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  ---
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- language: en
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- license: apache-2.0
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- library_name: sentence-transformers
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  tags:
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- - sentence-transformers
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- - feature-extraction
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- - sentence-similarity
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- - transformers
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- datasets:
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- - s2orc
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- - flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml
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- - ms_marco
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- - gooaq
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- - yahoo_answers_topics
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- - code_search_net
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- - search_qa
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- - eli5
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- - snli
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- - multi_nli
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- - wikihow
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- - natural_questions
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- - trivia_qa
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- - embedding-data/sentence-compression
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- - embedding-data/flickr30k-captions
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- - embedding-data/altlex
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- - embedding-data/simple-wiki
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- - embedding-data/QQP
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- - embedding-data/SPECTER
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- - embedding-data/PAQ_pairs
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- - embedding-data/WikiAnswers
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- pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
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  ---
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- # all-MiniLM-L6-v2
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- This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model: It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384 dimensional dense vector space and can be used for tasks like clustering or semantic search.
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- ## Usage (Sentence-Transformers)
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- Using this model becomes easy when you have [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) installed:
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- ```
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- pip install -U sentence-transformers
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- ```
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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- Then you can use the model like this:
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  ```python
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  from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
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- sentences = ["This is an example sentence", "Each sentence is converted"]
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- model = SentenceTransformer('sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2')
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- embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
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- print(embeddings)
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- ```
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- ## Usage (HuggingFace Transformers)
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- Without [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net), you can use the model like this: First, you pass your input through the transformer model, then you have to apply the right pooling-operation on-top of the contextualized word embeddings.
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ```python
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- from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel
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- import torch
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- import torch.nn.functional as F
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- #Mean Pooling - Take attention mask into account for correct averaging
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- def mean_pooling(model_output, attention_mask):
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- token_embeddings = model_output[0] #First element of model_output contains all token embeddings
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- input_mask_expanded = attention_mask.unsqueeze(-1).expand(token_embeddings.size()).float()
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- return torch.sum(token_embeddings * input_mask_expanded, 1) / torch.clamp(input_mask_expanded.sum(1), min=1e-9)
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- # Sentences we want sentence embeddings for
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- sentences = ['This is an example sentence', 'Each sentence is converted']
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- # Load model from HuggingFace Hub
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- tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2')
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- model = AutoModel.from_pretrained('sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2')
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- # Tokenize sentences
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- encoded_input = tokenizer(sentences, padding=True, truncation=True, return_tensors='pt')
 
 
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- # Compute token embeddings
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- with torch.no_grad():
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- model_output = model(**encoded_input)
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85
- # Perform pooling
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- sentence_embeddings = mean_pooling(model_output, encoded_input['attention_mask'])
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88
- # Normalize embeddings
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- sentence_embeddings = F.normalize(sentence_embeddings, p=2, dim=1)
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91
- print("Sentence embeddings:")
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- print(sentence_embeddings)
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- ```
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95
- ------
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-
97
- ## Background
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-
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- The project aims to train sentence embedding models on very large sentence level datasets using a self-supervised
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- contrastive learning objective. We used the pretrained [`nreimers/MiniLM-L6-H384-uncased`](https://huggingface.co/nreimers/MiniLM-L6-H384-uncased) model and fine-tuned in on a
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- 1B sentence pairs dataset. We use a contrastive learning objective: given a sentence from the pair, the model should predict which out of a set of randomly sampled other sentences, was actually paired with it in our dataset.
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-
103
- We developed this model during the
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- [Community week using JAX/Flax for NLP & CV](https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/open-to-the-community-community-week-using-jax-flax-for-nlp-cv/7104),
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- organized by Hugging Face. We developed this model as part of the project:
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- [Train the Best Sentence Embedding Model Ever with 1B Training Pairs](https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/train-the-best-sentence-embedding-model-ever-with-1b-training-pairs/7354). We benefited from efficient hardware infrastructure to run the project: 7 TPUs v3-8, as well as intervention from Googles Flax, JAX, and Cloud team member about efficient deep learning frameworks.
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-
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- ## Intended uses
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-
110
- Our model is intended to be used as a sentence and short paragraph encoder. Given an input text, it outputs a vector which captures
111
- the semantic information. The sentence vector may be used for information retrieval, clustering or sentence similarity tasks.
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-
113
- By default, input text longer than 256 word pieces is truncated.
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-
115
-
116
- ## Training procedure
117
-
118
- ### Pre-training
119
-
120
- We use the pretrained [`nreimers/MiniLM-L6-H384-uncased`](https://huggingface.co/nreimers/MiniLM-L6-H384-uncased) model. Please refer to the model card for more detailed information about the pre-training procedure.
121
-
122
- ### Fine-tuning
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-
124
- We fine-tune the model using a contrastive objective. Formally, we compute the cosine similarity from each possible sentence pairs from the batch.
125
- We then apply the cross entropy loss by comparing with true pairs.
126
-
127
- #### Hyper parameters
128
-
129
- We trained our model on a TPU v3-8. We train the model during 100k steps using a batch size of 1024 (128 per TPU core).
130
- We use a learning rate warm up of 500. The sequence length was limited to 128 tokens. We used the AdamW optimizer with
131
- a 2e-5 learning rate. The full training script is accessible in this current repository: `train_script.py`.
132
-
133
- #### Training data
134
-
135
- We use the concatenation from multiple datasets to fine-tune our model. The total number of sentence pairs is above 1 billion sentences.
136
- We sampled each dataset given a weighted probability which configuration is detailed in the `data_config.json` file.
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-
138
-
139
- | Dataset | Paper | Number of training tuples |
140
- |--------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------:|:--------------------------:|
141
- | [Reddit comments (2015-2018)](https://github.com/PolyAI-LDN/conversational-datasets/tree/master/reddit) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06472) | 726,484,430 |
142
- | [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) Citation pairs (Abstracts) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 116,288,806 |
143
- | [WikiAnswers](https://github.com/afader/oqa#wikianswers-corpus) Duplicate question pairs | [paper](https://doi.org/10.1145/2623330.2623677) | 77,427,422 |
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- | [PAQ](https://github.com/facebookresearch/PAQ) (Question, Answer) pairs | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.07033) | 64,371,441 |
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- | [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) Citation pairs (Titles) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 52,603,982 |
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- | [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) (Title, Abstract) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 41,769,185 |
147
- | [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) (Title, Body) pairs | - | 25,316,456 |
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- | [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) (Title+Body, Answer) pairs | - | 21,396,559 |
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- | [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) (Title, Answer) pairs | - | 21,396,559 |
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- | [MS MARCO](https://microsoft.github.io/msmarco/) triplets | [paper](https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3462804) | 9,144,553 |
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- | [GOOAQ: Open Question Answering with Diverse Answer Types](https://github.com/allenai/gooaq) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.08727.pdf) | 3,012,496 |
152
- | [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) (Title, Answer) | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 1,198,260 |
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- | [Code Search](https://huggingface.co/datasets/code_search_net) | - | 1,151,414 |
154
- | [COCO](https://cocodataset.org/#home) Image captions | [paper](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-10602-1_48) | 828,395|
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- | [SPECTER](https://github.com/allenai/specter) citation triplets | [paper](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.207) | 684,100 |
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- | [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) (Question, Answer) | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 681,164 |
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- | [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) (Title, Question) | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 659,896 |
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- | [SearchQA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/search_qa) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.05179) | 582,261 |
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- | [Eli5](https://huggingface.co/datasets/eli5) | [paper](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1346) | 325,475 |
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- | [Flickr 30k](https://shannon.cs.illinois.edu/DenotationGraph/) | [paper](https://transacl.org/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/view/229/33) | 317,695 |
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- | [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) Duplicate questions (titles) | | 304,525 |
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- | AllNLI ([SNLI](https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/snli/) and [MultiNLI](https://cims.nyu.edu/~sbowman/multinli/) | [paper SNLI](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1075), [paper MultiNLI](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1101) | 277,230 |
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- | [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) Duplicate questions (bodies) | | 250,519 |
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- | [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) Duplicate questions (titles+bodies) | | 250,460 |
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- | [Sentence Compression](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/sentence-compression) | [paper](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1155/) | 180,000 |
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- | [Wikihow](https://github.com/pvl/wikihow_pairs_dataset) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09305) | 128,542 |
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- | [Altlex](https://github.com/chridey/altlex/) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/P16-1135.pdf) | 112,696 |
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- | [Quora Question Triplets](https://quoradata.quora.com/First-Quora-Dataset-Release-Question-Pairs) | - | 103,663 |
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- | [Simple Wikipedia](https://cs.pomona.edu/~dkauchak/simplification/) | [paper](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2117/) | 102,225 |
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- | [Natural Questions (NQ)](https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions) | [paper](https://transacl.org/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/view/1455) | 100,231 |
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- | [SQuAD2.0](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/P18-2124.pdf) | 87,599 |
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- | [TriviaQA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trivia_qa) | - | 73,346 |
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- | **Total** | | **1,170,060,424** |
 
1
  ---
2
+ license: mit
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+ language:
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+ - en
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  tags:
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+ - sentence-transformer
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+ - embeddings
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+ - mental-health
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+ - intent-classification
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+ pipeline_tag: feature-extraction
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+ base_model: sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12
  ---
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14
+ # Intent Encoder (MindPadi)
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+ The `intent_encoder` is a Sentence Transformer model used in the MindPadi mental health assistant for **encoding user messages into dense embeddings**. These embeddings support intent classification, similarity search, and memory recall workflows. It plays a foundational role in the semantic understanding of user inputs across various MindPadi features.
 
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18
 
19
+ ## 🧠 Model Overview
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+
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+ - **Architecture:** Sentence-BERT (`all-MiniLM-L6-v2` base)
22
+ - **Task:** Sentence Embedding / Semantic Similarity
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+ - **Purpose:** Embed user queries for intent classification, vector search, and memory retrieval
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+ - **Size:** ~80M parameters
25
+ - **Files:**
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+ - `config.json`
27
+ - `pytorch_model.bin` or `model.safetensors`
28
+ - `tokenizer.json`, `vocab.txt`
29
+ - `1_Pooling/`, `2_Normalize/` (Sentence-BERT components)
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+
31
+
32
+ ## 🧾 Intended Use
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+
34
+ ### βœ”οΈ Primary Use Cases
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+ - Semantic embedding of user inputs for intent recognition
36
+ - Matching new messages against known intent samples (`data/processed_intents.json`)
37
+ - Supporting vector similarity in MongoDB Atlas Search or ChromaDB
38
+ - Powering memory in LangGraph agentic workflows
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+
40
+ ### 🚫 Not Recommended For
41
+ - Direct intent classification (this model returns embeddings, not classes)
42
+ - Use outside of NLP (e.g., image, audio)
43
+
44
+
45
+ ## πŸ§ͺ Integration in MindPadi
46
+
47
+ - `app/chatbot/intent_classifier.py`: Uses this model to compute sentence embeddings
48
+ - `app/chatbot/intent_router.py`: Leverages vector similarity for intent matching
49
+ - `database/vector_search.py`: Embeddings are stored or queried from MongoDB vector index
50
+ - `app/utils/embedding_search.py`: Embeds utterances for real-time nearest-neighbor lookup
51
+
52
+
53
+ ## πŸ‹οΈ Training Details
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+
55
+ - **Base Model:** `sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2` (pretrained)
56
+ - **Fine-tuning:** Optional domain-specific contrastive learning using pairs in `training/datasets/fallback_pairs.json`
57
+ - **Script:** `training/fine_tune_encoder.py` (if fine-tuned)
58
+ - **Tokenizer:** BERT-based WordPiece tokenizer
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+ - **Max Token Length:** 128
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+
61
+
62
+ ## πŸ“ˆ Evaluation
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+
64
+ While this model is not evaluated via classification metrics, its **embedding quality** was assessed through:
65
+
66
+ - **Cosine similarity tests** (intent embedding similarity)
67
+ - **Intent clustering accuracy** with `KMeans` in vector space
68
+ - **Recall@K** for correct intent retrieval
69
+ - **Visualizations:** UMAP plots (`logs/intent_umap.png`)
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+
71
+ Results indicate:
72
+ - High-quality clustering of semantically similar intents
73
+ - ~91% Top-3 Recall for known intents
74
+
75
+
76
+ ## πŸ’¬ Example Usage
77
 
 
78
  ```python
79
  from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
 
80
 
81
+ model = SentenceTransformer("mindpadi/intent_encoder")
 
 
 
82
 
83
+ texts = ["I want to talk to a therapist", "Book a session", "I'm feeling anxious"]
84
+ embeddings = model.encode(texts)
85
+
86
+ print(embeddings.shape) # (3, 384)
87
+ ````
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+
89
+
90
+ ## πŸ§ͺ Deployment (API Example)
91
 
92
  ```python
93
+ import requests
 
 
94
 
95
+ endpoint = "https://api-inference.huggingface.co/models/mindpadi/intent_encoder"
96
+ headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer <your-token>"}
97
+ payload = {"inputs": "I need help managing stress"}
 
 
98
 
99
+ response = requests.post(endpoint, json=payload, headers=headers)
100
+ embedding = response.json()
101
+ ```
102
 
 
 
103
 
104
+ ## ⚠️ Limitations
 
 
105
 
106
+ * English-only
107
+ * Short, clean sentences work best (not optimized for long documents)
108
+ * Does not directly return intent labels β€” must be paired with clustering or classification logic
109
+ * May yield ambiguous vectors for multi-intent or vague inputs
110
 
 
 
 
111
 
112
+ ## πŸ“œ License
 
113
 
114
+ MIT License – open for personal, academic, and commercial use with attribution.
 
115
 
 
 
 
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117
+ ## πŸ“¬ Contact
118
+
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+ * **Project:** [MindPadi Mental Health Assistant](https://huggingface.co/mindpadi)
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+ * **Team:** MindPadi Developers
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+ * **Email:** \[[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected])]
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+ * **GitHub:** \[[https://github.com/mindpadi](https://github.com/mindpadi)]
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+
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+ *Last updated: May 2025*