---
license: apache-2.0
language:
- en
- it
- fr
- de
- es
base_model:
- MrLight/dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1
---

# mcdse-2b-v1

![](cover.png)

mcdse-2b-v1 is an experimental model designed for multilingual visual document retrieval.

This model allows you to embed page/slide screenshots and query them using natural language. Whether it's tables, graphs, charts, schemas, images, or text, mcdse-2b-v1 encodes everything into a single embedding vector, eliminating the need for traditional OCR, document layout analysis, reading order detection, chunking, table/formula extraction... 

- **Understands 🇮🇹 Italian, 🇪🇸 Spanish, 🇬🇧 English, 🇫🇷 French and 🇩🇪 German**

- **Matryoshka Representation Learning:** shrink embeddings from 1536 to 256 dimensions while maintaining 95% of the quality. A 6x reduction with negligible impact on performance!

- **Top-tier Binarization**: 768-dimensional binary vectors retain 99% retrieval quality of the original 1536-dimensional float vectors. With binary vectors, you can encode **100 million multilingual pages in just 10GB**.

- **Fast vLLM inference:** run inference on vLLM and efficiently serve embeddings at scale, production ready.

For more information about this model or how it was trained, visit the [announcement blogpost](https://huggingface.co/blog/marco/announcing-mcdse-2b-v1).

## Usage

**Initialize model and processor**
```python
from transformers import AutoProcessor, Qwen2VLForConditionalGeneration
from PIL import Image
import torch
import math

model = Qwen2VLForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained(
    'marco/mcdse-2b-v1',
    attn_implementation="flash_attention_2",
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    device_map="cuda:0"
).eval()

min_pixels = 1 * 28 * 28
max_pixels = 960 * 28 * 28

processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(
    'marco/mcdse-2b-v1',
    min_pixels=min_pixels,
    max_pixels=max_pixels
)

model.padding_side = "left"
processor.tokenizer.padding_side = "left"

document_prompt = "<|im_start|>system\nYou are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>user\n<|vision_start|><|image_pad|><|vision_end|>What is shown in this image?<|im_end|>\n<|endoftext|>"

query_prompt = "<|im_start|>system\nYou are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>\n<|im_start|>user\n<|vision_start|><|image_pad|><|vision_end|>Query: %s<|im_end|>\n<|endoftext|>"
```

**Encode queries**
```python
def encode_queries(queries: list[str], dimension: int):
    dummy_image = Image.new('RGB', (56, 56))
    inputs = processor(
        text=[query_prompt % x for x in queries],
        images=[dummy_image for _ in queries],
        videos=None,
        padding='longest',
        return_tensors='pt'
    ).to('cuda:0')

    cache_position = torch.arange(0, len(queries))
    inputs = model.prepare_inputs_for_generation(
        **inputs, cache_position=cache_position, use_cache=False)

    with torch.no_grad():
        output = self.model(
            **inputs,
            return_dict=True,
            output_hidden_states=True
        )
    
    embeddings = output.hidden_states[-1][:, -1]
    return torch.nn.functional.normalize(embeddings[:, :dimension], p=2, dim=-1)
```

**Encode documents**
```python
def round_by_factor(number: float, factor: int) -> int:
    return round(number / factor) * factor

def ceil_by_factor(number: float, factor: int) -> int:
    return math.ceil(number / factor) * factor

def floor_by_factor(number: float, factor: int) -> int:
    return math.floor(number / factor) * factor

def smart_resize(height: int, width: int) -> tuple[int, int]:
        h_bar = max(28, round_by_factor(height, 28))
        w_bar = max(28, round_by_factor(width, 28))
        if h_bar * w_bar > max_pixels:
            beta = math.sqrt((height * width) / max_pixels)
            h_bar = floor_by_factor(height / beta, 28)
            w_bar = floor_by_factor(width / beta, 28)
        elif h_bar * w_bar < min_pixels:
            beta = math.sqrt(min_pixels / (height * width))
            h_bar = ceil_by_factor(height * beta, 28)
            w_bar = ceil_by_factor(width * beta, 28)
        return h_bar, w_bar

def resize(image: Image.Image):
    new_size = smart_resize(image.height, image.width)
    return image.resize(new_size)

def encode_documents(documents: list[Image.Image], dimension: int):
    inputs = processor(
        text=[document_prompt] * len(documents),
        images=[resize(x) for x in documents],
        videos=None,
        padding='longest',
        return_tensors='pt'
    ).to('cuda:0')

    cache_position = torch.arange(0, len(queries))
    inputs = model.prepare_inputs_for_generation(
        **inputs, cache_position=cache_position, use_cache=False)

    with torch.no_grad():
        output = self.model(
            **inputs,
            return_dict=True,
            output_hidden_states=True
        )
    
    embeddings = output.hidden_states[-1][:, -1]
    return torch.nn.functional.normalize(embeddings[:, :dimension], p=2, dim=-1)
```

### vLLM
This model supports vLLM, visit the [announcement blogpost](https://huggingface.co/blog/marco/announcing-mcdse-2b-v1#deployment) to know more.

## Results
Given the scarcity of publicly available datasets for multilingual document image retrieval, the model has been evaluated using a custom-built dataset. This eval dataset was specifically designed to benchmark the model's performance across various languages.

### NDCG@5 (float)
|                     | Average    | English    | Italian    | Spanish    | French     | German     |
|---------------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|------------|
| **1536 dimensions** |            |            |            |            |            |            |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |       79.5 |       79.2 |       80.2 |       77.9 |       80.6 |       79.6 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |   **82.2** |   **80.8** |   **81.2** |   **80.7** |   **84.5** |   **83.8** |
|                     | **+3.28%** | **+1.98%** | **+1.23%** | **+3.47%** | **+4.62%** | **+5.01%** |
| **1024 dimensions** |            |            |            |            |            |            |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |       78.3 |       78.8 |       78.5 |       76.5 |         80 |       77.5 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |   **81.7** |     **80** |   **80.2** |   **80.1** |     **84** |   **84.3** |
|                     | **+4.23%** | **+1.75%** | **+2.12%** | **+4.49%** | **+4.76%** | **+8.07%** |
| **768 dimensions**  |            |            |            |            |            |            |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |       77.8 |       78.4 |       78.3 |       75.6 |       80.8 |       75.9 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |   **81.1** |   **79.6** |   **79.9** |   **79.2** |   **83.3** |   **83.3** |
|                     | **+4.02%** | **+1.51%** | **+2.00%** | **+4.55%** | **+3.00%** | **+8.88%** |
| **512 dimensions**  |            |            |            |            |            |            |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |       76.2 |       77.6 |       75.9 |       73.1 |       79.2 |       75.2 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |   **79.3** |   **78.5** |   **79.1** |   **75.8** |   **81.4** |   **81.7** |
|                     | **+3.91%** | **+1.15%** | **+4.05%** | **+3.56%** | **+2.70%** | **+7.96%** |
| **384 dimensions**  |            |            |            |            |            |            |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |       75.7 |       76.2 |       75.5 |       74.6 |       78.4 |         74 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |   **78.8** |   **77.5** |   **78.5** |   **76.1** |   **80.4** |   **81.4** |
|                     | **+3.86%** | **+1.68%** | **+3.82%** | **+1.97%** | **+2.49%** | **+9.09%** |
| **256 dimensions**  |            |            |            |            |            |            |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |       73.5 |       74.5 |       73.6 |       70.6 |       74.8 |       73.8 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |   **78.1** |   **78.5** |   **77.6** |   **76.2** |   **80.1** |   **77.9** |
|                     | **+5.89%** | **+5.10%** | **+5.15%** | **+7.35%** | **+6.62%** | **+5.26%** |

### NDCG@5 (binary)
|                     | Average     | English     | Italian     | Spanish     | French      | German      |
|---------------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| **1536 dimensions** |             |             |             |             |             |             |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |        75.0 |        75.8 |        75.4 |        72.4 |        78.1 |        73.2 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |    **80.6** |    **79.5** |    **76.9** |    **81.9** |    **83.7** |    **80.8** |
|                     |  **+6.93%** |  **+4.65%** |  **+1.95%** | **+11.60%** |  **+6.69%** |  **+9.41%** |
| **1024 dimensions** |             |             |             |             |             |             |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |        72.2 |        74.8 |          71 |        70.8 |        74.6 |        69.6 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |    **79.3** |    **78.4** |    **75.4** |    **80.8** |    **82.6** |    **79.5** |
|                     |  **+9.05%** |  **+4.59%** |  **+5.84%** | **+12.38%** |  **+9.69%** | **+12.45%** |
| **768 dimensions**  |             |             |             |             |             |             |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |        70.1 |        71.7 |        69.3 |        69.8 |        73.7 |        65.9 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |    **78.8** |    **77.1** |    **75.4** |      **80** |      **83** |    **78.5** |
|                     | **+11.07%** |  **+7.00%** |  **+8.09%** | **+12.75%** | **+11.20%** | **+16.05%** |
| **512 dimensions**  |             |             |             |             |             |             |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |        66.5 |          70 |        65.4 |        63.7 |        70.2 |          63 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |    **76.6** |    **74.8** |    **74.2** |    **77.7** |    **80.9** |    **75.3** |
|                     | **+13.21%** |  **+6.42%** | **+11.86%** | **+18.02%** | **+13.23%** | **+16.33%** |
| **384 dimensions**  |             |             |             |             |             |             |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |        61.1 |        62.7 |        58.5 |        58.6 |        65.1 |        60.8 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |    **74.3** |    **74.5** |    **71.4** |    **77.2** |    **75.2** |      **73** |
|                     | **+17.67%** | **+15.84%** | **+18.07%** | **+24.09%** | **+13.43%** | **+16.71%** |
| **256 dimensions**  |             |             |             |             |             |             |
| dse-qwen2-2b-mrl-v1 |        54.3 |          59 |        56.5 |        53.6 |          53 |        49.6 |
| mcdse-2b-v1         |    **70.9** |    **72.6** |    **66.4** |    **73.5** |    **72.6** |    **69.2** |
|                     | **+23.31%** | **+18.73%** | **+14.91%** | **+27.07%** | **+27.00%** | **+28.32%** |