# Copyright 2022 Big Vision Authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""Train loop for training the stage-I model."""
# pylint: disable=consider-using-from-import
import functools
import importlib
import multiprocessing.pool
import os

from absl import app
from absl import flags
from absl import logging
from big_vision import input_pipeline
import big_vision.datasets.core as ds_core
import big_vision.evaluators.common as eval_common
import big_vision.optax as bv_optax
import big_vision.pp.builder as pp_builder
import big_vision.utils as u
from clu import parameter_overview
import flax
import jax
import jax.numpy as jnp
from ml_collections import config_flags
import numpy as np
import optax

import tensorflow.io.gfile as gfile


SG = jax.lax.stop_gradient
partial = functools.partial

config_flags.DEFINE_config_file(
    "config", None, "Training configuration.", lock_config=True)

flags.DEFINE_string("workdir", default=None, help="Work unit directory.")
flags.DEFINE_boolean("cleanup", default=False,
                     help="Delete workdir (only) after successful completion.")

# Adds jax flags to the program.
jax.config.parse_flags_with_absl()


def main(argv):
  del argv

  config = flags.FLAGS.config
  workdir = flags.FLAGS.workdir
  logging.info("Workdir: %s", workdir)

  logging.info("\u001b[33mHello from process %i holding %i/%i devices and "
               "writing to workdir %s.\u001b[0m", jax.process_index(),
               jax.local_device_count(), jax.device_count(), workdir)

  # Define task input, loss and predict functions.
  task_module = importlib.import_module(f"big_vision.trainers.{config.task}")
  input_pp_fn = partial(task_module.input_pp, config=config)
  task_loss_fn = partial(task_module.loss_fn, config=config)
  predict_outputs_fn = partial(task_module.predict_outputs, config=config)

  save_ckpt_path = None
  if workdir:  # Always create if requested, even if we may not write into it.
    gfile.makedirs(workdir)
    save_ckpt_path = os.path.join(workdir, "checkpoint.npz")

  # The pool is used to perform misc operations such as logging in async way.
  pool = multiprocessing.pool.ThreadPool()

  # Here we register preprocessing ops from modules listed on `pp_modules`.
  for m in config.get("pp_modules",
                      ["ops_general", "ops_image", "proj.uvim.pp_ops"]):
    importlib.import_module(f"big_vision.pp.{m}")

  # This seed makes the Jax part of things (like model init) deterministic.
  # However, full training still won't be deterministic, for example due to the
  # tf.data pipeline not being deterministic even if we would set TF seed.
  # See (internal link) for a fun read on what it takes.
  rng = jax.random.PRNGKey(config.get("seed", 0))

  # These functions do more stuff internally, for OSS release we mock them by
  # trivial alternatives in order to minize disruptions in the code.
  xid, wid = -1, -1
  fillin = lambda s: s
  def info(s, *a):
    logging.info("\u001b[33mNOTE\u001b[0m: " + s, *a)
  def write_note(note):
    if jax.process_index() == 0:
      info("%s", note)

  write_note("Initializing...")

  batch_size = config.input.batch_size
  if batch_size % jax.device_count() != 0:
    raise ValueError(f"Batch size ({batch_size}) must "
                     f"be divisible by device number ({jax.device_count()})")
  info("Global batch size %d on %d hosts results in %d local batch size. With "
       "%d dev per host (%d dev total), that's a %d per-device batch size.",
       batch_size, jax.process_count(), batch_size // jax.process_count(),
       jax.local_device_count(), jax.device_count(),
       batch_size // jax.device_count())

  # First thing after above sanity checks, so we can log "start" ticks.
  mw = u.BigVisionMetricWriter(xid, wid, workdir, config)
  chrono = u.Chrono()

  write_note("Initializing train dataset...")
  train_data = ds_core.get(**config.input.data)
  train_ds = input_pipeline.make_for_train(
      data=train_data.get_tfdata(ordered=False),
      batch_size=batch_size,
      preprocess_fn=pp_builder.get_preprocess_fn(config.input.get("pp")),
      shuffle_buffer_size=config.input.get("shuffle_buffer_size"),
      cache_raw=config.input.get("cache_raw", False),
      filter_fn=config.input.get("filter_fn"),
  )

  # Start prefetching already.
  n_prefetch = config.get("prefetch_to_device", 1)
  train_iter = input_pipeline.start_input_pipeline(train_ds, n_prefetch)
  ntrain_img = train_data.total_examples

  def get_steps(name, default=ValueError):  # partial doesn't work well here.
    return u.steps(name, config, ntrain_img, batch_size, default)
  total_steps = get_steps("total")

  info("Running for %d steps, that means %f epochs",
       total_steps, total_steps * batch_size / ntrain_img)

  write_note(f"Initializing {config.model_name} model...")
  model_mod = importlib.import_module(f"big_vision.models.{config.model_name}")
  model = model_mod.Model(**config.model)

  # We want all parameters to be created in host RAM, not on any device, they'll
  # be sent there later as needed, otherwise we already encountered two
  # situations where we allocate them twice.
  @partial(jax.jit, backend="cpu")
  def init(rng):
    batch = jax.tree_map(
        lambda x: jnp.zeros(x.shape, x.dtype.as_numpy_dtype),
        train_ds.element_spec)
    init_res = flax.core.unfreeze(model.init(rng, **input_pp_fn(batch)))
    params, state = init_res["params"], init_res["state"]

    # Set bias in the heads to a low value, such that loss is small initially.
    for key in config.model.outputs:
      params[f"head_{key}"]["bias"] = jnp.full_like(
          params[f"head_{key}"]["bias"], config.get("init_head_bias", 0))

    return params, state

  rng, rng_init = jax.random.split(rng)

  rng_init_params, rng_init_state = jax.random.split(rng_init)
  params_cpu, state_cpu = init({"params": rng_init_params,
                                "state": rng_init_state})

  if jax.process_index() == 0:
    num_params = sum(p.size for p in jax.tree_leaves(params_cpu))
    parameter_overview.log_parameter_overview(params_cpu, msg="init params")
    mw.measure("num_params", num_params)

  write_note(f"Initializing {config.optax_name} optimizer...")
  tx, sched_fns = bv_optax.make(config, params_cpu, sched_kw=dict(
      total_steps=total_steps, batch_size=batch_size, data_size=ntrain_img))

  # We jit this, such that the arrays are created on the CPU, not device[0].
  opt_cpu = jax.jit(tx.init, backend="cpu")(params_cpu)
  sched_fns_cpu = [jax.jit(sched_fn, backend="cpu") for sched_fn in sched_fns]

  @partial(jax.pmap, axis_name="batch", donate_argnums=(0, 1, 2),
           static_broadcasted_argnums=(5,))
  def update_fn(params, opt, state, batch, rng, update_dict=True):
    """Update step."""
    measurements = {}

    # Get device-specific loss rng.
    rng, rng_model = jax.random.split(rng, 2)
    rng_model_local = jax.random.fold_in(rng_model, jax.lax.axis_index("batch"))

    def loss_fn(params, state, batch):
      (logits, out), mutated_col = model.apply(
          {"params": params, "state": state},
          **input_pp_fn(batch),
          train=True, update_dict=update_dict,
          rngs={"dropout": rng_model_local, "vqvae": rng_model},
          mutable=["state"])
      btlneck = out["bottleneck"]
      btlneck_q = out["bottleneck_q"]

      loss_rec, logs = jax.tree_map(jnp.mean, task_loss_fn(logits, batch))
      loss_commitment = jnp.mean(jnp.square(btlneck - SG(btlneck_q)))
      loss = loss_rec + config.get("w_commitment", 0.25) * loss_commitment
      aux = {
          "loss_rec": jax.lax.pmean(loss_rec, axis_name="batch"),
          "loss_commitment": jax.lax.pmean(loss_commitment, axis_name="batch"),
          "codebook_zeros_ratio": out["codebook_zeros_ratio"],
          "codebook_max_ratio": out["codebook_max_ratio"],
          "state": mutated_col["state"],
          **jax.tree_map(partial(jax.lax.pmean, axis_name="batch"), logs),
      }
      return loss, aux

    (l, aux), grads = jax.value_and_grad(loss_fn, has_aux=True)(
        params, state, batch)
    l, grads = jax.lax.pmean((l, grads), axis_name="batch")
    updates, opt = tx.update(grads, opt, params)
    params = optax.apply_updates(params, updates)
    state = aux.pop("state")
    measurements = {**measurements, **aux}

    gs = jax.tree_leaves(bv_optax.replace_frozen(config.schedule, grads, 0.))
    measurements["l2_grads"] = jnp.sqrt(sum([jnp.vdot(g, g) for g in gs]))
    ps = jax.tree_leaves(params)
    measurements["l2_params"] = jnp.sqrt(sum([jnp.vdot(p, p) for p in ps]))
    us = jax.tree_leaves(updates)
    measurements["l2_updates"] = jnp.sqrt(sum([jnp.vdot(u, u) for u in us]))

    return params, opt, state, l, rng, measurements

  # Define evaluators.
  def validation_fn(params, batch):
    """Compute per-example metrics."""
    logits, out = model.apply(params, **input_pp_fn(batch))
    _, losses = task_loss_fn(logits, batch)
    btlneck = out["bottleneck"]
    btlneck_q = out["bottleneck_q"]
    losses["loss_commitment"] = jnp.square(btlneck - btlneck_q)
    return jax.tree_map(
        lambda x: jnp.mean(x, axis=tuple(range(1, x.ndim))),
        losses)

  def predict_fn(params, batch):
    logits, _ = model.apply(params, **input_pp_fn(batch))
    outputs = predict_outputs_fn(logits)
    return outputs

  # Only initialize evaluators when they are first needed.
  @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
  def evaluators():
    return eval_common.from_config(
        config, {"predict": predict_fn, "validation": validation_fn},
        lambda s: write_note(f"Initializing evaluator: {s}...\n{chrono.note}")
    )

  # Decide how to initialize training. The order is important.
  # 1. Always resumes from the existing checkpoint, e.g. resumes a finetune job.
  # 2. Resume from a previous checkpoint, e.g. start a cooldown training job.
  # 3. Initialize model from something, e,g, start a fine-tuning job.
  # 4. Train from scratch.
  resume_ckpt_path = None
  if save_ckpt_path and gfile.exists(save_ckpt_path):
    resume_ckpt_path = save_ckpt_path
  elif config.get("resume"):
    resume_ckpt_path = fillin(config.resume)
  if resume_ckpt_path:
    write_note("Resume training from checkpoint...")
    checkpoint = {
        "params": params_cpu,
        "state": state_cpu,
        "opt": opt_cpu,
        "chrono": chrono.save(),
    }
    checkpoint_tree = jax.tree_structure(checkpoint)
    loaded = u.load_checkpoint(checkpoint_tree, resume_ckpt_path)
    # bfloat16 type gets lost when data is saved to disk, so we recover it.
    checkpoint = jax.tree_map(u.recover_dtype, loaded)
    params_cpu = checkpoint["params"]
    state_cpu = checkpoint["state"]
    opt_cpu = checkpoint["opt"]
    chrono.load(checkpoint["chrono"])
  elif config.get("model_init"):
    write_note(f"Initialize model from {config.model_init}...")
    params_cpu, state_cpu = model_mod.load(
        {"params": params_cpu, "state": state_cpu},
        config.model_init, config.model,
        **config.get("model_load", {}))
    if jax.process_index() == 0:
      parameter_overview.log_parameter_overview(
          params_cpu, msg="restored params")

  write_note("Kicking off misc stuff...")
  first_step = bv_optax.get_count(opt_cpu)
  chrono.inform(first_step, total_steps, batch_size, ntrain_img / batch_size)
  prof = None  # Keeps track of start/stop of profiler state.

  write_note(f"Replicating...\n{chrono.note}")
  params_repl = flax.jax_utils.replicate(params_cpu)
  opt_repl = flax.jax_utils.replicate(opt_cpu)
  state_repl = flax.jax_utils.replicate(state_cpu)

  rng, rng_loop = jax.random.split(rng, 2)
  rngs_loop = flax.jax_utils.replicate(rng_loop)
  ckpt_writer = None

  write_note(f"First step compilations...\n{chrono.note}")
  error = None  # For exiting with an error after cleanup. Avoids indentation.

  # Using a python integer for step here, because opt.state.step is allocated
  # on TPU during replication.
  for step, batch in zip(range(first_step + 1, total_steps + 1), train_iter):
    mw.step_start(step)

    with jax.profiler.StepTraceAnnotation("train_step", step_num=step):
      params_repl, opt_repl, state_repl, loss_value, rngs_loop, measurements = (
          update_fn(
              params_repl,
              opt_repl,
              state_repl,
              batch,
              rngs_loop,
              not config.get("freeze_dict", True)))

    # On the first host, let's always profile a handful of early steps.
    if jax.process_index() == 0:
      prof = u.startstop_prof(prof, step, first_step, get_steps("log_training"))

    # Report training progress
    if (u.itstime(step, get_steps("log_training"), total_steps, host=0)
        or chrono.warmup and jax.process_index() == 0):
      for i, sched_fn_cpu in enumerate(sched_fns_cpu):
        mw.measure(f"global_schedule{i if i else ''}", sched_fn_cpu(step - 1))
      l = mw.measure("training_loss", loss_value[0])
      for name, value in measurements.items():
        mw.measure(name, value[0])
      chrono.tick(step, mw.measure, write_note)
      if not np.isfinite(l):
        error = (f"The loss became nan or inf somewhere within steps "
                 f"[{step - get_steps('log_training')}, {step}]")
        break

    # Checkpoint saving
    if (save_ckpt_path and
        (u.itstime(step, get_steps("ckpt", None), total_steps, host=0) or
         u.itstime(step, get_steps("keep_ckpt", None), total_steps, host=0))):
      chrono.pause(wait_for=(params_repl, opt_repl, state_repl))
      u.checkpointing_timeout(ckpt_writer, config.get("ckpt_timeout", 1))
      # We need to transfer the weights over now or else we risk keeping them
      # alive while they'll be updated in a future step, creating hard to debug
      # memory errors (see (internal link)). Also, takes device 0's params only.
      params_cpu, opt_cpu, state_cpu = jax.tree_map(
          lambda x: np.array(x[0]), (params_repl, opt_repl, state_repl))

      # Check whether we want to keep a copy of the current checkpoint.
      copy_step = None
      if u.itstime(step, get_steps("keep_ckpt", None), total_steps):
        copy_step = step

      ckpt = {
          "params": params_cpu,
          "state": state_cpu,
          "opt": opt_cpu,
          "chrono": chrono.save(),
      }
      ckpt_writer = pool.apply_async(
          u.save_checkpoint, (ckpt, save_ckpt_path, copy_step))
      chrono.resume()

    for (name, evaluator, log_steps, prefix) in evaluators():
      if u.itstime(step, log_steps, total_steps):
        chrono.pause(wait_for=(params_repl, state_repl))
        write_note(f"{name} evaluation...\n{chrono.note}")
        for key, value in evaluator.run(
            {"params": params_repl, "state": state_repl}):
          mw.measure(f"{prefix}{key}", value)
        chrono.resume()
    mw.step_end()

  # Always give a chance to stop the profiler, no matter how things ended.
  # TODO: can we also do this when dying of an exception like OOM?
  if jax.process_index() == 0 and prof is not None:
    u.startstop_prof(prof)

  # Support eval only runs: run evaluation if total_steps (or num_epochs) is 0.
  if total_steps == 0:
    for (name, evaluator, _, prefix) in evaluators():
      write_note(f"{name} evaluation...\n{chrono.note}")
      for key, value in evaluator.run(
          {"params": params_repl, "state": state_repl}):
        mw.measure(f"{prefix}{key}", value)

  # Last note needs to happen before the pool's closed =)
  if not error:
    write_note(f"Done!\n{chrono.note}")
  else:
    write_note(f"Failed!\n{error}\n{chrono.note}")

  pool.close()
  pool.join()
  mw.close()

  # Make sure all hosts stay up until the end of main.
  u.sync()

  # Before cleanup, as cleanup should only run for successful jobs.
  if error is not None:
    raise RuntimeError(error)

  u.maybe_cleanup_workdir(workdir, flags.FLAGS.cleanup, info)


if __name__ == "__main__":
  app.run(main)