,label,prediction
0,So this is James Risen.,That's James Rises.
1,You may know him as the Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter  for The New York Times.,You may know it because it won the New York CityTime re-engineering owner.
2,"Long before anybody knew Edward Snowden's name,  Risen wrote a book in which he famously exposed  that the NSA was illegally wiretapping the phone calls of Americans.","For a long time, before anybody's heard of Snow, he wrote a book that he published spectacular, that the adult phones had stopped illegal phones from America."
3,But it's another chapter in that book  that may have an even more lasting impact.,But it's another chapter that should leave a sexy impression behind it.
4,"In it, he describes a catastrophic US intelligence operation  in which the CIA quite literally handed over blueprints  of a nuclear bomb to Iran.",He describes a catastrophic local U.S. secret surgery where Iran literally grew up in a nuclear bomb for a nuclear weapon.
5,"If that sounds crazy, go read it.","If that sounds crazy, read it."
6,It's an incredible story.,It's an incredible story.
7,But you know who didn't like that chapter?,"But you know, who didn't like the chapter at all?"
8,The US government.,U.S. government administration.
9,"For nearly a decade afterwards,  Risen was the subject of a US government investigation  in which prosecutors demanded that he testify  against one of his alleged sources.","Almost 10 years, government has been able to draw the government against Rise and asked him to use its mental sources."
10,"And along the way, he became the face for the US government's recent pattern  of prosecuting whistleblowers and spying on journalists.","In this train, he became a symbol of the pattern of government, Whisblowers and journalists."
11,"You see, under the First Amendment,  the press has the right to publish secret information in the public interest.",And the first thing is that the media has the right to publish secret information.
12,But it's impossible to exercise that right if the media can't also gather that news  and protect the identities of the brave men and women  who get it to them.,But it's impossible to apply that right to media if that information doesn't get information and if they can't protect identity that they're surrounded by.
13,"So when the government came knocking,  Risen did what many brave reporters have done before him:  he refused  and said he'd rather go to jail.","So when the government arrived at Risearyt, he did something that a lot of brave reporters had already done before him: he would rather be crying, and he would rather walk in jail."
14,"So from 2007 to 2015,  Risen lived under the specter of going to federal prison.","So from 2007, to 2015 Rise lived with risk where prison was going."
15,"That is, until just days before the trial, when a curious thing happened.","But then only days before the process, something extraordinary happened."
16,"Suddenly, after years of claiming it was vital to their case,  the government dropped their demands to Risen altogether.","Suddenly, even though they gave years more reliable for their case, the researchers were emitted to do it."
17,"It turns out, in the age of electronic surveillance,  there are very few places reporters and sources can hide.",The reason: in the time electronic growth can hide the reporter and sources and a few times.
18,"And instead of trying and failing to have Risen testify,  they could have his digital trail testify against him instead.","Instead of putting their digital foot and Riseing to the statement, it could also do this with its digital foot for him."
19,"So completely in secret and without his consent,  prosecutors got Risen's phone records.","And so the programs, without his averständnis, has secret to his telephone."
20,"They got his email records, his financial and banking information,  his credit reports,  even travel records with a list of flights he had taken.","It's as much as it's got to -- financial information and bank information, its loan, and even travel to the list of its wings."
21,"And it was among this information that they used to convict Jeffrey Sterling,  Risen's alleged source and CIA whistleblower.","In the middle of this information, they found evidence that they used to CIA Sterling, a CIAist and Rise sources of Riseing."
22,"Sadly, this is only one case of many.","Unfortunately, it's just one of many cases."
23,"President Obama ran on a promise to protect whistleblowers,  and instead, his Justice Department has prosecuted more  than all other administrations combined.","President Obama talked to protect Whisnblobs, but instead, the convicted of convicted of convicted of all of American government had gone up to him."
24,"Now, you can see how this could be a problem,  especially because the government considers so much of what it does secret.","Now, you can imagine how this could be a problem, especially because the government of work was secretly turned into a secret."
25,"Since 9/11, virtually every important story about national security  has been the result of a whistleblower coming to a journalist.","Since 9/11, almost every article on national security has been about the result that a Whirblower went to a journalist."
26,So we risk seeing the press unable to do their job  that the First Amendment is supposed to protect  because of the government's expanded ability to spy on everyone.,"So we're putting the press on play, which is to protected through the first explosion, because the government has more and more opportunities to put everyone out."
27,"But just as technology has allowed the government  to circumvent reporters' rights,  the press can also use technology  to protect their sources even better than before.","But just as much as technology allows government to avoid the rights of reporters, the press can also use technologies to protect their sources better."
28,"And they can start from the moment they begin speaking with them,  rather than on the witness stand after the fact.","And that's the moment they can take that off, instead of having your contact, rather than when they're in the stuff."
29,"Communications software now exists  that wasn't available when Risen was writing his book,  and is much more surveillance-resistant than regular emails or phone calls.","Today there's communication software that haven't been written as Rise's book, and it's a lot more safe than normal email or phone calls."
30,"For example, one such tool is SecureDrop,  an open-source whistleblower submission system  that was originally created by the late Internet luminary Aaron Swartz,  and is now developed at the non-profit where I work,  Freedom of the Press Foundation.","One of the technologies is geo-engineerroprop, an open-source system for Whisblower, which was taken by the Internet blob of us, was developed by Aaron Swartz, and is now by the Freedom of the press Foundation that I work with."
31,"Instead of sending an email,  you go to a news organization's website,  like this one here on The Washington Post.","Instead of sending an email, go to a message set, like the Washington Post."
32,"From there, you can upload a document or send information  much like you would on any other contact form.","And you can send documents up or information, like you can get at any ordinary contact."
33,It'll then be encrypted and stored on a server  that only the news organization has access to.,"And they're then putting them together, and on a servers, to the only message that's ever gotten access to the news set."
34,"So the government can no longer secretly demand the information,  and much of the information they would demand  wouldn't be available in the first place.","So the government can't really get more information, and many of the information that it would challenge them to do would not be available from ahead."
35,"SecureDrop, though, is really only a small part of the puzzle  for protecting press freedom in the 21st century.","But consciousnessroprop is just a small part of the whole, to protect press press in the 21st century."
36,"Unfortunately, governments all over the world  are constantly developing new spying techniques  that put us all at risk.",Unfortunately governments around the world are always developing new squatter technologies that are all endangered.
37,"And it's up to us going forward to make sure  that it's not just the tech-savvy whistleblowers,  like Edward Snowden, who have an avenue for exposing wrongdoing.","It's safe to make sure that not just technology know how Edward Snow did a possibility to bring Miss Snows, it's as important that we protect the next Whirlwind in time."
38,"It's just as vital that we protect the next veteran's health care whistleblower  alerting us to overcrowded hospitals,  or the next environmental worker  sounding the alarm about Flint's dirty water,  or a Wall Street insider  warning us of the next financial crisis.","The tiniading of soldiers knows about the two-way hospitals, or the next environmental worker who takes a tinkering home for Flint -- or Wall Street, who warns us from the next financial crisis."
39,"After all, these tools weren't just built to help the brave men and women  who expose crimes,  but are meant to protect all of our rights under the Constitution.","After all, these technologies were not only done for those who want to cover crime, but to protect our very rights of all."
40,Thank you.,Thank you.
41,"[On April 3, 2016 we saw the largest data leak in history.]  [The Panama Papers exposed rich and powerful people]  [hiding vast amounts of money in offshore accounts.]  [What does this mean?]  [We called Robert Palmer of Global Witness to explain.]  This week, there have been a whole slew and deluge of stories  coming out from the leak of 11 million documents  from a Panamanian-based law firm called Mossack Fonseca.","[Am 3.14 2016] [The largest data published the story.] [The ""The theft and M.P.] [S.] [When have slammograms in the copy shit.] [When have we asked the money to do this?] [We asked Robert Palmer a week by Global Palmer, we got a news million people about a news documents of fada lawyer frog's frog's in Panama frog."
42,The release of these papers from Panama lifts the veil on a tiny piece  of the secretive offshore world.,The publication of these documents is actually a little bit of a small view of the secret world of tax.
43,"We get an insight into how clients and banks and lawyers  go to companies like Mossack Fonseca  and say, ""OK, we want an anonymous company,  can you give us one?""","We get a sense of how clients and banks and rightel companies like Mossacks, frog's and say, ""Okay, we need an anonymous company. Can you do that?"""
44,"So you actually get to see the emails,  you get to see the exchanges of messages,  you get to see the mechanics of how this works,  how this operates.","We actually see the email that exchange of news, like the whole system works like it works."
45,"Now, this has already started to have pretty immediate repercussions.",This already led to the first very direct consequences.
46,The Prime Minister of Iceland has resigned.,Islands Prime Minister is back.
47,We've also had news  that an ally of the brutal Syrian dictator Bashar Al-Assad  has also got offshore companies.,"Also, there is a report that a brutal diet of brutality base of Basin's worst-plus letter has been a taxation."
48,"There's been allegations of a $2 billion money trail  that leads back to President Vladimir Putin of Russia  via his close childhood friend,  who happens to be a top cellist.","It's said that a trace of 2 billion dollars in Russia's president lead to Russia Wladimir Putin, versus a friend of children, a famous cellist."
49,And there will be a lot of rich individuals out there  and others who will be nervous about the next set of stories  and the next set of leaked documents.,"Now there will be a lot of rich people out there and others who wait nervous in the next publication, and on the next higher document."
50,"Now, this sounds like the plot of a spy thriller  or a John Grisham novel.",Now this sounds like the tinial pymah or a John-grisham-like ad.
51,"It seems very distant from you, me, ordinary people.","It seems to be crying from you, ordinary people."
52,Why should we care about this?,Why would we do that?
53,"But the truth is that if rich and powerful individuals  are able to keep their money offshore  and not pay the taxes that they should,  it means that there is less money for vital public services  like healthcare, education, roads.","But the truth is, if the rich and powerful able to put their wealth into tax levels, not all pay off their tax, it means less money for important public services like health services, education."
54,And that affects all of us.,And that's what we're all concerned with.
55,"Now, for my organization Global Witness,  this exposé has been phenomenal.","For my organization, global, Witness, these are the Enthic phenomena."
56,We have the world's media and political leaders  talking about how individuals can use offshore secrecy  to hide and disguise their assets --  something we have been talking about and exposing for a decade.,"In all the world, media and politicians are putting together, like secret taxes, are used to hide some of the things that are used to happen, to reduce their wealth -- something that we've been able to discuss for 10 years and ethnicize."
57,"Now, I think a lot of people find this entire world baffling and confusing,  and hard to understand how this sort of offshore world works.","I think a lot of people think the whole world is very confused, and it's hard to understand how these taxes are working."
58,I like to think of it a bit like a Russian doll.,I always think of it like a rjoking.
59,"So you can have one company stacked inside another company,  stacked inside another company,  making it almost impossible to really understand  who is behind these structures.","So you have a company in another company, which is almost impossible to understand who's behind these forms."
60,"It can be very difficult for law enforcement  or tax authorities, journalists, civil society  to really understand what's going on.","It can be very difficult for being a ticket and tax-minded, and for journalists or to really understand civil society, what's the thing."
61,I also think it's interesting  that there's been less coverage of this issue in the United States.,I think it's also interesting that there are less reports in the United States than that.
62,"And that's perhaps because some prominent US people  just haven't figured in this exposé, in this scandal.","Because, of course, there were no prominent Americans who were in this Enthic, this sculpture came out."
63,"Now, that's not because there are no rich Americans  who are stashing their assets offshore.","Now, it's not like that there's no rich American who are putting their wealth into taxoaseing."
64,"It's just because of the way in which offshore works,  Mossack Fonseca has fewer American clients.","But by the principle, after that taxoase, Mossackon fseca less American customers working."
65,"I think if we saw leaks from the Cayman Islands  or even from Delaware or Wyoming or Nevada,  you would see many more cases and examples linking back to Americans.","If we had a piece of data from Cayman Islands or even from Delaware, Wyoming or Nevada, we would see a lot more cases and examples that connect the connections in the U.S."
66,"In fact, in a number of US states you need less information,  you need to provide less information to get a company  than you do to get a library card.","In fact, it's so much less information you need in some U.S., less information to give you less information to create a company than they can know a library."
67,That sort of secrecy in America has allowed employees of school districts  to rip off schoolchildren.,This kind of broader type in the United States has allowed school employees to enlist school children.
68,It has allowed scammers to rip off vulnerable investors.,It allows concrete to end especially in randomness.
69,This is the sort of behavior that affects all of us.,It's this kind of behavior that's happening all of us.
70,"Now, at Global Witness,  we wanted to see what this actually looked like in practice.","So here in global Witness, we wanted to figure out what all this looks like in practice."
71,How does this actually work?,How does this actually work?
72,So what we did  is we sent in an undercover investigator to 13 Manhattan law firms.,So we sent a discovery in the office of 13 lawyer companies in Manhattan.
73,"Our investigator posed as an African minister  who wanted to move suspect funds into the United States  to buy a house, a yacht, a jet.","Our lesson was that when African ministers wanted to get money in the United States to buy a house, a squat of desire to buy a private Soviet."
74,"Now, what was truly shocking was that all but one of those lawyers  provided our investigator with suggestions  on how to move those suspect funds.",We really shocked it all the way to an lawyer does our experience as he could make money.
75,"These were all preliminary meetings,  and none of the lawyers took us on as a client  and of course no money moved hands,  but it really shows the problem with the system.","These were all pre-doughs. None of these lawyers took us as a client, and of course no one was surrounded with money, but it shows the problem with this system."
76,It's also important  to not just think about this as individual cases.,It's also important to think of this as individuals.
77,This is not just about an individual lawyer  who's spoken to our undercover investigator and provided suggestions.,It's not about a single lawyer who's spreads in our covered beam.
78,It's not just about a particular senior politician  who's been caught up in a scandal.,"It's not about a single tipping policy, turning into a scandal."
79,"This is about how a system works,  that entrenches corruption, tax evasion, poverty and instability.","It's about how the system works, by corruption, taxation, poverty and instability."
80,"And in order to tackle this,  we need to change the game.","And to cope with that, we have to change the game."
81,We need to change the rules of the game  to make this sort of behavior harder.,We need to change the rules to make these kinds of behaviors happen.
82,"This may seem like doom and gloom,  like there's nothing we can do about it,  like nothing has ever changed,  like there will always be rich and powerful individuals.","This may seem very obated, as though we could not do anything about it; as though there's always going to be the rich and the richness."
83,"But as a natural optimist,  I do see that we are starting to get some change.",But as a optimism I see through the fact that there's a lot of stuff happening.
84,"Over the last couple of years,  we've seen a real push towards greater transparency  when it comes to company ownership.","We've seen more transparency years ago, which is true for the owner of companies."
85,This issue was put on the political agenda  by the UK Prime Minister David Cameron  at a big G8 Summit that was held in Northern Ireland in 2013.,The theme of the British prime ministers found David Cameron on the G8i apple in Northern Ireland.
86,"And since then, the European Union is going to be creating  central registers at a national level  of who really owns and controls companies across Europe.","Since then, the E.U. has been able to do with central feet at a national level, who really put our companies in Europe, and who controls them."
87,"One of the things that is sad is that, actually, the US is lagging behind.",One of the things that is insecure is that the United States is going to go after that.
88,"There's bipartisan legislation that had been introduced  in the House and the Senate,  but it isn't making as much progress as we'd like to see.","And both parties have brought a laws into both parliament chambers, but this is not the progress that we'd like to see."
89,"So we'd really want to see the Panama leaks,  this huge peek into the offshore world,  be used as a way of opening up in the US and around the world.","We would really like to see how this Panamathic, this giant glimpse of the world's tax taxation is used as a means to worry about transparence in the United States and global transparency."
90,"For us at Global Witness, this is a moment for change.","For us, globalization is a moment for change."
91,We need ordinary people to get angry  at the way in which people can hide their identity  behind secret companies.,We need ordinary people who are angry when they see how other people can hide their true identity.
92,"We need business leaders to stand up and say,  ""Secrecy like this is not good for business.""","We need leaders in business, who stand up and say, ""We're not good for business."""
93,"We need political leaders to recognize the problem,  and to commit to changing the law to open up this sort of secrecy.",We need politicians who recognize the problem and replace it by laws of reducing these kinds of inflection.
94,"Together, we can end the secrecy  that is currently allowing tax evasion,  corruption, money laundering to flourish.","We can zoom in on the dragged, which is now a kind of taxation of taxation, corruption, and make money laundering finally."
95,I want to tell you the story  about the time I almost got kidnapped  in the trunk of a red Mazda Miata.,"That's the story I did almost do, and in the suitcase of a red Mazda."
96,It's the day after graduating from design school  and I'm having a yard sale.,"One day after I finished my design school, I made a back-of-the-box."
97,And this guy pulls up in this red Mazda  and he starts looking through my stuff.,"A guy in the red Mazda stayed there, and he looked at my things."
98,And he buys a piece of art that I made.,He bought one of my artworks.
99,"And it turns out he's alone in town for the night,  driving cross-country on a road trip  before he goes into the Peace Corps.","He was alone in the city, and he was making a road trip across the entire country, and then he would go to peacekeepers."
100,So I invite him out for a beer  and he tells me all about his passion  for making a difference in the world.,I invited him to a beer. He told me how he wanted to change the world.
101,"Now it's starting to get late,  and I'm getting pretty tired.",It was late. I was a tired.
102,"As I motion for the tab,  I make the mistake of asking him,  ""So where are you staying tonight?""","While we paid the calculation, I made the mistakes to ask him, ""Where are you going to sleep at night?"""
103,"And he makes it worse by saying,  ""Actually, I don't have a place.""","He did the whole thing worse: ""I don't know yet."""
104,"And I'm thinking, ""Oh, man!""","And I thought, ""Oh, man!"
105,What do you do?,"So what do I do?"""
106,"We've all been there, right?",Who don't know the situation?
107,Do I offer to host this guy?,I now had to offer a sleep in sleep?
108,"But, I just met him -- I mean,  he says he's going to the Peace Corps,  but I don't really know if he's going to the Peace Corps  and I don't want to end up kidnapped in the trunk of a Miata.","But I just met him. He said, he would go to peace, but I don't know if he really want to land this in a suitcase room."
109,That's a small trunk!,This is a little squatter room.
110,"So then I hear myself saying,  ""Hey, I have an airbed you can stay on in my living room.""","Then I heard myself saying, ""I've got an airt. You can sleep in my living room."""
111,"And the voice in my head goes,  ""Wait, what?""","A voice in my head said, ""Are you?"""
112,"That night, I'm laying in bed,  I'm staring at the ceiling and thinking,  ""Oh my god, what have I done?","And at night I was in bed, I died the ceiling and I thought, ""Oh, man! What did I dry up there?"
113,There's a complete stranger sleeping in my living room.,A wild aliens in my living room.
114,"What if he's psychotic?""","What if he's crazy?"""
115,"My anxiety grows so much,  I leap out of bed,  I sneak on my tiptoes to the door,  and I lock the bedroom door.","I got a fear that I got out of bed, up on the door, sat down on the door, and then I decided to have my bedroom door."
116,It turns out he was not psychotic.,But he wasn't crazy.
117,We've kept in touch ever since.,We're still in contact.
118,And the piece of art he bought at the yard sale  is hanging in his classroom; he's a teacher now.,"The art, the piece that he bought from me was in his classroom today. He's now teachers."
119,"This was my first hosting experience,  and it completely changed my perspective.",This was my first experience as a Gastgeber. It changed my perspective completely.
120,Maybe the people that my childhood taught me to label as strangers  were actually friends waiting to be discovered.,"Maybe the people who sold me in childhood were actually sold as foreign, actually, friends who were waiting to be discovered?"
121,"The idea of hosting people on airbeds gradually became natural to me  and when I moved to San Francisco, I brought the airbed with me.","People on my air dissent, normal to me, when I moved to San Francisco, I took the air damage."
122,So now it's two years later.,"Let's take a leap, two years later..."
123,"I'm unemployed, I'm almost broke,  my roommate moves out, and then the rent goes up.","I'm not working, almost reverberation, and my habit is going to be able to increase rent."
124,"And then I learn there's a design conference coming to town,  and all the hotels are sold out.","I learned that there was a design conference in the city, all hotels were made of."
125,And I've always believed that turning fear into fun  is the gift of creativity.,I think creativity can make it fear of fun.
126,"So here's what I pitch my best friend and my new roommate Brian Chesky:  ""Brian, thought of a way to make a few bucks --  turning our place into 'designers bed and breakfast,'  offering young designers who come to town a place to crash,  complete with wireless Internet, a small desk space,  sleeping mat, and breakfast each morning.","I wrote my best friend and new compassion in Brian Chesky: ""Brian, I thought we could make something like our apartment, our designer-and-a-half-half-half-half-half-half-half-half-half-half-half ink, diabetes-a-half in the morning, including a Matr."
127,"Ha!""",AB: Hah!
128,We built a basic website and Airbed and Breakfast was born.,"We made a website, and we set up a website called breakfast,"" and the cluster of mobile paper, and it was a piece of paper that was called the fourth-powered."
129,Three lucky guests got to stay  on a 20-dollar airbed on the hardwood floor.,Three happy Gäste for us in 20 dollars on the air floor on wooden floor.
130,"But they loved it, and so did we.","They found it great, and we also."
131,"I swear, the ham and Swiss cheese omelets we made  tasted totally different because we made them for our guests.",I'm sure our cheese sandwich savanry schmeckts completely different because we made them for our crops.
132,"We took them on adventures around the city,  and when we said goodbye to the last guest,  the door latch clicked,  Brian and I just stared at each other.","We sat through all the city with them all the time. When we first walked through our last hospitality and the door, the door fell in, Brian and I got to us."
133,Did we just discover it was possible to make friends  while also making rent?,Are we just discovered that we could find new friends at the same time and pay our rent?
134,The wheels had started to turn.,Things came to the role.
135,"My old roommate, Nate Blecharczyk,  joined as engineering co-founder.","My former living, Nate leadczyk, decided we were going to a developers."
136,And we buckled down to see  if we could turn this into a business.,We wanted to find out if you could make a business conceptual tool out of it.
137,"Here's what we pitched investors:  ""We want to build a website  where people publicly post pictures of their most intimate spaces,  their bedrooms, the bathrooms --  the kinds of rooms you usually keep closed when people come over.","So we presented with investors: we want to create a website where people are building public images from their private, their bedrooms, their B, their bedrooms, their room, the species that come by."
138,"And then, over the Internet,  they're going to invite complete strangers to come sleep in their homes.",They can invite the Internet to people in their rate to them.
139,"It's going to be huge!""","That's going to be the next big thing!"""
140,"We sat back, and we waited for the rocket ship to blast off.",We were waiting for the rocket to be artificial.
141,It did not.,But they don't.
142,No one in their right minds would invest in a service  that allows strangers to sleep in people's homes.,"No one who's even more drum, would be invested in a business that allows strangers to sleep in apartments of other people."
143,Why?,Why?
144,"Because we've all been taught as kids, strangers equal danger.",Because when we've learned that all the strangers are dangerous.
145,"Now, when you're faced with a problem, you fall back on what you know,  and all we really knew was design.","If you've got a problem, you're focusing on things that you can do well. We could design."
146,"In art school, you learn that design is much more  than the look and feel of something -- it's the whole experience.","At the art ofaka, we learned that design is much more than just looking and Hapamine -- it's the total experience."
147,"We learned to do that for objects,  but here, we were aiming to build Olympic trust  between people who had never met.","We've learned how to design objects, but now we wanted to create huge trust between people who had never met before."
148,Could design make that happen?,Can design do this?
149,Is it possible to design for trust?,Is it possible to create trust?
150,I want to give you a sense of the flavor of trust  that we were aiming to achieve.,I want to give you a copy of what degrees of trust we've been doing.
151,I've got a 30-second experiment  that will push you past your comfort zone.,It's a 30-second experiment. It's force you out of your comfort zone.
152,"If you're up for it, give me a thumbs-up.",You can get up if you're ready.
153,"OK, I need you to take out your phones.",Take your cell phone.
154,"Now that you have your phone out,  I'd like you to unlock your phone.",Now I want you tosper your cell phone.
155,Now hand your unlocked phone to the person on your left.,Give your tinker phone to your left seats.
156,That tiny sense of panic you're feeling right now --    is exactly how hosts feel the first time they open their home.,This quiet trip that you're feeling now -- -- this is exactly what's going on when you open the door for the first time.
157,Because the only thing more personal than your phone  is your home.,Because the only thing that is personal than your cell phone is your home.
158,"People don't just see your messages,  they see your bedroom,  your kitchen, your toilet.","You can't just read your text, you can see your bedroom, your kitchen, your toilet."
159,"Now, how does it feel holding someone's unlocked phone?",How does it feel to hold cell phone a stranger in your hands?
160,Most of us feel really responsible.,Most of them feel responsibility.
161,That's how most guests feel when they stay in a home.,So most people feel like they're near where they're above.
162,And it's because of this that our company can even exist.,"Just that way, it can exist our company."
163,"By the way, who's holding Al Gore's phone?","Just like, who's now got Al Gore's cell phone?"
164,Would you tell Twitter he's running for President?,Could you just pay Twitter that it made for presidents?
165,"OK, you can hand your phones back now.",You can give back the cell phones now.
166,"So now that you've experienced the kind of trust challenge  we were facing,  I'd love to share a few discoveries we've made along the way.","Now, you've experienced what kind of trust we want to build. I want to talk about some discoveries."
167,What if we changed one small thing  about the design of that experiment?,What if we had a little detail about this experiment?
168,"What if your neighbor had introduced themselves first, with their name,  where they're from, the name of their kids or their dog?","What if your neighbor had introduced himself to his name, if he told where he comes from, how his dog or his children?"
169,"Imagine that they had 150 reviews of people saying,  ""They're great at holding unlocked phones!""","Imagine if you had 150 convicted that everybody said, ""He can really get a very good cell phone suck!"""
170,Now how would you feel about handing your phone over?,How would you feel if you had to spend your cell phone?
171,a well-designed reputation system is key for building trust.,"Because a good thing was doing well-known feedback system, mainly."
172,And we didn't actually get it right the first time.,We've also done some things wrong.
173,It's hard for people to leave bad reviews.,It was hard for people to get negatives.
174,"Eventually, we learned to wait until both guests and hosts  left the review before we reveal them.",And we decided to wait until both the host and hospitality had shifted their prejudice before we put them online.
175,"Now, here's a discovery we made just last week.",We've discovered something new last week.
176,"We did a joint study with Stanford,  where we looked at people's willingness to trust someone  based on how similar they are in age, location and geography.","We did a study at Stanford. We studied how likely it is to trust people, depending on how similar to them, how much they're in age and housing."
177,"The research showed, not surprisingly,  we prefer people who are like us.",We trust that the people that are most similar to us.
178,"The more different somebody is,  the less we trust them.","The more differences we find, the less trust we trust."
179,"Now, that's a natural social bias.",This is a natural socialness.
180,"But what's interesting is what happens when you add reputation into the mix,  in this case, with reviews.","walk it will add if you add the reputation of a person -- in our case, through judge."
181,"Now, if you've got less than three reviews,  nothing changes.","If you have less than three judges, nothing changes."
182,"But if you've got more than 10,  everything changes.","But you have more than 10, and all changes."
183,High reputation beats high similarity.,A good call is a good reputation.
184,The right design can actually help us overcome  one of our most deeply rooted biases.,So the right design can help us overcome some of our deep ancestors.
185,Now we also learned that building the right amount of trust  takes the right amount of disclosure.,And we also learned that trust is dependent on how much you're going to deal with it.
186,This is what happens when a guest first messages a host.,You can see here the reaction to the first message of a hospitality.
187,"If you share too little, like, ""Yo,""  acceptance rates go down.","If you tell too little, like, ""Hi!"", you don't get any answer."
188,"And if you share too much, like,  ""I'm having issues with my mother,""    acceptance rates also go down.","Narrator: For example, I have a problem with my mother -- -- I won't be suppose the requests is too much."
189,"But there's a zone that's just right,  like, ""Love the artwork in your place. Coming for vacation with my family.""","So there's a optimal degree of openness, like, ""To't do art in your apartment! I do vacation."""
190,So how do we design for just the right amount of disclosure?,"How do you create it with design, make this degree of openness?"
191,"We use the size of the box to suggest the right length,  and we guide them with prompts to encourage sharing.","We use the size of the text to recommend the right amount of text, and we also give people a sense of what things should be."
192,"We bet our whole company  on the hope that,  with the right design,  people would be willing to overcome the stranger-danger bias.",Our entire company built on hope that the right design can help help teach the people to overcome our prejudices.
193,What we didn't realize  is just how many people  were ready and waiting to put the bias aside.,Where we didn't take the idea of what was that the great amount of people who were willing to take it off.
194,This is a graph that shows our rate of adoption.,Here you see how many people are taking our supply in a way that we do.
195,There's three things happening here.,You can see three things.
196,"The first, an unbelievable amount of luck.",One: incredibly lucky.
197,The second is the efforts of our team.,"Second, our team's work."
198,And third is the existence of a previously unsatisfied need.,Third: one need not been covered before.
199,"Now, things have been going pretty well.","It's very good for us, business is going on."
200,"Obviously, there are times when things don't work out.","Of course there are times when it's not smooth, too."
201,Guests have thrown unauthorized parties  and trashed homes.,There were Gäste that believed party with or apartments.
202,Hosts have left guests stranded in the rain.,They have re-engineered anyone in the rain.
203,"In the early days, I was customer service,  and those calls came right to my cell phone.","At the beginning of the project, I was working with clients, all the phone calls came directly to my cell phone."
204,I was at the front lines of trust breaking.,I was at the front of the line when trust was broken.
205,"And there's nothing worse than those calls,  it hurts to even think about them.","There's nothing worse than that phone call, and it's something I think if I just think about it."
206,"And the disappointment in the sound of someone's voice  was and, I would say, still is  our single greatest motivator to keep improving.",The delusion that you heard in the voice was and will always be our biggest motivation to improve us.
207,"Thankfully, out of the 123 million nights we've ever hosted,  less than a fraction of a percent have been problematic.","Luckily, the injected million ancestor had a very largely adapted problem."
208,"Turns out, people are justified in their trust.",Because people are familiar with each other.
209,"And when trust works out right,  it can be absolutely magical.","If trust works, you can create miracles."
210,"We had a guest stay with a host in Uruguay,  and he suffered a heart attack.","One of our Gäste was doing vacation in Uruguay, where he was doing a heart attack."
211,The host rushed him to the hospital.,His Gastgeber went to the hospital.
212,They donated their own blood for his operation.,He even gave blood to have surgery.
213,Let me read you his review.,Here's his pity.
214,"""Excellent house for sedentary travelers  prone to myocardial infarctions.","""The desks tend to be able to travel for travels because of the activity of heart attack."
215,The area is beautiful and has direct access to the best hospitals.,"The area is beautiful, and with enough hospitals."
216,Javier and Alejandra instantly become guardian angels  who will save your life without even knowing you.,"Yes, it's the Alejandra and the most challenging protection that saves you, even though you don't really know it."
217,They will rush you to the hospital in their own car while you're dying  and stay in the waiting room while the doctors give you a bypass.,"They drive a car in their own hospital when you die, and wait as you get a bypass."
218,"They don't want you to feel lonely, they bring you books to read.","Because they don't want one to feel it, they bring books over."
219,And they let you stay at their house extra nights without charging you.,They actually stay longer without a extra dimensions.
220,"Highly recommended!""","I can recommend it!"""
221,"Of course, not every stay is like that.","And of course, not everybody's going to get off."
222,But this connection beyond the transaction  is exactly what the sharing economy is aiming for.,But these relationships behind the money station are exactly what you want to achieve with the Share.
223,"Now, when I heard that term,  I have to admit, it tripped me up.","When I first stumbled across that term, I asked myself."
224,How do sharing and transactions go together?,How does the idea of a part of money fit together?
225,So let's be clear; it is about commerce.,It's about an economic trade.
226,"But if you just called it the rental economy,  it would be incomplete.","But it's just what we call ""the industry"" is not just about the thing."
227,The sharing economy is commerce with the promise of human connection.,Share Economy describes a hand that talks about human relationships.
228,"People share a part of themselves,  and that changes everything.","People put a part of it, and it changes everything."
229,"You know how most travel today is, like,  I think of it like fast food --  it's efficient and consistent,  at the cost of local and authentic.","Now, if you compare verreists today, it's fast food. It's efficient and reliable, but it's less authentic."
230,What if travel were like a magnificent buffet  of local experiences?,But what if travels would be a rich Buffet in local local one?
231,"What if anywhere you visited,  there was a central marketplace of locals  offering to get you thoroughly drunk  on a pub crawl in neighborhoods you didn't even know existed.","What if, in every place you were to visit, a group of waiting for a very green one, show a touch and a bar neighborhood that you've never heard of."
232,Or learning to cook from the chef of a five-star restaurant?,Is it if you could learn cooking from a five-year-old stars?
233,"Today, homes are designed around the idea of privacy and separation.","These days, apartments are designed by the private sphere."
234,What if homes were designed to be shared from the ground up?,What if we were to create apartments from the bottom of the other?
235,What would that look like?,What would that look like?
236,What if cities embraced a culture of sharing?,What if cities would assume the idea of common parts?
237,I see a future of shared cities that bring us community and connection  instead of isolation and separation.,I imagine cities that allow us to allow us to do society and relationships instead of a way of resemblance and purpose.
238,"In South Korea, in the city of Seoul,  they've actually even started this.","In South Korea, in South Korea, this project was already started, and a lot of parking lots of parking lots of people heard about government."
239,They've repurposed hundreds of government parking spots  to be shared by residents.,"Now, people were offered. student who were looking for a lead."
240,They're connecting students who need a place to live  with empty-nesters who have extra rooms.,"People were raised, and they were launched in incubator programs."
241,"And they've started an incubator to help fund the next generation  Tonight, just on our service,  785,000 people  in 191 countries  will either stay in a stranger's home  or welcome one into theirs.","To fund new economy in the Share for a team -- over our platform alone, we're going to be about seven85,000 people in 191 countries in a stranger or even a self-organization."
242,"Clearly, it's not as crazy as we were taught.",So the idea doesn't seem as crazy as it was taught us.
243,We didn't invent anything new.,We didn't re-engineer the wheel.
244,Hospitality has been around forever.,And hospitality gave it a long time ago.
245,There's been many other websites like ours.,There were similar website before us.
246,"So, why did ours eventually take off?",So why has our work?
247,"Luck and timing aside,  I've learned that you can take the components of trust,  and you can design for that.",We saw happiness and timing that we realized that you can find the pieces of trust the right design.
248,Design can overcome our most deeply rooted  stranger-danger bias.,Design can help us overcome deeply engulf of adolescence.
249,And that's amazing to me.,I think that's amazing.
250,It blows my mind.,Just overwhelming.
251,I think about this every time I see a red Miata go by.,I have to think about it every time a red Mazda goes by me.
252,"Now, we know design won't solve all the world's problems.",We know that design can't solve any problem.
253,"But if it can help out with this one,  if it can make a dent in this,  it makes me wonder, what else can we design for next?","But if it could help us, if it had this big impact, I wonder what we can do for design."
254,Thank you.,Thank you.
255,What do you think when you look at me?,What do you think about me?
256,A woman of faith? An expert?,Was there a liar? A expert?
257,Maybe even a sister.,Maybe even a sister.
258,"Or oppressed,  brainwashed,  a terrorist.","Or does a brain-class brain cords, a terrorist?"
259,Or just an airport security line delay.,"Or, just a reversal of the airport."
260,That one's actually true.,That's actually true.
261,"If some of your perceptions were negative, I don't really blame you.",I'm not going to give you the blame for your negative people.
262,That's just how the media has been portraying  people who look like me.,So the media is looking like me.
263,One study found  that 80 percent of news coverage about Islam and Muslims is negative.,One study made that 80 percent of the reports is over Islam and Muslims.
264,And studies show that Americans say that most don't know a Muslim.,"studies show you, Americans will tell you that most people would not know Muslims."
265,I guess people don't talk to their Uber drivers.,And if you don't talk to people about their own individual driver.
266,"Well, for those of you who have never met a Muslim,  it's great to meet you.","For those who have never met Muslims, it's great to learn."
267,Let me tell you who I am.,I'll tell you who I am.
268,"I'm a mom, a coffee lover --  double espresso, cream on the side.","I'm a mother, a coffee love -- double-scale, extra extraterrestrial."
269,I'm an introvert.,I am an introvert.
270,I'm a wannabe fitness fanatic.,"One-fearness, anatiker."
271,"And I'm a practicing, spiritual Muslim.","And I'm a practiced, spiritual Muslims."
272,"But not like Lady Gaga says, because baby, I wasn't born this way.","But not like Lady Gaga singing, because baby, I wasn't born that way."
273,It was a choice.,I decided to do this.
274,"When I was 17, I decided to come out.","When I was 17 years old, I met the decision to come out."
275,"No, not as a gay person like some of my friends,  but as a Muslim,  and decided to start wearing the hijab, my head covering.","No, not as a homosex, as some of my friends, but as Muslim, I decided to wear the obstacle, to my head a bit."
276,"My feminist friends were aghast:  ""Why are you oppressing yourself?""","My feminist friends were very upset, ""Why are you underflies?"""
277,"The funny thing was,  it was actually at that time a feminist declaration of independence  from the pressure I felt as a 17-year-old,  to conform to a perfect and unattainable standard of beauty.","The fun thing was, for me, was that it was a feminist chance for me, and that was the pressure I felt as a 17-year-old, feeling a perfect and un-old beautyside."
278,I didn't just passively accept the faith of my parents.,I didn't just take the belief of my parents.
279,I wrestled with the Quran.,I rescued with the Koran.
280,"I read and reflected and questioned and doubted  and, ultimately, believed.","I read him, he thought, you know, he thought, sat down, and I thought, you know, two years ago."
281,My relationship with God -- it was not love at first sight.,My relationship with God wasn't love on the first look.
282,It was a trust and a slow surrender  that deepened with every reading of the Quran.,She was trust and slowly commitment to the copying of the readers with anyone.
283,Its rhythmic beauty sometimes moves me to tears.,The beauty of rhythms sometimes brings me to wine.
284,I see myself in it. I feel that God knows me.,I know myself in it. I feel that God knows me.
285,"Have you ever felt like someone sees you, completely understands you  and yet loves you anyway?","Did you ever feel someone's mind you're completely understand, and yet somehow?"
286,That's how it feels.,That's how it feels.
287,"And so later, I got married,  and like all good Egyptians,  started my career as an engineer.","I later got married, and I started to get married, and I started to get married as good Egyptian, my career as an engineer."
288,"I later had a child, after getting married,  and I was living essentially the Egyptian-American dream.","I had later, after my shirt, a child, and basically lived the ""gyptic dream."""
289,"And then that terrible morning of September, 2001.",Then the terrible morning in September 2001.
290,I think a lot of you probably remember exactly where you were that morning.,Many of you may remember exactly where they were there.
291,"I was sitting in my kitchen finishing breakfast,  and I look up on the screen and see the words ""Breaking News.""","I was sitting in my kitchen, at the end of the screen, looking at the screen and saw the word ""Eilungarian."""
292,"There was smoke, airplanes flying into buildings,  people jumping out of buildings.","There was smoke, planes flew in buildings, people sat down and they would sat in the buildings."
293,What was this?,What was that?
294,An accident?,Is it a crash?
295,A malfunction?,It's a technical disorder?
296,My shock quickly turned to outrage.,My shock was transformed quickly.
297,Who would do this?,Why would you do that?
298,"And I switch the channel and I hear,  ""... Muslim terrorist ...,""  ""... in the name of Islam ...,""  ""... Middle-Eastern descent ...,""  ""... jihad ...,""  ""... we should bomb Mecca.""","I changed television and I heard, ""mus terrorist terrorists"" -- ""The Islam is,"" ""The Lording... "" ""NoNo... ""NoNo... ""NoNo... ""NoNo... ""NoNo... ""NoNo... ""NoNoNo..."
299,Oh my God.,"Oh, my God."
300,"Not only had my country been attacked,  but in a flash,  somebody else's actions had turned me from a citizen  to a suspect.","It's not only been attacked my country, but the fact that really turned me from another citizen into a citizen."
301,"That same day, we had to drive across Middle America  to move to a new city to start grad school.","And the same day, we had to go through the West in the United States to move to a new city and start building students."
302,"And I remember sitting in the passenger seat  as we drove in silence,  crouched as low as I could go in my seat,  for the first time in my life, afraid for anyone to know I was a Muslim.","I remember being -- as we were driving in my seats -- hardly far in my seat, and I was watching the first time being a Muslims."
303,We moved into our apartment that night in a new town  in what felt like a completely different world.,"We moved to this night in our apartment, in a new city where it felt like a completely different world."
304,"And then I was hearing and seeing and reading  warnings from national Muslim organizations  saying things like, ""Be alert,"" ""Be aware,""  ""Stay in well-lit areas,"" ""Don't congregate.""","And then it heard and I read the wars of the national Islamic organizations saying, ""Sed it carefully,"" ""Sed carefully,"" ""Borted areas,"" ""snol on the ""smetic."""
305,I stayed inside all week.,I stayed inside the week.
306,"And then it was Friday that same week,  the day that Muslims congregate for worship.",Then it was blown Friday every week -- the day that Muslims blew up to the defuse.
307,"And again the warnings were, ""Don't go that first Friday,  it could be a target.""","And again, the waiting said, ""Don't look at this first Friday that might be a goal."""
308,"And I was watching the news, wall-to-wall coverage.",I looked at the fathers instead of a report.
309,"Emotions were so raw, understandably,  and I was also hearing about attacks on Muslims,  or people who were perceived to be Muslim, being pulled out and beaten in the street.","The feelings were madly entic and I heard of attacks on Muslims or of people who thought were free, sasnorted and saped by Muslims."
310,Mosques were actually firebombed.,There were really Brand based on mosques.
311,"And I thought, we should just stay home.",I thought we should stay home.
312,"And yet, something didn't feel right.",But something didn't feel right.
313,Because those people who attacked our country  attacked our country.,Because the people who were attacked this country were attacked our country.
314,I get it that people were angry at the terrorists.,I figured out the anger of the people who rely on terrorists.
315,Guess what? So was I.,Imagine! I was angry too.
316,And so to have to explain yourself all the time isn't easy.,It's not easy to explain themselves differently.
317,I don't mind questions. I love questions.,"I have nothing against questions, I love questions."
318,It's the accusations that are tough.,They are the excuses that are hard.
319,"Today we hear people actually saying things like,  ""There's a problem in this country, and it's called Muslims.","We can actually hear people saying, ""There's a problem in this country -- Muslims are hearing it."
320,"When are we going to get rid of them?""","When are we going to get rid of them?"""
321,"So, some people want to ban Muslims and close down mosques.","Some people want Muslims, and they want to finish Muslims and mosques."
322,They talk about my community kind of like we're a tumor  in the body of America.,They talk about my community like a tumor in the body of America.
323,"And the only question is, are we malignant or benign?",It's just the question: are we suck or good?
324,"You know, a malignant tumor you extract altogether,  and a benign tumor you just keep under surveillance.","You know, it's a great tumor removed when it comes to a whole, and it's a great tumor you just think of as observation."
325,"The choices don't make sense, because it's the wrong question.","The alternative isn't there, because the question is wrong."
326,"Muslims, like all other Americans, aren't a tumor in the body of America,  we're a vital organ.","Muslims, as all Americans, not tumor in the body of the United States, but are a living organ."
327,Thank you.,Thank you.
328,"Muslims are inventors and teachers,  first responders and Olympic athletes.","Muslims are inventors and teachers, firsthels and oil spills."
329,"Now, is closing down mosques going to make America safer?",Will the molecular America make sure that we make?
330,"It might free up some parking spots,  but it will not end terrorism.","It may hold a few parking lots, but it doesn't stop the terrorist."
331,Going to a mosque regularly is actually linked  to having more tolerant views of people of other faiths  and greater civic engagement.,"The regular visit led to a mosque, looking at other people tolerant faith, and showing greater citizens of citizens."
332,"And as one police chief in the Washington, DC area  recently told me,  people don't actually get radicalized at mosques.","And as I was a leader in Washington, DC recently told me, people aren't actually radically radically radicalized."
333,"They get radicalized in their basement or bedroom, in front of a computer.",They're radically radically radically radically radically radically radically radically radically radically radically radically radically radicallyized in their basement or in bed in front of a computer.
334,"And what you find about the radicalization process  is it starts online,  is the person gets cut off from their community,  from even their family,  so that the extremist group can brainwash them  into believing that they, the terrorists, are the true Muslims,  and everyone else who abhors their behavior and ideology  are sellouts or apostates.","In the radicalization, you've noticed that it starts online. It's the first thing that the person in their community is cut off their communities, even from their family, can make the extreme group of brain systems so that the person believed that the terrorists are the true Muslims, and everybody who has gotten their behavior and their behaviors and their faith, or faith."
335,"So if we want to prevent radicalization,  we have to keep people going to the mosque.","If we want to prevent radius, we need to stop people from going to the mosque."
336,"Now, some will still argue Islam is a violent religion.",Some of them are still going to be a claim that Islam is a violent religion.
337,"After all, a group like ISIS bases its brutality on the Quran.","Finally, a group like the war on her brother-graders have started with the Koran."
338,"Now, as a Muslim, as a mother, as a human being,  I think we need to do everything we can to stop a group like ISIS.","As a Muslims, as a mother, as a person, I think we need to do everything we need to stop a group like the pee."
339,But we would be giving in to their narrative  if we cast them as representatives of a faith of 1.6 billion people.,But we would put ourselves in their notions of the world if one is a 1.3 billion in 4.64.6.
340,Thank you.,Thank you.
341,ISIS has as much to do with Islam  as the Ku Klux Klan has to do with Christianity.,"The IS has so much to do with Islam, like the Ku-Kluxlanlanlan."
342,Both groups claim to base their ideology on their holy book.,Both groups have found their cosmology on their holy book.
343,"But when you look at them, they're not motivated  by what they read in their holy book.","But if you look at them, it doesn't take them to what they read in their sacred writer."
344,It's their brutality that makes them read these things into the scripture.,It's their brutality that makes them read these things into writing.
345,"Recently, a prominent imam told me a story that really took me aback.",And a wonderful story told me recently.
346,He said that a girl came to him  because she was thinking of going to join ISIS.,"A girl came to him because she was ugly, to close to the transition."
347,"And I was really surprised and asked him,  had she been in contact with a radical religious leader?","I was really surprised, and I asked him if she was in contact with radical religious leaders."
348,"And he said the problem was quite the opposite,  that every cleric that she had talked to had shut her down  and said that her rage, her sense of injustice in the world,  was just going to get her in trouble.","He said the problem was that the opposite. Every spirit that she talked to the sulfur and said she knew her that her anger, her re-oracle, she would only bring her to the injustice in the world, she would only bring her to trouble."
349,"And so with nowhere to channel and make sense of this anger,  she was a prime target to be exploited  by extremists promising her a solution.","From nothing inspired and something that their anger would have given sense of, she was a major goal for the instrumentalization through extremes that forget her."
350,What this imam did was to connect her back to God and to her community.,This is the connection to God and to her community.
351,"He didn't shame her for her rage -- instead, he gave her constructive ways  to make real change in the world.","Instead of guilty for her anger, he showed her constructed ways for a real change in the world."
352,What she learned at that mosque prevented her from going to join ISIS.,"What she learned in the mosque, she pulled before they got to the pee."
353,I've told you a little bit  about how Islamophobia affects me and my family.,This was a glimpse of how Islamophng me and my family's family's Islam.
354,But how does it impact ordinary Americans?,But how does it look like normal Americans?
355,How does it impact everyone else?,How does it look like everybody else does?
356,"How does consuming fear 24 hours a day affect the health of our democracy,  the health of our free thought?","What does the 24-hour consumption look like every day of our democracy, on our thoughts?"
357,"Well, one study -- actually, several studies in neuroscience --  show that when we're afraid, at least three things happen.","A study -- actually, several neurology scientific studies -- let's start by saying, if we're real at least three things."
358,"We become more accepting of authoritarianism,  conformity and prejudice.","We accept rather a authoritarian government system, a form and judge."
359,"One study showed that when subjects were exposed to news stories  that were negative about Muslims,  they became more accepting of military attacks on Muslim countries  and policies that curtail the rights of American Muslims.","A study shows: if you took tests in the negative news that was reported to Muslims, more based on military attacks, and the rise of the United States as a result of the Muslims Muslims."
360,"Now, this isn't just academic.",It's not just a academic problem.
361,"When you look at when anti-Muslim sentiment spiked  between 2001 and 2013,  it happened three times,  but it wasn't around terrorist attacks.","If you look, when the mood took up -- in the Muslims and 2013 -- this happened three times, but never in context of terror attacks."
362,It was in the run up to the Iraq War and during two election cycles.,"It happened in the Iraq War, and it happened twice the experiment."
363,So Islamophobia isn't just the natural response to Muslim terrorism  as I would have expected.,"So Islamophphobia isn't simply the natural response to Mosle, as I expected it."
364,"It can actually be a tool of public manipulation,  eroding the very foundation of a free society,  which is rational and well-informed citizens.",It can actually be a tool for public services to be a foundation of free society that has linked and good citizens.
365,Muslims are like canaries in the coal mine.,The way we think about Muslims is an early warning.
366,"We might be the first to feel it,  but the toxic air of fear is harming us all.","We may feel it as the first one, but the toxic air of fear is frightened."
367,And assigning collective guilt  isn't just about having to explain yourself all the time.,"In the instructions of collective, it's not just about explaining itself."
368,"Deah and his wife Yusor were a young married couple  living in Chapel Hill, North Carolina,  where they both went to school.","Deah and his wife were a young, married pair of Hill, North Carolina, where they were going to school."
369,Deah was an athlete.,Deah was a sportsman.
370,"He was in dental school, talented, promising ...","He was a perfect medical defensive, a lot promise..."
371,"And his sister would tell me that he was the sweetest,  most generous human being she knew.","His sister would tell me that he was the most sweet, generous human being that she knew."
372,"She was visiting him there and he showed her his resume,  and she was amazed.",She went there and he showed her life. She was amazing.
373,"She said, ""When did my baby brother become such an accomplished young man?""","""What has it become like a brothers like this young man?"""
374,"Just a few weeks after Suzanne's visit to her brother and his new wife,  their neighbor,  Craig Stephen Hicks,  murdered them,  as well as Yusor's sister, Razan, who was visiting for the afternoon,  in their apartment,  execution style,  after posting anti-Muslim statements on his Facebook page.","Just a few weeks after Suzanne's visit at Suzanne and his wife, Craig Stephen Hick, she had mornings, as well as the sister of Yusor, Raz's sister, Razean, who was there in the afternoon, and he was in her apartment, after he had gotten on Muslim direction on his Facebook page."
375,He shot Deah eight times.,He shot eight times.
376,"So bigotry isn't just immoral, it can even be lethal.","Now, Fanism can't be moral, but it can also be deadly."
377,"So, back to my story.",So back to the beginning.
378,What happened after 9/11?,What happened after 9/11?
379,Did we go to the mosque or did we play it safe and stay home?,"Are we going to the mosque, or are we going to make sure that we were going to go home?"
380,"Well, we talked it over,  and it might seem like a small decision, but to us,  it was about what kind of America we wanted to leave for our kids:  one that would control us by fear  or one where we were practicing our religion freely.","We talked and it wasn't a very easy decision, because it was about the America that we want to leave our children, one that would control us through fear, or one that we could get free from our religion."
381,So we decided to go to the mosque.,We decided to go for the mosque.
382,"And we put my son in his car seat,  buckled him in, and we drove silently, intensely, to the mosque.","With our son, we drove, we went to the high pressures with high pressures."
383,"I took him out, I took off my shoes, I walked into the prayer hall  and what I saw made me stop.","I took him out, I moved my shoes out, went to the prayer, and what I saw was screaming me."
384,The place was completely full.,The hall was filled with it.
385,"And then the imam made an announcement,  thanking and welcoming our guests,  because half the congregation  were Christians, Jews, Buddhists, atheists,  people of faith and no faith,  who had come not to attack us, but to stand in solidarity with us.","Then the one an assumption was to be a re-construct, and our people who were willing to come together because half of the people who were Christians, Buddhist, Buddhist, atheists, Gs and non-zero-sumness, who hadn't been able to get to get involved in us."
386,I just break down at this time.,And I'm broken together at that moment.
387,These people were there because they chose courage and compassion  over panic and prejudice.,These people were there because they were a courage and compassion and aurteil.
388,What will you choose?,What are you going to choose?
389,What will you choose at this time of fear and bigotry?,"What are you going to do right now, frightened and choose for the fantasy?"
390,Will you play it safe?,Are you going to make sure that you're going to go?
391,Or will you join those who say  we are better than that?,Or will you join the ones that mean: we're better than those.
392,Thank you.,Thank you very much.
393,Thank you so much.,Thank you.
394,"Helen Walters: So Dalia, you seem to have struck a chord.","Helen Walters: So Dalia, you seem to have met a nerve."
395,"But I wonder,  what would you say to those who might argue  that you're giving a TED Talk,  you're clearly a deep thinker,  you work at a fancy think tank,  you're an exception, you're not the rule.","But I wonder what to say to you, those who may say you may say that you think you're a TEDTalk, a thinker with deep-sea thinker, in a noble-skn factory, so one exception and not the rule."
396,What would you say to those people?,What would you say to those people?
397,"Dalia Mogahed: I would say, don't let this stage distract you,  I'm completely ordinary.",Dalia Mogad: I wouldn't tell you. I'm totally normal.
398,I'm not an exception.,I'm not an exception.
399,My story is not unusual.,My story is not unusual.
400,I am as ordinary as they come.,I'm so common as it allows you to.
401,"When you look at Muslims around the world --  and I've done this, I've done the largest study ever done  on Muslims around the world --  people want ordinary things.","If you look around the world Muslims, and I did the biggest study of ever done in Muslims all over the world, people would like to normal things."
402,"They want prosperity for their family,  they want jobs  and they want to live in peace.",They want prosperity for the family; they want to live in peace.
403,So I am not in any way an exception.,So I'm not an exception in any way.
404,"When you meet people who seem like an exception to the rule,  oftentimes it's that the rule is broken,  not that they're an exception to it.","When people appear like a rule to the rule, the rule has been broken, and they're not the exception to the policy."
405,HW: Thank you so much. Dalia Mogahed.,HW: Thank you. Dalia Mogad.
406,What started as a platform for hobbyists  is poised to become a multibillion-dollar industry.,"What started as a platform for Basan, is about to become a billion business in front of it."
407,"Inspection, environmental monitoring, photography and film and journalism:  these are some of the potential applications for commercial drones,  and their enablers are the capabilities being developed  at research facilities around the world.","control, environmental surveillance, photographs, films and journalism: This is some of the possible applications for free. M. M. M. Ms are made this into research worldwide."
408,"For example, before aerial package delivery  entered our social consciousness,  an autonomous fleet of flying machines built a six-meter-tall tower  composed of 1,500 bricks  in front of a live audience at the FRAC Centre in France,  and several years ago, they started to fly with ropes.","Before air-made air-sand-a-half years ago, an autonomous fet, an autonomous frog engine built in the flies Centre in France in France, a six-foot tower from 500 meters ago, they started flying off with Seila."
409,"By tethering flying machines,  they can achieve high speeds and accelerations in very tight spaces.",By focusing on each other's high speed and accelerating space.
410,They can also autonomously build tensile structures.,They can also build self-replicating structures.
411,"Skills learned include how to carry loads,  how to cope with disturbances,  and in general, how to interact with the physical world.","They've learned to wear trucks, to deal with  Turbulence to respond and respond to nature generally."
412,Today we want to show you some new projects that we've been working on.,Today we want to show you a few of our new projects.
413,Their aim is to push the boundary of what can be achieved  with autonomous flight.,Our goal is to prevent the limits of the autonomous flight.
414,"Now, for a system to function autonomously,  it must collectively know the location of its mobile objects in space.",So a system of autonomously does have to know where in the room the mobile objects are.
415,"Back at our lab at ETH Zurich,  we often use external cameras to locate objects,  which then allows us to focus our efforts  on the rapid development of highly dynamic tasks.","In our lab, we often use external cameras to find objects, and that allows us to focus on the quick development of dynamic development."
416,"For the demos you will see today, however,  we will use new localization technology developed by Verity Studios,  a spin-off from our lab.","For today's demonstration, we're using a new localization of reversal technology, a culosis of our lab."
417,There are no external cameras.,There's no external cameras.
418,Each flying machine uses onboard sensors to determine its location in space  and onboard computation to determine what its actions should be.,"Every flight machine has internal sensors to determine the position in the room, computations from what the machine should do."
419,"The only external commands are high-level ones  such as ""take off"" and ""land.""","There are command commands on the highest level. ""P. ""P. and open."""
420,This is a so-called tail-sitter.,This is what's called a tail re-in-the-wall.
421,It's an aircraft that tries to have its cake and eat it.,It's a aircraft aircraft trying to beat two flies with a force.
422,"Like other fixed-wing aircraft, it is efficient in forward flight,  much more so than helicopters and variations thereof.","As other stars are in front of it, in the flight, far more efficient, much more efficient than helicopters in all of their variations."
423,"Unlike most other fixed-wing aircraft, however,  it is capable of hovering,  which has huge advantages for takeoff, landing  and general versatility.","Unlike most starving crops, it can float through a lot of oil benefits and land, and it's very vielseitig."
424,"There is no free lunch, unfortunately.","However, there's always a cliche side."
425,One of the limitations with tail-sitters  is that they're susceptible to disturbances such as wind gusts.,A limitation of tail star is they're sensitive to Turbulence like wind.
426,We're developing new control architectures and algorithms  that address this limitation.,We're developing new taxities and algorithms to improve this.
427,"The idea is for the aircraft to recover  no matter what state it finds itself in,  and through practice, improve its performance over time.","The idea is that the flight device doesn't matter what the optimal position can be improved, and it can be improved by evil."
428,OK.,Okay.
429,"When doing research,  we often ask ourselves fundamental abstract questions  that try to get at the heart of a matter.","As we often ask ourselves, we're very fundamentally asking the key questions about the core of the thing."
430,"For example, one such question would be,  what is the minimum number of moving parts needed for controlled flight?","So, for example, would be a question like this: what is the small impossible number of things to controlled parts?"
431,"Now, there are practical reasons  why you may want to know the answer to such a question.",There are practical reasons to want to know the answer to this question.
432,"Helicopters, for example,  are affectionately known as machines with a thousand moving parts  all conspiring to do you bodily harm.",helicopters are about as machines familiar with thousands of pieces that are related to hurt you.
433,"It turns out that decades ago,  skilled pilots were able to fly remote-controlled aircraft  that had only two moving parts:  a propeller and a tail rudder.","Over decades ago, a dead pilot's able to fly away, the only two squatters had a prop and a tail block of a tail."
434,We recently discovered that it could be done with just one.,We discovered in the longest that fly only works with one.
435,"This is the monospinner,  the world's mechanically simplest controllable flying machine,  invented just a few months ago.","This is the monosopin, the most simple, simple flight-powered flight. It was invented just before the monolithic flight."
436,"It has only one moving part, a propeller.","It just has a trawling part, a propeller."
437,"It has no flaps, no hinges, no ailerons,  no other actuators, no other control surfaces,  just a simple propeller.","No class, California and cross-section, no more resemblance or control, just a prophedron."
438,"Even though it's mechanically simple,  there's a lot going on in its little electronic brain  to allow it to fly in a stable fashion and to move anywhere it wants in space.","Although it's mechanically simple, in interior life, so it can stable it, and move around in the room all over the place."
439,"Even so, it doesn't yet have  the sophisticated algorithms of the tail-sitter,  which means that in order to get it to fly,  I have to throw it just right.","Yet it doesn't really mean it about the elegant algorithm in the squirt algorithm, so to fly it, I have to throw it right."
440,"And because the probability of me throwing it just right is very low,  given everybody watching me,  what we're going to do instead  is show you a video that we shot last night.","The probability of suck it right to see me, is humbling, so I'm going to show you a video that was filmed last night."
441,"If the monospinner is an exercise in frugality,  this machine here, the omnicopter, with its eight propellers,  is an exercise in excess.","If the monospin is a exercise in gene, this machine here, the  Omniopter with his eight Propeller, an practice flow in over time."
442,What can you do with all this surplus?,What about all this flow?
443,The thing to notice is that it is highly symmetric.,"You can see that it's dead, symmetrical."
444,"As a result, it is ambivalent to orientation.",That's why he's ambivalent in his engineering.
445,This gives it an extraordinary capability.,And so this gets the audacity to get the audacity.
446,It can move anywhere it wants in space  irrespective of where it is facing  and even of how it is rotating.,"It turns out that in space at all, no matter what direction it's rotated, or even like it's red."
447,"It has its own complexities,  mainly having to do with the interacting flows  from its eight propellers.","Of course, he's complex, mostly in the realm of interactive rivers of eight Props."
448,"Some of this can be modeled, while the rest can be learned on the fly.",Some of them are imaginable in models that will learn directly as flies.
449,Let's take a look.,Let's see.
450,"If flying machines are going to enter part of our daily lives,  they will need to become extremely safe and reliable.","If the machines are supposed to be part of our everyday life, they have to be extremely safe and reliable."
451,This machine over here  is actually two separate two-propeller flying machines.,This machine is made up of two separateprop machines.
452,This one wants to spin clockwise.,This is a clock in the clock.
453,This other one wants to spin counterclockwise.,And the other one is slowed down the clock.
454,"When you put them together,  they behave like one high-performance quadrocopter.","If you build them together, they behave like high-speed high-speed helicopter."
455,"If anything goes wrong, however --  a motor fails, a propeller fails, electronics, even a battery pack --  the machine can still fly, albeit in a degraded fashion.","But a little wrong -- a motor or a propeller, or electronics or a a cliche -- can also go on a machine if it's limited."
456,We're going to demonstrate this to you now by disabling one of its halves.,We're going to demonstrate that by going to half a trip.
457,This last demonstration  is an exploration of synthetic swarms.,The last demonstration of synthetic swarms.
458,"The large number of autonomous, coordinated entities  offers a new palette for aesthetic expression.","The large number of autonomous, koornorassic units enabled a paleoore of aesthetic expression."
459,"We've taken commercially available micro quadcopters,  each weighing less than a slice of bread, by the way,  and outfitted them with our localization technology  and custom algorithms.",We were taking Micro Micro Microopteropter -- each one of them as a Sche bread -- and instead they were taking local technologies and algorithms.
460,"Because each unit knows where it is in space  and is self-controlled,  there is really no limit to their number.","Every unit knows where it is in the room, and is self-organizing. That's not a top line."
461,"Hopefully, these demonstrations will motivate you to dream up  new revolutionary roles for flying machines.",Hopefully you're going to try to think of these demos of new revolutionary ideas.
462,That ultrasafe one over there for example  has aspirations to become a flying lampshade on Broadway.,The particularly safe machine would like to be a Broadway-like wing light.
463,The reality is that it is difficult to predict  the impact of nascent technology.,Of course it's difficult to predict the influence of this technology.
464,"And for folks like us, the real reward is the journey and the act of creation.","For guys, the lung is in development and the creativity."
465,"It's a continual reminder  of how wonderful and magical the universe we live in is,  that it allows creative, clever creatures  to sculpt it in such spectacular ways.","It's as memory, as beautiful and ecstasy our universe, and it allows you to shape the creative minds that it allows you to form in such spectacular ways."
466,The fact that this technology  has such huge commercial and economic potential  is just icing on the cake.,The fact that this technology has such massive and economic potential is that it's a bag on which.
467,Thank you.,Thank you very much.
468,"1.3 billion years ago,  in a distant, distant galaxy,  two black holes locked into a spiral,  converting three Suns' worth of stuff  into pure energy in a tenth of a second.","1.3 billion years ago, orbiting into a very distant galaxy, two black holes were always based faster, and they turned the mass three suns into a tenth of a second."
469,"For that brief moment in time,  the glow was brighter than all the stars  in all the galaxies  in all of the known Universe.","These short moments, they sat brighter than all stars together in all galaxies of the universe, for all of us."
470,It was a very  big  bang.,It was a very big space.
471,But they didn't release their energy in light.,But they didn't put energy into the form of light.
472,"I mean, you know, they're black holes.",We finally talk about black holes.
473,"All that energy was pumped into the fabric of space and time itself,  making the Universe explode in gravitational waves.","All of the energy was self-assembled into space-time, and the universe exploded in gravitational waves."
474,Let me give you a sense of the timescale at work here.,"Or we first do this, we start becoming a time."
475,"1.3 billion years ago,  Earth had just managed to evolve multicellular life.","1.3 billion years ago, life had just been sex and 1.3 billion years ago."
476,"Since then, Earth has made and evolved  corals, fish, plants, dinosaurs, people and even -- God save us -- the Internet.","Since then, the Earth has taught some of the Earth: corals, fish, plants, oxygen, people and -- God, even the Internet."
477,"And about 25 years ago,  a particularly audacious set of people --  Rai Weiss at MIT, Kip Thorne and Ronald Drever at Caltech --  to build a giant laser detector  with which to search for the gravitational waves  from things like colliding black holes.","About 25 years ago, a group of courage -- Rai creatures, Kip Thor and Ronaldever came from Caltech to build a huge laser detector, looking for gravity, which emerges about a black holes."
478,"Now, most people thought they were nuts.",Most of them thought they were crazy.
479,But enough people realized that they were brilliant nuts  that the US National Science Foundation decided to fund their crazy idea.,"But enough people knew them as crazy genius, so that the U.S. National Science Foundation gave this idea."
480,"So after decades of development,  construction and imagination  and a breathtaking amount of hard work,  they built their detector, called LIGO:  The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory.","After 10 years of pregnant development, concepts and extremely hard labor made them a lot of hard labor: the laser-scale gravitational state wave."
481,"For the last several years,  LIGO's been undergoing a huge expansion in its accuracy,  a tremendous improvement in its detection ability.","In the consequence of LIGO, the recognition of far-time power was improved."
482,It's now called Advanced LIGO as a result.,So now you call it Advanced LIGO.
483,"In early September of 2015,  LIGO turned on for a final test run  while they sorted out a few lingering details.","At the beginning of September 2015GO, the last test started to explain some smaller, hard-to-day problems."
484,"And on September 14 of 2015,  just days after the detector had gone live,  the gravitational waves from those colliding black holes  passed through the Earth.","On 14 14th of September, only a few days after the detectonics of the detectonic, the gravitational waves of both lions of the black holes dragged through the Earth."
485,And they passed through you and me.,They went through you and me.
486,And they passed through the detector.,And also through the detector.
487,Scott Hughes: There's two moments in my life  more emotionally intense than that.,Scott Hughes: Only two moments in my life were emotional than this one.
488,One is the birth of my daughter.,The birth of my daughter.
489,The other is when I had to say goodbye to my father when he was terminally ill.,And the father of my sick father.
490,"You know, it was the payoff of my career, basically.","Basically, these were the fruits of my life."
491,"Everything I'd been working on -- it's no longer science fiction!   Allan Adams: So that's my very good friend and collaborator, Scott Hughes,  a theoretical physicist at MIT,  who has been studying gravitational waves from black holes  and the signals that they could impart on observatories like LIGO,  So let me take a moment to tell you what I mean by a gravitational wave.","All that I've been working for, which is no longer science fiction -- AA's had a very good friend, AA and Scott Hughes, theoretical physicists at MIT, looked at gravity for 23 years, where they've been looking at gravity and their observaal signals like LIGO signals, but what are gravity?"
492,A gravitational wave is a ripple  in the shape of space and time.,A gravitational wave is a sound in the midst of space and time.
493,"As the wave passes by,  it stretches space and everything in it  in one direction,  and compresses it in the other.","And then, as we move across the wave of space and its entire content, we're going to have to go into a direction and re-eyed space."
494,This has led to countless instructors of general relativity  doing a really silly dance to demonstrate in their classes on general relativity.,"There's a lot of talk about dopamine in course, with relativity, to relativity, often a silly dance."
495,"""It stretches and expands, it stretches and expands.""","""Deuld and dive, deplete and come."""
496,So the trouble with gravitational waves  is that they're very weak; they're preposterously weak.,"The problem is that gravitational waves are extremely affordable, even ridiculous."
497,"For example, the waves that hit us on September 14 --  and yes, every single one of you stretched and compressed  under the action of that wave --  when the waves hit, they stretched the average person  by one part in 10 to the 21.","On 14 14th, for example, every one of us was raised on the waves and stolen the average person, and the average person was wore 10 to three."
498,"That's a decimal place, 20 zeroes,  That's why everyone thought the LIGO people were nuts.","That means 20 zeros after the community, followed by a Dar Dar explains the chance for crazy."
499,Even with a laser detector five kilometers long -- and that's already crazy --  they would have to measure the length of those detectors  to less than one thousandth of the radius of the nucleus  of an atom.,"With a five-mile laser, and that's absurd, it has to be already less than a thousand-inch atomic-like atom. That's a big deal."
500,And that's preposterous.,"At the end of his classic text, gravity goes across."
501,"So towards the end of his classic text on gravity,  described the hunt for gravitational waves as follows:  He said, ""The technical difficulties to be surmounted  in constructing such detectors are enormous.","And I described Kip Thors, a compassion LI re-eyed community, who said, ""The way to treat these technological problems are enormously violent."
502,"But physicists are ingenious,  and with the support of a broad lay public,  all obstacles will surely be overcome.""","But physicists are inventord, and with the public support, all the obstacles are thrown over caps."""
503,"Thorne published that in 1973,  42 years before he succeeded.","Thorned this in 1973, 42 years before his success."
504,"Now, coming back to LIGO,  Scott likes to say that LIGO acts like an ear more than it does like an eye.",Back to LIGO. Scott would like to say that LIGO is more than one eye is.
505,I want to explain what that means.,I want to explain what that means.
506,"Visible light has a wavelength, a size,  that's much smaller than the things around you,  the features on people's faces,  the size of your cell phone.","And the kind of light has a wavelength that's much smaller than the things around us: face suits, the size of your cell phone."
507,"And that's really useful,  because it lets you make an image or a map of the things around you,  by looking at the light coming from different spots  in the scene about you.","That's quite practical, because you can make a picture or a map of things by coming out of several points of light around you."
508,Sound is different.,It's different in sound.
509,Audible sound has a wavelength that can be up to 50 feet long.,Listening sound has a wavelength of about 15 meters.
510,"And that makes it really difficult --  in fact, in practical purposes, impossible -- to make an image  of something you really care about.","So, it's very hard to actually make an image of things that tell you very much."
511,Your child's face.,The face of your child is about.
512,"Instead, we use sound to listen for features like pitch  and tone and rhythm and volume  to infer a story behind the sounds.","Instead, we're laughing at certain traits like clay and Italy, rhythm and loud, to close that story down."
513,That's Alice talking.,"""As just talks Alice."""
514,That's Bob interrupting.,"""And Bob is bribed."""
515,Silly Bob.,"""Dmer Bob."""
516,"So, the same is true of gravitational waves.",Same thing for gravitational waves.
517,We can't use them to make simple images of things out in the Universe.,We can't make them simple pictures of objects in space.
518,"But by listening to changes  in the amplitude and frequency of those waves,  we can hear the story that those waves are telling.","But by looking at changes in the '60s and writing frequency of waves, we can listen to their stories."
519,"And at least for LIGO,  the frequencies that it can hear are in the audio band.",At least for LIGO measured the frequency of the listen.
520,"So if we convert the wave patterns into pressure waves and air, into sound,  we can literally hear the Universe speaking to us.","So if we turn waves into sound, we can literally hear the whole thing."
521,"For example, listening to gravity, just in this way,  can tell us a lot about the collision of two black holes,  something my colleague Scott has spent an awful lot of time thinking about.",The gravitational can tell us about the collision two about the collisions of black holes where my colleague is going on Scott for a long time.
522,"SH: If the two black holes are non-spinning, you get a very simple chirp: whoop!","SH: Two black, not sludge, just suck."
523,"If the two bodies are spinning very rapidly, I have that same chirp,  but with a modulation on top of it,  so it kind of goes: whir, whir, whir!","The two bodies very quickly, you heard the same quote with an extra clay, and it sounds like that:w-wo-wp-wo-w."
524,It's sort of the vocabulary of spin imprinted on this waveform.,"It's a kind of a motion-based, spit into the waves."
525,"AA: So on September 14, 2015,  a date that's definitely going to live in my memory,  LIGO heard this:  [Whirring sound]  So if you know how to listen, that is the sound of --   SH: ... two black holes, each of about 30 solar masses,  that were whirling around at a rate  comparable to what goes on in your blender.","AA: On September 14 14th of September -- one of my date -- at least I never forget -- the sounds of law, the sound knows what it's like -- SHcening, recognizes it as sound -- SHing from -- SHers from any black holes -- from any black holes that are about as fast as the tribes are doing."
526,AA: It's worth pausing here to think about what that means.,AA: Let's think about what that means.
527,"Two black holes, the densest thing in the Universe,  one with a mass of 29 Suns  and one with a mass of 36 Suns,  whirling around each other 100 times per second  before they collide.","Two black holes that are interconnections in space with a mass of 29 sun, a mass of mass of 36 times a second, whereas hundreds of times a second before they work."
528,Just imagine the power of that.,Imagine that forces.
529,It's fantastic.,Fantastic.
530,And we know it because we heard it.,And we know about it because we heard it.
531,That's the lasting importance of LIGO.,That's what LIGO are.
532,It's an entirely new way to observe the Universe  that we've never had before.,"Unfortunately, a whole new way of exploring space as it never had before."
533,It's a way that lets us hear the Universe  and hear the invisible.,"So, in this way, we can listen to space and hear the invisible."
534,And there's a lot out there that we can't see --  in practice or even in principle.,"A lot of things in space, we can basically see -- not basically."
535,"So supernova, for example:  I would love to know why very massive stars explode in supernovae.","A supernova, for example. I'd like to know why massive stars exploded in supernovae."
536,They're very useful;  we've learned a lot about the Universe from them.,"They're very useful. From those, we've learned a lot about space."
537,"The problem is, all the interesting physics happens in the core,  and the core is hidden behind thousands of kilometers  of iron and carbon and silicon.","The exciting physical activity is that the core of the tens of thousands of miles of iron, carbon and a half miles away is hidden."
538,"We'll never see through it, it's opaque to light.",We'll never see through it because these Pakistan are Pakistan.
539,"Gravitational waves go through iron as if it were glass --  The Big Bang: I would love to be able to explore  the first few moments of the Universe,  but we'll never see them,  because the Big Bang itself is obscured by its own afterglow.","gravitational waves of iron, as if it were transparent. The Big Bang: I would like to explore the first few minutes of space, but we will never see them because the Big Bang is being covered by its own neighbor."
540,"With gravitational waves,  we should be able to see all the way back to the beginning.","With gravitational waves, it should be possible to look back up to the beginning."
541,"Perhaps most importantly,  I'm positive that there are things out there  that we've never seen  that we may never be able to see  and that we haven't even imagined --  things that we'll only discover by listening.","And I think the most important thing is, I'm optimistic that in space we've never seen, that we'll never see and we don't even have any idea about it. Things that we're just hearing."
542,"And in fact, even in that very first event,  LIGO found things that we didn't expect.","In fact, LIGO found the first thing we didn't expect."
543,"Here's my colleague and one of the key members of the LIGO collaboration,  Matt Evans, my colleague at MIT, addressing exactly that:   Matt Evans: The kinds of stars which produce the black holes  that we observed here  are the dinosaurs of the Universe.","My colleague at MIT, Matt Evansul, an important member of the LIGO project, says this topic: ME: the kinds of stars that produce black holes, as LIGO were seen, are the dinosaurs of the universe."
544,"They're these massive things that are old, from prehistoric times,  and the black holes are kind of like the dinosaur bones  with which we do this archeology.","They're enormous, ancient historical body, presumption over time. They're kind of black holes that are sort of the so-called ""eyed bones for our archaeological work."""
545,"So it lets us really get a whole nother angle  on what's out there in the Universe  and how the stars came to be, and in the end, of course,  how we came to be out of this whole mess.","DuringGO, we were allowed to look at a completely different perspective on space, in the emergence of stars and ultimately to come out of this chaos."
546,AA: Our challenge now  is to be as audacious as possible.,"AA: The challenge is, now, as brave as we can."
547,"Thanks to LIGO, we know how to build exquisite detectors  that can listen to the Universe,  to the rustle and the chirp of the cosmos.",Thank you very much. We know how to build great detector and the noise of the cosmos.
548,"Our job is to dream up and build new observatories --  a whole new generation of observatories --  on the ground, in space.",We need ideas for new history -- a whole new generation of extremes on Earth and space.
549,"I mean, what could be more glorious than listening to the Big Bang itself?",Because what could be more beautiful than laughing the Big Bang itself?
550,Our job now is to dream big.,"Now, the time is great dreams."
551,Dream with us.,Don't stop us.
552,Thank you.,Thank you.
553,"So a while ago, I tried an experiment.",I tried some time ago.
554,"For one year, I would say yes to all the things that scared me.","For a year I would say ""Yes!"" I would say."
555,"Anything that made me nervous, took me out of my comfort zone,  I forced myself to say yes to.","No matter if I was nervous, I was able to get into unpleasant situations, I forced myself to say ""Yes."""
556,Did I want to speak in public?,"I mean, in public, what am I talking about?"
557,"No, but yes.","No, but yeah!"
558,Did I want to be on live TV?,Is it going to be live on TV?
559,"No, but yes.","No, but yeah!"
560,Did I want to try acting?,I want to start with what I was doing to the look at?
561,"No, no, no, but yes, yes, yes.","No, no, no, no, but yeah, yeah."
562,And a crazy thing happened:  the very act of doing the thing that scared me  made it not scary.,And one crazy thing happened: that's what happened before I was scared of what I was scared.
563,"My fear of public speaking, my social anxiety, poof, gone.","My fear of keeping Red fear -- puffing away my social fear, yelling."
564,"It's amazing, the power of one word.",The power of a word is impressive.
565,"""Yes"" changed my life.","""Yes,"" changed my life."
566,"""Yes"" changed me.","""Yes changed me."""
567,"But there was one particular yes  that affected my life in the most profound way,  in a way I never imagined,  and it started with a question from my toddler.","But there was a certain time that changed my life deeply unexpectedly, in an unexpected way. It began with a question of my smallpox."
568,"I have these three amazing daughters, Harper, Beckett and Emerson,  and Emerson is a toddler who inexplicably refers to everyone as ""honey.""","I have three incredible daughters, adapted, incredibly sophisticated and Emerson, and Emerson, called the incredibly unleavable reasons."
569,as though she's a Southern waitress.,as if she was a waiter from the south.
570,"""Honey, I'm gonna need some milk for my sippy cup.""","""Look, I need milk for my shit."""
571,"The Southern waitress asked me to play with her one evening  when I was on my way somewhere, and I said, ""Yes.""","She asked her if I could play with her, when I was on the jump, and I said, ""Yes."""
572,And that yes was the beginning of a new way of life for my family.,This is the beginning of the beginning.
573,"I made a vow that from now on,  every time one of my children asks me to play,  no matter what I'm doing or where I'm going,  I say yes, every single time.","A new life of my family. From there, I always sat down with them, whenever you ask me about them, whatever I do, or where I'm going, I always say yes."
574,"Almost. I'm not perfect at it, but I try hard to practice it.","Almost. I'm not perfect, but I'm very trying."
575,"And it's had a magical effect on me,  on my children, on our family.","It has a magical effect on me, on my children, on our family."
576,"But it's also had a stunning side effect,  and it wasn't until recently that I fully understood it,  that I understood that saying yes to playing with my children  likely saved my career.","But it also has an amazing side effect, which I really understood, that the ""Yes"" thing about my career, is that it was completely re-sembling my career with my children."
577,"See, I have what most people would call a dream job.",I have a real dream job.
578,I'm a writer. I imagine. I make stuff up for a living.,I'm a author. I think he's a squeaking of things to life.
579,Dream job.,The dream job.
580,No.,No.
581,I'm a titan.,I'm a Titan.
582,Dream job.,The dream job.
583,I create television. I executive produce television.,I'm making television. I'm making televisions.
584,"I make television, a great deal of television.","I make TV, big style."
585,"In one way or another, this TV season,  I'm responsible for bringing about 70 hours of programming to the world.",In this TV season I'm responsible for 70 hours to get out to the world.
586,"Four television programs, 70 hours of TV --    Three shows in production at a time, sometimes four.","Four TV programs, 70 hours television. Three to four show are at the same time in production."
587,Each show creates hundreds of jobs that didn't exist before.,Each show of hundreds of jobs that don't exist before that.
588,The budget for one episode of network television  can be anywhere from three to six million dollars.,The budget for a television can be between three and six million dollars.
589,Let's just say five.,Let's tell five.
590,"A new episode made every nine days times four shows,  so every nine days that's 20 million dollars worth of television,  four television programs, 70 hours of TV,  three shows in production at a time, sometimes four,  16 episodes going on at all times:  24 episodes of ""Grey's,"" 21 episodes of ""Scandal,""  15 episodes of ""How To Get Away With Murder,""  10 episodes of ""The Catch,"" that's 70 hours of TV,","A new one, nine days every four-day show, four million dollars, four TV programs, 70 TV, three TVs, three people at the same time, 16 Episode: Grey's, 21 Episode: Scns, 15 Episode: How How on Away, 10 to 70-years, 70-olds, 70-olds, 70-olds, 70-day television, 70-year-olds, 70-olds, 70-olds, 70-old television, 70 hours, 70-olds, 70-old television;"
591,that's 350 million dollars for a season.,350 million dollars for a season.
592,"In America, my television shows  are back to back to back on Thursday night.","In America, my TV series goes on a thunder day."
593,"Around the world, my shows air in 256 territories in 67 languages  for an audience of 30 million people.",My series around the world are running in 256 areas in 67 languages for 30 million auditory audience.
594,"My brain is global,  and 45 hours of that 70 hours of TV are shows I personally created  and not just produced, so on top of everything else,  I need to find time, real quiet, creative time,  to gather my fans around the campfire  and tell my stories.","My brain is global, and 45 of these 70 TV studies that I have self-replicating, not only, so I have to find, really silent time, to relegate my fans to savor my stories and tell my stories."
595,"Four television programs, 70 hours of TV,  three shows in production at a time,  sometimes four, 350 million dollars, campfires burning all over the world.","Four TVs, 70 hours of television, three, sometimes four, four, show at the same time, 350 million dollars, campfire, running around the world."
596,You know who else is doing that?,You know who's doing it yet?
597,"Nobody, so like I said, I'm a titan.","No one, I'm a Titan."
598,Dream job.,The dream job.
599,"Now, I don't tell you this to impress you.",I don't want to impress you with that.
600,"I tell you this because I know what you think of when you hear the word ""writer.""",I say it because I know what you think when the word falls.
601,"I tell you this so that all of you out there who work so hard,  whether you run a company or a country or a classroom  or a store or a home,  take me seriously when I talk about working,  so you'll get that I don't peck at a computer and imagine all day,  so you'll hear me when I say  that I understand that a dream job is not about dreaming.","I'm telling you all of you who work so hard, whether you're a company or a classroom or a business, or a business room, when I talk about work so that you don't just type around the computer and fantastic it, and I'm saying it's not about a dream job."
602,"It's all job, all work, all reality, all blood, all sweat, no tears.","It's all a job, everything, all reality, everything, blood, everything -- no tears."
603,"I work a lot, very hard, and I love it.","I work a lot, hard, and I love it."
604,"When I'm hard at work, when I'm deep in it,  there is no other feeling.","When I'm deep in work, there's no other feeling."
605,"For me, my work is at all times building a nation out of thin air.",My work always creates a country from nothing.
606,It is manning the troops. It is painting a canvas.,"It's like I put troops on my hand, when I was on a screen."
607,It is hitting every high note. It is running a marathon.,"As a high audio, you walked a marathon."
608,It is being Beyoncé.,You feel like Beyoncé.
609,And it is all of those things at the same time.,And all that at the same time.
610,I love working.,I love working.
611,"It is creative and mechanical and exhausting and exhilarating  and hilarious and disturbing and clinical and maternal  and cruel and judicious,  and what makes it all so good is the hum.","It's creative, mechanical, hard and hard, funny, clinically and tired, cruel, cruel, and sludge, and best of that is the sum."
612,There is some kind of shift inside me when the work gets good.,There's a change in me when the work is fine.
613,"A hum begins in my brain,  and it grows and it grows and that hum sounds like the open road,  and I could drive it forever.","A sum of my head starts in my head, and it grows and grows, and the sums listened to how a living road I could drive for forever."
614,"And a lot of people, when I try to explain the hum,  they assume that I'm talking about the writing,  that my writing brings me joy.","Many people take the money that I explain to you, that I talk about writing is the writing I'm ready to go."
615,"And don't get me wrong, it does.","Don't get me wrong, it does."
616,"But the hum --  it wasn't until I started making television  that I started working, working and making  and building and creating and collaborating,  that I discovered this thing, this buzz, this rush, this hum.","But the sum -- when I started working with TV production, I started working and building it, building it, I discovered this sum, this amount of energy."
617,The hum is more than writing.,The sum is more than writing.
618,The hum is action and activity. The hum is a drug.,The sum of action is and activity. The sum is a kite.
619,The hum is music. The hum is light and air.,The sum is music. The sum is light and air.
620,The hum is God's whisper right in my ear.,The sum of God's voice in my ear.
621,"And when you have a hum like that,  you can't help but strive for greatness.","And if you have a sum like this, you can't help but a different way to scale."
622,"That feeling, you can't help but strive for greatness at any cost.","The feeling, not different from the size of the size, any size of the price, can't matter what price."
623,That's called the hum.,That's called the sum.
624,"Or, maybe it's called being a workaholic.",Or maybe it means being a Workaholic.
625,Maybe it's called genius.,Maybe it's genius.
626,Maybe it's called ego.,Maybe it's called ego.
627,Maybe it's just fear of failure.,Maybe it's fear of failures.
628,I don't know.,I don't know.
629,"I just know that I'm not built for failure,  and I just know that I love the hum.","I just know I'm not made for failure, and I only know I love the sum."
630,"I just know that I want to tell you I'm a titan,  and I know that I don't want to question it.","I just want to tell you, I'm a Titan, and I know I don't want to ask it."
631,"But here's the thing:  the more successful I become,  the more shows, the more episodes, the more barriers broken,  the more work there is to do,  the more balls in the air,  the more eyes on me, the more history stares,  the more expectations there are.","To put one clear: the more successful I'm, the more 11ths, the more Episode boundaries, the more things that the more things that I see at the same time, the more I write history, the more expectations."
632,"The more I work to be successful,  the more I need to work.","The more I work to be successful, the more I have to work."
633,And what did I say about work?,And what did I say about work?
634,"I love working, right?","I love work, right?"
635,"The nation I'm building, the marathon I'm running,  the troops, the canvas, the high note, the hum,  the hum, the hum.","The country I'm making is the chaotic, the marathon I'm walking, the army, the canvas, the high clay, the sum, the sum, the sum, the sum, the sum."
636,I like that hum. I love that hum.,I like this money. I love the sum.
637,I need that hum. I am that hum.,I need the sum. I'm the sum.
638,Am I nothing but that hum?,I only want to make this sum?
639,And then the hum stopped.,And then the sums stop.
640,"Overworked, overused,  overdone, burned out.","Over work, more sophisticated, exaggerated, pushed over."
641,The hum stopped.,The sum of the sum.
642,"Now, my three daughters are used to the truth  that their mother is a single working titan.",Now my three daughters are used to the truth that their mom is a single job.
643,"Harper tells people,  ""My mom won't be there, but you can text my nanny.""","Harper told people, ""My mom won't be there, but you can write my Nanny."""
644,"And Emerson says, ""Honey, I'm wanting to go to ShondaLand.""","And Emerson says, ""Look, I want to go to Shondaand."""
645,They're children of a titan.,It's the kids of a Titan.
646,They're baby titans.,They're baby-Tits.
647,"They were 12, 3, and 1 when the hum stopped.","They were 12, and 1.2 to the sum."
648,The hum of the engine died.,The sum of the motor drew.
649,I stopped loving work. I couldn't restart the engine.,I didn't love my work anymore. The motor was out.
650,The hum would not come back.,The sum wasn't back.
651,My hum was broken.,My sum was broken.
652,"I was doing the same things I always did, all the same titan work,  15-hour days, working straight through the weekends,  no regrets, never surrender, a titan never sleeps, a titan never quits,  full hearts, clear eyes, yada, whatever.","I used to do the same things as always: the same Titan squirt, 15 hours of working weekends, no race, no depressed, no Titan, no shits, no whole heart-to-sense eyes, whatever."
653,But there was no hum.,But there was no sums.
654,Inside me was silence.,I was silence.
655,"Four television programs, 70 hours of TV, three shows in production at a time,  sometimes four.","Four TV programs, 70 hours, three productions at the same time, sometimes four."
656,"Four television programs, 70 hours of TV, three shows in production at a time ...","Four TV programs, 70 hours, three production production at the same time..."
657,I was the perfect titan.,I was the perfect Titan.
658,I was a titan you could take home to your mother.,I was a front-to-shoulder.
659,"All the colors were the same, and I was no longer having any fun.","Everything was gray, I just had no fun."
660,And it was my life.,And that was my life.
661,It was all I did.,Everything I did.
662,"I was the hum, and the hum was me.","I was the summen, and the sum of the money I was."
663,"So what do you do when the thing you do,  the work you love, starts to taste like dust?","So what do you do when you do what you do, the work that you like to leave?"
664,"Now, I know somebody's out there thinking,  ""Cry me a river, stupid writer titan lady.""","I know some people like, ""Hey, just suck you out, shit authoritan."""
665,"But you know, you do,  if you make, if you work, if you love what you do,  being a teacher, being a banker, being a mother, being a painter,  being Bill Gates,  if you simply love another person and that gives you the hum,  if you know the hum,  if you know what the hum feels like, if you have been to the hum,  when the hum stops, who are you?","But you know, you do it, you make it, you work, what you do, you do, a teacher, to be a banker, to be a Bill Gate, you love one, you love another, and you just give a money to the sum of the sum, and you know the sum of the sum, how many times if you feel the sum of who you're doing, who you're doing?"
666,What are you?,What are you?
667,What am I?,What am I?
668,Am I still a titan?,I still give a Titan?
669,"If the song of my heart ceases to play, can I survive in the silence?","If the song stopped my heart, I can survive in silence?"
670,And then my Southern waitress toddler asks me a question.,"And then my ""Sirn states"" would ask me a question."
671,"I'm on my way out the door, I'm late, and she says,  ""Momma, wanna play?""","I'm on the way outside, late, and she says, ""Mom, do you like playing?"""
672,"And I'm just about to say no, when I realize two things.","And I'm like, no, as a result, two things are aware of."
673,"One, I'm supposed to say yes to everything,  and two, my Southern waitress didn't call me ""honey.""","One, I have to say yes to everything and second, they didn't call me ""dism."""
674,"She's not calling everyone ""honey"" anymore.","They're not called any more ""Bay."""
675,When did that happen?,When did this happen?
676,"I'm missing it, being a titan and mourning my hum,  and here she is changing right before my eyes.","I miss it when I'm Titan and looking at my sum, and here's all changing before my own eyes."
677,"And so she says, ""Momma, wanna play?""","And so she says, ""Mom, do you like playing?"""
678,"And I say, ""Yes.""","And I say, ""Yes."""
679,There's nothing special about it.,That's not special.
680,"We play, and we're joined by her sisters,  and there's a lot of laughing,  and I give a dramatic reading from the book Everybody Poops.","We're playing, and we're laughing at this, we're reading a lot, and I'm reading all dramatic from the book ""Everybody's ""Everybodyrops."""
681,Nothing out of the ordinary.,Nothing extraordinary.
682,"And yet, it is extraordinary,  because in my pain and my panic,  in the homelessness of my humlessness,  I have nothing to do but pay attention.","But it's figured out because my pain and panic and my microbialness and in the failure of the sum, I can't do anything but just make it."
683,I focus.,I'm focused on it.
684,I am still.,I'm empty.
685,"The nation I'm building, the marathon I'm running,  the troops, the canvas, the high note does not exist.","The country I make, the marathon, the marathon I run, the army, the canvas, the high clay -- they don't exist anymore."
686,All that exists are sticky fingers  and gooey kisses and tiny voices and crayons  and that song about letting go  of whatever it is that Frozen girl needs to let go of.,"All they have is nuclear fingers and moist,zar Voices, crocod voices, and the song is leaving in the Lose, or whatever the girl is going on in ""The ice."""
687,It's all peace and simplicity.,All over is peace and simplicity.
688,The air is so rare in this place for me that I can barely breathe.,The air in this place is so scarce that I can barely breathe.
689,I can barely believe I'm breathing.,I can't believe I can breathe.
690,Play is the opposite of work.,play is the opposite of work.
691,And I am happy.,And I'm happy.
692,Something in me loosens.,Something that's in me.
693,"A door in my brain swings open,  and a rush of energy comes.",A mental door goes up and a energy blob comes in.
694,"And it's not instantaneous, but it happens, it does happen.","And it's not immediately, but it's happening."
695,I feel it.,I feel it.
696,A hum creeps back.,The sum of the sum goes slowly.
697,"Not at full volume, barely there,  it's quiet, and I have to stay very still to hear it, but it is there.","No full volume, no one's there, not there, it's empty, but it's there."
698,"Not the hum, but a hum.","Not the sum, but a sum."
699,And now I feel like I know a very magical secret.,And now I feel like I'm familiar with a magical secret.
700,"Well, let's not get carried away.",But let's stay with the thing.
701,It's just love. That's all it is.,It's love. It's all.
702,No magic. No secret. It's just love.,No magic. No secret. Just love.
703,It's just something we forgot.,It's something we forget about.
704,"The hum, the work hum, the hum of the titan,  that's just a replacement.","The sum of money that works, the Titan organ, is just the practice."
705,"If I have to ask you who I am,  if I have to tell you who I am,  if I describe myself in terms of shows  and hours of television and how globally badass my brain is,  I have forgotten what the real hum is.","If I ask you who you are, if I tell you who I am, if I write, if I write, and television hours and how functional my brain is, then I forgot what that really is."
706,The hum is not power and the hum is not work-specific.,The sum is not power and it's not work-specific.
707,The hum is joy-specific.,It's dependent on the joy.
708,The real hum is love-specific.,The real sum is dependent on love.
709,The hum is the electricity that comes from being excited by life.,The sum is the stream coming from life.
710,The real hum is confidence and peace.,The real sum of self is subconscious and peace.
711,"The real hum ignores the stare of history,  and the balls in the air, and the expectation, and the pressure.","The real sum of the pressures ignored the history of doing tasks, the expectation and the pressure."
712,The real hum is singular and original.,The real sum is simple and origine.
713,"The real hum is God's whisper in my ear,  but maybe God was whispering the wrong words,  because which one of the gods was telling me I was the titan?","The real sum of God is God's voice in my ear, but maybe Godsters me the wrong words, because what God told me that I am an Titan?"
714,It's just love.,It's just love.
715,"We could all use a little more love,  a lot more love.","We all need a little bit more love, much more love."
716,"Any time my child asks me to play,  I will say yes.","Once my kid play with me, I'll say yes."
717,"I make it a firm rule for one reason,  to give myself permission,  to free me from all of my workaholic guilt.",I do this to the solid rule so that I can free as aholic of any school.
718,"It's a law, so I don't have a choice,  and I don't have a choice,  not if I want to feel the hum.","It's law, I don't have any choice. I don't have any choice, so I want to hear the sum."
719,"I wish it were that easy,  but I'm not good at playing.",I wish it would be so simple. I'm not good at play; I don't like it.
720,I'm not interested in doing it the way I'm interested in doing work.,"Don't play that way, I'm not really working."
721,The truth is incredibly humbling and humiliating to face.,The truth is going to hurt.
722,I don't like playing.,But I don't like playing it.
723,I work all the time because I like working.,I always work because I love it.
724,I like working more than I like being at home.,I'm rather than there on the workplace.
725,"Facing that fact is incredibly difficult to handle,  because what kind of person likes working more than being at home?","This one is painful, because what does a human work better than being in a house?"
726,"Well, me.","Well, I."
727,"I mean, let's be honest, I call myself a titan.","Let me say, ""Titan."""
728,I've got issues.,I have to have problems.
729,And one of those issues isn't that I am too relaxed.,"That's me really relaxed, is not one of them."
730,"We run around the yard, up and back and up and back.","We're going around in the garden, going back and forth, back and forth."
731,We have 30-second dance parties.,We make little dance party.
732,We sing show tunes. We play with balls.,We sing and play ball.
733,I blow bubbles and they pop them.,We re-arar bubble.
734,And I feel stiff and delirious and confused most of the time.,I feel adapted and confused.
735,I itch for my cell phone always.,I'm always putting my cell phone on my cell phone.
736,But it is OK.,But it'so.
737,My tiny humans show me how to live and the hum of the universe fills me up.,"My kids show me how to live, and the sum of the universe is moving away."
738,I play and I play until I begin to wonder  why we ever stop playing in the first place.,"I play, until I ask, why did we ever stop playing with the game?"
739,"You can do it too,  say yes every time your child asks you to play.",You can say it! Don't always tell if your kid wants to play with you.
740,Are you thinking that maybe I'm an idiot in diamond shoes?,"Maybe you're naive, for me, a day's dreaming."
741,"You're right, but you can still do this.","You're right, but you can do it too."
742,You have time.,They have time!
743,You know why? Because you're not Rihanna and you're not a Muppet.,"And you know why? They're not a iad-wry, or a Mu-day show."
744,Your child does not think you're that interesting.,Your child finds less interesting than you think.
745,You only need 15 minutes.,It's only 15 minutes.
746,My two- and four-year-old only ever want to play with me for about 15 minutes or so  before they think to themselves they want to do something else.,"My little, the highest-minute thing I'd like to play with me until they have a fall in there, they want to do something different."
747,"It's an amazing 15 minutes, but it's 15 minutes.","They're wonderful 15 minutes, but only 15 minutes."
748,"If I'm not a ladybug or a piece of candy, I'm invisible after 15 minutes.","After 15 minutes, a Marie would give me a Marie or cookie."
749,"And my 13-year-old, if I can get a 13-year-old to talk to me for 15 minutes  I'm Parent of the Year.","And I talked to my tinid-rayer for about 15 minutes long, I am mother of the year."
750,15 minutes is all you need.,"It's only 15 minutes, it's not going to take it."
751,I can totally pull off 15 minutes of uninterrupted time on my worst day.,"Every 15 minutes on the piece, even on a bad-go-occup."
752,Uninterrupted is the key.,15 minutes on the piece.
753,"No cell phone, no laundry, no anything.","No mobile phone, no laundry, no distraction."
754,You have a busy life. You have to get dinner on the table.,"The day is short: dinner, children are making the children finished."
755,You have to force them to bathe. But you can do 15 minutes.,But 15 minutes it's in.
756,"My kids are my happy place, they're my world,  but it doesn't have to be your kids,  the fuel that feeds your hum,  the place where life feels more good than not good.","My kids are compassionate, my world. It doesn't have to be the kids, it's true to have a place for his soul."
757,"It's not about playing with your kids,  it's about joy.",It's not about play with your own children. It's about joy.
758,It's about playing in general.,"It's a ""resy"" in general."
759,Give yourself the 15 minutes.,Have you to 15 minutes!
760,Find what makes you feel good.,Find out what's doing good.
761,Just figure it out and play in that arena.,"Find it out, and hold it."
762,"I'm not perfect at it. In fact, I fail as often as I succeed,  seeing friends, reading books, staring into space.","I'm not perfect at it. I make them, friends meet, reading books that day enjoy."
763,"""Wanna play?"" starts to become shorthand for indulging myself  in ways I'd given up on right around the time I got my first TV show,  right around the time I became a titan-in-training,  right around the time I started competing with myself for ways unknown.","""You're going to play a little bit for everything I gave up when I first got my first TV show, when I was a Titan in education, when I wanted to meet myself and meet more."
764,15 minutes? What could be wrong with giving myself my full attention  for 15 minutes?,"15 minutes on the piece, why not having 15 minutes?"
765,"Turns out, nothing.",What can it be wrong about that? Nothing!
766,"The very act of not working has made it possible for the hum to return,  as if the hum's engine could only refuel while I was away.",The sum of my leisure came back in my leisure. The sum appears to come back when I don't work.
767,Work doesn't work without play.,It doesn't work without play.
768,"It takes a little time, but after a few months,  one day the floodgates open  and there's a rush, and I find myself standing in my office  filled with an unfamiliar melody, full on groove inside me,  and around me, and it sends me spinning with ideas,  and the humming road is open, and I can drive it and drive it,  and I love working again.","It takes a while, but after a door, a door opened, the energy starts coming in, and I think I'm in my office again. I hear an unknown me, and I'm listening to my soul, and my soul, led to new ideas, which is what sums up again, and I love my work again."
769,"But now, I like that hum, but I don't love that hum.","I like the money, but I don't love it."
770,I don't need that hum.,I don't need it.
771,"I am not that hum. That hum is not me,  not anymore.","I'm not the sum, the sum is not me -- no more."
772,I am bubbles and sticky fingers and dinners with friends.,"soap bubbles and sticky fingers, dinner with friends."
773,I am that hum.,"Now, this is my sum."
774,Life's hum.,The sum of life.
775,Love's hum.,The sum of love.
776,"Work's hum is still a piece of me, it is just no longer all of me,  and I am so grateful.","The sum of work is part of me, but only one part of it is, and I'm so grateful."
777,"And I don't give a crap about being a titan,  because I have never once seen a titan play Red Rover, Red Rover.","It's my sne soup that I'm a Titan. I've never seen a Titan, playing a journey to Jerusalem."
778,"I said yes to less work and more play, and somehow I still run my world.",I said yes to work and to do more play.
779,My brain is still global. My campfires still burn.,"And yet, I have everything in the handle. My brain is still functional. My camps are running."
780,"The more I play, the happier I am, and the happier my kids are.","The more I play, the more happy I are, and my children."
781,"The more I play, the more I feel like a good mother.","The more I play, the more I feel good than good mother."
782,"The more I play, the freer my mind becomes.","The more I play, the more I play the more clear the head."
783,"The more I play, the better I work.","The more I play, the better I work."
784,"The more I play, the more I feel the hum,  the nation I'm building, the marathon I'm running,  the troops, the canvas, the high note, the hum, the hum,  the other hum, the real hum, life's hum.","The more I play, the more I hear, the money I make, the land, the marathon I'm going, the marathon, the troops, the high clay, the sum, the sum, the sum, the other, the sum of life."
785,"The more I feel that hum, the more this strange, quivering, uncocooned,  awkward, brand new,  alive non-titan feels like me.","The more I feel this sum, the more unusual, receptaclesing, naked and new life to me, as opposed to the widen Titan -- more I!"
786,"The more I feel that hum, the more I know who I am.","The more I feel that money, the more I know who I am."
787,"I'm a writer, I make stuff up, I imagine.","I'm a writer. I think I'm a picture of things, I'm putting you on life."
788,"That part of the job, that's living the dream.","That's one job, which means live its dream."
789,That's the dream of the job.,This is the dream of this jobs.
790,Because a dream job should be a little bit dreamy.,Because a dream was supposed to be a little bit dreams.
791,I said yes to less work and more play.,"I said, ""Yes too much work and too much more play."
792,Titans need not apply.,Titans don't have a chance here.
793,Wanna play?,"""Do you play?"""
794,Thank you.,Thank you.
795,So I'm a neurosurgeon.,I'm a neurosurgeon.
796,"And like most of my colleagues,  I have to deal, every day, with human tragedies.",As most of my colleagues have been able to do with human tragedy every day.
797,I realize how your life can change from one second to the other  after a major stroke or after a car accident.,"I know how your life can change from one second to another, after a heavy stroke, or a car accident."
798,"And what is very frustrating for us neurosurgeons  is to realize that unlike other organs of the body,  the brain has very little ability for self-repair.","For us neurosurgeon, it's very frustrating for us to find that the brain, unlike other body organs, has a very small skill to heal itself."
799,"And after a major injury of your central nervous system,  the patients often remain with a severe handicap.","After a heavy injury of the central nervous system, patients often have a sexy disability."
800,And that's probably the reason why I've chosen  to be a functional neurosurgeon.,That's why I became functional neurosin.
801,What is a functional neurosurgeon?,What's a functional neurosurgeon?
802,It's a doctor who is trying to improve a neurological function  through different surgical strategies.,A doctor who is trying to improve neurons through different surgical things.
803,"You've certainly heard of one of the famous ones  called deep brain stimulation,  where you implant an electrode in the depths of the brain  in order to modulate a circuit of neurons  to improve a neurological function.","Certainly, they've heard about one of the most famous brain systems called ""Tietulation,"" which is implanted by an electron in the brain to influence the circuitry of neurons so that the neurologic function improves."
804,"It's really an amazing technology  in that it has improved the destiny of patients  with Parkinson's disease,  with severe tremor, with severe pain.",It's really an amazing technology. It's improved the destiny of patients with Parkinson's patients who have suffered under a scuba divers and heavy pain.
805,"However, neuromodulation does not mean neuro-repair.",But neuroscientation means not neurology.
806,And the dream of functional neurosurgeons  is to repair the brain.,The dream function of neurosurgeon is the re-constructive of the brain.
807,I think  that we are approaching this dream.,And I think we're closer to that dream.
808,And I would like to show you  that we are very close to this.,I want to show you that we're very close to it.
809,"And that with a little bit of help,  the brain is able to help itself.","With some help, the brain can help themselves."
810,So the story started 15 years ago.,The stories started 15 years ago.
811,"At that time, I was a chief resident  working days and nights in the emergency room.",At the time I was a senior and worked day and night in the emergency room.
812,I often had to take care of patients with head trauma.,I often figured out what I did with patients with skull-like room.
813,"You have to imagine that when a patient comes in with a severe head trauma,  his brain is swelling  and he's increasing his intracranial pressure.","You have to imagine, with skull rocks, the brain is getting excited and sludge over."
814,"And in order to save his life,  you have to decrease this intracranial pressure.","To save life, you have to fight your skull."
815,you sometimes have to remove a piece of swollen brain.,You have to sometimes remove a snucky brain mass sometimes.
816,"So instead of throwing away these pieces of swollen brain,  we decided with Jean-François Brunet,  who is a colleague of mine, a biologist,  to study them.","Instead of sneoseating the swollen of the brain, we decided to start with jeans well-being, one of my colleagues, a biologist to analyze brain mass."
817,What do I mean by that?,What do I mean by that?
818,We wanted to grow cells from these pieces of tissue.,We wanted to grow cells out of that tissue.
819,It's not an easy task.,That's not a easy task.
820,Growing cells from a piece of tissue  is a bit the same as growing very small children  out from their family.,"If you grow up from a tissue piece of tissue, it's equivalent to a very small kids that come out of your families."
821,"So you need to find the right nutrients,  the warmth, the humidity  and all the nice environments to make them thrive.","You have to have the right diet, temperature, moisture and the environments to let them go."
822,So that's exactly what we had to do with these cells.,And that's exactly what we needed to do with these cells.
823,"And after many attempts,  Jean-François did it.","After many attempt, jeans grew."
824,And that's what he saw under his microscope.,This is what he saw under his microscope.
825,"And that was, for us, a major surprise.",That was a big surprise for us.
826,Why?,Why?
827,"Because this looks exactly the same as a stem cell culture,  with large green cells surrounding small, immature cells.","It looked like a stem cell culture, with large green cells, which are surrounded by small, unsustainable cells."
828,"And you may remember from biology class  that stem cells are immature cells,  able to turn into any type of cell of the body.","You may know from biology science, that stem cells are able to turn cells into each cell type of organism."
829,"The adult brain has stem cells, but they're very rare  and they're located in deep and small niches  in the depths of the brain.","The adult brain has stem cells, but very few. They're in deep, little nutrients of the brain."
830,So it was surprising to get this kind of stem cell culture  from the superficial part of swollen brain we had  in the operating theater.,It's surprising to get these kinds of stem cells from the surface tissue in the brain of surgery.
831,"And there was another intriguing observation:  Regular stem cells are very active cells --  cells that divide, divide, divide very quickly.",We did another fascinating observation: normal stem cells are very active -- they share very fast.
832,"And they never die, they're immortal cells.",They never die; they're unsterable.
833,But these cells behave differently.,But these cells were devoted to each other.
834,"They divide slowly,  and after a few weeks of culture,  they even died.",They were slowly divided and they died after a few weeks.
835,So we were in front of a strange new cell population  that looked like stem cells but behaved differently.,"So we saw a new, odd cell population, which looked like stem cells looked like, but differently grew."
836,And it took us a long time to understand where they came from.,We needed a long time to understand where they came from.
837,They come from these cells.,You're going to take you from these cells.
838,These blue and red cells are called doublecortin-positive cells.,These blue and red cells are called  Doublecortin-positive cells.
839,All of you have them in your brain.,We all have it in our brains.
840,They represent four percent of your cortical brain cells.,They make four percent of our brain cells out of the world.
841,They have a very important role during the development stage.,They are playing a very important role in our development.
842,"When you were fetuses,  they helped your brain to fold itself.","At the stage of the axe, it's worried about the fold of the brain."
843,But why do they stay in your head?,But why do they stay alive?
844,"This, we don't know.",We don't know.
845,We think that they may participate in brain repair  because we find them in higher concentration  close to brain lesions.,We believe they're part of the healing brain because we're finding them in higher concentrations of brain restaurants.
846,But it's not so sure.,But that's not that safe.
847,"But there is one clear thing --  that from these cells,  we got our stem cell culture.","But one thing is clear -- of these cells, we got our stem cells."
848,And we were in front of a potential new source of cells  to repair the brain.,We're in front of an potential cell source that allows brain to heal.
849,And we had to prove this.,We had to prove that.
850,we decided to design an experimental paradigm.,So we decided to develop an experiment.
851,"The idea was to biopsy a piece of brain  in a non-eloquent area of the brain,  and then to culture the cells  exactly the way Jean-François did it in his lab.","We wanted to take a piece of brain out of not a single area, and then pull the cells out exactly the same way that jeans did."
852,"And then label them, to put color in them  in order to be able to track them in the brain.",And they are unable to mark them in the brain.
853,And the last step was to re-implant them  in the same individual.,We've been taking it to the same individual over the same stage.
854,We call these  autologous grafts -- autografts.,We call the autoologist transplantation -- car transplantation.
855,"So the first question we had,  ""What will happen if we re-implant these cells in a normal brain,  and what will happen if we re-implant the same cells  in a lesioned brain?""","One of the first questions we did was, what happens when we put these cells in normal brain tissue, and what will happen if we put the same cells in damaged brain?"
856,"Thanks to the help of professor Eric Rouiller,  we worked with monkeys.","Thank you very much for a help from the help of Profy, Eric routines we could work with monkeys."
857,"So in the first-case scenario,  we re-implanted the cells in the normal brain  and what we saw is that they completely disappeared after a few weeks,  as if they were taken from the brain,  they go back home,  the space is already busy,  they are not needed there, so they disappear.","The first scenario we put in a healthy brain, and we see that they were completely disappeared for weeks, when they were re-intentioned, they go back home. The room is already sat down, so they won't go away."
858,"In the second-case scenario,  we performed the lesion,  we re-implanted exactly the same cells,  and in this case, the cells remained --  and they became mature neurons.","The second scenario, we put in a injury, and we re-construct the same cells, and now the cells are remained the cells -- they grew up to neurons."
859,And that's the image of what we could observe under the microscope.,Here you see what we saw under the microscope.
860,Those are the cells that were re-implanted.,These are the cells that have been re-resolution.
861,"And the proof they carry,  these little spots, those are the cells that we've labeled  in vitro, when they were in culture.","The evidence they show are these little dots. These are the cells that we face in vitro, in culture."
862,"But we could not stop here, of course.","And of course, we couldn't stop there."
863,Do these cells also help a monkey to recover after a lesion?,Do these cells help you get from a monkey to catch up from a brain.
864,"So for that, we trained monkeys to perform a manual dexterity task.",So we trained monkeys with a manualnessness.
865,They had to retrieve food pellets from a tray.,They had to take food from a tray.
866,They were very good at it.,They did very good.
867,"And when they had reached a plateau of performance,  we did a lesion in the motor cortex corresponding to the hand motion.","When they reached a stable level of economic level, we'd be able to do motor cortex in the motor Cormoto factory."
868,"So the monkeys were plegic,  they could not move their hand anymore.","And so the monkeys were paralyzed, and they couldn't move their hand anymore."
869,"And exactly the same as humans would do,  they spontaneously recovered to a certain extent,  exactly the same as after a stroke.","And just as it would happen in humans, they would spontaneously slow down to some degree, just like a stroke."
870,"Patients are completely plegic,  and then they try to recover due to a brain plasticity mechanism,  they recover to a certain extent,  exactly the same for the monkey.","The patients are paralyzed, and then they try to bring themselves with plastic mechanisms, and they get in some degree, just like the monkeys."
871,"So when we were sure that the monkey had reached his plateau  of spontaneous recovery,  we implanted his own cells.","When we were sure that the monkey had reached the spontaneous recovery, we put his own cells on the ground."
872,"So on the left side, you see the monkey that has spontaneously recovered.",On the left you see the monkeys that spontaneously recovered.
873,He's at about 40 to 50 percent of his previous performance  before the lesion.,It can bring about 40 percent of its original performance from injury to 50 percent.
874,"He's not so accurate, not so quick.",It's not that precise and it's not so fast.
875,"And look now, when we re-impant the cells:  Two months after re-implantation, the same individual.","Now, look at the cells that we've been re-construct: the same monkey, two months after reimplantation."
876,"It was also very exciting results for us, I tell you.","I can tell you, these were also very exciting for us."
877,"Since that time, we've understood much more about these cells.","Since that time, we've found a lot more about these cells."
878,"We know that we can cryopreserve them,  we can use them later on.",We can engineer them and use later.
879,"We know that we can apply them in other neuropathological models,  like Parkinson's disease, for example.","We can use them in other neuropathological models, for example, in Parkinson's disease."
880,But our dream is still to implant them in humans.,"But our dream is still, in people's dream, to implant it."
881,And I really hope that I'll be able to show you soon  that the human brain is giving us the tools to repair itself.,"I really hope that, soon, I'll show you how the human brain gives you the tools to heal itself."
882,Thank you.,Thank you very much.
883,"Bruno Giussani: Jocelyne, this is amazing,  and I'm sure that right now, there are several dozen people in the audience,  possibly even a majority,  who are thinking, ""I know somebody who can use this.""","Bruno Giussani: Jocenelyne, that's wonderful, I'm sure that just now, several dozen people in the audience, perhaps the majority, think, ""I know someone who needs that."""
884,"I do, in any case.",I'm definitely.
885,"And of course the question is,  what are the biggest obstacles  before you can go into human clinical trials?","Of course, the question is, what the biggest obstacles are before you can begin clinical trials on the people."
886,"Jocelyne Bloch: The biggest obstacles are regulations.   So, from these exciting results, you need to fill out  about two kilograms of papers and forms  to be able to go through these kind of trials.","Jocen Bloch: The biggest obstacle are the authorities. So, one of those great results, you have to fill up about two kilograms of paper and form to run this kind of studies."
887,"BG: Which is understandable, the brain is delicate, etc.",BG: That's pretty much the brain is very devoid of etc.
888,"JB: Yes, it is, but it takes a long time  and a lot of patience and almost a professional team to do it, you know?","JB: Yeah, but it takes a long time to take a lot of patience and a very professional team."
889,"BG: If you project yourself --  having done the research  and having tried to get permission to start the trials,  if you project yourself out in time,  how many years before somebody gets into a hospital  and this therapy is available?","BG: Look into the future -- you've been making research and trying to get permission to the clinical trials going, and if you go on to the future, as many years it can come to the hospital, and that therapies will be available."
890,"JB: So, it's very difficult to say.",JB: That's hard to say.
891,"It depends, first, on the approval of the trial.","First of all, it depends on the random study of clinical trial."
892,Will the regulation allow us to do it soon?,"Will it allow us to start the listener, soon?"
893,"And then, you have to perform this kind of study  in a small group of patients.",Then you have to do this study with a small group of patients.
894,"So it takes, already, a long time to select the patients,  do the treatment  and evaluate if it's useful to do this kind of treatment.","It takes a long time to choose patients to get treatment, and to suggest whether it's useful to make that kind of treatment."
895,And then you have to deploy this to a multicentric trial.,And then you have to apply that to a multi-touch study.
896,You have to really prove first that it's useful  before offering this treatment up for everybody.,You have to really prove first that it's useful before you can offer those treatment to everyone.
897,"BG: And safe, of course. JB: Of course.","BG: And that's safe, of course. JB: Of course."
898,"BG: Jocelyne, thank you for coming to TED and sharing this.","BG: Jocene, thank you for coming to TED, and that you told us."
899,BG: Thank you.,BG: Thank you very much.
900,Democracy.,democracy.
901,"In the West,  we make a colossal mistake taking it for granted.","We make a big mistake in the West, of course, as a sign of it."
902,"We see democracy  not as the most fragile of flowers that it really is,  but we see it as part of our society's furniture.","We see democracy as the fragile plant that is actually in reality, but as aInvent of our society."
903,We tend to think of it as an intransigent given.,We tend to think of them as a unthinkable thing.
904,We mistakenly believe that capitalism begets inevitably democracy.,We believe that capitalism leads to democracy.
905,It doesn't.,That's not true.
906,"Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew and his great imitators in Beijing  that it is perfectly possible to have a flourishing capitalism,  spectacular growth,  while politics remains democracy-free.","Lee Kuan Yewapur, and his great descendants in Peking have proven that it's possible to have a re-conservation of capitalism and amazing growth while the politics is completely unthinkable."
907,"Indeed, democracy is receding in our neck of the woods,  here in Europe.","In fact, democracy is a mess with us, in Europe."
908,"Earlier this year, while I was representing Greece --  the newly elected Greek government --  in the Eurogroup as its Finance Minister,  I was told in no uncertain terms that our nation's democratic process --  our elections --  could not be allowed to interfere  with economic policies that were being implemented in Greece.","At the beginning of the year when I was a Greek government -- the new Greek government was introduced to me as finance ministers in the European group, that the democratic processes of our country -- not our elections, who were re-engineered to the localstand-as."
909,"At that moment,  I felt that there could be no greater vindication of Lee Kuan Yew,  or the Chinese Communist Party,  indeed of some recalcitrant friends of mine who kept telling me  that democracy would be banned if it ever threatened to change anything.","And in that moment, I thought there would probably be no better rights for Lee Kuan Yew Yew, or the community-of-the-art side of China, or some of my friends saying democracy would make if they had anything to change."
910,"Tonight, here, I want to present to you  an economic case for an authentic democracy.","So, at this point, I want to introduce you to an economic model of a real democracy."
911,"I want to ask you to join me in believing again  that Lee Kuan Yew,  the Chinese Communist Party  and indeed the Eurogroup  are wrong in believing that we can dispense with democracy --  that we need an authentic, boisterous democracy.","I'm going to ask you to believe that Lee Kuan Yew Yew, the communist Yew, China and even the European group of an Irian group, we might save democracy, but that we need a arrested and a highly ecstatic democracy."
912,"And without democracy,  our societies will be nastier,  our future bleak  and our great, new technologies wasted.","Because without democracy, our future will become more serious and more artificially using our great, new technologies."
913,"Speaking of waste,  allow me to point out an interesting paradox  that is threatening our economies as we speak.","So, to make a point of waste, I want to point out what is interesting is that we're threatened to see our economy."
914,I call it the twin peaks paradox.,I call it the twin twinsdox.
915,"One peak you understand --  you know it, you recognize it --  is the mountain of debts that has been casting a long shadow  over the United States, Europe, the whole world.","A summit is known to you. You know him and see him as the shouldersenberg, the long shadow of his long shadows, Europe and all the world we face."
916,We all recognize the mountain of debts.,We all recognize the schoolenberg.
917,But few people discern its twin.,But very few people recognize their twins.
918,"A mountain of idle cash  belonging to rich savers and to corporations,  too terrified to invest it  into the productive activities that can generate the incomes  from which you can extinguish the mountain of debts  and which can produce all those things that humanity desperately needs,  like green energy.","A mountain of beekeepers that are eudatry that are enlightened the self-interests and corporate corporates, but it's a place where it would be productive and bringing income to the schools that could be wearing theenberg and also all the things that humanity need, for example, ""to-eudavation."""
919,Now let me give you two numbers.,I'll give you two numbers.
920,"Over the last three months,  in the United States, in Britain and in the Eurozone,  we have invested, collectively, 3.4 trillion dollars  on all the wealth-producing goods --  things like industrial plants, machinery,  office blocks, schools,  roads, railways, machinery, and so on and so forth.","In the last three months, in the U.S. and in England, 3.3 trillion dollars were invested together in U.S. and 3.3 trillion dollars, in all the wealth-dollar goods, like industrialized, machines, bureaucrats, streets, green, and so on and so forth."
921,"$3.4 trillion sounds like a lot of money  until you compare it to the $5.1 trillion  that has been slushing around in the same countries,  in our financial institutions,  doing absolutely nothing during the same period  except inflating stock exchanges and bidding up house prices.","3.3 trillion dollars sounds like a lot of money, until you compare it to the  5, trillion dollars to the same countries around the world and around the same countries, and absolutely nothing, except for the stock market prices to move up."
922,"So a mountain of debt and a mountain of idle cash  form twin peaks, failing to cancel each other out through the normal operation of the markets.","So, schools and unabounded capital that twins don't form through the usual market mechanical mechanisms."
923,"The result is stagnant wages,  more than a quarter of 25- to 54-year-olds in America, in Japan and in Europe  And consequently, low aggregate demand,  which in a never-ending cycle, reinforces the pessimism of the investors,  who, fearing low demand, reproduce it by not investing --  exactly like Oedipus' father,  who, terrified by the prophecy of the oracle  that his son would grow up to kill him,","The result is stagnation, more than a quarter of the 25-year-olds in the U.S. and Europe workless, and followed a low-level demand for the pesimistic demand that went to be low-income, a low-cost demand for the investors that they do, that even though they don't invest, the saymbiotically-eky father that might be true, if he's growing his son,"
924,"unwittingly engineered the conditions  that ensured that Oedipus, his son, would kill him.",ungewks the circumstances that lead to that depleted thedipus kills him.
925,This is my quarrel with capitalism.,This is my Hader with capitalism.
926,"Its gross wastefulness,  all this idle cash,  should be energized to improve lives,  to develop human talents,  and indeed to finance all these technologies,  green technologies,  which are absolutely essential for saving planet Earth.","And it's a very important way to make it happen, all of this unreviewed capital should be used to improve our lives, to make human talents, and especially the technology that is to fund green technology that is critical for the Earth."
927,Am I right in believing that democracy might be the answer?,"So, democracy is the solution?"
928,"I believe so,  but before we move on,  what do we mean by democracy?","I think before we continue, what do we understand about democracy?"
929,"Aristotle defined democracy  as the constitution in which the free and the poor,  being in the majority, control government.","Aristotle defined democracy as a society, where the open and the poor are control the government as a majority."
930,"Now, of course Athenian democracy excluded too many.","The Indian democracy decided that, of course, decided to make a lot of them."
931,"Women, migrants and, of course, the slaves.","Women, foreign, and of course slavery."
932,But it would be a mistake  to dismiss the significance of ancient Athenian democracy  on the basis of whom it excluded.,But it would be a mistake to vision the places of the straight democracy because of these extinct.
933,"What was more pertinent, and continues to be so about ancient Athenian democracy,  was the inclusion of the working poor,  who not only acquired the right to free speech,  but more importantly, crucially,  they acquired the rights to political judgments  that were afforded equal weight  in the decision-making concerning matters of state.","The key thing about the breathe democracy was that they were working poor, and not only did they get the right to them, but more important, and they decide what to give them the right to political compassion with the same balance as the state of state."
934,"Now, of course, Athenian democracy didn't last long.",The Indian democracy has not been given long.
935,"Like a candle that burns brightly, it burned out quickly.","As a candle that's very bright, it's also embracing fast."
936,"And indeed,  our liberal democracies today do not have their roots in ancient Athens.",But our liberal crammeds don't have our roots in anti-nepne.
937,"They have their roots in the Magna Carta,  in the 1688 Glorious Revolution,  indeed in the American constitution.","It's in Magna Carte, where 1688 revolutions, even in the American history."
938,"Whereas Athenian democracy was focusing on the masterless citizen  and empowering the working poor,  our liberal democracies are founded on the Magna Carta tradition,  which was, after all, a charter for masters.","As the breathe democracy focuses on the free citizens and the working poor, our liberal democracy based on the values of the Magna Carte, the last set was a sentence for Mr."
939,"And indeed, liberal democracy only surfaced when it was possible  to separate fully the political sphere from the economic sphere,  so as to confine the democratic process fully in the political sphere,  leaving the economic sphere --  the corporate world, if you want --  as a democracy-free zone.","Because liberal democracy came only when a complete sphere of politics and economic processes could be limited to politics, as the economy became limited, so the world of corporate policies became."
940,"Now, in our democracies today,  this separation of the economic from the political sphere,  it gave rise to an inexorable, epic struggle between the two,  with the economic sphere colonizing the political sphere, eating into its power.","In our ancestors since then, the separation of policy and economics started, an unsustainable struggle between the two is being able to promote the economy and the policy that they've been underlying."
941,Have you wondered why politicians are not what they used to be?,Do you remember why the politicians aren't as early as they used to?
942,It's not because their DNA has degenerated.,It's not because of a generation a DNA.
943,"It is rather because one can be in government today and not in power,  because power has migrated from the political to the economic sphere,  which is separate.","It's because you can be in government today and yet not in power, because the power of politics is causing the economy and the areas separated."
944,I spoke about my quarrel with capitalism.,I mentioned my Hader with capitalism.
945,"If you think about it,  it is a little bit like a population of predators,  that are so successful in decimating the prey that they must feed on,  that in the end they starve.","When you think about it, it's sort of like a herding of predators that are so sustainable that the animals they feed off, that it remained so remained."
946,"Similarly,  the economic sphere has been colonizing and cannibalizing the political sphere  to such an extent that it is undermining itself,  Corporate power is increasing,  political goods are devaluing,  inequality is rising,  aggregate demand is falling  and CEOs of corporations are too scared to invest the cash of their corporations.","Similarly, it's similar to the economy that has so far in politics that it can self-replicating the economic crisis itself, the power of the corporate goods, political goods that falls inability to provide economic demand and leaders of business to invest their companies."
947,"So the more capitalism succeeds in taking the demos out of democracy,  the taller the twin peaks  and the greater the waste of human resources  and humanity's wealth.","The more successful of capitalism is a ""Deingence"": the people from democracy, the higher the twins, and the greater waste of human labor and prosperity of humanity."
948,"Clearly, if this is right,  we must reunite the political and economic spheres  and better do it with a demos being in control,  like in ancient Athens except without the slaves  or the exclusion of women and migrants.","If that's obvious, it's obvious that we need to bring the policy and the economy together, and it would be better if the atmosphere is in control, such as the ancient Athens, if it's in the ancient appreciating the slaves and the women and the foreigner."
949,"Now, this is not an original idea.","This is not a new idea, by the way."
950,"The Marxist left had that idea 100 years ago  and it didn't go very well, did it?","The maristic left was this idea 100 years ago, and it didn't really work well."
951,"The lesson that we learned from the Soviet debacle  is that only by a miracle will the working poor be reempowered,  as they were in ancient Athens,  without creating new forms of brutality and waste.","The teaching from the Soviet Union should be that the working poor should only be able to create a miracle of ancient Athens, without creating new kinds of grossity and waste waste."
952,But there is a solution:  eliminate the working poor.,But there's a solution: the poor are creating.
953,"Capitalism's doing it  by replacing low-wage workers with automata, androids, robots.",capitalism does it by replaced reward by automation and robots.
954,"The problem is  that as long as the economic and the political spheres are separate,  automation makes the twin peaks taller,  the waste loftier  and the social conflicts deeper,  including -- soon, I believe --  in places like China.","The problem is that the problem with economics and politics are separated, the largely the twins of twins, the social conflict, the social conflict, the way it's very, very soon -- as I believe in countries, are coming in."
955,"So we need to reconfigure,  we need to reunite the economic and the political spheres,  but we'd better do it by democratizing the reunified sphere,  lest we end up with a surveillance-mad hyperautocracy  that makes The Matrix, the movie, look like a documentary.","So we need to re-construct the economy and the policy-plays, and to look at the same time, that we end up democratized the democratic spaces, otherwise we end up in a sick car, which makes movies like a sexx."
956,So the question is not whether capitalism will survive  the technological innovations it is spawning.,"So the question is not whether capitalism has brought together, which is being re-intentioned, is a life-in-law."
957,"The more interesting question  is whether capitalism will be succeeded by something resembling a Matrix dystopia  or something much closer to a Star Trek-like society,  where machines serve the humans  and the humans expend their energies exploring the universe  and indulging in long debates about the meaning of life  in some ancient, Athenian-like, high tech agora.","The interesting question is whether capitalism is done by a Dystopie, similar to what's going to be the ""Matrix,"" or by something that will serve the community into ""Star Trek,"" in which people serve their energy in the universe, or their energy of exploration, or in a high-tech way of anti-tech Agora,"" in long-dorative atheists, are talking about the meaning of life."
958,I think we can afford to be optimistic.,I think we can be optimistic.
959,"But what would it take, what would it look like  to have this Star Trek-like utopia, instead of the Matrix-like dystopia?","So what could it look like, this ""Star Trek""-like Utopia instead of having ""Matrix sex"" thing?"
960,"In practical terms,  allow me to share just briefly,  a couple of examples.",I want to show you a few examples of all the sound I'm going to call.
961,"At the level of the enterprise,  imagine a capital market,  where you earn capital as you work,  and where your capital follows you from one job to another,  from one company to another,  and the company --  whichever one you happen to work at at that time --  is solely owned by those who happen to work in it at that moment.","In the area of businesses, imagine if you're making a capital market, where you're working as you work and you work in your capital from one company to the next, and the company -- no matter what you're working in -- property of the company that's working in the company."
962,"Then all income stems from capital, from profits,  and the very concept of wage labor becomes obsolete.",Then all the incomes go out of capital and cause the concept of the work is completely shaped.
963,"No more separation between those who own but do not work in the company  and those who work but do not own the company;  no more tug-of-war between capital and labor;  no great gap between investment and saving;  indeed, no towering twin peaks.","No more humble between those who are in the businesses, but they don't work there, and the employees that work there, but don't hear about the company, no longer between capital and work, no big gaps between investment and Spart, and ultimately, no empathic twins."
964,"At the level of the global political economy,  imagine for a moment  that our national currencies have a free-floating exchange rate,  with a universal, global, digital currency,  one that is issued by the International Monetary Fund,  on behalf of all humanity.","In the global political economics, imagine that our national dignity would have a free-time transition, in a universal, global currency, digital currency that are given by the IMF and the G-20 [unclear], the 20-like world's interest in all humankind."
965,"And imagine further  that all international trade is denominated in this currency --  let's call it ""the cosmos,""  in units of cosmos --  with every government agreeing to be paying into a common fund  a sum of cosmos units proportional to the country's trade deficit,  or indeed to a country's trade surplus.","Imagine that the whole world will act in this currency -- we call it ""in Kosmos,"" in units of ""Cosmos,"" and any government pay the sum of the trade or the trade of the country has gotten a shared fund."
966,"And imagine that that fund is utilized to invest in green technologies,  especially in parts of the world where investment funding is scarce.","Imagine that this fund is invested in green technologies, especially in parts of the world, in which investments are legal."
967,This is not a new idea.,This is not a new idea.
968,"It's what, effectively, John Maynard Keynes proposed  in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference.",It's basically what John Maynard Keynes had put in the board of a board of a state.
969,"The problem is  that back then, they didn't have the technology to implement it.",The problem was that you didn't have the technical means of doing it at the time.
970,"Now we do,  especially in the context of a reunified political-economic sphere.","Today we have them, particularly in the background of a resemblance and economics."
971,"The world that I am describing to you  is simultaneously libertarian,  in that it prioritizes empowered individuals,  Marxist,  since it will have confined to the dustbin of history  the division between capital and labor,  and Keynesian,  global Keynesian.","The world that I'm talking about to you is liberated at the same time in which it privileged people to prefer privileged and maristic, because it's buried by capital and work in the mothers of history, and key siansian, global key."
972,"But above all else,  it is a world in which we will be able to imagine an authentic democracy.","But, above all, it's a world where we can imagine a real democracy."
973,Will such a world dawn?,We're in such a world.
974,Or shall we descend into a Matrix-like dystopia?,"Are we going to hide in a ""Matrix"" shamcy clogged?"
975,The answer lies in the political choice that we shall be making collectively.,The answer depends on how we decide politically.
976,"It is our choice,  and we'd better make it democratically.","It's in our hands, and we do better."
977,Thank you.,Thank you.
978,Bruno Giussani: Yanis ...,Bruno Giussani: Yanis...
979,It was you who described yourself in your bios as a libertarian Marxist.,You write yourself in your biology itself as libertarianists.
980,What is the relevance of Marx's analysis today?,How relevant is Marx' analysis today?
981,"Yanis Varoufakis: Well, if there was any relevance in what I just said,  then Marx is relevant.","So, in Varoufakis: If anything I've just said about what's relevant, then Marx relevant."
982,"Because the whole point of reunifying the political and economic is --  if we don't do it,  then technological innovation is going to create  such a massive fall in aggregate demand,  what Larry Summers refers to as secular stagnation.","The reason why we do this re-inventing of politics and economics is that we don't do that, that will create a massive, massive-level development of the demand, which is called Larry Summers as the chief day."
983,"With this crisis migrating from one part of the world,  as it is now,  it will destabilize not only our democracies,  but even the emerging world that is not that keen on liberal democracy.","Through the transmission of one part of the Earth at the next, how we're seeing it, it's not just our democracy, but also the countries that are devoted to liberal democracy."
984,"So if this analysis holds water, then Marx is absolutely relevant.",If this analysis is a Marx if you're able to meet.
985,"But so is Hayek,  that's why I'm a libertarian Marxist,  and so is Keynes,  so that's why I'm totally confused.","And as Hayek, so I'm a liberating Marxist, and as Keynes, and so I'm totally us."
986,"BG: Indeed, and possibly we are too, now.","BG: In fact, now we're also."
987,"YV: If you are not confused, you are not thinking, OK?","YV: If you're not more, you don't think enough."
988,"BG: That's a very, very Greek philosopher kind of thing to say --  YV: That was Einstein, actually --  BG: During your talk you mentioned Singapore and China,  and last night at the speaker dinner,  you expressed a pretty strong opinion about how the West looks at China.","BG: This is a very Greek, sort of a philosophical explanation -- YV: It was actually Einstein who said that. BG: In your talk, your talk, your talk, and China, and yesterday, I think, you know, you've been very clear at dinner, what you're saying to the point of view of the West."
989,Would you like to share that?,Do you want to repeat it here?
990,"YV: Well, there's a great degree of hypocrisy.",YV: There's a big measure of yeast.
991,"In our liberal democracies, we have a semblance of democracy.",In our liberal democracy we have the apparently of democracy.
992,"It's because we have confined, as I was saying in my talk,  democracy to the political sphere,  while leaving the one sphere where all the action is --  the economic sphere --  a completely democracy-free zone.","As I said in my talk, we have democracy in politics, as the realm of where most of the time is a game of economics -- the realm of economics -- a completely democratic zone."
993,"In a sense,  if I am allowed to be provocative,  China today is closer to Britain in the 19th century.","In a way, if I can say this as I'm concerned, China is feeding the 19th century China today."
994,"Because remember,  we tend to associate liberalism with democracy --  that's a mistake, historically.","Because remember -- we tend to connect liberalism with democracy -- that's a mistake, it's a percentage."
995,"Liberalism, liberal, it's like John Stuart Mill.","In liberalism, liberals, like John Stuart mill."
996,John Stuart Mill was particularly skeptical about the democratic process.,He was particularly skeptical about what the democratic development was.
997,"So what you are seeing now in China is a very similar process  to the one that we had in Britain during the Industrial Revolution,  especially the transition from the first to the second.","Now, what you can see in China is very similar to the development that we've had in England during the industrial revolution, especially the first to the second."
998,"And to be castigating China  for doing that which the West did in the 19th century,  smacks of hypocrisy.","China now to throw what the West itself has done in the 19th century, smell of a violent sphere."
999,BG: I am sure that many people here are wondering about your experience  as the Finance Minister of Greece earlier this year.,BG: I'm sure many audiences are curious to your experience as finance ministers are beginning from the beginning of the year.
1000,YV: I knew this was coming.,YV: I saw this is coming.
1001,BG: Yes.,BG: Yeah...
1002,"BG: Six months after,  how do you look back at the first half of the year?",How did you look back six months later?
1003,"YV: Extremely exciting, from a personal point of view,  and very disappointing,  because we had an opportunity to reboot the Eurozone.","YV: Very exciting, in personal view, and very disappointed, because we had the opportunity to start the European zone."
1004,"Not just Greece, the Eurozone.","Not just Greek land, but the European zone."
1005,"To move away from the complacency  and the constant denial that there was a massive --  and there is a massive architectural fault line  going through the Eurozone,  which is threatening, massively, the whole of the European Union process.","Because we're getting ourselves from self-esteem to self-organization, and the limitations that a massive resemblance of the European zone, and still growing the development of the entire Union."
1006,We had an opportunity on the basis of the Greek program --  was the first program to manifest that denial --  to put it right.,"We had the opportunity to find the basis of Greek proposal -- the first proposal, which was the effort to be able to do."
1007,"And, unfortunately,  the powers in the Eurozone,  in the Eurogroup,  chose to maintain denial.","Unfortunately, the mice have gotten in the European zone, in the European group continue to stop the mind."
1008,But you know what happens.,But you know what comes.
1009,This is the experience of the Soviet Union.,This is the experience of the Soviet Union.
1010,"When you try to keep alive an economic system that architecturally cannot survive,  through political will and through authoritarianism,  you may succeed in prolonging it,  but when change happens  it happens very abruptly and catastrophically.","If you try an economic system that's not able to survive, through political will and writers in life, maybe you will get it out of a while, but when change happens, it will destroy and destroy."
1011,BG: What kind of change are you foreseeing?,BG: What change do you see before you?
1012,"YV: Well, there's no doubt  that if we don't change the architecture of the Eurozone,  the Eurozone has no future.",YV: There's no doubt that the Euro zone doesn't have a future if we don't change their building.
1013,BG: Did you make any mistakes when you were Finance Minister?,BG: Did you do any error in your time when finance Minister did?
1014,YV: Every day.,YV: Every day.
1015,"BG: For example? YV: Anybody who looks back --    No, but seriously.",BG: For example? YV: Everybody looking back -- serious...
1016,"If there's any Minister of Finance, or of anything else for that matter,  who tells you after six months in a job,  especially in such a stressful situation,  that they have made no mistake, they're dangerous people.","If there's a financial minister, or any minister, who's in the amtafected after six months, especially in a situation, he says he's not making mistakes, that's a dangerous person."
1017,Of course I made mistakes.,"Of course, I made mistakes."
1018,The greatest mistake was to sign the application  for the extension of a loan agreement  in the end of February.,The biggest mistake was to heat up the school program of February schools.
1019,I was imagining  that there was a genuine interest on the side of the creditors  to find common ground.,I thought there was an honest interest in pages of money to come up with a common solution.
1020,And there wasn't.,But there was no.
1021,"They were simply interested in crushing our government,  just because they did not want to have to deal with the architectural fault lines  that were running through the Eurozone.","They just wanted to get our government out of the case, because they didn't want to deal with the throwaway zone through the European zone."
1022,And because they didn't want to admit  that for five years they were implementing a catastrophic program in Greece.,"They didn't want them to stand up for five years, a catastrophic program in Greece."
1023,We lost one-third of our nominal GDP.,We lost one third of our GDP.
1024,This is worse than the Great Depression.,There's worse than during the guy's depression.
1025,"And no one has come clean from the troika of lenders that have been imposing this policy  to say, ""This was a colossal mistake.""","No one from the comics who put us in this policy, he put in, ""This was a kola failure."""
1026,"BG: Despite all this,  and despite the aggressiveness of the discussion,  you seem to be remaining quite pro-European.","BG: Despite all that, and despite the aggressive tone of the conversation, you seem to be right per capita."
1027,YV: Absolutely.,YV: Absolutely.
1028,"Look, my criticism of the European Union and the Eurozone  comes from a person who lives and breathes Europe.",My criticism of the European Union and the European zone comes from someone who lives and loves Europe.
1029,My greatest fear is that the Eurozone will not survive.,My biggest fear is that the European zone is not about.
1030,"Because if it doesn't,  the centrifugal forces that will be unleashed  and they will destroy the European Union.","Because if they don't survive, the defecens will be free, or the European Union destroys."
1031,And that will be catastrophic not just for Europe  but for the whole global economy.,"It's not going to have Europe alone for Europe, but for the entire world economy."
1032,We are probably the largest economy in the world.,We're probably the world's poorest economy.
1033,"And if we allow ourselves  to fall into a route of the postmodern 1930's,  which seems to me to be what we are doing,  then that will be detrimental  to the future of Europeans and non-Europeans alike.","If we voted ourselves to the road of a postmodern 1930, it seems to me that it will be also modern for the future of Europeans as well as the non-profit."
1034,BG: We definitely hope you are wrong on that point.,BG: We hope you're in that point wrong.
1035,"Yanis, thank you for coming to TED.",Thank you very much for coming to TED.
1036,YV: Thank you.,YV: Thank you.
1037,"Roy Price is a man that most of you have probably never heard about,  even though he may have been responsible  for 22 somewhat mediocre minutes of your life on April 19, 2013.","RoyRARA, most of the people who have never heard, although probably 22 minutes of your life on April 2013 is responsible for April 2013."
1038,"He may have also been responsible for 22 very entertaining minutes,  but not very many of you.","Probably very much for 22 minutes, but not for many of you."
1039,And all of that goes back to a decision  that Roy had to make about three years ago.,"This is what goes back to the decision, the Roy three years ago."
1040,"So you see, Roy Price is a senior executive with Amazon Studios.",Roy Price is a standard employees at Amazon Studios.
1041,That's the TV production company of Amazon.,The TV company in Amazon.
1042,"He's 47 years old, slim, spiky hair,  describes himself on Twitter as ""movies, TV, technology, tacos.""","He's 47 years old, he's sank, he's got a spherical and says, ""Filme, TV, technology, Tacos."""
1043,"And Roy Price has a very responsible job, because it's his responsibility  to pick the shows, the original content that Amazon is going to make.",Roy has a very important job because it's responsible for taking the show and making the content that's going to produce.
1044,And of course that's a highly competitive space.,"Of course, that's a very tough industry."
1045,"I mean, there are so many TV shows already out there,  that Roy can't just choose any show.",There are so many TV series that Roy cannot pick any one.
1046,"He has to find shows that are really, really great.","He has to find show that are very, very good."
1047,"So in other words, he has to find shows  that are on the very right end of this curve here.","In other words, he has to find show that are completely right on this curve."
1048,"So this curve here is the rating distribution  of about 2,500 TV shows on the website IMDB,  and the rating goes from one to 10,  and the height here shows you how many shows get that rating.","This curve is the Bewertung rate of over 2500 TV series on the site, and the score is about one to 10 to 10 to 10 years, showing how many show of this value is getting."
1049,"So if your show gets a rating of nine points or higher, that's a winner.",We're putting your show up to nine and higher that winner.
1050,Then you have a top two percent show.,Then you have a successful show.
1051,"That's shows like ""Breaking Bad,"" ""Game of Thrones,"" ""The Wire,""  so all of these shows that are addictive,  whereafter you've watched a season, your brain is basically like,  ""Where can I get more of these episodes?""","These are show show like ""Breaking Bad,"" ""TheGame,"" which we make, all the show, where you've got a season, your brain, you ask, ""What's more of these Episodes?"""
1052,That kind of show.,This kind of show.
1053,"On the left side, just for clarity, here on that end,  you have a show called ""Toddlers and Tiaras"" --    -- which should tell you enough  about what's going on on that end of the curve.","On the left, here on the end, on the end, are show like ""Toddlers"" and Tiaras"" -- -- that should tell you enough what's going on on this curve."
1054,"Now, Roy Price is not worried about getting on the left end of the curve,  because I think you would have to have some serious brainpower  to undercut ""Toddlers and Tiaras.""","RoyRAve not about putting the left side of the curve, because I think you need special intelligence to bend ""Todlers and Tiaras."""
1055,"So what he's worried about is this middle bulge here,  the bulge of average TV,  you know, those shows that aren't really good or really bad,  they don't really get you excited.","He's making more thoughts about the middle pillars, the average television -- the show, neither good, they're not bad, they're not."
1056,So he needs to make sure that he's really on the right end of this.,So he has to make sure that he's really at the right side.
1057,"So the pressure is on, and of course it's also the first time  that Amazon is even doing something like this,  so Roy Price does not want to take any chances.","The pressure is there, and of course it's the first time that Amazon makes such a thing, so Roy crash doesn't want to risk."
1058,He wants to engineer success.,He wants to create success.
1059,"He needs a guaranteed success,  and so what he does is, he holds a competition.","He needs the global success, so he thinks it's going to take a competition."
1060,"So he takes a bunch of ideas for TV shows,  and from those ideas, through an evaluation,  they select eight candidates for TV shows,  and then he just makes the first episode of each one of these shows  and puts them online for free for everyone to watch.","He takes lots of ideas for TV show, and then he takes an eight-hour show from TV show, then he produces the first person on each of these show, and he's making them online where everybody can look for free."
1061,"And so when Amazon is giving out free stuff, you're going to take it, right?","And if Amazon gives free things to be done, you're going to go right?"
1062,So millions of viewers are watching those episodes.,Millions of audience look at these features.
1063,"What they don't realize is that, while they're watching their shows,  actually, they are being watched.","But they don't know that when they look at this show, they're watching this show."
1064,"They are being watched by Roy Price and his team,  who record everything.",They're going to be watching Roy and his team who are buried everything.
1065,"They record when somebody presses play, when somebody presses pause,  what parts they skip, what parts they watch again.","It's when you pick up the show, when you're putting paus on what pieces you're going to be looking at again."
1066,"So they collect millions of data points,  because they want to have those data points  to then decide which show they should make.","They collect millions of data, and then deciding what show should be producing."
1067,"And sure enough, so they collect all the data,  they do all the data crunching, and an answer emerges,  and the answer is,  ""Amazon should do a sitcom about four Republican US Senators.""","In fact, they collect the data, and it gives the answer, and it says, ""Amazon to a Sitcoma over four-month U.S.ator."""
1068,They did that show.,They did this show.
1069,So does anyone know the name of the show?,Anybody name the name of this show?
1070,"Yes, ""Alpha House,""  but it seems like not too many of you here remember that show, actually,  because it didn't turn out that great.","Yes, ""urha House,"" but it seems that a lot of these shows cannot remember this show because it wasn't so good."
1071,"It's actually just an average show,  actually -- literally, in fact, because the average of this curve here is at 7.4,  and ""Alpha House"" lands at 7.5,  so a slightly above average show,  but certainly not what Roy Price and his team were aiming for.","It's just an average show -- in the word, that's the average of the curve, and the alpha of these curves are landed on 12 -- so something that's on average, but not what Roy and his team came up."
1072,"Meanwhile, however, at about the same time,  at another company,  another executive did manage to land a top show using data analysis,  and his name is Ted,  Ted Sarandos, who is the Chief Content Officer of Netflix,  and just like Roy, he's on a constant mission  to find that great TV show,  and he uses data as well to do that,  except he does it a little bit differently.","Something at the same time, another manager has taken a top-down show by data analysis, Ted Sarandos, who's managers for Netflix's programmers, who's been looking at Netflix and he's using this super-how to find data on it, but he does something different."
1073,"So instead of holding a competition, what he did -- and his team of course --  was they looked at all the data they already had about Netflix viewers,  you know, the ratings they give their shows,  the viewing histories, what shows people like, and so on.","Instead of making a competition, they have a team and his team have been looking at the Netflix data on the Netflix scale, so the score that they give the show, the show that they like."
1074,"And then they use that data to discover  all of these little bits and pieces about the audience:  what kinds of shows they like,  what kind of producers, what kind of actors.","Then they use this data to try and figure out these little details about the audience: what show you like, what producers, what actors."
1075,"And once they had all of these pieces together,  they took a leap of faith,  and they decided to license  not a sitcom about four Senators  but a drama series about a single Senator.","When they had all these pieces, they went to an orphanage, and decided not to do a Sitcoma, but to make a drama series on a Senator."
1076,You guys know the show?,You know the show?
1077,"Yes, ""House of Cards,"" and Netflix of course, nailed it with that show,  at least for the first two seasons.","Yes, ""House of the graduated."" Netflix did a heat, at least for the first two season."
1078,"""House of Cards"" gets a 9.1 rating on this curve,  so it's exactly where they wanted it to be.","""hope of Cards"" is going to get a 9,1-dollar level on this curve, so exactly where they wanted to go."
1079,"Now, the question of course is, what happened here?","Now, of course, the question is: what happened here?"
1080,"So you have two very competitive, data-savvy companies.","You've got two very weird data, data-of-the-box companies."
1081,"They connect all of these millions of data points,  and then it works beautifully for one of them,  and it doesn't work for the other one.","They connect this many data together, and it works great for one of them, but not for the other company."
1082,So why?,What is that?
1083,Because logic kind of tells you that this should be working all the time.,Because the logic somehow says that it should work on everything.
1084,"I mean, if you're collecting millions of data points on a decision you're going to make,  then you should be able to make a pretty good decision.","If you collect millions of data, for a decision you're supposed to make, you should make a good decision."
1085,You have 200 years of statistics to rely on.,You've got 200 years of statistics than Back people.
1086,You're amplifying it with very powerful computers.,You optimize it through very powerful computers.
1087,"The least you could expect is good TV, right?","The minimum, what you're looking for is good television, right?"
1088,"And if data analysis does not work that way,  then it actually gets a little scary,  because we live in a time where we're turning to data more and more  to make very serious decisions that go far beyond TV.","If data doesn't work, it's a little bit scary, because we live in a time when we reach more and more statistics to make serious decisions, way beyond television."
1089,Does anyone here know the company Multi-Health Systems?,Anybody here does the multi-Health system?
1090,"No one. OK, that's good actually.","Nobody. OK, that's actually good."
1091,"OK, so Multi-Health Systems is a software company,  and I hope that nobody here in this room  ever comes into contact with that software,  because if you do, it means you're in prison.","MultiHealth system is a software company, and I hope nobody in this room ever comes with that software. Come with it, you're in jail."
1092,"If someone here in the US is in prison, and they apply for parole,  then it's very likely that data analysis software from that company  will be used in determining whether to grant that parole.","If someone in the United States is in jail, and please ask for free, it's probably that data analysis is going to use this company to determine whether a free-off or not."
1093,"So it's the same principle as Amazon and Netflix,  but now instead of deciding whether a TV show is going to be good or bad,  you're deciding whether a person is going to be good or bad.","Just like Amazon and Netflix. But instead of deciding whether a show is going to be good or bad, whether a person is going to be good or bad."
1094,"And mediocre TV, 22 minutes, that can be pretty bad,  but more years in prison, I guess, even worse.","Middle TV, 22 minutes, that can be really bad, but more years's prisons."
1095,"And unfortunately, there is actually some evidence that this data analysis,  despite having lots of data, does not always produce optimum results.","Unfortunately, there's evidence that this data analysis despite the many data."
1096,And that's not because a company like Multi-Health Systems  doesn't know what to do with data.,"Not always the best results, and that's because a multi-Health system doesn't know how to use data."
1097,Even the most data-savvy companies get it wrong.,"And again, the most hidden companies are wrong."
1098,"Yes, even Google gets it wrong sometimes.","Yes, even Google makes mistakes sometimes."
1099,"In 2009, Google announced that they were able, with data analysis,  to predict outbreaks of influenza, the nasty kind of flu,  by doing data analysis on their Google searches.","In 2009, Google had known that it was based on data analysis by flu, the bad species, by able to predict data analysis of Google analysis."
1100,"And it worked beautifully, and it made a big splash in the news,  including the pinnacle of scientific success: a publication in the journal ""Nature.""","It worked wonderful and was a big news. The success in a publication in the magazine called ""nature."""
1101,"It worked beautifully for year after year after year,  until one year it failed.",It worked a liberate year around year until it didn't work.
1102,And nobody could even tell exactly why.,And nobody could say why.
1103,"It just didn't work that year, and of course that again made big news,  of a publication from the journal ""Nature.""","It didn't work simple, this was again again a mustard, including the Widerruf of the Sun in the magazine."
1104,"So even the most data-savvy companies, Amazon and Google,  they sometimes get it wrong.",Even the most hidden companies like Amazon and Google are enlightened sometimes a little bit.
1105,"And despite all those failures,  data is moving rapidly into real-life decision-making --  into the workplace,  law enforcement,  medicine.","Despite looking at all these mistakes in decisions about the life of life -- at the workplace, at the legal side, in medicine."
1106,So we should better make sure that data is helping.,So we'd better hire that data is helpful.
1107,"Now, personally I've seen a lot of this struggle with data myself,  because I work in computational genetics,  which is also a field where lots of very smart people  are using unimaginable amounts of data to make pretty serious decisions  like deciding on a cancer therapy or developing a drug.",I also know a lot of trouble with data. I work in computer genetics -- an area where some very smart people use a lot of data to make serious decisions about how the decision for cancer therapy.
1108,"And over the years, I've noticed a sort of pattern  or kind of rule, if you will, about the difference  between successful decision-making with data  and unsuccessful decision-making,  and I find this a pattern worth sharing, and it goes something like this.","Or the evolution of a medicine, over the years, I've seen some patterns in between successful decisions about data and not by successful decisions, and the pattern should be spread."
1109,"So whenever you're solving a complex problem,  you're doing essentially two things.","Do you ever solve a complex problem, you're mainly doing two things."
1110,"The first one is, you take that problem apart into its bits and pieces  so that you can deeply analyze those bits and pieces,  You put all of these bits and pieces back together again  to come to your conclusion.","The first thing is, you put this problem in the parts of the parts, so you can analyze the pieces, and then you put the pieces back together to get the pieces back together to make a point."
1111,"And sometimes you have to do it over again,  but it's always those two things:  taking apart and putting back together again.","Sometimes you have to do this more, but it's always two things: take apart and put them together again."
1112,And now the crucial thing is  that data and data analysis is only good for the first part.,And now the most important thing: data and data analysis is just good for the first part.
1113,"Data and data analysis, no matter how powerful,  can only help you taking a problem apart and understanding its pieces.","data and data analysis, no matter how powerful, can only help to get a problem and understand his parts."
1114,It's not suited to put those pieces back together again  and then to come to a conclusion.,They're not able to put together the pieces back together and then get a point.
1115,"There's another tool that can do that, and we all have it, and that tool is the brain.","And there's another tool for that, and we own it all: our brains."
1116,"If there's one thing a brain is good at,  it's taking bits and pieces back together again,  even when you have incomplete information,  and coming to a good conclusion,  especially if it's the brain of an expert.","If there's something that is good to put together, it's pieces and pieces again, even if the information is unimaginable, to capture a good sign -- especially when the brain is an expert."
1117,"And that's why I believe that Netflix was so successful,  because they used data and brains where they belong in the process.","That's why I think Netflix was so successful, because they used data and mind, where they're also using in the process."
1118,"They use data to first understand lots of pieces about their audience  that they otherwise wouldn't have been able to understand at that depth,  but then the decision to take all these bits and pieces  and put them back together again and make a show like ""House of Cards,""  that was nowhere in the data.","They use data to understand their audience better than ever, but the decision that they would have been able to do is put all these pieces together, put a show back together, and make a show like, ""hope of often,"" that didn't stand in the data."
1119,"Ted Sarandos and his team made that decision to license that show,  which also meant, by the way, that they were taking  a pretty big personal risk with that decision.",Ted Sarandososo and his team made these decisions for what it meant was that they made a major personal risk to get at risk.
1120,"And Amazon, on the other hand, they did it the wrong way around.",Amazon did it in the wrong way.
1121,"They used data all the way to drive their decision-making,  first when they held their competition of TV ideas,  then when they selected ""Alpha House"" to make as a show.","They used data to control all their decisions first as they're going to be on TV books, and then they'd be called theAlpha House."
1122,"Which of course was a very safe decision for them,  because they could always point at the data, saying,  ""This is what the data tells us.""","It was a safe decision because they could always say, ""That's what the data is."""
1123,But it didn't lead to the exceptional results that they were hoping for.,It didn't lead to the very best thing.
1124,"So data is of course a massively useful tool to make better decisions,  but I believe that things go wrong  when data is starting to drive those decisions.","data is helpful for better decisions, but I believe things are wrong when data is starting to control our decisions."
1125,"No matter how powerful, data is just a tool,  and to keep that in mind, I find this device here quite useful.","It doesn't matter how powerful it is, data is just a tool, and to forget that, it's pretty useful."
1126,Many of you will ...,Thank you very much.
1127,"Before there was data,  this was the decision-making device to use.","Before that data, it was the device for decisions."
1128,Many of you will know this.,Many of them know it.
1129,"This toy here is called the Magic 8 Ball,  and it's really amazing,  because if you have a decision to make, a yes or no question,  all you have to do is you shake the ball, and then you get an answer --  ""Most Likely"" -- right here in this window in real time.","It's also called theMag 8 Balls. It's amazing for decisions or no-in-Futlut, you just have to shake the ball to get an answer. ""Has probably"" -- right here in that moment."
1130,I'll have it out later for tech demos.,I'm going to do it later with a technique.
1131,"Now, the thing is, of course -- so I've made some decisions in my life  where, in hindsight, I should have just listened to the ball.",I've met some decisions in my life where I should have heard in the ball.
1132,"But, you know, of course, if you have the data available,  you want to replace this with something much more sophisticated,  like data analysis to come to a better decision.","But, of course, you know, if you have the data available, you want to replace it through something much more exaggeration, like data analysis to make better decisions."
1133,But that does not change the basic setup.,But that doesn't change the cause.
1134,"So the ball may get smarter and smarter and smarter,  but I believe it's still on us to make the decisions  if we want to achieve something extraordinary, on the right end of the curve.","So maybe the ball will smarter and smarter and smarter, and eventually it's because we make decisions if we want to achieve something extraordinary at the end of the curve."
1135,"And I find that a very encouraging message, in fact,  that even in the face of huge amounts of data,  it still pays off to make decisions,  to be an expert in what you're doing  and take risks.","And I feel this as a very encouraging message that it still gets paid a lot of data, to make decisions about what to do and to go to risks."
1136,"Because in the end, it's not data,  it's risks that will land you on the right end of the curve.","Because at the end of it, it's not the data, but the risks that you end up with at the right end of the curve."
1137,Thank you.,Thank you.