because what MPTP does is it kills the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra that nigra striatal pathway that's involved in generating movement.

b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z w ʌ t ˌ ɛ m p ˌ i ː t ˌ i ː p ˈ i ː d ˈ ʌ z ɪ z ɪ t k ˈ ɪ l z ð ə d ˌ ɑ ː p ɐ m ɪ n ˈ ɜ ː d ʒ ɪ k n ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ ɑ ː n z ʌ v ð ə s ə b s t ˈ æ n ʃ ə n ˈ ɪ ɡ ɹ ə ð æ t n ˈ ɪ ɡ ɹ ə s t ɹ ˈ a ɪ æ ɾ ə l p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ ð æ t s ɪ n v ˈ ɑ ː l v d ɪ n d ʒ ˈ ɛ n ɚ ɹ ˌ e ɪ ɾ ɪ ŋ m ˈ u ː v m ə n t .


More big dopamine release. So dopamine is one of those things that you don't want too high or too low for too long It's all about staying in that dynamic range and that's going to be different for everybody

m ˈ o ː ɹ b ˈ ɪ ɡ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s . s ˌ o ʊ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɪ z w ˈ ʌ n ʌ v ð o ʊ z θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z ð æ t j u ː d ˈ o ʊ n t w ˈ ɔ n t t ˈ u ː h ˈ a ɪ ɔ ː ɹ t ˈ u ː l ˈ o ʊ f ɔ ː ɹ t ˈ u ː l ˈ ɔ ŋ ɪ t s ˈ ɔ ː l ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t s t ˈ e ɪ ɪ ŋ ɪ n ð æ t d a ɪ n ˈ æ m ɪ k ɹ ˈ e ɪ n d ʒ æ n d ð æ t s ɡ ˌ o ʊ ɪ ŋ t ə b i d ˈ ɪ f ɹ ə n t f ɔ ː ɹ ˈ ɛ v ɹ ɪ b ˌ ɑ ː d i


that everybody be able to access increases in dopamine at different time scales. This turns out to be important to not end up addicted to substances, but it also turns out

ð æ t ˈ ɛ v ɹ ɪ b ˌ ɑ ː d i b i ː ˈ e ɪ b ə l t ʊ ˈ æ k s ɛ s ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ᵻ z ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n æ t d ˈ ɪ f ɹ ə n t t ˈ a ɪ m s k ˈ e ɪ l z . ð ɪ s t ˈ ɜ ː n z ˈ a ʊ t t ə b i ɪ m p ˈ o ː ɹ t ə n t t ə n ˌ ɑ ː t ˈ ɛ n d ˌ ʌ p ɐ d ˈ ɪ k t ᵻ d t ə s ˈ ʌ b s t ə n s ᵻ z , b ˌ ʌ t ɪ ɾ ˈ ɔ ː l s o ʊ t ˈ ɜ ː n z ˈ a ʊ t


This is not a new phenomenon. In the 1920s, a guy by the name of Vincent Prisonitz was one of the first people to popularize and formalize cold water therapies.

ð ɪ s ɪ z n ˌ ɑ ː ɾ ə n ˈ u ː f ɪ n ˈ ɑ ː m ɪ n ə n . ɪ n ð ə n ˈ a ɪ n t i ː n h ˈ ʌ n d ɹ ɪ d t w ˈ ɛ n t i z , ɐ ɡ ˈ a ɪ b a ɪ ð ə n ˈ e ɪ m ʌ v v ˈ ɪ n s ə n t p ɹ ˈ ɪ z ə n ˌ ɪ t s w ʌ z w ˈ ʌ n ʌ v ð ə f ˈ ɜ ː s t p ˈ i ː p ə l t ə p ˈ ɑ ː p j ʊ l ɚ ɹ ˌ a ɪ z æ n d f ˈ ɔ ː ɹ m ə l ˌ a ɪ z k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ θ ˈ ɛ ɹ ə p i z .


We're going to discuss the biology of dopamine, the psychology. We will discuss some neural circuits and a really exciting aspect of dopamine biology are so called dopamine schedules.

w ɪ ɹ ɡ ˌ o ʊ ɪ ŋ t ə d ɪ s k ˈ ʌ s ð ə b a ɪ ˈ ɑ ː l ə d ʒ i ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n , ð ə s a ɪ k ˈ ɑ ː l ə d ʒ i . w i ː w ɪ l d ɪ s k ˈ ʌ s s ˌ ʌ m n ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ ə l s ˈ ɜ ː k ɪ t s æ n d ɐ ɹ ˈ i ə l i ɛ k s ˈ a ɪ ɾ ɪ ŋ ˈ æ s p ɛ k t ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n b a ɪ ˈ ɑ ː l ə d ʒ i ɑ ː ɹ s ˌ o ʊ k ˈ ɔ ː l d d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n s k ˈ ɛ d ʒ u ː l z .


and your previous dopamine peaks, okay? That's super important to understand and it's completely neglected by the general language of dopamine hits. This is why.

æ n d j ʊ ɹ p ɹ ˈ i ː v i ə s d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n p ˈ i ː k s , o ʊ k ˈ e ɪ ? ð æ t s s ˈ u ː p ɚ ɹ ɪ m p ˈ o ː ɹ t ə n t t ʊ ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d æ n d ɪ t s k ə m p l ˈ i ː t l i n ᵻ ɡ l ˈ ɛ k t ᵻ d b a ɪ ð ə d ʒ ˈ ɛ n ɚ ɹ ə l l ˈ æ ŋ ɡ w ɪ d ʒ ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n h ˈ ɪ t s . ð ɪ s ɪ z w ˈ a ɪ .


Now, you understand why that could be caffeine increases, the density and efficacy of these dopamine receptors, the D2 and D3 receptors, MDMA, is a potent...

n ˈ a ʊ , j u ː ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d w ˌ a ɪ ð æ t k ʊ d b i ː k æ f ˈ i ː n ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ᵻ z , ð ə d ˈ ɛ n s ᵻ ɾ i æ n d ˈ ɛ f ɪ k ə s i ʌ v ð i ː z d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɹ ᵻ s ˈ ɛ p t ɚ z , ð ə d ˈ i ː t ˈ u ː æ n d d ˈ i ː θ ɹ ˈ i ː ɹ ᵻ s ˈ ɛ p t ɚ z , ˌ ɛ m d ˌ i ː ˌ ɛ m ˈ e ɪ , ɪ z ɐ p ˈ o ʊ t ə n t


is comfortable for you then it will no longer evoke this release there really does seem to be something in the pathway from cold water exposure through the norepinephrine pathway into the misalamic brain stem that causes this release and dopamine but nonetheless it's a.

ɪ z k ˈ ʌ m f t ə b ə l f ɔ ː ɹ j u ː ð ˈ ɛ n ɪ t w ɪ l n ˌ o ʊ l ˈ ɑ ː ŋ ɡ ɚ ɹ ɪ v ˈ o ʊ k ð ɪ s ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s ð ɛ ɹ ɹ ˈ i ə l i d ˈ ʌ z s ˈ i ː m t ə b i s ˈ ʌ m θ ɪ ŋ ɪ n ð ə p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ f ɹ ʌ m k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ ɹ ɛ k s p ˈ o ʊ ʒ ɚ θ ɹ u ː ð ə n ˈ o ː ɹ p a ɪ n f ɹ ˌ i ː n p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ ˌ ɪ n t ʊ ð ə m ɪ s ɐ l ˈ æ m ɪ k b ɹ ˈ e ɪ n s t ˈ ɛ m ð æ t k ˈ ɔ ː z ᵻ z ð ɪ s ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s æ n d d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n b ˌ ʌ t n ˌ ʌ n ð ə l ˈ ɛ s ɪ t s ˈ e ɪ .


Getting into cold water that's so cold that it will make your temperature drop and make you hypothermic for an hour That actually could be dangerous for a lot of people you might have a hard time reheating and hypothermia is not

ɡ ˌ ɛ ɾ ɪ ŋ ˌ ɪ n t ʊ k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ ð æ t s s ˌ o ʊ k ˈ o ʊ l d ð ˌ ɐ ɾ ɪ t w ɪ l m ˌ e ɪ k j ʊ ɹ t ˈ ɛ m p ɹ ɪ t ʃ ɚ d ɹ ˈ ɑ ː p æ n d m ˌ e ɪ k j u ː h ˌ a ɪ p o ʊ θ ˈ ɜ ː m ɪ k f ɚ ɹ ə n ˈ a ʊ ɚ ð æ t ˈ æ k t ʃ u ː ə l i k ʊ d b i ː d ˈ e ɪ n d ʒ ɚ ɹ ə s f ɚ ɹ ə l ˈ ɑ ː t ʌ v p ˈ i ː p ə l j u ː m ˌ a ɪ t h ɐ v ɐ h ˈ ɑ ː ɹ d t ˈ a ɪ m ɹ ᵻ h ˈ i ː ɾ ɪ ŋ æ n d h ˌ a ɪ p o ʊ θ ˈ ɜ ː m i ə ɪ z n ˈ ɑ ː t


First of all, we say addiction is a progressive narrowing of the things that bring you pleasure. So oftentimes what will happen is the person only has excitement and can achieve dopamine.

f ˈ ɜ ː s t ʌ v ˈ ɔ ː l , w i ː s ˈ e ɪ ɐ d ˈ ɪ k ʃ ə n ɪ z ɐ p ɹ ə ɡ ɹ ˈ ɛ s ɪ v n ˈ æ ɹ o ʊ ɪ ŋ ʌ v ð ə θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z ð æ t b ɹ ˈ ɪ ŋ j u ː p l ˈ ɛ ʒ ɚ . s ˌ o ʊ ˈ ɔ f ə n t ˌ a ɪ m z w ʌ t w ɪ l h ˈ æ p ə n ɪ z ð ə p ˈ ɜ ː s ə n ˈ o ʊ n l i h ɐ z ɛ k s ˈ a ɪ t m ə n t æ n d k æ n ɐ t ʃ ˈ i ː v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n .


and cold water baths and all these different things related to dopamine schedules and reward mechanisms and attaching reward to effort and all the various things that we've talked about today in terms of science and tools and protocols.

æ n d k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ b ˈ æ θ s æ n d ˈ ɔ ː l ð i ː z d ˈ ɪ f ɹ ə n t θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z ɹ ᵻ l ˈ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d t ə d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n s k ˈ ɛ d ʒ u ː l z æ n d ɹ ᵻ w ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d m ˈ ɛ k ə n ˌ ɪ z ə m z æ n d ɐ t ˈ æ t ʃ ɪ ŋ ɹ ᵻ w ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d t ʊ ˈ ɛ f ɚ t æ n d ˈ ɔ ː l ð ə v ˈ ɛ ɹ i ə s θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z ð æ t w i ː v t ˈ ɔ ː k t ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t t ə d ˈ e ɪ ɪ n t ˈ ɜ ː m z ʌ v s ˈ a ɪ ə n s æ n d t ˈ u ː l z æ n d p ɹ ˈ o ʊ ɾ ə k ˌ ɑ ː l z .


Later I will talk about how the different aspects of the so-called arousal arc, the different aspects of sex, believe it or not, have a differential impact on dopamine.

l ˈ e ɪ ɾ ɚ ɹ a ɪ w ɪ l t ˈ ɔ ː k ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t h ˌ a ʊ ð ə d ˈ ɪ f ɹ ə n t ˈ æ s p ɛ k t s ʌ v ð ə s ˌ o ʊ k ˈ ɔ ː l d ɚ ɹ ˈ a ʊ z ə l ˈ ɑ ː ɹ k , ð ə d ˈ ɪ f ɹ ə n t ˈ æ s p ɛ k t s ʌ v s ˈ ɛ k s , b ᵻ l ˈ i ː v ɪ t ɔ ː ɹ n ˈ ɑ ː t , h æ v ɐ d ˌ ɪ f ɚ ɹ ˈ ɛ n ʃ ə l ˈ ɪ m p æ k t ˌ ɔ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n .


So that's a description of what we would call the spatial effects or the spatial aspects of dopamine. I said this connects to that, that connects to this, you can get local or more broad volume metric release.

s ˌ o ʊ ð æ t s ɐ d ᵻ s k ɹ ˈ ɪ p ʃ ə n ʌ v w ʌ t w i ː w ʊ d k ˈ ɔ ː l ð ə s p ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə l ɪ f ˈ ɛ k t s ɔ ː ɹ ð ə s p ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə l ˈ æ s p ɛ k t s ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n . a ɪ s ˈ ɛ d ð ɪ s k ə n ˈ ɛ k t s t ə ð ˈ æ t , ð æ t k ə n ˈ ɛ k t s t ə ð ˈ ɪ s , j u ː k æ n ɡ ɛ t l ˈ o ʊ k ə l ɔ ː ɹ m ˈ o ː ɹ b ɹ ˈ ɔ ː d v ˈ ɑ ː l j u ː m m ˈ ɛ t ɹ ɪ k ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s .


There's almost inevitably a crash or a reduction in the baseline in dopamine that we referred to previously. So many people who take macunapurines feel really elevated, really motivated, really alert.

ð ɛ ɹ z ˈ ɔ ː l m o ʊ s t ɪ n ˈ ɛ v ᵻ ɾ ə b l i ɐ k ɹ ˈ æ ʃ ɔ ː ɹ ɐ ɹ ᵻ d ˈ ʌ k ʃ ə n ɪ n ð ə b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ð æ t w i ː ɹ ᵻ f ˈ ɜ ː d t ə p ɹ ˈ i ː v i ə s l i . s ˌ o ʊ m ˈ ɛ n i p ˈ i ː p ə l h ˌ u ː t ˈ e ɪ k m ˈ æ k ə n ˌ æ p j ʊ ɹ ɹ ˌ i ː n z f ˈ i ː l ɹ ˈ i ə l i ˈ ɛ l ɪ v ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d , ɹ ˈ i ə l i m ˈ o ʊ ɾ ᵻ v ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d , ɹ ˈ i ə l i ɐ l ˈ ɜ ː t .


I personally don't monitor a feeding window with a lot of precision. I tend to skip one meal a day, either breakfast or lunch, and then I eat the other two meals of the day, depending on which meal I skip. So it's either.

a ɪ p ˈ ɜ ː s ə n ə l i d ˈ o ʊ n t m ˈ ɑ ː n ɪ ɾ ɚ ɹ ɐ f ˈ i ː d ɪ ŋ w ˈ ɪ n d o ʊ w ɪ ð ɐ l ˈ ɑ ː t ʌ v p ɹ ɪ s ˈ ɪ ʒ ə n . a ɪ t ˈ ɛ n d t ə s k ˈ ɪ p w ˈ ʌ n m ˈ i ː l ɐ d ˈ e ɪ , ˈ i ː ð ɚ b ɹ ˈ ɛ k f ə s t ɔ ː ɹ l ˈ ʌ n t ʃ , æ n d ð ˈ ɛ n a ɪ ˈ i ː t ð ɪ ˈ ʌ ð ɚ t ˈ u ː m ˈ i ː l z ʌ v ð ə d ˈ e ɪ , d ᵻ p ˈ ɛ n d ɪ ŋ ˌ ɔ n w ˌ ɪ t ʃ m ˈ i ː l a ɪ s k ˈ ɪ p . s ˌ o ʊ ɪ t s ˈ i ː ð ɚ .


It's mediated by dopamine. So dopamine drives you to go out and look for things. And then let's say you find a couple berries and these ones are rotten, these ones are good. Maybe you hunt an animal and kill it, or you find an animal that was recently killed and you decide to take the meat.

ɪ t s m ˈ i ː d ɪ ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d b a ɪ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n . s ˌ o ʊ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n d ɹ ˈ a ɪ v z j u ː t ə ɡ ˌ o ʊ ˈ a ʊ t æ n d l ˈ ʊ k f ɔ ː ɹ θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z . æ n d ð ˈ ɛ n l ˈ ɛ t s s ˈ e ɪ j u ː f ˈ a ɪ n d ɐ k ˈ ʌ p ə l b ˈ ɛ ɹ i z æ n d ð i ː z w ˈ ʌ n z ɑ ː ɹ ɹ ˈ ɑ ː ʔ n ̩ , ð i ː z w ˈ ʌ n z ɑ ː ɹ ɡ ˈ ʊ d . m ˈ e ɪ b i ː j u ː h ˈ ʌ n t ɐ n ˈ æ n ɪ m ə l æ n d k ˈ ɪ l ɪ t , ɔ ː ɹ j u ː f ˈ a ɪ n d ɐ n ˈ æ n ɪ m ə l ð æ t w ʌ z ɹ ˈ i ː s ə n t l i k ˈ ɪ l d æ n d j u ː d ᵻ s ˈ a ɪ d t ə t ˈ e ɪ k ð ə m ˈ i ː t .


It's a really interesting study. They looked at people getting exposed to water that was warm, moderately cold, they're very cold. It was 32 degrees Celsius, 20 degrees Celsius, or 14 degrees Celsius.

ɪ t s ɐ ɹ ˈ i ə l i ˈ ɪ n t ɹ ɛ s t ɪ ŋ s t ˈ ʌ d i . ð e ɪ l ˈ ʊ k t æ t p ˈ i ː p ə l ɡ ˌ ɛ ɾ ɪ ŋ ɛ k s p ˈ o ʊ z d t ə w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ ð æ t w ʌ z w ˈ ɔ ː ɹ m , m ˈ ɑ ː d ɚ ɹ ə t l i k ˈ o ʊ l d , ð e ɪ ɚ v ˈ ɛ ɹ i k ˈ o ʊ l d . ɪ t w ʌ z θ ˈ ɜ ː ɾ i t ˈ u ː d ᵻ ɡ ɹ ˈ i ː z s ˈ ɛ l s ɪ ə s , t w ˈ ɛ n t i d ᵻ ɡ ɹ ˈ i ː z s ˈ ɛ l s ɪ ə s , ɔ ː ɹ f ˈ o ː ɹ t i ː n d ᵻ ɡ ɹ ˈ i ː z s ˈ ɛ l s ɪ ə s .


that walks you through your results and helps you identify what sorts of nutritional or behavioral, or other types of practices you might want to incorporate into your life in order to positively impact.

ð æ t w ˈ ɔ ː k s j u ː θ ɹ u ː j ʊ ɹ ɹ ɪ z ˈ ʌ l t s æ n d h ˈ ɛ l p s j u ː a ɪ d ˈ ɛ n t ᵻ f ˌ a ɪ w ʌ t s ˈ ɔ ː ɹ t s ʌ v n j u ː t ɹ ˈ ɪ ʃ ə n ə l ɔ ː ɹ b ᵻ h ˈ e ɪ v j ɚ ɹ ə l , ɔ ː ɹ ˈ ʌ ð ɚ t ˈ a ɪ p s ʌ v p ɹ ˈ æ k t ɪ s ᵻ z j u ː m ˌ a ɪ t w ˈ ɔ n t t ʊ ɪ ŋ k ˈ o ː ɹ p ɚ ɹ ˌ e ɪ t ˌ ɪ n t ʊ j ʊ ɹ l ˈ a ɪ f ɪ n ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d ɚ t ə p ˈ ɑ ː z ᵻ t ˌ ɪ v l i ˈ ɪ m p æ k t .


And in the emergency room, I begged them for something to stop up my guts, and they gave it to me. They put a saline line in to rehydrate me, and they injected something into the saline bag.

æ n d ɪ n ð ɪ ɪ m ˈ ɜ ː d ʒ ə n s i ɹ ˈ u ː m , a ɪ b ˈ ɛ ɡ d ð ˌ ɛ m f ɔ ː ɹ s ˈ ʌ m θ ɪ ŋ t ə s t ˈ ɑ ː p ˌ ʌ p m a ɪ ɡ ˈ ʌ t s , æ n d ð e ɪ ɡ ˈ e ɪ v ɪ t t ə m ˌ i ː . ð e ɪ p ˌ ʊ t ɐ s ˈ e ɪ l i ː n l ˈ a ɪ n ɪ n t ə ɹ ᵻ h ˈ a ɪ d ɹ e ɪ t m ˌ i ː , æ n d ð e ɪ ɪ n d ʒ ˈ ɛ k t ᵻ d s ˈ ʌ m θ ɪ ŋ ˌ ɪ n t ʊ ð ə s ˈ e ɪ l i ː n b ˈ æ ɡ .


for them. In addition, things like, well, butrium per priorone can increase anxiety because of the way that dopamine and norepinephrine are stimulating and tend to place people into heightened levels of alertness. Nonetheless, many people...

f ɔ ː ɹ ð ˌ ɛ m . ɪ n ɐ d ˈ ɪ ʃ ə n , θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z l ˈ a ɪ k , w ˈ ɛ l , b j ˈ u ː t ɹ i ə m p ɜ ː p ɹ ˈ a ɪ o ː ɹ ˌ o ʊ n k æ n ɪ ŋ k ɹ ˈ i ː s æ ŋ z ˈ a ɪ ə ɾ i b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z ʌ v ð ə w ˈ e ɪ ð æ t d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n æ n d n ˈ o ː ɹ p a ɪ n f ɹ ˌ i ː n ɑ ː ɹ s t ˈ ɪ m j ʊ l ˌ e ɪ ɾ ɪ ŋ æ n d t ˈ ɛ n d t ə p l ˈ e ɪ s p ˈ i ː p ə l ˌ ɪ n t ʊ h ˈ a ɪ ʔ n ̩ d l ˈ ɛ v ə l z ʌ v ɐ l ˈ ɜ ː t n ə s . n ˌ ʌ n ð ə l ˈ ɛ s , m ˈ ɛ n i p ˈ i ː p ə l


If I spent enough time thinking about her talking about it, I could probably get a dopamine increase just talking about this pilot V5 And that's not because I have the propensity to release dopamine easily. It's that

ɪ f a ɪ s p ˈ ɛ n t ɪ n ˈ ʌ f t ˈ a ɪ m θ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɪ ŋ ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t h ɜ ː t ˈ ɔ ː k ɪ ŋ ɐ b ˈ a ʊ t ɪ t , a ɪ k ʊ d p ɹ ˈ ɑ ː b ə b l i ɡ ɛ t ɐ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t t ˈ ɔ ː k ɪ ŋ ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t ð ɪ s p ˈ a ɪ l ə t v ˈ i ː f ˈ a ɪ v æ n d ð æ t s n ˌ ɑ ː t b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z a ɪ h æ v ð ə p ɹ ə p ˈ ɛ n s ᵻ ɾ i t ə ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ˈ i ː z i l i . ɪ t s ð ˈ æ t


And we are more likely to engage in that behavior again. This is the basis of casino gambling. This is how they keep you going back again and again and again. Even though on average, the house really does win.

æ n d w i ː ɑ ː ɹ m ˈ o ː ɹ l ˈ a ɪ k l i t ʊ ɛ ŋ ɡ ˈ e ɪ d ʒ ɪ n ð æ t b ᵻ h ˈ e ɪ v j ɚ ɹ ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n . ð ɪ s ɪ z ð ə b ˈ e ɪ s ɪ s ʌ v k ɐ s ˈ i ː n o ʊ ɡ ˈ æ m b l ɪ ŋ . ð ɪ s ɪ z h ˌ a ʊ ð e ɪ k ˈ i ː p j u ː ɡ ˌ o ʊ ɪ ŋ b ˈ æ k ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n æ n d ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n æ n d ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n . ˈ i ː v ə n ð ˌ o ʊ ˌ ɔ n ˈ æ v ɹ ɪ d ʒ , ð ə h ˈ a ʊ s ɹ ˈ i ə l i d ˈ ʌ z w ˈ ɪ n .


The researchers took kids that liked to draw, and they started giving them a reward for drawing. The reward generally was a gold star or something that a young child would find rewarding.

ð ə ɹ ᵻ s ˈ ɜ ː t ʃ ɚ z t ˈ ʊ k k ˈ ɪ d z ð æ t l ˈ a ɪ k t t ə d ɹ ˈ ɔ ː , æ n d ð e ɪ s t ˈ ɑ ː ɹ ɾ ᵻ d ɡ ˈ ɪ v ɪ ŋ ð ˌ ɛ m ɐ ɹ ᵻ w ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d f ɔ ː ɹ d ɹ ˈ ɔ ː ɪ ŋ . ð ə ɹ ᵻ w ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d d ʒ ˈ ɛ n ɚ ɹ ə l i w ʌ z ɐ ɡ ˈ o ʊ l d s t ˈ ɑ ː ɹ ɔ ː ɹ s ˈ ʌ m θ ɪ ŋ ð ˌ æ ɾ ə j ˈ ʌ ŋ t ʃ ˈ a ɪ l d w ʊ d f ˈ a ɪ n d ɹ ᵻ w ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d ɪ ŋ .


Poor souls who had this MPTP experience, unfortunately they couldn't recover those cells. People who have severe Parkinson's are struggling with this as well because in Parkinson's and in Lewy body dementia, the dopaminergic neurons often die.

p ˈ ʊ ɹ s ˈ o ʊ l z h ˌ u ː h æ d ð ɪ s ˌ ɛ m p ˌ i ː t ˌ i ː p ˈ i ː ɛ k s p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə n s , ʌ n f ˈ ɔ ː ɹ t ʃ ə n ə t l i ð e ɪ k ˌ ʊ d ə n t ɹ ᵻ k ˈ ʌ v ɚ ð o ʊ z s ˈ ɛ l z . p ˈ i ː p ə l h ˌ u ː h æ v s ᵻ v ˈ ɪ ɹ p ˈ ɑ ː ɹ k ɪ n s ə n z ɑ ː ɹ s t ɹ ˈ ʌ ɡ l ɪ ŋ w ɪ ð ð ɪ s æ z w ˈ ɛ l b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z ɪ n p ˈ ɑ ː ɹ k ɪ n s ə n z æ n d ɪ n l ˈ u ː i b ˈ ɑ ː d i d ᵻ m ˈ ɛ n ʃ ə , ð ə d ˌ ɑ ː p ɐ m ɪ n ˈ ɜ ː d ʒ ɪ k n ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ ɑ ː n z ˈ ɔ f ə n d ˈ a ɪ .


then to eat a smaller portion of some food, and that is everything to do with the dopamine reward evoking properties of food. When we ingest food

ð ˈ ɛ n t ʊ ˈ i ː t ɐ s m ˈ ɔ ː l ɚ p ˈ o ː ɹ ʃ ə n ʌ v s ˌ ʌ m f ˈ u ː d , æ n d ð æ t ɪ z ˈ ɛ v ɹ ɪ θ ˌ ɪ ŋ t ə d ˈ u ː w ɪ ð ð ə d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɹ ᵻ w ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d ɪ v ˈ o ʊ k ɪ ŋ p ɹ ˈ ɑ ː p ɚ ɾ i z ʌ v f ˈ u ː d . w ˌ ɛ n w i ː ɪ n d ʒ ˈ ɛ s t f ˈ u ː d


and ions rush in, sodium is the main ion, salt, by which one neuron influences the electrical activity of another neuron because sodium ions contain a charge.

æ n d ˈ a ɪ ɑ ː n z ɹ ˈ ʌ ʃ ˈ ɪ n , s ˈ o ʊ d i ə m ɪ z ð ə m ˈ e ɪ n ˈ a ɪ ɑ ː n , s ˈ ɔ l t , b a ɪ w ˌ ɪ t ʃ w ˈ ʌ n n ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ ɑ ː n ˈ ɪ n f l u ː ə n s ᵻ z ð ɪ ᵻ l ˈ ɛ k t ɹ ɪ k ə l æ k t ˈ ɪ v ᵻ ɾ i ʌ v ɐ n ˈ ʌ ð ɚ n ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ ɑ ː n b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z s ˈ o ʊ d i ə m ˈ a ɪ ɑ ː n z k ə n t ˈ e ɪ n ɐ t ʃ ˈ ɑ ː ɹ d ʒ .


But striving itself is the end goal. And that, of course, delivers you to tremendous performance has been observed over and over and over again that people that have growth mindset, kids that have growth mindset.

b ˌ ʌ t s t ɹ ˈ a ɪ v ɪ ŋ ɪ t s ˈ ɛ l f ɪ z ð ɪ ˈ ɛ n d ɡ ˈ o ʊ l . æ n d ð ˈ æ t , ʌ v k ˈ o ː ɹ s , d ᵻ l ˈ ɪ v ɚ z j u ː t ə t ɹ ə m ˈ ɛ n d ə s p ɚ f ˈ o ː ɹ m ə n s h ˈ æ z b i ː n ə b z ˈ ɜ ː v d ˌ o ʊ v ɚ æ n d ˌ o ʊ v ɚ ɹ æ n d ˌ o ʊ v ɚ ɹ ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n ð æ t p ˈ i ː p ə l ð æ t h æ v ɡ ɹ ˈ o ʊ θ m ˈ a ɪ n d s ɛ t , k ˈ ɪ d z ð æ t h æ v ɡ ɹ ˈ o ʊ θ m ˈ a ɪ n d s ɛ t .


I've talked before about how viewing bright lights between the hours of 10 p.m. and 4 a.m. has been shown in studies by Dr. Samo Hautar, David Berson, excellent circadian scientist.

a ɪ v t ˈ ɔ ː k t b ᵻ f ˌ o ː ɹ ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t h ˌ a ʊ v j ˈ u ː ɪ ŋ b ɹ ˈ a ɪ t l ˈ a ɪ t s b ᵻ t w ˌ i ː n ð ɪ ˈ a ʊ ɚ z ʌ v t ˈ ɛ n p ˌ i ː ˈ ɛ m æ n d f ˈ o ː ɹ ˌ e ɪ ˈ ɛ m h ˈ æ z b i ː n ʃ ˈ o ʊ n ɪ n s t ˈ ʌ d i z b a ɪ d ˈ ɑ ː k t ɚ . s ˈ ɑ ː m o ʊ h ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ , d ˈ e ɪ v ɪ d b ɚ s ˈ ɑ ː n , ˈ ɛ k s ə l ə n t s ɜ ː k ˈ e ɪ d i ə n s ˈ a ɪ ə n t ɪ s t .


epinephrine and norepinephrine were immediate and fast and these were huge increases. So that's the getting into the cold water that everybody experiences these huge increases in adrenaline.

ˈ ɛ p ɪ n ˌ ɛ f ɹ i ː n æ n d n ˈ o ː ɹ p a ɪ n f ɹ ˌ i ː n w ɜ ː ɹ ɪ m ˈ i ː d ɪ ə t æ n d f ˈ æ s t æ n d ð i ː z w ɜ ː h j ˈ u ː d ʒ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ᵻ z . s ˌ o ʊ ð æ t s ð ə ɡ ˌ ɛ ɾ ɪ ŋ ˌ ɪ n t ʊ ð ə k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ ð æ t ˈ ɛ v ɹ ɪ b ˌ ɑ ː d i ɛ k s p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə n s ᵻ z ð i ː z h j ˈ u ː d ʒ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ᵻ z ɪ n ɐ d ɹ ˈ ɛ n ə l ˌ ɪ n .


or when people drink alcohol, oftentimes they'll smoke. And it's well known that different compounds like alcohol and nicotine or caffeine and nicotine or certain behaviors and certain drugs can synergize to give bigger dopamine increases.

ɔ ː ɹ w ɛ n p ˈ i ː p ə l d ɹ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ˈ æ l k ə h ˌ ɑ ː l , ˈ ɔ f ə n t ˌ a ɪ m z ð e ɪ l s m ˈ o ʊ k . æ n d ɪ t s w ˈ ɛ l n ˈ o ʊ n ð æ t d ˈ ɪ f ɹ ə n t k ˈ ɑ ː m p a ʊ n d z l ˈ a ɪ k ˈ æ l k ə h ˌ ɑ ː l æ n d n ˈ ɪ k ə t ˌ i ː n ɔ ː ɹ k æ f ˈ i ː n æ n d n ˈ ɪ k ə t ˌ i ː n ɔ ː ɹ s ˈ ɜ ː ʔ n ̩ b ᵻ h ˈ e ɪ v j ɚ z æ n d s ˈ ɜ ː ʔ n ̩ d ɹ ˈ ʌ ɡ z k æ n s ˈ ɪ n ɚ d ʒ ˌ a ɪ z t ə ɡ ˈ ɪ v b ˈ ɪ ɡ ɚ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ᵻ z .


Today's podcast is also brought to us by inside tracker. Inside tracker is a personalized nutrition platform that analyzes data from your blood and DNA to help you better understand your body.

t ə d ˈ e ɪ z p ˈ ɑ ː d k æ s t ɪ z ˈ ɔ ː l s o ʊ b ɹ ˈ ɔ ː t t ʊ ˌ ʌ s b a ɪ ɪ n s ˈ a ɪ d t ɹ ˈ æ k ɚ . ɪ n s ˈ a ɪ d t ɹ ˈ æ k ɚ ɹ ɪ z ɐ p ˈ ɜ ː s ə n ə l ˌ a ɪ z d n j u ː t ɹ ˈ ɪ ʃ ə n p l ˈ æ t f ɔ ː ɹ m ð æ t ˈ æ n ɐ l ˌ a ɪ z ᵻ z d ˈ e ɪ ɾ ə f ɹ ʌ m j ʊ ɹ b l ˈ ʌ d æ n d d ˌ i ː ˌ ɛ n ˈ e ɪ t ə h ˈ ɛ l p j u ː b ˈ ɛ ɾ ɚ ɹ ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d j ʊ ɹ b ˈ ɑ ː d i .


I want you to remember that there are two pathways. If you don't remember the two pathways in detail, that's fine, but please remember that there are two pathways because that turns out to be important later. Now the other thing to understand about dopamine is that...

a ɪ w ˈ ɔ n t j u ː t ə ɹ ᵻ m ˈ ɛ m b ɚ ð æ t ð ɛ ɹ ˌ ɑ ː ɹ t ˈ u ː p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ z . ɪ f j u ː d ˈ o ʊ n t ɹ ᵻ m ˈ ɛ m b ɚ ð ə t ˈ u ː p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ z ɪ n d i ː t ˈ e ɪ l , ð æ t s f ˈ a ɪ n , b ˌ ʌ t p l ˈ i ː z ɹ ᵻ m ˈ ɛ m b ɚ ð æ t ð ɛ ɹ ˌ ɑ ː ɹ t ˈ u ː p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ z b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z ð æ t t ˈ ɜ ː n z ˈ a ʊ t t ə b i ɪ m p ˈ o ː ɹ t ə n t l ˈ e ɪ ɾ ɚ . n ˈ a ʊ ð ɪ ˈ ʌ ð ɚ θ ˈ ɪ ŋ t ʊ ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɪ z ð ˈ æ t


Generating reward for what would otherwise just be kind of primitive behaviors hardwired behaviors and that's the beauty of these dopamine circuits That's the beauty of dopamine. It's not just attached to the more primitive behaviors

d ʒ ˈ ɛ n ɚ ɹ ˌ e ɪ ɾ ɪ ŋ ɹ ᵻ w ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d f ɔ ː ɹ w ʌ t w ʊ d ˈ ʌ ð ɚ w ˌ a ɪ z d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t b i ː k ˈ a ɪ n d ʌ v p ɹ ˈ ɪ m ᵻ t ˌ ɪ v b ᵻ h ˈ e ɪ v j ɚ z h ˈ ɑ ː ɹ d w a ɪ ɚ d b ᵻ h ˈ e ɪ v j ɚ z æ n d ð æ t s ð ə b j ˈ u ː ɾ i ʌ v ð i ː z d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n s ˈ ɜ ː k ɪ t s ð æ t s ð ə b j ˈ u ː ɾ i ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n . ɪ t s n ˌ ɑ ː t d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t ɐ t ˈ æ t ʃ t t ə ð ə m ˈ o ː ɹ p ɹ ˈ ɪ m ᵻ t ˌ ɪ v b ᵻ h ˈ e ɪ v j ɚ z


and MPTP can arise in the synthesis of MPPP. So someone in a lab someplace, this was mainly in the Central Valley in California, but elsewhere.

æ n d ˌ ɛ m p ˌ i ː t ˌ i ː p ˈ i ː k æ n ɚ ɹ ˈ a ɪ z ɪ n ð ə s ˈ ɪ n θ ə s ˌ ɪ s ʌ v ˌ ɛ m p ˌ i ː p ˌ i ː p ˈ i ː . s ˌ o ʊ s ˈ ʌ m w ʌ n ɪ n ɐ l ˈ æ b s ˈ ʌ m p l e ɪ s , ð ɪ s w ʌ z m ˈ e ɪ n l i ɪ n ð ə s ˈ ɛ n t ɹ ə l v ˈ æ l i ɪ n k ˌ æ l ɪ f ˈ o ː ɹ n i ə , b ˌ ʌ t ˈ ɛ l s w ɛ ɹ .


motivated and pursuing and we can take this back to our evolutionary adaptive scenario where you are out there looking for water looking for food.

m ˈ o ʊ ɾ ᵻ v ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d æ n d p ɚ s ˈ u ː ɪ ŋ æ n d w i ː k æ n t ˈ e ɪ k ð ɪ s b ˈ æ k t ʊ ˌ a ʊ ɚ ɹ ˌ ɛ v ə l ˈ u ː ʃ ə n ˌ ɛ ɹ i ɐ d ˈ æ p t ɪ v s ə n ˈ æ ɹ i ˌ o ʊ w ˌ ɛ ɹ j u ː ɑ ː ɹ ˈ a ʊ t ð ɛ ɹ l ˈ ʊ k ɪ ŋ f ɔ ː ɹ w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ l ˈ ʊ k ɪ ŋ f ɔ ː ɹ f ˈ u ː d .


They were able to reheat them afterwards. It's well established now that getting into cold water, whether or not it's a shower, an ice bath, circulating cold water, a stream, et cetera.

ð e ɪ w ɜ ː ɹ ˈ e ɪ b ə l t ə ɹ ᵻ h ˈ i ː t ð ˌ ɛ m ˈ æ f t ɚ w ɚ d z . ɪ t s w ˈ ɛ l ɪ s t ˈ æ b l ɪ ʃ t n ˈ a ʊ ð æ t ɡ ˌ ɛ ɾ ɪ ŋ ˌ ɪ n t ʊ k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ , w ˈ ɛ ð ɚ ɹ ɔ ː ɹ n ˌ ɑ ː t ɪ t s ɐ ʃ ˈ a ʊ ɚ , ɐ n ˈ a ɪ s b ˈ æ θ , s ˈ ɜ ː k j ʊ l ˌ e ɪ ɾ ɪ ŋ k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ , ɐ s t ɹ ˈ i ː m , ˈ ɛ t s ˈ ɛ ɾ ɚ ɹ ə .


on how cold water adapted you are and how familiar you are with the experience of getting into cold water. And when I say comfortable with, I should mention, there is never a case in which getting into cold water.

ˌ ɔ n h ˌ a ʊ k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ ɹ ɐ d ˈ æ p t ᵻ d j u ː ɑ ː ɹ æ n d h ˌ a ʊ f ə m ˈ ɪ l ɪ ɹ j u ː ɑ ː ɹ w ɪ ð ð ɪ ɛ k s p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə n s ʌ v ɡ ˌ ɛ ɾ ɪ ŋ ˌ ɪ n t ʊ k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ . æ n d w ɛ n a ɪ s ˈ e ɪ k ˈ ʌ m f t ə b ə l w ɪ ð , a ɪ ʃ ˌ ʊ d m ˈ ɛ n ʃ ə n , ð ɛ ɹ ɪ z n ˈ ɛ v ɚ ɹ ɐ k ˈ e ɪ s ɪ n w ˌ ɪ t ʃ ɡ ˌ ɛ ɾ ɪ ŋ ˌ ɪ n t ʊ k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ .


and the dopamine release continued to rise and rise and rise and eventually reached 250% above baseline. Now what was interesting is after subjects got out,

æ n d ð ə d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s k ə n t ˈ ɪ n j u ː d t ə ɹ ˈ a ɪ z æ n d ɹ ˈ a ɪ z æ n d ɹ ˈ a ɪ z æ n d ᵻ v ˈ ɛ n t ʃ u ː ə l i ɹ ˈ i ː t ʃ t t ˈ u ː h ˈ ʌ n d ɹ ɪ d f ˈ ɪ f t i p ɚ s ˈ ɛ n t ə b ˌ ʌ v b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n . n ˈ a ʊ w ʌ t w ʌ z ˈ ɪ n t ɹ ɛ s t ɪ ŋ ɪ z ˈ æ f t ɚ s ˈ ʌ b d ʒ ɛ k t s ɡ ɑ ː t ˈ a ʊ t ,


Just as it sounds it's spelled just as it sounds a cute effects of melatonin Administration on cardiovascular autonomic regulation and healthy men so the study wasn't specifically about dopamine But they looked at norepinephrine and dopamine levels

d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t æ z ɪ t s ˈ a ʊ n d z ɪ t s s p ˈ ɛ l d d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t æ z ɪ t s ˈ a ʊ n d z ɐ k j ˈ u ː t ɪ f ˈ ɛ k t s ʌ v m ˈ ɛ l ɐ t ˌ ɑ ː n ɪ n ɐ d m ˌ ɪ n ɪ s t ɹ ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n ˌ ɔ n k ˌ ɑ ː ɹ d ɪ o ʊ v ˈ æ s k j ʊ l ɚ ɹ ɔ ː t ə n ˈ ɑ ː m ɪ k ɹ ˌ ɛ ɡ j ʊ l ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n æ n d h ˈ ɛ l θ i m ˈ ɛ n s ˌ o ʊ ð ə s t ˈ ʌ d i w ˈ ʌ z n ̩ t s p ə s ˈ ɪ f ɪ k l i ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n b ˌ ʌ t ð e ɪ l ˈ ʊ k t æ t n ˈ o ː ɹ p a ɪ n f ɹ ˌ i ː n æ n d d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n l ˈ ɛ v ə l z


One that you might be wondering about is caffeine. I'm certainly drinking my caffeine today And I do enjoy caffeine and limited quantities. I drink your bomata and I drink coffee

w ˈ ʌ n ð æ t j u ː m ˌ a ɪ t b i ː w ˈ ʌ n d ɚ ɹ ɪ ŋ ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t ɪ z k æ f ˈ i ː n . a ɪ m s ˈ ɜ ː ʔ n ̩ l i d ɹ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɪ ŋ m a ɪ k æ f ˈ i ː n t ə d ˈ e ɪ æ n d a ɪ d ˈ u ː ɛ n d ʒ ˈ ɔ ɪ k æ f ˈ i ː n æ n d l ˈ ɪ m ɪ ɾ ᵻ d k w ˈ ɔ n t ᵻ ɾ i z . a ɪ d ɹ ˈ ɪ ŋ k j ʊ ɹ b ə m ˈ ɑ ː ɾ ə æ n d a ɪ d ɹ ˈ ɪ ŋ k k ˈ ɔ f i


And having a sufficiently healthy high level of dopamine baseline are what drove the evolution of our species and they're really what drive the evolution of anyone's life progression too. So there are good things. Dopamine is a good thing.

æ n d h ˌ æ v ɪ ŋ ɐ s ə f ˈ ɪ ʃ ə n t l i h ˈ ɛ l θ i h ˈ a ɪ l ˈ ɛ v ə l ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n ɑ ː ɹ w ʌ t d ɹ ˈ o ʊ v ð ɪ ˌ ɛ v ə l ˈ u ː ʃ ə n ʌ v ˌ a ʊ ɚ s p ˈ i ː s i ː z æ n d ð e ɪ ɚ ɹ ˈ i ə l i w ʌ t d ɹ ˈ a ɪ v ð ɪ ˌ ɛ v ə l ˈ u ː ʃ ə n ʌ v ˈ ɛ n ɪ w ˌ ʌ n z l ˈ a ɪ f p ɹ ə ɡ ɹ ˈ ɛ ʃ ə n t ˈ u ː . s ˌ o ʊ ð ɛ ɹ ˌ ɑ ː ɹ ɡ ˈ ʊ d θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z . d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɪ z ɐ ɡ ˈ ʊ d θ ˈ ɪ ŋ .


This aspect of dopamine transmission is important because it now underscores two things one There's two pathways for dopamine to communicate one for movement one for motivation and craving. There's two spatial scales at which dopamine can

ð ɪ s ˈ æ s p ɛ k t ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n t ɹ æ n s m ˈ ɪ ʃ ə n ɪ z ɪ m p ˈ o ː ɹ t ə n t b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z ɪ t n ˈ a ʊ ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s k ˈ o ː ɹ z t ˈ u ː θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z w ˈ ʌ n ð ɛ ɹ z t ˈ u ː p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ z f ɔ ː ɹ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n t ə k ə m j ˈ u ː n ᵻ k ˌ e ɪ t w ˈ ʌ n f ɔ ː ɹ m ˈ u ː v m ə n t w ˈ ʌ n f ɔ ː ɹ m ˌ o ʊ ɾ ɪ v ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n æ n d k ɹ ˈ e ɪ v ɪ ŋ . ð ɛ ɹ z t ˈ u ː s p ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə l s k ˈ e ɪ l z æ t w ˌ ɪ t ʃ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n k ˈ æ n


When those people are properly treated they can not always but they can recover some fluidity of movement some ability to initiate movement and

w ˌ ɛ n ð o ʊ z p ˈ i ː p ə l ɑ ː ɹ p ɹ ˈ ɑ ː p ɚ l i t ɹ ˈ i ː ɾ ᵻ d ð e ɪ k æ n n ˌ ɑ ː t ˈ ɔ ː l w e ɪ z b ˌ ʌ t ð e ɪ k æ n ɹ ᵻ k ˈ ʌ v ɚ s ˌ ʌ m f l u ː ˈ ɪ d ᵻ ɾ i ʌ v m ˈ u ː v m ə n t s ˌ ʌ m ɐ b ˈ ɪ l ə ɾ i t ʊ ɪ n ˈ ɪ ʃ ɪ ˌ e ɪ t m ˈ u ː v m ə n t æ n d


or when we are about to ingest food, our dopamine levels go up, and typically, when we ingest food, if it evokes some dopamine release, then we tend to want even more food. Remember, dopamine's...

ɔ ː ɹ w ɛ n w i ː ɑ ː ɹ ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t t ʊ ɪ n d ʒ ˈ ɛ s t f ˈ u ː d , ˌ a ʊ ɚ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n l ˈ ɛ v ə l z ɡ ˌ o ʊ ˈ ʌ p , æ n d t ˈ ɪ p ɪ k l i , w ˌ ɛ n w i ː ɪ n d ʒ ˈ ɛ s t f ˈ u ː d , ɪ f ɪ ɾ ɪ v ˈ o ʊ k s s ˌ ʌ m d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s , ð ˈ ɛ n w i ː t ˈ ɛ n d t ə w ˈ ɔ n t ˈ i ː v ə n m ˈ o ː ɹ f ˈ u ː d . ɹ ᵻ m ˈ ɛ m b ɚ , d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n z


Nailed down the fact that tyrosine has this effect was published way back in 1983, journaled clinical andocrinology and metabolism, that directly compared...

n ˈ e ɪ l d d ˌ a ʊ n ð ə f ˈ æ k t ð æ t t ˈ a ɪ ɹ ə s ˌ a ɪ n h ɐ z ð ɪ s ɪ f ˈ ɛ k t w ʌ z p ˈ ʌ b l ɪ ʃ t w ˈ e ɪ b ˈ æ k ɪ n n ˈ a ɪ n t i ː n h ˈ ʌ n d ɹ ɪ d ˈ e ɪ ɾ i θ ɹ ˈ i ː , d ʒ ˈ ɜ ː n ə l d k l ˈ ɪ n ɪ k ə l ˌ æ n d ə k ɹ ɪ n ˈ ɑ ː l ə d ʒ i æ n d m ə t ˈ æ b ə l ˌ ɪ z ə m , ð æ t d ᵻ ɹ ˈ ɛ k t l i k ə m p ˈ ɛ ɹ d


This should serve as a serious cautionary note that amphetamine and cocaine not only can cause a drop in baseline dopamine, but can actually put the brain into a state in which it cannot learn and modify itself to get better, at least for some period of time.

ð ɪ s ʃ ˌ ʊ d s ˈ ɜ ː v æ z ɐ s ˈ ɪ ɹ i ə s k ˈ ɔ ː ʃ ə n ˌ ɛ ɹ i n ˈ o ʊ t ð æ t æ m f ˈ ɛ ɾ ɐ m ˌ i ː n æ n d k o ʊ k ˈ e ɪ n n ˌ ɑ ː t ˈ o ʊ n l i k æ n k ˈ ɔ ː z ɐ d ɹ ˈ ɑ ː p ɪ n b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n , b ˌ ʌ t k æ n ˈ æ k t ʃ u ː ə l i p ˌ ʊ t ð ə b ɹ ˈ e ɪ n ˌ ɪ n t ʊ ɐ s t ˈ e ɪ t ɪ n w ˌ ɪ t ʃ ɪ t k æ n ˈ ɑ ː t l ˈ ɜ ː n æ n d m ˈ ɑ ː d ᵻ f ˌ a ɪ ɪ t s ˈ ɛ l f t ə ɡ ɛ t b ˈ ɛ ɾ ɚ , æ t l ˈ i ː s t f ɔ ː ɹ s ˌ ʌ m p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə d ʌ v t ˈ a ɪ m .


Take the approach of trying to ramp up their level of internal autonomic arousal, meaning to get really energized and kind of lean into the friction of the cold, and they find that easier. Other people distract themselves. They recite the alphabet, or they do something.

t ˈ e ɪ k ð ɪ ɐ p ɹ ˈ o ʊ t ʃ ʌ v t ɹ ˈ a ɪ ɪ ŋ t ə ɹ ˈ æ m p ˌ ʌ p ð ɛ ɹ l ˈ ɛ v ə l ʌ v ɪ n t ˈ ɜ ː n ə l ɔ ː t ə n ˈ ɑ ː m ɪ k ɚ ɹ ˈ a ʊ z ə l , m ˈ i ː n ɪ ŋ t ə ɡ ɛ t ɹ ˈ i ə l i ˈ ɛ n ɚ d ʒ ˌ a ɪ z d æ n d k ˈ a ɪ n d ʌ v l ˈ i ː n ˌ ɪ n t ʊ ð ə f ɹ ˈ ɪ k ʃ ə n ʌ v ð ə k ˈ o ʊ l d , æ n d ð e ɪ f ˈ a ɪ n d ð æ t ˈ i ː z i ɚ . ˈ ʌ ð ɚ p ˈ i ː p ə l d ɪ s t ɹ ˈ æ k t ð ɛ m s ˈ ɛ l v z . ð e ɪ ɹ ᵻ s ˈ a ɪ t ð ɪ ˈ æ l f ə b ˌ ɛ t , ɔ ː ɹ ð e ɪ d ˈ u ː s ˈ ʌ m θ ɪ ŋ .


in a little bit. But just increasing your dopamine, yes, it will make you excited for all things. It will make you feel very motivated, but it will also make that motivation.

ɪ n ɐ l ˈ ɪ ɾ ə l b ˈ ɪ t . b ˌ ʌ t d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t ɪ ŋ k ɹ ˈ i ː s ɪ ŋ j ʊ ɹ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n , j ˈ ɛ s , ɪ t w ɪ l m ˌ e ɪ k j u ː ɛ k s ˈ a ɪ ɾ ᵻ d f ɔ ː ɹ ˈ ɔ ː l θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z . ɪ t w ɪ l m ˌ e ɪ k j u ː f ˈ i ː l v ˈ ɛ ɹ i m ˈ o ʊ ɾ ᵻ v ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d , b ˌ ʌ t ɪ t w ɪ l ˈ ɔ ː l s o ʊ m ˌ e ɪ k ð æ t m ˌ o ʊ ɾ ɪ v ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n .


in so-called microdialysis studies and animals, so actually extracting from particular brain areas how much dopamine is released, or from measuring the serum, the circulating levels of dopamine in humans.

ɪ n s ˌ o ʊ k ˈ ɔ ː l d m ˌ a ɪ k ɹ o ʊ d a ɪ ˈ æ l ə s ˌ ɪ s s t ˈ ʌ d i z æ n d ˈ æ n ɪ m ə l z , s ˌ o ʊ ˈ æ k t ʃ u ː ə l i ɛ k s t ɹ ˈ æ k t ɪ ŋ f ɹ ʌ m p ɚ t ˈ ɪ k j ʊ l ɚ b ɹ ˈ e ɪ n ˈ ɛ ɹ i ə z h ˌ a ʊ m ˈ ʌ t ʃ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɪ z ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s t , ɔ ː ɹ f ɹ ʌ m m ˈ ɛ ʒ ɚ ɹ ɪ ŋ ð ə s ˈ ɛ ɹ ə m , ð ə s ˈ ɜ ː k j ʊ l ˌ e ɪ ɾ ɪ ŋ l ˈ ɛ v ə l z ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɪ n h j ˈ u ː m ə n z .


That wall as I like to refer to it is coming. That's always the first experience of getting into cold water There's no real way around that now this study that I mentioned earlier

ð æ t w ˈ ɔ ː l æ z a ɪ l ˈ a ɪ k t ə ɹ ᵻ f ˈ ɜ ː t ʊ ɪ ɾ ɪ z k ˈ ʌ m ɪ ŋ . ð æ t s ˈ ɔ ː l w e ɪ z ð ə f ˈ ɜ ː s t ɛ k s p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə n s ʌ v ɡ ˌ ɛ ɾ ɪ ŋ ˌ ɪ n t ʊ k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ ð ɛ ɹ z n ˈ o ʊ ɹ ˈ i ː ə l w ˈ e ɪ ɚ ɹ ˈ a ʊ n d ð æ t n ˈ a ʊ ð ɪ s s t ˈ ʌ d i ð æ t a ɪ m ˈ ɛ n ʃ ə n d ˈ ɜ ː l ɪ ɚ


But your level of dopamine has everything to do with those genetics but also with what you've experienced in the previous days and the previous months and so on.

b ˌ ʌ t j ʊ ɹ l ˈ ɛ v ə l ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n h ɐ z ˈ ɛ v ɹ ɪ θ ˌ ɪ ŋ t ə d ˈ u ː w ɪ ð ð o ʊ z d ʒ ɪ n ˈ ɛ ɾ ɪ k s b ˌ ʌ t ˈ ɔ ː l s o ʊ w ɪ ð w ʌ t j u ː v ɛ k s p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə n s t ɪ n ð ə p ɹ ˈ i ː v i ə s d ˈ e ɪ z æ n d ð ə p ɹ ˈ i ː v i ə s m ˈ ʌ n θ s æ n d s ˌ o ʊ ˈ ɔ n .


The gut microbiome can influence dopamine, and indeed they can, but they do that through indirect mechanisms by creating an environment to mill you in which dopamine and dopamine circuits can flourish.

ð ə ɡ ˈ ʌ t m ˈ a ɪ k ɹ o ʊ b ɪ ˌ o ʊ m k æ n ˈ ɪ n f l u ː ə n s d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n , æ n d ˌ ɪ n d ˈ i ː d ð e ɪ k ˈ æ n , b ˌ ʌ t ð e ɪ d ˈ u ː ð æ t θ ɹ u ː ˌ ɪ n d ɚ ɹ ˈ ɛ k t m ˈ ɛ k ə n ˌ ɪ z ə m z b a ɪ k ɹ i ː ˈ e ɪ ɾ ɪ ŋ ɐ n ɛ n v ˈ a ɪ ɹ ə n m ə n t t ə m ˈ ɪ l j u ː ɪ n w ˌ ɪ t ʃ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n æ n d d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n s ˈ ɜ ː k ɪ t s k æ n f l ˈ ɜ ː ɹ ɪ ʃ .


to an internally generated reward system. And this is not meant to be vague. This is a system that exists in your mind that exists in the minds of humans for hundreds of thousands of years.

t ʊ ɐ n ɪ n t ˈ ɜ ː n ə l i d ʒ ˈ ɛ n ɚ ɹ ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d ɹ ᵻ w ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d s ˈ ɪ s t ə m . æ n d ð ɪ s ɪ z n ˌ ɑ ː t m ˈ ɛ n t t ə b i v ˈ e ɪ ɡ . ð ɪ s ɪ z ɐ s ˈ ɪ s t ə m ð æ t ɛ ɡ z ˈ ɪ s t s ɪ n j ʊ ɹ m ˈ a ɪ n d ð æ t ɛ ɡ z ˈ ɪ s t s ɪ n ð ə m ˈ a ɪ n d z ʌ v h j ˈ u ː m ə n z f ɔ ː ɹ h ˈ ʌ n d ɹ ɪ d z ʌ v θ ˈ a ʊ z ə n d z ʌ v j ˈ ɪ ɹ z .


And you've finished, you crossed the finish line, you feel great, and you would think, okay, now I'm set for the entire year. I'm gonna feel so much better. I'm gonna feel this accomplishment in my body. It's gonna be so great.

æ n d j u ː v f ˈ ɪ n ɪ ʃ t , j u ː k ɹ ˈ ɔ s t ð ə f ˈ ɪ n ɪ ʃ l ˈ a ɪ n , j u ː f ˈ i ː l ɡ ɹ ˈ e ɪ t , æ n d j u ː w ʊ d θ ˈ ɪ ŋ k , o ʊ k ˈ e ɪ , n ˈ a ʊ a ɪ m s ˈ ɛ t f ɚ ð ɪ ɛ n t ˈ a ɪ ɚ j ˈ ɪ ɹ . a ɪ m ɡ ˌ ə n ə f ˈ i ː l s ˈ o ʊ m ˌ ʌ t ʃ b ˈ ɛ ɾ ɚ . a ɪ m ɡ ˌ ə n ə f ˈ i ː l ð ɪ s ɐ k ˈ ɑ ː m p l ɪ ʃ m ə n t ɪ n m a ɪ b ˈ ɑ ː d i . ɪ t s ɡ ˌ ə n ə b i ː s ˌ o ʊ ɡ ɹ ˈ e ɪ t .


Well, it's a lot of language. There is some logic there. Okay. So we've got these two pathways, one mainly for movement. Right. This is the substantial Niagara to dorsal stratum and

w ˈ ɛ l , ɪ t s ɐ l ˈ ɑ ː t ʌ v l ˈ æ ŋ ɡ w ɪ d ʒ . ð ɛ ɹ ɪ z s ˌ ʌ m l ˈ ɑ ː d ʒ ɪ k ð ˈ ɛ ɹ . o ʊ k ˈ e ɪ . s ˌ o ʊ w i ː v ɡ ɑ ː t ð i ː z t ˈ u ː p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ z , w ˈ ʌ n m ˈ e ɪ n l i f ɔ ː ɹ m ˈ u ː v m ə n t . ɹ ˈ a ɪ t . ð ɪ s ɪ z ð ə s ə b s t ˈ æ n ʃ ə l n a ɪ ˈ æ ɡ ɹ ə t ə d ˈ o ː ɹ s ə l s t ɹ ˈ ɑ ː ɾ ə m æ n d


especially hard endeavors, is to, A, not start layering in other sources of dopamine in order to get to the starting line. Not layering in other sources of dopamine in order to be able to continue, but rather,

ɪ s p ˈ ɛ ʃ ə l i h ˈ ɑ ː ɹ d ɛ n d ˈ ɛ v ɚ z , ɪ z t u ː , ˈ e ɪ , n ˌ ɑ ː t s t ˈ ɑ ː ɹ t l ˈ e ɪ ɚ ɹ ɪ ŋ ɪ n ˈ ʌ ð ɚ s ˈ o ː ɹ s ᵻ z ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɪ n ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d ɚ t ə ɡ ɛ t t ə ð ə s t ˈ ɑ ː ɹ ɾ ɪ ŋ l ˈ a ɪ n . n ˌ ɑ ː t l ˈ e ɪ ɚ ɹ ɪ ŋ ɪ n ˈ ʌ ð ɚ s ˈ o ː ɹ s ᵻ z ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɪ n ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d ɚ t ə b i ˈ e ɪ b ə l t ə k ə n t ˈ ɪ n j u ː , b ˌ ʌ t ɹ ˈ æ ð ɚ ,


But as we'll talk about in a few minutes, that aspect or that approach rather of trying to just get your dopamine as high as you possibly can in order to get the most out of an experience turns out to not be the best approach and what you'll find.

b ˌ ʌ t æ z w i ː l t ˈ ɔ ː k ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t ɪ n ɐ f j ˈ u ː m ˈ ɪ n ɪ t s , ð æ t ˈ æ s p ɛ k t ɔ ː ɹ ð æ t ɐ p ɹ ˈ o ʊ t ʃ ɹ ˈ æ ð ɚ ɹ ʌ v t ɹ ˈ a ɪ ɪ ŋ t ə d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t ɡ ɛ t j ʊ ɹ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n æ z h ˈ a ɪ æ z j u ː p ˈ ɑ ː s ᵻ b l i k æ n ɪ n ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d ɚ t ə ɡ ɛ t ð ə m ˈ o ʊ s t ˌ a ʊ ɾ ə v ɐ n ɛ k s p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə n s t ˈ ɜ ː n z ˈ a ʊ t t ə n ˌ ɑ ː t b i ː ð ə b ˈ ɛ s t ɐ p ɹ ˈ o ʊ t ʃ æ n d w ʌ t j u ː l f ˈ a ɪ n d .


And many of those same people had serious trouble with some of the SSRIs. So, there seemed to be a very useful drug in certain contexts, both for depression and for the treatment of smoking, for people desiring to quit smoking.

æ n d m ˈ ɛ n ɪ ə v ð o ʊ z s ˈ e ɪ m p ˈ i ː p ə l h æ d s ˈ ɪ ɹ i ə s t ɹ ˈ ʌ b ə l w ɪ ð s ˌ ʌ m ʌ v ð ɪ ˈ ɛ s s ɹ ˈ a ɪ . s ˈ o ʊ , ð ɛ ɹ s ˈ i ː m d t ə b i ɐ v ˈ ɛ ɹ i j ˈ u ː s f ə l d ɹ ˈ ʌ ɡ ɪ n s ˈ ɜ ː ʔ n ̩ k ˈ ɑ ː n t ɛ k s t s , b ˈ o ʊ θ f ɔ ː ɹ d ᵻ p ɹ ˈ ɛ ʃ ə n æ n d f ɚ ð ə t ɹ ˈ i ː t m ə n t ʌ v s m ˈ o ʊ k ɪ ŋ , f ɔ ː ɹ p ˈ i ː p ə l d ɪ z ˈ a ɪ ɚ ɹ ɪ ŋ t ə k w ˈ ɪ t s m ˈ o ʊ k ɪ ŋ .


more of dopamine's effects. Because as I mentioned before, dopamine is vomited out into the synapse, or it's released volumetrically, but then it has to bind some place and trigger those G-protein coupled receptors.

m ˈ o ː ɹ ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n z ɪ f ˈ ɛ k t s . b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z æ z a ɪ m ˈ ɛ n ʃ ə n d b ᵻ f ˈ o ː ɹ , d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɪ z v ˈ ɑ ː m ɪ ɾ ᵻ d ˈ a ʊ t ˌ ɪ n t ʊ ð ə s ˈ ɪ n æ p s , ɔ ː ɹ ɪ t s ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s t v ˌ ɑ ː l j u ː m ˈ ɛ t ɹ ɪ k l i , b ˌ ʌ t ð ˈ ɛ n ɪ t h ɐ z t ə b ˈ a ɪ n d s ˌ ʌ m p l ˈ e ɪ s æ n d t ɹ ˈ ɪ ɡ ɚ ð o ʊ z d ʒ ˈ i ː p ɹ ˈ o ʊ t i ː n k ˈ ʌ p ə l d ɹ ᵻ s ˈ ɛ p t ɚ z .


I won't name names, but they'll drink a canned energy drink or they'll drink a pre-workout and they'll try and get that big stimulation that a stimulant effect for the dope, mean the Norapinephrine, that family molecules that works together to make you motivated.

a ɪ w o ʊ n t n ˈ e ɪ m n ˈ e ɪ m z , b ˌ ʌ t ð e ɪ l d ɹ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɐ k ˈ æ n d ˈ ɛ n ɚ d ʒ i d ɹ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɔ ː ɹ ð e ɪ l d ɹ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɐ p ɹ ˈ i ː w ˈ ɜ ː k a ʊ t æ n d ð e ɪ l t ɹ ˈ a ɪ æ n d ɡ ɛ t ð æ t b ˈ ɪ ɡ s t ˌ ɪ m j ʊ l ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n ð ˌ æ ɾ ə s t ˈ ɪ m j ʊ l ə n t ɪ f ˈ ɛ k t f ɚ ð ə d ˈ o ʊ p , m ˈ i ː n ð ə n ˈ o ː ɹ ɐ p ˌ a ɪ n f ɹ i ː n , ð æ t f ˈ æ m ɪ l i m ˈ ɑ ː l ɪ k j ˌ u ː l z ð æ t w ˈ ɜ ː k s t ə ɡ ˌ ɛ ð ɚ t ə m ˌ e ɪ k j u ː m ˈ o ʊ ɾ ᵻ v ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d .


for different aspects of our brain and body. If you want to try headspace, you can go to headspace.com slash special offer. And if you do that, you'll get one month as a free trial with headspace's full library of meditations.

f ɔ ː ɹ d ˈ ɪ f ɹ ə n t ˈ æ s p ɛ k t s ʌ v ˌ a ʊ ɚ b ɹ ˈ e ɪ n æ n d b ˈ ɑ ː d i . ɪ f j u ː w ˈ ɔ n t t ə t ɹ ˈ a ɪ h ˈ ɛ d s p e ɪ s , j u ː k æ n ɡ ˌ o ʊ t ə h ˈ ɛ d s p e ɪ s d ˈ ɑ ː t k ˈ ɑ ː m s l ˈ æ ʃ s p ˈ ɛ ʃ ə l ˈ ɔ f ɚ . æ n d ɪ f j u ː d ˈ u ː ð ˈ æ t , j u ː l ɡ ɛ t w ˈ ʌ n m ˈ ʌ n θ æ z ɐ f ɹ ˈ i ː t ɹ ˈ a ɪ ə l w ɪ ð h ˈ ɛ d s p e ɪ s ᵻ z f ˈ ʊ l l ˈ a ɪ b ɹ ɛ ɹ i ʌ v m ˌ ɛ d ɪ t ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n z .


It's going to be better. I don't necessarily recommend doing it right before sleep, but some people do it in the afternoon and some people will indeed do that seven days a week. Other people, three days a week. Other people, every once in a while, what I can say is once you become cold water adapted.

ɪ t s ɡ ˌ o ʊ ɪ ŋ t ə b i b ˈ ɛ ɾ ɚ . a ɪ d ˈ o ʊ n t n ˌ ɛ s ɪ s ˈ ɛ ɹ ᵻ l i ɹ ˌ ɛ k ə m ˈ ɛ n d d ˌ u ː ɪ ŋ ɪ t ɹ ˈ a ɪ t b ᵻ f ˌ o ː ɹ s l ˈ i ː p , b ˌ ʌ t s ˌ ʌ m p ˈ i ː p ə l d ˈ u ː ɪ ɾ ɪ n ð ɪ ˌ æ f t ɚ n ˈ u ː n æ n d s ˌ ʌ m p ˈ i ː p ə l w ɪ l ˌ ɪ n d ˈ i ː d d ˈ u ː ð æ t s ˈ ɛ v ə n d ˈ e ɪ z ɐ w ˈ i ː k . ˈ ʌ ð ɚ p ˈ i ː p ə l , θ ɹ ˈ i ː d ˈ e ɪ z ɐ w ˈ i ː k . ˈ ʌ ð ɚ p ˈ i ː p ə l , ˈ ɛ v ɹ i w ˈ ʌ n s ɪ n ɐ w ˈ a ɪ l , w ˌ ʌ t a ɪ k æ n s ˈ e ɪ ɪ z w ˈ ʌ n s j u ː b ɪ k ˌ ʌ m k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ ɹ ɐ d ˈ æ p t ᵻ d .


Our perception of dopamine is heightened when the receptors for dopamine have not seen much dopamine lately. They haven't bound much dopamine. So when you fast, fast, fast, fast, fast, fast.

ˌ a ʊ ɚ p ɚ s ˈ ɛ p ʃ ə n ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɪ z h ˈ a ɪ ʔ n ̩ d w ɛ n ð ə ɹ ᵻ s ˈ ɛ p t ɚ z f ɔ ː ɹ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n h ɐ v n ˌ ɑ ː t s ˈ i ː n m ˈ ʌ t ʃ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n l ˈ e ɪ t l i . ð e ɪ h ˈ æ v ə n t b ˈ a ʊ n d m ˈ ʌ t ʃ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n . s ˌ o ʊ w ɛ n j u ː f ˈ æ s t , f ˈ æ s t , f ˈ æ s t , f ˈ æ s t , f ˈ æ s t , f ˈ æ s t .


But also, I started to lose interest in what I was doing. It wasn't as pleasurable. I would feel like it just didn't have the same kind of oomph and I was beginning to question my motivation.

b ˌ ʌ t ˈ ɔ ː l s o ʊ , a ɪ s t ˈ ɑ ː ɹ ɾ ᵻ d t ə l ˈ u ː z ˈ ɪ n t ɹ ɛ s t ɪ n w ʌ t a ɪ w ʌ z d ˈ u ː ɪ ŋ . ɪ t w ˈ ʌ z n ̩ t æ z p l ˈ ɛ ʒ ɚ ɹ ə b ə l . a ɪ w ʊ d f ˈ i ː l l ˈ a ɪ k ɪ t d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t d ˈ ɪ d n t h æ v ð ə s ˈ e ɪ m k ˈ a ɪ n d ʌ v ˈ u ː m f æ n d a ɪ w ʌ z b ɪ ɡ ˈ ɪ n ɪ ŋ t ə k w ˈ ɛ s t ʃ ə n m a ɪ m ˌ o ʊ ɾ ɪ v ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n .


of food, sex, heat, et cetera, it's also attached to the things that we decide are good for us and are important for us. So telling yourself that exercise or fasting or studying.

ʌ v f ˈ u ː d , s ˈ ɛ k s , h ˈ i ː t , ˈ ɛ t s ˈ ɛ ɾ ɚ ɹ ə , ɪ t s ˈ ɔ ː l s o ʊ ɐ t ˈ æ t ʃ t t ə ð ə θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z ð æ t w i ː d ᵻ s ˈ a ɪ d ɑ ː ɹ ɡ ˈ ʊ d f ɔ ː ɹ ˌ ʌ s æ n d ɑ ː ɹ ɪ m p ˈ o ː ɹ t ə n t f ɔ ː ɹ ˌ ʌ s . s ˌ o ʊ t ˈ ɛ l ɪ ŋ j o ː ɹ s ˈ ɛ l f ð æ t ˈ ɛ k s ɚ s ˌ a ɪ z ɔ ː ɹ f ˈ æ s t ɪ ŋ ɔ ː ɹ s t ˈ ʌ d i ɪ ŋ .


We can't do anything. Anything at all, unless we have some level of epinephrine in our brain and body. It's released from the adrenal glands, which ride to top our kidneys. It's released...

w i ː k ˈ æ n t d ˈ u ː ˈ ɛ n ɪ θ ˌ ɪ ŋ . ˈ ɛ n ɪ θ ˌ ɪ ŋ æ ɾ ˈ ɔ ː l , ʌ n l ˈ ɛ s w i ː h æ v s ˌ ʌ m l ˈ ɛ v ə l ʌ v ˈ ɛ p ɪ n ˌ ɛ f ɹ i ː n ɪ n ˌ a ʊ ɚ b ɹ ˈ e ɪ n æ n d b ˈ ɑ ː d i . ɪ t s ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s t f ɹ ʌ m ð ɪ ɐ d ɹ ˈ i ː n ə l ɡ l ˈ æ n d z , w ˌ ɪ t ʃ ɹ ˈ a ɪ d t ə t ˈ ɑ ː p ˌ a ʊ ɚ k ˈ ɪ d n i z . ɪ t s ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s t


I got Jardia, and Jardia is a stomach bug that if any of you ever had it, it is terrible. It's terrible diarrhea, you end up very dehydrated very quickly, you drop a ton of weight.

a ɪ ɡ ɑ ː t d ʒ ˈ ɑ ː ɹ d i ə , æ n d d ʒ ˈ ɑ ː ɹ d i ə ɪ z ɐ s t ˈ ʌ m ə k b ˈ ʌ ɡ ð æ t ɪ f ˌ ɛ n i ʌ v j u ː ˈ ɛ v ɚ h ˌ æ d ɪ t , ɪ ɾ ɪ z t ˈ ɛ ɹ ᵻ b ə l . ɪ t s t ˈ ɛ ɹ ᵻ b ə l d ˌ a ɪ ɚ ɹ ˈ i ə , j u ː ˈ ɛ n d ˌ ʌ p v ˈ ɛ ɹ i d ˌ i ː h a ɪ d ɹ ˈ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d v ˈ ɛ ɹ i k w ˈ ɪ k l i , j u ː d ɹ ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ t ˈ ʌ n ʌ v w ˈ e ɪ t .


to be much more regulated and kind of even than something like Al-Tai Racine and certainly much more regulated and even and lower dopamine release than something like Makunapurines.

t ə b i m ˈ ʌ t ʃ m ˈ o ː ɹ ɹ ˈ ɛ ɡ j ʊ l ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d æ n d k ˈ a ɪ n d ʌ v ˈ i ː v ə n ð ɐ n s ˈ ʌ m θ ɪ ŋ l ˈ a ɪ k ˈ æ l t ˈ a ɪ ɹ ˈ æ s i ː n æ n d s ˈ ɜ ː ʔ n ̩ l i m ˈ ʌ t ʃ m ˈ o ː ɹ ɹ ˈ ɛ ɡ j ʊ l ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d æ n d ˈ i ː v ə n æ n d l ˈ o ʊ ɚ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s ð ɐ n s ˈ ʌ m θ ɪ ŋ l ˈ a ɪ k m ˈ æ k ə n ˌ æ p j ʊ ɹ ɹ ˌ i ː n z .


If you'd like to try ROCA glasses, you can go to ROCA.com, that's ROKA.com, and enter the code Huberman to save 20% off your first order. That's ROCA, ROKA.com, enter the code Huberman at checkout.

ɪ f j u ː d l ˈ a ɪ k t ə t ɹ ˈ a ɪ ɹ ˈ o ʊ k ə ɡ l ˈ æ s ᵻ z , j u ː k æ n ɡ ˌ o ʊ t ə ɹ ˈ o ʊ k ə d ˈ ɑ ː t k ˈ ɑ ː m , ð æ t s ɹ ˈ o ʊ k ə d ˈ ɑ ː t k ˈ ɑ ː m , æ n d ˈ ɛ n t ɚ ð ə k ˈ o ʊ d h j ˈ u ː b ɚ m ə n t ə s ˈ e ɪ v t w ˈ ɛ n t i p ɚ s ˈ ɛ n t ˈ ɔ f j ʊ ɹ f ˈ ɜ ː s t ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d ɚ . ð æ t s ɹ ˈ o ʊ k ə , ɹ ˈ o ʊ k ə d ˈ ɑ ː t k ˈ ɑ ː m , ˈ ɛ n t ɚ ð ə k ˈ o ʊ d h j ˈ u ː b ɚ m ə n æ t t ʃ ˈ ɛ k a ʊ t .


is great. This effort is pleasurable. Even though you might actually be in a state of physical pain from the exercise or I can recall this from college just feeling like I wanted to get up from my desk but forcing myself to study, forcing myself and forcing myself what you find over time.

ɪ z ɡ ɹ ˈ e ɪ t . ð ɪ s ˈ ɛ f ɚ t ɪ z p l ˈ ɛ ʒ ɚ ɹ ə b ə l . ˈ i ː v ə n ð ˌ o ʊ j u ː m ˌ a ɪ t ˈ æ k t ʃ u ː ə l i b i ː ɪ n ɐ s t ˈ e ɪ t ʌ v f ˈ ɪ z ɪ k ə l p ˈ e ɪ n f ɹ ʌ m ð ɪ ˈ ɛ k s ɚ s ˌ a ɪ z ɔ ː ɹ a ɪ k æ n ɹ ᵻ k ˈ ɔ ː l ð ɪ s f ɹ ʌ m k ˈ ɑ ː l ɪ d ʒ d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t f ˈ i ː l ɪ ŋ l ˈ a ɪ k a ɪ w ˈ ɔ n t ᵻ d t ə ɡ ɛ t ˌ ʌ p f ɹ ʌ m m a ɪ d ˈ ɛ s k b ˌ ʌ t f ˈ o ː ɹ s ɪ ŋ m a ɪ s ˈ ɛ l f t ə s t ˈ ʌ d i , f ˈ o ː ɹ s ɪ ŋ m a ɪ s ˈ ɛ l f æ n d f ˈ o ː ɹ s ɪ ŋ m a ɪ s ˈ ɛ l f w ʌ t j u ː f ˈ a ɪ n d ˌ o ʊ v ɚ t ˈ a ɪ m .


Please, again, approach it with safety and caution in mind, but it is a very potent stimulus. Again, 250% of rise in baseline, two and a half times rise in baseline, rivals that of cocaine, which is really remarkable.

p l ˈ i ː z , ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n , ɐ p ɹ ˈ o ʊ t ʃ ɪ t w ɪ ð s ˈ e ɪ f t i æ n d k ˈ ɔ ː ʃ ə n ɪ n m ˈ a ɪ n d , b ˌ ʌ t ɪ ɾ ɪ z ɐ v ˈ ɛ ɹ i p ˈ o ʊ t ə n t s t ˈ ɪ m j ʊ l ə s . ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n , t ˈ u ː h ˈ ʌ n d ɹ ɪ d f ˈ ɪ f t i p ɚ s ˈ ɛ n t ʌ v ɹ ˈ a ɪ z ɪ n b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n , t ˈ u ː æ n d ɐ h ˈ æ f t ˈ a ɪ m z ɹ ˈ a ɪ z ɪ n b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n , ɹ ˈ a ɪ v ə l z ð æ t ʌ v k o ʊ k ˈ e ɪ n , w ˌ ɪ t ʃ ɪ z ɹ ˈ i ə l i ɹ ᵻ m ˈ ɑ ː ɹ k ə b ə l .


as a way to increase metabolism and fat loss, but also to improve sense of well-being, improve cognition, improve clarity of mind. There's something really special about this.

æ z ɐ w ˈ e ɪ t ʊ ɪ ŋ k ɹ ˈ i ː s m ə t ˈ æ b ə l ˌ ɪ z ə m æ n d f ˈ æ t l ˈ ɔ s , b ˌ ʌ t ˈ ɔ ː l s o ʊ t ʊ ɪ m p ɹ ˈ u ː v s ˈ ɛ n s ʌ v w ˈ ɛ l b ˈ i ː ɪ ŋ , ɪ m p ɹ ˈ u ː v k ɑ ː ɡ n ˈ ɪ ʃ ə n , ɪ m p ɹ ˈ u ː v k l ˈ æ ɹ ᵻ ɾ i ʌ v m ˈ a ɪ n d . ð ɛ ɹ z s ˈ ʌ m θ ɪ ŋ ɹ ˈ i ə l i s p ˈ ɛ ʃ ə l ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t ð ˈ ɪ s .


So certain things like cocaine, amphetamine, I will put in the classification of bad, I'm willing to do that. And other things are part of life. Food, exercise, if that evokes your dopamine. How are we supposed to engage with these?

s ˌ o ʊ s ˈ ɜ ː ʔ n ̩ θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z l ˈ a ɪ k k o ʊ k ˈ e ɪ n , æ m f ˈ ɛ ɾ ɐ m ˌ i ː n , a ɪ w ɪ l p ˌ ʊ t ɪ n ð ə k l ˌ æ s ɪ f ɪ k ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n ʌ v b ˈ æ d , a ɪ m w ˈ ɪ l ɪ ŋ t ə d ˈ u ː ð ˈ æ t . æ n d ˈ ʌ ð ɚ θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z ɑ ː ɹ p ˈ ɑ ː ɹ t ʌ v l ˈ a ɪ f . f ˈ u ː d , ˈ ɛ k s ɚ s ˌ a ɪ z , ɪ f ð æ t ɪ v ˈ o ʊ k s j ʊ ɹ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n . h ˌ a ʊ ɑ ː ɹ w i ː s ə p ˈ o ʊ z d t ʊ ɛ ŋ ɡ ˈ e ɪ d ʒ w ɪ ð ð ˈ i ː z ?


Welcome to the Huberman Lab Podcast, where we discuss science and science-based tools for everyday life. I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of Medicine.

w ˈ ɛ l k ʌ m t ə ð ə h j ˈ u ː b ɚ m ə n l ˈ æ b p ˈ ɑ ː d k æ s t , w ˌ ɛ ɹ w i ː d ɪ s k ˈ ʌ s s ˈ a ɪ ə n s æ n d s ˈ a ɪ ə n s b ˈ e ɪ s t t ˈ u ː l z f ɔ ː ɹ ˈ ɛ v ɹ ɪ d ˌ e ɪ l ˈ a ɪ f . a ɪ m ˈ æ n d ɹ u ː h j ˈ u ː b ɚ m ə n , æ n d a ɪ m ɐ p ɹ ə f ˈ ɛ s ɚ ɹ ʌ v n ˌ ʊ ɹ ɹ o ʊ b a ɪ ˈ ɑ ː l ə d ʒ i æ n d ˌ ɑ ː f θ ɐ l m ˈ ɑ ː l ə d ʒ i æ t s t ˈ æ n f ɚ d s k ˈ u ː l ʌ v m ˈ ɛ d ə s ə n .


Because dopamine, unlike a lot of chemicals in the brain, works through what are called G-protein coupled receptors. And for those of you there about to pass out from the amount of detail, just hang in there with me, it's really not complicated.

b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n , ʌ n l ˈ a ɪ k ɐ l ˈ ɑ ː t ʌ v k ˈ ɛ m ɪ k ə l z ɪ n ð ə b ɹ ˈ e ɪ n , w ˈ ɜ ː k s θ ɹ u ː w ʌ t ɑ ː ɹ k ˈ ɔ ː l d d ʒ ˈ i ː p ɹ ˈ o ʊ t i ː n k ˈ ʌ p ə l d ɹ ᵻ s ˈ ɛ p t ɚ z . æ n d f ɔ ː ɹ ð o ʊ z ʌ v j u ː ð ɛ ɹ ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t t ə p ˈ æ s ˈ a ʊ t f ɹ ʌ m ð ɪ ɐ m ˈ a ʊ n t ʌ v d i ː t ˈ e ɪ l , d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t h ˈ æ ŋ ɪ n ð ˈ ɛ ɹ w ɪ ð m ˌ i ː , ɪ t s ɹ ˈ i ə l i n ˌ ɑ ː t k ˈ ɑ ː m p l ᵻ k ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d .


And if you don't, you should just understand and expect that it's going to lead to an increase in dopamine. You'll certainly feel an elevated state for some of you that might be.

æ n d ɪ f j u ː d ˈ o ʊ n t , j u ː ʃ ˌ ʊ d d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d æ n d ɛ k s p ˈ ɛ k t ð æ t ɪ t s ɡ ˌ o ʊ ɪ ŋ t ə l ˈ i ː d t ʊ ɐ n ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n . j u ː l s ˈ ɜ ː ʔ n ̩ l i f ˈ i ː l ɐ n ˈ ɛ l ɪ v ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d s t ˈ e ɪ t f ɔ ː ɹ s ˌ ʌ m ʌ v j u ː ð æ t m ˌ a ɪ t b ˈ i ː .


misdiagnosed because of this depletion and dopamine that occurs because of overindulgence and other activities in the drop in baseline. So for anyone that's experienced a real drop in baseline who has addictive tendencies.

m ɪ s d ˌ a ɪ ə ɡ n ˈ o ʊ z d b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z ʌ v ð ɪ s d ᵻ p l ˈ i ː ʃ ə n æ n d d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ð æ t ə k ˈ ɜ ː z b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z ʌ v ˌ o ʊ v ɚ ɹ ɪ n d ˈ ʌ l d ʒ ə n s æ n d ˈ ʌ ð ɚ ɹ æ k t ˈ ɪ v ᵻ ɾ i z ɪ n ð ə d ɹ ˈ ɑ ː p ɪ n b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n . s ˌ o ʊ f ɔ ː ɹ ˈ ɛ n ɪ w ˌ ʌ n ð æ t s ɛ k s p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə n s t ɐ ɹ ˈ i ː ə l d ɹ ˈ ɑ ː p ɪ n b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n h ˌ u ː h ɐ z ɐ d ˈ ɪ k t ɪ v t ˈ ɛ n d ə n s i z .


You can just put those online and do the conversion or you can do the conversion to Fahrenheit, if you like, but in any case, what they looked at were the concentrations of things like epinephrine and dopamine.

j u ː k æ n d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t p ˌ ʊ t ð o ʊ z ˈ ɑ ː n l a ɪ n æ n d d ˈ u ː ð ə k ə n v ˈ ɜ ː ʒ ə n ɔ ː ɹ j u ː k æ n d ˈ u ː ð ə k ə n v ˈ ɜ ː ʒ ə n t ə f ˈ æ ɹ ə n h ˌ a ɪ t , ɪ f j u ː l ˈ a ɪ k , b ˌ ʌ t ɪ n ˌ ɛ n i k ˈ e ɪ s , w ˌ ʌ t ð e ɪ l ˈ ʊ k t æ t w ɜ ː ð ə k ˌ ɑ ː n s ə n t ɹ ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n z ʌ v θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z l ˈ a ɪ k ˈ ɛ p ɪ n ˌ ɛ f ɹ i ː n æ n d d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n .


In both cases, it's released from these things we call synaptic vesicles, literally little bubbles, tiny tiny little bubbles that contain dopamine that get vomited out into the area or into the synapse.

ɪ n b ˈ o ʊ θ k ˈ e ɪ s ᵻ z , ɪ t s ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s t f ɹ ʌ m ð i ː z θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z w i ː k ˈ ɔ ː l s ɪ n ˈ æ p t ɪ k v ˈ ɛ s ɪ k ə l z , l ˈ ɪ ɾ ɚ ɹ ə l i l ˈ ɪ ɾ ə l b ˈ ʌ b ə l z , t ˈ a ɪ n i t ˈ a ɪ n i l ˈ ɪ ɾ ə l b ˈ ʌ b ə l z ð æ t k ə n t ˈ e ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ð æ t ɡ ɛ t v ˈ ɑ ː m ɪ ɾ ᵻ d ˈ a ʊ t ˌ ɪ n t ʊ ð ɪ ˈ ɛ ɹ i ə ɔ ː ɹ ˌ ɪ n t ʊ ð ə s ˈ ɪ n æ p s .


So I promise you it's going to be a vast discussion, but I will structure it for you and you'll come away with a deep understanding of really what drives you. You will also come away with a lot of tools.

s ˌ o ʊ a ɪ p ɹ ˈ ɑ ː m ɪ s j u ː ɪ t s ɡ ˌ o ʊ ɪ ŋ t ə b i ɐ v ˈ æ s t d ɪ s k ˈ ʌ ʃ ə n , b ˌ ʌ t a ɪ w ɪ l s t ɹ ˈ ʌ k t ʃ ɚ ɹ ɪ t f ɔ ː ɹ j u ː æ n d j u ː l k ˈ ʌ m ɐ w ˈ e ɪ w ɪ ð ɐ d ˈ i ː p ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d ɪ ŋ ʌ v ɹ ˈ i ə l i w ʌ t d ɹ ˈ a ɪ v z j u ː . j u ː w ɪ l ˈ ɔ ː l s o ʊ k ˈ ʌ m ɐ w ˈ e ɪ w ɪ ð ɐ l ˈ ɑ ː t ʌ v t ˈ u ː l z .


For those of you that are seeking to increase your dopamine levels without prescription drugs those are the most direct route to that Of course if you have a pre-existing dopaminergic condition, so it gets a friend here psychosis of any kind

f ɔ ː ɹ ð o ʊ z ʌ v j u ː ð æ t ɑ ː ɹ s ˈ i ː k ɪ ŋ t ʊ ɪ ŋ k ɹ ˈ i ː s j ʊ ɹ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n l ˈ ɛ v ə l z w ɪ ð ˌ a ʊ t p ɹ ɪ s k ɹ ˈ ɪ p ʃ ə n d ɹ ˈ ʌ ɡ z ð o ʊ z ɑ ː ɹ ð ə m ˈ o ʊ s t d ᵻ ɹ ˈ ɛ k t ɹ ˈ a ʊ t t ə ð æ t ʌ v k ˈ o ː ɹ s ɪ f j u ː h æ v ɐ p ɹ ˈ i ː ɛ ɡ z ˈ ɪ s t ɪ ŋ d ˌ ɑ ː p ɐ m ɪ n ˈ ɜ ː d ʒ ɪ k k ə n d ˈ ɪ ʃ ə n , s ˌ o ʊ ɪ t ɡ ˈ ɛ t s ɐ f ɹ ˈ ɛ n d h ˈ ɪ ɹ s a ɪ k ˈ o ʊ s ɪ s ʌ v ˌ ɛ n i k ˈ a ɪ n d


that are worth noting, sperm concentration, sperm quality is actually greatly increased by macuna perines. These are kind of curious effects until you understand a little bit more about the biology of dopamine, which I'll mention in a moment.

ð æ t ɑ ː ɹ w ˈ ɜ ː θ n ˈ o ʊ ɾ ɪ ŋ , s p ˈ ɜ ː m k ˌ ɑ ː n s ə n t ɹ ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n , s p ˈ ɜ ː m k w ˈ ɔ l ᵻ ɾ i ɪ z ˈ æ k t ʃ u ː ə l i ɡ ɹ ˈ e ɪ t l i ɪ ŋ k ɹ ˈ i ː s t b a ɪ m æ k ˈ u ː n ə p ˈ ɛ ɹ ɪ n z . ð i ː z ɑ ː ɹ k ˈ a ɪ n d ʌ v k j ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ i ə s ɪ f ˈ ɛ k t s ʌ n t ˈ ɪ l j u ː ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d ɐ l ˈ ɪ ɾ ə l b ˈ ɪ t m ˈ o ː ɹ ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t ð ə b a ɪ ˈ ɑ ː l ə d ʒ i ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n , w ˌ ɪ t ʃ a ɪ l m ˈ ɛ n ʃ ə n ɪ n ɐ m ˈ o ʊ m ə n t .


And, basically, neurons nerve cells communicate with one another by making each other electrically active or by making each other less electrically active. So, here's how this works. You can imagine one nerve cell and another nerve cell with a little gap between them little synapse.

æ n d , b ˈ e ɪ s ɪ k l i , n ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ ɑ ː n z n ˈ ɜ ː v s ˈ ɛ l z k ə m j ˈ u ː n ᵻ k ˌ e ɪ t w ɪ ð w ˈ ʌ n ɐ n ˈ ʌ ð ɚ b a ɪ m ˌ e ɪ k ɪ ŋ ˈ i ː t ʃ ˈ ʌ ð ɚ ɹ ᵻ l ˈ ɛ k t ɹ ɪ k l i ˈ æ k t ɪ v ɔ ː ɹ b a ɪ m ˌ e ɪ k ɪ ŋ ˈ i ː t ʃ ˈ ʌ ð ɚ l ˈ ɛ s ᵻ l ˈ ɛ k t ɹ ɪ k l i ˈ æ k t ɪ v . s ˈ o ʊ , h ˈ ɪ ɹ z h ˌ a ʊ ð ɪ s w ˈ ɜ ː k s . j u ː k æ n ɪ m ˈ æ d ʒ ɪ n w ˈ ʌ n n ˈ ɜ ː v s ˈ ɛ l æ n d ɐ n ˈ ʌ ð ɚ n ˈ ɜ ː v s ˈ ɛ l w ɪ ð ɐ l ˈ ɪ ɾ ə l ɡ ˈ æ p b ᵻ t w ˌ i ː n ð ˌ ɛ m l ˈ ɪ ɾ ə l s ˈ ɪ n æ p s .


We just feel like, hmm, we can't really get pleasure from anything anymore. What used to work doesn't work anymore. So it starts to look a lot like the more severe addictions or the more acute addictions to things like cocaine and amphetamine, which lead to these big increases, these big spikes in dopamine, and then these very severe drops in the baseline.

w i ː d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t f ˈ i ː l l ˈ a ɪ k , h ə m , w i ː k ˈ æ n t ɹ ˈ i ə l i ɡ ɛ t p l ˈ ɛ ʒ ɚ f ɹ ʌ m ˈ ɛ n ɪ θ ˌ ɪ ŋ ˌ ɛ n ɪ m ˈ o ː ɹ . w ˌ ʌ t j ˈ u ː z d t ə w ˈ ɜ ː k d ˈ ʌ z ə n t w ˈ ɜ ː k ˌ ɛ n ɪ m ˈ o ː ɹ . s ˌ o ʊ ɪ t s t ˈ ɑ ː ɹ t s t ə l ˈ ʊ k ɐ l ˈ ɑ ː t l ˈ a ɪ k ð ə m ˈ o ː ɹ s ᵻ v ˈ ɪ ɹ ɐ d ˈ ɪ k ʃ ə n z ɔ ː ɹ ð ə m ˈ o ː ɹ ɐ k j ˈ u ː t ɐ d ˈ ɪ k ʃ ə n z t ə θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z l ˈ a ɪ k k o ʊ k ˈ e ɪ n æ n d æ m f ˈ ɛ ɾ ɐ m ˌ i ː n , w ˌ ɪ t ʃ l ˈ i ː d t ə ð i ː z b ˈ ɪ ɡ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ᵻ z , ð i ː z b ˈ ɪ ɡ s p ˈ a ɪ k s ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n , æ n d ð ˈ ɛ n ð i ː z v ˈ ɛ ɹ i s ᵻ v ˈ ɪ ɹ d ɹ ˈ ɑ ː p s ɪ n ð ə b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n .


from the ventral segmentum to what's called the ventral striatum and the prefrontal cortex. Now, that's a lot of language, but basically what we call this is the mesocorticolymbic pathway. This is the pathway.

f ɹ ʌ m ð ə v ˈ ɛ n t ɹ ə l s ɛ ɡ m ˈ ɛ n t ə m t ə w ʌ t s k ˈ ɔ ː l d ð ə v ˈ ɛ n t ɹ ə l s t ɹ a ɪ ˈ ɑ ː ɾ ə m æ n d ð ə p ɹ ɪ f ɹ ˈ ʌ n t ə l k ˈ ɔ ː ɹ ɾ ɛ k s . n ˈ a ʊ , ð æ t s ɐ l ˈ ɑ ː t ʌ v l ˈ æ ŋ ɡ w ɪ d ʒ , b ˌ ʌ t b ˈ e ɪ s ɪ k l i w ʌ t w i ː k ˈ ɔ ː l ð ɪ s ɪ z ð ə m ˌ ɛ s ə k ˌ ɔ ː ɹ ɾ ɪ k ə l ˈ ɪ m b ɪ k p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ . ð ɪ s ɪ z ð ə p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ .


If you are pursuing a partner, a boyfriend or girlfriend, if you're pursuing a degree in school, if you're pursuing a finish line in a race, you are tapping into this so-called mesocortico limbic pathway. This is the classic reward pathway.

ɪ f j u ː ɑ ː ɹ p ɚ s ˈ u ː ɪ ŋ ɐ p ˈ ɑ ː ɹ t n ɚ , ɐ b ˈ ɔ ɪ f ɹ ɛ n d ɔ ː ɹ ɡ ˈ ɜ ː l f ɹ ɛ n d , ɪ f j ʊ ɹ p ɚ s ˈ u ː ɪ ŋ ɐ d ᵻ ɡ ɹ ˈ i ː ɪ n s k ˈ u ː l , ɪ f j ʊ ɹ p ɚ s ˈ u ː ɪ ŋ ɐ f ˈ ɪ n ɪ ʃ l ˈ a ɪ n ɪ n ɐ ɹ ˈ e ɪ s , j u ː ɑ ː ɹ t ˈ æ p ɪ ŋ ˌ ɪ n t ʊ ð ɪ s s ˌ o ʊ k ˈ ɔ ː l d m ˌ ɛ s ə k ˈ ɔ ː ɹ ɾ ɪ k ˌ o ʊ l ˈ ɪ m b ɪ k p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ . ð ɪ s ɪ z ð ə k l ˈ æ s ɪ k ɹ ᵻ w ˈ ɔ ː ɹ d p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ .


The feeling is if you can't catch your breath and even some physical pain at the level of the skin, that happens almost every time where every time that you get into cold water, even if you're cold water adapted. What almost everybody knows and understands is that

ð ə f ˈ i ː l ɪ ŋ ɪ z ɪ f j u ː k ˈ æ n t k ˈ æ t ʃ j ʊ ɹ b ɹ ˈ ɛ θ æ n d ˈ i ː v ə n s ˌ ʌ m f ˈ ɪ z ɪ k ə l p ˈ e ɪ n æ t ð ə l ˈ ɛ v ə l ʌ v ð ə s k ˈ ɪ n , ð æ t h ˈ æ p ə n z ˈ ɔ ː l m o ʊ s t ˈ ɛ v ɹ i t ˈ a ɪ m w ˌ ɛ ɹ ˈ ɛ v ɹ i t ˈ a ɪ m ð æ t j u ː ɡ ɛ t ˌ ɪ n t ʊ k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ , ˈ i ː v ə n ɪ f j ʊ ɹ k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ ɹ ɐ d ˈ æ p t ᵻ d . w ˌ ʌ t ˈ ɔ ː l m o ʊ s t ˈ ɛ v ɹ ɪ b ˌ ɑ ː d i n ˈ o ʊ z æ n d ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d z ɪ z ð ˈ æ t


Many people have turned to the use of El tyrosine. El tyrosine is an amino acid precursor to El Dopa, so it lies further up the dopamine synthesis pathway.

m ˈ ɛ n i p ˈ i ː p ə l h æ v t ˈ ɜ ː n d t ə ð ə j ˈ u ː s ʌ v ˌ ɛ l t ˈ a ɪ ɹ ə s ˌ a ɪ n . ˌ ɛ l t ˈ a ɪ ɹ ə s ˌ a ɪ n ɪ z ɐ n ɐ m ˈ i ː n o ʊ ˈ æ s ɪ d p ɹ ɪ k ˈ ɜ ː s ɚ t ʊ ˌ ɛ l d ˈ o ʊ p ə , s ˌ o ʊ ɪ t l ˈ a ɪ z f ˈ ɜ ː ð ɚ ɹ ˌ ʌ p ð ə d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n s ˈ ɪ n θ ə s ˌ ɪ s p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ .


It's really comparable. So, again, a cautionary note against spiking one's dopamine too much on a regular basis unless there's a valid clinical need.

ɪ t s ɹ ˈ i ə l i k ˈ ɑ ː m p ɚ ɹ ə b ə l . s ˈ o ʊ , ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n , ɐ k ˈ ɔ ː ʃ ə n ˌ ɛ ɹ i n ˈ o ʊ t ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n s t s p ˈ a ɪ k ɪ ŋ w ˈ ʌ n z d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n t ˈ u ː m ʌ t ʃ ˌ ɔ n ɐ ɹ ˈ ɛ ɡ j ʊ l ɚ b ˈ e ɪ s ɪ s ʌ n l ˈ ɛ s ð ɛ ɹ z ɐ v ˈ æ l ɪ d k l ˈ ɪ n ɪ k ə l n ˈ i ː d .


Could very well provide the same sort of blockade of neuroplasticity that cocaine and amphetamine do because when you look at the amount of dopamine increase that's triggered by those compounds,

k ʊ d v ˈ ɛ ɹ i w ˈ ɛ l p ɹ ə v ˈ a ɪ d ð ə s ˈ e ɪ m s ˈ ɔ ː ɹ t ʌ v b l ɑ ː k ˈ e ɪ d ʌ v n ˌ ʊ ɹ ɹ ə p l ɐ s t ˈ ɪ s ᵻ ɾ i ð æ t k o ʊ k ˈ e ɪ n æ n d æ m f ˈ ɛ ɾ ɐ m ˌ i ː n d ˈ u ː b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z w ɛ n j u ː l ˈ ʊ k æ t ð ɪ ɐ m ˈ a ʊ n t ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ð æ t s t ɹ ˈ ɪ ɡ ɚ d b a ɪ ð o ʊ z k ˈ ɑ ː m p a ʊ n d z ,


The first one is a pathway that goes from this area in the what's called the ventral tegmentum that's a fancy but ventral just means bottom and tegmentum actually means floor. So it's at the bottom of the brain.

ð ə f ˈ ɜ ː s t w ˈ ʌ n ɪ z ɐ p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ ð æ t ɡ o ʊ z f ɹ ʌ m ð ɪ s ˈ ɛ ɹ i ə ɪ n ð ə w ʌ t s k ˈ ɔ ː l d ð ə v ˈ ɛ n t ɹ ə l t ɛ ɡ m ˈ ɛ n t ə m ð æ t s ɐ f ˈ æ n s i b ˌ ʌ t v ˈ ɛ n t ɹ ə l d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t m ˈ i ː n z b ˈ ɑ ː ɾ ə m æ n d t ɛ ɡ m ˈ ɛ n t ə m ˈ æ k t ʃ u ː ə l i m ˈ i ː n z f l ˈ o ː ɹ . s ˌ o ʊ ɪ t s æ t ð ə b ˈ ɑ ː ɾ ə m ʌ v ð ə b ɹ ˈ e ɪ n .


And there you can support the podcast at any level that you like. Today, and on previous podcast episodes, we talked a bit about supplements. Supplements certainly aren't necessary, but many people find them beneficial for things like adjusting their levels of dopamine or for other purposes.

æ n d ð ɛ ɹ j u ː k æ n s ə p ˈ o ː ɹ t ð ə p ˈ ɑ ː d k æ s t æ ɾ ˌ ɛ n i l ˈ ɛ v ə l ð æ t j u ː l ˈ a ɪ k . t ə d ˈ e ɪ , æ n d ˌ ɔ n p ɹ ˈ i ː v i ə s p ˈ ɑ ː d k æ s t ˈ ɛ p ɪ s ˌ o ʊ d z , w i ː t ˈ ɔ ː k t ɐ b ˈ ɪ t ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t s ˈ ʌ p l ɪ m ə n t s . s ˈ ʌ p l ɪ m ə n t s s ˈ ɜ ː ʔ n ̩ l i ˌ ɑ ː ɹ n t n ˈ ɛ s ᵻ s ɚ ɹ i , b ˌ ʌ t m ˈ ɛ n i p ˈ i ː p ə l f ˈ a ɪ n d ð ˌ ɛ m b ˌ ɛ n ɪ f ˈ ɪ ʃ ə l f ɔ ː ɹ θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z l ˈ a ɪ k ɐ d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t ɪ ŋ ð ɛ ɹ l ˈ ɛ v ə l z ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɔ ː ɹ f ɔ ː ɹ ˈ ʌ ð ɚ p ˈ ɜ ː p ə s ᵻ z .


I was in college when this whole MPTP thing happened and I remember hearing this story. At the time, I had no understanding of what it is to have very high levels of dopamine or extremely depleted levels of dopamine. There was no reason why I should have that understanding. I mean, of course, I had experienced different pleasures of different kinds and I've had lows in my life.

a ɪ w ʌ z ɪ n k ˈ ɑ ː l ɪ d ʒ w ɛ n ð ɪ s h ˈ o ʊ l ˌ ɛ m p ˌ i ː t ˌ i ː p ˈ i ː θ ˈ ɪ ŋ h ˈ æ p ə n d æ n d a ɪ ɹ ᵻ m ˈ ɛ m b ɚ h ˈ ɪ ɹ ɪ ŋ ð ɪ s s t ˈ o ː ɹ i . æ t ð ə t ˈ a ɪ m , a ɪ h æ d n ˈ o ʊ ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d ɪ ŋ ʌ v w ʌ t ɪ ɾ ɪ z t ə h æ v v ˈ ɛ ɹ i h ˈ a ɪ l ˈ ɛ v ə l z ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɔ ː ɹ ɛ k s t ɹ ˈ i ː m l i d ᵻ p l ˈ i ː ɾ ᵻ d l ˈ ɛ v ə l z ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n . ð ɛ ɹ w ˌ ʌ z n ˈ o ʊ ɹ ˈ i ː z ə n w ˌ a ɪ a ɪ ʃ ˌ ʊ d ə v ð æ t ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d ɪ ŋ . a ɪ m ˈ i ː n , ʌ v k ˈ o ː ɹ s , a ɪ h æ d ɛ k s p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə n s t d ˈ ɪ f ɹ ə n t p l ˈ ɛ ʒ ɚ z ʌ v d ˈ ɪ f ɹ ə n t k ˈ a ɪ n d z æ n d a ɪ v h ˌ æ d l ˈ o ʊ z ɪ n m a ɪ l ˈ a ɪ f .


If you're going to use supplements, it's very important that the supplements you use be a very high quality and that the quantity of ingredients that are on the label match what's actually in those bottles. For that reason, we've partnered with Thorne, T-H-O-R-N-E because Thorne has the highest levels of stringency with respect to quality and how much of each supplement.

ɪ f j ʊ ɹ ɡ ˌ o ʊ ɪ ŋ t ə j ˈ u ː z s ˈ ʌ p l ɪ m ə n t s , ɪ t s v ˈ ɛ ɹ i ɪ m p ˈ o ː ɹ t ə n t ð æ t ð ə s ˈ ʌ p l ɪ m ə n t s j u ː j ˈ u ː z b i ː ɐ v ˈ ɛ ɹ i h ˈ a ɪ k w ˈ ɔ l ᵻ ɾ i æ n d ð æ t ð ə k w ˈ ɔ n t ᵻ ɾ i ʌ v ɪ ŋ ɡ ɹ ˈ i ː d i ə n t s ð æ t ɑ ː ɹ ɔ n ð ə l ˈ e ɪ b ə l m ˈ æ t ʃ w ʌ t s ˈ æ k t ʃ u ː ə l i ɪ n ð o ʊ z b ˈ ɑ ː ɾ ə l z . f ɔ ː ɹ ð æ t ɹ ˈ i ː z ə n , w i ː v p ˈ ɑ ː ɹ t n ɚ d w ɪ ð θ ˈ o ː ɹ n , t ˈ i ː ˈ e ɪ t ʃ ˈ o ʊ ˈ ɑ ː ɹ ɹ ˈ ɛ n ˈ i ː b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z θ ˈ o ː ɹ n h ɐ z ð ə h ˈ a ɪ ɪ s t l ˈ ɛ v ə l z ʌ v s t ɹ ˈ ɪ n d ʒ ə n s i w ɪ ð ɹ ᵻ s p ˈ ɛ k t t ə k w ˈ ɔ l ᵻ ɾ i æ n d h ˌ a ʊ m ˈ ʌ t ʃ ʌ v ˈ i ː t ʃ s ˈ ʌ p l ɪ m ə n t .


Basically zero cost. I mean you need access to water of some sort, cold water, shower, et cetera. But basically zero cost way of triggering a long lasting increase in dopamine without ingesting anything, no pharmacology whatsoever.

b ˈ e ɪ s ɪ k l i z ˈ i ə ɹ o ʊ k ˈ ɔ s t . a ɪ m ˈ i ː n j u ː n ˈ i ː d ˈ æ k s ɛ s t ə w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ ɹ ʌ v s ˌ ʌ m s ˈ ɔ ː ɹ t , k ˈ o ʊ l d w ˈ ɔ ː ɾ ɚ , ʃ ˈ a ʊ ɚ , ˈ ɛ t s ˈ ɛ ɾ ɚ ɹ ə . b ˌ ʌ t b ˈ e ɪ s ɪ k l i z ˈ i ə ɹ o ʊ k ˈ ɔ s t w ˈ e ɪ ʌ v t ɹ ˈ ɪ ɡ ɚ ɹ ɪ ŋ ɐ l ˈ ɔ ŋ l ˈ æ s t ɪ ŋ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n w ɪ ð ˌ a ʊ t ɪ n d ʒ ˈ ɛ s t ɪ ŋ ˈ ɛ n ɪ θ ˌ ɪ ŋ , n ˈ o ʊ f ˌ ɑ ː ɹ m ɐ k ˈ ɑ ː l ə d ʒ i w ʌ t s ˌ o ʊ ˈ ɛ v ɚ .


In a previous episode on ADHD, I talked about the widespread use of drugs like Adderall, Ritalin, Modafinil and Armodafinil, all of which lead to very large increases in dopamine and for people with ADHD.

ɪ n ɐ p ɹ ˈ i ː v i ə s ˈ ɛ p ɪ s ˌ o ʊ d ˌ ɔ n ˌ e ɪ d ˌ i ː ˌ e ɪ t ʃ d ˈ i ː , a ɪ t ˈ ɔ ː k t ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t ð ə w ˈ a ɪ d s p ɹ ɛ d j ˈ u ː s ʌ v d ɹ ˈ ʌ ɡ z l ˈ a ɪ k ˈ æ d ɚ ɹ ˌ ɔ ː l , ɹ ˈ ɪ ɾ ɐ l ˌ ɪ n , m ˈ ɑ ː d ɐ f ˌ ɪ n ɪ l æ n d ˈ ɑ ː ɹ m ə d ˌ æ f ɪ n ˌ ɪ l , ˈ ɔ ː l ʌ v w ˈ ɪ t ʃ l ˈ i ː d t ə v ˈ ɛ ɹ i l ˈ ɑ ː ɹ d ʒ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ᵻ z ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n æ n d f ɔ ː ɹ p ˈ i ː p ə l w ɪ ð ˌ e ɪ d ˌ i ː ˌ e ɪ t ʃ d ˈ i ː .


Okay, so these peaks in dopamine, they influence how much dopamine will generally be circulating afterward. And you might think, oh, a big peak in dopamine. After that, I'm going to feel even better because I just had this great event.

o ʊ k ˈ e ɪ , s ˌ o ʊ ð i ː z p ˈ i ː k s ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n , ð e ɪ ˈ ɪ n f l u ː ə n s h ˌ a ʊ m ˈ ʌ t ʃ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n w ɪ l d ʒ ˈ ɛ n ɚ ɹ ə l i b i ː s ˈ ɜ ː k j ʊ l ˌ e ɪ ɾ ɪ ŋ ˈ æ f t ɚ w ɚ d . æ n d j u ː m ˌ a ɪ t θ ˈ ɪ ŋ k , ˈ o ʊ , ɐ b ˈ ɪ ɡ p ˈ i ː k ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n . ˈ æ f t ɚ ð ˈ æ t , a ɪ m ɡ ˌ o ʊ ɪ ŋ t ə f ˈ i ː l ˈ i ː v ə n b ˈ ɛ ɾ ɚ b ɪ k ˈ ʌ z a ɪ d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t h æ d ð ɪ s ɡ ɹ ˈ e ɪ t ᵻ v ˈ ɛ n t .


So, how does dopamine work and what does it do? Well, first of all, it is not just responsible for pleasure, it is responsible for motivation and drive primarily at the psychological level, also for craving. Those three things are sort of the same, motivation, driving, craving.

s ˈ o ʊ , h ˌ a ʊ d ˈ ʌ z d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n w ˈ ɜ ː k æ n d w ʌ t d ˈ ʌ z ɪ t d ˈ u ː ? w ˈ ɛ l , f ˈ ɜ ː s t ʌ v ˈ ɔ ː l , ɪ ɾ ɪ z n ˌ ɑ ː t d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t ɹ ᵻ s p ˈ ɑ ː n s ᵻ b ə l f ɔ ː ɹ p l ˈ ɛ ʒ ɚ , ɪ ɾ ɪ z ɹ ᵻ s p ˈ ɑ ː n s ᵻ b ə l f ɔ ː ɹ m ˌ o ʊ ɾ ɪ v ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n æ n d d ɹ ˈ a ɪ v p ɹ a ɪ m ˈ ɛ ɹ ᵻ l i æ t ð ə s a ɪ k ə l ˈ ɑ ː d ʒ ɪ k ə l l ˈ ɛ v ə l , ˈ ɔ ː l s o ʊ f ɔ ː ɹ k ɹ ˈ e ɪ v ɪ ŋ . ð o ʊ z θ ɹ ˈ i ː θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z ɑ ː ɹ s ˈ ɔ ː ɹ t ʌ v ð ə s ˈ e ɪ m , m ˌ o ʊ ɾ ɪ v ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n , d ɹ ˈ a ɪ v ɪ ŋ , k ɹ ˈ e ɪ v ɪ ŋ .


that you'll feel that you have more control over your dopamine system, and certainly that you have a better understanding of your dopamine system, so that you can modulate and adjust your levels of dopamine in the ways that serve you best.

ð æ t j u ː l f ˈ i ː l ð æ t j u ː h æ v m ˈ o ː ɹ k ə n t ɹ ˈ o ʊ l ˌ o ʊ v ɚ j ʊ ɹ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n s ˈ ɪ s t ə m , æ n d s ˈ ɜ ː ʔ n ̩ l i ð æ t j u ː h æ v ɐ b ˈ ɛ ɾ ɚ ɹ ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d ɪ ŋ ʌ v j ʊ ɹ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n s ˈ ɪ s t ə m , s ˌ o ʊ ð æ t j u ː k æ n m ˈ ɑ ː d ʒ u ː l ˌ e ɪ t æ n d ɐ d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t j ʊ ɹ l ˈ ɛ v ə l z ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɪ n ð ə w ˈ e ɪ z ð æ t s ˈ ɜ ː v j u ː b ˈ ɛ s t .


under the influence of those compounds. I'm not trying to demonize those compounds for their clinical use. What I'm saying is taking stimulants and then engaging in activities.

ˌ ʌ n d ɚ ð ɪ ˈ ɪ n f l u ː ə n s ʌ v ð o ʊ z k ˈ ɑ ː m p a ʊ n d z . a ɪ m n ˌ ɑ ː t t ɹ ˈ a ɪ ɪ ŋ t ə d ˈ i ː m ə n ˌ a ɪ z ð o ʊ z k ˈ ɑ ː m p a ʊ n d z f ɔ ː ɹ ð ɛ ɹ k l ˈ ɪ n ɪ k ə l j ˈ u ː s . w ˌ ʌ t a ɪ m s ˈ e ɪ ɪ ŋ ɪ z t ˈ e ɪ k ɪ ŋ s t ˈ ɪ m j ʊ l ə n t s æ n d ð ˈ ɛ n ɛ ŋ ɡ ˈ e ɪ d ʒ ɪ ŋ ɪ n æ k t ˈ ɪ v ᵻ ɾ i z .


right after those experiences and even a couple days later. So, I'm not saying that people shouldn't take the occasional pre-workout if that's your thing or drink a cup of coffee or two before working out now and again, some people really enjoy that. I certainly do that every once in a while, but if you do it too often.

ɹ ˈ a ɪ t ˈ æ f t ɚ ð o ʊ z ɛ k s p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə n s ᵻ z æ n d ˈ i ː v ə n ɐ k ˈ ʌ p ə l d ˈ e ɪ z l ˈ e ɪ ɾ ɚ . s ˈ o ʊ , a ɪ m n ˌ ɑ ː t s ˈ e ɪ ɪ ŋ ð æ t p ˈ i ː p ə l ʃ ˌ ʊ d ə n t t ˈ e ɪ k ð ɪ ə k ˈ e ɪ ʒ ə n ə l p ɹ ˈ i ː w ˈ ɜ ː k a ʊ t ɪ f ð æ t s j ʊ ɹ θ ˈ ɪ ŋ ɔ ː ɹ d ɹ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɐ k ˈ ʌ p ʌ v k ˈ ɔ f i ɔ ː ɹ t ˈ u ː b ᵻ f ˌ o ː ɹ w ˈ ɜ ː k ɪ ŋ ˈ a ʊ t n ˈ a ʊ æ n d ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n , s ˌ ʌ m p ˈ i ː p ə l ɹ ˈ i ə l i ɛ n d ʒ ˈ ɔ ɪ ð ˈ æ t . a ɪ s ˈ ɜ ː ʔ n ̩ l i d ˈ u ː ð æ t ˈ ɛ v ɹ i w ˈ ʌ n s ɪ n ɐ w ˈ a ɪ l , b ˌ ʌ t ɪ f j u ː d ˈ u ː ɪ t t ˈ u ː ˈ ɔ f ə n .


least in the United States. Whether or not MDMA is neurotoxic has been very controversial. Early on, it was thought that it is neurotoxic, that it can destroy search and

l ˈ i ː s t ɪ n ð ə j u ː n ˈ a ɪ ɾ ᵻ d s t ˈ e ɪ t s . w ˈ ɛ ð ɚ ɹ ɔ ː ɹ n ˌ ɑ ː t ˌ ɛ m d ˌ i ː ˌ ɛ m ˈ e ɪ ɪ z n ˌ ʊ ɹ ɹ o ʊ t ˈ ɑ ː k s ɪ k h ˈ æ z b i ː n v ˈ ɛ ɹ i k ˌ ɑ ː n t ɹ ə v ˈ ɜ ː ʃ ə l . ˈ ɜ ː l i ˈ ɔ n , ɪ t w ʌ z θ ˈ ɔ ː t ð ˌ ɐ ɾ ɪ t ɪ z n ˌ ʊ ɹ ɹ o ʊ t ˈ ɑ ː k s ɪ k , ð ˌ ɐ ɾ ɪ t k æ n d ᵻ s t ɹ ˈ ɔ ɪ s ˈ ɜ ː t ʃ æ n d


Again, I'm not recommending anyone take these things. In fact, I recommend against anyone just diving in and starting to consume things without gaining knowledge about how they function and whether or not they're right for you. But nonetheless, I think in...

ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n , a ɪ m n ˌ ɑ ː t ɹ ˌ ɛ k ə m ˈ ɛ n d ɪ ŋ ˈ ɛ n ɪ w ˌ ʌ n t ˈ e ɪ k ð i ː z θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z . ɪ n f ˈ æ k t , a ɪ ɹ ˌ ɛ k ə m ˈ ɛ n d ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n s t ˈ ɛ n ɪ w ˌ ʌ n d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t d ˈ a ɪ v ɪ ŋ ɪ n æ n d s t ˈ ɑ ː ɹ ɾ ɪ ŋ t ə k ə n s ˈ u ː m θ ˈ ɪ ŋ z w ɪ ð ˌ a ʊ t ɡ ˈ e ɪ n ɪ ŋ n ˈ ɑ ː l ɪ d ʒ ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t h ˌ a ʊ ð e ɪ f ˈ ʌ ŋ k ʃ ə n æ n d w ˈ ɛ ð ɚ ɹ ɔ ː ɹ n ˌ ɑ ː t ð e ɪ ɚ ɹ ˈ a ɪ t f ɔ ː ɹ j u ː . b ˌ ʌ t n ˌ ʌ n ð ə l ˈ ɛ s , a ɪ θ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ˈ ɪ n


This is an event put on by Logitech that I will be speaking at. It's called rethink education, the biology of learning, reimagining learning through neuroscience. And at this event, I will be speaking. There will be other speakers as well.

ð ɪ s ɪ z ɐ n ᵻ v ˈ ɛ n t p ˌ ʊ t ˌ ɔ n b a ɪ l ˈ ɑ ː d ʒ ɪ t ˌ ɛ k ð æ t a ɪ w ɪ l b i ː s p ˈ i ː k ɪ ŋ æ t . ɪ t s k ˈ ɔ ː l d ɹ ᵻ θ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ˌ ɛ d ʒ u ː k ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n , ð ə b a ɪ ˈ ɑ ː l ə d ʒ i ʌ v l ˈ ɜ ː n ɪ ŋ , ɹ ˌ i ː ɪ m ˈ æ d ʒ ɪ n ɪ ŋ l ˈ ɜ ː n ɪ ŋ θ ɹ u ː n ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ ə s ˌ a ɪ ə n s . æ n d æ t ð ɪ s ᵻ v ˈ ɛ n t , a ɪ w ɪ l b i ː s p ˈ i ː k ɪ ŋ . ð ɛ ɹ w ɪ l b i ː ˈ ʌ ð ɚ s p ˈ i ː k ɚ z æ z w ˈ ɛ l .


are making more bland foods, whole foods, meaning foods that aren't processed, it's making those tastes less good at least for a while. And all it takes is a short period of time, even just days, two days or so.

ɑ ː ɹ m ˌ e ɪ k ɪ ŋ m ˈ o ː ɹ b l ˈ æ n d f ˈ u ː d z , h ˈ o ʊ l f ˈ u ː d z , m ˈ i ː n ɪ ŋ f ˈ u ː d z ð æ t ˌ ɑ ː ɹ n t p ɹ ˈ ɑ ː s ɛ s t , ɪ t s m ˌ e ɪ k ɪ ŋ ð o ʊ z t ˈ e ɪ s t s l ˈ ɛ s ɡ ˈ ʊ d æ t l ˈ i ː s t f ɚ ɹ ə w ˈ a ɪ l . æ n d ˈ ɔ ː l ɪ t t ˈ e ɪ k s ɪ z ɐ ʃ ˈ ɔ ː ɹ t p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə d ʌ v t ˈ a ɪ m , ˈ i ː v ə n d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t d ˈ e ɪ z , t ˈ u ː d ˈ e ɪ z ɔ ː ɹ s ˈ o ʊ .


would hear and thought that oxytocin was in the serotonergic pathway that it was about parabonding and it was about some of these neuromodulators that were more associated with...

w ʊ d h ˈ ɪ ɹ æ n d θ ˈ ɔ ː t ð æ t ˌ ɑ ː k s ɪ t ˈ ɑ ː s ɪ n w ʌ z ɪ n ð ə s ˌ ɛ ɹ o ʊ t ˈ o ʊ n ɚ d ʒ ˌ ɪ k p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ ð ˌ ɐ ɾ ɪ t w ʌ z ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t p ˈ æ ɹ ə b ˌ ɑ ː n d ɪ ŋ æ n d ɪ t w ʌ z ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t s ˌ ʌ m ʌ v ð i ː z n ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ ə m ˌ ɑ ː d ʒ u ː l ˌ e ɪ ɾ ɚ z ð æ t w ɜ ː m ˈ o ː ɹ ɐ s ˈ o ʊ s ɪ ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d w ɪ ð


during any kind of workout, that actually was really tough, but now I'm back to a place where I enjoy that much more. I also feel as if I conquered something in terms of the circuitry related to dopamine.

d ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ ɪ ŋ ˌ ɛ n i k ˈ a ɪ n d ʌ v w ˈ ɜ ː k a ʊ t , ð æ t ˈ æ k t ʃ u ː ə l i w ʌ z ɹ ˈ i ə l i t ˈ ʌ f , b ˌ ʌ t n ˈ a ʊ a ɪ m b ˈ æ k t ʊ ɐ p l ˈ e ɪ s w ˌ ɛ ɹ a ɪ ɛ n d ʒ ˈ ɔ ɪ ð æ t m ˈ ʌ t ʃ m ˈ o ː ɹ . a ɪ ˈ ɔ ː l s o ʊ f ˈ i ː l æ z ɪ f a ɪ k ˈ ɑ ː ŋ k ɚ d s ˈ ʌ m θ ɪ ŋ ɪ n t ˈ ɜ ː m z ʌ v ð ə s ˈ ɜ ː k ɪ t ɹ i ɹ ᵻ l ˈ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d t ə d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n .


or not. If you'd like to try Inside Tracker, you can go to insidetracker.com slash Huberman to get 25% off any of Inside Tracker's plans. Just use the code Huberman at checkout.

ɔ ː ɹ n ˈ ɑ ː t . ɪ f j u ː d l ˈ a ɪ k t ə t ɹ ˈ a ɪ ɪ n s ˈ a ɪ d t ɹ ˈ æ k ɚ , j u ː k æ n ɡ ˌ o ʊ t ʊ ɪ n s ˈ a ɪ d t ɹ æ k ɚ d ˈ ɑ ː t k ˈ ɑ ː m s l ˈ æ ʃ h j ˈ u ː b ɚ m ə n t ə ɡ ɛ t t w ˈ ɛ n t i f ˈ a ɪ v p ɚ s ˈ ɛ n t ˈ ɔ f ˌ ɛ n i ʌ v ɪ n s ˈ a ɪ d t ɹ ˈ æ k ɚ z p l ˈ æ n z . d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t j ˈ u ː z ð ə k ˈ o ʊ d h j ˈ u ː b ɚ m ə n æ t t ʃ ˈ ɛ k a ʊ t .


And then the second part tells you where they are connecting to. So when I say nighrostride or pathway means that the neurons are in the substantial nighro and they connect to the striatum, nighrostride or pathway.

æ n d ð ˈ ɛ n ð ə s ˈ ɛ k ə n d p ˈ ɑ ː ɹ t t ˈ ɛ l z j u ː w ˌ ɛ ɹ ð e ɪ ɑ ː ɹ k ə n ˈ ɛ k t ɪ ŋ t u ː . s ˌ o ʊ w ɛ n a ɪ s ˈ e ɪ n ˈ a ɪ ɹ ə s t ɹ ˌ a ɪ d ɔ ː ɹ p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ m ˈ i ː n z ð æ t ð ə n ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ ɑ ː n z ɑ ː ɹ ɪ n ð ə s ə b s t ˈ æ n ʃ ə l n ˈ a ɪ ɹ o ʊ æ n d ð e ɪ k ə n ˈ ɛ k t t ə ð ə s t ɹ a ɪ ˈ ɑ ː ɾ ə m , n ˈ a ɪ ɹ ə s t ɹ ˌ a ɪ d ɔ ː ɹ p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ .


But now knowing what you know about peaks and baselines and dopamine and understanding how important it is not just to achieve peaks But to maintain that baseline at a healthy level. It should be straightforward for you to implement

b ˌ ʌ t n ˈ a ʊ n ˈ o ʊ ɪ ŋ w ʌ t j u ː n ˈ o ʊ ɐ b ˌ a ʊ t p ˈ i ː k s æ n d b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n z æ n d d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n æ n d ˌ ʌ n d ɚ s t ˈ æ n d ɪ ŋ h ˌ a ʊ ɪ m p ˈ o ː ɹ t ə n t ɪ ɾ ɪ z n ˌ ɑ ː t d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t t ʊ ɐ t ʃ ˈ i ː v p ˈ i ː k s b ˌ ʌ t t ə m e ɪ n t ˈ e ɪ n ð æ t b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n æ ɾ ə h ˈ ɛ l θ i l ˈ ɛ v ə l . ɪ t ʃ ˌ ʊ d b i ː s t ɹ e ɪ t f ˈ ɔ ː ɹ w ɚ d f ɔ ː ɹ j u ː t ʊ ˈ ɪ m p l ɪ m ə n t


Stimulating dopamine release. I personally have never tried Hooperzine. You can go to examma.com or put Hooperzine into PubMed if you'd like to search around and see some of the science behind it.

s t ˈ ɪ m j ʊ l ˌ e ɪ ɾ ɪ ŋ d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɹ ᵻ l ˈ i ː s . a ɪ p ˈ ɜ ː s ə n ə l i h æ v n ˈ ɛ v ɚ t ɹ ˈ a ɪ d h ˈ u ː p ɚ z ˌ i ː n . j u ː k æ n ɡ ˌ o ʊ t ʊ ɛ ɡ z ˈ æ m ə d ˈ ɑ ː t k ˈ ɑ ː m ɔ ː ɹ p ˌ ʊ t h ˈ u ː p ɚ z ˌ i ː n ˌ ɪ n t ʊ p ˈ ʌ b m ˈ ɛ d ɪ f j u ː d l ˈ a ɪ k t ə s ˈ ɜ ː t ʃ ɚ ɹ ˈ a ʊ n d æ n d s ˈ i ː s ˌ ʌ m ʌ v ð ə s ˈ a ɪ ə n s b ᵻ h ˈ a ɪ n d ɪ t .


that you can use in any situation. This is the best deal offered by Headspace right now, so if you're interested, go to headspace.com slash special offer to get one free one month trial with Headspace's full library of meditations.

ð æ t j u ː k æ n j ˈ u ː z ɪ n ˌ ɛ n i s ˌ ɪ t ʃ u ː ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n . ð ɪ s ɪ z ð ə b ˈ ɛ s t d ˈ i ː l ˈ ɔ f ɚ d b a ɪ h ˈ ɛ d s p e ɪ s ɹ ˈ a ɪ t n ˈ a ʊ , s ˌ o ʊ ɪ f j ʊ ɹ ˈ ɪ n t ɹ ɛ s t ᵻ d , ɡ ˌ o ʊ t ə h ˈ ɛ d s p e ɪ s d ˈ ɑ ː t k ˈ ɑ ː m s l ˈ æ ʃ s p ˈ ɛ ʃ ə l ˈ ɔ f ɚ t ə ɡ ɛ t w ˈ ʌ n f ɹ ˈ i ː w ˈ ʌ n m ˈ ʌ n θ t ɹ ˈ a ɪ ə l w ɪ ð h ˈ ɛ d s p e ɪ s ᵻ z f ˈ ʊ l l ˈ a ɪ b ɹ ɛ ɹ i ʌ v m ˌ ɛ d ɪ t ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n z .


Connects to an area of the brain called the dorsal striatum. This is not surprisingly called the nitrostrietal pathway. For those of you who have never done any neuroanatomy, I'm going to teach you a little trick right now.

k ə n ˈ ɛ k t s t ʊ ɐ n ˈ ɛ ɹ i ə ʌ v ð ə b ɹ ˈ e ɪ n k ˈ ɔ ː l d ð ə d ˈ o ː ɹ s ə l s t ɹ a ɪ ˈ ɑ ː ɾ ə m . ð ɪ s ɪ z n ˌ ɑ ː t s ɚ p ɹ ˈ a ɪ z ɪ ŋ l i k ˈ ɔ ː l d ð ə n ˌ a ɪ t ɹ o ʊ s t ɹ ˈ a ɪ ə ɾ ə l p ˈ æ θ w e ɪ . f ɔ ː ɹ ð o ʊ z ʌ v j u ː h ˌ u ː h æ v n ˈ ɛ v ɚ d ˈ ʌ n ˌ ɛ n i n ˌ ʊ ɹ ɹ o ʊ n ˈ æ ɾ ə m i , a ɪ m ɡ ˌ o ʊ ɪ ŋ t ə t ˈ i ː t ʃ j u ː ɐ l ˈ ɪ ɾ ə l t ɹ ˈ ɪ k ɹ ˈ a ɪ t n ˈ a ʊ .


and I'll take 300 milligrams of alpha-GPC. That's something that I personally do, that's what's right for me. It's within my margins of safety for my health. Again, you have to check with your doctor and decide what's right for you.

æ n d a ɪ l t ˈ e ɪ k θ ɹ ˈ i ː h ˈ ʌ n d ɹ ɪ d m ˈ ɪ l ɪ ɡ ɹ ˌ æ m z ʌ v ˈ æ l f ə d ʒ ˌ i ː p ˌ i ː s ˈ i ː . ð æ t s s ˈ ʌ m θ ɪ ŋ ð æ t a ɪ p ˈ ɜ ː s ə n ə l i d ˈ u ː , ð æ t s w ʌ t s ɹ ˈ a ɪ t f ɔ ː ɹ m ˌ i ː . ɪ t s w ɪ ð ˌ ɪ n m a ɪ m ˈ ɑ ː ɹ d ʒ ɪ n z ʌ v s ˈ e ɪ f t i f ɔ ː ɹ m a ɪ h ˈ ɛ l θ . ɐ ɡ ˈ ɛ n , j u ː h æ v t ə t ʃ ˈ ɛ k w ɪ ð j ʊ ɹ d ˈ ɑ ː k t ɚ æ n d d ᵻ s ˈ a ɪ d w ʌ t s ɹ ˈ a ɪ t f ɔ ː ɹ j u ː .


in the short and long term. There are activities that we can do that will give us healthy, sustained increases in dopamine, both the peaks when they happen and to maintain or even increase our baseline levels of dopamine. So, how do we...

ɪ n ð ə ʃ ˈ ɔ ː ɹ t æ n d l ˈ ɔ ŋ t ˈ ɜ ː m . ð ɛ ɹ ˌ ɑ ː ɹ æ k t ˈ ɪ v ᵻ ɾ i z ð æ t w i ː k æ n d ˈ u ː ð æ t w ɪ l ɡ ˈ ɪ v ˌ ʌ s h ˈ ɛ l θ i , s ə s t ˈ e ɪ n d ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ᵻ z ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n , b ˈ o ʊ θ ð ə p ˈ i ː k s w ɛ n ð e ɪ h ˈ æ p ə n æ n d t ə m e ɪ n t ˈ e ɪ n ɔ ː ɹ ˈ i ː v ə n ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ˌ a ʊ ɚ b ˈ e ɪ s l a ɪ n l ˈ ɛ v ə l z ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n . s ˈ o ʊ , h ˌ a ʊ d ˈ u ː w i ː


I might listen to a podcast in the room, but I don't listen to anything or engage in anything on my phone, no texting whatsoever, and most of the time I just don't even bring it with me for that period of time, it's only a short period of time.

a ɪ m ˌ a ɪ t l ˈ ɪ s ə n t ʊ ɐ p ˈ ɑ ː d k æ s t ɪ n ð ə ɹ ˈ u ː m , b ˌ ʌ t a ɪ d ˈ o ʊ n t l ˈ ɪ s ə n t ʊ ˈ ɛ n ɪ θ ˌ ɪ ŋ ɔ ː ɹ ɛ ŋ ɡ ˈ e ɪ d ʒ ɪ n ˈ ɛ n ɪ θ ˌ ɪ ŋ ˌ ɔ n m a ɪ f ˈ o ʊ n , n ˈ o ʊ t ˈ ɛ k s t ɪ ŋ w ʌ t s ˌ o ʊ ˈ ɛ v ɚ , æ n d m ˈ o ʊ s t ə v ð ə t ˈ a ɪ m a ɪ d ʒ ˈ ʌ s t d ˈ o ʊ n t ˈ i ː v ə n b ɹ ˈ ɪ ŋ ɪ t w ɪ ð m ˌ i ː f ɔ ː ɹ ð æ t p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə d ʌ v t ˈ a ɪ m , ɪ t s ˈ o ʊ n l i ɐ ʃ ˈ ɔ ː ɹ t p ˈ i ə ɹ ɪ ə d ʌ v t ˈ a ɪ m .


And what ended up happening was a large number of young people who were opioid addicts became completely boxed in, paralyzed.

æ n d w ʌ t ˈ ɛ n d ᵻ d ˌ ʌ p h ˈ æ p ə n ɪ ŋ w ʌ z ɐ l ˈ ɑ ː ɹ d ʒ n ˈ ʌ m b ɚ ɹ ʌ v j ˈ ʌ ŋ p ˈ i ː p ə l h ˌ u ː w ɜ ː ɹ ˈ o ʊ p ɪ ˌ ɔ ɪ d ˈ æ d ɪ k t s b ɪ k ˌ e ɪ m k ə m p l ˈ i ː t l i b ˈ ɑ ː k s t ˈ ɪ n , p ˈ æ ɹ ə l ˌ a ɪ z d .


for doing that. So we've been focusing a lot for the last few minutes on the kind of darker side of dopamine and how getting big peaks in dopamine can be detrimental. But I want to acknowledge the truth, which is that dopamine feels great.

f ɔ ː ɹ d ˌ u ː ɪ ŋ ð ˈ æ t . s ˌ o ʊ w i ː v b ˌ ɪ n f ˈ o ʊ k ə s ɪ ŋ ɐ l ˈ ɑ ː t f ɚ ð ə l ˈ æ s t f j ˈ u ː m ˈ ɪ n ɪ t s ɔ n ð ə k ˈ a ɪ n d ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː ɹ k ɚ s ˈ a ɪ d ʌ v d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n æ n d h ˌ a ʊ ɡ ˌ ɛ ɾ ɪ ŋ b ˈ ɪ ɡ p ˈ i ː k s ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n k æ n b i ː d ˌ ɛ t ɹ ɪ m ˈ ɛ n t ə l . b ˌ ʌ t a ɪ w ˈ ɔ n t t ʊ ɐ k n ˈ ɑ ː l ɪ d ʒ ð ə t ɹ ˈ u ː θ , w ˌ ɪ t ʃ ɪ z ð æ t d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n f ˈ i ː l z ɡ ɹ ˈ e ɪ t .


And the dopaminergic system leads to increases in dopamine in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. hippocampus, of course, being an area of the brain associated with learning and memory.

æ n d ð ə d ˌ ɑ ː p ɐ m ɪ n ˈ ɜ ː d ʒ ɪ k s ˈ ɪ s t ə m l ˈ i ː d z t ʊ ˈ ɪ ŋ k ɹ i ː s ᵻ z ɪ n d ˈ ɑ ː p ɐ m ˌ i ː n ɪ n ð ə m ˈ i ː d i ː ə l p ɹ ɪ f ɹ ˈ ʌ n t ə l k ˈ ɔ ː ɹ ɾ ɛ k s æ n d h ˈ ɪ p ə k ˌ æ m p ə s h ˈ ɪ p ə k ˌ æ m p ə s , ʌ v k ˈ o ː ɹ s , b ˌ i ː ɪ ŋ ɐ n ˈ ɛ ɹ i ə ʌ v ð ə b ɹ ˈ e ɪ n ɐ s ˈ o ʊ s ɪ ˌ e ɪ ɾ ᵻ d w ɪ ð l ˈ ɜ ː n ɪ ŋ æ n d m ˈ ɛ m ɚ ɹ i .


then you can get 20% off any of the supplements that Thorne makes. If you're not already following us on Instagram at Huberman Lab, please do so. There I teach neuroscience tools and information.

ð ˈ ɛ n j u ː k æ n ɡ ɛ t t w ˈ ɛ n t i p ɚ s ˈ ɛ n t ˈ ɔ f ˌ ɛ n i ʌ v ð ə s ˈ ʌ p l ɪ m ə n t s ð æ t θ ˈ o ː ɹ n m ˈ e ɪ k s . ɪ f j ʊ ɹ n ˌ ɑ ː t ɔ ː l ɹ ˌ ɛ d i f ˈ ɑ ː l o ʊ ɪ ŋ ˌ ʌ s ˌ ɔ n ˈ ɪ n s t ɐ ɡ ɹ ˌ æ m æ t h j ˈ u ː b ɚ m ə n l ˈ æ b , p l ˈ i ː z d ˈ u ː s o ʊ . ð ɛ ɹ a ɪ t ˈ i ː t ʃ n ˈ ʊ ɹ ɹ ə s ˌ a ɪ ə n s t ˈ u ː l z æ n d ˌ ɪ n f ɚ m ˈ e ɪ ʃ ə n .