ITV Digital's free-to-air replacement, Freeview,
+Freeview
+three
+Sky News, Sky Three
+Pick TV
+two or more
+September 2007
+monthly
+the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only
+the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only
+VideoGuard
+NDS
+VideoGuard
+VideoGuard
+Sky+
+NTL and Telewest
+2007
+Virgin Media claimed that BSkyB had substantially increased the asking price
+Virgin Media claimed that BSkyB had substantially increased the asking price
+Virgin Media claimed that BSkyB had substantially increased the asking price
+July 2013
+July 2013
+OneDrive
+OneDrive for Business
+BSkyB
+1 September 1993
+Astra
+27 September 2001
+the launch and expansion of the Sky Digital
+400,000
+British Sky Broadcasting or BSkyB
+British Sky Broadcasting
+11 million
+Freeview
+Sky Q Hub
+with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection
+This allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings
+a range of products and services to be available in 2016
+a range of products and services to be available in 2016
+MPEG-2
+Sky Movies and Sky Box Office
+DVB-S2
+7-day EPG
+DVB-S2
+the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
+the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
+the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
+the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
+the analogue service which was broadcast from 19.2°E.
+22 May 2006
+40,000
+Thomson
+17,000
+4,222,000
+8 February 2007
+Setanta Sports
+BSkyB
+Virgin Media
+English Premier League Football
+free-to-view
+Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted, some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription
+VideoGuard UK
+universal Ku band LNB
+VideoGuard UK
+In the autumn of 1991
+ITV
+ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year
+BSkyB
+BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year
+Ofcom
+£15–100,000
+BSkyB
+BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
+BSkyB does not carry any control over the channel's content or carriage issues
+1 October 1998
+Sky Digital
+Sky Active
+the improvement in picture and sound quality, increased number of channels and an interactive service branded Open....
+over 100,000
+30 November 2006 until 30 July 2009
+30 November 2006 until 30 July 2009
+Video On Demand
+BBC HD
+Virgin Media has claimed that other HD channels were "locked up" or otherwise withheld from their platform, although Virgin Media did in fact have an option to carry Channel 4 HD
+10 million
+36%
+August 2004
+36%
+the growth in subscriber numbers elsewhere in Europe flattened
+Welfare Cash Card
+essentials
+often damaging
+Sky TV bills
+"Sky TV bills to establish if a woman in receipt of benefits as a single mother is wrongly claiming to be living alone"
+£30m
+Video On Demand and High Definition content
+Virgin Media
+BSkyB
+agreed to terminate all High Court proceedings against each other relating to the carriage of their respective basic channels
+highly diversified
+second
+second
+art galleries and theatres
+Melbourne Cricket Ground
+Many Chinese miners worked in Victoria, and their legacy is particularly strong in Bendigo
+Lambing Flat riots in New South Wales
+Buckland Valley
+typhoid
+unsanitary
+multi-member proportional representation
+eight
+eight
+four years
+Elections for the Victorian Parliament are now fixed and occur in November every four years
+Australian Labor Party
+Australian Labor Party
+Australian Labor Party
+The Greens
+Australian Labor Party
+61.1%
+26.7%
+168,637
+168,637
+20%
+south-east
+second-most populous
+second
+Melbourne
+Melbourne,
+the Koori
+1788
+New South Wales
+Sullivan Bay
+1803
+More than 26,000 square kilometres
+More than 50%
+6,000 square kilometres
+nearly 90%
+121,200
+1975
+the 1855 colonial constitution
+the Parliament of Victoria
+"entrenched" provisions
+Victoria Constitution Act 1855
+Mallee and upper Wimmera
+15 °C (59 °F)
+15 °C (59 °F)
+48.8 °C
+7 February 2009
+the Victoria Department of Education
+the Victoria Department of Education
+the Victoria Department of Education
+the Roman Catholic Church
+All schools must comply with government-set curriculum standards.
+Ford, Toyota and Holden; however, closure announcements by all three companies in the 21st century will mean that Australia will no longer be a base
+2017
+May 2013
+October 2016
+Ford
+Mount Bogong
+Mount Bogong
+Mount Bogong
+an extensive series of river systems
+pink heath
+The Victorian Alps
+Great Dividing Range
+Great Dividing Range
+less than 9 °C (48 °F)
+11.7 °C
+several private and public railway operators
+Metro Trains Melbourne
+the Victorian Government
+freight services
+Metro Trains Melbourne
+37
+37
+the Legislative Assembly
+the Legislative Council
+Linda Dessau
+1 July 1851
+1 July 1851
+one of the largest gold rush
+sevenfold
+20 million
+1,548
+1,548
+540,800
+63,519
+61 per cent
+Victoria
+60%
+60%
+60%
+Asia
+1,600 mm
+1,435 mm
+760 mm (2 ft 6 in)
+the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas
+760 mm (2 ft 6 in)
+1788
+New South Wales
+New Holland
+Sydney
+miners protesting against mining taxes
+crushed by British troops
+Eureka Stockade
+mining licence fees
+Imperial Parliament
+The Premier of Victoria
+The Premier of Victoria
+elected to either house
+Daniel Andrews
+elected to either house
+$8.7 billion
+17%
+32,463
+32,463
+60%
+Major events
+Major events
+Melbourne
+regional cities
+V8 Supercars and Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix
+southern and central parts of France
+one-eighth
+1562 to 1598
+the granting of the Edict of Nantes
+autonomy
+derision
+Geneva
+Besançon Hugues
+France
+1560
+The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages
+1294
+Guyard de Moulin
+1487
+illustrated folio paraphrase version
+villes de sûreté
+66
+Protestant rule
+1622
+1629
+François Villion
+Cape Town
+Maria de la Queillerie
+31 December 1687
+1700
+1624
+Jessé de Forest
+L'Église française à la Nouvelle-Amsterdam
+L'Eglise du Saint-Esprit
+Brooklyn
+the Charleston Orange district
+the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger
+Rev. Elie Prioleau
+Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantations
+present-day Charleston, South Carolina
+William III of Orange
+King of England
+League of Augsburg
+Louis XIV
+1672
+Edict of Fontainebleau
+1685
+Louis XIV
+nearly three-quarters
+The Catholic Church in France
+5,000 to 30,000
+5,000 to 30,000
+militia
+some of the Huguenots were nobles trying to establish separate centers of power in southern France
+1621 and 1629
+southwestern France
+Henry IV
+Louis XIII
+three
+Approximately one million Protestants
+Approximately one million Protestants
+Alsace
+Alsace
+French Australia
+New Rochelle
+New Paltz
+"Huguenot Street Historic District"
+The "Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site and contains the oldest street in the United States of America
+south shore of Staten Island
+75,000 to 100,000
+75,000 to 100,000 people
+ca. 2 million
+Around 1700, it is estimated that nearly 25% of the Amsterdam population was Huguenot.
+the Edict of Nantes
+the prétendus réformés
+Huguon
+le roi Huguet
+the prétendus réformés
+instead of being in Purgatory came back to harm the living at night
+Huguenots
+The Weavers
+economic separation
+Sandwich, Faversham and Maidstone
+a restaurant
+Cork City
+Huguenots
+Dublin
+a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland
+1696
+The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain
+The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
+The French crown's refusal to allow non-Catholics to settle in New France
+Seven Years' War
+1759-60
+Henry of Navarre
+1598
+Catholicism
+The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches
+Protestantism
+education of children as Catholics
+emigration
+Four thousand
+"new converts"
+Holland, Prussia, and South Africa
+Switzerland and the Netherlands
+1555
+France Antarctique
+1560
+the Guanabara Confession of Faith
+Afrikaans
+The wine industry
+Western Cape
+surnames indicating their French Huguenot ancestry.
+Cuckoo Tavern
+Henry Laurens
+Charleston, South Carolina
+Manakin Episcopal Church
+Texas
+lace
+first half of the eighteenth century
+twenty-five widows who settled in Dover
+first half of the eighteenth century
+Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichstadt
+one-fifth
+in protest against the occupation of Prussia by Napoleon
+1806-07
+Fredericia (Denmark), Berlin, Stockholm, Hamburg, Frankfurt, Helsinki, and Emden
+England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, and Prussia
+Cévennes
+the Camisards
+Catholic Church in the region
+1702 and 1709
+Jacksonville
+Jean Ribault
+Jean Ribault
+A September 1565 French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine failed
+A September 1565 French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine failed
+Jean Ribault
+Parris Island
+Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
+1562
+The Wars of Religion
+Virginia
+Lower Norfolk County
+Manakin Town
+390
+12 May 1705
+1568–1609
+Spain
+"Apologie"
+"Apologie" of William the Silent
+Calvinist
+Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act
+an estimated 50,000
+an estimated 50,000
+Andrew Lortie
+Andrew Lortie
+William of Orange
+William of Orange
+Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal
+Killeshandra
+flax cultivation and the growth of the Irish linen industry
+Prince Louis de Condé
+Count Ludwig von Nassau-Saarbrücken
+glass-making
+1890s
+1604
+Protestant European nations
+Protestant European nations
+the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, and several of the English colonies of North America, and Quebec
+Dutch Cape Colony
+they were accepted and allowed to worship freely
+Hugues Capet
+The "Hugues hypothesis"
+Janet Gray
+little Hugos, or those who want Hugo
+such double or triple non-French linguistic origins
+Jacques Lefevre
+University of Paris
+1530
+William Farel
+Jean Cauvin (John Calvin)
+24 August – 3 October 1572
+St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
+Nearly 3,000
+1573
+almost 25,000
+1643
+force the Huguenots to convert
+financially reward converts
+Huguenot schools
+dragonnades
+county of Westchester
+"Bauffet's Point"
+John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor
+La Rochelle
+Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church
+Protestant denominations
+outside their immediate French communities
+E.I. du Pont
+well into the nineteenth century
+Eleutherian gunpowder mills
+Pierre Bayle
+Rotterdam
+Historical and Critical Dictionary
+US Library of Congress
+Saint Nicolas
+The French Protestant Church of London
+1550
+Soho Square
+Shoreditch
+1724
+Lutheran and Reformed
+Germany and Scandinavia
+Edict of Potsdam
+Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia
+Altpreußische Infantry Regiments No. 13 (Regiment on foot Varenne)
+Frederick William
+Theodor Fontane
+Adolf Galland
+Prime Minister of the (East) German Democratic Republic, Lothar de Maizière
+German Federal Minister of the Interior
+solar power, nuclear power or geothermal energy
+The ideal thermodynamic cycle
+water is heated and transforms into steam
+water is heated and transforms into steam
+Steam engines
+atmospheric engine
+Thomas Newcomen
+1712
+It was an improvement over Savery's steam pump
+Papin
+Richard Trevithick
+21 February 1804
+Richard Trevithick
+south Wales
+Richard Trevithick
+Rankine cycle
+multi-stage centrifugal
+Injectors
+steam locomotives
+a steam jet
+triple and quadruple expansion engines
+triple and quadruple expansion engines
+Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing
+Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing
+large passenger liners
+Corliss
+Stephenson, Joy and Walschaerts
+lengthening rubbing surfaces
+Lead fusible plugs
+the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly,
+the lead melts and the steam escapes
+manually suppress the fire
+dampening the fire
+James Watt
+James Watt
+ten
+1883
+Industrial Revolution
+first recorded rudimentary steam engine
+Hero of Alexandria
+first recorded rudimentary steam engine
+Giovanni Branca
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+compound engines
+expansions
+double and triple expansion engines
+Steam engines
+double and triple expansion engines
+steam turbines
+steam turbines
+reciprocating piston type steam engines
+90
+electric
+from burning combustible materials with an appropriate supply of air in a closed space
+combustion chamber
+nuclear reactor, geothermal energy, solar energy or waste heat
+model or toy steam engines, the heat source can be an electric heating element.
+steam engine indicator
+1851
+Charles Porter
+Charles Porter
+Charles Porter
+90 ° out of phase
+180
+90 ° out of phase
+counterflow
+one rotation of the crank
+one rotation of the crank
+one rotation of the crank
+expansion
+The Quasiturbine
+hotter incoming admission steam
+hotter incoming admission steam
+An oscillating cylinder steam engine
+trunnion
+toys and models
+toys
+recycled continuously
+open loop
+Mercury
+The working fluid
+working fluid
+565 °C
+stainless steel
+42%
+30 °C
+Steam engines
+Steam engines
+Stanley Steamer
+factories
+an increase in the land available for cultivation
+Trevithick
+Matthew Murray
+Matthew Murray
+Middleton Railway
+George Stephenson
+Arthur Woolf
+1804
+torque variability
+larger cylinder volume
+90
+reciprocating steam engines
+reciprocating Diesel engines, and gas turbines
+90%
+90%
+The Rankine cycle
+in a condenser
+1990s
+biomass
+Scottish
+duty
+17
+7 million
+94
+Newcomen
+Reciprocating piston type steam engines
+Reciprocating piston type steam engines
+steam turbine
+Reciprocating piston type steam engines
+Thomas Savery
+a water pump
+1698
+Bento de Moura Portugal
+Bento de Moura Portugal
+Richard Trevithick
+Richard Trevithick
+1802
+These were much more powerful for a given cylinder size
+power
+Energiprojekt AB
+Energiprojekt AB
+5
+8.8
+27-30
+steam turbines
+automobile radiator
+where water is costly
+wet
+Evaporative cooling towers need less water flow
+The centrifugal governor
+The centrifugal governor
+flour mill
+cotton spinning
+The governor could not actually hold a set speed
+1880
+compounding
+complicated
+1930
+compounding
+shortening the cutoff
+kick back
+evacuate the cylinder
+fixed length
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont
+1606
+Thomas Savery
+Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine
+rotating discs
+drive shaft
+static discs
+one or more rotors (rotating discs) mounted on a drive shaft, alternating with a series of stators (static discs) fixed to the turbine casing
+3600 revolutions per minute
+boilers and condensers
+internal combustion engines or electric motors
+steam turbine
+Advanced Steam
+concerns about fuel sources and pollution
+pistonless rotary engine
+pistonless rotary engine
+difficulty of sealing the rotors to make them steam-tight in the face of wear and thermal expansion
+1775
+condenser
+Boulton and Watt's
+James Watt
+air pressure
+two
+plug valve
+spring-loaded
+spring-loaded
+Early valves
+Corliss steam engine
+1849
+30%
+four
+the committee said that "no one invention since Watt's time has so enhanced the efficiency of the steam engine".
+the original concepts of harnessing the power of steam and atmospheric pressure
+Watt
+the separate condenser
+Joseph Black
+latent heat
+during the compression stage relatively little work is required to drive the pump
+Rankine cycle
+1% to 3%
+1500 °C
+injector
+to recirculate the water and recover the latent heat of vaporisation
+to supply water to the boiler
+bunker
+a chain or screw stoking mechanism
+feed water
+steam turbine
+dreadnought battleships
+dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners
+HMS Dreadnought
+by heating water to provide steam
+by heating water to provide steam
+by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator
+steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric transmission
+Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain
+The Rankine cycle
+in the condenser
+constant pressure
+heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser)
+a liquid
+8
+hydrogen and helium
+two atoms
+almost half
+20.8%
+20.8%
+Oxygen
+8
+global downward trend
+hydrogen and helium
+8
+chalcogen group
+oxides
+third
+dioxygen
+photosynthesis
+sunlight
+ozone
+oxygen
+water
+photosynthesis
+water
+ozone
+Robert Boyle
+John Mayow
+John Mayow
+1679
+Robert Boyle
+John Mayow
+late 17th century
+respiration
+John Mayow
+mercuric oxide
+mercuric oxide
+HgO
+mercuric oxide
+mercuric oxide
+dephlogisticated air
+"An Account of Further Discoveries in Air"
+Because he published his findings first
+a mouse
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Philo of Byzantium
+2nd century BCE
+the classical element fire
+Philo of Byzantium
+the classical element fire
+Pneumatica
+Leonardo da Vinci
+2nd century BCE
+heat or a spark
+oxidant
+Combustion hazards
+Oxygen
+an ignition event
+oxidant
+rapid combustion
+Oxygen
+Combustion hazards
+the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2
+Steel pipes
+the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2
+Steel pipes
+O 2
+Steel pipes
+Steel pipes
+the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2
+silicon (silica SiO 2, as found in granite and quartz), aluminium (aluminium oxide Al 2O 3, in bauxite and corundum), iron
+carbon dioxide
+The Earth's mantle
+carbon dioxide
+silicon (silica SiO 2, as found in granite and quartz), aluminium (aluminium oxide Al 2O 3, in bauxite and corundum), iron
+The Earth's mantle
+The Earth's mantle
+complex silicates
+all elements were monatomic
+all elements were monatomic
+HO
+8 times that of hydrogen
+Amedeo Avogadro
+phlogiston
+Highly combustible
+Air
+metals
+Air
+filling of molecular orbitals
+two oxygen atoms
+sequential, low-to-high energy, or Aufbau
+two oxygen atoms
+filling of molecular orbitals
+Joseph Priestley
+1774
+his work was published first
+Antoine Lavoisier
+1777
+spin triplet state
+triplet oxygen
+two unpaired electrons
+triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules,
+antibonding
+Lavoisier
+Lavoisier
+Lavoisier
+1777
+azote
+Trioxygen
+Trioxygen
+lung tissue
+protective radiation shield
+UV
+dioxygen
+121 pm
+the Earth's atmosphere
+Due to its energy content
+cellular respiration
+James Dewar
+James Dewar
+1895
+oxyacetylene
+water
+temperature
+6.04 milliliters
+6.04 milliliters
+twice as much
+Oxygen
+third most abundant
+0.9%
+49.2%
+ultraviolet radiation
+late 19th century
+late 19th century
+Raoul Pierre Pictet
+Only a few drops
+March 29, 1883
+the Sun
+a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space
+a silicon wafer exposed to the solar wind in space
+depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's disk of protoplanetary material
+the Earth
+Singlet oxygen
+common organic molecules
+water during photosynthesis
+the immune system
+Carotenoids
+the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms
+the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms
+evaporate at a slightly faster rate
+the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms
+periods of lower global temperatures
+687 and 760 nm
+carbon cycle
+satellite platform
+global
+the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies
+paramagnetic
+Liquid oxygen
+negative
+magnetic field
+a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet
+superoxide ion
+destroy invading microbes
+pathogen attack
+about 2.5 billion years ago
+about 2.5 billion years ago
+90.20 K
+absorption in the red
+fractional distillation of liquefied air
+liquid nitrogen
+combustible materials
+Free oxygen
+The increased solubility of O 2 at lower temperatures
+oxygen content
+eutrophication
+by measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand
+about 3.5 billion years ago
+Paleoproterozoic
+banded iron formations
+1.7 billion years ago
+3–2.7 billion years ago
+oxygen cycle
+biogeochemical
+biogeochemical
+photosynthesis
+oxygen
+passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves
+90% to 93%
+90% to 93%
+non-cryogenic technologies
+90% to 93%
+electrolysis of water
+molecular oxygen and hydrogen
+DC electricity
+oxides and oxoacids
+chemical oxygen generators or oxygen candles
+oxygen bars
+mild euphoric
+get a "boost" in performance
+placebo
+aerobic
+Hyperbaric
+helps to displace carbon monoxide
+anaerobic bacteria
+Decompression sickness
+emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders
+easing work load on the heart
+oxygen
+Uptake of O 2 from the air is the essential purpose of respiration
+emphysema, pneumonia, some heart disorders
+electronegativity
+oxides
+FeO
+oxide
+passivates the metal and slows further corrosion
+an emergency supply of O 2 automatically supplied to them in case of cabin depressurization
+oxygen generators
+exothermic
+exothermic
+cryogenics
+specially insulated tankers
+20 °C
+in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas
+hospitals
+acetone, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, furan, THF, diethyl ether, dioxane, ethyl acetate, DMF, DMSO, acetic acid, and formic
+amides
+feeder materials
+Epoxides
+amides
+biomolecules
+squalene
+carbohydrates
+carbonyl groups
+phosphate
+deep scuba diving
+permanent pulmonary fibrosis
+convulsions
+21%
+seizures
+no damage
+30 kPa
+1.4 times normal
+no damage
+30 kPa
+at elevated partial pressures
+50 kilopascals
+50 kilopascals
+mechanical ventilators
+30%–50%
+Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
+US$3 per barrel
+1979
+first oil shock
+Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
+boycott
+Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.
+Henry Kissinger
+March 1974
+August 15, 1971
+"float" (rise and fall according to market demand)
+Anticipating that currency values would fluctuate unpredictably for a time, the industrialized nations increased their reserves
+September 1971
+oil producers' real income decreased
+less than two percent per year
+1971
+1973–1974
+the oil shock
+October 6, 1973
+Iran
+ten times more
+Iran
+economic pressure
+In response to American aid to Israel
+$5.11
+until their economic and political objectives were met
+$2.2 billion
+In response to American aid to Israel
+over 100 billion dollars
+Al-Qaeda and the Taliban
+Middle East
+shrinking Western demand
+Wahhabism
+production, distribution and price disruptions
+the possibility that the Middle East could become another superpower confrontation with the USSR
+1973
+Kissinger
+The embargo
+automobiles
+inflationary and deflationary
+the Arctic
+five to ten years
+UK and France
+UK and France
+UK and France
+UK and France
+Ted Heath
+coal miners and railroad workers
+coal miners and railroad workers
+coal miners and railroad workers
+Germany
+Sweden
+Price controls
+to encourage investment
+Price controls
+rationing
+William E. Simon
+1973
+to coordinate the response to the embargo
+20%
+55 mph
+Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act
+Bill Clinton
+November 28, 1995
+Bill Clinton
+The energy crisis
+market and technology realities
+policies which promise solutions that are politically expedient, but whose prospects are doubtful.
+the U.S
+"it was no longer obvious to him that the U.S. could not use force."
+10 years
+the Arabs and much of the rest of the Third World
+Japan
+71%
+5%
+November 22
+December 25
+Afghanistan
+Saudi Arabia and Iran
+Saudi Arabia and Iran
+Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
+the seizure of the Grand Mosque in Mecca by Wahhabi extremists
+The crisis reduced the demand for large cars
+Japanese imports
+four cylinder engines that were more fuel efficient than the typical American V8 and six cylinder engines
+Japan
+1981
+Toyota Corona Mark II
+air conditioning, power steering
+1981
+Mazda Truck
+Dodge D-50
+Ford, Chrysler, and GM
+ending their captive import policy
+An increase in imported cars into North America
+Dodge Omni / Plymouth Horizon
+1985
+Cadillac DeVille and Fleetwood, Buick Electra, Oldsmobile 98, Lincoln Continental, Mercury Marquis, and various other luxury oriented sedans
+Bel Air
+1979
+1981
+NHTSA Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 215
+1981
+1980s
+trying to recover market share
+$40 per barrel
+Dwight D. Eisenhower's
+National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
+1968
+Dwight D. Eisenhower
+two
+1961 to 1972
+Gemini
+Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, a joint Earth orbit mission with the Soviet Union
+Skylab
+Apollo 1
+1967 Apollo 1 cabin fire that killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test
+three
+an oxygen tank explosion
+an oxygen tank explosion in transit to the Moon
+Apollo 8
+Apollo 8
+382 kg
+avionics, telecommunications, and computers
+one
+one
+Abe Silverstein
+ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings
+1960
+July 1960
+Maxime Faget
+three
+Hugh L. Dryden
+John F. Kennedy
+John F. Kennedy
+He knew little about the technical details of the space program, and was put off by the massive financial commitment required
+James E. Webb
+missile gap
+Yuri Gagarin
+Soviet Union
+US House Committee on Science and Astronautics
+Kennedy
+April 20
+Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson
+one week
+one week
+Robert R. Gilruth
+NASA's Langley Research Center
+Houston, Texas
+Rice University
+Florida
+Merritt Island
+Kurt H. Debus
+LOC's first Director
+Kennedy
+three
+Operations and Checkout Building
+250,000 feet
+130 million
+Dr. George E. Mueller
+July 23, 1963
+D. Brainerd Holmes
+Mueller
+Air Force missile projects
+high-ranking officers in the United States Air Force
+General Samuel C. Phillips
+July 1969
+Apollo Program Director
+a rendezvous
+1961
+Associate Administrator Robert Seamans
+Nicholas E. Golovin
+July 1961
+Manned Spacecraft Center
+Joseph Shea
+Wernher von Braun
+Jerome Wiesner
+Golovin
+it was far from smooth sailing.
+July 11, 1962
+September
+"No, that's no good"
+Lunar Excursion Module
+Grumman
+LOR
+Apollo 13
+Lunar Module
+1964
+Maxime Faget's
+Command/Service Module
+Lunar Excursion Module
+The Command Module
+The Command Module
+an ablative heat shield
+Parachutes
+5,560 kg
+cylindrical Service Module
+S-band antenna
+The Service Module
+51,300 pounds
+orbital scientific instrument package
+North American Aviation
+twice the thrust
+1964
+North American Aviation
+Lunar Module
+Earth's atmosphere
+15,100 kg
+over 3 days
+Wernher von Braun
+Army
+June 11, 1962
+only live first stages, carrying dummy upper stages filled with water
+1964 and 1965
+Pegasus satellites
+micrometeorite impacts
+1,600,000 pounds-force
+1,600,000 pounds-force
+40,000 pounds
+40,000 pounds
+CSM and LM
+33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter
+three
+liquid hydrogen
+Apollo
+Gemini or Mercury
+Dr. Harrison Schmitt
+Apollo 17
+the last mission
+32
+the Distinguished Service Medal
+1969
+discipline problems with the Flight Director's orders
+Grissom, White, and Chaffee
+LC-34
+265.7 nautical miles
+25,700 km
+the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield
+AS-207/208, or AS-278
+Apollo spacesuit
+the lunar surface EVA suit would include a water-cooled undergarment.
+water-cooled undergarment
+Lunar Module Pilot
+Deke Slayton
+Donn F. Eisele
+January 1966
+Donn F. Eisele
+AS-205
+the AS-205 mission was canceled
+August 1967
+Saturn IB
+Apollo 1 backup crew
+Samuel Phillips
+Samuel Phillips
+1967
+Samuel Phillips
+altitude chamber
+Apollo 1
+"plugs-out" test
+North American
+a strange odor in their spacesuits
+January 27, 1967
+100%
+asphyxiated
+100%
+both houses of Congress
+deficiencies
+George Low
+an accident review board,
+nitrogen/oxygen
+use of a nitrogen/oxygen mixture instead of pure oxygen before and during launch, and removal of flammable cabin and space suit materials
+a quick-release, outward opening door
+unmanned
+Block II
+a sequence of mission types
+successful
+unknown how many tries of each mission
+AS-501
+the Command Module's heat shield
+April 4, 1968
+a third unmanned test
+Apollo 5
+Apollo 5
+George Low
+a computer programming error
+"fire-in-the-hole"
+Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs
+Zond 5
+Christmas Eve
+George Low
+it was believed they might soon repeat the feat with human cosmonauts
+Gemini veteran crew
+July 1969
+21 hours, 36 minutes
+Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Buzz Aldrin
+July 24
+Alan L. Bean
+Alan L. Bean
+they returned to Earth
+when accidentally pointed into the Sun
+Lunar Roving Vehicle
+the Block II spacesuit
+eight
+allowing the CMP to operate a package of lunar orbital sensors and cameras while his companions were on the surface, and allowing them to stay on the Moon for over three days
+eight
+liquid oxygen tank exploded
+a single veteran as Commander, with two rookies
+the oxygen tank was redesigned
+liquid oxygen tank
+April 1970
+Apollo 20
+NASA's yearly budget
+John F. Kennedy Space Center
+1971
+extremely old
+4.6 billion years
+KREEP
+Genesis Rock
+micrometeoroid impact craters
+impact process effects
+materials melted near an impact crater.
+$170 billion
+15
+$20.4 billion
+Apollo X
+Apollo Applications Program
+Venus
+1973
+1973
+February 8, 1974
+Apollo Telescope Mount
+Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
+All of the U. S. flags left on the Moon during the Apollo missions
+unknown
+Apollo 8
+the Book of Genesis
+one-quarter
+1968, which had been a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
+special Apollo TV camera
+Apollo TV camera
+National Archives and Records Administration
+to be recorded over with newer satellite data
+Stan Lebar
+Nafzger
+historical legitimacy
+kinescope recordings
+Nafzger
+black and white
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law.
+a body of treaties and legislation
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+regulations and directives
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+a body of treaties and legislation
+direct effect or indirect effect
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+primary law, secondary law and supplementary law
+Treaties establishing the European Union
+the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union
+three
+the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+European Union law
+the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+international law
+the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+The European Court of Justice
+international law
+the courts of member states and the Court of Justice of the European Union
+European Union law
+The European Court of Justice
+case law by the Court of Justice, international law and general principles of European Union law
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+The European Commission
+ministers from member state governments) and the European Parliament (elected by citizens
+The European Court of Justice
+The "European Council"
+Treaty on European Union
+Faroe Islands
+rule on their validity
+the Treaty provisions have a direct effect
+as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
+Treaty on European Union (TEU) and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)
+Gibraltar and the land islands
+as soon as they enter into force, unless stated otherwise
+The Court of Justice of the European Union can interpret the Treaties
+common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy
+Maastricht Treaty 1992
+1985
+1972 (though Norway did not end up joining)
+1985
+common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy
+Maastricht Treaty 1992
+Single European Act 1986
+UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining), Greece in 1979, Spain and Portugal 1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994
+1985
+the Nice Treaty
+the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
+it significantly altered the existing treaties
+amending treaty
+it significantly altered the existing treaties
+reform the constitutional law of the European Union and make it more transparent
+a single constitutional document
+the referendum in France and the referendum in the Netherlands
+the Lisbon Treaty
+The European Commission
+Article 17(1)
+The Commission's President
+one Commissioner for each of the 28 member states
+Federica Mogherini
+Article 17(1)
+The Commission's President
+simple majority vote
+High Representative for Foreign and Security Policy
+Article 17(1)
+Santer Commission
+Commissioner giving her dentist a job, for which he was clearly unqualified, did in fact not break any law
+a Committee of Independent Experts
+European Council
+voting rights
+1999
+Commission v Edith Cresson
+a Committee of Independent Experts
+European Anti-fraud Office
+€60m
+powers of amendment and veto
+the elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes
+every five years
+The Parliament's powers include calling investigations into maladministration or infringement of the rights of The Parliament's powers include calling investigations into maladministration or infringement of the rights of The Parliament
+The Parliament's powers include calling investigations into maladministration or infringement of the rights of The Parliament's powers include calling investigations into maladministration or infringement of the rights of The Parliament
+powers of amendment and veto
+powers of amendment and veto
+1979
+every five years
+European People's Party
+different ministers of the member states
+former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk
+voting
+352
+55
+the Council
+six months
+352
+65 per cent of the population of the EU
+three
+three
+a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission:
+TEU articles 4 and 5
+the Court of Justice
+TFEU article 294
+a majority in Parliament, a minority in the Council, and a majority in the Commission
+TEU articles 4 and 5
+Conciliation Committee
+judicial branch
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+28
+member state courts
+ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed
+judicial branch of the EU has played an important role in the development of EU law, by assuming the task of interpreting the treaties, and accelerating economic and political integration
+Court of Justice of the European Union
+Civil Service Tribunal
+three years
+"ensure that in the interpretation and application of the Treaties the law is observed"
+EU law
+1958
+Regulations from 1964 and 1968
+European Court of Justice and the highest national courts
+1964
+Court of Justice
+the Court of Justice
+they do not accept that the Court of Justice has the final say on foundational constitutional questions affecting democracy and human rights
+R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
+ultimate authority of member states, its factual commitment to human rights, and the democratic will of the people.
+if the EU does not comply with its basic constitutional rights and principles
+administrative law
+1986
+judicial review, and judged by standards of proportionality,
+administrative law
+In Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
+urea-formaldehyde plastics
+a postal company
+TFEU article 288
+Directives
+at least 4 weeks paid holidays
+at least 4 weeks paid holidays
+three
+a citizen may rely on the Directive
+a dispute with another citizen or company
+10 years
+Foster v British Gas plc
+Foster v British Gas plc
+interpret domestic law
+incorporations would only be nullified for a fixed list of reasons
+set up an insurance fund for employees to claim unpaid wages if their employers had gone insolvent
+6 million Lira
+European Court of Justice
+proportionality, legal certainty, equality before the law and subsidiarity
+the 1950s
+Article 5
+the least onerous
+the 1960s
+international law and public law
+a proper legal basis
+legal certainty and good faith
+the constitutional traditions common to the member states
+measures which are incompatible with fundamental rights recognised and protected in the constitutions of member states
+None
+1950
+1950
+the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950 and the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights.
+1999
+Strasbourg
+Strasbourg
+European Union law
+European Court of Justice
+The Social Chapter
+The Social Chapter
+1989
+30
+40
+11 of the then 12 member states
+The UK refused to sign the Social Charter
+the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
+the "Social Chapter" of the 1992 Maastricht Treaty
+the UK Labour Party
+1997
+1994 Works Council Directive
+1994
+workforce consultation in businesses
+European Coal and Steel Community
+European Coal and Steel Community
+Article 65
+Article 65
+European Economic Community
+Article 101(1)
+abuse of dominant position
+Articles 106 and 107
+Article 102
+2007
+the Treaty of Rome 1957
+reduce consumer prices
+led to a common market, then monetary union, then union of monetary and fiscal policy, political and eventually a full union
+Court of Justice
+non-discrimination
+Mr Dassonville
+states can be responsible for private actors
+Commission v France
+Schmidberger v Austria
+Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol für Branntwein, the Court of Justice found that a German law requiring all spirits and liqueurs (not just imported ones) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent
+France
+Commission v Italy
+All Italian chocolate was made from cocoa butter
+Commission v Italy Italian law required that cocoa products that included other vegetable fats could not be labelled as "chocolate". It had to be made from cocoa butter alone, but British, Danish and Irish manufacturers used other vegetable fats.
+Keck and Mithouard
+cut throat competition
+Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini
+Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
+to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement
+free movement of workers:
+citizenship
+Steymann v Staatsecretaris van Justitie
+so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did
+The Free Movement of Workers Regulation
+Jean-Marc Bosman
+a requirement to speak Gaelic to teach in a Dublin design college
+the Court of Justice rejected Mr Weigel's claim that a re-registration charge upon bringing his car to Austria violated his right to free movement.
+the Court of Justice rejected Mr Weigel's claim that a re-registration charge upon bringing his car to Austria violated his right to free movement.
+Citizenship of the EU
+increased the number of social services that people can access wherever they move
+Commission v Austria
+higher education
+the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
+non-discriminatory
+refusal to admit a lawyer to the Belgian bar because he lacked Belgian nationality
+49
+Commission v Italy
+2006
+countries such as Spain not even having a crime against shipping toxic waste
+October 2007
+2005
+The "freedom to provide services" under TFEU article 56 applies to people who give services "for remuneration"
+only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice
+narcotic drugs
+The Dutch health authorities
+the Daily Mail newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands
+£1
+£1
+creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes
+a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany
+Amazon rainforest
+7,,000,000 square kilometres (2,700,000 sq mi), of which 5,500,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 sq mi) are covered by the rainforest.
+nine nations.
+four nations contain "Amazonas" in their names.
+over half of the planet's remaining rainforests
+Amazoneregenwoud
+Amazon rainforest
+Brazil
+over half
+over half
+Amazon rainforest
+7,,000,000 square kilometres
+nine nations
+Brazil
+over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests, and comprises the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees divided into 16,000 species
+the extinction of the dinosaurs and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent.
+savanna regions to expand into the tropics.
+the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band.
+It expanded again during the Middle Miocene, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum.
+thrive
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction
+45
+34 million years
+Oligocene
+inland formation
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
+66–34 Mya
+Middle Miocene
+a mostly inland formation at the last glacial maximum
+34 million years
+along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch.
+Pacific
+Solimes Basin
+5–10 million years
+Within the last 5–10 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.
+mid-Eocene
+Atlantic
+Pacific
+Amazonas Basin
+Solimes Basin
+mid-Eocene
+the Purus Arch
+Atlantic
+Pacific
+Solimes Basin
+Last Glacial Maximum
+rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present
+open forest and grassland
+practical limitations of working in the rainforest
+practical limitations of working in the rainforest
+Last Glacial Maximum
+deglaciation
+reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
+reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin
+Last Glacial Maximum
+reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
+reduced moist tropical vegetation cover
+open forest and grassland
+the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+Amazon basin
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+NASA
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+182 million tons
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.52/sq mi
+it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture
+anthropological
+5 million
+it was impossible to sustain a large population through agriculture given the poor soil
+Archeologist
+0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+Archeologist
+Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
+0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre
+5 million
+1900
+Francisco de Orellana
+that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s
+the spread of diseases from Europe
+the 1970s
+between AD 0–1250
+Francisco de Orellana
+1542
+between AD 0–1250
+Ondemar Dias
+Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine wilderness, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years
+black earth
+Terra preta
+agriculture and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida
+Terra preta (black earth)
+agriculture and silviculture
+Xingu tribe
+2003
+roads, bridges and large plazas
+2,000
+one in five
+40,000
+one in five
+96,660 and 128,843
+2,000
+2,000
+40,000
+40,000
+one in five
+62 acres
+more than 1,100
+90,790
+356  47 tonnes per hectare
+438,000
+more than 1,100
+more than 1,100
+90,790
+356
+438,000
+electric eels
+black caiman
+electric eels
+lipophilic alkaloid toxins
+Vampire bats
+Deforestation
+1960s
+crop cultivation and the slash and burn method
+loss of soil fertility and weed invasion
+Deforestation is considerable, and areas cleared of forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space.
+587,000 square kilometres
+587,000 square kilometres
+cattle
+Brazil
+91%
+transportation projects
+deforestation
+18%
+deforestation has declined significantly
+18%
+loss of biodiversity
+destruction of the forest
+release of the carbon contained within the vegetation
+10%
+10%
+reduced rainfall and increased temperatures
+greenhouse gas
+2100
+the rainforest could be threatened though the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation.
+deforestation
+rainforest communities
+non-human primates
+deforestation and ecocide
+rainforest communities
+non-human primates
+remote sensing
+the Trio Tribe
+rainforests of southern Suriname
+map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims
+to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests
+classification of tree growth stages
+To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon related emissions
+regenerating forest
+regenerating forest
+Synthetic aperture radar
+2005
+a "tipping point" where it would irreversibly start to die.
+a "tipping point" where it would irreversibly start to die.
+savanna or desert
+three years
+2010
+1,160,000 square miles
+three
+2010
+8 gigatons
+comb jellies
+a phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide.
+1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size.
+pher
+groups of cilia
+cnidarians
+1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
+groups of cilia
+comb jellies
+1.5 m (4 ft 11 in)
+cnidarians
+ kteis 'comb' and  pher 'carry'
+pher
+ten times
+100–150
+100–150
+100–150
+cydippids
+ten times
+cydippids
+cilia
+ten times
+cydippids
+cilia
+colloblasts
+100–150
+hermaphrodites
+miniature cydippids
+reproduction
+fertilize its own egg
+produce both eggs and sperm at the same time
+sequential
+platyctenids
+combination of hermaphroditism and early reproduction
+a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm
+Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time.
+the eggs and sperm mature at different times
+platyctenids
+beroids
+the Black Sea
+Mnemiopsis
+over-fishing
+Beroe preys on other ctenophores
+Mnemiopsis
+ctenophore, Mnemiopsis,
+phytoplankton
+phytoplankton
+planktonic plants
+Mnemiopsis
+ctenophore, Mnemiopsis,
+Beroe
+66 million years ago
+monophyletic
+lagerstätten
+lagerstätten
+lagerstätten
+Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
+monophyletic
+lagerstätten
+cnidarians
+colloblasts
+cnidarians
+cnidarians
+colloblasts
+cnidarians
+colloblasts
+colloblasts
+inter-cell connections
+cnidarians
+the mesoglea
+diploblastic
+the mesoglea
+the mesoglea
+1.5 meters (4.9 ft)
+locomotion
+ctenes
+comb-bearing
+Pleurobrachia
+fragile
+Coastal species need to be tough enough to withstand waves and swirling sediment particles
+Pleurobrachia, Beroe and Mnemiopsis
+epithelium
+bioluminescence
+pharynx
+pharynx ("throat"); a wider area in the center that acts as a stomach; and a system of internal canals.
+the mesoglea
+swimming-plates
+"ctenes" or "comb plates
+the extra compact filament is suspected to have a supporting function
+ctenophores
+2 millimeters (0.079 in)
+osmotic pressure
+ciliary rosettes
+to increase its bulk and decrease its density
+pump water out of the mesoglea
+the aboral organ
+at the opposite end from the mouth
+long, immobile cilia
+statocyst
+a balance sensor
+sea gooseberry
+tentacles
+more or less rounded
+a pair
+sometimes has an egg-shaped body with the mouth at the narrow end
+tentilla
+in the outer layer of the epidermis
+Euplokamis
+they may flick out very quickly
+capturing prey
+eight
+near the mouth to the opposite end
+from near the mouth to the opposite end, and are spaced evenly round the body
+ciliary groove
+lobes
+cilia
+cilia
+help direct microscopic prey toward the mouth
+suspended planktonic prey
+clapping their lobes
+by clapping their lobes, so that the jet of expelled water drives them backwards very quickly.
+Mexican wave
+movements of lobates' combs are coordinated by nerves rather than by water disturbances created by the cilia
+Nuda
+The Beroida
+zip"the mouth shut
+a pair of narrow strips of adhesive epithelial cells on the stomach wall
+large pharynx
+The Cestida
+Cestum veneris
+belt animals
+by undulating their bodies as well as by the beating of their comb-rows.
+Velamen parallelum
+tentilla-bearing tentacles
+pharynx
+comb-rows
+live on rocks, algae, or the body surfaces of other invertebrates
+via pores in the epidermis
+Fertilization is external in most species, but platyctenids use internal fertilization and keep the eggs in brood chambers until they hatch.
+Mnemiopsis
+in the parts of the internal canal network under the comb rows
+Fertilization is external
+tentacles and tentacle sheaths
+plankton
+dropping to the sea-floor
+true larvae
+tentacles
+luminesce
+luminesce
+ink
+Juveniles
+Almost all ctenophores are predators
+nematocysts
+colloblasts
+lobate Bolinopsis
+two-tenacled "cydippid" Lampea
+low ratio of organic matter to salt and water
+chum salmon
+combs
+Red Sea
+jellyfish
+ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
+ballast tanks of ships
+North American ctenophore Beroe
+ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi
+significantly slowed the animal's metabolism
+their soft, gelatinous bodies
+The Ediacaran Eoandromeda
+Cambrian period.
+Burgess Shale
+between 24 and 80
+Vendobionta
+Stromatoveris
+Stromatoveris
+Vendobionta
+Ediacaran period
+supported ctenophores as the sister lineage to all other animals
+Porifera
+cydippid-like
+the cydippids are not monophyletic
+65.5 million years ago
+Richard Harbison
+Fresno
+220
+ash tree
+ash leaf
+Fresno (/frzno/ FREZ-noh)
+1872
+flooding
+1885
+47
+Fresno
+94.0%
+Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, and Chinatown
+Pinedale
+interim facility for the relocation of Fresno area Japanese Americans to internment camps
+The Fresno Fairgrounds was also utilized as an assembly center
+BankAmericard
+BankAmericard
+a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants
+1976
+renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.
+"Walking Into Fresno",
+"Walking Into Fresno",
+Mexican
+The Fresno Barn
+Lupe Mayorga
+three
+Roeding Park
+Kearney Mansion
+Shinzen Japanese Gardens
+Kearney Mansion
+Between the 1880s and World War II
+San Joaquin Light & Power Building
+San Joaquin Light & Power Building
+San Joaquin Light & Power Building
+1964
+Fulton Mall
+Pierre-Auguste Renoir
+to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment
+to continue with the pedestrian friendly environment
+far southeast side
+Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue
+1950s through the 1970s
+Chestnut Avenue
+William P. Bell
+Tower Theatre
+1939
+water tower
+Fresno Normal School
+one-half mile
+the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s
+second and third run movies, along with classic films
+1978
+Audra McDonald
+Audra McDonald
+Olive
+within a few hundred feet of each other
+Tower District
+Tower District
+Tower District
+early twentieth century homes
+California Bungalow and American Craftsman
+Tower District
+many of which have been restored in recent decades
+First Street
+William Stranahan
+Billings & Meyering
+267
+Fresno Traction Company
+"Southwest Fresno"
+the 99 freeway
+African-American
+Hmong or Laotian
+The "West Side"
+M. Theo Kearney
+palm trees
+The roughly half-mile stretch of Kearney Boulevard between Fresno Street and Thorne Ave
+Brookhaven
+"Dogg Pound"
+1960s and 1990s
+on the corner of Fresno and B streets
+Cargill Meat Solutions and Foster Farms
+West Side
+very little
+Ralph Woodward
+300
+2,500
+22 miles
+April through October
+1946
+William Smilie
+Sierra Sky Park Airport
+Sierra Sky Park Airport
+Sierra Sky Park
+semi-arid
+83.0 °F
+11.5 inches
+northwest
+southeastern
+17 °F
+January 6, 1913
+9.54 inches
+2.2 inches
+9.54 inches
+494,665
+49.6%
+62,528
+30.0%
+4,404.5 people per square mile
+158,349
+19.3%
+1,388
+3.62
+3.07
+97,915
+149,025
+50.2%
+50.2%
+4,097.9 people per square mile
+Federal Communications Commission
+KMJ-TV
+June 1, 1953
+KSEE
+KGPE
+State Route 99
+Sierra Freeway
+41
+Kings Canyon National Park
+Fresno
+1950s
+State Route 99
+rapidly raising population and traffic in cities along SR 99
+Amtrak San Joaquins
+Downtown Fresno
+San Joaquin Valley Railroad
+San Joaquin Valley Railroad
+Downtown Fresno
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+pre-allocation of network bandwidth
+Europe
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+Distributed Adaptive Message Block Switching
+Europe
+circuit switching
+a fee per unit of connection time
+a fee per unit of information transmitted
+circuit switching
+Packet switching
+a fee per unit of connection time, even when no data is transferred
+characters, packets, or messages
+intermediate forwarding nodes
+fair queuing
+a multiple access scheme
+intermediate forwarding nodes
+fair queuing
+a multiple access scheme
+RAND report P-2626
+survivable communications networks
+use of a decentralized network with multiple paths between any two points, dividing user messages into message blocks
+store and forward switching
+architecture for a large-scale, distributed, survivable communications network
+store and forward switching
+RAND report P-2626
+packets
+Baran
+packet switching
+build a nationwide network in the UK
+ARPANET
+National Physical Laboratory, UK,
+packet switching
+ARPANET
+complete addressing information
+different paths and out-of-order delivery
+a destination address, source address, and port numbers. It may also be labeled with the sequence number of the packet
+the packet sequence number
+length, timestamp, or sequence number
+look up the connection id in a table
+error checking
+a setup phase in each involved node before any packet is transferred to establish the parameters of communication
+at the network layer of the OSI Model. Frame Relay does it at level two, the data link layer
+the virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers
+the virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers
+the virtual circuit and virtual channel numbers
+1969
+the division of functions and tasks between the hosts at the edge of the network and the network core
+the network guarantees sequenced delivery of data to the host
+The User Datagram Protocol
+Apple Inc.
+a centralized router or server
+automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing
+a plug-n-play system
+CYCLADES
+It was the first network to make the hosts responsible for reliable delivery of data, rather than the network itself
+unreliable datagrams and associated end-to-end protocol mechanisms
+ARPANET architecture
+Digital Equipment Corporation
+to connect two PDP-11 minicomputers
+a seven-layer OSI-compliant networking protocol
+Linux
+GE's four computer sales and service centers
+the world's first commercial online service
+turning the business around
+profitable
+to explore computer networking between three of Michigan's public universities as a means to help the state's educational and economic development
+an interactive host to host connection
+TCP/IP and additional public universities in Michigan join the network
+the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States
+former ARPA IPTO director Larry Roberts
+making ARPANET technology public
+X.29
+GTE
+San Jose, CA
+thousands of large companies, educational institutions, and government agencies
+dial-up connections or dedicated async connections
+build their own dedicated networks
+gateways to the public network to reach locations not on the private network
+two types of X.25 networks.
+Bell Northern Research
+by including the DNIC of the remote network as part of the destination address
+Telstra
+Telecom Australia
+via a dial-up terminal to a PAD, or, by linking a permanent X.25 node to the network
+Datanet 1
+Telepad
+DNIC 2049
+this use of the name was incorrect all these services were managed by the same people within one department of KPN contributed to the confusion
+U.S. National Science Foundation
+ARPANET
+the global Internet
+not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government
+Qwest
+Abilene
+a brand new nationwide network
+In 2006, Internet2 announced a partnership with Level 3 Communications to launch a brand new nationwide network, boosting its capacity from 10 Gbit/s to 100 Gbit/s.
+National Science Foundation Network
+advance research and education networking in the United States
+the Internet backbone
+The Very high-speed Backbone Network Service
+to provide high-speed interconnection between NSF-sponsored supercomputing centers and select access points in the United States
+MCI Telecommunications under a cooperative agreement with the NSF
+more than 100
+OC-48c
+Central Asia
+Oriental rat fleas living on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchant ships.
+30–60% of Europe's total population
+17th century
+19th century
+commonly present
+Lake Issyk Kul
+Lake Issyk Kul
+1331
+25 million
+Genoese traders
+the Mongol army
+the Mongol army
+Sicily
+war, famine, and weather
+Europe
+northwestern Russia
+The plague was somewhat less common in parts of Europe that had smaller trade relations with their neighbours
+France, Spain, Portugal and England
+Norway
+serious depopulation and permanent change in both economic and social structures
+1347
+through the port's trade with Constantinople, and ports on the Black Sea
+The city's residents fled to the north
+atra mors
+atra mors
+J.I. Pontanus
+1823
+Scandinavia
+the heavens
+1345
+bad air
+Miasma theory
+Yersinia pestis
+1894
+Alexandre Yersin
+Paul-Louis Simond
+rodents
+Francis Aidan Gasquet
+it would appear to be some form of the ordinary Eastern or bubonic plague
+1908
+the Justinian plague
+the Justinian plague
+30–75%
+100–106 °F
+80 percent
+90 to 95 percent
+high fevers and purple skin patches
+October 2010
+Yersinia pestis
+the tooth sockets in human skeletons
+the tooth sockets in human skeletons
+the debate about the etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages".
+genetic branches
+Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis
+the plague may have entered Europe in two waves
+the port of Marseille
+1349
+The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended
+Schuenemann et al.
+may no longer exist
+the genome of Y. pestis
+J. F. D. Shrewsbury
+the modern bubonic plague
+exaggerations
+In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly
+Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
+epidemiological
+the lack of reliable statistics from this period
+over 100%
+figures from the clergy
+1377
+that the rat population was insufficient to account for a bubonic plague pandemic,
+transference via fleas in goods was likely to be of marginal significance
+temperatures that are too cold in northern Europe for the survival of fleas
+modern bubonic plague
+5 to 15 years
+anthrax
+Norman Cantor (2001) thought it may have been a combination of anthrax and other pandemics
+typhus, smallpox and respiratory infections
+"blood poisoning"
+25
+The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third.
+Half
+well-preserved
+50%
+The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas
+14th to 17th centuries
+the plague was present somewhere in Europe in every year between 1346 and 1671.
+almost a million
+from as high as 7 million to as low as 4 million
+1350
+10–15% of the population
+1665
+40,000
+Russia
+1629–1631
+ravaged Norway
+1361 and 1528
+1.7 million
+about half of Naples' 300,000 inhabitants
+The plague of 1649 probably reduced the population of Seville by half
+Sweden v. Russia and allies
+1720
+between 1500 and 1850
+30 to 50 thousand
+the second quarter of the 19th century.
+two-thirds
+When a rock crystallizes from melt (magma and/or lava)
+metamorphic
+All three types of rocks may be re-melted;
+igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
+metamorphic
+seafloor spreading
+crust and rigid uppermost portion of the upper mantle
+asthenosphere
+the rigid upper thermal boundary layer of the convecting mantle
+the 1960s
+divergent boundaries
+convergent boundaries
+Transform boundaries
+Alfred Wegener
+its ability to combine all of these observations into a single theory of how the lithosphere moves over the convecting mantle
+Seismologists
+crust and lithosphere
+crust and lithosphere
+detailed images of wave speeds inside the earth
+crust and lithosphere
+the most recent eon with an expanded scale
+the Quaternary
+The Holocene
+the Quaternary period
+The principle of cross-cutting relationships
+the formations that were cut are older than the fault, and the ones that are not cut must be younger than the fault
+key bed
+the formations that were cut are older than the fault
+igneous
+magma or lava flows
+clasts
+The principle of inclusions and components
+gravel
+The principle of faunal succession
+William Smith
+complex
+organisms exist at the same time period
+Charles Darwin
+beginning of the 20th century
+fossils and stratigraphic correlation
+absolute ages
+fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another
+absolute ages
+Thermochemical
+the amount of time that has passed since a rock passed through its particular closure temperature
+isotope ratios of radioactive elements
+stratigraphic
+horizontal compression
+shallow crust
+antiforms
+synforms
+synclines
+Extension
+boudins
+the Maria Fold and Thrust Belt
+metamorphosed
+normal faulting and through the ductile stretching and thinning
+Dikes
+actively deformed
+topographic gradients
+Continual motion
+volcanism
+layered basaltic lava flows
+Acasta gneiss
+sedimentary sequences
+Cambrian time
+northwestern Canada
+the study of rocks
+the study of sedimentary layers
+the study of positions of rock units and their deformation
+modern soils
+petrologists
+optical mineralogy
+gechemical evolution of rock units
+in the laboratory
+petrographic microscope
+fluid inclusion data
+fluid inclusion data
+metamorphic processes
+microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples
+microscopic analysis of oriented thin sections of geologic samples
+faults
+analog and numerical
+orogenic wedges
+orogenic wedges
+horizontal layers of sand
+all angles remain the same
+Numerical models
+stratigraphers
+geophysical
+computer programs
+computer programs
+water, coal, and hydrocarbon extraction
+timing and rates of deposition
+biostratigraphers
+Magnetic stratigraphers
+Geochronologists
+Persia
+Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni
+Shen Kuo
+Ibn Sina
+Shen Kuo
+James Hutton
+1785
+1795
+the Earth must be much older than had previously been supposed
+William Maclure
+1809
+1807
+Observations on the Geology of the United States explanatory of a Geological Map
+Observations on the Geology of the United States
+Principles of Geology
+uniformitarianism
+uniformitarianism
+catastrophism
+Charles Darwin
+Newcastle upon Tyne
+Newcastle upon Tyne
+English Core Cities Group
+Northumberland
+Geordie
+Robert Curthose
+wool
+wool
+16th
+the Great North Run
+Pons Aelius
+a Roman fort and bridge across the River Tyne
+2,000
+Hadrian's Wall
+73 miles
+northern
+Elizabeth
+A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall
+William the Lion
+three
+1530
+the Hostmen
+a pointless pursuit
+an eccentric
+merchants plotting to ruin him
+keelmen and their families
+they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London
+about 7,000 out of 20,000
+47%
+47%
+North declared for the King
+the Scots
+roaring drummes
+Triumphing by a brave defence
+Charles I
+urbanization
+the Maling company
+electric lighting
+shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity
+the steam turbine
+medieval
+Narrow alleys
+Stairs
+Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House
+Bessie Surtees House, the Cooperage and Lloyds Quayside Bars, Derwentwater House
+Tyneside Classical
+Stuart Maconie
+Stuart Maconie
+1960s
+Eldon Square Shopping Centre
+Town Moor
+Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
+The Hoppings funfair
+June
+Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath
+the Gateshead Millennium Bridge
+the Gateshead Millennium Bridge
+Norman Foster
+tourist promotion
+Bambuco Bridge
+Grainger Town area
+between 1835 and 1842
+four
+244
+Butcher Market
+1835
+2000
+2000
+English Heritage
+Gulf Stream
+Gulf Stream
+driest
+January 1982
+British Isles
+2010
+Eldon Square
+Bainbridge's
+The Bainbridge’s official ledgers reported revenue by department
+March 2007
+Grainger Street
+Gosforth
+Tesco
+MetroCentre
+Gateshead
+The Tyneside flat
+terraces
+Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
+Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
+Cany Ash and Robert Sakula
+7.8%
+5.9%
+on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool
+on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool
+on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool
+189,863,
+189,863,
+Newcastle and Northumbria
+Newcastle and Northumbria
+Jesmond
+37.8
+Scottish or Irish ancestors
+Border Reiver
+between 500 and 2,000
+between 500 and 2,000
+Geordie
+Anglo-Saxon
+Modern English; but while the dialects of other English regions have been heavily altered by the influences of other foreign languages—particularly Latin and Norman French—the Geordie dialect retains many elements
+strong
+stream
+Scandinavia
+Northern United Kingdom
+Scots
+Many words
+"Canny"
+In a report
+80.4
+80.4
+health
+motorway underpass
+Collingwood Street
+"The Gate"
+12
+'The Pink Triangle'
+bars, cafés and clubs
+theatre
+Stephen Kemble
+guided the theatre through many celebrated seasons
+21 January 1788
+Grey Street
+theatres
+Theatre Royal
+over 25
+The Mill Volvo Tyne Theatre hosts smaller touring productions, whilst other venues feature local talent
+Artsworld
+The Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne
+10,000
+John and Benjamin Green
+Joseph Swan
+Joseph Swan
+The Newcastle Beer Festival
+May
+AV Festival
+EAT! NewcastleGateshead, a festival of food and drink, runs for 2 weeks each year in mid June.
+2 weeks
+The Hoppings
+June
+the Temperance Movement
+cycling festival
+The Northern Pride Festival and Parade
+Newcastle Mela
+The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre
+Design Event festival
+East Asian
+NewcastleGateshead
+Lindisfarne
+1971
+Venom
+Skyclad
+Duran Duran
+The Pilgrim Street building was refurbished between November 2006 and May 2008
+Old Town Hall
+Classic
+Classic
+Classic
+Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions
+Tyneside
+Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions
+Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions
+Tyneside's shipbuilding heritage, and inventions
+On the Night of the Fire
+Get Carter
+Mike Figgis
+Mike Figgis
+Mike Figgis
+Gosforth Park
+Newcastle Eagles
+Newcastle Diamonds
+Newcastle Diamonds
+Blaydon Race
+6 miles (9.7 km)
+Metro Light Rail
+20 minutes
+tenth largest, and the fastest growing
+over 90 destinations
+Glazing was placed over the historic arches
+six
+Victoria
+neoclassical façade, originally designed by the architect John Dobson, and was constructed in collaboration with Robert Stephenson.
+Manors
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+Virgin Trains East Coast
+CrossCountry
+Northern Rail
+Tyne and Wear Metro
+five
+existing and newly built tracks
+Queen Elizabeth II
+DB Regio
+Metro: All Change.'
+The programme has replaced all ticket machines and introduced ticket gates at the busiest stations - part of the transition to smart ticketing
+overhead wires
+Longer term plans
+trams
+north to Edinburgh
+A696
+the old "Great North Road"
+the roads between this and the A1's former alignment through the Tyne Tunnel
+In November 2011 the capacity of the Tyne Tunnel was increased
+3
+Haymarket
+3
+Tyne and Wear
+south of the river
+1998
+highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living...
+highlighting the usage of cycling to cut city congestion; educating that cycling promotes healthy living
+on road cycle networks on quieter streets; making safer routes on busier streets; innovating and implementing contraflows
+link the local networks to national networks
+IJmuiden
+high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
+high fuel prices and new competition from low-cost air services
+late 2008
+Thomson
+eleven
+eleven
+The largest co-ed independent school is the Royal Grammar School
+Newcastle College
+Walker Technology College, Gosforth High School, Heaton Manor School, St Cuthbert's High School, St. Mary's Catholic Comprehensive School, Kenton School, George Stephenson High School, Sacred Heart
+two
+two
+Sunday Times University of the Year
+polytechnics became new universities
+Newcastle University and Northumbria University
+Augustus Welby Pugin
+1474
+Augustus Welby Pugin
+Church of St Thomas the Martyr
+parish churches
+The Parish Church of St Andrew
+1726
+The present building was begun in the 12th Century
+It is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards
+the Scots
+ITV Tyne Tees
+2005
+1980s
+its colouring
+BBC Radio Newcastle
+NE1fm
+Newcastle Student Radio
+1951
+Radio Lollipop
+Newcastle Student Radio
+1770
+Archbishop of Westminster
+George Stephenson
+incandescent light bulb
+Prime Minister of Thailand
+Rutherford Grammar School
+Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch
+Neville
+keyed Northumbrian smallpipes
+Newcastle
+Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+The Victoria and Albert Museum (often abbreviated as the V&A), London, is the world's largest museum of decorative arts and design, housing a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects.
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Brompton district of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
+1852
+Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
+Department for Culture, Media and Sport
+2001
+12.5
+12.5
+5,000 years
+Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa
+post-classical sculpture
+the Great Exhibition of 1851
+Henry Cole
+Museum of Manufactures
+Somerset House
+Gottfried Semper
+Queen Victoria
+22 June 1857
+George Wallis
+late night openings
+1949
+September and November 1946
+nearly a million and a half
+Festival of Britain (1951)
+Festival of Britain
+1948
+a rock concert
+Gryphon
+Roy Strong
+British progressive folk-rock
+University of Dundee
+£76 million
+on the city's waterfront
+fashion, architecture, product design, graphic arts and photography
+within five years
+Brompton Park House
+Sheepshanks Gallery
+Captain Francis Fowke
+the Secretariat Wing
+the offices and board room
+Oriental Courts
+Italian Renaissance
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+James Gamble & Reuben Townroe
+Philip Webb and William Morris
+Edward Burne-Jones
+James Gamble
+The Centre Refreshment Room
+Sir Edward Poynter
+Colonel (later Major General) Henry Young Darracott Scott
+the Henry Cole Wing
+J.W. Wild
+Royal Institute of British Architects
+2008
+wrought iron
+Starkie Gardner
+70 feet
+Reuben Townroe
+Reuben Townroe
+720 feet (220 m)
+red brick and Portland stone
+720 feet (220 m)
+a statue of fame
+mullioned and transomed, again a Gothic feature, the top row of windows are interspersed with statues of many of the British artists whose work is displayed in the museum.
+Alfred Drury
+four
+Alfred Drury
+white
+Prince Albert
+The 1950s and early 1960s
+the Henry Cole wing
+a new entrance building
+Christopher Hay and Douglas Coyne
+the Spiral
+the main glass galleries and the main silverware gallery
+linoleum
+FuturePlan
+the main Silver Gallery, Contemporary; in 2003: Photography, the main entrance, The Painting Galleries; in 2004:
+McInnes Usher McKnight Architects
+Kim Wilkie
+John Madejski Garden
+elliptical
+receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes
+a central path flanked by lawns
+2004
+Royal Institute of British Architects
+700,000
+RIBA Drawings and Archives Collection
+700,000
+Andrea Palladio
+Zaha Hadid
+Andrea Palladio
+Inigo Jones, Sir Christopher Wren
+Sir Edwin Lutyens
+c1600
+the Great Fire of London
+c1600
+the chateau of Montal
+the Alhambra
+over 19,000
+2006
+the Ardabil Carpet
+Spain
+The collection of Middle Eastern and Persian rugs and carpets is amongst the finest in the world, many were part of the Salting Bequest of 1909
+South and South-East Asian art
+South and South-East Asian art
+South and South-East Asian art
+1991
+Jawaharlal Nehru
+more than 70,000
+China, Japan and Korea
+T. T. Tsui Gallery of Chinese art
+1991
+Tang
+Toshiba gallery of Japanese art
+December 1986
+13th
+1550 to 1900
+2.25 metres
+Tibetan art
+gold, silver, bronze, stone, terracotta and ivory
+Hindu
+green-glazed ceramics, silk embroideries from officials' robes and gleaming boxes inlaid with mother-of-pearl
+gold, silver, bronze, stone, terracotta and ivory
+Leonardo da Vinci
+Forster I, Forster II, and Forster III
+The Reverend Alexander Dyce
+1869
+over 18,000
+Writers
+Charles Dickens and Beatrix Potter
+Illuminated manuscripts
+the Armagnac manuscript of the trial and rehabilitation of Joan of Arc
+Lucas Horenbout
+Word and Image Department
+A computer system called MODES cataloging system
+Encoded Archival Description
+newly accessioned into the collection
+Search the Collections
+2007
+the Factory Project
+the Factory Project
+15,000
+catalog everything
+British patrons
+Asia
+Gian Lorenzo Bernini
+Horace Walpole
+porcelain, cloth and wallpaper
+tea
+entertainment and leisure
+John Ruskin
+Industrial Revolution
+the increasing backlash against industrialization, led by John Ruskin, contributed to the Arts and Crafts movement.
+Trajan's Column
+Trajan's
+Michelangelo's David
+sculptures, friezes and tombs
+in a glass case
+Meissen Vulture
+Frederick II the Great
+Meissen Vulture
+1909
+Chinese and Japanese ceramics
+Josiah Wedgwood, William De Morgan and Bernard Leach
+Holland
+elaborately ornamented ceramic stoves
+the 16th and 17th centuries
+Germany and Switzerland
+6000
+6000
+Art Nouveau
+René Lalique
+Louis Comfort Tiffany and Émile Gallé
+1994
+Danny Lane
+the sacred silver and stained-glass gallery
+Dale Chihuly
+13th
+over 10,000
+over 10,000
+Dürer
+Dürer, Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, Bernardo Buontalenti, Rembrandt
+Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres
+over 14,000
+Word and Image department
+Because everyday clothing from previous eras has not generally survived
+1913
+1913
+2002
+Vivienne Westwood
+Vivienne Westwood
+Vivienne Westwood
+The museum continues to acquire examples of modern fashion to add to the collection.
+Italian and French Renaissance
+between 1859 and 1865
+The John Jones Collection of French 18th-century art and furnishings
+1882
+£250,000
+1580
+Hans Vredeman de Vries
+Rococo Augustus Rex Bureau Cabinet
+Germany
+Le Corbusier, Marcel Breuer, Charles and Ray Eames
+6000 items
+6000 items
+1869
+more than 800 jewels
+William and Judith Bollinger
+over 10,000
+1496–97
+8
+Sir George Gilbert Scott
+over 10,000
+c1110
+gilt bronze
+St Thomas Becket
+c1180
+gilt copper
+over 5,100
+the Horniman Museum
+the Horniman Museum
+35
+25 February 2010
+about 1130
+about 1130
+about 1130
+Elizabeth II
+Andrés Marzal De Sax
+233
+233
+'A National Gallery of British Art'
+The Hay Wain
+233
+1600–1800
+260
+Virgin and Child
+260
+Eadweard Muybridge
+Eadweard Muybridge's photographs of Animal Locomotion of 1887
+781
+images of different animals and humans performimg various actions
+James Lafayette
+post-classical European sculpture
+22,000
+from about 400 AD to 1914
+gardens
+National Galleries of Scotland
+Neptune and Triton
+Giuliano da Sangallo
+Giuliano da Sangallo
+1493–1500
+more than 20
+the sculptor
+1914
+acknowledgement of Britain's support of France in World War I
+more than 20
+George Frampton
+Thomas Brock
+Sir Francis Chantrey
+Nicholas Stone, Caius Gabriel Cibber, Grinling Gibbons, John Michael Rysbrack, Louis-François Roubiliac, Peter Scheemakers, Sir Henry Cheere, Agostino Carlini, Thomas Banks, Joseph Nollekens, Joseph
+2006
+1950
+theme
+2006
+Tate Britain
+more than 53,000
+more than 53,000
+from the 1st century AD to the present
+western Europe
+technique
+Cloth of St Gereon
+15th
+the Netherlands
+the hunting of various animals
+John Vanderbank's workshop
+14th-century
+William Morris
+1887
+Marion Dorn
+Serge Chermayeff
+Theatre Museum
+March 2009
+live performance
+Shakespeare
+research, exhibitions and other shows
+Conservation
+temperature and light
+interventive
+the V&A Museum of Childhood
+preventive
+Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company
+1957
+Manhattan
+Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street
+The American Broadcasting Company
+October 12, 1943
+radio network
+1948
+ESPN
+Capital Cities Communications
+eight
+Citadel Broadcasting
+eight
+simultaneous substitution regulations imposed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
+Citadel Broadcasting
+Radio Corporation of America
+NBC Blue and NBC Red
+testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities
+testing new programs on markets of lesser importance than those served by NBC Red, which served the major cities, and to test drama series
+Radio Corporation of America
+Federal Communications Commission
+1938
+1940
+NBC Red Network
+NBC Blue
+Mark Woods
+an independent subsidiary, formally divorcing the operations of NBC Red and NBC Blue
+Dillon, Read & Co.
+David Sarnoff
+Dillon, Read & Co.
+Life Savers candy
+October 12, 1943
+George B. Storer
+vice-chairman of the board
+June 30, 1951
+Magnetophon tape recorder
+Paul Whiteman
+The Chamber Music Society of Lower Basin Street
+Bing Crosby
+public service
+Disney Media Networks
+ABC1
+September 8, 2007
+ABC International
+United States
+1959
+satellite television
+Japan and Latin America
+foreign ownership of broadcasting properties
+broadcasting the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
+Beirut
+Mainichi Broadcasting System
+due to respective issues with technical problems and flight delays
+broadcasting the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
+A Charlie Brown Christmas
+Academy Awards, Emmy Awards (which are rotated across all four major networks on a year-to-year basis), American Music Awards, Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade, Tournament of Roses Parade, Country Music Association Awards
+A Charlie Brown Christmas
+Academy Awards
+It's the Great Pumpkin
+1974
+Ryan Seacrest
+from 1954 to 1956, 1997 to 2005
+New Year's Rockin' Eve
+from 1954 to 1956, 1997 to 2005
+General Hospital
+1975
+The Edge of Night
+The View and The Chew
+1963
+X Games
+2006
+Saturday
+"NBA Sunday Showcase"
+The Open Championship golf and The Wimbledon tennis tournaments
+Frank Marx
+channels 2 through 6
+1947
+VHF channel 7
+108
+an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC,
+DuMont Television Network
+CBS and NBC
+United Paramount Theatres
+Paramount Pictures
+nine
+CBS
+Prudential Insurance Company of America
+Leonard Goldenson
+William S. Paley
+June 6, 1951
+1952
+February 9, 1953
+American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc
+American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres, Inc.
+August 10, 1948
+October 1948
+Mount Wilson
+The Prospect Studios
+September 30, 1960
+1960s
+William Hanna and Joseph Barbera
+1960s
+1959
+anthology series
+1961
+1985
+circle logo
+Troika Design Group
+Troika Design Group
+the dot
+Pittard Sullivan
+2015
+"We Love TV"
+The old four-note theme tune is still used by ABC on Demand to the beginning of the ABC show
+1993–94 season
+1995–96 season
+1983
+That Special Feeling
+a bubble on a black background
+a bubble on a black background
+a bubble on a black background
+Paul Rand
+Bauhaus
+Bauhaus
+1963–64 season
+ABC Radio
+October 19, 2005
+six divisions
+2004
+Desperate Housewives, Lost and Grey's Anatomy
+Anne Sweeney
+NASCAR
+2002
+Soapnet
+The Bachelor
+The Bachelorette
+Time Warner Cable
+ABC
+ABC
+the FCC ruled in favor of ABC, ordering Time Warner Cable to restore the stations, doing so on the afternoon of May 2.
+2000
+Family Matters
+Family Matters
+August 1999
+Regis Philbin
+Buena Vista Television
+Meredith Vieira
+July 31, 1995
+New York City
+Knight Ridder
+Thomas S. Murphy
+Sports Night
+1965–66
+third place
+Beating the Odds: The Untold Story Behind the Rise of ABC
+May 1, 1953
+7 West 66th Street
+Baltimore
+Robert Kintner
+DuMont Television Network
+ABC-DuMont
+$5 million in cash
+Paramount Pictures
+The Lone Ranger
+The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
+1942
+1942
+Walt Disney
+Warner Bros. Presents
+Roy
+$500,000
+1954
+Roy
+Allen Shaw
+Harold L. Neal
+LOVE Radio
+seven
+September 1969
+Duel
+Aaron Spelling, David Wolper and Steven Spielberg
+$400,000–$450,000
+1970s
+CBS and NBC
+behavioral and demographic data
+Monday
+2006
+ESPN
+15%–16%
+1970
+1972
+Worldvision Enterprises
+banned cigarette advertising from all television and radio networks
+January 2, 1971
+Henry Plitt
+Elton Rule
+1966
+Happy Days
+developing youth-oriented programming
+1976
+Fred Pierce
+Fred Silverman
+S.W.A.T
+November 3, 1975
+president of NBC's entertainment division
+Laverne & Shirley
+jiggle TV
+a miniseries based on an Alex Haley novel
+a miniseries based on an Alex Haley novel
+nine seasons
+1976–77 season
+Soap
+Roone Arledge
+ABC Sports
+7 Lincoln Square
+June 1979
+June 1978
+Hugh Downs
+Barbara Walters
+MCA Inc.
+ABC Cable News
+ABC News News
+WJRT-TV and WTVG
+WJRT-TV and WTVG
+Writers Guild of America
+Duel
+Disney denied rumors started by Caris & Co. that it would be selling the ten ABC owned-and-operated stations.
+ABC Studios
+ABC Entertainment Group
+Citadel Media
+to make individual episodes of ABC and Disney Channel programs available for purchase on iTunes
+2010
+2004
+Ugly Betty
+Ugly Betty
+1970
+Worldvision Enterprises
+Worldvision Enterprises
+Turner Broadcasting System
+Disney–ABC International Television
+Buena Vista Television
+Buena Vista International Television
+Selznick library
+WABC-TV and WPVI-TV
+235
+235
+96.26%
+1946
+Federal Communications Commission
+1957
+Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
+Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
+All of the network's programming has been presented in HD since January 2012
+Weekend Aventure
+720p high definition
+1080i HD
+11
+720p high definition
+Body of Proof
+Happy Endings
+third
+V
+All My Children and One Life to Live
+Prospect Park
+All My Children and One Life to Live
+The Revolution
+The 2011–12 season
+2004
+CBS
+The 2013–14 season
+The 2013–14 season
+Modern Family
+Sundays
+Sundays
+Sundays
+Thomas Murphy
+Thomas Murphy
+NewPD Blue
+Steven Bochco
+ten seasons
+1993
+DIC Entertainment
+Time Warner Cable
+23.63% of American households
+WLS
+May 9, 1960
+John Bassett
+CFTO-TV
+Wide World of Sports
+an anthology series
+an anthology series
+an anthology series
+American Broadcasting Companies
+The Dating Game
+The Newlywed Game
+1330 Avenue of the Americas in Manhattan
+1990s and early 1980s
+Dynasty
+Mork & Mindy
+Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS)
+Infinity Broadcasting Corporation
+Getty Oil
+The Entertainment Channel
+Arts & Entertainment Television (A&E)
+Daniel B. Burke
+chairman and CEO
+$465 million
+America's Funniest Home Videos
+Home Improvement
+General Hospital
+The View and The Chew
+Good Morning America
+Jimmy Kimmel
+New York City O&O WABC-TV
+WBMA-LD
+WBND-LD
+WLQP-LP
+1962
+1962
+KABC-TV
+ABC Television Center, East
+Good Morning America
+Good Morning America
+Peter Jennings Way
+World News Tonight
+ABC on Demand
+The Walt Disney Company is also a part-owner of Hulu
+The Walt Disney Company is also a part-owner of Hulu
+The Walt Disney Company is also a part-owner of Hulu
+the day after their original broadcast
+eight days
+fast forwarding of accessed content
+eight days
+LoyalKaspar
+four
+ABC Modern
+four
+14
+14
+All-Channel Receiver Act
+the inclusion of UHF tuning
+Youngstown
+five times
+WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia
+WTRF-TV in Wheeling, West Virginia
+Walt Disney Presents
+The Untouchables
+use of violence
+April 1959
+ABC Sunday Night Movie
+$15.5 million
+Hanna-Barbera
+The Jetsons
+April 1, 1963
+ITT
+Donald F. Turner
+head antitrust regulator for the United States Department of Justice
+January 1, 1968
+Capital Cities Communications
+$118
+Warren Buffett
+WXYZ-TV and Tampa independent station WFTS-TV
+12 television stations
+September 5, 1985
+four television stations (WPVI-TV/Philadelphia, KTRK-TV/Houston, KFSN-TV/Fresno and WTVD/Raleigh)
+president of ABC's broadcasting division
+Michael P. Millardi
+Michael P. Millardi
+Laverne & Shirley
+Laverne & Shirley
+NBC
+Laverne & Shirley
+comedies and family-oriented series
+"TGIF" block
+Thank Goodness It's Funny
+Miller-Boyett Productions
+Warner Bros.
+KXYZ and KXYZ-FM
+Charly
+Ralph Nelson
+1985
+Redwood City, California
+westerns and detective series
+between 10% and 18%
+between 10% and 18%
+Ollie Treiz
+Dick Clark
+"philosophy of counterprogramming
+Zorro
+news programming
+western series (as well as series such as the actioner Zorro) went up against and defeated the variety shows aired by NBC and CBS
+WATCH ABC
+New York City O&O WABC-TV and Philadelphia O&O WPVI-TV
+Hearst Television
+ESPN's WatchESPN
+The Sinclair Broadcast Group
+WABM-DT2/WDBB-DT2 in the Birmingham market
+E. W. Scripps Company
+28 ABC affiliates and two additional subchannel-only affiliates
+E. W. Scripps Company
+Start Here
+Troika
+the entertainment division
+ABC News
+WFTS-TV and WWSB
+KMBC-TV and KQTV
+WZZM and WOTV
+55
+Mongol Empire
+Northeast Asia
+Khwarezmian and Xia controlled lands
+Central Asia and China
+the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, Khwarezmid Empire, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
+gedei Khan
+1227
+Western Xia
+sons and grandsons
+in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia at an unknown location
+Delüün Boldog
+Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad
+1162
+his father had just captured
+Temülen
+Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge
+Börte
+Khongirad
+Dai Setsen
+Begter
+wild fruits and ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game
+Temujin and his brother Khasar
+Temujin and his brother Khasar
+Tayichi'ud
+a cangue, a sort of portable stocks
+Chilaun
+Jelme and Bo'orchu
+by hiding in a river crevice
+arranged marriages
+Temüjin's mother Hoelun
+the Chinese dynasties to the south
+alliances
+16
+kidnapped by the Merkits
+Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe
+Jochi
+1185
+Chagatai
+Chagatai
+1241
+Chagatai
+at least six
+sworn brother or blood brother
+Toghrul
+the Keraites
+20,000
+Jamukha
+Mongolian aristocracy
+the Eternal Blue Sky
+1186
+Battle of Dalan Balzhut
+exiled to the Qara Khitai
+the Yassa code
+wealth from future possible war spoils
+adopt orphans from the conquered tribe
+he took the conquered tribe under his protection
+Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi
+Jamukha
+Jamukha
+Keraite
+the Naimans
+1201
+universal ruler
+Subutai
+1206
+Temüjin
+disloyal men in his army
+noble death
+breaking the back
+siege warfare from the Chinese
+Jamukha
+Khasar
+extensive spy network and Yam route systems
+Jamukha
+Temüjin
+Khuruldai
+gedei, took the title for himself and extended it posthumously to his father
+gedei
+a council of Mongol chiefs
+Jin dynasty
+Ming-Tan
+Zhongdu
+Kaifeng
+gedei Khan
+Kuchlug
+Liao dynasty
+20,000
+Jebe
+The Arrow
+Mongols
+west of Kashgar
+Lake Balkhash
+Khwarezmid Empire
+Khwarezmia
+Shah Ala ad-Din Muhammad
+Inalchuq
+all the men shaved
+100,000
+Silk Road
+the Tien Shan mountains
+three
+Jebe
+Tolui
+Samarkand
+Khwarzemi forces
+Otrar
+Inalchuq
+fled
+20,000 men
+Bukhara
+Bukhara
+a river
+Mongols
+reneged on his surrender terms
+people of Samarkand were ordered to evacuate and assemble in a plain outside the city, where they were killed
+a unit of Turkish defenders
+a unit of Turkish defenders
+young men who had not fought
+he declared that he was the flail of God
+young men who had not fought
+1220
+Subutai
+near the Black Sea
+Battle of Kalka River
+Mstislav the Bold of Halych and Mstislav III
+Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus'
+Batu and the Golden Horde
+Subutai and Jebe
+1225
+Samarkand
+1226
+Heisui, Ganzhou, and Suzhou
+One of the Tangut generals
+Yellow River
+a line of five stars
+Ning Hia
+Ma Jianlong
+arrows
+Liupanshan
+executed
+Jochi
+Chagatai
+Khwarezmid Empire
+gedei
+Chagatai and Jochi
+Chagatai
+Tolui
+gedei
+1226
+Khorasan
+a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench
+Sultan Muhammad
+Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223
+Yinchuan
+The exact cause of his death
+Marco Polo
+Western Xia
+Oirads
+markings
+Khentii Aimag
+Onon River
+The Genghis Khan Mausoleum
+Edsen Khoroo
+Dongshan Dafo Dian
+Kumbum Monastery or Ta'er Shi near Xining
+1954
+1968
+October 6, 2004
+a river was diverted over his grave
+King Gilgamesh of Uruk and Atilla the Hun
+horses
+Genghis Khan
+the Yassa
+meritocracy
+Genghis Khan and his family
+Muhammad Khan
+tax exemptions
+Ong Khan
+Mongol tradition had long held that religion was a personal concept
+Shamanist, Buddhist or Christian
+Töregene Khatun
+Pax Mongolica (Mongol Peace)
+the lifting of discriminatory policies towards sedentary peoples such as the Chinese
+women
+Chu'Tsai
+Mongol people
+Khitan
+Khitan rulers
+generals
+Karakorum
+Muqali
+the Jin dynasty
+unwavering loyalty
+by diverting certain rivers
+Muslim and Chinese
+feigned retreat
+cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army
+the Mongol Empire stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Sea of Japan
+Caspian Sea
+gedei Khan
+1279
+Genghis Khan
+Turkey
+meritocracy
+communication
+Mongolian national identity
+his role in uniting warring tribes
+Genghis Khan's children
+brutality
+historical records written by non-Mongolians are unfairly biased against Genghis Khan
+liquor bottles
+Genghis Khan
+Chinggis Khaan International Airport
+trivialization
+Chinggis Khaan
+Mongolian script
+Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
+Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj
+Mongolian script
+Genghis Khan
+5 million
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+Iran
+Steven R. Ward
+Steven R. Ward
+Hulagu Khan
+the Mamluks of Egypt
+Hulagu Khan
+1237
+Novgorod and Pskov
+Khwarizim Shahs, Turks, Persians, the citizens of Baghdad and Damascus, Nishapur, Bukhara
+Timur
+Nishapur
+tenggis
+Lake Baikal
+"right", "just", or "true"
+Zhèng
+Chinggis
+Mongolian Chinggis Khaan
+Cengiz Han
+Timùzhn
+Mongolian Chinggis Khaan, English Chinghiz, Chinghis, and Chingiz
+Chéngjs Hán
+pharma
+tobacco and patent medicines
+sorcery or even poison
+outdated or only approproriate if herbal remedies were on offer to a large extent
+many other herbs not listed
+specialised education and training
+specialised education and training
+optimisation of a drug treatment for an individual
+small-business proprietors
+specialised education and training
+other senior pharmacy technicians
+General Pharmaceutical Council (GPhC) register
+regulates the practice of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians
+a health care professional
+In the UK the role of a PhT has grown and responsibility has been passed on to them to manage the pharmacy department and specialised areas in pharmacy practice
+Pedanius Dioscorides
+De Materia Medica
+materia medica
+Diocles of Carystus
+De Materia Medica
+highly respected
+Yr Code (718)
+pre-Heian Imperial court
+physicians and acupuncturists
+personal physicians
+botany and chemistry
+Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi
+Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
+Al-Muwaffaq
+sodium carbon
+1317
+Florence, Italy
+a perfume museum
+albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs
+1221
+pharmacy legislation
+compounding/dispensing medications
+automation
+automation to assist them in their new role dealing with patients' prescriptions and patient safety issues
+storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc.
+a pharmacy practice residency
+they often specialize in various disciplines of pharmacy
+effectiveness of treatment regimens
+a pharmacy practice residency
+within the premises of the hospital
+unit-dose, or a single dose of medicine
+high risk preparations
+high cost of medications and drug-related technology
+specialized medications
+health, wellness, and disease prevention
+inside hospitals and clinics
+physicians
+participating in patient care rounds drug product selection
+all health care settings
+creating a comprehensive drug therapy plan for patient-specific problems
+appropriateness of the drug therapy
+drug choice, dose, route, frequency, and duration of therapy
+adverse drug reactions
+full independent prescribing authority
+North Carolina and New Mexico
+2011
+Board Certified Ambulatory Care Pharmacist
+the VA, the Indian Health Service, and NIH
+focuses more on medication regimen review
+in nursing homes
+Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica
+many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings
+Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services
+2000
+brick-and-mortar community pharmacies that serve consumers online and those that walk in their door
+online pharmacies
+traveling to a community drugstore where another customer might overhear about the drugs that they take
+the method by which the medications are requested and received
+to obtain medications which their doctors were unwilling to prescribe
+that only doctors can reliably assess contraindications, risk/benefit ratios, and an individual's overall suitability for use of a medicine.
+such pharmacies dispensing substandard products
+Internet pharmacies sell prescription drugs without requiring a prescription
+a valid prescription
+the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
+it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+the ease with which people, youth in particular, can obtain controlled substances
+it must be issued for a legitimate medical purpose by a licensed practitioner acting in the course of legitimate doctor-patient relationship
+to ensure that the prescription is valid
+individual state laws
+hydrocodone
+to reduce consumer costs
+Canada
+international drug suppliers, rather than consumers
+There is no known case of any U.S. citizens buying Canadian drugs for personal use
+Canada and other countries
+pharmacy practice science and applied information science
+information technology departments or for healthcare information technology vendor companies
+major national and international patient information projects and health system interoperability goals
+participate in medication management system development, deployment and optimization
+to meet the needs of major national and international patient information projects
+novel medications
+19
+cancer, hepatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis
+properly stored, administered, carefully monitored, and clinically managed
+assist patients with cost-containment strategies needed to obtain their expensive specialty drugs
+physicians
+only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public,
+American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics
+7 to 10 percent
+"kickback" payments
+Austria
+rural areas in the United Kingdom
+1.6 kilometres
+Austria
+the high risk of a conflict of interest and/or the avoidance of absolute powers
+he or she can then sell more medications to the patient
+checks and balances system
+"diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness
+side-effects
+the health care system
+patient care skills
+clinical services that pharmacists can provide for their patients
+the detailed analysis of all medicine (prescription, non-prescription, and herbals) currently being taken by an individual
+increased patient health outcomes and decreased costs to the health care system
+Alberta and British Columbia
+Australian Government
+medicine use reviews
+pharmaceutical care or clinical pharmacy
+one or two years
+the mortar and pestle and the  (recipere) character
+The show globe
+the Netherlands
+red
+France, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and India
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+viruses to parasitic worms
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+The immune system
+viruses to parasitic worms
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
+a system of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease
+pathogens
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier
+pathogens
+innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system
+humoral immunity versus cell-mediated immunity
+blood–brain barrier, blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid–brain barriers
+pathogens can rapidly evolve and adapt
+enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections
+eukaryotes
+Adaptive (or acquired) immunity
+simple unicellular organisms
+defensins
+vaccination
+Adaptive (or acquired) immunity
+autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer
+when the immune system is less active than normal
+recurring and life-threatening infections
+genetic disease
+rheumatoid arthritis
+less active
+hyperactive immune system
+Immunology
+HIV/AIDS
+430 BC
+Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis
+Louis Pasteur
+Walter Reed
+Robert Koch
+Robert Koch's 1891 proofs, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905,
+yellow fever
+430 BC
+in the form of an immunological memory
+innate immune system
+the adaptive immune system
+Innate immune systems
+the adaptive immune system
+in the form of an immunological memory
+physical barriers
+innate and adaptive immunity
+self molecules
+the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules
+antigens
+antigens
+when microbes are identified by pattern recognition receptors
+innate immune system
+components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms
+non-specific
+The waxy cuticle
+The waxy cuticle
+coughing and sneezing
+The flushing action of tears and urine
+The flushing action of tears and urine
+-defensins
+lysozyme and phospholipase A2
+defensins and zinc
+gastric acid and proteases
+menarche
+commensal flora
+most antibiotics non-specifically target bacteria and do not affect fungi
+helps restore a healthy balance of microbial populations
+by competing with pathogenic bacteria for food and space and, in some cases, by changing the conditions in their environment, such as pH or available iron
+Inflammation
+increased blood flow into tissue
+eicosanoids and cytokines
+leukotrienes
+interleukins
+phagocytes
+cytokines
+phagosome
+phagolysosome
+acquiring nutrients
+phagocytes
+phagocytes
+50% to 60%
+chemotaxis
+interleukin 1
+Leukocytes
+Leukocytes
+the activation of the adaptive immune system
+macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells
+phagocytes
+neuronal dendrites
+T cells
+T cells
+missing self
+Natural killer cells
+MHC I
+killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIR
+early vertebrates
+antigen presentation
+the generation of responses that are tailored to specific pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
+the helper T cell
+regulatory T cells
+Class I MHC molecules
+Class II MHC molecules
+ T cells
+Killer T cells
+CD8
+when their T cell receptor (TCR) binds to this specific antigen
+granulysin
+perforin
+CD4 co-receptor
+around 200–300
+by engagement of a single MHC:antigen molecule
+cytokines
+CD40 ligand
+helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
+CD4+ and CD8+
+ T cells
+adaptive immunity
+V9/V2
+pathogens
+by the B cell
+lymphokines
+long-lived memory cells
+adaptive
+passive short-term memory or active long-term memory
+pathogen encountered
+Newborn infants have no prior exposure to microbes
+IgG
+Breast milk or colostrum
+passive immunity
+immunomodulators
+both adaptive and innate immune responses
+lupus erythematosus
+male sex hormones such as testosterone seem to be immunosuppressive
+NFIL3
+heart disease, chronic pain, and asthma
+sleep deprivation
+weakened immune responses
+vitamin D
+thyroid
+cholecalciferol
+destroy the abnormal cells using killer T cells
+MHC class I molecules
+viral antigens
+antibodies
+phagocytic cells
+pathogens
+apoptosis
+Systemic acquired resistance
+RNA silencing mechanisms
+autoimmune disorders
+the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self
+in the thymus and bone marrow
+"self" peptides
+when one or more of the components of the immune system
+both the young and the elderly
+50 years of age
+obesity, alcoholism, and drug use
+malnutrition
+vaccination
+immunization
+introduce an antigen from a pathogen
+it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system
+type II
+type III secretion system
+host defenses
+its ability to elude host immune responses
+Frank Burnet
+pathogens, an allograft
+"two-signal" activation
+Niels Jerne
+Glucocorticoids
+cytotoxic or immunosuppressive
+methotrexate or azathioprine
+cyclosporin
+cytotoxic natural killer cells and CTLs (cytotoxic T lymphocytes)
+anti-inflammatory molecules, such as cortisol and catecholamines
+melatonin
+oxidative stress
+vitamin D receptor
+calcitriol
+symbiotic
+CYP27B1
+dendritic cells, keratinocytes and macrophages
+Pattern recognition receptors
+Antimicrobial peptides
+The complement system and phagocytic cells
+Ribonucleases and the RNA interference
+immunoglobulins and T cell receptors
+lamprey and hagfish
+Variable lymphocyte receptors
+jawed
+invertebrates
+the restriction modification system
+bacteriophages
+CRISPR sequences
+"cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity
+Elie Metchnikoff
+phagocytes
+Robert Koch and Emil von Behring
+soluble components (molecules)
+cancers
+MHC class I molecules
+TGF-
+macrophages and lymphocytes
+Hypersensitivity
+four
+Type I
+IgE
+Type II hypersensitivity
+intracellular pathogenesis
+leishmaniasis
+Plasmodium falciparum
+Mycobacterium tuberculosis
+protein A
+antigenic variation
+HIV
+Trypanosoma brucei
+frequent changes in antigens
+immune surveillance
+human papillomavirus
+tyrosinase
+melanomas
+melanocytes
+>500 Da
+hydrophilic amino acids
+large sets of proteins
+cataloguing of epitopes from pathogens known to be recognizable by B cells
+immunoinformatics
+leptin, pituitary growth hormone, and prolactin
+the milieu of hormones produced at this time
+Th1
+formation of long-lasting immune memory through the initiation of Th1 immune responses
+complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes
+plasma membrane
+The speed of the response
+catalytic cascade
+Civil disobedience
+the fight against apartheid
+the Singing Revolution
+Ukraine
+the Singing Revolution
+Egyptians
+Egyptians
+the Singing Revolution
+unfair laws
+American Civil Rights Movement
+Antigone
+one of the daughters of former King of Thebes
+Creon
+Oedipus
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+Antigone
+Sophocles
+the current King of Thebes
+giving her brother Polynices a proper burial
+she must obey her conscience rather than human law
+The Mask of Anarchy
+nonviolent
+Satyagraha
+during the campaign for a free India
+Henry David Thoreau
+The Mask of Anarchy
+The Mask of Anarchy
+nonviolent protest
+Satyagraha
+Henry David Thoreau
+muggers, arsonists, draft evaders, campaign hecklers, campus militants, anti-war demonstrators, juvenile delinquents and political assassins
+Marshall Cohen
+ambiguity
+become utterly debased
+become utterly debased
+Marshall Cohen
+muggers, arsonists, draft evaders
+Vice President Agnew
+ambiguity
+formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term
+extremely difficult, if not impossible
+lawful protest demonstration, nonviolent civil disobedience, and violent civil disobedience
+semantical problems
+no more (or no less)
+formulation of a single all-encompassing definition of the term
+semantical problems
+semantical problems and grammatical niceties
+nonviolent civil disobedience
+violent civil disobedience
+Civil disobedience
+Civil disobedience
+a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.
+Civil disobedience
+a citizen's relation to the state and its laws
+the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.
+the head of government would be acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen.
+acting in her or his capacity as public official rather than private citizen
+two equally sovereign branches of government
+Thoreau
+imprisonment
+The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right
+Resign
+elite politicians
+The individual
+only individuals
+Thoreau
+Resign
+The majority may be powerful but it is not necessarily right
+governmental entities
+non-governmental agencies
+non-governmental agencies
+international organizations and foreign governments
+non-governmental agencies
+a larger challenge to the legal system
+governmental entities
+non-governmental agencies
+civil disobedience
+covert lawbreaking
+"Think of the dilemma faced by German citizens when Hitler's secret police demanded to know if they were hiding a Jew in their house
+(Exodus 1: 15-19)
+Shiphrah and Puah
+must be publicly announced
+morality
+assisting in fabricating evidence or committing perjury
+"A Primer for Prospective Jurors"
+Book of Exodus
+Black's Law Dictionary
+Black's Law Dictionary
+use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest.
+Civil disobedients' refraining from violence
+violence
+non-violent
+use of force and violence and refusal to submit to arrest.
+destructive
+help preserve society's tolerance of civil disobedience
+Revolutionary civil disobedience
+Ferenc Deák
+Ferenc Deák
+Gandhi's
+cultural traditions, social customs, religious beliefs
+Non-revolutionary
+a simple disobedience of laws on the grounds that they are judged "wrong" by an individual conscience
+render certain laws ineffective
+Revolutionary civil disobedience
+Gandhi
+during the Roman Empire
+pagan images
+his arrest was not covered in any newspapers
+The tax collector who arrested him rose to higher political office
+Mexican War
+during the Roman Empire
+pagan images
+sign bail
+jail solidarity
+Mexican War
+Civil disobedients
+symbolic
+Voice in the Wilderness
+738 days
+successfully preventing it from being cut down
+a variety of different illegal acts
+nuclear-missile installation
+symbolic
+medical cannabis dispensaries
+180-foot (55 m)-tall, 600-year-old California Redwood
+Lebanon, New Hampshire
+Lebanon, New Hampshire
+civil disobedience
+FCC v. Pacifica Foundation
+"Filthy Words"
+speech
+"Filthy Words"
+Threatening government officials
+Lebanon, New Hampshire
+make it more difficult for a system to function
+The Plowshares organization
+padlocking the gates and using sickles to deflate one of the large domes covering two satellite dishes
+Brownlee
+they might be considered coercive
+illegal boycotts, refusals to pay taxes
+Brownlee
+their conscientious aim to engage in moral dialogue
+The Plowshares organization
+civil disobedience
+consent search
+criminal investigators
+due to a lack of understanding of the legal ramifications,
+make an impression
+bind all to obey the laws
+the social contract
+the legitimacy of their particular government,
+anarchists
+no need to accept punishment for a violation of criminal law that does not infringe the rights of others
+whether or not to plead guilty
+some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law
+I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law
+Guilt implies wrong-doing
+creative plea
+Camp Mercury nuclear test site
+Camp Mercury nuclear test site
+immediately arrested
+nolo contendere
+suspended sentences
+a way of continuing their protest
+reminding their countrymen of injustice
+The key point is that the spirit of protest should be maintained all the way
+to switch suddenly to a spirit of subservience,
+one misdemeanor count
+no jail time
+solidarity tactics
+a blind plea
+Mohandas Gandhi
+defiant speech
+a speech explaining their actions
+lack of remorse
+likelihood of repeating her illegal actions.
+government officials
+Steven Barkan
+Steven Barkan
+Steven Barkan
+Chicago Eight
+nullification
+discourage general disobedience
+encouraging general disobedience which is neither conscientious nor of social benefit
+breaking the law for self-gratification
+generally viewed as not being a civil disobedient
+by committing the crime covertly and avoiding attribution
+Indirect
+direct civil disobedience
+Vietnam War
+competing harms defense
+the leaflets will have to be given to the leafleter's own jury as evidence
+achieving crime control via incapacitation and deterrence
+whether it would do more harm than good
+the state
+it focuses attention on the threat of punishment and not the moral reasons to follow this law
+Construction
+manufacturing
+six to nine percent
+financing
+on location for a known client
+architect
+architect
+effective planning
+megaprojects
+zoning requirements, the environmental impact of the job, the successful scheduling, budgeting, construction-site safety, availability and transportation of building materials, logistics, inconvenience to the public
+buildings, infrastructure and industrial
+non-residential
+heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering
+heavy/highway, heavy civil
+refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills and manufacturing
+construction industry
+ENR
+2014
+transportation, sewer, hazardous waste and water
+building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors
+construction service firms
+The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System
+firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project
+Building construction
+renovations
+the owner of the property
+structural collapse, cost overruns, and/or litigation
+detailed plans
+local building authority regulations and codes of practice
+Brick
+As residential construction (as well as all other types of construction) can generate a lot of waste
+economies of scale
+advances in 3D printing technology
+20 hours
+2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
+2 metres (6 ft 7 in)
+to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts
+the translation of designs into reality
+the property owner
+a quantity surveyor
+the most cost efficient bidder
+integration of previously separated specialties
+In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies
+"one-stop shopping"
+a performance specification
+design-build, partnering and construction management
+architects, interior designers, engineers and constructors
+establishing relationships with other necessary participants through the design-build process
+preventable financial problems
+when builders ask for too little money to complete the project
+when the present amount of funding cannot cover the current costs for labour and materials
+Fraud
+cost engineers
+the owner's equity in the property
+Accountants
+when the contractor identified change orders or project changes that increased costs
+Cost engineers and estimators
+zoning and building code requirements
+the owner
+malum in se
+custom or expectation
+An attorney may seek changes or exemptions in the law that governs the land where the building will be built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not cause a collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed
+A construction project
+A contract
+extremely expensive
+each side is capable of performing the obligations set out
+Contracts that set out clear expectations and clear paths to accomplishing those expectations
+relationship contracting
+Public-Private Partnering
+Public-Private Partnering
+highly competitive and adversarial practices
+the architect or engineer
+the project coordinator
+the architect's client and the main contractor
+the architect's client and the main contractor
+until the building is ready to occupy.
+The owner
+D&B
+The owner
+consortium
+phase 2
+existing utility lines
+This lessens the likelihood of damage
+electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities
+the municipal building inspector
+an occupancy permit
+$960 billion
+$960 billion
+667,000
+fewer than 10 employees
+828,000
+£42,090
+£26,719
+more than $100,000
+one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring more occupational fatalities
+Falls
+electrocution, transportation accidents, and trench cave-ins
+securing ladders and inspecting scaffolding
+private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments; thus, they retain the right to select their students
+private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments; thus, they retain the right to select their students
+tuition
+private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments; thus, they retain the right to select their students
+$45,000
+'tuition-free
+universities
+Private education
+lower sixth
+upper sixth
+prep schools
+Tuition
+High tuition, schools claim, is used to pay higher salaries for the best teachers
+Roman Catholic
+Protestants, Jews, Muslims and the Orthodox Christians
+their particular faith's beliefs and traditions
+removal of the purported distractions of co-education; the presence of boarding facilities; or stricter discipline based on their power of expulsion
+a compulsory blazer
+more expensive
+non-aligned, some of the best known independent schools also belong to the large, long-established religious foundations, such as the Anglican Church, Uniting Church
+Loreto Kirribilli, Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College, St Ursula's College and Loreto Normanhurst
+Sydney
+Loreto Kirribilli, Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College, St Ursula's College and Loreto Normanhurst for girls
+Article 7
+This unusual protection of private schools was implemented to protect these schools from a second Gleichschaltung
+7.8
+11.1
+0.5
+Sonderungsverbot
+Ersatzschulen
+very low tuition fees
+private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
+vocational
+outside of government regulation
+private individuals, private organizations or rarely, religious groups
+independent
+Prominent Examination Boards that are present in multiple states are the CBSE and the CISCE, NENBSE
+30
+both the union government and the state governments
+non-profit trusts and societies
+only non-profit trusts and societies can run schools in India
+Annual Status of Education Report
+rural India
+English
+scoil phrobháideach
+a certain number of teacher's salaries are paid by the State
+The average fee is around €5,000 annually for most schools, but some of these schools also provide boarding
+Society of Jesus
+€25,000 per year
+1957
+Chinese
+English
+all schools to surrender their properties
+Over 60
+aided
+fully funded by private parties
+Kathmandu
+English
+Nepali
+88
+88
+3.7
+The largest decline in private school numbers occurred between 1979 and 1984, when the nation's then-private Catholic school system integrated.
+Auckland
+Anglican
+Wellington
+Presbyterian
+Christchurch
+Society of St Pius X
+7.5
+32
+80
+August 1992
+the Moratorium on applications for new courses, new schools and conversions,
+The Education Service Contracting scheme
+The Tuition Fee Supplement
+The Private Education Student Financial Assistance
+"public" (state-controlled) and "independent"
+"public" (state-controlled) and "independent"
+independent
+"public" (state-controlled) and "independent"
+private church schools
+government schools formerly reserved for white children
+These schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups
+higher
+Over 10
+Kunskapsskolan
+Kunskapsskolan
+The Knowledge School
+Sweden is internationally known for this innovative school voucher model
+Preparatory schools
+public
+approximately 9 per cent of children being educated in the UK are doing so at fee-paying schools
+Preparatory schools
+£23,000 to £21,000
+1954
+segregation academies
+South
+many white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
+many white students migrated to the academies, while public schools became in turn more heavily concentrated with African-American students
+endowments
+the Establishment Clause
+the Establishment Clause
+Non-religious
+Massachusetts
+1852
+1972
+427 U.S. 160
+McCrary
+close to $40,000 annually
+close to $40,000 annually
+hundreds of millions
+hundreds of millions
+John Harvard
+1977
+James Bryant Conant
+Charles W. Eliot's
+Charles W. Eliot
+Harvard Library
+79
+18 million volumes
+eight U.S. presidents
+150 Nobel laureates
+throughout the Boston metropolitan area
+$37.6 billion
+209-acre
+eleven separate academic units
+209-acre
+1636
+vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
+1638
+1639
+1650
+many Puritan ministers
+English university model
+never affiliated with any particular denomination
+1804
+Samuel Webber
+1805
+Louis Agassiz
+observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the "divine plan"
+Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart
+Charles W. Eliot
+Transcendentalist Unitarian
+William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson
+James Bryant Conant
+devised programs to identify, recruit
+1945
+about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe
+1977
+mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States
+209-acre
+twelve residential Houses
+south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River
+the Quadrangle
+Allston
+The John W. Weeks Bridge
+Longwood Medical and Academic Area
+fifty percent
+Proposals to connect the Cambridge campus with the new Allston campus include new and enlarged bridges, a shuttle service and/or a tram.
+enhanced transit infrastructure, possible shuttles open to the public, and park space
+7,200
+7,200
+7,200
+1875
+1858
+$32 billion
+30%
+Allston Science Complex
+$159 million
+$159 million
+1980s
+a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech given by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.
+$230 million
+5.3%
+Early Action
+Early Action
+Early Action
+seven
+eight General Education categories
+teaching fellows
+mid-May
+four-course rate average
+summa cum laude
+60%
+$38,000
+$57,000
+room and board
+$414 million
+88%
+nearly 80
+Cabot Science Library, Lamont Library, and Widener Library
+Pusey Library
+over 18 million volumes
+three museums.
+The Arthur M. Sackler Museum
+Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
+2003
+2011
+Mines ParisTech
+42
+Yale
+every two years when the Harvard and Yale Track and Field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford University and Cambridge University team
+1875
+1903
+1906
+former captain of the Yale football team
+Lavietes Pavilion
+The Malkin Athletic Center
+three weight rooms
+23 years
+June
+Cornell
+2003
+Ban Ki-moon
+Juan Manuel Santos
+José Mara Figueres
+Benjamin Netanyahu
+Conan O'Brien
+Leonard Bernstein
+Yo Yo Ma
+W. E. B. Du Bois
+Shing-Tung Yau
+Alan Dershowitz and Lawrence Lessig
+Stephen Greenblatt
+Jacksonville
+1,345,596
+853,382
+Duval
+1968
+First Coast
+First Coast
+Fort Caroline
+1564
+Andrew Jackson
+two
+golf
+two
+"Jacksonvillians" or "Jaxsons"
+thousands
+Black Hammock Island
+Timucua
+the beginning of the historical era
+Ossachite
+Jean Ribault
+Ribault erected a stone column near present-day Jacksonville claiming the newly discovered land for France
+Philip II of Spain
+San Mateo
+Fort Caroline
+French and Indian War
+the King's Road
+The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British called the Cow Ford or Cowford; these names ostensibly reflect the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.
+the King's Road
+February 9, 1832
+hogs and cattle
+The Skirmish of the Brick Church
+Battle of Olustee
+Warfare
+Battle of Cedar Creek
+During Reconstruction and the Gilded Age
+Grover Cleveland
+yellow fever outbreaks
+Florida East Coast Railway
+steamboat and later by railroad
+Spanish moss
+over 2,000
+Governor Jennings
+Great Fire of 1901
+New York–based filmmakers
+more than 30
+Winter Film Capital of the World
+Hollywood
+construction of highways
+55.1%
+middle class "white flight"
+Mayor W. Haydon Burns
+World War II
+dissipated
+sewage
+annexing
+six
+traditional old boy network
+11
+Jacksonville Consolidation
+all 15 of Duval County's public high schools lost their accreditation
+voters approved the plan
+actress Lee Meredith
+actress Lee Meredith
+The Better Jacksonville Plan
+half-penny sales tax
+874.3 square miles (2,264 km2), making Jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous United States; of this, 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and
+St. Johns River
+The Trout River
+874.3 square miles (2,264 km2), making Jacksonville the largest city in land area in the contiguous United States; of this, 86.66% (757.7 sq mi or 1,962 km2) is land and
+Baldwin
+Downtown Jacksonville
+Barnett Center
+617 ft
+Riverplace Tower
+Riverplace Tower
+humid subtropical climate
+May through September
+humid subtropical climate
+low latitude
+104 °F
+thunderstorms
+rapid heating of the land relative to the water, combined with extremely high humidity
+July
+Hurricane Dora
+110 mph
+Beryl
+Saffir-Simpson Scale
+2008
+5,751
+366,273
+tenth- largest
+25,033
+29.7%
+36.4%
+94.1
+91.3
+40%
+3.5 billion people
+$759,900
+methodology used
+diversion
+40%
+The three richest people in the world
+nearly $41 trillion
+46%
+a greater tendency to take on debts
+PolitiFact
+New York Times
+Inherited wealth
+grew up in substantial privilege
+PolitiFact
+richest 1 percent
+Inherited wealth
+over 60 percent
+Institute for Policy Studies
+Neoclassical
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+differences in value added by different classifications of workers
+inequality is a reflection of the productivity gap
+the marginal value added of each economic actor
+differences in value added by labor, capital and land
+differences in value added by different classifications of workers
+the marginal value added of each economic actor
+worker, capitalist/business owner, landlord
+the productivity gap between highly-paid professions and lower-paid professions
+reduce costs and maximize profits
+increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment
+increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment
+rises
+capitalist firms
+reduce costs and maximize profits
+capitalist firms
+rises
+rises
+In a purely capitalist mode of production
+law of supply and demand
+their business is chronically understaffed
+Their competitors
+outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair
+the market
+the same way
+In a purely capitalist mode of production
+"On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers
+outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair
+expendable nature of the worker
+low demand
+A job where there are few able or willing workers (low supply), but a large need for the positions
+collective bargaining, political influence, or corruption
+Professional and labor
+A job where there are many workers willing to work a large amount of time
+competition between workers
+expendable nature of the worker
+high
+competition between employers for employees
+higher economic inequality
+survival needs such as income for food and shelter
+push
+pull
+survival needs such as income for food and shelter
+higher economic inequality
+necessity
+survival needs such as income for food and shelter
+survival needs such as income for food and shelter
+The economic impact of the former type of entrepreneurialism tends to be redistributive
+A progressive tax
+inequality
+steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
+rate at which income is taxed coupled with the progressivity of the tax system
+A progressive tax
+inequality
+steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending
+Gini index
+variation in individuals' access to education
+those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education
+much lower wages
+helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor
+a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate savings and investment
+variation in individuals' access to education
+increases in education first increase and then decrease growth
+those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education,
+leads directly to lower incomes
+variation in individuals' access to education
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+Standard & Poor
+2014
+the widening disparity
+increasing access to education
+$105 billion
+boom-and-bust cycles
+1910–1940
+During the mass high school education movement
+During the mass high school education movement
+Lagerlof and Galor
+decrease in wages
+1910–1940
+decrease in the price of skilled labor
+High school education during the period was designed to equip students with necessary skill sets to be able to perform at work
+educational inequality in gender
+Lagerlof and Galor
+The U.S. economic and social model
+Despite popular prejudices to the contrary, the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available."
+U.S.-style labor-market flexibility
+continental European liberalism
+economic inequality
+social exclusion
+John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer
+U.S.-style labor-market flexibility
+Despite popular prejudices to the contrary, the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available."
+Scandinavia
+high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements
+Sociologist
+technological changes and globalization
+Sociologist
+Sociologist
+Sociologist
+high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements
+high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements
+when rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages
+increased wages
+technological innovation
+technological innovation and automation
+Trade liberalization
+when rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages
+Paul Krugman
+minor
+technological innovation and automation
+53%
+53%
+travel or relocate
+males
+males
+males in the labor market
+travel
+Thomas Sowell
+once other factors are accounted for
+social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.
+countries with low levels of development
+it acquires more capital
+social welfare programs, more developed countries move back to lower levels of inequality.
+Simon Kuznets
+Simon Kuznets
+it acquires more capital
+As a country develops, it acquires more capital, which leads to the owners of this capital having more wealth and income
+move back to lower levels of inequality
+High school movement
+1970s
+It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
+It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
+middle-income developing economies
+Kuznets curve
+very weak
+eventually decrease
+It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.
+Wealth concentration
+those who already hold wealth
+Thomas Piketty
+larger fortunes generate higher returns
+Wealth concentration
+those who already hold wealth
+wealth condensation
+Thomas Piketty
+Thomas Piketty
+Joseph Stiglitz
+Joseph Stiglitz
+bid up compensation for rare and desired skills
+political power generated by wealth
+rent-seeking
+higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods,
+higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods,
+life expectancy
+higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods,
+life expectancy
+Robert J. Shiller
+Robert J. Shiller
+negative
+it is a waste of resources, but also because it generates redistributive pressures
+Increasing inequality
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard G. Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+lower in countries like Japan and Finland and states like Utah and New Hampshire with high levels of equality, than in countries (US and UK) and states (Mississippi and New York) with large differences in household income.
+higher in equality
+longer lives
+poorer countries
+slowed down
+77 years
+Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82)
+income inequality
+Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
+states in the US with larger income inequalities
+The UNICEF index of "child well-being in rich countries", studying 40 indicators in 22 countries, correlates with greater equality but not per capita income.
+inequality
+homicides
+over fifty
+half
+tenfold
+seeking the greatest good for the greatest number
+distributive efficiency
+An additional dollar spent by a poor person will go to things providing a great deal of utility to that person, such as basic necessities like food, water, and healthcare;
+A house that provides less utility to a millionaire as a summer home
+higher aggregate utility
+consumption
+Will Wilkinson
+2001
+Thomas B. Edsall
+"The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor"
+Financial crisis of 2007–08
+systematic economic inequalities
+Financial crisis of 2007–08
+to buy homes
+to buy homes
+duration of economic growth spells
+High levels of inequality
+the income share of the top 20 percent
+higher GDP growth
+The poor and the middle class
+increasing inequality
+increasing inequality harms economic growth
+negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth
+it is a waste of resources
+Policies aiming at controlling unemployment
+Joseph Stiglitz
+global inequality and inequality within countries prevent growth by limiting aggregate demand
+Joseph Stiglitz
+increasing importance of human capital in development
+widespread education
+1993
+Galor and Zeira
+channels through which inequality may affect economic growth
+higher levels of redistributive taxation
+unstable
+high levels of inequality reduce growth
+high levels of inequality reduce growth
+income inequality and rates of growth and investment
+income inequality
+a positive impact of inequality on growth with lead times of five years or less,
+Kuznets curve hypothesis
+inequality first increases
+Thomas Piketty
+Thomas Piketty
+Thomas Piketty
+1970s
+savings by the wealthy, if these increase with inequality, were thought to offset reduced consumer demand
+growth has risen with increased income inequality
+Analyses based on comparing yearly equality figures to yearly growth rates
+more equality in the income distribution
+economic growth
+inequality
+economic growth
+Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki-Moon:
+In the words of the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban Ki-Moon: "While economic growth is necessary, it is not sufficient for progress on reducing poverty
+formal or legal
+various associations and other arrangements
+over 200 steps
+over 200 steps
+over 200 steps and up to 14 years to build on government land
+affordable housing
+the number of quality rental units decreased
+the number of quality rental units decreased
+gentrification
+ad valorem property tax policy
+everyone
+those who are worse equipped to manage their finances
+aspirational consumption
+taking on debt
+inequality and potential economic instability
+more waste and pollution is created
+increase of emissions per person
+more environmental degradation
+population levels would start to drop to a sustainable level
+private ownership of the means of production
+private ownership of the means of production
+wage or salary
+socially owned
+socially owned
+Robert Nozick
+taxation
+Robert Nozick
+forceful taking of property
+when they improve society as a whole
+capability deprivation
+a means to an end rather than the end itself
+through increasing functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency
+through increasing functionings (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency
+the ability to pursue valued goals
+when a person’s capabilities are lowered, they are in some way deprived of earning as much income
+An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man
+An old, ill man
+There may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic, or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives
+to ensure that people aren’t denied their functionings, capabilities, and agency
+science-fiction television programme
+1963
+TARDIS
+blue British police box
+science-fiction television programme
+1963 to 1989
+Russell T Davies
+Torchwood
+2005
+Christopher Eccleston
+Twelve
+Peter Capaldi
+The Time of the Doctor
+a life process of Time Lords
+takes on a new body and, to some extent, new personality
+Gallifrey
+a stolen Mark I Type 40 TARDIS
+Time and Relative Dimension in Space
+chameleon circuit
+a malfunction in the chameleon circuit
+companions
+the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master
+regenerate
+humans
+Time Lord
+Saturday, 23 November 1963
+The Daleks (a.k.a. The Mutants)
+the programme was not permitted to contain any "bug-eyed monsters"
+Terry Nation
+25 minutes of transmission length
+26
+Jonathan Powell
+Doctor Who: More Than 30 Years in the TARDIS
+the series would return
+BBC 1
+an independent production company to relaunch the show
+Philip Segal
+1996
+9.1 million
+United States
+Rose
+26 March 2005
+No full series was filmed in 2009
+Chris Chibnall
+Christmas Day specials
+The 2005 version of Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963–1989 series[note 2]
+The 2005 version of Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963–1989 series[note 2]
+The 2005 version of Doctor Who is a direct plot continuation of the original 1963–1989 series[note 2]
+Battlestar Galactica and Bionic Woman
+set in the same universe as the original but in a different time period and with different characters
+30 November 1963
+eighty seconds
+the transmission of the first episode was delayed by ten minutes
+the transmission of the first episode was delayed by ten minutes
+the coverage of the assassination, as well as a series of power blackouts across the country
+Hiding behind (or 'watching from behind') the sofa
+the Museum of the Moving Image
+Behind the Sofa
+scariest TV show of all time
+Digital Spy
+1972
+3%
+Philip Howard
+Philip Howard
+The Times newspaper
+The image of the TARDIS
+blue
+a time machine
+In 1998, the Metropolitan Police Authority filed an objection to the trade mark claim; but in 2002, the Patent Office ruled in favour of the BBC.
+2002
+26
+6 December 1989
+The Daleks' Master Plan, which aired in 12 episodes (plus an earlier one-episode teaser, "Mission to the Unknown", featuring none of the regular cast); almost an entire season of seven-episode serials
+The Master
+Black Guardian Trilogy
+13
+60 minutes
+Christmas Day
+Journey's End
+"Journey's End" from 2008 and "The Eleventh Hour"
+826
+826
+826
+72 minutes
+2009
+William Hartnell and Patrick Troughton
+97
+3, 4, & 5
+1978
+1964 and 1973
+from the archives of other countries who bought prints for broadcast
+8 mm cine film
+Mission to the Unknown
+8 mm cine film
+home viewers who made tape recordings of the show
+"Official" reconstructions
+Cosgrove Hall
+1968
+Theta-Sigma
+November 2006
+the concept of regeneration
+the Second Doctor
+poor health
+renewal
+change of appearance
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+The Deadly Assassin and Mawdryn Undead
+John Hurt
+The Day of the Doctor
+Michael Jayston
+The Trial of a Time Lord
+McGann and Eccleston's Doctors
+the War Doctor
+The Three Doctors
+Peter Davison
+The Space Museum
+The Day of the Doctor
+1999
+Zagreus
+The Four Doctors.
+1999
+2003
+The Time of the Doctor
+The Brain of Morbius
+Mawdryn Undead
+The Lodger
+1983
+An Unearthly Child
+Susan Foreman
+The Empty Child"
+destroyed
+Smith and Jones
+companion
+The Deadly Assassin
+Susan Foreman
+Susan Foreman
+Romana
+2005
+Rose Tyler
+Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill),
+Bill
+Catherine Tate
+the Autons with the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks
+series 1
+the Autons with the Nestene Consciousness and Daleks
+series 3
+the Great Intelligence and the Ice Warriors
+The Dalek race
+Skaro
+to "exterminate" all non-Dalek beings
+Davros
+their eyestalk
+The Master
+The Master
+Eric Roberts
+Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes
+Roger Delgado
+Derek Jacobi
+Utopia
+"Missy"
+Missy
+Michelle Gomez
+Delia Derbyshire
+BBC Radiophonic Workshop
+an individually struck piano string
+17
+Did I write that?
+The Trial of a Time Lord
+Dominic Glynn
+Keff McCulloch
+Murray Gold
+The Christmas Invasion
+Voyage of the Damned
+the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station Classic FM's Hall of Fame
+the theme, once again by Gold, was introduced in the 2007 Christmas special episode, "Voyage of the Damned";
+228
+Gold
+Jon Pertwee
+Mankind
+1978
+Doctorin' the Tardis
+Doctorin' the Tardis
+Dudley Simpson
+Planet of Giants
+many adventures of the 1960s and 1970s
+Planet of Giants
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+27 July 2008
+Music of the Spheres
+All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster
+Six
+The first featured tracks from the first two series
+4 October 2010
+A Christmas Carol
+8 November 2010
+The original logo used for the First Doctor (and briefly for the Second Doctor)
+The logo for the Twelfth Doctor
+the logo used for the Third and Eighth Doctors
+1973–80
+Eleventh Doctor
+the day after the assassination of John F. Kennedy
+the BBC's mainstream BBC One channel
+the late 1970s
+circa 1964–1965
+BBC Three
+1979
+three to five million
+Coronation Street
+the most popular show at the time
+2005
+The Five Doctors
+Silver Nemesis
+CITV in Edmonton, Canada
+12 May 1996
+The Five Doctors
+Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
+The Five Doctors
+BBC UKTV, SF and later on SyFy
+weekdaily screenings of all available revived episodes
+ABC1
+The Three Doctors
+The Three Doctors
+Space
+The Talons of Weng-Chiang
+Judith Merril
+Christopher Eccleston
+Christopher Eccleston
+The Christmas Invasion
+9 October 2006
+9 October 2006
+United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and the United States
+Eight
+The Infinite Quest
+Spearhead from Space
+the series from 2009 onwards
+Trevor Martin
+Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure
+The Curse of the Daleks
+the Seven Keys to Doomsday
+David Banks
+Torchwood
+22 October 2006
+2008
+Children of Earth
+Torchwood: Miracle Day
+Elisabeth Sladen
+24 September 2007
+David Tennant
+2010
+autumn 2011
+Dimensions in Time
+Children in Need
+EastEnders
+glasses with one darkened lens
+the Pulfrich effect
+Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death
+it was split into four segments, mimicking the traditional serial format, complete with cliffhangers, and running down the same corridor several times when being chased
+Rowan Atkinson
+Richard E. Grant, Jim Broadbent, Hugh Grant and Joanna Lumley
+executive producer
+The Neutral Zone
+"Blue Harvest" and "420"
+Queer as Folk
+Oliver on Coupling
+Brisingr and High Wizardry, the video game Rock Band, the soap opera EastEnders,
+a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story The Chase
+a 21-minute narrated abridgement of the First Doctor television story The Chase
+the Pescatons
+1981
+Slipback
+the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors
+Destiny of the Doctor
+Big Finish Productions
+1999
+2012
+1991
+mid-sixties
+1979
+Panini
+BBC Books
+1960s
+a myriad of stories
+the BBC takes no position on the canonicity of any of such stories, and producers of the show have expressed distaste for the idea.
+the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC
+2006 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series
+2005–2010
+2011
+Matt Smith
+Matt Smith
+The programme is listed in Guinness World Records as the longest-running science fiction television show in the world,
+Peabody Awards
+imaginative stories, creative low-budget special effects, and pioneering use of electronic music
+2013
+50th anniversary special
+Writers' Guild of Great Britain
+"Auntie Awards"
+British Film Institute
+SFX magazine
+eight
+Best Drama Series
+five
+25
+2009
+Mind Award
+six
+over 200
+over 200
+Matt Smith
+The Waters of Mars
+Spike Milligan
+Jon Culshaw
+Spike Milligan
+Saturday
+Jon Culshaw
+The University of Chicago
+1890
+four
+four
+5,000
+various academic disciplines
+physics
+Stagg Field
+University of Chicago Press
+2020
+William Rainey Harper
+John D. Rockefeller
+William Rainey Harper
+1891
+1892
+Marshall Field
+Silas B. Cobb
+Cobb Lecture Hall
+$100,000
+Charles L. Hutchinson
+several regional colleges and universities
+1896
+any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years
+The program passed into history by 1910.
+1910
+Robert Maynard Hutchins
+Common Core
+to emphasize academics over athletics
+the university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure
+1929
+1950s
+Hyde Park
+students enrolled at Shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the University of Chicago after their second year
+Hyde Park
+very young students to attend college
+1962
+students occupied President George Beadle's office in a protest over the university's off-campus rental policies.
+1967
+an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry
+social and political action
+mid-2000s
+Milton Friedman Institute
+$200 million
+Chicago Theological Seminary
+David G. Booth
+the Main Quadrangles
+six
+Victorian Gothic and Collegiate Gothic
+Magdalen Tower
+Christ Church Hall
+1940s
+Eero Saarinen
+the university's School of Social Service Administration
+Eero Saarinen
+2003
+Singapore, London, and the downtown Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
+left bank of the Seine
+2010
+Renmin University
+2015
+a board of trustees
+50
+fourteen
+Andrew Alper
+Robert Zimmer
+The Higher Learning Commission
+four
+four
+Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees
+Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees
+Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division,
+Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division
+the Common Core
+17
+their demanding standards, heavy workload and academic difficulty;
+Uni in the USA
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School
+a school for students with learning disabilities, maintains a location on the University of Chicago campus
+9.8 million
+9.8 million
+the Regenstein Library
+2011
+more than 1.3 million volumes
+113
+113
+Oriental Institute
+Fermilab
+Sunspot, New Mexico
+Milton Friedman
+radiocarbon dating
+the Miller–Urey experiment
+1953
+music composition
+2000
+1996
+2002
+Several thousand
+15,244
+15,244
+15,244
+15,244
+19%
+Division III
+Division III
+Big Ten Conference
+Jay Berwanger
+1946
+over 400
+over 400
+the University of Chicago College Bowl Team
+Doc Films
+Off-Off Campus
+graduate and undergraduate
+Executive Committee
+two
+greater than $2 million
+fifteen
+fifteen
+Alpha Phi Omega
+Alpha Phi Omega
+ten
+notoriously esoteric items
+1987
+Festival of the Arts
+Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko
+Summer Breeze
+Satya Nadella
+Larry Ellison
+Larry Ellison
+Jon Corzine
+James O. McKinsey
+Saul Alinsky
+David Axelrod
+Robert Bork
+Masaaki Shirakawa
+Eliot Ness
+Allan Bloom
+"The Closing of the American Mind"
+Lauren Oliver
+Studs Terkel
+Philip Roth
+Philip Glass
+Alex Seropian
+dance anthropology
+Ed Asner
+Mike Nichols
+Carl Sagan
+John M. Grunsfeld
+astronomers
+John B. Goodenough
+Clair Cameron Patterson
+Milton Friedman
+George Stigler
+Paul Samuelson
+Eugene Fama
+David Graeber and Donald Johanson
+Samuel Reshevsky
+Samuel P. Huntington
+A. A. Michelson
+Arthur H. Compton
+Enrico Fermi
+Edward Teller
+Maria Goeppert-Mayer
+James Henry Breasted
+Alberto Calderón
+Ted Fujita
+Yuan T. Lee
+Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley
+Raghuram Rajan
+anthropologist
+David Bevington
+John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape
+Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno
+Yuán Cháo
+the Great Yuan
+Kublai Khan
+Kublai Khan
+1271
+The Yuan dynasty
+Song
+Song dynasty and preceding the Ming dynasty
+Genghis Khan
+1271
+the Classic of Changes
+Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus
+Great Mongol State
+"Empire of the Great Khan
+Genghis Khan
+1206
+gedei Khan
+1251
+Kublai
+to fight against the Jin
+Shi Tianze, Liu Heima
+Shi Tianze, Liu Heima
+10,000
+Shi Tianze, Liu Heima
+Shi Tianze
+the Jin dynasty
+Interethnic marriage
+Shi Bingzhi
+Chagaan
+Möngke Khan
+southern China
+1259
+Ariq Böke
+Zhongtong
+Ogedei
+Song dynasty remained an obstacle in the south
+Wonjong
+Wonjong
+1262
+preserving Mongol interests in China and satisfying the demands of his Chinese subjects
+Imperial Secretariat
+Han Chinese
+four
+salt and iron
+Karakorum
+Karakorum
+1264
+Zhongdu
+rituals of Confucian propriety and ancestor veneration
+commercial, scientific, and cultural
+Mongol peace
+Daidu
+from southern China to Daidu in the north
+Marco Polo
+the newly established Jin dynasty
+1115
+1234
+the newly established Jin dynasty
+30,000
+northern China
+1268 and 1273
+Yangzi River basin
+Hangzhou
+The last Song emperor drowned
+1279
+an inauspicious typhoon
+Battle of Bch ng
+Battle of Bch ng
+1288
+1253
+Zhenjin
+1285
+Temür Khan, or Emperor Chengzong
+1294 to 1307
+Buyantu Khan
+mainstream Chinese culture
+Li Meng
+the liquidation of the Department of State Affairs
+imperial examinations
+Emperor Gegeen Khan
+1321 to 1323
+Baiju
+"the comprehensive institutions of the Great Yuan"
+five princes
+Tugh Temür
+the War of the Two Capitals
+four days
+El Temür
+Tugh Temür
+Tugh Temür
+Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
+Academy of the Pavilion of the Star of Literature
+Jingshi Dadian
+Buddhism
+Toghun Temür
+Emperor Ningzong
+13
+Toghun Temür
+the long-stalled official histories of the Liao, Jin, and Song dynasties,
+struggle, famine, and bitterness
+too Chinese
+they were separated from both the army and the populace
+Outlaws
+administration
+late 1340s onwards
+the Red Turban Rebellion
+fear of betrayal
+Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels
+1368–1644
+The political unity of China and much of central Asia
+Mongols' extensive West Asian and European contacts
+Ilkhanate
+Eastern crops
+Western musical instruments
+Nestorianism and Roman Catholicism
+Buddhism
+Confucian
+travel literature, cartography, geography, and scientific education
+Marco Polo
+Cambaluc
+Travels of Marco Polo
+Il milione
+Persian traders
+Guo Shoujing
+modern Gregorian calendar
+granaries were ordered built throughout the empire
+Beijing
+sorghum
+Yuan
+the Eternal Heaven
+the Song dynasty
+the Song dynasty
+a period of foreign domination
+Han Chinese, Khitans, Jurchens, Mongols, and Tibetan Buddhists
+Tang, Song, as well as Khitan Liao and Jurchen Jin dynasties
+Liu Bingzhong and Yao Shu
+Privy Council
+traditional Chinese tripartite division of authority among civil, military, and censorial offices
+Privy Council
+the Sui and Tang dynasties
+Mongols and Semuren
+the Ministry of War
+1269
+Mongolian, Tibetan, and Chinese
+Most of the Emperors could not master written Chinese,
+Tugh Temur
+Emperor Wenzong
+1290
+1291
+Yuan
+theater
+poetry, and calligraphy
+the Song dynasty
+the qu
+poetry
+unlike the western khanates, the Yuan dynasty never converted
+Tibetan variants
+Tibetan Buddhism
+Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
+Sakya
+1249
+1314
+modern matrices
+Advances in polynomial algebra
+1303
+calendars
+cubic interpolation formula
+Shoushi Li
+Calendar for Fixing the Seasons
+Shoushi Li
+otachi
+herbal remedies
+The Mongols
+Imperial Academy of Medicine
+it ensured a high income and medical ethics were compatible with Confucian virtues
+the same intellectual foundation, but advocated different theoretical approaches
+the Jin dynasty
+military campaigns
+acupuncture, moxibustion, pulse diagnosis, and various herbal drugs and elixirs
+1347
+Muslim medicine
+1263
+1263
+humoral system
+humoral system
+Kingdom of Qocho and Tibetan intermediaries
+Wang Zhen
+12th century
+Töregene Khatun
+1273
+chao
+bark of mulberry trees
+1275
+woodblocks
+1294
+Mongolian patrimonial feudalism
+Mongolian patrimonial feudalism and the traditional Chinese autocratic-bureaucratic system
+Central Asia and the western end of the empire
+colonial
+Ilkhanate
+Han Chinese and Khitans
+Han Chinese and Khitans
+Besh Balq, Almaliq, and Samarqand
+farmers
+Qara-Khitay (Khitan
+circumcision
+Halal slaughter
+Lan Yu
+thanks
+Ispah Rebellion
+Frederick W. Mote
+degrees of privilege
+Frederick W. Mote
+who lived in poverty and were ill treated
+Southern Chinese
+Southern Chinese
+Southern Chinese
+the higher they were placed
+favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants
+the Mongols
+the Karluk Kara-Khanid ruler
+the Mongols
+peacefully without violently resisting
+The Central Region
+the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
+the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
+Beijing
+Zhongshu Sheng
+East African Community
+East African Community
+Nairobi
+Tanzania
+45 million
+Indian Ocean coastline
+snow
+Mount Kenya
+north-eastern regions
+safaris, diverse climate and geography, and expansive wildlife reserves and national parks
+Lower Paleolithic period
+first millennium AD
+Bantu and Nilotic
+19th century
+December 1963
+Mount Kenya
+Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa and Kiinyaa
+God's resting place
+Ludwig Krapf
+a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation
+Joseph Thompsons
+Mt. Kenia, 1862
+Kenya
+lion, leopard, buffalo, rhinoceros, and elephant
+Kenya
+between June and September
+Two million
+20 million years ago
+Pleistocene epoch
+Richard Leakey
+.6-million-year-old
+Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey
+The Swahili
+The Swahili
+Duarte Barbosa
+the Kenyan Coast
+Malindi
+Mombasa
+August 1914
+the governors of British East Africa
+Lt Col Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
+living off the land, capturing British supplies, and remaining undefeated
+fourteen days
+over a million
+itinerant farmers
+less and less land in exchange for their labour
+80,000
+15 January 1954
+Mau Mau command structure
+24 April 1954
+4,686 Mau Mau
+Swynnerton
+1957
+Kenya African National Union
+12 December 1963
+12 December 1963
+Republic of Kenya
+voters were supposed to line up behind their favoured candidates instead of a secret ballot
+constitutional reform
+Daniel arap Moi
+presidential representative democratic republic
+The President is both the head of state and head of government
+the government
+both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate
+The Judiciary
+Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index
+the prevalence of public sector corruption in various countries
+139th
+the establishment of a new and independent Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission
+the Party of National Unity
+the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM)
+votes from his stronghold arrived later
+8%
+started programmes to avoid similar disasters in the future
+the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
+the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
+the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission
+28 February 2008
+Odinga would become Kenya's second Prime Minister
+PNU and ODM
+the president would appoint cabinet ministers from both PNU and ODM camps depending on each party's strength in Parliament
+until the end of the current Parliament or if either of the parties withdraws from the deal before then
+an elected MP
+Jakaya Kikwete
+Harambee House
+29 February 2008
+the two political parties would share power equally
+Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President
+4 August 2010
+a bill of rights
+27 August 2010
+Second Republic
+December 2014
+armed groups
+nine
+democratic freedoms
+United States, Britain, Germany and France
+h
+Barack Obama
+Xi Jinping
+July 2015
+in peacekeeping missions around the world
+the violence that subsequently engulfed the country
+allegations of human rights violations
+Kenya’s armed forces
+“state security”
+Armoured Personnel Carriers
+the wisdom and prudence of certain decisions of procurement
+145 out of 186 in the world
+145
+$1.25 a day
+frontier market or occasionally an emerging market
+telecommunication and financial activity
+75%
+16%
+75%
+61%
+tourism
+late 1980s
+coastal beaches and the game reserves
+Germany and the United Kingdom
+18%
+tea, horticultural produce, and coffee
+Agriculture
+sharp weather-related fluctuations
+International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
+drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall.
+by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing
+linking producers to wholesalers
+assets
+highlands
+tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat
+north and east
+53%
+Kenyans for Kenya
+14%
+14%
+Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu
+household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements
+African Growth and Opportunity Act
+2000
+Turkwel Gorge Dam
+Turkwel Gorge Dam
+Kenya Electricity Generating Company
+Turkana
+10 billion barrels.
+Exploration
+20% to 25%
+$474 million
+largest source of foreign direct investment
+Uganda
+Base resources of Australia
+environmental and social problems
+Vision 2030
+2030
+National Climate Change Action Plan
+an oversight
+in the coming months
+agriculture
+30%
+Most of the prostitutes in Kenya are aged 9–18.
+poverty, the lack of access to education and weak government institutions
+within their own communities
+English and Swahili
+commerce, schooling and government
+primarily used in the country
+47.7%
+47.7%
+3 million
+the capital, Nairobi
+2.4%
+Sixty percent
+Christian
+around 300,000
+80%
+clinical officers, medical officers and medical practitioners
+43 million
+43 million
+Half
+Half
+weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership
+weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership
+15 million
+British colonists.
+12 December 1963
+Ominde Commission
+identity and unity, which were critical issues at the time
+7–4–2–3
+the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system
+the 7–4–2–3 system
+the 7–4–2–3 system
+1992
+January 1985
+vocational subjects
+to be self-employed or to secure employment in the informal sector
+January 2003
+70%.
+12 years
+12 years comprising eight years in primary school and four years in high school or secondary school.
+a vocational youth/village polytechnic
+Those who complete high school can join a polytechnic or other technical college and study for three years or proceed directly to the university and study for four years
+85%
+three to five
+admission to Standard One (First Grade)
+those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training
+Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
+Kenya National Library Service
+to establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country
+A public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life.
+it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life
+cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing
+middle-distance and long-distance athletics
+Kenyan athletes
+Kenyan athletes
+six gold
+Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics
+IAAF Golden League jackpot
+defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries
+economic or financial factors
+Africa
+Cricket
+2003
+Rakep Patel
+March 2007
+Safari Rally
+one of the toughest rallies in the world
+Björn Waldegrd, Hannu Mikkola, Tommi Mäkinen, Shekhar Mehta, Carlos Sainz and Colin McRae
+three
+10 o'clock tea
+bread, chapati, mahamri, boiled sweet potatoes or yams
+Ugali
+United Nations
+the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
+stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
+United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
+Resolution 43/53
+Hoesung Lee
+Hoesung Lee
+Ismail El Gizouli
+Robert Watson
+February 2015
+governments and organizations
+350
+350 government officials and climate change experts
+322
+United Nations Environment Programme
+United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
+United Nations Environment Programme
+Financial Regulations and Rules of the WMO
+United Nations Environment Programme
+research nor does it monitor climate related data
+published sources
+non-peer-reviewed sources
+model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals
+ten to fifteen
+ten to fifteen
+ten to fifteen
+coordinating lead authors
+ensuring that they meet stylistic and formatting requirements, and reporting to the Working Group chairs
+WG I Summary for Policymakers
+additional warming of the Earth's surface
+CO2
+0.3 °C
+0.3 to 0.6
+2001
+16
+Australian Academy of Science
+between 1.4 and 5.8 °C
+between 1.4 and 5.8 °C
+Richard Lindzen
+does not faithfully summarize the full WGI report
+John Houghton
+a co-chair of TAR WGI
+scientific evidence
+IPCC Assessment Reports
+Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
+Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation
+governments
+Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme
+default emission factors
+levels of fuel consumption, industrial production and so on
+WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council
+The IPCC
+"the poor application of well-established IPCC procedures in this instance"
+the WWF report
+an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale"
+Robert Watson
+making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact
+co-chair of the IPCC working group II
+"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment".
+"generally unfounded and also marginal to the assessment"
+Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
+Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes
+"hockey stick graph"
+Briffa 2000
+temperatures between 1000 and 1900
+Fred Singer
+Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.
+18 July 2000
+United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation
+Rep. Joe Barton
+Ed Whitfield
+23 June 2005
+Sherwood Boehlert
+Sherwood Boehlert
+The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
+The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
+Ten
+divergence problem
+Ten
+1 February 2007
+that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report
+the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.
+the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.
+sea levels
+9–88 cm
+50–140 cm
+2001
+Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009
+Science Magazine
+Science Magazine's State of the Planet 2008-2009
+the Kyoto Protocol
+climate change
+The lockstep situation
+Sheldon Ungar
+varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts
+successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts
+Stern Review
+scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies
+significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report
+submissions
+Nature
+Nature
+Wikipedia-IPCC
+full-time
+photosynthesis
+ATP and NADPH
+ATP and NADPH
+the Calvin cycle
+from 1 in algae up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat.
+Chloroplasts
+light color and intensity
+their own DNA
+a photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell
+during cell division
+plants and algae
+Andreas Schimper
+Andreas Schimper
+Andreas Schimper
+Andreas Schimper
+Cyanobacteria
+prokaryotes
+two cell membranes
+peptidoglycan
+blue-green algae
+phagocytic
+around a billion years ago
+lipid-bilayer membranes
+lipid-bilayer membranes
+many of its genes were lost or transferred to the nucleus of the host
+almost the same thing as chloroplast
+three
+three
+three
+the green chloroplast lineage
+a glaucophyte
+alga
+glaucophyte chloroplasts
+icosahedral
+icosahedral
+chlorophyll a and phycobilins
+intermembrane space
+chlorophyll a and phycobilins
+to help red algae catch more sunlight in deep water
+granules
+phycobilisomes
+accessory pigments that override the chlorophylls' green colors
+peptidoglycan
+Some plants seem to have kept the genes for the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer, though they've been repurposed for use in chloroplast division instead.
+chlorophyll b
+a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote
+secondary chloroplasts have additional membranes outside of the original two
+a nonphotosynthetic eukaryote engulfed a chloroplast-containing alga but failed to digest it
+the phagosomal vacuole from the host's cell membrane
+only its chloroplast, and sometimes its cell membrane and nucleus
+green alga
+Euglenophytes
+pyrenoid and thylakoids stacked in groups of three
+in membrane-bound granules
+three
+cryptomonads
+a red-algal derived chloroplast
+nucleomorph
+in the periplastid space
+stacks of two
+helicosproidia
+chromalveolates
+malaria parasite
+vestigial red algal derived chloroplast
+in their cytoplasm
+iron-sulfur clusters
+apicomplexan-related diseases
+isopentenyl pyrophosphate synthesis
+no photosynthetic pigments or true thylakoids
+four
+Peridinin
+peridinin-type chloroplast
+triplet-stacked
+red algal endosymbiont's original cell membrane
+fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages
+fucoxanthin dinophyte lineages
+tertiary endosymbiosis
+a six membraned chloroplast
+cryptophyte
+nucleomorph and outermost two membranes
+phycobilin-containing
+a two-membraned chloroplast
+heterokontophyte
+diatom (heterokontophyte) derived chloroplast
+up to five
+the entire diatom endosymbiont as the chloroplast
+granules
+the dinophyte nucleus
+green algal derived chloroplast
+green algal derived chloroplast
+green algal derived chloroplast
+green algal derived chloroplast
+first set of endosymbiotic events
+acquired a photosynthetic cyanobacterial endosymbiont more recently
+about a million base pairs
+about a million base pairs
+about a million base pairs
+ctDNA, or cpDNA
+the plastome
+1962
+1986
+two Japanese research teams
+inverted repeat regions
+direct repeats
+stabilize the rest of the chloroplast genome
+electron microscopy
+The mechanism for chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) replication
+theta intermediary form
+Cairns replication intermediate
+a rolling circle mechanism
+A  G
+single stranded
+homologous
+homologous recombination
+only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched, linear, or other complex structures
+homologous recombination and replication structures similar to bacteriophage T4
+homologous recombination
+a D-loop mechanism of replication
+via a D loop mechanism
+Endosymbiotic gene transfer
+the lost chloroplast's existence
+a red algal derived chloroplast
+the diatom ancestor
+pseudogenes
+half
+participating in cell division, protein routing, and even disease resistance
+to reach the chloroplast from the cytosol, you have to cross the cell membrane
+an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins
+on a ribosome in the cytosol
+helps many proteins bind the polypeptide
+keeping it from folding prematurely
+lens-shaped
+lens-shaped, 5–8 m in diameter
+lens-shaped, 5–8 m in diameter
+a single chloroplast
+a single chloroplast
+The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane
+the host's cell membrane infolding to form a vesicle to surround the ancestral cyanobacterium
+infolding to form a vesicle
+mitochondrial double membrane
+proton pumps
+to run proton pumps and carry out oxidative phosphorylation across to generate ATP energy
+the internal thylakoid system
+the inner chloroplast membrane
+rare
+stroma-containing tubule
+to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport
+1962
+in the chloroplasts of C4 plants
+C3 angiosperms, and even some gymnosperms
+membranous tubes and vesicles
+to increase the chloroplast's surface area
+transport vesicles to shuttle stuff between the thylakoids and intermembrane space
+to synthesize a small fraction of their proteins
+two-thirds
+17 nm vs 25 nm
+motifs for Shin-dalgarno sequence recognition
+most chloroplasts and prokaryotes
+plastoglobule(s)
+45–60 nanometers
+45–60 nanometers
+45–60 nanometers across
+lipid monolayer
+permanently attached either to a thylakoid or to another plastoglobulus attached to a thylakoid
+a configuration that allows a plastoglobulus to exchange its contents with the thylakoid network
+their parent thylakoid
+old or stressed chloroplasts
+chloroplasts
+starch accumulation
+starch accumulation
+starch accumulation
+"de novo"
+helical thylakoid model
+stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids
+10–20
+10–20
+helicoid stromal thylakoids
+light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids
+light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids
+light-harvesting complexes with chlorophyll and carotenoids that absorb light energy and use it to energize electrons
+the energized electrons to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
+a dam turbine
+granal thylakoids,
+grana
+in contact with the stroma
+300–600 nanometers
+300–600 nanometers in diameter
+thirty
+help transfer and dissipate excess energy
+help transfer and dissipate excess energy, and their bright colors sometimes override the chlorophyll green
+-carotene
+orange-red zeaxanthin
+cyanobacteria
+Phycobilins
+phycoerytherin
+40 nanometers
+40 nanometers
+rubisco
+it has trouble distinguishing between carbon dioxide and oxygen
+accidentally adding oxygen to sugar precursors
+Calvin cycle
+ATP energy being wasted
+light reactions
+rubisco
+thylakoids
+in a four-carbon compound
+to carry out the Calvin cycle and make sugar
+chlorophyll
+chlorophyll
+parenchyma cells
+collenchyma tissue
+chlorenchyma
+stems
+leaves
+8–15 per cell
+One square millimeter
+mesophyll layers
+low-light conditions
+intense light
+photooxidative damage
+ability to distribute chloroplasts
+Mitochondria
+hypersensitive
+infected cells seal themselves off and undergo programmed cell death
+warning the rest of the plant of a pathogen's presence
+purposely damaging their photosynthetic system
+reactive oxygen species
+reactive oxygen species
+a cell
+an unknown second messenger molecule
+signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus
+photosynthesis
+photosynthesis
+sugars
+carbon dioxide
+carbon dioxide
+ATP energy
+The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space
+up to a thousand times
+phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate
+adenosine triphosphate
+NADP+
+cyclic photophosphorylation
+C4 plants
+C4 plants, which need more ATP than NADPH
+Ribulose bisphosphate
+unstable six-carbon molecules
+3-phosphoglyceric acid
+one out of every six
+glucose monomers
+high atmospheric CO2 concentrations
+distorting the grana and thylakoids
+Waterlogged roots
+a side effect of another photosynthesis-depressing factor
+RuBP
+when the oxygen concentration is too high
+it consumes ATP and oxygen, releases CO2, and produces no sugar
+half the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle
+they exhibit a distinct chloroplast dimorphism
+Chloroplasts
+methionine
+because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed
+in the cytosol
+Chloroplasts
+fertilized egg
+in an adult plant's apical meristems
+starch-storing amyloplasts
+etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts
+a plastid that lacks chlorophyll
+a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma
+yellow
+Gymnosperms
+chromoplasts
+bright colors seen in flowers and ripe fruit
+chromoplasts
+chromoplasts
+If a plant is injured, or something else causes a plant cell to revert to a meristematic state, chloroplasts and other plastids
+filaments
+Z-ring
+Z-ring
+the chloroplast's stroma
+The Min system
+two plastid-dividing rings
+two plastid-dividing rings, or PD rings
+filaments about 5 nanometers across
+filaments
+intermembrane
+Light
+white
+Spinach leaves
+poor quality green light
+pollen
+significantly lower environmental risks
+3 in 1,000,000
+not yet been studied for all relevant crop species, recent results in tobacco plants are promising, showing a failed containment rate of transplastomic plants at 3 in 1,000,000.
+a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself
+composite number
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+one can include arbitrariarily many instances of 1 in any factorization
+primality
+trial division
+Miller–Rabin primality test
+AKS primality test
+22,338,618 decimal digits
+Euclid
+Euclid
+statistical behaviour
+prime number theorem
+end of the 19th century
+Goldbach's conjecture
+Goldbach's conjecture
+analytic or algebraic
+public-key cryptography
+prime elements and prime ideals
+12 = 3  4.
+1, 2, and n
+odd prime
+1, 3, 7, or 9
+5,
+Greeks
+Christian Goldbach
+Christian Goldbach
+10.006,721
+a "unit"
+Euclid's fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+if 1 were considered a prime
+Euler's totient function
+Euler's totient function or the sum of divisors function
+only the single number 1
+the Egyptian fraction expansions in the Rhind papyrus
+Ancient Greeks
+Euclid's Elements
+Euclid
+a simple method to compute primes
+Pierre de Fermat
+Euler
+22n + 1
+2p  1
+n = 4 (or 216 +1)
+trial division
+if a complete list of primes up to is known
+dividing n by each integer m
+only three divisions
+dividing n by each integer m that is greater than 1 and less than or equal to the square root of n
+two main classes
+probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic
+probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic
+probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic
+1/(1-p)n
+Fermat
+Fermat
+composite numbers
+Baillie-PSW
+the Baillie-PSW, Miller-Rabin, and Solovay-Strassen tests
+Fermat primes
+prime numbers that are of the form 2p  1
+The Lucas–Lehmer test
+primorial primes
+Fermat primes
+distributed computing
+2009
+US$100,000
+$150,000
+[256kn + 1, 256k(n +1)  1]
+the floor function
+Chebyshev
+there always exists at least one prime number p with n  p  2n  2, for any natural number n > 3
+there always exists at least one prime number p with n  p  2n  2
+Wilson's theorem
+when a and q are coprime, i.e., their greatest common divisor is one
+Dirichlet's theorem on arithmetic progressions
+1/6
+at most one prime number
+infinitely many prime numbers
+The zeta function
+(1) would have a finite value
+diverges
+exceeds any given number
+modern algebraic number theory
+1859
+s = 2, 4,..., all zeroes of the -function
+random noise
+the asymptotic distribution of primes
+the asymptotic distribution of primes
+Goldbach's conjecture
+all four of Landau's problems
+all numbers up to n = 2  1017
+Vinogradov's theorem
+Chen's theorem
+twin prime conjecture
+there are infinitely many twin primes, pairs of primes with difference 2
+Polignac's conjecture
+n2 + 1
+Brocard's conjecture
+number theory
+G. H. Hardy
+1970s
+hash tables
+pseudorandom number generators
+a recurring decimal
+Fermat's little theorem
+if and only if the factorial (p  1)! + 1
+composite
+provided that p is not a prime factor of q
+public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers
+RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange
+public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers
+modular exponentiation
+public-key cryptography algorithms, such as RSA and the Diffie–Hellman key exchange, are based on large prime numbers
+cicadas
+underground
+7, 13 or 17 years
+prime number intervals
+2%
+minimality or indecomposability
+the prime field
+a connected sum of prime knots
+any object can be, essentially uniquely, decomposed into its prime components
+it cannot be written as the knot sum of two nontrivial knots
+commutative ring R
+commutative ring
+prime elements and irreducible elements
+given x and y in R such that p divides the product xy, then p divides x or y.
+if it is not a unit and cannot be written as a product of two ring elements that are not units
+The fundamental theorem of arithmetic
+Z[i]
+the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi
+i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers
+4k + 3
+ring theory
+Prime ideals
+commutative algebra, algebraic number theory
+Lasker–Noether
+Lasker–Noether
+Prime ideals
+ramification in geometry
+prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields
+prime ideals in the ring of integers of quadratic number fields
+absolute value
+completed (or local) fields
+p-adic norm
+local-global principle
+Olivier Messiaen
+La Nativité du Seigneur
+La Nativité du Seigneur
+the third étude
+movements of nature
+The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-
+The Rhine (Romansh: Rein, German: Rhein, French: le Rhin, Dutch: Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-
+1,050,000
+the Danube
+1,230 km (760 mi)
+Europe
+the North Sea in the Netherlands
+1,230 km
+Rnos
+Rhin
+* Rnaz
+1st century BC
+Rnos
+Rhin
+Gaulish
+* Rnaz
+Rhijn
+Rhine-kilometers
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+canalisation projects
+Rhine-kilometers"
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+canalisation projects
+"Rhine-kilometers"
+north
+from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
+from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
+Near Sargans
+The Alpine Rhine
+The river makes a distinctive turn to the north near Chur
+from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
+from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
+from a height of 599 m to 396 m.
+The Alpine Rhine
+The mouth of the Rhine
+Alter Rhein
+a modern canalized section
+Isel
+Donkey
+The mouth of the Rhine
+a modern canalized section
+Alter Rhein
+two arms
+Isel
+A regulation of the Rhine
+Fußach
+A regulation of the Rhine
+The Dornbirner Ach
+It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up
+Fußach
+A regulation of the Rhine
+A regulation of the Rhine
+The Dornbirner Ach
+It is expected that the continuous input of sediment into the lake will silt up
+the Obersee ("upper lake"), the Untersee ("lower lake"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein
+lower lake
+Lake Rhine
+the Swiss-Austrian border
+upper lake
+the Obersee ("upper lake"), the Untersee ("lower lake"), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein
+Germany, Switzerland and Austria
+Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps
+47°39′N 9°19′E
+Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg
+greater density of cold water
+Lake Überlingen
+Rheinbrech
+Depending on the water level, this flow of the Rhine water is clearly visible along the entire length of the lake.
+Lindau
+Rheinbrech
+Lindau
+Lake Überlingen
+Rhine Gutter
+Depending on the water level
+generally westward
+the river Aare
+1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s)
+Finsteraarhorn
+Basel
+generally westward
+the river Aare
+more than doubles the Rhine's water discharge, to an average of nearly 1,000 m3/s (35,000 cu ft/s),
+Finsteraarhorn
+German
+Basel
+Rhine knee
+the Central Bridge
+300 km
+about 300 km long and up to 40 km wide
+Basel
+Rhine knee
+the overall direction of the Rhine changes from West to North
+High Rhine
+the Central Bridge
+The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century
+The rate of flow was increased
+The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+compensation pools
+The Upper Rhine region
+The Upper Rhine region was changed significantly by a Rhine straightening program in the 19th Century
+The rate of flow was increased
+The rate of flow was increased and the ground water level fell significantly
+Grand Canal d'Alsace
+Germany
+more than 300 m3/s (11,000 cu ft/s)
+The Rhine
+the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle
+2,290 m3/s
+Germany
+Germany
+the Neckar, the Main and, later, the Moselle
+Northeastern France
+2,290 m3/s
+the Middle Rhine
+the Rhine Gorge
+erosion
+the Romantic Rhine
+the Middle Rhine
+the Rhine Gorge
+The gorge
+the Romantic Rhine
+the Rhine
+Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+drinking water
+Switzerland
+water pollution
+the Rhine
+Switzerland
+Cologne, Düsseldorf and Duisburg
+The Ruhr
+wineiculture and tourism
+The Rhine Gorge
+Lorelei
+the Middle Rhine Valley
+wineiculture and tourism
+The Rhine Gorge between Rüdesheim am Rhein and Koblenz is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
+The Rhine Gorge
+Lorelei
+Sankt Goarshausen
+Duisburg
+Wesel-Datteln Canal
+the Lippe
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+400 m
+The Lower Rhine
+Rhine-Ruhr
+Duisport
+Emmerich Rhine Bridge
+400 m
+the Meuse
+Rijn
+Two thirds
+west
+Two thirds
+the Meuse
+The Oude Maas
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+IJssel and Nederrijn
+Lek
+It flows farther west, to rejoin the Noord River
+Pannerdens Kanaal
+IJssel and Nederrijn
+one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer
+Lek
+Wijk bij Duurstede
+The name Rijn
+they retained the name, these streams no longer carry water from the Rhine, but are used for draining the surrounding land
+Leidse Rijn
+Bent Rhine
+Old Rhine
+The Rhine-Meuse
+The Rhine-Meuse
+Rhine Delta
+Angeren
+three
+IJssel
+Old Meuse
+the Rip
+an archipelago-like estuary
+1421
+an archipelago-like estuary
+1421 to 1904
+archipelago-like estuary
+drainage channels
+The construction of Delta Works
+dammed
+The construction of Delta Works
+The Rhine-Meuse Delta is a tidal delta
+sedimentation of the rivers, but also by tidal currents
+This meant that high tide formed a serious risk because strong tidal currents could tear huge areas of land into the sea.
+Brakel and Zaltbommel
+Tethys sea
+Jurassic Period
+Mediterranean geography
+the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic Era
+Iberia
+the ongoing Alpine orogeny
+the Upper Rhine Graben
+the Miocene
+the watersheds of the Rhone and Danube
+Through stream capture
+Pleiocene period
+the Vosges Mountains
+Around 2.5 million years ago (ending 11,600 years ago) was the geological period of the Ice Ages
+sea level dropped 120 m (390 ft)
+sea level dropped 120 m (390 ft)
+the Rhine followed a course to the northwest
+Brest
+ 74,000
+11,600 BP
+70,000 BP
+120 m (390 ft)
+the English Channel
+a glacier
+tundra
+22,000–14,000 yr BP
+ice-sheets
+loess
+frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers
+frozen subsoil and expanded alpine glaciers
+the Rhine
+13,000 BP
+9000 BP
+7500 yr ago
+Rates of sea-level rise
+7000 years
+ongoing tectonic subsidence
+39 inches
+11,700 years ago
+8,000 years ago
+Late-Glacial valley
+As sea-level continued to rise in the Netherlands
+ 3000 yr BP
+increased flooding and sedimentation
+sediment load
+11–13th
+80
+North Sea
+the former Meuse estuary
+IJsselmeer
+a freshwater lake
+the River Waal
+Herodotus
+Gaul and Germania
+The Upper Rhine had been part of the areal of the late Hallstatt culture since the 6th century BC
+Maurus Servius Honoratus
+the water-boundary of the Rhine
+the water-boundary of the Rhine and upper Danube
+until the empire fell
+eastwards
+Moguntiacum
+eight
+Germania Inferior
+XX Valeria
+a state or threat of war
+town of the Ubii
+Burgundy
+Burgundy
+dragons rock
+Nibelungenlied
+Hagen
+6th century
+10th century
+Swabia, Franconia and Lower Lorraine
+Archduke Sigismund of Austria
+Archduke Sigismund of Austria
+the Peace of Westphalia
+Establishing "natural borders" on the Rhine
+Louis XIV
+The Confederation of the Rhine
+1840
+World War I
+it would be occupied by the allies, until 1935
+it would be occupied by the allies, until 1935
+Adolf Hitler's rise to power
+1936
+The Rhine bridge at Arnhem
+formidable natural obstacle
+September 1944
+the Ludendorff Bridge
+Seven Days to the River Rhine
+1,230 kilometres (764 miles)
+Knaurs Lexikon
+a typographical error
+1,320 kilometres (820 miles)
+2010
+1997
+the Scotland Act 1998
+The Act delineates the legislative competence of the Parliament
+explicitly specifying powers that are "reserved" to the Parliament of the United Kingdom
+The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster
+Parliament of Great Britain
+Parliament of Great Britain
+Suggestions for a 'devolved' Parliament were made before 1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the First World War.
+the Kilbrandon Commission
+1973
+"It's Scotland's oil"
+"It's Scotland's oil"
+1974
+revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should
+1978
+an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh
+an elected assembly would be set up in Edinburgh
+32.9%
+The 1979 Scottish devolution referendum to establish a devolved Scottish Assembly failed
+32.9%
+the government of the United Kingdom
+Conservative Party
+1989 Scottish Constitutional Convention
+the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament.
+Scottish Parliament Building
+Enric Miralles
+Enric Miralles
+leaf-shaped
+Queen Elizabeth II
+building was vacated twice to allow for the meeting of the Church's General Assembly
+the General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
+the courtyard
+Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber
+Strathclyde Regional Council debating chamber in Glasgow
+the City of Edinburgh Council
+George IV Bridge
+demolished
+The former Midlothian County Buildings
+The former Midlothian County Buildings
+Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker
+Tricia Marwick
+secret ballot
+129
+vote clerk
+the Presiding Officer
+Convening the Parliamentary Bureau
+one
+The Presiding Officer also represents the Scottish Parliament at home and abroad in an official capacity.
+seating arranged in a hemicycle
+to encourage consensus amongst elected members
+131
+9
+cannot vote
+silver and inlaid with gold
+silver and inlaid with gold
+the Queen
+Wisdom, Compassion, Justice and Integrity
+in a glass case suspended from the lid
+Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays
+Wednesday afternoons
+public
+free
+the Official Report
+Wednesdays
+up to four minutes
+the Presiding Officer
+across Scotland
+make direct representations to the Presiding Officer to nominate speakers
+The Presiding Officer
+decides who speaks in chamber debates and the amount of time for which they are allowed to speak
+achieve a balance between different viewpoints and political parties
+ministers or party leaders
+Scots, Gaelic
+5 pm
+the sounding of the division bell,
+MSPs who are not in the chamber to return and vote
+by means of electronic consoles on their desks
+the outcome of each division is known in seconds
+political parties normally instruct members which way to vote.
+political parties normally instruct members which way to vote.
+whips
+moral
+Errant members can be deselected as official party candidates during future elections
+Immediately after Decision Time
+an MSP who is not a Scottish minister
+45 minutes
+other members normally contribute
+winds up
+in committee
+The role of committees is stronger
+there is no revising chamber
+take evidence from witnesses, conduct inquiries and scrutinise
+at other locations throughout Scotland
+MSPs
+a small number
+different committees
+Mandatory Committees
+Public Audit; Equal Opportunities; European and External Relations; Finance; Public Petitions; Standards, Procedures and Public Appointments; and Delegated Powers and Law Reform.
+at the beginning of each parliamentary session
+one (or more)
+Agriculture, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.
+Agriculture, Energy and Tourism; Education and Culture; Health and Sport; Justice; Local Government and Regeneration; Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Environment; Welfare Reform; and Infrastructure and Capital Investment.
+an outside party or promoter
+infrastructure projects
+an outside party or promoter who is not a member of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Government.
+Private Bill Committees
+The Scotland Act 1998
+Parliament of the United Kingdom
+The Scotland Act 2012 extends the devolved competencies
+Parliament of the United Kingdom at Westminster
+Parliament of the United Kingdom
+not explicitly stated in Schedule 5 to the Scotland Act
+the Scottish Parliament
+All matters that are not specifically reserved
+The Scottish Parliament has the ability to alter income tax in Scotland by up to 3 pence in the pound
+2012 Act
+Reserved matters
+Westminster
+Westminster
+UK Government ministers
+the Scottish Government
+the Scottish Government
+a private member
+an outside proposer
+a number of stages
+Policy Memorandum
+Policy Memorandum
+whether the bill is within the legislative competence of the Parliament
+the whole Parliament
+Stage 2
+Stage 3
+consideration of amendments to the bill
+Stage 3
+wrecking amendments"
+Members proceed to vote at Decision Time on whether they agree to the general principles of the final bill.
+Presiding Officer
+Presiding Officer
+the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
+the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
+"The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [Date]
+The party, or parties, that hold the majority of seats in the Parliament
+Any member can put their name forward to be First Minister, and a vote is taken by all members
+First Minister
+MSPs
+the Sovereign
+the first Thursday in May
+the first Thursday in May
+up to one month
+they supplant it.
+Presiding Officer proposes a date for an extraordinary general election
+Several procedures
+The First Minister or members of the cabinet
+the Government's legislative programme for the forthcoming year
+the leaders of the opposition parties and other MSPs question the First Minister on issues related to the substance of the statement
+Parliamentary time
+11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m.
+on a Thursday between 11:40 a.m. and 12 p.m. where members can direct questions to any member of the Scottish Government
+gives members an opportunity to question the First Minister directly on issues under their jurisdiction
+four
+73
+Orkney and Shetland
+the member with most votes
+island archipelagos
+55,000
+proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot
+proportionally to the number of votes received in the second vote of the ballot using the d'Hondt method
+The party with the highest quotient
+constituency seats
+It is repeated iteratively until all available list seats are allocated.
+a number of qualifications
+House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 and the British Nationality Act 1981
+18
+Members of the police and the armed forces
+Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
+The election produced a majority SNP government, making this the first time in the Scottish Parliament where a party has commanded a parliamentary majority
+16 seats from Labour
+151 votes
+eight
+that there was sufficient support in the Scottish Parliament to hold a referendum on Scottish independence
+Conservatives
+Edinburgh Pentlands
+five seats
+Annabel Goldie
+Cameron congratulated the SNP on their victory but vowed to campaign for the Union in the independence referendum.
+Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland
+English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament
+West Lothian question
+standing orders of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting England.
+Scotland MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England
+Islamism
+moral conservatism, literalism, and the attempt "to implement Islamic values in all spheres of life.
+reordering of government and society
+"oscillating between two poles
+a strategy of Islamization of society through state power seized by revolution or invasion
+moderate and reformist Islamists
+Hezbollah
+Israel
+democracy
+religious
+Graham E. Fuller
+Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century"
+sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions,
+democracy
+legitimacy
+it posits a political role for Islam
+Islam
+it posits a political role for Islam
+illiberal Islamic regimes
+to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics
+those who want to live by its principles in legal, social, political, economic, and political spheres of life are not Muslims
+quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism,
+quietist/non-political Islam, not Islamism,
+between 1945 and 1970
+non-political Islam
+often supported sometimes fledgling Islamists and Islamist groups that later came to be seen as dangerous enemies
+Western and pro-Western governments
+their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", and had considerable impact
+billions
+leftist/communist/nationalist insurgents/opposition
+their prestige, "experience, ideology, and weapons", and had considerable impact
+Anwar Sadat
+Anwar Sadat
+Anwar Sadat
+1975
+assassinated
+Saudi-based Wahhabism
+hate them for their religion
+Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims
+Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims
+Saudi
+Muslim Brotherhood, "are well known for providing shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics, housing assistance to students from out of town, student advisory groups, facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies
+incompetent, inefficient, or neglectful governments
+Muslim Brotherhood, "are well known for providing shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics, housing assistance to students from out of town, student advisory groups, facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies
+rhetoric
+providing shelters, educational assistance, free or low cost medical clinics, housing assistance to students from out of town, student advisory groups, facilitation of inexpensive mass marriage ceremonies to avoid prohibitively costly dowry demands
+London
+All India Muslim League
+Indian National Congress
+1908
+The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
+secularism and secular nationalism
+secularism and secular nationalism
+nationalist differences
+1930
+Pakistan movement
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+Jamaat-e-Islami party
+through his writing
+Islam in a modern context
+Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi
+journalism
+through his writing
+Islam in a modern context
+Sharia
+the establishment of an Islamic state
+unity of God
+the gradual changing of the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward
+the gradual changing of the hearts and minds of individuals from the top of society downward
+1928
+1928
+Hassan al Banna
+the Qur'an
+Shariah law
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+Mahmud Fami Naqrashi
+1948
+Gamal Abdul Nasser
+one of the most influential movements
+75% of the total seats
+"semi-legal"
+"semi-legal"
+Mohamed Morsi
+Israeli
+Israeli
+secular Arab nationalism
+secular, socialist and nationalist
+Maududi and Sayyid Qutb
+Sunni Islamic thinkers
+Ali Shariati
+Sunni Islamic thinkers
+complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad
+complete imitation of the Prophet Mohammad
+Shia terrorist groups
+Shia terrorist groups
+Shia terrorist groups
+2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
+Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
+Soviet Union
+Soviet Union
+to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith
+marginal
+16,000 to 35,000
+Saudi Arabian
+Saddam Hussein
+Saudi Arabian
+Saudi Arabian
+a puppet of the west
+Palestinian-Israeli peace process
+Saudi Arabia attempted to compensate for its loss of prestige among these groups by repressing those domestic Islamists who attacked it
+American troops remained stationed in the kingdom
+Osama bin Laden's terror attacks
+Osama bin Laden
+Hasan al-Hudaybi,
+1966
+the leadership of the Brotherhood
+the mid-1960s
+1970s
+Egyptian Islamic Jihad
+1981
+apostate
+leaders who held secular leanings or who had introduced or promoted Western/foreign ideas and practices into Islamic societies
+Muhammad Abd al-Salaam Farag
+al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
+al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya
+2003
+unsuccessful
+attempted assassinations of political figures
+quiescent
+HAMAS
+1988
+devout middle class
+"quiescent"
+Hamas
+542
+PLO
+542
+Hamas has been praised by Muslims for driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip
+Islamist
+Hassan al-Turabi
+General Gaafar al-Nimeiry
+foreign Islamist banking systems
+influential loyalists
+al-Nimeiry
+the military
+strict application of sharia law
+Osama bin Laden
+Osama bin Laden
+women
+1989
+Front Islamique de Salut (the Islamic Salvation Front) in Algeria
+Front Islamique de Salut
+a military coup d'état
+justice and prosperity
+Soviet Union
+1992
+one of the poorest countries on earth
+the Taliban
+thousands
+Pakistan
+Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist
+Sharia
+Osama bin Laden
+July 1977
+alcohol and nightclubs
+Islamism
+legitimize his means of seizing power
+1988
+Daesh
+Daesh
+ten million
+it lacks international recognition
+a caliphate
+2004
+Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
+notorious intransigence
+March 2011
+terrorist organisation
+Muslim history
+7th century
+1924
+"the disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers"
+the true Islamic system
+armed jihad
+ideological struggle
+armed jihad
+1968 and 1969 in Jordan, and in 1974 in Egypt
+many HT members have gone on to join terrorist groups
+900,000
+strong Islamist
+2007
+Londonistan
+incitement to terrorism
+2001
+public diplomacy
+Christian Whiton
+Robert Gates
+Robert Gates
+Latin
+colonization, use of military force
+Japan
+rapid spread of technologies and ideas
+Imperialism
+"physical control or full-fledged colonial rule".
+othering
+less direct
+"formal" and "informal" imperialism
+"formal" and "informal"
+policies of major powers, or simply, general-purpose aggressiveness
+technological superiority, enforcing land officials into large debts that cannot be repaid, ownership of private industries
+formal" and "formal" and " informal
+land
+how developed and developing nation are portrayed through the world systems theory
+Lenin
+expansion overland, economic and cultural influences
+Asia and Africa
+colonialism
+it lacks a political focus
+Robert Young
+Russian or Ottoman
+one's superiority, domination and influence upon a person or group of people
+colonialism
+colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another
+to create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands
+the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered
+Colonialism
+defense and justification of empire-building
+defense and justification of empire-building
+the races of highest'social efficiency'
+The purportedly scientific nature of "Social Darwinism"
+whiteness
+Friedrich Ratzel
+Friedrich Ratzel
+Friedrich Ratzel
+The Royal Geographical Society of London
+The Royal Geographical Society of London
+environmental determinism
+Ellen Churchill Semple
+Orientalism
+environmental determinism
+Siad, orientalism allowed Europe to establish itself as the superior and the norm, which justified its dominance over the essentialized Orient.
+Terra nullius
+eighteenth century
+policies and practices of the British Empire
+Australia
+empty land
+an imaginative geography
+irrational and backward
+inferior
+Orientalism
+irrational and backward
+nineteenth-century maps
+to obtain "information to fill in blank spaces on contemporary maps
+unknown or unexplored territory
+analysis of nineteenth-century cartographic techniques
+French and British
+pre-Columbian
+the conquests of Genghis Khan
+dozens
+Ethiopian Empire
+Sub-Saharan Africa
+Cultural imperialism
+soft power
+Dallas
+Roman
+internet
+1700
+colonizing
+colonizing, influencing, and annexing
+the activities of European powers from the early 18th century through to the middle of the 20th century
+Open Door Policy
+1919
+1999
+John Gallagher
+the world's economy
+the world's economy
+economic growth
+colonization of India
+collecting resources from colonies
+the Mughal state
+communication
+explosives
+machine gun
+arrows, swords, and leather shields
+explosives
+imperialism
+late 1870s
+philanthropy
+need for capitalist economies to constantly expand investment
+aristocracy
+1950s
+World War I
+domestic social reforms
+taxation
+environmental determinism
+It was believed that a certain person's behaviours were determined by the environment in which they lived
+less civilized
+Africa
+orientalism and tropicality
+climatic
+Northern Europe and the Mid-Atlantic temperate
+they were believed to be in need of guidance and intervention from the European empire
+orientalism
+colonizing empires
+Britain's imperialist ambitions can be seen as early as the sixteenth century
+1599
+1599
+1767
+Portuguese
+1830
+1850
+Catholicism
+North and West Africa
+Germany
+"The higher races have a right over the lower races, they have a duty to civilize the inferior
+assimilation
+France sent small numbers of settlers to its colonies, with the only notable exception of Algeria, where French settlers nevertheless always remained a small minority.
+Christianity and French culture
+Algeria
+Charles de Gaulle
+anti-colonial
+Vietnam
+Algeria
+1960
+Scandinavia and northern Europe, Germanic tribes
+Iberia
+classical antiquity
+800 CE
+largely a conceptual term referring to an amorphous area of central Europe
+the late 19th century
+1862
+Franco-German War
+After the defeat of Napoleon
+Europe
+Africa and the South Pacific
+reasons of German prestige
+1884
+German New Guinea
+Hamburg merchants and traders
+Russo-Japanese War
+1894
+Thailand
+1931
+The Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China
+1932
+Bolshevik
+Eastern Europe
+Bolshevik
+the revolution could only succeed in Russia as part of a world revolution
+Imperialism
+Mao Zedong
+Nikita Khrushchev
+socialism in one country
+mercantilism
+1776
+Britain had adopted a highly successful policy of free trade
+1820
+1815
+The British Empire
+Social Darwinism
+British
+Asia and the Middle East
+Monroe Doctrine
+Theodore Roosevelt’s interventionism in Central America
+a war erupted in the Philippines causing business, labor and government leaders in the US to condemn America's occupation in the Philippines
+Anti-Imperialist League
+a "racket"
+Isiah Bowman
+1917
+Paris Peace Conference
+to build a premise that would allow for U.S authorship of a 'new world'
+Wilson's geographer
+imperialism
+"internal colonialism"
+12 to 15 million
+the contemporary Orient
+1299 to 1923
+Suleiman the Magnificent
+32 provinces
+Southeast Europe
+16th and 17th centuries
+the Ottoman Empire
+Germany
+World War I
+Germany
+The United Methodist Church
+a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination
+1968
+Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church
+Wesleyan
+The United Methodist Church
+The United Methodist Church
+the UMC ranks as the largest mainline Protestant denomination
+3.6%
+The movement which would become The United Methodist Church
+the Church of England
+methodical and extremely detailed in their Bible study
+1735
+In 1735, John and Charles Wesley went to America to teach the gospel to the American Indians in the colony of Georgia
+John and Charles Wesley
+salvation by God's grace
+the American Revolution
+1784
+Thomas Coke
+the Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+the Lovely Lane Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+St. George's United Methodist Church
+1767
+sail loft on Dock Street
+1784
+Richard Allen and Absalom Jones
+St. George's Church
+1784
+1830
+over the issue of laity having a voice and vote in the administration of the church
+1844
+tensions over slavery and the power of bishops in the denomination
+April 23, 1968
+Dallas, Texas
+Bishop Lloyd Christ Wicke
+the Apostle's Creed
+The Book of Discipline
+all who are truly believers in every age belong to the holy Church invisible
+the American Revolution
+Dr. Thomas Coke
+Thomas Vasey and Richard Whatcoat.
+1968
+John Wesley and Charles Wesley
+Albert C. Outler
+Albert C. Outler
+Prevenient grace
+Prevenient grace
+the grace that "goes before" us
+Prevenient grace
+Accepting Grace
+justifying grace
+conversion
+conversion
+the New Birth
+Christian Perfection
+Sanctifying Grace
+a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as themselves
+Christian Perfection
+evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed
+prima scriptura
+moderate and tolerant
+The Book of Discipline
+2008
+pro-choice
+Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
+The General Board of Church and Society, and the United Methodist Women
+women
+the sacredness of the life and well-being of the mother
+TUMAS)
+May 2012
+Rev. Paul T. Stallsworth
+the temperance movement
+2011 and 2012
+The Use of Money
+unfermented grape juice
+capital punishment
+The United Methodist Church also believes that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7.
+lex talionis
+The General Conference of the United Methodist Church
+celebration of same-sex unions
+Rev. Jimmy Creech
+2016
+the Connectional Table
+many organizations, conferences, and congregations
+voting in favor of same-gender marriages with resolutions
+1987
+2005
+The Baltimore-Washington Conference of the UMC
+The United Methodist Church
+neither the way of military action
+all war
+that war is incompatible with Christ's message and teachings
+national foreign policy
+general and complete disarmament
+"about violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion" and "deplore[s] all forms of commercialization, abuse, and exploitation of sex."
+violence, degradation, exploitation, and coercion
+relationships with parishioners and family, and their perceptions of girls and women
+embryos created for IVF
+stem cells
+embryos created for IVF
+Sunday Service of the Methodists in North America
+When the Methodists in America were separated from the Church of England
+Sunday Service
+exorcism is an occasional practice by some clergy in The United Methodist Church in Africa
+Book of Common Prayer
+the laying on of hands and anointing with oil
+a biblical figure
+Salvation Army Founder William Booth
+John Wesley
+The United Methodist Church
+the General Conference
+The Book of Discipline
+the General Conference
+every four years
+five
+seven
+to elect and appoint bishops
+to elect and appoint bishops
+Episcopal Areas
+the Mission Council
+church bishops
+36 acres (150,000 m2)
+George W. Bush Presidential Library
+36 acres (150,000 m2)
+nine
+The Judicial Council
+eight-year term
+twice a year
+various locations throughout the world
+Annual Conference
+geographical area it covers as well as the frequency of meeting
+Clergy
+The Book of Discipline
+three
+three
+annual
+annual
+around one hundred
+three hundred sixty
+International Association of Methodist-related Schools, Colleges, and Universities
+John Wesley
+pastors
+Annual Conference Order of Elders
+Annual Conference Order of Deacons
+Annual Conference Cabinet
+one year at a time
+Until the bishop has read the appointments at the session of the Annual Conference
+a bishop
+the local church
+2–3 years
+District Superintendents
+2–3 years
+a bishop
+a bishop
+sacramental authority
+1996
+a two-three-year term
+1996
+Licensed Local Pastor
+licensed local pastor
+five
+Associate Membership
+Baptized Members
+through confirmation and sometimes the profession of faith
+through transfer from another Christian denomination
+a sacrament
+confirmation and membership preparation classes
+The Book of Discipline
+learn about Church and the Methodist-Christian theological tradition
+local church lay servant, who serve in and through their local churches, and certified lay servants, who serve in their own churches, in other churches, and through district or conference projects
+the basic course for lay servant
+annually
+every three years
+The United Methodist Church
+observer status
+blurring of theological and confessional differences in the interests of unity
+2000
+May 2012
+the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church,
+42,000
+42,000
+about 8 million
+about 8 million
+Texas
+11.4 million
+11.4 million, with about 7.9 million in the U.S.
+11.4 million, with about 7.9 million in the U.S.
+Wesleyan Holiness Consortium
+World Methodist Council
+July 18, 2006
+1754–1763
+colonies of British America and New France
+60,000 European settlers
+60,000
+primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies
+Forks of the Ohio
+George Washington
+1755
+July 9, 1755
+poor management, internal divisions, and effective Canadian scouts, French regular forces, and Indian warrior allies
+Fort Beauséjour
+expulsion of the Acadians
+William Pitt
+France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces it had in New France
+European theatre of the war.
+Sainte Foy in Quebec
+Great Britain
+Spain
+confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America
+1740s
+it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict, and that this was part of the Seven Years' War
+France and Great Britain
+the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire
+1763
+six years
+1760
+the fighting between the two colonial powers was largely concluded in six years, from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760.
+75,000
+75,000
+Indian women
+20 to 1
+Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north, to Georgia in the south
+the settlements were growing into the interior
+native tribes
+the Mi'kmaq and the Abenaki
+Upstate New York and the Ohio Country
+authority to make agreements
+Siouan-speaking Catawba, Muskogee-speaking Creek and Choctaw
+western portions of the Great Lakes region
+Iroquois Six Nations, and also by the Cherokee
+North America
+few British troops
+Most British colonies mustered local militia companies, generally ill trained
+3,000 miles (4,800 km) between June and November 1749.
+about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians
+Whenever he encountered British merchants or fur-traders, Céloron informed them of the French claims on the territory
+they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British regardless of the French
+Pickawillany
+severe consequences if he continued to trade with the British
+"Old Briton" ignored the warning.
+the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English
+each side proposing that action be taken
+British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present
+1749
+1749
+Christopher Gist
+1752
+1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians, through their "Half-King" Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative, agreed to terms that included permission to build a "strong house" at the mouth of the Monongahela River
+King George's War
+Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
+The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies in North America
+both sides
+Marquis de la Jonquière
+French-Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa
+not following Céloron's orders to cease trading with the British
+Old Briton
+Paul Marin de la Malgue
+Erie, Pennsylvania
+Waterford, Pennsylvania
+to protect the King's land in the Ohio Valley from the British
+Tanaghrisson
+British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond
+"He who does great things."
+colonel of the Iroquois
+Mohawk Chief Hendrick
+the Ohio Company
+Major George Washington
+Tanaghrisson
+December 12
+Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
+the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country
+As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself obliged to obey it.
+He told Washington that France's claim to the region was superior to that of the British
+April 5, 1754
+William Trent
+He purchased their construction tools
+the Battle of Jumonville Glen
+Joseph Coulon de Jumonville
+to gain the support of the British and regain authority over his own people.
+dislodge the French
+Word of the British military plans leaked to France
+King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755.
+February 1755
+Albany Congress
+allegiance of the various tribes and nations
+never ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown
+the War of Independence
+1,500
+The expedition was a disaster
+Approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured.
+Thomas Gage
+Shirley and Johnson.
+logistical
+Fort Niagara
+Oneida Carry
+Marquis de Vaudreuil.
+Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat
+both sides withdrawing from the field
+Fort Edward and Fort William Henry
+Fort Carillon
+Colonel Monckton
+Nova Scotia's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French-speaking Acadian population from the area.
+1757
+William Shirley
+Albany
+Fort Frontenac
+Quebec
+Major General James Abercrombie
+Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
+May 18, 1756
+Oneida Carry
+March Battle of Fort Bull
+45,000
+Oswego garrison
+Loudoun
+Ticonderoga
+Oswego
+disposition of prisoners' personal effects
+attack on New France's capital, Quebec
+Montcalm
+William Pitt
+New York
+Fort William Henry
+Lake George
+some of Montcalm's Indian allies, angered at the lost opportunity for loot, attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves.
+the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping.
+poor harvest
+Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years.
+British failures in North America, combined with other failures in the European theater
+Loudoun
+three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops
+Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg
+3,600
+3,600
+Fort Frontenac
+Jeffery Amherst, victor at Louisbourg.
+North America and the European mainland
+Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France
+the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay.
+James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec
+Fort Niagara successfully cut off the French frontier forts further to the west and south
+Battle of Sainte-Foy
+1760
+Vaudreuil
+worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition, continued ownership of their property, and the right to remain undisturbed
+Governor Vaudreuil negotiated from Montreal a capitulation with General Amherst.
+10 February 1763
+15 February 1763
+Guadeloupe and Martinique
+The viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent
+80,000
+1755
+The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces
+New Orleans
+the Royal Proclamation of 1763
+newly conquered territory
+west of the Appalachian Mountains
+Christianized Yamasee
+Braddock and Forbes
+1769
+Choctaw and the Creek
+eventual dispossession
+Aristotle
+fundamental error
+Sir Isaac Newton
+nearly three hundred years
+Einstein
+Standard Model
+gauge bosons
+strong
+strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational
+electroweak interaction
+Aristotle
+Aristotelian cosmology
+four
+motionless objects
+innate tendency of objects to find their "natural place"
+17th century
+Galileo Galilei
+objects in forced motion carried an innate force of impetus
+17th century
+friction
+Newton
+constant velocity was associated with a lack of net force
+Newton
+Newton's First Law of Motion
+the laws of physics are the same
+the laws of physics
+a curving parabolic path
+laws of physics do not change from being at rest
+Inertia
+inertia
+rotational inertia
+Albert Einstein
+Newton's Laws of Motion
+principle of equivalence
+Newton's Second Law
+kinematic
+General relativity
+General relativity
+relative units of force and mass then are fixed
+Newton's Third Law
+Newton's Third Law
+unidirectional force
+F and F
+action-reaction force
+closed
+action-reaction force
+forces
+a standard measurement scale
+Newtonian mechanics
+experimentation
+vector quantities
+denoted scalar quantities
+vectors
+the situation is ambiguous
+vectors
+static equilibrium
+magnitude and direction
+the net force
+their respective lines of application must also be specified
+parallelogram rule
+right angles
+two
+the original force
+scalar addition
+three-dimensional
+static friction
+static friction
+Pushing against an object on a frictional surface
+Pushing against an object on a frictional surface
+A static equilibrium between two forces
+spring reaction force
+force of gravity acting on the object
+force of gravity acting on the object
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+simple velocity addition
+Galileo
+behind the foot of the mast
+behind the foot of the mast
+constant velocity motion across a surface
+force is applied in the direction of motion
+kinetic friction
+Aristotle
+Schrödinger equation
+Schrödinger equation
+classical position variables
+quantized
+force
+spin
+spatial variable, but also a discrete intrinsic angular momentum-like variable
+spin
+antisymmetric
+antisymmetric
+forces and the acceleration of particles
+force
+conservation of momentum
+sophisticated mathematical descriptions
+a straight line
+four
+nuclear forces
+The electromagnetic force
+masses
+the Pauli exclusion principle
+the force responsible for objects falling at the surface of the Earth with the force responsible for the orbits of celestial mechanics
+the development of quantum mechanics
+unification of disparate ideas.
+Physicists
+Isaac Newton
+Galileo
+9.81 meters per second squared
+9.81 meters per second squared
+force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface
+the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances.
+the Earth
+the acceleration due to gravity
+mass () and the radius () of the Earth
+Newton's Universal Gravitation
+1798
+1798
+Newton
+the orbit of the planet Mercury
+Vulcan
+Albert Einstein
+Albert Einstein
+Albert Einstein
+general relativity
+the straight line path in space-time
+gravitational force
+when observing the motion in a global sense
+Lorentz's Law
+The connection between electricity and magnetism
+Lorentz's Law
+electrostatic force
+1864
+1864
+1864
+186
+1864
+photoelectric
+quantum mechanics
+quantum electrodynamics
+photons
+quantum electrodynamics
+repulsion of like charges
+Pauli exclusion principle
+there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states
+structural force
+repulsion of like charges
+Pauli exclusion principle
+there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states
+structural force
+only acts directly upon elementary particles
+hadrons
+hadrons
+gluons
+color confinement
+The weak force
+beta decay
+beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity
+1013 times
+1015 kelvins
+repulsive forces
+Pauli repulsion
+fermionic nature of electrons
+repulsive forces
+ideal strings
+ideal pulleys
+action-reaction pairs
+the work done on the load is the same no matter how complicated the machine.
+movable pulleys
+Newtonian mechanics
+to describe how forces affect idealized point particles rather than three-dimensional objects
+extended
+extended
+extended
+forces that cause all strains
+pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area
+pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area
+pressure terms associated with forces that act normal to the cross-sectional area
+position
+unbalanced torque
+Newton's Second Law of Motion
+directed toward the center of the curving path
+perpendicular
+unbalanced centripetal force
+the mass of the object, is the velocity of the object and is the distance to the center of the circular path
+tangential force
+kinetic
+kinetic
+conserved
+the difference in potential energy between two different locations in space,
+artifact of the potential field
+impossible
+it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials
+friction
+Nonconservative
+statistical mechanics
+macroroscopic nonconservative forces
+macroroscopic nonconservative forces
+Second law of thermodynamics,
+macroroscopic nonconservative forces
+the force exerted by standard gravity
+kilopond
+metric slug
+the kip
+the sthène
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