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# Core


<!-- WARNING: THIS FILE WAS AUTOGENERATED! DO NOT EDIT! -->

This is the source code to fasthtml. You won’t need to read this unless
you want to understand how things are built behind the scenes, or need
full details of a particular API. The notebook is converted to the
Python module
[fasthtml/core.py](https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py)
using [nbdev](https://nbdev.fast.ai/).

## Imports and utils

``` python
import time

from IPython import display
from enum import Enum
from pprint import pprint

from fastcore.test import *
from starlette.testclient import TestClient
from starlette.requests import Headers
from starlette.datastructures import UploadFile
```

We write source code *first*, and then tests come *after*. The tests
serve as both a means to confirm that the code works and also serves as
working examples. The first exported function,
[`parsed_date`](https://www.fastht.ml/docs/api/core.html#parsed_date),
is an example of this pattern.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L45"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### parsed_date

>  parsed_date (s:str)

*Convert `s` to a datetime*

``` python
parsed_date('2pm')
```

    datetime.datetime(2025, 5, 29, 14, 0)

``` python
isinstance(date.fromtimestamp(0), date)
```

    True

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L50"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### snake2hyphens

>  snake2hyphens (s:str)

*Convert `s` from snake case to hyphenated and capitalised*

``` python
snake2hyphens("snake_case")
```

    'Snake-Case'

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L67"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### HtmxHeaders

>  HtmxHeaders (boosted:str|None=None, current_url:str|None=None,
>                   history_restore_request:str|None=None, prompt:str|None=None,
>                   request:str|None=None, target:str|None=None,
>                   trigger_name:str|None=None, trigger:str|None=None)

``` python
def test_request(url: str='/', headers: dict={}, method: str='get') -> Request:
    scope = {
        'type': 'http',
        'method': method,
        'path': url,
        'headers': Headers(headers).raw,
        'query_string': b'',
        'scheme': 'http',
        'client': ('127.0.0.1', 8000),
        'server': ('127.0.0.1', 8000),
    }
    receive = lambda: {"body": b"", "more_body": False}
    return Request(scope, receive)
```

``` python
h = test_request(headers=Headers({'HX-Request':'1'}))
_get_htmx(h.headers)
```

    HtmxHeaders(boosted=None, current_url=None, history_restore_request=None, prompt=None, request='1', target=None, trigger_name=None, trigger=None)

## Request and response

``` python
test_eq(_fix_anno(Union[str,None], 'a'), 'a')
test_eq(_fix_anno(float, 0.9), 0.9)
test_eq(_fix_anno(int, '1'), 1)
test_eq(_fix_anno(int, ['1','2']), 2)
test_eq(_fix_anno(list[int], ['1','2']), [1,2])
test_eq(_fix_anno(list[int], '1'), [1])
```

``` python
d = dict(k=int, l=List[int])
test_eq(_form_arg('k', "1", d), 1)
test_eq(_form_arg('l', "1", d), [1])
test_eq(_form_arg('l', ["1","2"], d), [1,2])
```

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L106"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### HttpHeader

>  HttpHeader (k:str, v:str)

``` python
_to_htmx_header('trigger_after_settle')
```

    'HX-Trigger-After-Settle'

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L117"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### HtmxResponseHeaders

>  HtmxResponseHeaders (location=None, push_url=None, redirect=None,
>                           refresh=None, replace_url=None, reswap=None,
>                           retarget=None, reselect=None, trigger=None,
>                           trigger_after_settle=None, trigger_after_swap=None)

*HTMX response headers*

``` python
HtmxResponseHeaders(trigger_after_settle='hi')
```

    HttpHeader(k='HX-Trigger-After-Settle', v='hi')

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L139"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### form2dict

>  form2dict (form:starlette.datastructures.FormData)

*Convert starlette form data to a dict*

``` python
d = [('a',1),('a',2),('b',0)]
fd = FormData(d)
res = form2dict(fd)
test_eq(res['a'], [1,2])
test_eq(res['b'], 0)
```

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L145"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### parse_form

>  parse_form (req:starlette.requests.Request)

*Starlette errors on empty multipart forms, so this checks for that
situation*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L168"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### JSONResponse

>  JSONResponse (content:Any, status_code:int=200,
>                    headers:Optional[Mapping[str,str]]=None,
>                    media_type:str|None=None,
>                    background:starlette.background.BackgroundTask|None=None)

*Same as starlette’s version, but auto-stringifies non serializable
types*

``` python
async def f(req):
    def _f(p:HttpHeader): ...
    p = first(_params(_f).values())
    result = await _from_body(req, p)
    return JSONResponse(result.__dict__)

client = TestClient(Starlette(routes=[Route('/', f, methods=['POST'])]))

d = dict(k='value1',v=['value2','value3'])
response = client.post('/', data=d)
print(response.json())
```

    {'k': 'value1', 'v': 'value3'}

``` python
async def f(req): return Response(str(req.query_params.getlist('x')))
client = TestClient(Starlette(routes=[Route('/', f, methods=['GET'])]))
client.get('/?x=1&x=2').text
```

    "['1', '2']"

``` python
def g(req, this:Starlette, a:str, b:HttpHeader): ...

async def f(req):
    a = await _wrap_req(req, _params(g))
    return Response(str(a))

client = TestClient(Starlette(routes=[Route('/', f, methods=['POST'])]))
response = client.post('/?a=1', data=d)
print(response.text)
```

    [<starlette.requests.Request object>, <starlette.applications.Starlette object>, '1', HttpHeader(k='value1', v='value3')]

``` python
def g(req, this:Starlette, a:str, b:HttpHeader): ...

async def f(req):
    a = await _wrap_req(req, _params(g))
    return Response(str(a))

client = TestClient(Starlette(routes=[Route('/', f, methods=['POST'])]))
response = client.post('/?a=1', data=d)
print(response.text)
```

    [<starlette.requests.Request object>, <starlette.applications.Starlette object>, '1', HttpHeader(k='value1', v='value3')]

**Missing Request Params**

If a request param has a default value (e.g. `a:str=''`), the request is
valid even if the user doesn’t include the param in their request.

``` python
def g(req, this:Starlette, a:str=''): ...

async def f(req):
    a = await _wrap_req(req, _params(g))
    return Response(str(a))

client = TestClient(Starlette(routes=[Route('/', f, methods=['POST'])]))
response = client.post('/', json={}) # no param in request
print(response.text)
```

    [<starlette.requests.Request object>, <starlette.applications.Starlette object>, '']

If we remove the default value and re-run the request, we should get the
following error `Missing required field: a`.

``` python
def g(req, this:Starlette, a:str): ...

async def f(req):
    a = await _wrap_req(req, _params(g))
    return Response(str(a))

client = TestClient(Starlette(routes=[Route('/', f, methods=['POST'])]))
response = client.post('/', json={}) # no param in request
print(response.text)
```

    Missing required field: a

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L218"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### flat_xt

>  flat_xt (lst)

*Flatten lists*

``` python
x = ft('a',1)
test_eq(flat_xt([x, x, [x,x]]), (x,)*4)
test_eq(flat_xt(x), (x,))
```

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L228"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### Beforeware

>  Beforeware (f, skip=None)

*Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.*

## Websockets / SSE

``` python
def on_receive(self, msg:str): return f"Message text was: {msg}"
c = _ws_endp(on_receive)
cli = TestClient(Starlette(routes=[WebSocketRoute('/', _ws_endp(on_receive))]))
with cli.websocket_connect('/') as ws:
    ws.send_text('{"msg":"Hi!"}')
    data = ws.receive_text()
    assert data == 'Message text was: Hi!'
```

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L290"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### EventStream

>  EventStream (s)

*Create a text/event-stream response from `s`*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L295"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### signal_shutdown

>  signal_shutdown ()

## Routing and application

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L306"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### uri

>  uri (_arg, **kwargs)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L310"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### decode_uri

>  decode_uri (s)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L321"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### StringConvertor.to_string

>  StringConvertor.to_string (value:str)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L329"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### HTTPConnection.url_path_for

>  HTTPConnection.url_path_for (name:str, **path_params)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L367"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### flat_tuple

>  flat_tuple (o)

*Flatten lists*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L378"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### noop_body

>  noop_body (c, req)

*Default Body wrap function which just returns the content*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L383"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### respond

>  respond (req, heads, bdy)

*Default FT response creation function*

Render fragment if `HX-Request` header is *present* and
`HX-History-Restore-Request` header is *absent.*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L392"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### is_full_page

>  is_full_page (req, resp)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L446"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### Redirect

>  Redirect (loc)

*Use HTMX or Starlette RedirectResponse as required to redirect to
`loc`*

The FastHTML `exts` param supports the following:

``` python
print(' '.join(htmx_exts))
```

    morph head-support preload class-tools loading-states multi-swap path-deps remove-me ws chunked-transfer

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L481"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### get_key

>  get_key (key=None, fname='.sesskey')

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L502"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### qp

>  qp (p:str, **kw)

*Add parameters kw to path p*

[`qp`](https://www.fastht.ml/docs/api/core.html#qp) adds query
parameters to route path strings

``` python
vals = {'a':5, 'b':False, 'c':[1,2], 'd':'bar', 'e':None, 'ab':42}
```

``` python
res = qp('/foo', **vals)
test_eq(res, '/foo?a=5&b=&c=1&c=2&d=bar&e=&ab=42')
```

[`qp`](https://www.fastht.ml/docs/api/core.html#qp) checks to see if
each param should be sent as a query parameter or as part of the route,
and encodes that properly.

``` python
path = '/foo/{a}/{d}/{ab:int}'
res = qp(path, **vals)
test_eq(res, '/foo/5/bar/42?b=&c=1&c=2&e=')
```

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L514"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### def_hdrs

>  def_hdrs (htmx=True, surreal=True)

*Default headers for a FastHTML app*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L536"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### FastHTML

>  FastHTML (debug=False, routes=None, middleware=None, title:str='FastHTML
>                page', exception_handlers=None, on_startup=None,
>                on_shutdown=None, lifespan=None, hdrs=None, ftrs=None,
>                exts=None, before=None, after=None, surreal=True, htmx=True,
>                default_hdrs=True, sess_cls=<class
>                'starlette.middleware.sessions.SessionMiddleware'>,
>                secret_key=None, session_cookie='session_', max_age=31536000,
>                sess_path='/', same_site='lax', sess_https_only=False,
>                sess_domain=None, key_fname='.sesskey', body_wrap=<function
>                noop_body>, htmlkw=None, nb_hdrs=False, canonical=True,
>                **bodykw)

*Creates an Starlette application.*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L616"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### FastHTML.ws

>  FastHTML.ws (path:str, conn=None, disconn=None, name=None,
>                   middleware=None)

*Add a websocket route at `path`*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L631"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### nested_name

>  nested_name (f)

\*Get name of function `f` using ’\_’ to join nested function names\*

``` python
def f():
    def g(): ...
    return g
```

``` python
func = f()
nested_name(func)
```

    'f_g'

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L652"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### FastHTML.route

>  FastHTML.route (path:str=None, methods=None, name=None,
>                      include_in_schema=True, body_wrap=None)

*Add a route at `path`*

``` python
app = FastHTML()
@app.get
def foo(a:str, b:list[int]): ...

foo.to(a='bar', b=[1,2])
```

    '/foo?a=bar&b=1&b=2'

``` python
@app.get('/foo/{a}')
def foo(a:str, b:list[int]): ...

foo.to(a='bar', b=[1,2])
```

    '/foo/bar?b=1&b=2'

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L660"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### serve

>  serve (appname=None, app='app', host='0.0.0.0', port=None, reload=True,
>             reload_includes:list[str]|str|None=None,
>             reload_excludes:list[str]|str|None=None)

*Run the app in an async server, with live reload set as the default.*

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 25%" />
<col style="width: 34%" />
<col style="width: 34%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th><strong>Type</strong></th>
<th><strong>Default</strong></th>
<th><strong>Details</strong></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>appname</td>
<td>NoneType</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>Name of the module</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>app</td>
<td>str</td>
<td>app</td>
<td>App instance to be served</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>host</td>
<td>str</td>
<td>0.0.0.0</td>
<td>If host is 0.0.0.0 will convert to localhost</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>port</td>
<td>NoneType</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>If port is None it will default to 5001 or the PORT environment
variable</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>reload</td>
<td>bool</td>
<td>True</td>
<td>Default is to reload the app upon code changes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>reload_includes</td>
<td>list[str] | str | None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>Additional files to watch for changes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>reload_excludes</td>
<td>list[str] | str | None</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>Files to ignore for changes</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L683"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### Client

>  Client (app, url='http://testserver')

*A simple httpx ASGI client that doesn’t require `async`*

``` python
app = FastHTML(routes=[Route('/', lambda _: Response('test'))])
cli = Client(app)

cli.get('/').text
```

    'test'

Note that you can also use Starlette’s `TestClient` instead of
FastHTML’s [`Client`](https://www.fastht.ml/docs/api/core.html#client).
They should be largely interchangable.

## FastHTML Tests

``` python
def get_cli(app): return app,TestClient(app),app.route
```

``` python
app,cli,rt = get_cli(FastHTML(secret_key='soopersecret'))
```

``` python
app,cli,rt = get_cli(FastHTML(title="My Custom Title"))
@app.get
def foo(): return Div("Hello World")

print(app.routes)

response = cli.get('/foo')
assert '<title>My Custom Title</title>' in response.text

foo.to(param='value')
```

    [Route(path='/foo', name='foo', methods=['GET', 'HEAD'])]

    '/foo?param=value'

``` python
app,cli,rt = get_cli(FastHTML())

@rt('/xt2')
def get(): return H1('bar')

txt = cli.get('/xt2').text
assert '<title>FastHTML page</title>' in txt and '<h1>bar</h1>' in txt and '<html>' in txt
```

``` python
@rt("/hi")
def get(): return 'Hi there'

r = cli.get('/hi')
r.text
```

    'Hi there'

``` python
@rt("/hi")
def post(): return 'Postal'

cli.post('/hi').text
```

    'Postal'

``` python
@app.get("/hostie")
def show_host(req): return req.headers['host']

cli.get('/hostie').text
```

    'testserver'

``` python
@app.get("/setsess")
def set_sess(session):
   session['foo'] = 'bar'
   return 'ok'

@app.ws("/ws")
def ws(self, msg:str, ws:WebSocket, session): return f"Message text was: {msg} with session {session.get('foo')}, from client: {ws.client}"

cli.get('/setsess')
with cli.websocket_connect('/ws') as ws:
    ws.send_text('{"msg":"Hi!"}')
    data = ws.receive_text()
assert 'Message text was: Hi! with session bar' in data
print(data)
```

    Message text was: Hi! with session bar, from client: Address(host='testclient', port=50000)

``` python
@rt
def yoyo(): return 'a yoyo'

cli.post('/yoyo').text
```

    'a yoyo'

``` python
@app.get
def autopost(): return Html(Div('Text.', hx_post=yoyo()))
print(cli.get('/autopost').text)
```

     <!doctype html>
     <html>
       <div hx-post="a yoyo">Text.</div>
     </html>

``` python
@app.get
def autopost2(): return Html(Body(Div('Text.', cls='px-2', hx_post=show_host.to(a='b'))))
print(cli.get('/autopost2').text)
```

     <!doctype html>
     <html>
       <body>
         <div class="px-2" hx-post="/hostie?a=b">Text.</div>
       </body>
     </html>

``` python
@app.get
def autoget2(): return Html(Div('Text.', hx_get=show_host))
print(cli.get('/autoget2').text)
```

     <!doctype html>
     <html>
       <div hx-get="/hostie">Text.</div>
     </html>

``` python
@rt('/user/{nm}', name='gday')
def get(nm:str=''): return f"Good day to you, {nm}!"
cli.get('/user/Alexis').text
```

    'Good day to you, Alexis!'

``` python
@app.get
def autolink(): return Html(Div('Text.', link=uri('gday', nm='Alexis')))
print(cli.get('/autolink').text)
```

     <!doctype html>
     <html>
       <div href="/user/Alexis">Text.</div>
     </html>

``` python
@rt('/link')
def get(req): return f"{req.url_for('gday', nm='Alexis')}; {req.url_for('show_host')}"

cli.get('/link').text
```

    'http://testserver/user/Alexis; http://testserver/hostie'

``` python
@app.get("/background")
async def background_task(request):
    async def long_running_task():
        await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
        print("Background task completed!")
    return P("Task started"), BackgroundTask(long_running_task)

response = cli.get("/background")
```

    Background task completed!

``` python
test_eq(app.router.url_path_for('gday', nm='Jeremy'), '/user/Jeremy')
```

``` python
hxhdr = {'headers':{'hx-request':"1"}}

@rt('/ft')
def get(): return Title('Foo'),H1('bar')

txt = cli.get('/ft').text
assert '<title>Foo</title>' in txt and '<h1>bar</h1>' in txt and '<html>' in txt

@rt('/xt2')
def get(): return H1('bar')

txt = cli.get('/xt2').text
assert '<title>FastHTML page</title>' in txt and '<h1>bar</h1>' in txt and '<html>' in txt

assert cli.get('/xt2', **hxhdr).text.strip() == '<h1>bar</h1>'

@rt('/xt3')
def get(): return Html(Head(Title('hi')), Body(P('there')))

txt = cli.get('/xt3').text
assert '<title>FastHTML page</title>' not in txt and '<title>hi</title>' in txt and '<p>there</p>' in txt
```

``` python
@rt('/oops')
def get(nope): return nope
test_warns(lambda: cli.get('/oops?nope=1'))
```

``` python
def test_r(cli, path, exp, meth='get', hx=False, **kwargs):
    if hx: kwargs['headers'] = {'hx-request':"1"}
    test_eq(getattr(cli, meth)(path, **kwargs).text, exp)

ModelName = str_enum('ModelName', "alexnet", "resnet", "lenet")
fake_db = [{"name": "Foo"}, {"name": "Bar"}]
```

``` python
@rt('/html/{idx}')
async def get(idx:int): return Body(H4(f'Next is {idx+1}.'))
```

``` python
@rt("/models/{nm}")
def get(nm:ModelName): return nm

@rt("/files/{path}")
async def get(path: Path): return path.with_suffix('.txt')

@rt("/items/")
def get(idx:int|None = 0): return fake_db[idx]

@rt("/idxl/")
def get(idx:list[int]): return str(idx)
```

``` python
r = cli.get('/html/1', headers={'hx-request':"1"})
assert '<h4>Next is 2.</h4>' in r.text
test_r(cli, '/models/alexnet', 'alexnet')
test_r(cli, '/files/foo', 'foo.txt')
test_r(cli, '/items/?idx=1', '{"name":"Bar"}')
test_r(cli, '/items/', '{"name":"Foo"}')
assert cli.get('/items/?idx=g').text=='404 Not Found'
assert cli.get('/items/?idx=g').status_code == 404
test_r(cli, '/idxl/?idx=1&idx=2', '[1, 2]')
assert cli.get('/idxl/?idx=1&idx=g').status_code == 404
```

``` python
app = FastHTML()
rt = app.route
cli = TestClient(app)
@app.route(r'/static/{path:path}.jpg')
def index(path:str): return f'got {path}'
cli.get('/static/sub/a.b.jpg').text
```

    'got sub/a.b'

``` python
app.chk = 'foo'
```

``` python
@app.get("/booly/")
def _(coming:bool=True): return 'Coming' if coming else 'Not coming'

@app.get("/datie/")
def _(d:parsed_date): return d

@app.get("/ua")
async def _(user_agent:str): return user_agent

@app.get("/hxtest")
def _(htmx): return htmx.request

@app.get("/hxtest2")
def _(foo:HtmxHeaders, req): return foo.request

@app.get("/app")
def _(app): return app.chk

@app.get("/app2")
def _(foo:FastHTML): return foo.chk,HttpHeader("mykey", "myval")

@app.get("/app3")
def _(foo:FastHTML): return HtmxResponseHeaders(location="http://example.org")

@app.get("/app4")
def _(foo:FastHTML): return Redirect("http://example.org")
```

``` python
test_r(cli, '/booly/?coming=true', 'Coming')
test_r(cli, '/booly/?coming=no', 'Not coming')
date_str = "17th of May, 2024, 2p"
test_r(cli, f'/datie/?d={date_str}', '2024-05-17 14:00:00')
test_r(cli, '/ua', 'FastHTML', headers={'User-Agent':'FastHTML'})
test_r(cli, '/hxtest' , '1', headers={'HX-Request':'1'})
test_r(cli, '/hxtest2', '1', headers={'HX-Request':'1'})
test_r(cli, '/app' , 'foo')
```

``` python
r = cli.get('/app2', **hxhdr)
test_eq(r.text, 'foo')
test_eq(r.headers['mykey'], 'myval')
```

``` python
r = cli.get('/app3')
test_eq(r.headers['HX-Location'], 'http://example.org')
```

``` python
r = cli.get('/app4', follow_redirects=False)
test_eq(r.status_code, 303)
```

``` python
r = cli.get('/app4', headers={'HX-Request':'1'})
test_eq(r.headers['HX-Redirect'], 'http://example.org')
```

``` python
@rt
def meta():
    return ((Title('hi'),H1('hi')),
        (Meta(property='image'), Meta(property='site_name'))
    )

t = cli.post('/meta').text
assert re.search(r'<body>\s*<h1>hi</h1>\s*</body>', t)
assert '<meta' in t
```

``` python
@app.post('/profile/me')
def profile_update(username: str): return username

test_r(cli, '/profile/me', 'Alexis', 'post', data={'username' : 'Alexis'})
test_r(cli, '/profile/me', 'Missing required field: username', 'post', data={})
```

``` python
# Example post request with parameter that has a default value
@app.post('/pet/dog')
def pet_dog(dogname: str = None): return dogname

# Working post request with optional parameter
test_r(cli, '/pet/dog', '', 'post', data={})
```

``` python
@dataclass
class Bodie: a:int;b:str

@rt("/bodie/{nm}")
def post(nm:str, data:Bodie):
    res = asdict(data)
    res['nm'] = nm
    return res

@app.post("/bodied/")
def bodied(data:dict): return data

nt = namedtuple('Bodient', ['a','b'])

@app.post("/bodient/")
def bodient(data:nt): return asdict(data)

class BodieTD(TypedDict): a:int;b:str='foo'

@app.post("/bodietd/")
def bodient(data:BodieTD): return data

class Bodie2:
    a:int|None; b:str
    def __init__(self, a, b='foo'): store_attr()

@rt("/bodie2/", methods=['get','post'])
def bodie(d:Bodie2): return f"a: {d.a}; b: {d.b}"
```

``` python
from fasthtml.xtend import Titled
```

``` python
d = dict(a=1, b='foo')

test_r(cli, '/bodie/me', '{"a":1,"b":"foo","nm":"me"}', 'post', data=dict(a=1, b='foo', nm='me'))
test_r(cli, '/bodied/', '{"a":"1","b":"foo"}', 'post', data=d)
test_r(cli, '/bodie2/', 'a: 1; b: foo', 'post', data={'a':1})
test_r(cli, '/bodie2/?a=1&b=foo&nm=me', 'a: 1; b: foo')
test_r(cli, '/bodient/', '{"a":"1","b":"foo"}', 'post', data=d)
test_r(cli, '/bodietd/', '{"a":1,"b":"foo"}', 'post', data=d)
```

``` python
# Testing POST with Content-Type: application/json
@app.post("/")
def index(it: Bodie): return Titled("It worked!", P(f"{it.a}, {it.b}"))

s = json.dumps({"b": "Lorem", "a": 15})
response = cli.post('/', headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"}, data=s).text
assert "<title>It worked!</title>" in response and "<p>15, Lorem</p>" in response
```

``` python
# Testing POST with Content-Type: application/json
@app.post("/bodytext")
def index(body): return body

response = cli.post('/bodytext', headers={"Content-Type": "application/json"}, data=s).text
test_eq(response, '{"b": "Lorem", "a": 15}')
```

``` python
files = [ ('files', ('file1.txt', b'content1')),
         ('files', ('file2.txt', b'content2')) ]
```

``` python
@rt("/uploads")
async def post(files:list[UploadFile]):
    return ','.join([(await file.read()).decode() for file in files])

res = cli.post('/uploads', files=files)
print(res.status_code)
print(res.text)
```

    200
    content1,content2

``` python
res = cli.post('/uploads', files=[files[0]])
print(res.status_code)
print(res.text)
```

    200
    content1

``` python
@rt("/setsess")
def get(sess, foo:str=''):
    now = datetime.now()
    sess['auth'] = str(now)
    return f'Set to {now}'

@rt("/getsess")
def get(sess): return f'Session time: {sess["auth"]}'

print(cli.get('/setsess').text)
time.sleep(0.01)

cli.get('/getsess').text
```

    Set to 2025-05-29 08:31:48.235262

    'Session time: 2025-05-29 08:31:48.235262'

``` python
@rt("/sess-first")
def post(sess, name: str):
    sess["name"] = name
    return str(sess)

cli.post('/sess-first', data={'name': 2})

@rt("/getsess-all")
def get(sess): return sess['name']

test_eq(cli.get('/getsess-all').text, '2')
```

``` python
@rt("/upload")
async def post(uf:UploadFile): return (await uf.read()).decode()

with open('../../CHANGELOG.md', 'rb') as f:
    print(cli.post('/upload', files={'uf':f}, data={'msg':'Hello'}).text[:15])
```

    # Release notes

``` python
@rt("/form-submit/{list_id}")
def options(list_id: str):
    headers = {
        'Access-Control-Allow-Origin': '*',
        'Access-Control-Allow-Methods': 'POST',
        'Access-Control-Allow-Headers': '*',
    }
    return Response(status_code=200, headers=headers)
```

``` python
h = cli.options('/form-submit/2').headers
test_eq(h['Access-Control-Allow-Methods'], 'POST')
```

``` python
from fasthtml.authmw import user_pwd_auth
```

``` python
def _not_found(req, exc): return Div('nope')

app,cli,rt = get_cli(FastHTML(exception_handlers={404:_not_found}))

txt = cli.get('/').text
assert '<div>nope</div>' in txt
assert '<!doctype html>' in txt
```

``` python
app,cli,rt = get_cli(FastHTML())

@rt("/{name}/{age}")
def get(name: str, age: int):
    return Titled(f"Hello {name.title()}, age {age}")

assert '<title>Hello Uma, age 5</title>' in cli.get('/uma/5').text
assert '404 Not Found' in cli.get('/uma/five').text
```

``` python
auth = user_pwd_auth(testuser='spycraft')
app,cli,rt = get_cli(FastHTML(middleware=[auth]))

@rt("/locked")
def get(auth): return 'Hello, ' + auth

test_eq(cli.get('/locked').text, 'not authenticated')
test_eq(cli.get('/locked', auth=("testuser","spycraft")).text, 'Hello, testuser')
```

``` python
auth = user_pwd_auth(testuser='spycraft')
app,cli,rt = get_cli(FastHTML(middleware=[auth]))

@rt("/locked")
def get(auth): return 'Hello, ' + auth

test_eq(cli.get('/locked').text, 'not authenticated')
test_eq(cli.get('/locked', auth=("testuser","spycraft")).text, 'Hello, testuser')
```

## APIRouter

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L695"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### RouteFuncs

>  RouteFuncs ()

*Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L705"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### APIRouter

>  APIRouter (prefix:str|None=None, body_wrap=<function noop_body>)

*Add routes to an app*

``` python
ar = APIRouter()
```

``` python
@ar("/hi")
def get(): return 'Hi there'
@ar("/hi")
def post(): return 'Postal'
@ar
def ho(): return 'Ho ho'
@ar("/hostie")
def show_host(req): return req.headers['host']
@ar
def yoyo(): return 'a yoyo'
@ar
def index(): return "home page"

@ar.ws("/ws")
def ws(self, msg:str): return f"Message text was: {msg}"
```

``` python
app,cli,_ = get_cli(FastHTML())
ar.to_app(app)
```

``` python
assert str(yoyo) == '/yoyo'
# ensure route functions are properly discoverable on `APIRouter` and `APIRouter.rt_funcs`
assert ar.prefix == ''
assert str(ar.rt_funcs.index) == '/'
assert str(ar.index) == '/'
with ExceptionExpected(): ar.blah()
with ExceptionExpected(): ar.rt_funcs.blah()
# ensure any route functions named using an HTTPMethod are not discoverable via `rt_funcs`
assert "get" not in ar.rt_funcs._funcs.keys()
```

``` python
test_eq(cli.get('/hi').text, 'Hi there')
test_eq(cli.post('/hi').text, 'Postal')
test_eq(cli.get('/hostie').text, 'testserver')
test_eq(cli.post('/yoyo').text, 'a yoyo')

test_eq(cli.get('/ho').text, 'Ho ho')
test_eq(cli.post('/ho').text, 'Ho ho')
```

``` python
with cli.websocket_connect('/ws') as ws:
    ws.send_text('{"msg":"Hi!"}')
    data = ws.receive_text()
    assert data == 'Message text was: Hi!'
```

``` python
ar2 = APIRouter("/products")
```

``` python
@ar2("/hi")
def get(): return 'Hi there'
@ar2("/hi")
def post(): return 'Postal'
@ar2
def ho(): return 'Ho ho'
@ar2("/hostie")
def show_host(req): return req.headers['host']
@ar2
def yoyo(): return 'a yoyo'
@ar2
def index(): return "home page"

@ar2.ws("/ws")
def ws(self, msg:str): return f"Message text was: {msg}"
```

``` python
app,cli,_ = get_cli(FastHTML())
ar2.to_app(app)
```

``` python
assert str(yoyo) == '/products/yoyo'
assert ar2.prefix == '/products'
assert str(ar2.rt_funcs.index) == '/products/'
assert str(ar2.index) == '/products/'
assert str(ar.index) == '/'
with ExceptionExpected(): ar2.blah()
with ExceptionExpected(): ar2.rt_funcs.blah()
assert "get" not in ar2.rt_funcs._funcs.keys()
```

``` python
test_eq(cli.get('/products/hi').text, 'Hi there')
test_eq(cli.post('/products/hi').text, 'Postal')
test_eq(cli.get('/products/hostie').text, 'testserver')
test_eq(cli.post('/products/yoyo').text, 'a yoyo')

test_eq(cli.get('/products/ho').text, 'Ho ho')
test_eq(cli.post('/products/ho').text, 'Ho ho')
```

``` python
with cli.websocket_connect('/products/ws') as ws:
    ws.send_text('{"msg":"Hi!"}')
    data = ws.receive_text()
    assert data == 'Message text was: Hi!'
```

``` python
@ar.get
def hi2(): return 'Hi there'
@ar.get("/hi3")
def _(): return 'Hi there'
@ar.post("/post2")
def _(): return 'Postal'

@ar2.get
def hi2(): return 'Hi there'
@ar2.get("/hi3")
def _(): return 'Hi there'
@ar2.post("/post2")
def _(): return 'Postal'
```

## Extras

``` python
app,cli,rt = get_cli(FastHTML(secret_key='soopersecret'))
```

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L748"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### cookie

>  cookie (key:str, value='', max_age=None, expires=None, path='/',
>              domain=None, secure=False, httponly=False, samesite='lax')

*Create a ‘set-cookie’
[`HttpHeader`](https://www.fastht.ml/docs/api/core.html#httpheader)*

``` python
@rt("/setcookie")
def get(req): return cookie('now', datetime.now())

@rt("/getcookie")
def get(now:parsed_date): return f'Cookie was set at time {now.time()}'

print(cli.get('/setcookie').text)
time.sleep(0.01)
cli.get('/getcookie').text
```

     <!doctype html>
     <html>
       <head>
         <title>FastHTML page</title>
         <link rel="canonical" href="http://testserver/setcookie">
         <meta charset="utf-8">
         <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, viewport-fit=cover">
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/htmx.min.js"></script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/answerdotai/[email protected]/fasthtml.js"></script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/answerdotai/surreal@main/surreal.js"></script><script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/gnat/css-scope-inline@main/script.js"></script><script>
        function sendmsg() {
            window.parent.postMessage({height: document.documentElement.offsetHeight}, '*');
        }
        window.onload = function() {
            sendmsg();
            document.body.addEventListener('htmx:afterSettle',    sendmsg);
            document.body.addEventListener('htmx:wsAfterMessage', sendmsg);
        };</script>   </head>
       <body></body>
     </html>

    'Cookie was set at time 08:31:49.013668'

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L766"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### reg_re_param

>  reg_re_param (m, s)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L777"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### FastHTML.static_route_exts

>  FastHTML.static_route_exts (prefix='/', static_path='.', exts='static')

*Add a static route at URL path `prefix` with files from `static_path`
and `exts` defined by
[`reg_re_param()`](https://www.fastht.ml/docs/api/core.html#reg_re_param)*

``` python
reg_re_param("imgext", "ico|gif|jpg|jpeg|webm|pdf")

@rt(r'/static/{path:path}{fn}.{ext:imgext}')
def get(fn:str, path:str, ext:str): return f"Getting {fn}.{ext} from /{path}"

test_r(cli, '/static/foo/jph.me.ico', 'Getting jph.me.ico from /foo/')
```

``` python
app.static_route_exts()
assert 'These are the source notebooks for FastHTML' in cli.get('/README.txt').text
```

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L784"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### FastHTML.static_route

>  FastHTML.static_route (ext='', prefix='/', static_path='.')

*Add a static route at URL path `prefix` with files from `static_path`
and single `ext` (including the ‘.’)*

``` python
app.static_route('.md', static_path='../..')
assert 'THIS FILE WAS AUTOGENERATED' in cli.get('/README.md').text
```

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L790"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### MiddlewareBase

>  MiddlewareBase ()

*Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.*

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L798"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### FtResponse

>  FtResponse (content, status_code:int=200, headers=None, cls=<class
>                  'starlette.responses.HTMLResponse'>,
>                  media_type:str|None=None,
>                  background:starlette.background.BackgroundTask|None=None)

*Wrap an FT response with any Starlette `Response`*

``` python
@rt('/ftr')
def get():
    cts = Title('Foo'),H1('bar')
    return FtResponse(cts, status_code=201, headers={'Location':'/foo/1'})

r = cli.get('/ftr')

test_eq(r.status_code, 201)
test_eq(r.headers['location'], '/foo/1')
txt = r.text
assert '<title>Foo</title>' in txt and '<h1>bar</h1>' in txt and '<html>' in txt
```

Test on a single background task:

``` python
def my_slow_task():
    print('Starting slow task')    
    time.sleep(0.001)
    print('Finished slow task')        

@rt('/background')
def get():
    return P('BG Task'), BackgroundTask(my_slow_task)

r = cli.get('/background')

test_eq(r.status_code, 200)
```

    Starting slow task
    Finished slow task

Test multiple background tasks:

``` python
def increment(amount):
    amount = amount/1000
    print(f'Sleeping for {amount}s')    
    time.sleep(amount)
    print(f'Slept for {amount}s')
```

``` python
@rt
def backgrounds():
    tasks = BackgroundTasks()
    for i in range(3): tasks.add_task(increment, i)
    return P('BG Tasks'), tasks

r = cli.get('/backgrounds')
test_eq(r.status_code, 200)
```

    Sleeping for 0.0s
    Slept for 0.0s
    Sleeping for 0.001s
    Slept for 0.001s
    Sleeping for 0.002s
    Slept for 0.002s

``` python
@rt
def backgrounds2():
    tasks = [BackgroundTask(increment,i) for i in range(3)]
    return P('BG Tasks'), *tasks

r = cli.get('/backgrounds2')
test_eq(r.status_code, 200)
```

    Sleeping for 0.0s
    Slept for 0.0s
    Sleeping for 0.001s
    Slept for 0.001s
    Sleeping for 0.002s
    Slept for 0.002s

``` python
@rt
def backgrounds3():
    tasks = [BackgroundTask(increment,i) for i in range(3)]
    return {'status':'done'}, *tasks

r = cli.get('/backgrounds3')
test_eq(r.status_code, 200)
r.json()
```

    Sleeping for 0.0s
    Slept for 0.0s
    Sleeping for 0.001s
    Slept for 0.001s
    Sleeping for 0.002s
    Slept for 0.002s

    {'status': 'done'}

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L813"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### unqid

>  unqid (seeded=False)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L825"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### setup_ws

>  setup_ws (app, f=<function noop>)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

<a
href="https://github.com/AnswerDotAI/fasthtml/blob/main/fasthtml/core.py#L839"
target="_blank" style="float:right; font-size:smaller">source</a>

### FastHTML.devtools_json

>  FastHTML.devtools_json (path=None, uuid=None)