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---
license: apache-2.0
language:
- en
- it
- fr
- de
- es
base_model:
- MrLight/dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1
---
# mcdse-2b-v1
mcdse-2b-v1 is an experimental model designed for multilingual visual document retrieval.
This model allows you to embed page/slide screenshots and query them using natural language. Whether it's tables, graphs, charts, schemas, images, or text, mcdse-2b-v1 encodes everything into a single embedding vector, eliminating the need for traditional OCR, document layout analysis, reading order detection, chunking, table/formula extraction...
- **Understands 🇮🇹 Italian, 🇪🇸 Spanish, 🇬🇧 English, 🇫🇷 French and 🇩🇪 German**
- **Matryoshka Representation Learning:** shrink embeddings from 1536 to 256 dimensions while maintaining 95% of the quality. A 6x reduction with negligible impact on performance!
- **Top-tier Binarization**: 768-dimensional binary vectors retain 99% retrieval quality of the original 1536-dimensional float vectors. With binary vectors, you can encode **100 million multilingual pages in just 10GB**.
- **Fast vLLM inference:** run inference on vLLM and efficiently serve embeddings at scale, production ready.
For more information about this model or how it was trained, visit the [announcement blogpost](https://huggingface.co/blog/marco/announcing-mcdse-2b-v1).
## Usage
**Initialize model and processor**
```python
from transformers import AutoProcessor, Qwen2VLForConditionalGeneration
from PIL import Image
import torch
import math
model = Qwen2VLForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(
'marco/mcdse-2b-v1',
attn_implementation="flash_attention_2",
torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
device_map="cuda:0"
).eval()
min_pixels = 1 * 28 * 28
max_pixels = 960 * 28 * 28
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(
'marco/mcdse-2b-v1',
min_pixels=min_pixels,
max_pixels=max_pixels
)
model.padding_side = "left"
processor.tokenizer.padding_side = "left"
document_prompt = "<|im_start|>system\nYou are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>user\n<|vision_start|><|image_pad|><|vision_end|>What is shown in this image?<|im_end|>\n<|endoftext|>"
query_prompt = "<|im_start|>system\nYou are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>user\n<|vision_start|><|image_pad|><|vision_end|>Query: %s<|im_end|>\n<|endoftext|>"
```
**Encode queries**
```python
def encode_queries(queries: list[str], dimension: int):
dummy_image = Image.new('RGB', (56, 56))
inputs = processor(
text=[query_prompt % x for x in queries],
images=[dummy_image for _ in queries],
videos=None,
padding='longest',
return_tensors='pt'
).to('cuda:0')
cache_position = torch.arange(0, len(queries))
inputs = model.prepare_inputs_for_generation(
**inputs, cache_position=cache_position, use_cache=False)
with torch.no_grad():
output = self.model(
**inputs,
return_dict=True,
output_hidden_states=True
)
embeddings = output.hidden_states[-1][:, -1]
return torch.nn.functional.normalize(embeddings[:, :dimension], p=2, dim=-1)
```
**Encode documents**
```python
def round_by_factor(number: float, factor: int) -> int:
return round(number / factor) * factor
def ceil_by_factor(number: float, factor: int) -> int:
return math.ceil(number / factor) * factor
def floor_by_factor(number: float, factor: int) -> int:
return math.floor(number / factor) * factor
def smart_resize(height: int, width: int) -> tuple[int, int]:
h_bar = max(28, round_by_factor(height, 28))
w_bar = max(28, round_by_factor(width, 28))
if h_bar * w_bar > max_pixels:
beta = math.sqrt((height * width) / max_pixels)
h_bar = floor_by_factor(height / beta, 28)
w_bar = floor_by_factor(width / beta, 28)
elif h_bar * w_bar < min_pixels:
beta = math.sqrt(min_pixels / (height * width))
h_bar = ceil_by_factor(height * beta, 28)
w_bar = ceil_by_factor(width * beta, 28)
return h_bar, w_bar
def resize(image: Image.Image):
new_size = smart_resize(image.height, image.width)
return image.resize(new_size)
def encode_documents(documents: list[Image.Image], dimension: int):
inputs = processor(
text=[document_prompt] * len(documents),
images=[resize(x) for x in documents],
videos=None,
padding='longest',
return_tensors='pt'
).to('cuda:0')
cache_position = torch.arange(0, len(queries))
inputs = model.prepare_inputs_for_generation(
**inputs, cache_position=cache_position, use_cache=False)
with torch.no_grad():
output = self.model(
**inputs,
return_dict=True,
output_hidden_states=True
)
embeddings = output.hidden_states[-1][:, -1]
return torch.nn.functional.normalize(embeddings[:, :dimension], p=2, dim=-1)
```
### vLLM
This model supports vLLM, visit the [announcement blogpost](https://huggingface.co/blog/marco/announcing-mcdse-2b-v1#deployment) to know more.
## Results
Given the scarcity of publicly available datasets for multilingual document image retrieval, the model has been evaluated using a custom-built dataset. This eval dataset was specifically designed to benchmark the model's performance across various languages.
### NDCG@5 (float)
| | Average | English | Italian | Spanish | French | German |
|---------------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|
| **1536 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 79.5 | 79.2 | 80.2 | 77.9 | 80.6 | 79.6 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **82.2** | **80.8** | **81.2** | **80.7** | **84.5** | **83.8** |
| | **+3.28%** | **+1.98%** | **+1.23%** | **+3.47%** | **+4.62%** | **+5.01%** |
| **1024 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 78.3 | 78.8 | 78.5 | 76.5 | 80 | 77.5 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **81.7** | **80** | **80.2** | **80.1** | **84** | **84.3** |
| | **+4.23%** | **+1.75%** | **+2.12%** | **+4.49%** | **+4.76%** | **+8.07%** |
| **768 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 77.8 | 78.4 | 78.3 | 75.6 | 80.8 | 75.9 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **81.1** | **79.6** | **79.9** | **79.2** | **83.3** | **83.3** |
| | **+4.02%** | **+1.51%** | **+2.00%** | **+4.55%** | **+3.00%** | **+8.88%** |
| **512 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 76.2 | 77.6 | 75.9 | 73.1 | 79.2 | 75.2 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **79.3** | **78.5** | **79.1** | **75.8** | **81.4** | **81.7** |
| | **+3.91%** | **+1.15%** | **+4.05%** | **+3.56%** | **+2.70%** | **+7.96%** |
| **384 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 75.7 | 76.2 | 75.5 | 74.6 | 78.4 | 74 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **78.8** | **77.5** | **78.5** | **76.1** | **80.4** | **81.4** |
| | **+3.86%** | **+1.68%** | **+3.82%** | **+1.97%** | **+2.49%** | **+9.09%** |
| **256 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 73.5 | 74.5 | 73.6 | 70.6 | 74.8 | 73.8 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **78.1** | **78.5** | **77.6** | **76.2** | **80.1** | **77.9** |
| | **+5.89%** | **+5.10%** | **+5.15%** | **+7.35%** | **+6.62%** | **+5.26%** |
### NDCG@5 (binary)
| | Average | English | Italian | Spanish | French | German |
|---------------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| **1536 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 75.0 | 75.8 | 75.4 | 72.4 | 78.1 | 73.2 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **80.6** | **79.5** | **76.9** | **81.9** | **83.7** | **80.8** |
| | **+6.93%** | **+4.65%** | **+1.95%** | **+11.60%** | **+6.69%** | **+9.41%** |
| **1024 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 72.2 | 74.8 | 71 | 70.8 | 74.6 | 69.6 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **79.3** | **78.4** | **75.4** | **80.8** | **82.6** | **79.5** |
| | **+9.05%** | **+4.59%** | **+5.84%** | **+12.38%** | **+9.69%** | **+12.45%** |
| **768 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 70.1 | 71.7 | 69.3 | 69.8 | 73.7 | 65.9 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **78.8** | **77.1** | **75.4** | **80** | **83** | **78.5** |
| | **+11.07%** | **+7.00%** | **+8.09%** | **+12.75%** | **+11.20%** | **+16.05%** |
| **512 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 66.5 | 70 | 65.4 | 63.7 | 70.2 | 63 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **76.6** | **74.8** | **74.2** | **77.7** | **80.9** | **75.3** |
| | **+13.21%** | **+6.42%** | **+11.86%** | **+18.02%** | **+13.23%** | **+16.33%** |
| **384 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 61.1 | 62.7 | 58.5 | 58.6 | 65.1 | 60.8 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **74.3** | **74.5** | **71.4** | **77.2** | **75.2** | **73** |
| | **+17.67%** | **+15.84%** | **+18.07%** | **+24.09%** | **+13.43%** | **+16.71%** |
| **256 dimensions** | | | | | | |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 | 54.3 | 59 | 56.5 | 53.6 | 53 | 49.6 |
| mcdse-2b-v1 | **70.9** | **72.6** | **66.4** | **73.5** | **72.6** | **69.2** |
| | **+23.31%** | **+18.73%** | **+14.91%** | **+27.07%** | **+27.00%** | **+28.32%** |
|