diff --git "a/test_predictions.txt" "b/test_predictions.txt" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/test_predictions.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,14447 @@ +Context O +Patients O +with O +pseudohypoparathyroidism O +type O +1b O +( O +PHP1b O +) O +show O +disordered O +imprinting O +of O +the O +maternal O +GNAS O +allele O +or O +paternal O +uniparental O +disomy O +( O +UPD O +) O +. O + +Genetic O +deletions O +in O +STX16 O +or O +in O +upstream O +exons O +of O +GNAS O +are O +present O +in O +many O +familial O +but O +not O +sporadic O +cases O +. O + +Objective O +Characterization O +of O +epigenetic O +and O +genetic O +defects O +in O +patients O +with O +PHP1b O +. O + +Design O +and O +patients O +DNA O +from O +84 O +subjects O +, O +including O +26 O +subjects O +with O +sporadic O +PHP1b O +, O +27 O +affected O +subjects O +and O +17 O +unaffected O +and/or O +obligate O +gene O +carriers O +from O +12 O +PHP1b O +families O +, O +11 O +healthy O +individuals O +, O +and O +3 O +subjects O +with O +PHP1a O +was O +subjected O +to O +quantitative O +pyrosequencing O +of O +GNAS O +differentially O +methylated O +regions O +( O +DMRs O +) O +, O +microarray O +analysis O +, O +and O +microsatellite O +haplotype O +analysis O +. O + +Setting O +Academic O +medical O +center O +. O + +Main O +outcome O +measurements O +Molecular O +pathology O +of O +PHP1b O +. O + +Results O +Healthy O +subjects O +, O +unaffected O +family O +members O +and O +obligate O +carriers O +of O +paternal O +PHP1b O +alleles O +, O +and O +subjects O +with O +PHP1a O +showed O +normal O +methylation O +of O +all O +DMRs O +. O + +All O +PHP1b O +subjects O +showed O +loss O +of O +methylation O +( O +LOM O +) O +at O +the O +exon O +A O +/ O +B O +DMR O +. O + +Affected O +members O +of O +nine O +PHP1b O +kindreds O +showed O +LOM O +only O +at O +the O +exon O +A O +/ O +B O +DMR O +, O +which O +was O +associated O +with O +a O +3 O +- O +kb O +deletion O +of O +STX16 O +exons O +4 O +- O +6 O +in O +seven O +families O +and O +a O +novel O +deletion O +of O +STX16 O +and O +adjacent O +NEPEPL1 O +in O +one O +family O +. O + +A O +novel O +NESP O +deletion O +was O +found O +in O +one O +of O +two O +other O +families O +with O +more O +extensive O +methylation O +defects O +. O + +One O +sporadic O +PHP1b O +had O +UPD O +of O +20q O +, O +two O +had O +3 O +- O +kb O +STX16 O +deletions O +, O +and O +five O +had O +apparent O +epigenetic O +mosaicism O +. O + +Conclusions O +We O +found O +diverse O +patterns O +of O +defective O +methylation O +and O +identified O +novel O +or O +previously O +known O +mutations O +in O +9 O +of O +12 O +PHP1b O +families O +. O + +Malignancy O +must O +be O +considered O +in O +the O +management O +of O +adrenal O +lesions O +, O +including O +those O +incidentally O +identified O +on O +imaging O +studies O +. O + +Adrenocortical O +carcinomas O +( O +ACCs O +) O +are O +rare O +tumors O +with O +an O +estimated B-EPI +annual I-EPI +incidence I-EPI +of O +0.7 B-STAT +- I-STAT +2 I-STAT +cases I-STAT +per I-STAT +year I-STAT +and O +a O +worldwide B-LOC +prevalence I-EPI +of O +4 B-STAT +- I-STAT +12 I-STAT +cases I-STAT +per I-STAT +million I-STAT +/ I-STAT +year I-STAT +. O + +However O +, O +a O +much O +higher O +incidence B-EPI +of O +these O +tumors O +( O +> O +15 O +times O +) O +has O +been O +demonstrated O +in O +south B-LOC +and O +southeastern I-LOC +Brazil I-LOC +. O + +Most O +ACCs O +cause O +hypersecretion O +of O +steroids O +including O +glucocorticoids O +and O +androgens O +. O + +ACC O +patients O +have O +a O +very O +poor O +prognosis O +with O +a O +5 O +- O +year O +overall O +survival O +( O +OS O +) O +below O +30 O +% O +in O +most O +series O +. O + +Pheochromocytoma O +or O +paraganglioma O +( O +PPGL O +) O +is O +a O +metabolically O +active O +tumor O +originating O +from O +the O +chromaffin O +cells O +of O +the O +adrenal O +medulla O +. O + +The O +incidence B-EPI +of O +PPGL O +is O +0.2 B-STAT +to I-STAT +0.9 I-STAT +cases I-STAT +per I-STAT +100,000 I-STAT +individuals I-STAT +per I-STAT +year I-STAT +. O + +Pheochromocytomas O +are O +present O +in O +approximately O +4 O +- O +7 O +% O +of O +patients O +with O +adrenal O +incidentalomas O +. O + +Classically O +, O +PPGL O +manifests O +as O +paroxysmal O +attacks O +of O +the O +following O +4 O +symptoms O +: O +headaches O +, O +diaphoresis O +, O +palpitations O +, O +and O +severe O +hypertensive O +episodes O +. O + +The O +diagnosis O +of O +malignant O +PPGL O +relies O +on O +the O +presence O +of O +local O +invasion O +or O +metastasis O +. O + +In O +this O +review O +, O +we O +present O +the O +clinical O +and O +biochemical O +characteristics O +and O +pathogenesis O +of O +malignant O +primary O +lesions O +that O +affect O +the O +cortex O +and O +medulla O +of O +human O +adrenal O +glands O +. O + +Background O +. O + +Human O +T O +- O +cell O +lymphotropic O +virus O +type O +1 O +( O +HTLV-1 O +) O +is O +responsible O +for O +tropical O +spastic O +paraparesis O +and O +HTLV-1 O +- O +associated O +leukemia O +/ O +lymphoma O +. O + +The O +infection O +is O +endemic O +in O +some O +areas O +of O +Peru B-LOC +, O +but O +its O +prevalence B-EPI +in O +the O +Peruvian B-ETHN +Amazon I-LOC +is O +not B-STAT +well I-STAT +established O +. O + +We O +aimed O +to O +assess O +the O +seroprevalence O +of O +HTLV-1 O +infection O +in O +pregnant O +women B-SEX +in O +the O +Peruvian B-ETHN +Amazon I-LOC +. O + +Moreover O +, O +we O +performed O +a O +systematic O +literature O +review O +and O +meta O +- O +analysis O +of O +the O +seroprevalence O +of O +HTLV O +infection O +in O +Peru B-LOC +. O + +( O +2 O +) O +Methods O +. O + +This O +is O +a O +prospective O +cross O +- O +sectional O +study O +involving O +pregnant O +women B-SEX +attending O +health O +centers O +in O +the O +city O +of O +Iquitos B-LOC +, I-LOC +Peru I-LOC +, O +in O +May B-DATE +and I-DATE +June I-DATE +2019 I-DATE +. O + +The O +presence O +of O +antibodies O +against O +HTLV-1 O +was O +assessed O +using O +ELISA O +( O +HTLV O +I O ++ O +II O +ELISA O +recombinant O +v.4.0 O +, O +Wiener O +lab O +, O +Rosario B-LOC +, I-LOC +Argentina I-LOC +) O +. O + +Positive O +cases O +were O +confirmed O +by O +Western O +Blot O +and O +HTLV-1 O +proviral O +load O +. O + +( O +3 O +) O +Results O +. O + +The O +study O +included O +300 O +pregnant O +women B-SEX +with O +a O +mean O +age O +of O +26 O +years O +( O +standard O +deviation O +[ O +SD O +] O +6.4 O +) O +. O + +Five O +patients O +were O +diagnosed O +with O +HTLV-1 O +infection O +( O +prevalence B-EPI +1.7 B-STAT +% I-STAT +, O +95 O +% O +confidence O +interval O +( O +CI O +) O +0.7 O +% O +to O +3.8 O +% O +) O +. O + +Pregnant O +women B-SEX +with O +HTLV-1 O +infection O +were O +discretely O +younger O +( O +mean O +age O +22.6 O +[ O +SD O +22.6 O +] O +vs O +26.8 O +[ O +SD O +6.3 O +] O +; O +p O += O +0.128 O +) O +. O + +None O +of O +the O +five O +women B-SEX +had O +been O +transfused O +, O +and O +all O +were O +asymptomatic O +. O + +Two O +( O +40 O +% O +) O +also O +had O +a O +positive O +serology O +for O +Strongyloides O +, O +but O +larvae O +were O +not O +detected O +in O +any O +of O +the O +parasitological O +stool O +studies O +. O + +The O +systematic O +review O +component O +identified O +40 O +studies O +, O +which O +showed O +that O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +HTLV O +infection O +in O +the O +general O +population O +was O +2.9 O +% O +( O +95 O +% O +CI O +1.2 O +% O +to O +5.3 O +% O +) O +and O +in O +women B-SEX +of O +childbearing O +age O +, O +2.5 O +% O +( O +95 O +% O +CI O +1.2 O +% O +to O +4.0 O +% O +) O +. O + +( O +4 O +) O +Conclusion O +. O + +The O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +HTLV-1 O +in O +the B-LOC +Peruvian B-LOC +Amazon I-LOC +basin I-LOC +is O +about O +1.7 O +% O +, O +indicating O +an O +endemic O +presence O +. O + +Screening O +for O +HTLV-1 O +in O +prenatal O +care O +is O +warranted O +. O + +Background O +Comorbidity O +may O +influence O +clinical O +aspects O +of O +neuromyelitis O +optica O +spectrum O +disorder O +( O +NMOSD O +) O +. O + +We O +estimated O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +comorbidities O +to O +assess O +their O +association O +with O +outcomes O +. O + +Methods O +This O +retrospective O +study O +assessed O +records O +of O +NMOSD O +patients O +from O +2008 B-DATE +to I-DATE +2019 I-DATE +, O +categorizing O +comorbidities O +into O +three O +groups O +: O +somatic O +, O +psychiatric O +and O +autoimmune O +. O + +Severity O +of O +disease O +was O +evaluated O +by O +the O +Expanded O +Disability O +Status O +Scale O +, O +progression O +index O +( O +PI O +) O +and O +annualized O +relapse O +rate O +. O + +The O +frequency O +of O +comorbidities O +was O +compared O +between O +anti O +- O +aquaporin O +4 O +antibody O +( O +AQP4 O +- O +IgG O +) O +seropositive O +and O +seronegative O +patients O +. O + +Results O +A O +total O +of O +67 O +NMOSD O +patients O +were O +enrolled O +. O + +Thirty O +- O +five O +( O +52.2 O +% O +) O +patients O +reported O +at O +least O +one O +comorbidity O +. O + +In O +total O +, O +44 O +comorbidities O +were O +found O +, O +of O +which O +24 O +occurred O +prior O +to O +NMOSD O +onset O +: O +29 O +somatic O +, O +13 O +psychiatric O +and O +2 O +autoimmune O +entities O +. O + +The O +most O +common O +comorbidities O +were O +anxiety O +disorders O +7/67 O +( O +10.4 O +% O +) O +, O +followed O +by O +migraine O +6/67 O +( O +8.9 O +% O +) O +major O +depression O +disorder O +6/67 O +( O +8.9 O +% O +) O +, O +iron O +deficiency O +anemia O +8/54 O +( O +14.8 O +% O +) O +, O +and O +non O +- O +autoimmune O +hypothyroidism O +4/67 O +( O +6.0 O +% O +) O +. O + +Psychiatric O +comorbidities O +associated O +with O +PI O +in O +unadjusted O +( O +OR=0.538 O +, O +95 O +% O +CI=0.141 O +, O +0.935 O +, O +P=0.009 O +) O +and O +adjusted O +models O +( O +OR=0.386 O +, O +95 O +% O +CI=0.022 O +, O +0.751 O +, O +P=0.038 O +) O +. O + +A O +significantly O +higher O +frequency O +of O +psychiatric O +comorbidities O +was O +observed O +in O +the O +AQP4 O +- O +IgG O +positive O +patients O +( O +P=0.031 O +) O +. O + +Conclusion O +Half O +of O +the O +patients O +had O +comorbidities O +, O +suggesting O +screening O +for O +comorbidity O +as O +part O +of O +NMOSD O +care O +. O + +The O +psychiatric O +comorbidities O +had O +impact O +on O +clinical O +outcome O +. O + +Aberrant O +right O +subclavian O +artery O +( O +ARSA O +) O +, O +the O +most O +common O +aortic O +arch O +abnormality O +, O +occurs B-EPI +in O +approximately B-STAT +0.5 B-STAT +to I-STAT +1.8 I-STAT +% I-STAT +of O +the O +general O +population O +, O +with O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +up O +to O +25 I-STAT +% I-STAT +in O +those O +with O +esophageal O +atresia O +. O + +Although O +ARSA O +is O +often O +asymptomatic O +, O +a O +fistulous O +tract O +into O +esophagus O +may O +develop O +with O +prolonged O +nasogastric O +tube O +placement O +or O +endotracheal O +intubation O +and O +lead O +to O +potentially O +fatal O +hematemesis O +. O + +We O +present O +a O +first O +case O +of O +ARSA O +- O +esophageal O +fistula O +in O +a O +20 O +- O +year O +- O +old O +woman B-SEX +with O +VATER O +association O +in O +the O +absence O +of O +an O +esophageal O +anomaly O +and O +review O +28 O +cases O +of O +ARSA O +- O +esophageal O +fistula O +reported O +in O +the O +literature O +to O +date O +. O + +Requiring O +nasogastric O +and O +endotracheal O +tube O +placement O +for O +approximately O +4 O +months O +, O +the O +patient O +had O +a O +prolonged O +hospital O +course O +and O +died O +after O +sudden O +hematemesis O +. O + +An O +autopsy O +demonstrated O +an O +ARSA O +- O +esophageal O +fistula O +and O +no O +other O +source O +of O +upper O +gastrointestinal O +bleeding O +. O + +In O +patients O +with O +esophageal O +atresia O +requiring O +prolonged O +placement O +of O +an O +endotracheal O +or O +nasogastric O +tube O +, O +a O +screening O +imaging O +study O +and O +corrective O +surgery O +may O +be O +indicated O +. O + +Although O +the O +mortality O +rate O +is O +still O +high O +, O +timely O +recognition O +and O +repair O +of O +ARSA O +- O +esophageal O +fistula O +appear O +to O +be O +improving O +. O + +Given O +the O +potentially O +prolonged O +latency O +for O +its O +development O +with O +occasional O +presence O +of O +heralding O +symptoms O +, O +increased O +awareness O +may O +facilitate O +surgical O +intervention O +to O +prevent O +a O +catastrophic O +exsanguination O +. O + +The O +reported O +incidence B-EPI +of O +COVID-19 O +among O +cohorts O +of O +patients O +with O +inflammatory O +bowel O +and O +skin O +diseases O +under O +treatment O +with O +biologicals O +is O +low O +. O + +Treatment O +may O +further O +modify O +disease O +severity O +as O +some O +biological O +modifiers O +, O +such O +as O +anakinra O +, O +are O +also O +proposed O +for O +the O +management O +of O +COVID-19 O +patients O +potentially O +providing O +HS O +patients O +with O +an O +advantage O +. O + +The O +above O +preliminary O +evidence O +suggests O +that O +hidradenitis O +suppurativa O +( O +HS O +) O +does O +probably O +not O +provide O +an O +increased O +susceptibility O +for O +COVID-19 O +and O +that O +any O +susceptibility O +is O +unlikely O +to O +be O +modified O +negatively O +by O +treatment O +with O +biologicals O +. O + +On O +the O +occasion O +of O +its O +10th O +International O +Conference O +, O +experts O +of O +the O +European O +Hidradenitis O +Suppurativa O +Foundation O +e. O +V. O + +have O +prepared O +a O +consensus O +statement O +regarding O +anti O +- O +COVID-19 O +measurements O +for O +HS O +patients O +. O + +Based O +on O +the O +available O +knowledge O +, O +patients O +with O +HS O +may O +be O +vaccinated O +against O +SARS O +- O +CoV2 O +and O +patients O +affected O +by O +metabolic O +syndrome O +constitute O +a O +high O +- O +risk O +group O +for O +COVID-19 O +and O +should O +be O +vaccinated O +at O +the O +earliest O +convenient O +point O +in O +time O +. O + +HS O +patients O +on O +treatment O +with O +adalimumab O +can O +be O +vaccinated O +with O +non O +- O +living O +virus O +anti O +- O +SARS O +- O +CoV2 O +vaccines O +. O + +A O +possible O +suboptimal O +effect O +of O +the O +vaccine O +may O +be O +suspected O +but O +might O +not O +be O +expected O +universally O +. O + +The O +management O +of O +the O +biological O +treatment O +in O +HS O +patients O +is O +at O +the O +discretion O +of O +the O +dermatologist O +/ O +responsible O +physician O +. O + +Over O +the O +last O +two O +decades O +, O +improvements O +in O +perinatology O +have O +led O +to O +increased O +survival O +rates O +of O +preterm O +infants O +. O + +A O +large O +number O +of O +studies O +and O +meta O +- O +analyses O +have O +investigated O +of O +preterm O +infants O +and/or O +the O +influence O +of O +developmental O +care O +. O + +However O +, O +the O +combined O +influence O +of O +the O +most O +frequent O +risk O +factors O +and O +developmental O +care O +on O +the O +long O +- O +term O +somatic O +, O +motor O +, O +and O +cognitive O +outcome O +of O +preterm O +infants O +remains O +unclear O +. O + +This O +retrospective O +, O +single O +- O +center O +cohort O +study O +includes O +256 O +children O +treated O +in O +a O +tertiary O +neonatal O +intensive O +care O +unit O +in O +Rostock B-LOC +, O +Germany B-LOC +, O +between B-DATE +2008 I-DATE +and I-DATE +2013 I-DATE +. O + +Follow O +- O +up O +examinations O +( O +somatic O +, O +psychomotor O +, O +and O +mental O +development O +) O +were O +performed O +at O +( O +corrected O +) O +24 O +months O +using O +Bayley O +Scales O +of O +Infant O +Development O +II O +( O +BSID O +- O +II O +) O +. O + +Developmental O +care O +was O +carried O +out O +according O +to O +the O +legal O +framework O +and O +national O +guidelines O +( O +physiotherapy O +and/or O +early O +education O +) O +. O + +Bronchopulmonary O +dysplasia O +( O +BPD O +) O +and O +an O +exclusive O +formula O +feeding O +showed O +a O +2.8 O +- O +4.6 O +- O +fold O +higher O +risk O +( O +95 O +% O +Confidence O +Interval O +: O +Mental O +Developmental O +Index O +1.73 O +- O +7.58 O +; O +Psychomotor O +Developmental O +Index O +1.44 O +- O +14.54 O +; O +body O +length O +1.20 O +- O +6.41 O +) O +for O +developmental O +deficits O +( O +mental O +and O +psychomotor O +developmental O +index O +; O +body O +length O +) O +. O + +Developmental O +care O +after O +discharge O +according O +to O +national O +guidelines O +did O +not O +prevent O +this O +. O + +Since O +this O +is O +a O +retrospective O +pilot O +study O +, O +no O +recommendations O +can O +be O +made O +based O +on O +this O +analysis O +. O + +Therefore O +, O +future O +research O +should O +evaluate O +whether O +standard O +developmental O +care O +should O +be O +extended O +by O +tailored O +measures O +depending O +on O +individual O +risk O +factors O +. O + +Abstract O +Previous O +studies O +have O +suggested O +that O +human O +T O +- O +cell O +leukemia O +virus O +type O +1 O +( O +HTLV-1 O +) O +might O +act O +as O +a O +pathogen O +in O +rheumatoid O +arthritis O +( O +RA O +) O +, O +but O +epidemiological O +evidence O +of O +an O +association O +is O +scarce O +. O + +We O +measured O +anti O +- O +HTLV-1 O +antibodies O +among O +Nagasaki B-LOC +atomic O +bomb O +survivors O +to O +determine O +whether O +HTLV-1 O +is O +related O +to O +RA O +and O +whether O +radiation O +exposure O +is O +associated O +with O +HTLV-1 O +and O +RA O +prevalence B-EPI +. O +This O +is O +a O +cross O +- O +sectional O +study O +among O +atomic O +bomb O +survivors O +who O +participated O +in O +biennial O +health O +examinations O +from O +2006 B-DATE +to I-DATE +2010 I-DATE +. O + +Serum O +levels O +of O +anti O +- O +HTLV-1 O +antibodies O +were O +measured O +using O +a O +chemiluminescent O +enzyme O +immunoassay O +and O +confirmed O +by O +Western O +blotting O +. O + +Association O +between O +HTLV-1 O +and O +RA O +was O +analyzed O +by O +a O +logistic O +regression O +model O +. O +Of O +2091 O +participants O +( O +women B-SEX +61.5 O +% O +; O +median O +age O +, O +73 O +years O +) O +, O +215 O +( O +10.3 O +% O +) O +had O +anti O +- O +HTLV-1 O +antibodies O +. O + +HTLV-1 O +prevalence B-EPI +was O +higher O +among O +women B-SEX +( O +13.1 O +% O +vs O +5.8 O +% O +; O +P O +< O +.001 O +) O +. O + +Twenty O +- O +two O +participants O +( O +1.1 O +% O +) O +were O +diagnosed O +with O +RA O +. O + +HTLV-1 O +prevalence B-EPI +among O +RA O +participants O +was O +significantly O +higher O +than O +that O +among O +non O +- O +RA O +participants O +( O +27.3 O +% O +vs O +10.1 O +% O +; O +P O += O +.020 O +) O +. O + +After O +adjustment O +for O +age O +, O +sex O +, O +and O +hepatitis O +C O +virus O +infection O +, O +HTLV-1 O +was O +significantly O +associated O +with O +prevalent B-EPI +RA O +( O +odds O +ratio O +, O +2.89 O +; O +95 O +% O +confidence O +interval O +, O +1.06 O +, O +7.03 O +) O +. O + +There O +was O +no O +association O +between O +radiation O +dose O +and O +either O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +HTLV-1 O +or O +RA O +. O + +This O +study O +, O +among O +a O +well O +- O +defined O +group O +of O +atomic O +bomb O +survivors O +, O +suggests O +that O +HTLV-1 O +is O +associated O +with O +RA O +. O + +A O +study O +of O +parental O +cancer O +in O +326 O +children O +referred O +to O +a O +single O +Paediatric O +Oncology O +Unit O +found O +a O +significant O +increase O +in O +breast O +cancer O +in O +mothers O +of O +children O +with O +solid O +tumours O +. O + +The O +5 O +tumours O +found O +were O +8.9 O +times O +the O +expected O +number O +. O + +This O +increase O +could O +not O +be O +accounted O +for O +by O +any O +of O +the O +known O +risk O +factors O +for O +breast O +cancer O +. O + +The O +incidence B-EPI +of O +cancer O +in O +mothers O +of O +leukaemic O +children O +and O +in O +all O +groups O +of O +fathers O +was O +not O +significantly O +raised O +. O + +Further O +prospective O +studies O +in O +the O +mothers O +of O +young O +children O +with O +soft O +tissue O +tumours O +are O +needed O +to O +clarify O +the O +groups O +at O +risk O +and O +to O +determine O +whether O +counselling O +and O +surveillance O +of O +these O +mothers O +is O +appropriate O +. O + +Background O +Vitamin O +C O +has O +anti O +- O +oxidant O +properties O +and O +acts O +as O +a O +cofactor O +for O +several O +enzymes O +. O + +Hypovitaminosis O +C O +has O +been O +associated O +with O +bleeding O +, O +endothelial O +dysfunction O +and O +death O +. O + +The O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +hypovitaminosis O +C O +is O +unknown O +in O +Australian B-ETHN +hospitalised O +patients O +, O +and O +its O +clinical O +relevance O +is O +uncertain O +. O + +Aims O +To O +determine O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +, O +characteristics O +and O +clinical O +outcomes O +of O +hospitalised O +patients O +with O +hypovitaminosis O +C. O + +Methods O +This O +observational O +study O +included O +general O +- O +medical O +inpatients O +in O +a O +tertiary O +- O +level O +hospital O +in O +Australia B-LOC +. O + +High O +- O +performance O +liquid O +chromatography O +( O +HPLC O +) O +was O +used O +to O +determine O +plasma O +vitamin O +C O +levels O +. O + +As O +per O +Johnston O +'s O +criteria O +, O +vitamin O +C O +levels O +of O +≥ O +28.0 O +μmol O +/ O +L O +were O +classified O +as O +normal O +and O +< O +28 O +μmol O +/ O +L O +as O +low O +. O + +Clinical O +outcomes O +determined O +included O +length O +of O +hospital O +stay O +( O +LOS O +) O +, O +nosocomial O +complications O +, O +intensive O +care O +unit O +admission O +and O +in O +- O +hospital O +mortality O +. O + +Results O +A O +total O +of O +200 O +patients O +participated O +in O +this O +study O +, O +and O +vitamin O +C O +levels O +were O +available O +for O +149 O +patients O +, O +of O +whom O +35 O +( O +23.5 O +% O +) O +had O +normal O +vitamin O +C O +levels O +, O +and O +114 O +( O +76.5 O +% O +) O +had O +hypovitaminosis O +C. O + +Patients O +with O +hypovitaminosis O +C O +were O +older O +and O +had O +higher O +C O +- O +reactive O +protein O +( O +CRP O +) O +levels O +. O + +Median O +LOS O +was O +2 O +days O +longer O +in O +patients O +with O +hypovitaminosis O +C O +( O +6 O +days O +( O +interquartile O +range O +( O +IQR O +) O +4 O +, O +8) O +vs O +4 O +days O +( O +IQR O +3 O +, O +6 O +) O +, O +P O += O +0.02 O +) O +, O +and O +they O +had O +fourfold O +higher O +odds O +of O +staying O +in O +hospital O +for O +> O +5 O +days O +than O +those O +with O +normal O +vitamin O +C O +levels O +. O + +Other O +clinical O +outcomes O +were O +similar O +between O +the O +two O +groups O +. O + +Conclusions O +Hypovitaminosis O +C O +is O +common O +in O +hospitalised O +patients O +and O +is O +associated O +with O +prolonged O +LOS O +. O + +Further O +research O +is O +needed O +to O +ascertain O +the O +benefits O +of O +vitamin O +C O +supplementation O +in O +vitamin O +C O +- O +depleted O +patients O +. O + +We O +have O +previously O +shown O +that O +67 O +% O +of O +patients O +with O +newly O +diagnosed O +coeliac O +disease O +( O +CD O +) O +presenting O +to O +gastroenterologists O +have O +evidence O +of O +neurological O +dysfunction O +. O + +This O +manifested O +with O +headache O +and O +loss O +of O +co O +- O +ordination O +. O + +Furthermore O +60 O +% O +of O +these O +patients O +had O +abnormal O +brain O +imaging O +. O + +In O +this O +follow O +- O +up O +study O +, O +we O +re O +- O +examined O +and O +re O +- O +scanned O +30 O +patients O +from O +the O +original O +cohort O +of O +100 O +, O +seven O +years O +later O +. O + +There O +was O +significant O +reduction O +in O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +headaches O +( O +47 O +% O +to O +20 O +% O +) O +but O +an O +increase O +in O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +incoordination O +( O +27 O +% O +to O +47 O +% O +) O +. O + +Although O +those O +patients O +with O +coordination O +problems O +at O +baseline O +reported O +improvement O +on O +the O +gluten O +free O +diet O +( O +GFD O +) O +, O +there O +were O +7 O +patients O +reporting O +incoordination O +not O +present O +at O +baseline O +. O + +All O +7 O +patients O +had O +positive O +serology O +for O +one O +or O +more O +gluten O +- O +sensitivity O +related O +antibodies O +at O +follow O +- O +up O +. O + +In O +total O +, O +50 O +% O +of O +the O +whole O +follow O +- O +up O +cohort O +were O +positive O +for O +one O +or O +more O +gluten O +- O +related O +antibodies O +. O + +A O +comparison O +between O +the O +baseline O +and O +follow O +- O +up O +brain O +imaging O +showed O +a O +greater O +rate O +of O +cerebellar O +grey O +matter O +atrophy O +in O +the O +antibody O +positive O +group O +compared O +to O +the O +antibody O +negative O +group O +. O + +Patients O +with O +CD O +who O +do O +not O +adhere O +to O +a O +strict O +GFD O +and O +are O +serological O +positive O +are O +at O +risk O +of O +developing O +ataxia O +, O +and O +have O +a O +significantly O +higher O +rate O +of O +cerebellar O +atrophy O +when O +compared O +to O +patients O +with O +negative O +serology O +. O + +This O +highlights O +the O +importance O +of O +regular O +review O +and O +close O +monitoring O +. O + +Background O +To O +evaluate O +the O +relationship O +between O +gender O +, O +ethnicity O +/ O +citizenship O +, O +clinical O +phenotype O +, O +total B-EPI +prevalence I-EPI +, O +and O +the O +various O +congenital O +malformations O +associated O +with O +oral O +clefts O +( O +OC O +) O +in O +Italy B-LOC +across O +the O +period O +2001 B-DATE +- I-DATE +2014 I-DATE +. O + +Methods O +A O +retrospective O +analysis O +( O +2001 B-DATE +- I-DATE +2014 I-DATE +) O +was O +conducted O +based O +on O +the O +National O +Congenital O +Malformation O +Registries O +network O +of O +Italy B-LOC +( O +Emilia B-LOC +- O +Romagna O +Registry O +of O +Birth O +Defects O +[ O +IMER O +] O +and O +Registro O +Toscano O +Difetti O +Congeniti O +[ O +RTDC O +] O +) O +, O +which O +were O +analyzed O +to O +investigate O +time O +trends O +, O +geographical O +/ O +ethnic O +clusters O +, O +topography O +, O +sex O +ratio O +, O +and O +associated O +congenital O +anomalies O +of O +OC O +phenotypes O +. O + +Results O +Among O +739 O +registered O +cases O +, O +29.8 O +% O +were O +syndromic O +or O +had O +multi O +- O +malformed O +associated O +anomalies O +, O +compared O +with O +70.2 O +% O +having O +isolated O +orofacial O +cleft O +. O + +Cleft O +lip O +( O +CL O +) O +was O +observed O +in O +22 O +% O +, O +cleft O +palate O +( O +CP O +) O +in O +40 O +% O +, O +and O +cleft O +lip O +and O +palate O +( O +CLP O +) O +in O +38 O +% O +of O +live O +births O +, O +stillbirths O +, O +and O +terminations O +of O +pregnancy O +for O +fetal O +anomaly O +cases O +. O + +Other O +associated O +conditions O +were O +major O +anomalies O +of O +cardiovascular O +defects O +( O +39 O +% O +) O +, O +followed O +by O +defects O +of O +the O +limbs O +( O +28 O +% O +) O +, O +neuroectodermal O +defects O +( O +23 O +% O +) O +, O +and O +urogenital O +malformations O +( O +10 O +% O +) O +. O + +Male B-SEX +- O +to O +- O +female B-SEX +sex O +ratio O +was O +1:1.14 O +in O +CP O +, O +1.22:1 O +in O +CL O +, O +and O +1.9:1 O +in O +CLP O +. O + +Foreigners O +were O +represented O +by O +29 O +% O +from O +Southeast B-LOC +Asia I-LOC +, O +25 O +% O +from O +Balkans B-LOC +, O +25 O +% O +from O +North B-LOC +- I-LOC +Central I-LOC +Africa I-LOC +, O +9 O +% O +from O +the O +East I-LOC +, O +7 O +% O +from O +Western B-LOC +Europe I-LOC +, O +and O +5 O +% O +from O +South B-LOC +America I-LOC +. O + +Total B-EPI +prevalence I-EPI +of O +OC O +cases O +ranged O +from O +0.9 B-STAT +( O +RTDC O +) O +to I-STAT +1.1 I-STAT +( O +IMER O +) O +of I-STAT +1000 I-STAT +births I-STAT +. O + +Conclusions O +This O +retrospective O +study O +provides O +a O +population O +- O +based O +, O +clinical O +- O +epidemiological O +description O +of O +the O +orofacial O +cleft O +phenomenon O +. O + +As O +a O +relatively O +frequent O +congenital O +malformation O +, O +its O +social O +and O +economic O +impact O +is O +worthy O +of O +further O +study O +. O + +These O +abnormalities O +can O +cause O +significant O +problems O +that O +may O +be O +solved O +or O +minimized O +by O +early O +diagnosis O +and O +treatment O +. O + +Rates O +of O +eating O +disorders O +( O +EDs O +) O +are O +increasing O +in O +Australia B-LOC +, O +as O +are O +rates O +of O +bariatric O +and O +cosmetic O +surgery O +including O +weight O +- O +related O +procedures O +. O + +It O +is O +known O +that O +binge O +eating O +disorder O +( O +BED O +) O +is O +common O +in O +bariatric O +surgery O +candidates O +and O +that O +people O +with O +EDs O +are O +likely O +to O +undergo O +weight O +- O +related O +cosmetic O +procedures O +, O +however O +, O +most O +of O +the O +literature O +is O +based O +on O +clinic O +samples O +and O +focuses O +on O +young O +women B-SEX +and O +BED O +. O + +Aims O +of O +this O +study O +were O +to O +determine O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +( O +1 O +) O +actual O +or O +intended O +bariatric O +surgery O +and O +( O +2 O +) O +actual O +or O +intended O +cosmetic O +surgery O +including O +weight O +- O +related O +procedures O +in O +people O +with O +a O +current O +ED O +and O +a O +lifetime O +history O +of O +BED O +or O +bulimia O +nervosa O +( O +BN O +) O +, O +and O +the O +associations O +with O +actual O +or O +intended O +bariatric O +or O +cosmetic O +surgery O +and O +demographic O +features O +. O + +Using O +a O +general O +population O +survey O +, O +2977 O +individuals O +were O +interviewed O +regarding O +sociodemographic O +status O +, O +ED O +symptoms O +, O +mental O +health O +- O +related O +quality O +of O +life O +( O +MHRQoL O +) O +and O +actual O +or O +intended O +use O +of O +bariatric O +and O +cosmetic O +surgery O +, O +prevalence B-EPI +estimates I-EPI +of O +which O +were O +2.0 B-STAT +% I-STAT +and O +1.1 B-STAT +% I-STAT +, O +respectively O +. O + +People O +who O +had O +planned O +or O +received O +either O +type O +of O +surgery O +were O +more O +likely O +to O +be O +( O +1 O +) O +women B-SEX +and O +( O +2 O +) O +have O +a O +higher O +BMI O +, O +( O +3 O +) O +poorer O +MHRQoL O +and O +( O +4 O +) O +a O +current O +ED O +, O +lifetime O +BN O +or O +BED O +or O +features O +of O +EDs O +( O +all O +p O +< O +0.05 O +) O +. O + +Age O +and O +household O +income O +were O +not O +significantly O +associated O +with O +increased O +use O +of O +either O +type O +of O +surgery O +. O + +Given O +the O +potential O +for O +an O +ED O +to O +affect O +outcomes O +of O +surgery O +, O +screening O +and O +treatment O +for O +EDs O +should O +be O +considered O +in O +such O +surgical O +candidates O +. O + +Congenital O +adrenal O +hyperplasia O +( O +CAH O +) O +was O +the O +fourth O +disorder O +added O +to O +the O +national O +Swedish B-ETHN +neonatal O +screening O +program O +in O +1986 B-DATE +, O +and O +approximately O +115,000 O +newborns O +are O +screened O +annually O +. O + +Dried O +blood O +spot O +( O +DBS O +) O +screening O +with O +measurement O +of O +17 O +- O +hydroxyprogesterone O +( O +17OHP O +) O +is O +also O +offered O +to O +older O +children O +moving O +to O +Sweden B-LOC +from O +countries O +lacking O +a O +national O +DBS O +screening O +program O +. O + +Here O +, O +we O +report O +an O +update O +on O +the O +CAH O +screening O +from O +January B-DATE +2011 I-DATE +until I-DATE +December I-DATE +2019 I-DATE +. O + +Results O +: O +During O +the O +study O +period O +, O +1,030,409 O +newborns O +and O +34,713 O +older O +children O +were O +screened O +. O + +In O +total O +, O +87 O +newborns O +were O +verified O +to O +have O +CAH O +, O +which O +gives O +an O +overall O +positive O +predictive O +value O +( O +PPV O +) O +of O +11 O +% O +and O +21 O +% O +for O +term O +infants O +. O + +Including O +the O +five O +missed O +CAH O +cases O +identified O +during O +this O +period O +, O +this O +gives O +an O +incidence B-EPI +of O +1:11,200 B-STAT +of O +CAH O +in O +Sweden B-LOC +. O + +Among O +the O +older O +children O +, O +12 O +of O +14 O +recalled O +cases O +were O +found O +to O +be O +true O +positive O +for O +CAH O +. O + +All O +patients O +were O +genotyped O +as O +part O +of O +the O +clinical O +follow O +- O +up O +and O +70 O +% O +of O +the O +newborns O +had O +salt O +wasting O +( O +SW O +) O +CAH O +and O +92 O +% O +had O +classic O +CAH O +( O +i.e. O +, O +SW O +and O +simple O +virilizing O +( O +SV O +) O +CAH O +) O +. O + +In O +the O +group O +of O +12 O +older O +children O +, O +none O +had O +SW O +CAH O +and O +two O +had O +SV O +CAH O +. O + +Conclusion O +: O +The O +incidence B-EPI +of O +classic O +CAH O +is O +relatively O +high O +in O +Sweden B-LOC +. O + +Early O +genetic O +confirmation O +with O +CYP21A2 O +genotyping O +has O +been O +a O +valuable O +complement O +to O +the O +analysis O +of O +17OHP O +to O +predict O +disease O +severity O +, O +make O +treatment O +decisions O +and O +for O +the O +follow O +- O +up O +and O +evaluation O +of O +the O +screening O +program O +. O + +Background O +Juvenile O +idiopathic O +arthritis O +( O +JIA O +) O +is O +a O +heterogeneous O +group O +of O +chronic O +arthritides O +presenting O +in O +patients O +aged O +≤16 O +years O +, O +with O +a O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +16 B-STAT +to I-STAT +150 I-STAT +per I-STAT +100,000 I-STAT +. O + +Juvenile O +osteochondritis O +dissecans O +( O +OCD O +) O +is O +an O +idiopathic O +disease O +of O +articular O +cartilage O +and O +subchondral O +bone O +, O +has O +an O +onset O +age O +of O +10 O +to O +16 O +years O +, O +and O +often O +affects O +the O +knee O +, O +with O +a O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +2 B-STAT +to I-STAT +18 I-STAT +per I-STAT +100,000 I-STAT +. O + +Currently O +, O +there O +are O +few O +studies O +that O +have O +evaluated O +the O +relationship O +between O +JIA O +and O +OCD O +. O + +Hypothesis O +OCD O +is O +more O +prevalent B-EPI +in O +children O +with O +JIA O +, O +and O +when O +diagnosed O +in O +such O +patients O +, O +OCD O +often O +presents O +at O +an O +advanced O +state O +. O + +Study O +design O +Case O +series O +; O +Level O +of O +evidence O +, O +4 O +. O + +Methods O +The O +medical O +records O +of O +patients O +with O +diagnoses O +of O +both O +JIA O +and O +OCD O +treated O +between B-DATE +January I-DATE +2008 I-DATE +and I-DATE +March I-DATE +2019 I-DATE +at O +a O +single O +children O +'s O +hospital O +were O +retrospectively O +reviewed O +. O + +Associations O +between O +timing O +of O +diagnoses O +, O +number O +and O +types O +of O +corticosteroid O +treatments O +, O +category O +of O +arthritis O +, O +timing O +of O +diagnoses O +, O +and O +lesion O +stability O +were O +examined O +with O +Spearman O +correlation O +coefficients O +. O + +Results O +A O +total O +of O +2021 O +patients O +with O +JIA O +were O +identified O +, O +20 O +of O +whom O +( O +19 O +female B-SEX +, O +1 O +male B-SEX +) O +had O +OCD O +of O +the O +knee O +and/or O +talus O +for O +a O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +1 B-STAT +in I-STAT +100 I-STAT +or I-STAT +1000 I-STAT +in I-STAT +100,000 I-STAT +, O +or O +approximately O +50 I-STAT +to I-STAT +500 I-STAT +times I-STAT +that I-STAT +of O +the O +general O +population O +. O + +These O +20 O +patients O +had O +a O +total O +of O +28 O +OCD O +lesions O +: O +43 O +% O +( O +9 O +femur O +, O +3 O +talus O +) O +were O +radiographically O +stable O +over O +time O +, O +50 O +% O +( O +10 O +femur O +, O +2 O +patella O +, O +2 O +talus O +) O +were O +unstable O +at O +initial O +diagnosis O +, O +and O +7 O +% O +( O +2 O +femur O +) O +were O +initially O +stable O +but O +progressed O +to O +unstable O +lesions O +despite O +drilling O +. O + +Twelve O +patients O +( O +60 O +% O +) O +underwent O +surgery O +: O +4 O +( O +20 O +% O +) O +with O +stable O +femoral O +lesions O +for O +persistent O +symptoms O +despite O +prolonged O +nonoperative O +treatment O +and O +8 O +( O +40 O +% O +) O +for O +treatment O +of O +their O +unstable O +lesions O +( O +femoral O +and O +patellar O +) O +. O + +Within O +our O +study O +design O +, O +we O +could O +identify O +no O +significant O +associations O +between O +lesion O +stability O +and O +timing O +of O +diagnoses O +, O +number O +of O +joint O +injections O +, O +or O +limb O +deformities O +, O +nor O +were O +there O +associations O +between O +timing O +of O +JIA O +and O +OCD O +diagnoses O +and O +category O +of O +arthritis O +. O + +Conclusion O +In O +our O +population O +of O +patients O +with O +JIA O +, O +OCD O +lesions O +were O +found O +to O +be O +50 O +to O +500 O +times O +more O +prevalent B-EPI +when O +compared O +with O +published O +rates O +in O +the O +general O +population O +and O +often O +presented O +at O +an O +advanced O +state O +, O +with O +instability O +or O +delayed O +healing O +requiring O +surgery O +for O +stabilization O +or O +resolution O +of O +symptoms O +. O + +Background O +Insight O +into O +type O +6 O +long O +- O +QT O +syndrome O +( O +LQT6 O +) O +, O +stemming O +from O +mutations O +in O +the O +KCNE2 O +-encoded O +voltage O +- O +gated O +channel O +β0 O +- O +subunit O +, O +is O +limited O +. O + +We O +sought O +to O +further O +characterize O +its O +clinical O +phenotype O +. O + +Methods O +and O +results O +Individuals O +with O +reported O +pathogenic O +KCNE2 O +mutations O +identified O +during O +arrhythmia O +evaluation O +were O +collected O +from O +inherited O +arrhythmia O +clinics O +and O +the O +Rochester O +long O +- O +QT O +syndrome O +( O +LQTS O +) O +registry O +. O + +Previously O +reported O +LQT6 O +cases O +were O +identified O +through O +a O +search O +of O +the O +MEDLINE O +database O +. O + +Clinical O +features O +were O +assessed O +, O +while O +reported O +KCNE2 O +mutations O +were O +evaluated O +for O +genotype O +- O +phenotype O +segregation O +and O +classified O +according O +to O +the O +contemporary O +American B-ETHN +College O +of O +Medical O +Genetics O +guidelines O +. O + +Twenty O +- O +seven O +probands O +possessed O +reported O +pathogenic O +KCNE2 O +mutations O +, O +while O +a O +MEDLINE O +search O +identified O +17 O +additional O +LQT6 O +cases O +providing O +clinical O +and O +genetic O +data O +. O + +Sixteen O +probands O +had O +normal O +resting O +QTc O +values O +and O +only O +developed O +QT O +prolongation O +and O +malignant O +arrhythmias O +after O +exposure O +to O +QT O +- O +prolonging O +stressors O +, O +10 O +had O +other O +LQTS O +pathogenic O +mutations O +, O +and O +10 O +did O +not O +have O +an O +LQTS O +phenotype O +. O + +Although O +the O +remaining O +8 O +subjects O +had O +an O +LQTS O +phenotype O +, O +evidence O +suggested O +that O +the O +KCNE2 O +variant O +was O +not O +the O +underlying O +culprit O +. O + +The O +collective O +frequency O +of O +KCNE2 O +variants O +implicated O +in O +LQT6 O +in O +the O +Exome O +Aggregation O +Consortium O +database O +was O +1.4 O +% O +, O +in O +comparison O +with O +a O +0.0005 O +% O +estimated O +clinical O +prevalence I-EPI +for O +LQT6 O +. O + +Conclusions O +On O +the O +basis O +of O +clinical O +phenotype O +, O +the O +high O +allelic O +frequencies O +of O +LQT6 O +mutations O +in O +the O +Exome O +Aggregation O +Consortium O +database O +, O +and O +absence O +of O +previous O +documentation O +of O +genotype O +- O +phenotype O +segregation O +, O +our O +findings O +suggest O +that O +many O +KCNE2 O +variants O +, O +and O +perhaps O +all O +, O +have O +been O +erroneously O +designated O +as O +LQTS O +- O +causative O +mutations O +. O + +Instead O +, O +KCNE2 O +variants O +may O +confer O +proarrhythmic O +susceptibility O +when O +provoked O +by O +additional O +environmental O +/ O +acquired O +or O +genetic O +factors O +, O +or O +both O +. O + +Purpose O +To O +compare O +clinical O +outcomes O +between O +pars O +plana O +vitrectomy O +( O +PPV O +) O +, O +scleral O +buckling O +( O +SB O +) O +, O +and O +PPV+SB O +for O +rhegmatogenous O +retinal O +detachment O +in O +the O +Japan O +- O +RD O +Registry O +. O + +Methods O +This O +is O +a O +nation O +- O +wide O +, O +multicenter O +, O +observational O +study O +based O +on O +the O +registry O +data O +between B-DATE +2016 I-DATE +and I-DATE +2017 I-DATE +. O + +The O +failure O +levels O +were O +defined O +as O +Level O +1 O +( O +a O +failure O +of O +retinal O +detachment O +repair O +) O +, O +Level O +2 O +( O +remaining O +silicone O +oil O +) O +, O +and O +Level O +3 O +( O +multiple O +surgeries O +to O +achieve O +reattachment O +) O +. O + +We O +compared O +cases O +treated O +by O +SB O +or O +PPV O +in O +the O +subgroup O +of O +simple O +rhegmatogenous O +retinal O +detachment O +using O +multivariate O +Cox O +proportional O +hazard O +models O +. O + +Results O +A O +total O +of O +2,775 O +cases O +were O +included O +. O + +Overall O +, O +6 O +months O +any O +levels O +of O +failure O +in O +total O +, O +SB O +, O +PPV O +, O +and O +PPV+SB O +were O +9.2 O +% O +( O +n O += O +256 O +) O +, O +6.9 O +% O +( O +n O += O +48 O +) O +, O +8.2 O +% O +( O +n O += O +157 O +) O +, O +and O +21.3 O +% O +( O +n O += O +51 O +) O +, O +respectively O +. O + +Poor O +visual O +acuity O +at O +baseline O +in O +SB O +and O +inferior O +rhegmatogenous O +retinal O +detachment O +and O +larger O +retinal O +tear O +in O +PPV O +were O +associated O +with O +a O +higher O +risk O +of O +failure O +. O + +Pars O +plana O +vitrectomy O +was O +associated O +with O +a O +higher O +chance O +of O +achieving O +primary O +success O +in O +cases O +with O +simple O +RRD O +, O +especially O +for O +cases O +with O +superior O +RRD O +( O +adjusted O +hazard O +ratio O +3.61 O +, O +95 O +% O +confidence O +interval O +2.22 O +- O +5.94 O +, O +P O +< O +0.001 O +) O +. O + +Conclusion O +In O +this O +nationwide O +study O +, O +surgical O +anatomic O +outcomes O +were O +equally O +successful O +in O +either O +SB O +or O +PPV O +. O + +There O +were O +different O +baseline O +characteristics O +associated O +with O +primary O +success O +between O +SB O +and O +PPV O +. O + +Uveal O +melanoma O +( O +UM O +) O +represents O +the O +most O +prominent O +primary O +eye O +cancer O +in O +adults O +. O + +With O +an O +incidence B-EPI +of O +approximately B-STAT +5 B-STAT +cases I-STAT +per I-STAT +million I-STAT +individuals I-STAT +annually I-STAT +in O +the B-LOC +United I-LOC +States I-LOC +, O +UM O +could O +be O +considered O +a O +relatively O +rare O +cancer O +. O + +The O +90-95 O +% O +of O +UM O +cases O +arise O +from O +the O +choroid O +. O + +Diagnosis O +is O +based O +mainly O +on O +a O +clinical O +examination O +and O +ancillary O +tests O +, O +with O +ocular O +ultrasonography O +being O +of O +greatest O +value O +. O + +Differential O +diagnosis O +can O +prove O +challenging O +in O +the O +case O +of O +indeterminate O +choroidal O +lesions O +and O +, O +sometimes O +, O +monitoring O +for O +documented O +growth O +may O +be O +the O +proper O +approach O +. O + +Fine O +needle O +aspiration O +biopsy O +tends O +to O +be O +performed O +with O +a O +prognostic O +purpose O +, O +often O +in O +combination O +with O +radiotherapy O +. O + +Gene O +expression O +profiling O +has O +allowed O +for O +the O +grading O +of O +UMs O +into O +two O +classes O +, O +which O +feature O +different O +metastatic O +risks O +. O + +Patients O +with O +UM O +require O +a O +specialized O +multidisciplinary O +management O +. O + +Primary O +tumor O +treatment O +can O +be O +either O +enucleation O +or O +globe O +preserving O +. O + +Usually O +, O +enucleation O +is O +reserved O +for O +larger O +tumors O +, O +while O +radiotherapy O +is O +preferred O +for O +small O +/ O +medium O +melanomas O +. O + +The O +prognosis O +is O +unfavorable O +due O +to O +the O +high O +mortality O +rate O +and O +high O +tendency O +to O +metastasize O +. O + +Following O +the O +development O +of O +metastatic O +disease O +, O +the O +mortality O +rate O +increases O +to O +80 O +% O +within O +one O +year O +, O +due O +to O +both O +the O +absence O +of O +an O +effective O +treatment O +and O +the O +aggressiveness O +of O +the O +condition O +. O + +Novel O +molecular O +studies O +have O +allowed O +for O +a O +better O +understanding O +of O +the O +genetic O +and O +epigenetic O +mechanisms O +involved O +in O +UM O +biological O +activity O +, O +which O +differs O +compared O +to O +skin O +melanomas O +. O + +The O +most O +commonly O +mutated O +genes O +are O +GNAQ O +, O +GNA11 O +and O +BAP1 O +. O + +Research O +in O +this O +field O +could O +help O +to O +identify O +effective O +diagnostic O +and O +prognostic O +biomarkers O +, O +as O +well O +as O +novel O +therapeutic O +targets O +. O + +Marine O +mammals O +are O +important O +sources O +of O +food O +for O +indigenous O +residents O +of O +northern B-LOC +Alaska I-LOC +. O + +Changing O +sea O +ice O +patterns O +affect O +the O +animals O +themselves O +as O +well O +as O +access O +to O +them O +by O +hunters O +. O + +Documenting O +the O +traditional O +knowledge O +of O +Iñupiaq B-ETHN +and O +Yupik B-ETHN +hunters O +concerning O +marine O +mammals O +and O +sea O +ice O +makes O +accessible O +a O +wide O +range O +of O +information O +relevant O +to O +understanding O +the O +ecosystem O +to O +which O +humans O +belong O +. O + +We O +interviewed O +hunters O +in O +11 O +coastal O +villages O +from O +the B-LOC +northern B-LOC +Bering I-LOC +Sea I-LOC +to O +the B-LOC +Beaufort I-LOC +Sea I-LOC +. O + +Hunters O +reported O +extensive O +changes O +in O +sea O +ice O +and O +weather O +that O +have O +affected O +the O +timing O +of O +marine O +mammal O +migrations O +, O +their O +distribution O +and O +behaviour O +and O +the O +efficacy O +of O +certain O +hunting O +methods O +. O + +Amidst O +these O +changes O +, O +however O +, O +hunters O +cited O +offsetting O +technological O +benefits O +, O +such O +as O +more O +powerful O +and O +fuel O +- O +efficient O +outboard O +engines O +. O + +Other O +concerns O +included O +potential O +impacts O +to O +subsistence O +hunting O +from O +industrial O +activity O +such O +as O +shipping O +and O +oil O +and O +gas O +development O +. O + +While O +hunters O +have O +been O +able O +to O +adjust O +to O +some O +changes O +, O +continued O +environmental O +changes O +and O +increased O +disturbance O +from O +human O +activity O +may O +further O +challenge O +their O +ability O +to O +acquire O +food O +in O +the O +future O +. O + +There O +are O +indications O +, O +however O +, O +that O +innovation O +and O +flexibility O +provide O +sources O +of O +resilience O +. O + +The O +field O +of O +gene O +therapy O +is O +striving O +more O +than O +ever O +to O +define O +a O +path O +to O +the O +clinic O +and O +the O +market O +. O + +Twenty O +gene O +therapy O +products O +have O +already O +been O +approved O +and O +over O +two O +thousand O +human O +gene O +therapy O +clinical O +trials O +have O +been O +reported O +worldwide B-LOC +. O + +These O +advances O +raise O +great O +hope O +to O +treat O +devastating O +rare O +and O +inherited O +diseases O +as O +well O +as O +incurable O +illnesses O +. O + +Understanding O +of O +the O +precise O +pathomechanisms O +of O +diseases O +as O +well O +as O +the O +development O +of O +efficient O +and O +specific O +gene O +targeting O +and O +delivery O +tools O +are O +revolutionizing O +the O +global O +market O +. O + +Currently O +, O +human O +cancers O +and O +monogenic O +disorders O +are O +indications O +number O +one O +. O + +The O +elevated O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +genetic O +disorders O +and O +cancers O +, O +clear O +gene O +manipulation O +guidelines O +and O +increasing O +financial O +support O +for O +gene O +therapy O +in O +clinical O +trials O +are O +major O +trends O +. O + +Gene O +therapy O +is O +presently O +starting O +to O +become O +commercially O +profitable O +as O +a O +number O +of O +gene O +and O +cell O +- O +based O +gene O +therapy O +products O +have O +entered O +the O +market O +and O +the O +clinic O +. O + +This O +article O +reviews O +the O +history O +and O +development O +of O +twenty O +approved O +human O +gene O +and O +cell O +- O +based O +gene O +therapy O +products O +that O +have O +been O +approved O +up O +- O +to O +- O +now O +in O +clinic O +and O +markets O +of O +mainly O +North B-LOC +America I-LOC +, O +Europe B-LOC +and O +Asia B-LOC +. O + +The O +term O +NBIA O +encompasses O +a O +heterogeneous O +group O +of O +inherited O +disorders O +characterized O +clinically O +by O +progressive O +extra O +pyramidal O +syndrome O +and O +pathologically O +by O +excessive O +iron O +deposition O +in O +brain O +, O +primarily O +affecting O +the O +basal O +ganglia O +( O +globus O +pallidus O +mainly O +) O +. O + +The O +hallmark O +of O +this O +syndrome O +is O +the O +age O +specific O +phenotypic O +presentation O +and O +intraphenotypic O +heterogeneity O +. O + +NBIAs O +at O +present O +include O +ten O +subtypes O +with O +genes O +identified O +in O +nine O +subtypes O +. O + +They O +form O +an O +important O +differential O +diagnosis O +for O +the O +phenotype O +of O +global O +developmental O +delay O +in O +infancy O +/ O +childhood O +to O +dystonia O +- O +parkinsonism O +or O +isolated O +parkinsonism O +at O +all O +ages O +and O +also O +for O +the O +isolated O +craniocervical O +dystonia O +of O +adult O +onset O +. O + +There O +needs O +to O +be O +a O +high O +index O +of O +clinical O +suspicion O +for O +this O +syndrome O +and O +the O +evaluation O +includes O +MRI O +brain O +T2 O +* O +weighted O +imaging O +which O +reveal O +symmetrical O +iron O +deposition O +in O +bilateral O +globus O +pallidi O +and O +other O +basal O +ganglia O +. O + +The O +T2 O +* O +imaging O +pattern O +of O +iron O +deposition O +varies O +amongst O +the O +different O +subtypes O +and O +the O +combination O +of O +clinical O +phenotype O +and O +MRI O +signature O +makes O +it O +easier O +to O +confidently O +make O +a O +diagnosis O +of O +NBIA O +and O +to O +recommend O +genetic O +testing O +. O + +The O +treatment O +to O +date O +is O +mostly O +symptomatic O +with O +targeted O +therapies O +on O +the O +horizon O +. O + +Adenylosuccinate O +lyase O +ADSL O +) O +deficiency O +is O +a O +defect O +of O +purine O +metabolism O +affecting O +purinosome O +assembly O +and O +reducing O +metabolite O +fluxes O +through O +purine O +de O +novo O +synthesis O +and O +purine O +nucleotide O +recycling O +pathways O +. O + +Biochemically O +this O +defect O +manifests O +by O +the O +presence O +in O +the O +biologic O +fluids O +of O +two O +dephosphorylated O +substrates O +of O +ADSL O +enzyme O +: O +succinylaminoimidazole O +carboxamide O +riboside O +( O +SAICAr O +) O +and O +succinyladenosine O +( O +S O +- O +Ado O +) O +. O + +More O +than O +80 O +individuals O +with O +ADSL O +deficiency O +have O +been O +identified O +, O +but O +incidence B-EPI +of O +the O +disease O +remains O +unknown B-STAT +. O + +The O +disorder O +shows O +a O +wide O +spectrum O +of O +symptoms O +from O +slowly O +to O +rapidly O +progressing O +forms O +. O + +The O +fatal O +neonatal O +form O +has O +onset O +from O +birth O +and O +presents O +with O +fatal O +neonatal O +encephalopathy O +with O +a O +lack O +of O +spontaneous O +movement O +, O +respiratory O +failure O +, O +and O +intractable O +seizures O +resulting O +in O +early O +death O +within O +the O +first O +weeks O +of O +life O +. O + +Patients O +with O +type O +I O +( O +severe O +form O +) O +present O +with O +a O +purely O +neurologic O +clinical O +picture O +characterized O +by O +severe O +psychomotor O +retardation O +, O +microcephaly O +, O +early O +onset O +of O +seizures O +, O +and O +autistic O +features O +. O + +A O +more O +slowly O +progressing O +form O +has O +also O +been O +described O +( O +type O +II O +, O +moderate O +or O +mild O +form O +) O +, O +as O +having O +later O +onset O +, O +usually O +within O +the O +first O +years O +of O +life O +, O +slight O +to O +moderate O +psychomotor O +retardation O +and O +transient O +contact O +disturbances O +. O + +Diagnosis O +is O +facilitated O +by O +demonstration O +of O +SAICAr O +and O +S O +- O +Ado O +in O +extracellular O +fluids O +such O +as O +plasma O +, O +cerebrospinal O +fluid O +and/or O +followed O +by O +genomic O +and/or O +cDNA O +sequencing O +and O +characterization O +of O +mutant O +proteins O +. O + +Over O +50 O +ADSL O +mutations O +have O +been O +identified O +and O +their O +effects O +on O +protein O +biogenesis O +, O +structural O +stability O +and O +activity O +as O +well O +as O +on O +purinosome O +assembly O +were O +characterized O +. O + +To O +date O +there O +is O +no O +specific O +and O +effective O +therapy O +for O +ADSL O +deficiency O +. O + +Importance O +Although O +several O +single O +- O +center O +studies O +have O +estimated O +that O +granuloma O +annulare O +may O +account O +for O +approximately O +0.1 B-STAT +% I-STAT +to I-STAT +0.4 I-STAT +% I-STAT +of O +new O +patients O +presenting O +to O +dermatologists O +, O +large O +- O +scale O +population O +- O +based O +studies O +estimating O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +and O +incidence B-EPI +of O +granuloma O +annulare O +are O +lacking O +. O + +Objectives O +To O +estimate O +the O +population O +- O +based I-EPI +incidence B-EPI +and O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +granuloma O +annulare O +in O +the B-LOC +United I-LOC +States I-LOC +and O +to O +identify O +the O +most O +commonly O +prescribed O +treatments O +. O + +Design O +, O +setting O +, O +and O +participants O +This O +cross O +- O +sectional O +study O +used O +deidentified O +data O +from O +the O +Optum O +Clinformatics O +Data O +Mart O +Database O +from O +January B-DATE +1 I-DATE +, I-DATE +2017 I-DATE +, I-DATE +to I-DATE +December I-DATE +31 I-DATE +, I-DATE +2018 I-DATE +, O +to O +identify O +patients O +with O +granuloma O +annulare O +. O + +Main O +outcomes O +and O +measures O +After O +validating O +an O +approach O +to O +classify O +patients O +with O +granuloma O +annulare O +using O +International O +Statistical O +Classification O +of O +Diseases O +and O +Related O +Health O +Problems O +, O +Tenth O +Revision O +codes O +, O +the O +primary O +outcomes O +were O +age- O +, O +sex- O +, O +and O +race O +/ O +ethnicity O +- O +specific O +annualized B-EPI +incidence I-EPI +and O +prevalence B-EPI +estimates I-EPI +for O +granuloma O +annulare O +. O + +In O +addition O +, O +treatment O +use O +within O +6 O +to O +12 O +months O +after O +the O +first O +diagnosis O +of O +granuloma O +annulare O +was O +examined O +. O + +Confidence O +intervals O +for O +prevalence B-EPI +and O +incidence B-EPI +estimates I-EPI +were O +computed O +assuming O +a O +binomial O +distribution O +using O +the O +Wilson O +score O +method O +. O + +Age- O +, O +sex- O +, O +and O +race O +/ O +ethnicity O +- O +specific O +incidence B-EPI +and O +prevalence B-EPI +estimates I-EPI +were O +compared O +using O +the O +χ2 O +test O +. O + +Results O +A O +total O +of O +11 O +608 O +patients O +with O +incident O +granuloma O +annulare O +( O +8680 O +female B-SEX +patients O +[ O +74.8 O +% O +] O +; O +mean O +[ O +SD O +] O +age O +, O +56.5 O +[ O +18.8 O +] O +years O +) O +and O +17 O +862 O +patients O +with O +prevalent B-EPI +granuloma O +annulare O +( O +13 O +548 O +female B-SEX +patients O +[ O +75.8 O +% O +] O +; O +mean O +[ O +SD O +] O +age O +, O +56.6 O +[ O +18.5 O +] O +years O +) O +were O +identified O +during O +the O +study O +period O +. O + +The O +overall B-EPI +annualized I-EPI +incidence I-EPI +of O +granuloma O +annulare O +was O +0.04 B-STAT +% I-STAT +, O +or O +37.9 B-STAT +( O +95 O +% O +CI O +, O +36.9 O +- O +38.9 O +) O +per I-STAT +100000.0 I-STAT +, O +and O +the O +overall B-EPI +annualized I-EPI +prevalence I-EPI +of O +granuloma O +annulare O +was O +0.06 B-STAT +% I-STAT +, O +or O +58.3 B-STAT +( O +95 O +% O +CI O +, O +57.1 O +- O +59.5 O +) O +per I-STAT +100000.0 I-STAT +. O + +The O +incidence B-EPI +and O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +granuloma O +annulare O +were O +highest O +in O +the O +fifth O +decade O +of O +life O +. O + +The O +incidence B-EPI +and O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +granuloma O +annulare O +were O +higher O +among O +women B-SEX +( O +incidence B-EPI +: O +female B-SEX +to O +male B-SEX +ratio O +, O +2.8:1 O +; O +prevalence B-EPI +: O +female B-SEX +to O +male B-SEX +ratio O +, O +3.0:1 B-STAT +) O +. O + +Within O +6 O +months O +of O +their O +first O +diagnosis O +, O +4822 O +patients O +( O +41.5 O +% O +) O +filled O +a O +prescription O +for O +a O +topical O +corticosteroid O +, O +and O +1087 O +patients O +( O +9.4 O +% O +) O +received O +an O +intralesional O +injection O +. O + +Within O +6 O +months O +of O +their O +first O +diagnosis O +, O +oral O +tetracycline O +prescriptions O +were O +filled O +by O +820 O +patients O +( O +7.1 O +% O +) O +, O +and O +hydroxychloroquine O +prescriptions O +were O +filled O +by O +268 O +patients O +( O +2.3 O +% O +) O +. O + +Conclusions O +and O +relevance O +Granuloma O +annulare O +is O +a O +rare O +disease O +in O +the B-LOC +United I-LOC +States I-LOC +that O +is O +more O +common O +among O +women B-SEX +and O +middle O +- O +aged O +to O +older O +individuals O +. O + +The O +findings O +of O +this O +cross O +- O +sectional O +study O +provide O +important O +background O +regarding O +the O +basic O +epidemiology O +and O +overall O +burden O +of O +granuloma O +annulare O +in O +the B-LOC +United I-LOC +States I-LOC +. O + +Future O +studies O +are O +needed O +to O +better O +understand O +the O +association O +of O +granuloma O +annulare O +with O +quality O +of O +life O +and O +the O +most O +optimal O +treatment O +approaches O +for O +this O +condition O +. O + +Purpose O +We O +investigated O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +Modic O +changes O +( O +MCs O +) O +and O +associated O +pathologies O +in O +pediatric O +patients O +. O + +Methods O +A O +total O +of O +368 O +MRI O +obtained O +for O +240 O +male B-SEX +and O +128 O +female B-SEX +patients O +under O +the O +age O +of O +18 O +years O +with O +complaints O +of O +low O +back O +/ O +leg O +pain O +were O +retrospectively O +examined O +. O + +All O +changes O +in O +signal O +intensity O +in O +the O +vertebral O +endplate O +and O +subchondral O +bone O +on O +MRI O +were O +defined O +as O +MCs O +. O + +We O +investigated O +the O +relationship O +between O +MCs O +and O +underlying O +diseases O +, O +including O +lumbar O +spondylolysis O +/ O +spondylolisthesis O +, O +and O +conditions O +of O +the O +growth O +plate O +in O +cases O +with O +MCs O +. O + +The O +degree O +of O +disc O +degeneration O +in O +patients O +with O +MCs O +was O +evaluated O +using O +the O +Pfirrmann O +grading O +system O +. O + +Results O +MCs O +were O +identified O +in O +six O +patients O +( O +1.6 O +% O +) O +. O + +In O +five O +of O +the O +six O +patients O +, O +the O +signal O +intensity O +changes O +were O +localized O +to O +the O +anterosuperior O +endplate O +of O +the O +affected O +vertebra O +; O +the O +MCs O +were O +associated O +with O +anterior O +apophyseal O +ring O +fracture O +and O +an O +open O +growth O +plate O +in O +all O +these O +cases O +. O + +Disc O +degeneration O +was O +classified O +as O +Pfirrmann O +grade O +I O +in O +three O +patients O +and O +grade O +II O +and O +III O +in O +one O +patient O +each O +. O + +One O +patient O +had O +type O +I O +changes O +associated O +with O +grade O +IV O +disc O +degeneration O +and O +herniation O +and O +no O +sign O +of O +an O +open O +growth O +plate O +. O + +Conclusion O +The O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +MCs O +in O +pediatrics O +patients O +was O +much O +lower O +than O +the O +rates O +reported O +in O +adults O +. O + +Most O +MCs O +were O +associated O +with O +an O +anterior O +apophyseal O +ring O +fracture O +. O + +If O +Modic O +type O +changes O +are O +seen O +in O +immature O +vertebrae O +of O +pediatric O +patients O +, O +growth O +plate O +lesions O +such O +as O +apophyseal O +ring O +fractures O +should O +be O +considered O +. O + +Level O +of O +evidence O +Diagnostic O +: O +individual O +l O +cross O +- O +sectional O +studies O +with O +consistently O +applied O +reference O +standard O +and O +blinding O +. O + +Background O +Ehlers O +- O +Danlos O +syndrome O +( O +EDS O +) O +represents O +a O +group O +of O +connective O +tissue O +disorders O +characterized O +by O +the O +fragility O +of O +the O +soft O +connective O +tissues O +resulting O +in O +widespread O +skin O +, O +ligament O +, O +joint O +, O +blood O +vessel O +and O +internal O +organ O +involvement O +. O + +The O +clinical O +spectrum O +is O +highly O +variable O +in O +terms O +of O +clinical O +features O +, O +complications O +, O +severity O +, O +biochemical O +characteristics O +and O +genes O +mutations O +. O + +The O +kyphoscoliotic O +type O +EDS O +( O +EDS O +VIA O +) O +is O +a O +rare O +variant O +of O +the O +disease O +, O +with O +an O +incidence B-EPI +of O +1:100.000 B-STAT +live I-STAT +births I-STAT +. O + +EDS O +VIA O +presents O +at O +birth O +as O +severe O +muscular O +hypotonia O +, O +early O +onset O +of O +progressive O +kyphoscoliosis O +, O +marked O +hyperelasticity O +and O +fragility O +of O +the O +skin O +with O +abnormal O +scarring O +, O +severe O +joint O +hypermobility O +, O +luxations O +and O +osteopenia O +without O +a O +tendency O +to O +fractures O +. O + +This O +condition O +is O +due O +to O +a O +mutation O +in O +the O +PLOD1 O +gene O +, O +and O +less O +commonly O +in O +FKBP14 O +gene O +, O +which O +results O +in O +the O +erroneous O +development O +of O +collagen O +molecules O +with O +consequent O +mechanical O +instability O +of O +the O +affected O +tissue O +. O + +Case O +presentation O +A O +female B-SEX +newborn O +, O +found O +to O +be O +floppy O +at O +birth O +, O +presented O +a O +remarkable O +physical O +examination O +for O +joint O +hypermobility O +, O +muscle O +weakness O +, O +hyperelastic O +skin O +, O +a O +slight O +curve O +of O +the O +spine O +, O +the O +absence O +of O +the O +inferior O +labial O +and O +lingual O +frenulum O +. O + +Due O +to O +severe O +hypotonia O +, O +neuromuscular O +disorders O +such O +as O +Spinal O +Muscular O +Atrophy O +( O +SMA O +) O +, O +genetic O +diseases O +such O +as O +Prader O +Willi O +syndrome O +( O +PWS O +) O +, O +myopathies O +and O +connective O +tissue O +disorders O +were O +considered O +in O +the O +differential O +diagnosis O +. O + +Targeted O +gene O +sequencing O +were O +performed O +for O +SMN1 O +, O +PLOD1 O +, O +FKBP14 O +, O +COL6A1 O +, O +COL6A2 O +, O +COL6A3 O +. O + +The O +urinary O +lysyl O +and O +hydroxy O +- O +lysyl O +pyridinoline O +ratio O +was O +diagnostic O +before O +discovering O +the O +homozygous O +duplication O +in O +the O +PLOD1 O +gene O +, O +which O +confirmed O +kyphoscoliotic O +EDS O +diagnosis O +. O + +Conclusion O +In O +front O +of O +a O +floppy O +infant O +, O +a O +large O +variety O +of O +disorders O +should O +be O +considered O +, O +including O +some O +connective O +diseases O +. O + +The O +presence O +at O +the O +birth O +of O +kyphoscoliosis O +, O +associated O +with O +joint O +hypermobility O +and O +the O +absence O +of O +the O +lingual O +and O +lower O +lip O +frenulum O +, O +should O +suggest O +an O +EDS O +. O + +More O +than O +1 I-STAT +out I-STAT +of I-STAT +10 I-STAT +women B-SEX +worldwide B-LOC +are O +diagnosed O +with O +polycystic O +ovary O +syndrome O +( O +PCOS O +) O +, O +the O +leading O +cause O +of O +female B-SEX +reproductive O +and O +metabolic O +dysfunction O +. O + +Despite O +its O +high O +prevalence B-EPI +, O +PCOS O +and O +its O +accompanying O +morbidities O +are O +likely O +underdiagnosed O +, O +averaging O +> O +2 O +years O +and O +3 O +physicians O +before O +women B-SEX +are O +diagnosed O +. O + +Although O +it O +has O +been O +intensively O +researched O +, O +the O +underlying O +cause(s O +) O +of O +PCOS O +have O +yet O +to O +be O +defined O +. O + +In O +order O +to O +understand O +PCOS O +pathophysiology O +, O +its O +developmental O +origins O +, O +and O +how O +to O +predict O +and O +prevent O +PCOS O +onset O +, O +there O +is O +an O +urgent O +need O +for O +safe O +and O +effective O +markers O +and O +treatments O +. O + +In O +this O +review O +, O +we O +detail O +which O +animal O +models O +are O +more O +suitable O +for O +contributing O +to O +our O +understanding O +of O +the O +etiology O +and O +pathophysiology O +of O +PCOS O +. O + +We O +summarize O +and O +highlight O +advantages O +and O +limitations O +of O +hormonal O +or O +genetic O +manipulation O +of O +animal O +models O +, O +as O +well O +as O +of O +naturally O +occurring O +PCOS O +- O +like O +females B-SEX +. O + +Anticancer O +drug O +nephrotoxicity O +is O +an O +important O +and O +increasing O +adverse O +drug O +event O +that O +limits O +the O +efficacy O +of O +cancer O +treatment O +. O + +The O +kidney O +is O +an O +important O +elimination O +pathway O +for O +many O +antineoplastic O +drugs O +and O +their O +metabolites O +, O +which O +occurs O +by O +glomerular O +filtration O +and O +tubular O +secretion O +. O + +Chemotherapeutic O +agents O +, O +both O +conventional O +cytotoxic O +agents O +and O +molecularly O +targeted O +agents O +, O +can O +affect O +any O +segment O +of O +the O +nephron O +including O +its O +microvasculature O +, O +leading O +to O +many O +clinical O +manifestations O +such O +as O +proteinuria O +, O +hypertension O +, O +electrolyte O +disturbances O +, O +glomerulopathy O +, O +acute O +and O +chronic O +interstitial O +nephritis O +, O +acute O +kidney O +injury O +and O +at O +times O +chronic O +kidney O +disease O +. O + +The O +clinician O +should O +be O +alert O +to O +recognize O +several O +factors O +that O +may O +maximize O +renal O +dysfunction O +and O +contribute O +to O +the O +increased O +incidence B-EPI +of O +nephrotoxicity O +associated O +with O +these O +drugs O +, O +such O +as O +intravascular O +volume O +depletion O +, O +the O +associated O +use O +of O +nonchemotherapeutic O +nephrotoxic O +drugs O +( O +analgesics O +, O +antibiotics O +, O +proton O +pump O +inhibitors O +, O +and O +bone O +- O +targeted O +therapies O +) O +, O +radiographic O +ionic O +contrast O +media O +or O +radiation O +therapy O +, O +urinary O +tract O +obstruction O +, O +and O +intrinsic O +renal O +disease O +. O + +Identification O +of O +patients O +at O +higher O +risk O +for O +nephrotoxicity O +may O +allow O +the O +prevention O +or O +at O +least O +reduction O +in O +the O +development O +and O +severity O +of O +this O +adverse O +effect O +. O + +Therefore O +, O +the O +aim O +of O +this O +brief O +review O +is O +to O +provide O +currently O +available O +evidences O +on O +oncologic O +drug O +- O +related O +nephrotoxicity O +. O + +Zika O +virus O +( O +ZIKV O +) O +is O +a O +vectorborne O +infectious O +agent O +of O +global O +public O +health O +significance O +due O +to O +its O +potential O +to O +cause O +severe O +teratogenic O +outcomes O +. O + +The O +question O +of O +whether O +health O +systems O +should O +consider O +adopting O +screening O +programmes O +for O +ZIKV O +infections O +during O +pregnancy O +warrants O +consideration O +. O + +In O +this O +analysis O +, O +we O +apply O +the O +Wilson O +- O +Jungner O +framework O +to O +appraise O +the O +potential O +utility O +of O +a O +prenatal O +ZIKV O +screening O +programme O +, O +outline O +potential O +screening O +strategies O +within O +the O +case O +- O +finding O +pathway O +, O +and O +consider O +other O +epidemiological O +factors O +that O +may O +influence O +the O +planning O +of O +such O +a O +screening O +programme O +. O + +Our O +evaluation O +of O +a O +potential O +prenatal O +ZIKV O +screening O +programme O +highlights O +factors O +affirming O +its O +usefulness O +, O +including O +the O +importance O +of O +Congenital O +Zika O +Syndrome O +as O +a O +public O +health O +problem O +and O +the O +existence O +of O +analogous O +congenital O +prenatal O +screening O +programmes O +for O +STORCH O +agents O +( O +syphilis O +, O +toxoplasmosis O +, O +others O +( O +eg O +, O +human O +immunodeficiency O +virus O +, O +varicella O +- O +zoster O +virus O +, O +parvovirus O +B19 O +) O +, O +rubella O +, O +cytomegalovirus O +, O +and O +herpes O +simplex O +virus O +) O +. O + +However O +, O +our O +assessment O +also O +reveals O +key O +barriers O +to O +implementation O +, O +such O +as O +the O +need O +for O +more O +accurate O +diagnostic O +tests O +, O +effective O +antiviral O +treatments O +, O +increased O +social O +service O +capacity O +, O +and O +surveillance O +. O + +Given O +that O +the O +reemergence O +of O +ZIKV O +is O +likely O +, O +we O +provide O +a O +guiding O +framework O +for O +policymakers O +and O +public O +health O +leaders O +that O +can O +be O +further O +elaborated O +and O +adapted O +to O +different O +contexts O +in O +order O +to O +reduce O +the O +burden O +of O +adverse O +ZIKV O +- O +related O +birth O +outcomes O +during O +future O +outbreaks O +. O + +We O +aimed O +to O +explore O +the O +genetic O +and O +environmental O +contributions O +to O +variation O +in O +the O +risk O +of O +hematologic O +malignancies O +and O +characterize O +familial O +dependence O +within O +and O +across O +hematologic O +malignancies O +. O + +The O +study O +base O +included O +316,397 O +individual O +twins O +from O +the O +Nordic O +Twin O +Study O +of O +Cancer O +with O +a O +median O +of O +41 O +years O +of O +follow O +- O +up O +: O +88,618 O +( O +28 O +% O +) O +of O +the O +twins O +were O +monozygotic O +, O +and O +3459 O +hematologic O +malignancies O +were O +reported O +. O + +We O +estimated O +the O +cumulative B-EPI +incidence I-EPI +by O +age O +, O +familial O +risk O +, O +and O +genetic O +and O +environmental O +variance O +components O +of O +hematologic O +malignancies O +accounting O +for O +competing O +risk O +of O +death O +. O + +The O +lifetime O +risk O +of O +any O +hematologic O +malignancy O +was O +2.5 O +% O +( O +95 O +% O +CI O +2.4 O +- O +2.6 O +% O +) O +, O +as O +in O +the O +background O +population O +. O + +This O +risk O +was O +elevated O +to O +4.5 O +% O +( O +95 O +% O +CI O +3.1 O +- O +6.5 O +% O +) O +conditional O +on O +hematologic O +malignancy O +in O +a O +dizygotic O +co O +- O +twin O +and O +was O +even O +greater O +at O +7.6 O +% O +( O +95 O +% O +CI O +4.8 O +- O +11.8 O +% O +) O +if O +a O +monozygotic O +co O +- O +twin O +had O +a O +hematologic O +malignancy O +. O + +Heritability O +of O +the O +liability O +to O +develop O +any O +hematologic O +malignancy O +was O +24 O +% O +( O +95 O +% O +CI O +14 O +- O +33 O +% O +) O +. O + +This O +estimate O +decreased O +across O +age O +, O +from O +approximately O +55 O +% O +at O +age O +40 O +to O +about O +20 O +- O +25 O +% O +after O +age O +55 O +, O +when O +it O +seems O +to O +stabilize O +. O + +In O +this O +largest O +ever O +studied O +twin O +cohort O +with O +the O +longest O +follow O +- O +up O +, O +we O +found O +evidence O +for O +familial O +risk O +of O +hematologic O +malignancies O +. O + +The O +discovery O +of O +decreasing O +familial O +predisposition O +with O +increasing O +age O +underscores O +the O +importance O +of O +cancer O +surveillance O +in O +families O +with O +hematological O +malignancies O +. O + +A O +57 O +- O +year O +- O +old O +male B-SEX +presented O +to O +the O +emergency O +department O +with O +right O +upper O +quadrant O +pain O +and O +constitutional O +symptoms O +. O + +Initial O +investigation O +revealed O +biliary O +sepsis O +with O +features O +of O +chronic O +cholecystitis O +, O +multiple O +liver O +abscesses O +and O +a O +fistulous O +connection O +between O +the O +gallbladder O +and O +colon O +. O + +He O +was O +subsequently O +diagnosed O +with O +a O +cholecysto O +- O +colonic O +fistula O +, O +an O +unusual O +complication O +of O +biliary O +pathology O +, O +with O +an O +incidence B-EPI +of O +0.06 B-STAT +- I-STAT +0.14 I-STAT +% I-STAT +at O +cholecystectomy O +. O + +It O +is O +the O +second O +most O +common O +form O +of O +cholecystoenteric O +fistula O +, O +the O +first O +of O +which O +is O +cholecystoduodenal O +. O + +A O +preoperative O +diagnosis O +was O +suggested O +using O +computed O +tomography O +and O +sinogram O +imaging O +. O + +The O +associated O +liver O +abscesses O +together O +with O +the O +xanthogranulomatous O +inflammation O +found O +on O +histopathology O +, O +makes O +the O +case O +particularly O +exceptional O +. O + +Massachusetts B-LOC +began O +newborn O +screening O +( O +NBS O +) O +for O +Spinal O +Muscular O +Atrophy O +( O +SMA O +) O +following O +the O +availability O +of O +new O +treatment O +options O +. O + +The O +New B-LOC +England I-LOC +Newborn O +Screening O +Program O +developed O +, O +validated O +, O +and O +implemented O +a O +screening O +algorithm O +for O +the O +detection O +of O +SMA O +- O +affected O +infants O +who O +show O +absent O +SMN1 O +Exon O +7 O +by O +Real O +- O +Time O +quantitative O +PCR O +( O +qPCR O +) O +. O + +We O +screened O +179,467 O +neonates O +and O +identified O +9 O +SMA O +- O +affected O +infants O +, O +all O +of O +whom O +were O +referred O +to O +a O +specialist O +by O +day O +of O +life O +6 O +( O +average O +and O +median O +4 O +days O +of O +life O +) O +. O + +Another O +ten O +SMN1 O +hybrids O +were O +observed O +but O +never O +referred O +. O + +The O +nine O +referred O +infants O +who O +were O +confirmed O +to O +have O +SMA O +were O +entered O +into O +treatment O +protocols O +. O + +Early O +data O +show O +that O +some O +SMA O +- O +affected O +children O +have O +remained O +asymptomatic O +and O +are O +meeting O +developmental O +milestones O +and O +some O +have O +mild O +to O +moderate O +delays O +. O + +The O +Massachusetts B-LOC +experience O +demonstrates O +that O +SMA O +NBS O +is O +feasible O +, O +can O +be O +implemented O +on O +a O +population O +basis O +, O +and O +helps O +engage O +infants O +for O +early O +treatment O +to O +maximize O +benefit O +. O + +This O +study O +aims O +to O +assess O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +, O +distribution O +, O +and O +etiological O +profile O +of O +intestinal O +parasitism O +in O +children O +living O +in O +periurban O +areas O +in O +Cachoeiras B-LOC +de I-LOC +Macacu I-LOC +, O +Rio B-LOC +de I-LOC +Janeiro I-LOC +, I-LOC +Brazil I-LOC +. O + +A O +community O +- O +based O +cross O +- O +sectional O +survey O +( O +n O += O +479 O +) O +was O +carried O +out O +. O + +Prevalence B-EPI +of O +infection O +with O +G. O +duodenalis O +and O +E. O +histolytica O +/ O +E. O +dispar O +was O +8.6 O +% O +( O +n O += O +41 O +) O +and O +13.4 O +% O +( O +n O += O +64 O +) O +, O +respectively O +. O + +Infection O +with O +G. O +duodenalis O +was O +significantly O +more O +frequent O +among O +children O +living O +in O +poor O +families O +( O +24/187 O +( O +12.8 O +% O +) O +vs. O +16/272 O +( O +5.9 O +% O +) O +; O +prevalence B-EPI +ratio O +( O +PR O +) O += O +2.18 O +; O +95 O +% O +confidence O +interval O +( O +CI O +) O += O +1.19 O +- O +3.99 O +; O +p O += O +0.011 O +) O +. O + +This O +difference O +was O +also O +significant O +for O +infection O +with O +any O +pathogenic O +parasite O +( O +43/187 O +( O +23 O +% O +) O +vs. O +40/272 O +( O +14/7 O +% O +) O +; O +PR O += O +1.56 O +; O +95 O +% O +CI O += O +1.06 O +- O +2.30 O +; O +p O += O +0.026 O +) O +. O + +In O +addition O +, O +people O +residing O +in O +houses O +with O +more O +than O +four O +inhabitants O +showed O +significantly O +higher O +positivity O +for O +infections O +with O +G. O +duodenalis O +and O +with O +E. O +histolytica O +/ O +E. O +dispar O +( O +22/138 O +( O +15.9 O +% O +) O +vs. O +16/311 O +( O +5.1 O +% O +) O +; O +PR O += O +3.09 O +; O +95 O +% O +CI O += O +1.68 O +- O +5.71 O +; O +p O +< O +0.001 O +for O +G. O +duodenalis O +and O +32/138 O +( O +23.2 O +% O +) O +vs. O +30/311 O +( O +9.6 O +% O +) O +; O +PR O += O +2.40 O +; O +95 O +% O +CI O += O +1.52 O +- O + +3.79 O +; O +p O +< O +0.001 O +for O +E. O +histolytica O +/ O +E. O +dispar O +) O +. O + +Laboratory O +diagnosis O +of O +protozoan O +enteric O +infections O +and O +effective O +drugs O +for O +their O +treatment O +are O +unmet O +goals O +in O +the O +primary O +health O +care O +system O +. O + +Therefore O +, O +giardiasis O +and O +amebiasis O +are O +neglected O +conditions O +. O + +An O +accurate O +diagnosis O +of O +syndromic O +craniosynostosis O +( O +CS O +) O +is O +important O +for O +personalized O +treatment O +, O +surveillance O +, O +and O +genetic O +counselling O +. O + +We O +describe O +detailed O +clinical O +criteria O +for O +syndromic O +CS O +and O +the O +distribution O +of O +genetic O +diagnoses O +within O +the O +cohort O +. O + +The O +prospective O +registry O +of O +the O +Norwegian B-ETHN +National O +Unit O +for O +Craniofacial O +Surgery O +was O +used O +to O +retrieve O +individuals O +with O +syndromic O +CS O +born O +between B-DATE +1 I-DATE +January I-DATE +2002 I-DATE +and I-DATE +30 I-DATE +June I-DATE +2019 I-DATE +. O + +All O +individuals O +were O +assessed O +by O +a O +clinical O +geneticist O +and O +classified O +using O +defined O +clinical O +criteria O +. O + +A O +stepwise O +approach O +consisting O +of O +single O +- O +gene O +analysis O +, O +comparative O +genomic O +hybridization O +( O +aCGH O +) O +, O +and O +exome O +- O +based O +high O +- O +throughput O +sequencing O +, O +first O +filtering O +for O +72 O +genes O +associated O +with O +syndromic O +CS O +, O +followed O +by O +an O +extended O +trio O +- O +based O +panel O +of O +1570 O +genes O +were O +offered O +to O +all O +syndromic O +CS O +cases O +. O + +A O +total O +of O +381 O +individuals O +were O +registered O +with O +CS O +, O +of O +whom O +104 O +( O +27 O +% O +) O +were O +clinically O +classified O +as O +syndromic O +CS O +. O + +Using O +the O +single O +- O +gene O +analysis O +, O +aCGH O +, O +and O +custom O +- O +designed O +panel O +, O +a O +genetic O +diagnosis O +was O +confirmed O +in O +73 O +% O +of O +the O +individuals O +( O +n O += O +94 O +) O +. O + +The O +diagnostic O +yield O +increased O +to O +84 O +% O +after O +adding O +the O +results O +from O +the O +extended O +trio O +- O +based O +panel O +. O + +Common O +causes O +of O +syndromic O +CS O +were O +found O +in O +53 O +individuals O +( O +56 O +% O +) O +, O +whereas O +26 O +( O +28 O +% O +) O +had O +other O +genetic O +syndromes O +, O +including O +17 O +individuals O +with O +syndromes O +not O +commonly O +associated O +with O +CS O +. O + +Only O +15 O +individuals O +( O +16 O +% O +) O +had O +negative O +genetic O +analyses O +. O + +Using O +the O +defined O +combination O +of O +clinical O +criteria O +, O +we O +detected O +among O +the O +highest O +numbers O +of O +syndromic O +CS O +cases O +reported O +, O +confirmed O +by O +a O +high O +genetic O +diagnostic O +yield O +of O +84 O +% O +. O + +The O +observed O +genetic O +heterogeneity O +encourages O +a O +broad O +genetic O +approach O +in O +diagnosing O +syndromic O +CS O +. O + +Background O +National O +neonatal O +surveillance O +for O +herpes O +simplex O +virus O +( O +HSV O +) O +disease O +suggests O +that O +the O +incidence B-EPI +of O +HSV O +disease O +may O +be O +higher O +in O +Queensland B-LOC +( O +QLD B-LOC +) O +than O +in O +other O +Australian B-LOC +States I-LOC +. O + +We O +sought O +to O +investigate O +the O +incidence B-EPI +via O +a O +retrospective O +13 O +- O +year O +evaluation O +of O +statewide O +laboratory O +data O +, O +autopsy O +data O +and O +linked O +clinical O +records O +of O +infants O +with O +laboratory O +confirmed O +infection O +. O + +Methods O +All O +positive O +polymerase O +chain O +reaction O +HSV O +1 O +and O +2 O +results O +were O +obtained O +for O +infants O +0 O +- O +3 O +months O +of O +age O +from O +January B-DATE +1 I-DATE +, I-DATE +2005 I-DATE +to I-DATE +December I-DATE +31 I-DATE +, I-DATE +2017 I-DATE +. O + +Clinical O +data O +were O +obtained O +from O +patient O +records O +and O +parent O +questionnaires O +were O +used O +to O +evaluate O +long O +- O +term O +sequelae O +. O + +Results O +One O +hundred O +seventy O +- O +two O +infants O +with O +HSV O +positive O +polymerase O +chain O +reaction O +results O +: O +121 O +( O +70.3 O +% O +) O +with O +HSV O +1 O +. O + +Of O +104 O +( O +60.5 O +% O +) O +infants O +with O +signs O +of O +HSV O +disease O +, O +76 O +( O +73.1 O +% O +) O +were O +neonates O +( O +≤28 O +days O +of O +age O +) O +[ O +incidence B-EPI +9.6 B-STAT +( O +95 O +% O +confidence O +interval O +, O +7.0 O +- O +11.5 O +) O +per I-STAT +100,000 I-STAT +live I-STAT +births I-STAT +] O +and O +28 O +( O +26.9 O +% O +) O +were O +young O +infants O +( O +29 O +- O +90 O +days O +of O +age O +) O +[ O +3.6 B-STAT +( O +95 O +% O +confidence O +interval O +, O +2.4 O +- O +5.4 O +) I-STAT +per I-STAT +100,000 I-STAT +live I-STAT +births I-STAT +] O +. O + +The O +annual B-EPI +incidence I-EPI +of O +neonatal O +HSV O +disease O +increased O +significantly O +in O +Queensland B-LOC +over O +the O +study O +period O +( O +P O +< O +0.01 O +) O +. O + +Of O +the O +76 O +neonates O +with O +HSV O +disease O +, O +58 O +( O +76.3 O +% O +) O +presented O +with O +the O +skin O +, O +eye O +, O +mouth O +( O +SEM O +) O +disease O +, O +17 O +( O +22.4 O +% O +) O +with O +HSV O +encephalitis O +and O +11 O +( O +14.5 O +% O +) O +had O +disseminated O +disease O +. O + +Young O +infants O +presented O +with O +HSV O +skin O +, O +eye O +, O +mouth O +disease O +( O +21 O +, O +75.0 O +% O +) O +or O +HSV O +encephalitis O +( O +6 O +, O +21.4 O +% O +) O +. O + +Death O +occurred O +in O +12/104 O +( O +11.5 O +% O +) O +infants O +( O +all O +neonates O +) O +with O +10 O +attributable O +to O +HSV O +disease O +. O + +Conclusion O +The O +incidence B-EPI +of O +neonatal O +HSV O +disease O +in O +QLD O +is O +almost O +3 O +times O +the O +national O +reported O +incidence B-EPI +. O + +Further O +research O +is O +being O +undertaken O +to O +explore O +reasons O +for O +this O +change O +and O +implications O +for O +practice O +. O + +Xanthogranulomatous O +cholecystitis O +( O +XGC O +) O +is O +a O +rare O +form O +of O +cholecystitis O +, O +characterized O +by O +the O +presence O +of O +xanthogranuloma O +, O +prominent O +yellow O +structures O +within O +the O +gallbladder O +wall O +that O +is O +very O +often O +lithiasic O +. O + +When O +XGC O +presents O +in O +its O +pseudo O +- O +tumoral O +form O +with O +occasional O +adjacent O +organ O +involvement O +, O +it O +can O +mimic O +gallbladder O +carcinoma O +( O +GBC O +) O +. O + +The O +etiopathogenesis O +of O +XGC O +is O +inflammatory O +destruction O +of O +Rokitansky O +- O +Aschoff O +sinuses O +containing O +biliary O +and O +cholesterol O +pigments O +within O +the O +gallbladder O +wall O +; O +this O +leads O +to O +a O +florid O +granulomatous O +histiocytic O +inflammatory O +reaction O +. O + +The O +prevalence B-EPI +ranges O +from O +1.3 O +% O +to I-STAT +8.8 I-STAT +% O +of O +all O +cholecystectomies O +and O +varies O +from O +country O +to O +country O +; O +XGC O +occurs B-EPI +predominantly O +in O +patients O +over O +50 O +years O +of O +age O +, O +and O +is O +equally O +distributed O +between O +males B-SEX +and O +females B-SEX +. O + +Its O +association O +with O +GBC O +remains O +a O +topic O +of O +debate O +in O +the O +literature O +( O +between O +0 I-STAT +and I-STAT +20 I-STAT +% O +) O +. O + +Symptoms O +are O +non O +- O +specific O +and O +generally O +similar O +to O +those O +of O +acute O +or O +chronic O +cholecystitis O +. O + +XGC O +, O +when O +associated O +with O +altered O +health O +status O +, O +leads O +to O +the O +suspicion O +of O +GBC O +. O + +XGC O +can O +also O +come O +to O +light O +due O +to O +an O +acute O +complication O +of O +cholecystolithiasis O +, O +in O +particular O +, O +gallstone O +migration O +. O + +Imaging O +by O +sonography O +and O +CT O +scan O +is O +suggestive O +, O +but O +magnetic O +resonance O +imaging O +is O +more O +specific O +. O + +In O +difficult O +cases O +, O +biopsy O +may O +be O +necessary O +to O +eliminate O +the O +diagnosis O +of O +tumor O +. O + +In O +case O +of O +pre- O +or O +intra O +- O +operative O +diagnostic O +doubt O +, O +the O +opinion O +of O +a O +hepatobiliary O +specialty O +center O +can O +be O +of O +help O +. O + +When O +diagnosis O +of O +GBC O +has O +been O +eliminated O +, O +laparoscopic O +cholecystectomy O +is O +recommended O +, O +although O +with O +a O +high O +risk O +of O +conversion O +to O +laparotomy O +and O +complications O +. O + +Background O +and O +Objectives O +: O +The O +incidence B-EPI +of O +diverticulitis O +is O +increasing O +in O +western O +countries O +. O + +Complicated O +diverticulitis O +is O +defined O +as O +diverticulitis O +associated O +with O +localized O +or O +generalized O +perforation O +, O +localized O +or O +distant O +abscess O +, O +fistula O +, O +stricture O +or O +obstruction O +. O + +Colonic O +symptomatic O +strictures O +are O +often O +treated O +with O +segmental O +colectomy O +. O + +The O +aim O +of O +our O +study O +is O +to O +report O +our O +experience O +with O +Self O +Expandable O +Metal O +Stents O +( O +SEMS O +) O +placement O +to O +relieve O +sigmoid O +obstruction O +secondary O +to O +diverticulitis O +, O +either O +as O +a O +permanent O +solution O +or O +as O +a O +bridge O +to O +elective O +colectomy O +. O + +Material O +and O +Methods O +: O +From O +January B-DATE +2016 I-DATE +to I-DATE +December I-DATE +2018 I-DATE +, O +21 O +patients O +underwent O +SEMS O +placement O +for O +sigmoid O +obstruction O +secondary O +to O +diverticulitis O +at O +our O +institution O +. O + +In O +four O +patients O +with O +poor O +general O +conditions O +, O +SEMS O +was O +considered O +the O +definitive O +form O +of O +treatment O +. O + +In O +17 O +patients O +, O +the O +stent O +was O +placed O +as O +bridge O +to O +elective O +colectomy O +. O + +Data O +were O +prospectively O +collected O +and O +retrospectively O +analyzed O +. O + +Primary O +outcomes O +were O +postoperative O +mortality O +and O +morbidity O +after O +SEMS O +and O +subsequent O +elective O +colectomy O +. O + +Results O +: O +There O +was O +no O +mortality O +or O +major O +morbidity O +after O +SEMS O +placement O +or O +subsequent O +elective O +colectomy O +. O + +No O +stoma O +was O +performed O +. O + +Conclusions O +: O +Placement O +of O +Colorectal O +Self O +Expandable O +Stent O +represents O +a O +useful O +tool O +to O +relieve O +obstruction O +in O +patients O +with O +left O +- O +sided O +colonic O +diverticulitis O +. O + +SEMS O +placement O +makes O +it O +possible O +to O +transform O +an O +emergency O +clinical O +condition O +into O +an O +elective O +condition O +, O +giving O +time O +to O +resolve O +the O +inflammation O +and O +the O +infection O +inevitably O +associated O +with O +complicated O +diverticulitis O +. O + +Oculo O +- O +auriculo O +- O +vertebral O +spectrum O +is O +a O +complex O +developmental O +disorder O +characterised O +mainly O +by O +anomalies O +of O +the O +ear O +, O +hemifacial O +microsomia O +, O +epibulbar O +dermoids O +and O +vertebral O +anomalies O +. O + +The O +aetiology O +is O +largely O +unknown O +, O +and O +the O +epidemiological O +data O +are O +limited O +and O +inconsistent O +. O + +We O +present O +the O +largest O +population O +- O +based O +epidemiological O +study O +to O +date O +, O +using O +data O +provided O +by O +the O +large O +network O +of O +congenital O +anomalies O +registries O +in O +Europe B-LOC +. O + +The O +study O +population O +included O +infants O +diagnosed O +with O +oculo O +- O +auriculo O +- O +vertebral O +spectrum O +during O +the O +1990 B-DATE +- I-DATE +2009 I-DATE +period O +from O +34 O +registries O +active O +in O +16 O +European B-LOC +countries O +. O + +Of O +the O +355 O +infants O +diagnosed O +with O +oculo O +- O +auriculo O +- O +vertebral O +spectrum O +, O +there O +were O +95.8 O +% O +( O +340/355 O +) O +live O +born O +, O +0.8 O +% O +( O +3/355 O +) O +fetal O +deaths O +, O +3.4 O +% O +( O +12/355 O +) O +terminations O +of O +pregnancy O +for O +fetal O +anomaly O +and O +1.5 O +% O +( O +5/340 O +) O +neonatal O +deaths O +. O + +In O +18.9 O +% O +, O +there O +was O +prenatal O +detection O +of O +anomaly O +/ O +anomalies O +associated O +with O +oculo O +- O +auriculo O +- O +vertebral O +spectrum O +, O +69.7 O +% O +were O +diagnosed O +at O +birth O +, O +3.9 O +% O +in O +the O +first O +week O +of O +life O +and O +6.1 O +% O +within O +1 O +year O +of O +life O +. O + +Microtia O +( O +88.8 O +% O +) O +, O +hemifacial O +microsomia O +( O +49.0 O +% O +) O +and O +ear O +tags O +( O +44.4 O +% O +) O +were O +the O +most O +frequent O +anomalies O +, O +followed O +by O +atresia O +/ O +stenosis O +of O +external O +auditory O +canal O +( O +25.1 O +% O +) O +, O +diverse O +vertebral O +( O +24.3 O +% O +) O +and O +eye O +( O +24.3 O +% O +) O +anomalies O +. O + +There O +was O +a O +high O +rate O +( O +69.5 O +% O +) O +of O +associated O +anomalies O +of O +other O +organs O +/ O +systems O +. O + +The O +most O +common O +were O +congenital O +heart O +defects O +present O +in O +27.8 O +% O +of O +patients O +. O + +The O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +oculo O +- O +auriculo O +- O +vertebral O +spectrum O +, O +defined O +as O +microtia O +/ O +ear O +anomalies O +and O +at O +least O +one O +major O +characteristic O +anomaly O +, O +was O +3.8 B-STAT +per I-STAT +100,000 I-STAT +births I-STAT +. O + +Twinning O +, O +assisted O +reproductive O +techniques O +and O +maternal O +pre O +- O +pregnancy O +diabetes O +were O +confirmed O +as O +risk O +factors O +. O + +The O +high O +rate O +of O +different O +associated O +anomalies O +points O +to O +the O +need O +of O +performing O +an O +early O +ultrasound O +screening O +in O +all O +infants O +born O +with O +this O +disorder O +. O + +Background O +21 O +- O +hydroxylase O +deficiency O +( O +21OHD O +) O +is O +an O +autosomal O +recessive O +disorder O +with O +an O +incidence B-EPI +of O +1:10,000 B-STAT +- I-STAT +1:20,000 I-STAT +and O +is O +the O +result O +of O +various O +mutations O +in O +the O +CYP21A2 O +gene O +. O + +21OHD O +has O +been O +described O +in O +many O +different O +populations O +, O +but O +it O +has O +not O +been O +studied O +in O +Roma B-ETHN +individuals O +so O +far O +. O + +The O +aim O +of O +the O +study O +was O +to O +analyse O +the O +genotype O +in O +Roma B-ETHN +patients O +with O +21OHD O +and O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +the O +disease O +in O +the O +Roma B-ETHN +population O +of O +North B-LOC +Macedonia I-LOC +. O + +Methods O +Molecular O +analysis O +of O +the O +nine O +most O +frequent O +CYP21A2 O +mutations O +in O +all O +known O +Roma B-ETHN +patients O +with O +CAH O +in O +North B-LOC +Macedonia I-LOC +, O +relatives O +and O +healthy O +individuals O +of O +Roma B-ETHN +ancestry O +, O +using O +the O +PCR O +/ O +ACRS O +method O +. O + +Results O +Ten O +Roma O +patients O +with O +21OHD O +were O +identified O +, O +of O +which O +nine O +had O +the O +salt O +- O +wasting O +and O +one O +had O +the O +simple O +virilizing O +form O +. O + +Calculated B-EPI +incidence I-EPI +of O +21OHD O +in O +the O +North B-ETHN +Macedonian I-ETHN +Roma I-ETHN +population O +was O +1:3375 B-STAT +. O + +Interestingly O +, O +9/10 O +patients O +( O +90 O +% O +) O +were O +homozygous O +for O +the O +In2 O +G O +splicing O +mutation O +( O +293 O +- O +13A O +/ O +C O +> O +G O +) O +. O + +Standard O +therapy O +with O +hydrocortisone O +and O +fludrocortisone O +had O +been O +introduced O +according O +to O +the O +guidelines O +. O + +In O +16 O +healthy O +relatives O +investigated O +for O +CYP21A2 O +mutations O +, O +heterozygosity O +for O +the O +In2 O +G O +mutation O +was O +detected O +in O +13/32 O +( O +40.6 O +% O +) O +alleles O +. O + +In O +100 O +healthy O +Roma B-ETHN +individuals O +, O +none O +related O +to O +the O +analysed O +families O +, O +no O +CYP21A2 O +mutations O +were O +detected O +. O + +Conclusion O +The O +Roma B-ETHN +population O +in O +North B-LOC +Macedonia I-LOC +had O +a O +very O +high O +incidence B-EPI +of O +classic O +21OHD O +. O + +Almost O +all O +patients O +had O +the O +severe O +salt O +- O +wasting O +form O +and O +the O +In2G O +/ O +In2 O +G O +genotype O +. O + +BACKGROUND O +: O +The O +aim O +of O +this O +study O +was O +to O +assess O +the O +incidence B-EPI +of O +fractures O +in O +infancy O +, O +overall O +and O +by O +type O +of O +fracture O +, O +its O +association O +with O +accidents O +, O +metabolic O +bone O +disease O +risk O +factors O +, O +and O +abuse O +diagnosis O +. O + +METHODS O +: O +The O +design O +was O +a O +population O +- O +based O +register O +study O +in O +Sweden B-LOC +. O + +Participants O +: O +Children O +born O +1997 B-DATE +- I-DATE +2014 I-DATE +, O +0 O +- O +1 O +years O +of O +age O +diagnosed O +with O +fracture O +- O +diagnosis O +according O +to O +International O +Classification O +of O +Diseases O +( O +ICD10 O +) O +were O +retrieved O +from O +the O +National O +Patient O +Register O +and O +linked O +to O +the O +Swedish B-ETHN +Medical O +Birth O +Register O +and O +the O +Death O +Cause O +Register O +. O + +Main O +outcome O +measures O +were O +fractures O +of O +the O +skull O +, O +long O +bone O +, O +clavicle O +and O +ribs O +, O +categorized O +by O +age O +( O +younger O +or O +older O +than O +6 O +months O +) O +, O +and O +accident O +or O +not O +. O + +FINDINGS O +: O +The O +incidence B-EPI +of O +fractures O +during O +infancy O +was O +251 B-STAT +per I-STAT +100000.0 I-STAT +infants I-STAT +( O +n O += O +4663 O +) O +. O + +Major O +fracture O +localisations O +were O +long O +bone O +( O +44·9 O +% O +) O +, O +skull O +( O +31·7 O +% O +) O +, O +and O +clavicle O +( O +18·6 O +% O +) O +, O +while O +rib O +fractures O +were O +few O +( O +1·4 O +% O +) O +. O + +Fall O +accidents O +were O +reported O +among O +71·4 O +% O +. O + +One O +- O +third O +occurred O +during O +the O +first O +6 O +months O +. O + +Metabolic O +bone O +disease O +risk O +factors O +, O +such O +as O +maternal O +obesity O +, O +preterm O +birth O +, O +vitamin O +D O +deficiency O +, O +rickets O +, O +and O +calcium O +metabolic O +disturbances O +, O +had O +increased O +odds O +of O +fractures O +of O +long O +bones O +and O +ribs O +in O +early O +infancy O +( O +0 O +- O +6 O +months O +): O +birth O +32 O +- O +36 O +weeks O +and O +long O +bone O +fracture O +[ O +AOR O +2·13 O +( O +95%CI O +1·67 O +- O +2·93 O +) O +] O +and O +rib O +fracture O +[ O +AOR O +4·24 O +( O +95%CI O +1·40 O +- O +12·8 O +) O +] O +. O + +Diagnosis O +of O +vitamin O +D O +deficiency O +/ O +rickets O +/ O +disorders O +of O +calcium O +metabolism O +had O +increased O +odds O +of O +long O +bone O +fracture O +[ O +AOR O +49·5 O +( O +95%CI O +18·3 O +- O +134 O +) O +] O +and O +rib O +fracture O +[ O +AOR O +617 O +( O +95%CI O +162 O +- O +2506 O +) O +] O +. O + +Fractures O +without O +a O +reported O +accident O +had O +higher O +odds O +of O +metabolic O +risk O +factors O +than O +those O +with O +reported O +accidents O +. O + +Abuse O +diagnosis O +was O +registered O +in O +105 O +infants O +, O +with O +overrepresentation O +of O +preterm O +births O +, O +multiple O +births O +and O +small O +- O +for O +- O +gestational O +age O +. O + +INTERPRETATION O +: O +Metabolic O +bone O +disease O +risk O +factors O +are O +strongly O +associated O +with O +fractures O +of O +long O +bone O +and O +ribs O +in O +early O +infancy O +. O + +Fracture O +cases O +with O +abuse O +diagnosis O +had O +a O +metabolic O +bone O +risk O +factor O +profile O +. O + +End O +- O +stage O +renal O +disease O +( O +ESRD O +) O +is O +associated O +with O +a O +number O +of O +serious O +complications O +, O +including O +increased O +cardiovascular O +disease O +, O +anaemia O +and O +metabolic O +bone O +disease O +. O + +Optic O +atrophy O +secondary O +to O +chronic O +anaemia O +in O +ESRD O +is O +rare O +. O + +We O +report O +a O +case O +of O +bilateral O +optic O +atrophy O +in O +a O +young O +patient O +with O +chronic O +anaemia O +secondary O +to O +ESRD O +. O + +A O +23 O +- O +year O +- O +old O +lady B-SEX +with O +ESRD O +, O +presented O +with O +progressive O +blurring O +of O +vision O +in O +her O +left O +eye O +for O +a O +period O +of O +six O +months O +. O + +Visual O +acuity O +in O +the O +left O +eye O +was O +counting O +finger O +and O +the O +right O +eye O +was O +6/6 O +. O + +Left O +optic O +nerve O +functions O +were O +significantly O +reduced O +. O + +Bilateral O +anterior O +segments O +and O +intraocular O +pressure O +were O +normal O +. O + +Funduscopy O +showed O +bilateral O +pale O +disc O +with O +arteriolar O +attenuation O +. O + +The O +infective O +, O +autoimmune O +and O +demyelinating O +screening O +were O +negative O +. O + +Serial O +full O +blood O +count O +indicated O +low O +haemoglobin O +and O +haematocrit O +value O +. O + +The O +full O +blood O +picture O +revealed O +normocytic O +normochromic O +anaemia O +. O + +Neuroimaging O +was O +normal O +. O + +The O +patient O +was O +diagnosed O +as O +having O +bilateral O +optic O +atrophy O +secondary O +to O +chronic O +anaemia O +due O +to O +ESRD O +. O + +Chronic O +anaemia O +is O +a O +potential O +cause O +of O +optic O +atrophy O +in O +a O +young O +patient O +with O +chronic O +disease O +. O + +Management O +of O +anaemia O +in O +such O +cases O +is O +crucial O +to O +prevent O +irreversible O +complications O +including O +optic O +atrophy O +and O +blindness O +. O + +Pharmacological O +, O +technological O +and O +educational O +approaches O +have O +advanced O +the O +treatment O +of O +Type O +1 O +diabetes O +in O +the O +last O +four O +decades O +and O +yet O +diabetic O +ketoacidosis O +( O +DKA O +) O +continues O +to O +be O +a O +leading O +cause O +of O +admission O +in O +Type O +1 O +diabetes O +. O + +This O +article O +begins O +by O +reviewing O +the O +contemporary O +epidemiological O +evidence O +in O +DKA O +. O + +It O +highlights O +a O +rise O +in O +DKA O +episodes O +in O +the O +last O +two O +decades O +, O +with O +DKA O +continuing O +to O +be O +the O +leading O +cause O +of O +death O +in O +young O +people O +with O +Type O +1 O +diabetes O +, O +and O +that O +DKA O +episodes O +are O +a O +marker O +for O +subsequent O +all O +- O +cause O +mortality O +. O + +It O +also O +summarizes O +the O +limited O +evidence O +base O +for O +DKA O +prevention O +and O +associations O +with O +psychopathology O +. O + +To O +emphasize O +the O +importance O +of O +this O +group O +with O +high O +- O +risk O +Type O +1 O +diabetes O +and O +the O +degree O +to O +which O +they O +have O +been O +overlooked O +in O +the O +past O +two O +decades O +, O +the O +article O +summarizes O +the O +research O +literature O +of O +recurrent O +DKA O +during O +1976 B-DATE +- I-DATE +1991 I-DATE +when O +it O +was O +extensively O +investigated O +as O +part O +of O +the O +phenomenon O +of O +' O +brittle O +diabetes O +' O +. O + +This O +period O +saw O +numerous O +basic O +science O +studies O +investigating O +the O +pathophysiology O +of O +recurrent O +DKA O +. O + +Subsequently O +, O +research O +centres O +published O +their O +experiences O +of O +brittle O +diabetes O +research O +participants O +manipulating O +their O +treatment O +under O +research O +conditions O +. O + +Unfortunately O +, O +the O +driver O +for O +this O +behaviour O +and O +whether O +it O +was O +indicative O +of O +other O +people O +with O +ketoacidosis O +was O +not O +pursued O +. O + +In O +summary O +, O +we O +suggest O +there O +has O +been O +a O +stasis O +in O +the O +approach O +to O +recurrent O +DKA O +prevention O +, O +which O +is O +likely O +linked O +to O +historical O +cases O +of O +mass O +sabotage O +of O +brittle O +diabetes O +research O +. O + +Further O +investigation O +is O +required O +to O +clarify O +possible O +psychological O +characteristics O +that O +increase O +the O +risk O +of O +DKA O +and O +thereby O +targets O +for O +DKA O +prevention O +. O + +Importance O +: O +Congenital O +retinal O +macrovessel O +( O +CRM O +) O +is O +a O +rarely O +reported O +venous O +malformation O +of O +the O +retina O +that O +is O +associated O +with O +venous O +anomalies O +of O +the O +brain O +. O + +Objective O +: O +To O +study O +the O +multimodal O +imaging O +findings O +of O +a O +series O +of O +eyes O +with O +congenital O +retinal O +macrovessel O +and O +describe O +the O +systemic O +associations O +. O + +Design O +, O +Setting O +, O +and O +Participants O +: O +In O +this O +cross O +- O +sectional O +multicenter O +study O +, O +medical O +records O +were O +retrospectively O +reviewed O +from O +7 O +different O +retina O +clinics O +worldwide B-LOC +over O +a O +10 O +- O +year O +period O +( O +2007 B-DATE +- I-DATE +2017 I-DATE +) O +. O + +Patients O +with O +CRM O +, O +defined O +as O +an O +abnormal O +, O +large O +, O +macular O +vessel O +with O +a O +vascular O +distribution O +above O +and O +below O +the O +horizontal O +raphe O +, O +were O +identified O +. O + +Data O +were O +analyzed O +from O +December B-DATE +2016 I-DATE +to I-DATE +August I-DATE +2017 I-DATE +. O + +Main O +Outcomes O +and O +Measures O +: O +Clinical O +information O +and O +multimodal O +retinal O +imaging O +findings O +were O +collected O +and O +studied O +. O + +Pertinent O +systemic O +information O +, O +including O +brain O +magnetic O +resonance O +imaging O +findings O +, O +was O +also O +noted O +if O +available O +. O + +Results O +: O +Of O +the O +49 O +included O +patients O +, O +32 O +( O +65 O +% O +) O +were O +female B-SEX +, O +and O +the O +mean O +( O +SD O +) O +age O +at O +onset O +was O +44.0 O +( O +20.9 O +) O +years O +. O + +A O +total O +of O +49 O +eyes O +from O +49 O +patients O +were O +studied O +. O + +Macrovessel O +was O +unilateral O +in O +all O +patients O +. O + +Color O +fundus O +photography O +illustrated O +a O +large O +aberrant O +dilated O +and O +tortuous O +retinal O +vein O +in O +all O +patients O +. O + +Early O +- O +phase O +frames O +of O +fluorescein O +angiography O +further O +confirmed O +the O +venous O +nature O +of O +the O +macrovessel O +in O +40 O +of O +40 O +eyes O +. O + +Optical O +coherence O +tomography O +angiography O +, O +available O +in O +17 O +eyes O +( O +35 O +% O +) O +, O +displayed O +microvascular O +capillary O +abnormalities O +around O +the O +CRM O +, O +which O +were O +more O +evident O +in O +the O +deep O +capillary O +plexus O +. O + +Of O +the O +49 O +patients O +with O +CRM O +, O +39 O +( O +80 O +% O +) O +did O +not O +illustrate O +any O +evidence O +of O +ophthalmic O +complications O +. O + +Ten O +patients O +( O +20 O +% O +) O +presented O +with O +retinal O +complications O +, O +typically O +an O +incidental O +association O +with O +CRM O +. O + +Twelve O +patients O +( O +24 O +% O +) O +were O +noted O +to O +have O +venous O +malformations O +of O +the O +brain O +with O +associated O +magnetic O +resonance O +imaging O +. O + +Of O +these O +, O +location O +of O +the O +venous O +anomaly O +in O +the O +brain O +was O +ipsilateral O +to O +the O +CRM O +in O +10 O +patients O +( O +83 O +% O +) O +and O +contralateral O +in O +2 O +patients O +( O +17 O +% O +) O +, O +mainly O +located O +in O +the O +frontal O +lobe O +in O +9 O +patients O +( O +75 O +% O +) O +. O + +Conclusions O +and O +Relevance O +: O +Our O +study O +has O +identified O +an O +association O +between O +macrovessels O +in O +the O +retina O +and O +venous O +anomalies O +of O +the O +brain O +( O +24 O +% O +compared O +with O +0.2 O +% O +to O +6.0 O +% O +in O +the O +normal O +population O +) O +. O + +Thus O +, O +we O +recommend O +new O +guidelines O +for O +the O +systemic O +workup O +of O +patients O +with O +CRM O +to O +include O +brain O +magnetic O +resonance O +imaging O +with O +contrast O +. O + +These O +lesions O +may O +be O +more O +accurately O +referred O +to O +as O +retinal O +venous O +malformations O +, O +which O +may O +raise O +awareness O +regarding O +potential O +cerebral O +associations O +. O + +Background O +Sleep O +disorders O +are O +common O +in O +people O +with O +intellectual O +disability O +( O +ID O +) O +and O +autism O +, O +with O +growing O +evidence O +of O +diverse O +sleep O +profiles O +across O +ID O +associated O +genetic O +syndromes O +. O + +Documenting O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +and O +profile O +of O +specific O +sleep O +disorders O +in O +syndromes O +will O +quantify O +syndrome O +- O +driven O +' O +risk O +' O +, O +inform O +prognosis O +and O +enhance O +understanding O +of O +aetiology O +of O +sleep O +disorders O +. O + +Method O +Following O +PRISMA O +guidelines O +for O +meta O +- O +analysis O +, O +we O +searched O +Ovid O +PsycINFO O +, O +Ovid O +MEDLINE O +, O +Ovid O +Embase O +, O +Web O +of O +Science O +and O +PubMed O +Central O +with O +use O +of O +syndrome O +- O +specific O +keywords O +and O +60 O +sleep O +- O +related O +search O +terms O +. O + +We O +screened O +and O +extracted O +papers O +that O +reported O +sleep O +disorder O +prevalence B-EPI +data O +for O +five O +or O +more O +individuals O +within O +a O +genetic O +syndrome O +, O +and O +applied O +quality O +criteria O +to O +produce O +a O +quality O +- O +effects O +prevalence B-EPI +model O +of O +six O +types O +of O +sleep O +disorder O +across O +nineteen O +syndromes O +. O + +Relative O +risk O +estimates O +were O +calculated O +for O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +each O +sleep O +disorder O +in O +each O +syndrome O +. O + +Results O +Two O +hundred O +and O +seventy O +three O +papers O +were O +identified O +, O +generating O +463 O +prevalence B-EPI +estimates I-EPI +for O +Angelman O +, O +CHARGE O +, O +Cornelia O +de O +Lange O +, O +Down O +, O +fragile O +X O +, O +Prader O +- O +Willi O +, O +Rett O +, O +Smith O +- O +Magenis O +and O +Williams O +syndromes O +, O +mucopolysaccharidoses O +( O +MPS O +disorders O +) O +, O +neurofibromatosis O +and O +tuberous O +sclerosis O +complex O +. O + +Prevalence B-EPI +estimates I-EPI +were O +higher O +in O +genetic O +syndromes O +than O +published O +equivalents O +for O +typically O +developing O +individuals O +, O +with O +few O +exceptions O +. O + +Between O +- O +syndrome O +differences O +for O +some O +disorders O +were O +evident O +; O +sleep O +- O +disordered O +breathing O +was O +most O +prevalent B-EPI +in O +MPS O +disorders O +( O +72 O +- O +77 O +% O +) O +, O +while O +excessive O +daytime O +sleepiness O +was O +highest O +in O +Smith O +- O +Magenis O +syndrome O +( O +60 O +% O +) O +. O + +Conversely O +, O +insomnia O +, O +which O +was O +reported O +at O +a O +higher O +rate O +than O +TD O +estimates O +in O +all O +syndromes O +except O +fragile O +X O +, O +was O +not O +associated O +with O +specific O +genetic O +risk O +. O + +This O +suggests O +insomnia O +could O +emerge O +because O +of O +the O +individual O +'s O +environment O +or O +associated O +developmental O +delay O +, O +rather O +than O +any O +specific O +genetic O +syndromes O +. O + +Limitations O +Due O +to O +the O +broad O +scope O +of O +the O +meta O +- O +analysis O +, O +only O +syndromes O +previously O +identified O +as O +reporting O +preliminary O +sleep O +research O +were O +included O +. O + +Other O +syndromes O +may O +also O +experience O +elevated O +prevalence B-EPI +rates I-EPI +of O +specific O +types O +of O +sleep O +disorder O +. O + +Only O +English O +language O +papers O +were O +included O +. O + +Conclusions O +Differing O +prevalence B-EPI +rates I-EPI +between O +types O +of O +sleep O +disorder O +suggest O +differing O +causal O +mechanisms O +, O +such O +as O +cranio O +- O +facial O +morphology O +in O +Down O +and O +Prader O +- O +Willi O +syndromes O +and O +the O +build O +- O +up O +of O +mucopolysaccharides O +in O +MPS O +disorders O +. O + +Priorities O +for O +clinical O +assessment O +and O +intervention O +for O +sleep O +disorders O +are O +discussed O +. O + +Maternal O +hypertensive O +disorders O +during O +pregnancy O +( O +HDP O +) O +have O +been O +associated O +with O +neuropsychiatric O +problems O +in O +offspring O +. O + +We O +aim O +to O +investigate O +the O +associations O +between O +specific O +types O +of O +maternal O +HDP O +and O +offspring O +neurodevelopmental O +disorders O +and O +further O +examine O +whether O +the O +timing O +of O +onset O +and O +severity O +of O +HDP O +would O +affect O +these O +associations O +. O + +The O +study O +population O +consisted O +of O +4,489,044 O +live O +- O +born O +singletons O +in O +Denmark B-LOC +during O +1978 B-DATE +- I-DATE +2012 I-DATE +and O +Sweden B-LOC +during O +1987 B-DATE +- I-DATE +2010 I-DATE +. O + +Maternal O +HDP O +was O +categorized O +into O +chronic O +hypertension O +, O +gestational O +hypertension O +, O +and O +pre O +- O +eclampsia O +; O +pre O +- O +eclampsia O +was O +further O +stratified O +according O +to O +timing O +( O +early O +- O +onset O +, O +late O +- O +onset O +) O +, O +or O +severity O +( O +moderate O +, O +severe O +) O +of O +the O +disease O +. O + +Neurodevelopmental O +disorders O +, O +including O +attention O +- O +deficit O +/ O +hyperactivity O +disorder O +( O +ADHD O +) O +, O +autism O +spectrum O +disorder O +( O +ASD O +) O +, O +and O +intellectual O +disability O +( O +ID O +) O +, O +were O +defined O +by O +ICD O +- O +coded O +register O +diagnosis O +. O + +Cox O +regression O +was O +used O +to O +calculate O +hazard O +ratios O +( O +HR O +) O +while O +adjusting O +for O +potential O +confounders O +, O +and O +sibling O +analyses O +assessed O +the O +influence O +of O +unmeasured O +shared O +familial O +factors O +. O + +Maternal O +HDP O +was O +associated O +with O +increased O +risks O +of O +ADHD O +( O +HR O +, O +1.24 O +; O +95 O +% O +confidence O +interval O +[ O +CI O +] O +, O +1.20 O +- O +1.28 O +) O +, O +ASD O +( O +1.29 O +[ O +1.24 O +- O +1.34 O +] O +) O +, O +and O +ID O +( O +1.58 O +[ O +1.50 O +- O +1.66 O +] O +) O +in O +offspring O +, O +respectively O +, O +which O +was O +mostly O +driven O +by O +pre O +- O +eclampsia O +. O + +The O +strongest O +associations O +were O +observed O +for O +early O +- O +onset O +and O +severe O +pre O +- O +eclampsia O +, O +and O +the O +corresponding O +HRs O +for O +ADHD O +, O +ASD O +and O +ID O +were O +1.93 O +[ O +1.73 O +- O +2.16 O +] O +, O +1.86 O +[ O +1.61 O +- O +2.15 O +] O +, O +and O +3.99 O +[ O +3.42 O +- O +4.65 O +] O +, O +respectively O +. O + +The O +results O +were O +similar O +in O +the O +sibling O +analyses O +. O + +The O +associations O +between O +maternal O +HDP O +and O +offspring O +neurodevelopmental O +disorders O +were O +consistent O +across O +the O +subgroups O +of O +sex O +, O +preterm O +status O +, O +parity O +, O +maternal O +age O +and O +psychiatric O +disorders O +. O + +Maternal O +HDP O +, O +especially O +early O +- O +onset O +pre O +- O +eclampsia O +, O +are O +associated O +with O +increased O +risks O +of O +ADHD O +, O +ASD O +, O +and O +ID O +in O +particular O +, O +independent O +of O +shared O +familial O +factors O +. O + +Central O +hypothyroidism O +( O +CH O +) O +occurs B-EPI +approximately B-STAT +in O +1:50,000 I-STAT +, O +and O +therefore O +is O +expected O +to O +be O +one O +thousand O +times O +rarer O +compared O +with O +primary O +hypothyroidism O +. O + +Despite O +its O +rarity O +in O +the O +general O +population O +, O +it O +is O +much O +more O +common O +in O +certain O +disorders O +, O +in O +which O +it O +is O +frequently O +associated O +with O +other O +pituitary O +hormone O +deficiencies O +. O + +The O +aim O +of O +this O +paper O +is O +to O +provide O +an O +updated O +review O +on O +the O +frequency B-EPI +of O +congenital O +CH O +, O +which O +is O +< B-STAT +1:50,000 I-STAT +, O +and O +on O +its O +etiology O +, O +disregarding O +CH O +caused O +by O +other O +genetic O +defects O +, O +such O +as O +mutations O +of O +transcription O +factors O +involved O +in O +pituitary O +organogenesis O +or O +mutations O +of O +the O +genes O +encoding O +TRH O +or O +TRH O +receptor O +. O + +Aims O +Coeliac O +disease O +( O +CD O +) O +is O +an O +autoimmune O +disorder O +with O +a O +prevalence B-EPI +≤2 B-STAT +% I-STAT +that O +causes O +an O +immune O +reaction O +to O +gluten O +. O + +Growth O +retardation O +( O +GR O +) O +generally O +accompanies O +CD O +due O +to O +gastrointestinal O +complications O +and O +should O +be O +treated O +as O +early O +as O +possible O +along O +with O +initiation O +of O +a O +gluten O +- O +free O +diet O +. O + +The O +aim O +of O +this O +study O +was O +to O +determine O +the O +indicators O +of O +GR O +in O +patients O +with O +CD O +. O + +Methods O +This O +single O +- O +centre O +retrospective O +study O +included O +paediatric O +outpatients O +with O +CD O +. O + +All O +patients O +were O +diagnosed O +with O +CD O +via O +serological O +analysis O +and O +upper O +gastrointestinal O +endoscopy O +if O +necessary O +. O + +Patient O +records O +were O +obtained O +from O +Adana B-LOC +City O +Training O +and O +Research O +Hospital O +. O + +Patients O +that O +were O +diagnosed O +with O +GR O +accompanying O +CD O +were O +given O +oral O +nutritional O +supplements O +and O +followed O +- O +up O +every O +3 O +- O +6 O +months O +. O + +Statistical O +relationships O +between O +demographics O +, O +and O +anthropometric O +measurements O +, O +duration O +of O +breastfeeding O +, O +gluten O +contact O +time O +, O +diet O +duration O +, O +presenting O +complaints O +and O +serological O +findings O +were O +evaluated O +. O + +Results O +This O +study O +included O +169 O +paediatric O +outpatients O +between O +ages O +1 O +and O +18 O +. O + +Longer O +symptom O +duration O +and O +shorter O +breastfeeding O +duration O +were O +significantly O +correlated O +with O +GR O +accompanying O +CD O +( O +P O += O +0.007 O +and O +P O += O +0.029 O +, O +respectively O +) O +. O + +Vomiting O +was O +the O +only O +symptom O +that O +was O +correlated O +with O +the O +presence O +of O +GR O +( O +P O += O +0.010 O +) O +. O + +Helicobacter O +pylori O +infection O +was O +not O +correlated O +with O +the O +presence O +of O +GR O +( O +P O += O +0.277 O +) O +. O + +Conclusions O +GR O +should O +be O +treated O +as O +early O +as O +possible O +to O +reduce O +the O +severity O +of O +CD O +and O +a O +6 O +months O +sole O +breastfeeding O +followed O +by O +solid O +foods O +accompanied O +by O +breastfeeding O +for O +2 O +years O +is O +crucial O +for O +preventing O +GR O +. O + +Moreover O +, O +vomiting O +as O +a O +presenting O +complaint O +in O +patients O +with O +CD O +might O +be O +indicative O +of O +the O +presence O +of O +GR O +. O + +Frailty O +is O +common O +in O +older O +hospitalised O +patients O +and O +may O +be O +associated O +with O +micronutrient O +malnutrition O +. O + +Only O +limited O +studies O +have O +explored O +the O +relationship O +between O +frailty O +and O +vitamin O +C O +deficiency O +. O + +This O +study O +investigated O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +vitamin O +C O +deficiency O +and O +its O +association O +with O +frailty O +severity O +in O +patients O +≥75 O +years O +admitted O +under O +a O +geriatric O +unit O +. O + +Patients O +( O +n O += O +160 O +) O +with O +a O +mean O +age O +of O +84.4 O +± O +6.4 O +years O +were O +recruited O +and O +underwent O +frailty O +assessment O +by O +use O +of O +the O +Edmonton O +Frail O +Scale O +( O +EFS O +) O +. O + +Patients O +with O +an O +EFS O +score O +< O +10 O +were O +classified O +as O +non O +- O +frail O +/ O +vulnerable O +/ O +mildly O +frail O +and O +those O +with O +≥10 O +as O +moderate O +- O +severely O +frail O +. O + +Patients O +with O +vitamin O +C O +levels O +between O +11 O +- O +28 O +μmol O +/ O +L O +were O +classified O +as O +vitamin O +C O +depleted O +while O +those O +with O +levels O +< O +11 O +μmol O +/ O +L O +were O +classified O +as O +vitamin O +C O +deficient O +. O + +A O +multivariate O +logistic O +regression O +model O +determined O +the O +relationship O +between O +vitamin O +C O +deficiency O +and O +frailty O +severity O +after O +adjustment O +for O +various O +co O +- O +variates O +. O + +Fifty O +- O +seven O +( O +35.6 O +% O +) O +patients O +were O +vitamin O +C O +depleted O +, O +while O +42 O +( O +26.3 O +% O +) O +had O +vitamin O +C O +deficiency O +. O + +Vitamin O +C O +levels O +were O +significantly O +lower O +among O +patients O +who O +were O +moderate O +- O +severely O +frail O +when O +compared O +to O +those O +who O +were O +non O +- O +frail O +/ O +vulnerable O +/ O +mildly O +frail O +( O +p O +< O +0.05 O +) O +. O + +After O +adjusted O +analysis O +, O +vitamin O +C O +deficiency O +was O +4.3 O +- O +fold O +more O +likely O +to O +be O +associated O +with O +moderate O +- O +severe O +frailty O +( O +aOR O +4.30 O +, O +95 O +% O +CI O +1.33 O +- O +13.86 O +, O +p O += O +0.015 O +) O +. O + +Vitamin O +C O +deficiency O +is O +common O +and O +is O +associated O +with O +a O +greater O +severity O +of O +frailty O +in O +older O +hospitalised O +patients O +. O + +Ever O +since O +SARS O +- O +CoV-2 O +began O +infecting O +people O +by O +the O +end O +of O +2019 B-DATE +, O +of O +whom O +some O +developed O +severe O +pneumonia O +( O +about O +5 O +% O +) O +, O +which O +could O +be O +fatal O +( O +case O +fatality O +~3.5 O +% O +) O +, O +the O +extent O +and O +speed O +of O +the O +COVID-19 O +outbreak O +has O +been O +phenomenal O +. O + +Within O +2.5 O +months O +( O +by O +March I-DATE +18 I-DATE +, I-DATE +2020 I-DATE +) O +over O +191,127 O +COVID-19 O +patients O +have O +been O +identified O +in O +161 O +countries O +. O + +By O +then O +, O +over O +700 O +pediatric O +patients O +were O +confirmed O +to O +have O +COVID-19 O +in O +China B-LOC +, O +with O +only O +about O +58 O +diagnosed O +elsewhere O +. O + +By O +now O +, O +there O +are O +thousands O +of O +children O +and O +adolescents O +infected O +. O + +Chinese B-ETHN +pediatricians O +would O +like O +to O +share O +their O +experience O +on O +how O +these O +patients O +were O +managed O +in O +China B-LOC +and O +the O +key O +recommendations O +that O +had O +guided O +them O +in O +meeting O +the O +evolving O +challenges O +. O + +A O +group O +of O +experts O +were O +summoned O +by O +the O +Chinese B-ETHN +Pediatric O +Society O +and O +Editorial O +Board O +of O +Chinese B-ETHN +Journal O +of O +Pediatrics O +to O +extract O +informative O +data O +from O +a O +survey O +on O +confirmed O +COVID-19 O +pediatric O +patients O +in O +China B-LOC +. O + +Consensus O +on O +diagnosis O +, O +management O +, O +and O +prevention O +of O +pediatric O +COVID-19 O +were O +drawn O +up O +based O +on O +the O +analysis O +of O +such O +data O +plus O +insights O +gained O +from O +the O +past O +SARS O +and O +MERS O +coronavirus O +outbreaks O +. O + +Relevant O +cumulating O +experiences O +from O +physicians O +managing O +adult O +patients O +, O +expedited O +reports O +on O +clinical O +and O +scientific O +COVID-19 O +and O +SARS O +- O +CoV-2 O +data O +, O +and O +the O +National O +Health O +Committee O +guidelines O +on O +COVID-19 O +management O +were O +integrated O +into O +this O +proposal O +. O + +Rationale O +Women B-SEX +with O +congenital O +adrenal O +hyperplasia O +( O +CAH O +) O +can O +suffer O +from O +impaired O +fertility O +rates O +as O +a O +result O +of O +increased O +androgen O +secretion O +or O +impaired O +sex O +steroid O +production O +. O + +CAH O +patients O +have O +lower O +pregnancy O +rate O +compared O +to O +normal O +women B-SEX +. O + +Only O +a O +few O +cases O +with O +successful O +pregnancy O +have O +been O +reported O +in O +the O +literature O +. O + +This O +report O +described O +a O +case O +of O +CAH O +with O +successful O +pregnancy O +and O +live O +birth O +. O + +Patient O +concerns O +A O +23 O +- O +year O +- O +old O +woman B-SEX +visited O +our O +endocrinology O +department O +for O +clitoral O +hypertrophy O +and O +primary O +amenorrhea O +. O + +Diagnoses O +The O +patient O +was O +diagnosed O +as O +CAH O +. O + +Intervention O +Prednisone O +was O +initially O +started O +to O +improve O +the O +patient O +'s O +symptoms O +. O + +Then O +she O +underwent O +clitoral O +resection O +and O +vaginoplasty O +several O +months O +later O +. O + +She O +continuously O +took O +the O +prednisolone O +after O +the O +operation O +and O +had O +been O +undergoing O +regular O +checkups O +. O + +Outcomes O +She O +was O +pregnant O +spontaneously O +without O +assisted O +reproductive O +technology O +and O +had O +a O +successful O +live O +birth O +. O + +Her O +baby O +had O +shown O +normal O +external O +genitalia O +with O +normal O +karyotype O +and O +normal O +development O +up O +to O +6 O +years O +of O +age O +. O + +Lessons O +Some O +mild O +CAH O +patients O +with O +certain O +types O +can O +achieved O +successful O +pregnancy O +without O +any O +assisted O +reproductive O +technology O +after O +treatment O +with O +steroid O +. O + +The O +pregnancy O +rate O +among O +CAH O +women B-SEX +who O +wish O +to O +conceive O +may O +be O +much O +more O +optimistic O +than O +previous O +researches O +. O + +Background O +/ O +aim O +This O +study O +analysed O +the O +prevalence B-EPI +of O +the O +characteristics O +evaluated O +in O +dermatoscopy O +for O +melanocytic O +infiltrations O +of O +the O +conjunctiva O +with O +various O +degrees O +of O +malignancy O +. O + +Patients O +and O +methods O +A O +total O +of O +160 O +conjunctival O +pigmented O +lesions O +were O +studied O +. O + +Each O +lesion O +was O +scored O +using O +dermatoscopic O +patterns O +and O +the O +characteristics O +of O +malignancy O +described O +by O +Kittler O +. O + +Also O +, O +the O +Authors O +' O +own O +clues O +were O +added O +to O +the O +evaluation O +. O + +Results O +In O +melanomas O +, O +the O +following O +characteristics O +were O +identified O +: O +asymmetry O +of O +the O +pattern O +and O +colour O +, O +larger O +average O +number O +of O +colours O +, O +the O +presence O +of O +grey O +colour O +, O +structureless O +area O +, O +polymorphic O +vessels O +and O +feeder O +vessels O +. O + +A O +pattern O +of O +black O +dots O +and O +a O +black O +colour O +was O +typical O +of O +malignant O +lesions O +and O +pre O +- O +cancerous O +( O +premalignant O +) O +lesions O +- O +primary O +acquired O +melanosis O +( O +PAM O +) O +with O +atypia O +. O + +Cysts O +were O +observed O +only O +in O +the O +group O +of O +naevi O +. O + +Conclusion O +The O +patterns O +evaluated O +with O +dermatoscopy O +are O +present O +in O +pigmented O +lesions O +of O +the O +conjunctiva O +. O + +There O +are O +, O +however O +, O +some O +characteristics O +which O +allow O +differentiation O +between O +melanoma O +and O +pigmented O +naevus O +and O +melanosis O +and O +also O +between O +PAM O +. O +