subfolder6commit

subfolder_0/A Effect of Cyclic Meditation on Consciousness Field as Measured by REG.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1227 @@
+                 
+16 
+ 
+ 
+A Effect of Cyclic Meditation on Consciousness Field as 
+Measured by REG 
+Ghanshyam Singh Thakur and Nagendra HR*. 
+Department Swami Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation, Bangalore India. 
+[email protected] 
+ABSTRACT 
+Field REG trials monitoring major events as Millennium change have recorded significant influences on global 
+consciousness fields as measured by "EGGS" installed in different parts of the world. The emotional outburst of persons 
+all over the world on Princess Diana's death showed highly significant changes in the field REG global measures. Earlier 
+studies on Cyclic Meditation (CM) and supine rest performed by individuals have shown no influence on the 
+surrounding consciousness fields. The present study was directed to examine whether CM known to induce very deep 
+rest ( equivalent to about 2 to 3 times more rest than 6 hours of good sleep)  performed together in a group can bring 
+changes in the surrounding consciousness field. Forty healthy volunteers were trained for 3 weeks in performance of CM 
+individually and in a group synchronizing all their bodily movements, breath and awareness examining the changes in 
+the whole body. The field trial consisted of 10 minutes of supine rest on ground followed by 22.5 minutes of 
+performance of CM and 10 minutes of post CM supine rest. The REG tracked the changes at the rate of 60 data points in 
+a minute from start to end. The analysis of REG data showed no significant changes in pre and post sessions while 
+showed highly significant changes during about 89% of the CM performance. The same session was repeated once more, 
+the results of which showed similar results. The part-wise analysis showed the influence of different phases of the CM 
+practice. 
+KEYWORDS: Cyclic Meditation, Random Event Generator, consciousness field  
+          
+INTRODUCTION: 
+  
+The efforts of the Princeton University Anomalies 
+group have taken the investigations a step further 
+into the framework of scientific rigor.  Here we 
+have tried to proceed a little more in this direction.  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Modern Science is in a turning point1.  
+The 
+paradigm 
+shift 
+from 
+matter-based 
+to 
+consciousness-based 
+approach 
+is 
+becoming 
+inevitable2.  It is now accepted by quantum 
+physicists when dealing with electrons and 
+fundamental particles, that the observer can 
+influence the behavior of the particles3. Influence 
+of mind on matter has been a phenomenon in 
+vogue from times immemorial in India and a 
+systematic methodology was evolved by Patañjali 
+in his yoga sūtras4.  The demonstration of such 
+capacities in the higher states of consciousness 
+were in abundance by masters of any of the four 
+streams of yoga- Rāja (Patañjali) Yoga, Bhakti 
+Yoga, Jñāna Yoga & Karma Yoga5.  
+  
+     
+ 
+This has been the greatest attraction for 
+people at  large  all  over  the  world  to  take to the 
+ 
+ 
+*Corresponding author. 
+ 
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation, 
+Eknath Bhavan, #19 Gavipuram Circle 
+K G Nagar Bangalore 560019, India.  
+path of yoga in all seriousness and with total 
+commitment. These people even go to Himālayan 
+peaks to meet such yoga masters6. 
+ 
+The association between sleep and 
+meditation has been of interest and an early 
+study 
+actually 
+showed 
+that 
+experienced 
+practitioners of Transcendental Meditation 
+(TM) spent appreciable parts of meditation 
+sessions in sleep stages 2, 3, and 47. However, 
+this did not further the understanding about 
+whether practicing meditation can actually alter 
+the sleep structure. A more recent study on TM 
+practitioners using standard polysomnography 
+did attempt to answer this question8. There 
+were eleven long-term practitioners, nine short-
+term practitioners, and eleven non-practi-
+tioners. While there were no significant 
+differences among the groups in standard sleep 
+measures, visual inspection of slow-wave EEG 
+records did show specific differences among 
+the groups for the first three cycles of stages 3 
+and 4 of slow wave sleep. The long-term 
+practitioners had significantly greater theta 2-
+alpha 1 relative power than the other two 
+groups. In this report the increased theta-alpha 
+activity coexisting with delta activity of deep 
+sleep was interpreted as suggestive of the 
+practitioners 
+having 
+reached 
+periods 
+of 
+transcendental consciousness.  
+Meditation is actually the seventh stage 
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+        Vol. 1, No. 2, pg  16 –27, 2010 
+ 
+ISSN 2229 - 3523  
+ 
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+        Nagendra et al., 2010 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+17 
+in the classical eight stages to reach a stage of 
+final mental liberation described in traditional 
+yoga texts9. Some people find it easier to 
+practice the earlier stages, such as yoga 
+postures (asanas). Based on this, a technique 
+was evolved called cyclic meditation which 
+combines yoga postures interspersed with pe-
+riods of supine rest, when the person is given 
+instructions to help reach a meditative state10. 
+In 
+normal 
+volunteers, 
+practicing 
+cyclic 
+meditation 
+reduced 
+psychophysiological 
+arousal based on a decrease in oxygen 
+consumption11,12 and changes in heart rate 
+variability suggestive of a shifttowardsvagal 
+dominance13. Despite these changes suggestive 
+of reduced physiological arousal, practitioners 
+performed better in a cancellation task 
+requiring selective attention14 and showed an 
+increase in the P300 event related potential 
+amplitude 
+following 
+the 
+practice15, 
+also 
+suggestive of enhanced sustained and selective 
+attention. More directly, a two-day yoga 
+program which involved cyclic meditation 
+decreased 
+occupational 
+stress 
+levels 
+and 
+baseline autonomic arousal16. Specifically, 
+when participants were categorized based on 
+the occupational stress index (OSI) at baseline, 
+those with high OSI levels showed a decrease 
+in breath rate and a change in heart rate 
+variability suggestive of vagal dominance, 
+while those with low OSI levels to begin with 
+showed no change.   
+ 
+One study has showed that persons who 
+were already experienced in yoga practice, 
+including meditation, practicing a technique 
+called cyclic meditation (CM) increased the 
+percentage of time spent in slow-wave sleep 
+(SWS), decreased the time spent in rapid-eye-
+movement (REM) sleep, and reduced the 
+number 
+of 
+awakenings 
+per 
+hour. 
+The 
+participants' subjective rating of sleep was also 
+better following CM compared with the other 
+recording day, after SR16.  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+A research project was undertaken by 
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation on 
+measuring consciousness field using REG from 
+August 
+2001 
+to 
+September 
+200317. 
+The 
+investigators carried on a study on following five 
+sections: (i) Standardization (ii) The effect of an 
+individual alone on the unit (iii) The effect of 
+groups, collectively on the unit (iv) A study of 
+„collective consciousness‟ where groups of people 
+gathered for a common purpose; and (v) A study of 
+pairs of empathic individuals and whether they 
+were able to detect how the other individual was 
+attempting to alter the unit. With this background, a 
+study had been designed to evaluate how a 
+particular state of consciousness induced during the 
+Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT) can have an 
+influence on REG? the study on REG changes 
+induced by a group of 80 healthy volunteers 
+practicing DRT or lying down with Random 
+thinking showed no significant change in REG; this 
+study shows that relaxation technique DRT done in 
+a group has no capacity to induce changes in the 
+consciousness field by the combined Psycho-kinetic 
+power of the big group18. Similar manner we found 
+that 10 days practice of CM can improve the 
+performance on digit letter cancellation task19. 
+ 
+This has already been demonstrated. The 
+Agnihotra, has been shown to have the effect of 
+significantly 
+increasing 
+the 
+growth 
+of 
+rice 
+seedlings20. Other studies, one on the effects of 
+Agnihotra on the bioenergetics systems of 
+individual microorganisms, and another on the 
+antiseptic and antibiotic effects of smoke during 
+Puja and Agnihotra ash revealed that water could 
+be cleansed and purified, and made it fit for 
+drinking21 Puja appears to be a promising, 
+scientific, cost effective, eco-friendly method of 
+countering the increasingly deadly pollution, 
+purifying the environment, and enriching it with 
+healthy substances.  
+ 
+The possibility of psycho-kinesis is still 
+controversial, but quite well established. Uri 
+Geller‟s claims to bend metal objects by power of 
+the 
+mind 
+are 
+well 
+known, 
+and 
+scientific 
+observations of his paranormal powers have been 
+published22. With regard to the possibility of a Puja 
+affecting REG, previous experiments suggest that 
+each individual has a certain possibility of 
+influencing the instrument, and this is usually 
+interpreted as a form of psycho-kinesis23. Indian 
+studies of effects on REG‟s, include one showing 
+that Gāyatri mantra produces significant results24 
+That suggests that Puja or Yajñas  should also have 
+observable effects on REG.  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Similarly, field trials have shown that 
+major events involving emotional responses from 
+large numbers of people can influence REG‟s23. But 
+deep relaxation technique had shown no effect on 
+REG individually in earlier study18 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+The results of many experiments using 
+REGs provide clear statistical evidence that the 
+behavior of these devices deviates from chance 
+expectation in correlation with the pre-defined 
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+        Nagendra et al., 2010 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+18 
+intentions of participants in the experiments. In 
+1979, 
+the 
+Princeton 
+Engineering 
+Anomalies 
+Research Laboratory (PEAR) began collecting large 
+databases in an REG experiment with particularly 
+rigorous controls and a variety of optional 
+parameters to assess the reliability and the nature of 
+the apparent mind/machine interaction. Over a 12 
+year period of primary investigation, ten physical 
+and psychological conditions were examined as 
+possible mediating variables in the experimental 
+results. A number of extensions and variations on 
+the basic protocol have been explored, using several 
+random sources as well as a selection of different 
+physical systems whose performance is dependent in 
+a fundamental way on some form of random 
+process. A brief summary of the REG results based 
+on an analysis of variance is available25. 
+ 
+The present study was designed to assess 
+whether a group practicing CM with total 
+synchronization influence the consciousness field.. 
+ 
+MATERIALS AND METHODS: 
+ 
+Sample: Forty healthy volunteers out of 80 came for 
+attending residential yoga instructors course (YIC) 
+who gave their informed consent were selected for 
+the study. Their age range was 18 to 50 years 
+(mean age = 28.98, SD = 5.12).  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Fig. 1: Design of the study 
+ 
+Pre and post reading were taken before and ending 
+the session of CM for five minutes. During the 
+practice of CM reading were taken for 22.5 minutes  
+ 
+Intervention: The entire group was trained to do the 
+CM regularly for 25 days before the experiment 
+was conducted. There were theory sessions to 
+explain the dimensions of CM one hour per day for 
+the first 10 days consisting of the following topics: 
+Introduction to CM; Concept of stress according to 
+modern medical science and according to Yoga; 
+Recognitions half solution; stress release by CM; 
+Concept of growth 1- Depth of perception; Concept 
+of growth 2- Expansion of awareness; Group 
+Dynamics; All pervasive awareness and CM; 
+Research finding on CM; VYASA Movement. 
+Each day there was a practice session after the 
+theory everyday for about 30 minutes during which 
+corrections of practices were done. After ten days 
+the participants practiced the CM for the Next 15 
+days listening to a pre recorded audio tape of 22.5 
+minutes. Their practices were checked regularly by 
+the trainers for its best effectiveness. Emphasis was 
+made to synchronies their movements meticulously 
+in time with the instructions.   
+ 
+Cyclic Meditation (CM): Subjects were instructed 
+to keep their eyes closed throughout the time 
+periods of practice of CM. CM used prerecorded 
+instructions, which emphasized the need to carry 
+out the practice slowly, with awareness and 
+relaxation. The practice started with subjects lying 
+on their back in shavasana (2 minutes) and consists 
+of the following sequence after the Repetition of a 
+verse from the Mandukya Upanishad (30) (0:40 
+minutes): 
+ 
+1. Isometric contraction of the muscles of the 
+body ending with supine rest (1:00 minutes). 
+Called IRT 
+ 
+Fig. 2a: IRT (Instant relaxation technique) 
+2. Slowly coming up from the left side and 
+standing at ease ( tadasana ), 'balancing' the 
+weight on both feet, called centering (2:00 
+minutes).    
+                                      
+ 
+Fig. 2b: Tadāsana 
+1. Bending to the left (ardhakatichakrasana ).by 
+raising the right hand slowly upward, stretching 
+upward in the vertical position and bending to 
+the left. Maintaining and slowly returning the 
+vertical position. Slowly bringing down the right 
+05 minutes 
+pre recording 
+ 
+  22.5 minutes of CM  
+05 minutes 
+post recording 
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+        Nagendra et al., 2010 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+19 
+hand to stand in vertical position Tadasana (1:20 
+minutes). 
+ 
+Fig. 2c: Ardhakatichakrāsana 
+2. Tadasana with instructions about relaxation and 
+awareness (1:10 minutes).  
+ 
+Fig. 2d: Tadāsana 
+3. Ardhakatichakrasana bending to the right (1:20 
+minutes).  
+ 
+Fig. 2e: Ardhakatichakrāsana 
+4. Tadasana as previously (1:10 minutes).  
+5. Forward 
+bending 
+(padahastasana) 
+(1:20 
+minutes).  
+ 
+Fig. 2f: Padahastāsana 
+6. Tadasana as previously (1:10 minutes).  
+7. Backward bending (ardhachakrasana) (1:20 
+minutes).  
+                      
+ 
+Fig. 2e: Ardhachakrāsana 
+8. Slowly coming down into the supine posture ( 
+shavasana ).  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+9. DRT- Instructions to relax different parts of the 
+body in sequence (10:00 minutes) in 6 phases. 
+ 
+Fig. 2f: DRT (Deep relaxation technique) 
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+        Nagendra et al., 2010 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+20 
+Phase I: Bring your awareness to the tip of the toes, 
+gently move your toes and relax.  Sensitize the 
+soles of your feet; loosen the ankle joints; relax the 
+calf muscles; gently pull up the knee caps release 
+and relax; relax your thigh muscles, buttock 
+muscles; loosen the hip joints, relax the pelvic 
+region and the waist region. Totally relax your 
+lower part of the body.R..e..l..a..x ..  Chant A-kára 
+and feel the vibration in your lower parts of the 
+body. 
+ 
+Phase II: Gently bring your awareness to the 
+abdominal region and observe the abdominal 
+movement for a while, relax your abdominal 
+muscles and relax the chest muscles. Gently bring 
+your awareness to your lower back, relax your 
+lower back, and loosen all the vertebral joints one 
+by one. Relax the muscles and nerves around the 
+back bones. Relax your middle back, shoulder 
+blades and upper back muscles, totally relax. Shift 
+your awareness to the tip of the fingers, gently 
+move them a little and sensitize. Relax your fingers 
+one by one. Relax your palms, loosen the wrist 
+joints, relax the forearms, loosen the elbow joints, 
+relax the hind arms-triceps, biceps and relax your 
+shoulders. Shift your awareness to your neck, 
+slowly turn your head to the right and left, again 
+bring back to the center. Relax the muscles and 
+nerves of the neck. Relax your middle part of the 
+body, totally relax. R..e..l..a..x .. . Chant U-kára 
+and feel the vibration in the middle part of your 
+body. 
+ 
+Phase III: Gently bring your awareness to your 
+head region. Relax your chin, lower jaw and upper 
+jaw, lower and upper gums, lower and upper teeth 
+and relax your tongue. Relax your palates hard and 
+soft; relax your throat and vocal chords. Gently 
+shift your awareness to your lips, relax your lower 
+and upper lips. Shift your awareness to your nose, 
+observe your nostrils, and feel the warm air 
+touching the walls of the nostrils as you exhale and 
+feel the cool air touching the walls of the nostrils as 
+you inhale. Observe for a few seconds and relax 
+your nostrils. Relax your cheek muscles, feel the 
+heaviness of the cheeks and have a beautiful smile 
+on your cheeks. Relax your eye balls muscles, feel 
+the heaviness of eye balls, relax your eye lids, eye 
+brows and in between the eye brows. Relax your 
+forehead, temple muscles, ears, the sides of the 
+head, back of the head and crown of the head. 
+Relax your head region, totally relax. R..e..l..a..x .. 
+and chant M-kára feel the vibration in your head 
+region. 
+ 
+Phase-IV: Observe your whole body from toes to 
+head and relax, chant an AUM in a single breath. 
+Feel the resonance throughout the body. 
+Phase-V: 
+Slowly 
+come 
+out 
+of 
+the 
+body 
+consciousness and visualize your body lying on the 
+ground completely collapsed. 
+ 
+Phase-VI: Imagine the vast beautiful blue sky. The 
+limitless blue sky. Expand your awareness as vast 
+as the blue sky. Merge yourself into the blue sky. 
+You are becoming the blue sky. You are the blue 
+sky. Enjoy the infinite bliss. E..N..J..O..Y.. the 
+blissful state of silence and all pervasive awareness. 
+ 
+Phase-VII: 
+Slowly 
+come 
+back 
+to 
+body 
+consciousness. Inhale deeply.Chant an “AUM-
+kára”. Feel the resonance throughout the body. The 
+soothing and massaging effect from toes to head. 
+ 
+Phase-VIII: Gently move your whole body a little. 
+Feel the lightness, alertness and movement of 
+energy throughout the body. Slowly bring your legs 
+together and the hands by the side of the body. 
+Turn over to the left or the right side and come up 
+when you are ready.                   
+All postures are practiced slowly, with instructions 
+to be aware of all sensations. Total duration of 
+practice was 21.14 minutes10. 
+ 
+Assessment: REG is Random Event Generator is a 
+device that is connected to a computer to generate 
+random numbers which are converted into a plot. 
+The question as to whether the will or intent or the 
+very presence of a group performing CM with 
+synchronization can break the random number 
+generation process of REG is being observed.  If 
+the curve (Fig 1) goes on fluctuating within the 
+parabola, it is an indication that the changes are all 
+non-significant (p > .05). If the group activity 
+influences the consciousness field by psycho-
+kinesis, the curve would move beyond the parabola 
+(p<0.05). 
+ 
+What does it measure? It measures the extent to 
+which the performance of CM synchronized group 
+can influence the REG. it is assumed that the field 
+surrounding the group will get a capacity (psycho-
+kinetic power) to influence REG and bring a 
+significant change in random number generation.  
+ 
+If the mean value is <101.00 or greater than 
+99.00, then it is non-significant (p>0.05).  That 
+means that group performance of CM have no 
+significant influence on REG.  
+ 
+ 
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+        Nagendra et al., 2010 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+21 
+Global consciousness during the millennium change 
+ 
+ 
+Fig. 3a: The following figure incorporates data from all time zones and all 27 eggs that had reported data as of 11 
+January. The cumulative deviation averaged across all time zones and all eggs yields a Chisquare of 88.33 on 60 df, 
+with a probability against chance of 0.010. Below the figure is a table documenting the 36 time zones used in the 
+analysis, expressed in the time zone offset and the actual GMT times of the Just a Minute event. 
+ 
+Global consciousness during the funeral services for princes Diana 
+ 
+Fig. 3b: During the public ceremonies for Princess Diana, results compounded across twelve independent 
+recordings at various locations in Europe and the United States showed an anomalous effect that would occur by 
+chance only about once in 100 repetitions of this experiment (p = 0.013), as displayed in a graph of the deviation 
+accumulated across all the datasets 
+ 
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+        Nagendra et al., 2010 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+22 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Fig. 3c: Global consciusnesss during the funeral services for Mother Teresa 
+ 
+Eleven datasets for Mother Teresa's funeral show 
+little indication of an anomalous effect, with a 
+composite outcome indistinguishable from chance 
+(p = 0.654), as displayed in figure 1c. We speculate 
+that the difference derives from the nature of the 
+global attention, which was very different in the 
+two cases. The significant result for Diana's funeral 
+confirmed our prediction based on the obvious 
+potential of this tragic and unexpected occasion to 
+produce emotional engagement and resonance. The 
+outcome is consonant with results obtained in 
+previous Field REG studies and supports tentative 
+interpretations suggesting that groups of people, 
+especially when they are attuned and engaged by a 
+common theme, may produce something like a 
+"consciousness field" that can induce a small but 
+statistically identifiable bias in a nominally random 
+sequence. Similar influences on an REG were 
+found during the Apthoryama organized in the 
+Trichur district of Kerala in 200626. Studies of the 
+effect of Bhajans on an REG23, and Japa on Gāyatri 
+Mantra by individuals24 have seen significant 
+changes. Field-REG trials during Princess Diana‟s 
+death, the Millennium changes etc. have found 
+similar results (ref). Results at SVYASA on Bhajan 
+sessions23 have also produced similar findings. In 
+short, significant changes in REG have been seen in 
+situations of deep agony, pain or excitement, as 
+well as spiritual activity. It would appear that 
+extreme 
+distress-eustress 
+in 
+the 
+emotional 
+dimension may be necessary to produce significant 
+changes in REG. 
+ 
+Details of REG: The researcher Micro REG s/n 
+0128, US Patent5, 830, 064 is supplied by Mind-
+Song Co. Inc. was used. A typical micro electric 
+REG consists of an analog section based on a solid 
+diode, and a Johnson noise source, or field-effect 
+transistor (FET), with its output processed through 
+a multi-stage amplification and clipping circuit. 
+Components are selected to produce a white noise 
+spectrum that is flat over the range of 500 to 
+30,000Hz. Analog portions of such an REG system 
+are very sensitive to variations in design. Their 
+construction includes sophisticated shielding from 
+environmental fields 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+The analog signal is compared with a DC 
+reference level, yielding a digital (CMOS or TTL 
+logic) output that unambiguously defines analog 
+inputs as binary, above and below the reference 
+voltage. This digital signal is periodically sampled 
+by an edge triggered flip flop, which locks in a bit 
+of 1or 2 until the next clocking period. These 
+devices typically have an adjustable sampling rate 
+(for example 1000per second).The sampling 
+process yields a continuous sequence of bits which 
+are further processed to mitigate residual biases. 
+The sequence of bits then is shifted into an 8-bit 
+shift register, the content of which is transferred at 
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+        Nagendra et al., 2010 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+23 
+18-millisecond to a UART chip for asynchronous 
+transmissions as a data byte. These bytes are 
+transmitted to the serial port of the computer at 
+9600 baud, where they are read and converted to 
+REG data by dedicated software.  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+The digital and analog circuits of the REG 
+are electrically isolated from each other and they 
+are active asynchronously. A separate external 
+power has been used to minimize electromagnetic 
+field interactions within the device. Further, the 
+REG are protected by design against most internal 
+and 
+external 
+sources 
+of 
+electromagnetic 
+interference, mu-metal or other shielding around 
+the sensitive early stages of the analog circuit. 
+ 
+Data Collection: The REG was kept at a distance 
+of 1.5 meter from the stage from where the 
+instructions were given. Studies have shown that 
+1.5 meter‟s distance from the computer screen has 
+an optimum effect in bringing highest influence on 
+the REG3.  
+ 
+We have chosen this study to see whether a 
+field induced by a group of healthy volunteers 
+practicing CM with synchronizing can influence 
+REG even without their intent. The REG recorded 
+data at a speed of 60 data points per minute from 
+start. Pre data of supine rest (SR)  300 sec., CM 
+performance  21.10 minutes (1270 sec.) followed 
+by 300 sec. of post data.  
+ 
+Data Analysis: Each data point of sample was 
+converted into z score as,  
+Npq
+x
+z
+/
+)
+100
+(
+, 
+ 
+Where: x is the data point of sample value,  
+N is the sample size per second (200), 
+p = chance expected hit rate (0.5) and  
+q = 1-p.  
+Each z values were squared and in further step 
+cumulative sum of z squared scored were obtained.  
+ 
+These values are cumulative chi-squared values.   
+They are evaluated as 
+1
+2
+2
+2
+df
+z
+,  
+ 
+Where:   
+2 is the chi-square value,  
+df is the number of samples, and  
+z is distributed as a standard normal 
+deviate.   
+ 
+The probability of this z score was 
+determined by using the Excel function p = 
+normsdist (z). 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+These 
+records 
+were 
+analysed 
+systematically by calculating p values as described 
+above. Durations for which REG was influenced 
+during pre-during-post phases of interventions at an 
+interval of one minute was calculated and are 
+depicted in table 1.  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Fig. 4: Shows the raw data values as recorded by REG in Pre, During and Post sessions. Each data points 
+represent an average of 200 data points scanned by the REG in 1 second 
+ 
+ 
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+        Nagendra et al., 2010 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+24 
+Table 1: Gives the full picture of the event with the data recorded and depicted once. 
+ 
+Sl.No
+. 
+Event 
+Durations 
+(in second) 
+Mean ±  Std. deviation 
+Maximum 
+value 
+Minimum 
+value 
+1 
+Pre CM 
+300 
+99.81 ± 6.74 
+117 
+82 
+2 
+Prayer 
+70 
+99.4 ± 6.25 
+117 
+84 
+3 
+I.R.T 
+60 
+102.56 ± 8.09** 
+124 
+84 
+4 
+Centering 
+60 
+98.51 ± 7.59 
+115 
+83 
+5 
+Ardhakatichakrasana 
+from right side 
+60 
+100.75 ± 7.57 
+117 
+80 
+6 
+Tadasana relaxation with 
+instructions 
+60 
+100.51 ± 6.89 
+113 
+82 
+7 
+Ardhakatichakrasana 
+from left side 
+60 
+100.31 ± 6.19 
+116 
+88 
+8 
+Tadasana relaxation with 
+instructions 
+60 
+98.15 ± 6.00 
+108 
+83 
+9 
+Padahastasana, forward 
+bending 
+60 
+101.18 ± 7.31 
+118 
+84 
+10 
+Tadasana relaxation with 
+instructions 
+60 
+99.83 ± 6.98* 
+114 
+79 
+11 
+Ardhachakrasana, 
+backward bending 
+60 
+100.73 ± 7.95 
+116 
+81 
+12 
+Tadasana relaxation with 
+instructions 
+60 
+100.65 ± 6.09 
+118 
+91 
+13 
+Deep relaxation 
+technique 
+540 
+99.79 ± 7.58* 
+124 
+79 
+14 
+Closing Prayer 
+60 
+99.80 ± 7.64 
+113 
+75 
+15 
+Post CM 
+300 
+100.59 ± 7.26 
+120 
+80 
+ 
+*p<0.05, **p<0.01 
+Colum 2 shows the activities of the events which include Pre and Post sessions also.  
+Colum 3 showed the total duration of the each activity in second.  
+Colum 4, 5 and 6 are showing the mean values with SD, maximum value and minimum value respectively. 
+   
+Graphical representation of data in table 1, indicating clearly that the REG was influenced during I.R.T (P<0.01), Tadasana 
+with instructions (p<0.05) and Deep relaxation technique (p<0.05). 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Fig. 5: 1: Pre CM, 2: Prayer, 3: I.R.T, 4: Centering, 5: Ardhakatichakrasana from right side, 6: Tadasana 
+relaxation with instructions, 7: Ardhakatichakrasana from left side, 8: Tadasana relaxation with instructions, 9: 
+Padahastasana forward bending, 10: Tadasana relaxation with instructions 11: Ardhachakrasana, backward 
+bending, 12: Tadasana relaxation with instructions, 13: Deep relaxation technique, 14: Closing Prayer, 15: Post CM 
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+        Nagendra et al., 2010 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+25 
+ 
+Figures 2, 3 and 4 show the records from REG out 
+put shoeing the responses from start to end (pre-
+during-pos). 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Fig. 6: Presents the standard presentation of 
+REG results as cumulative sum of (z²-1) values 
+with degree of freedom (figure 1a, b, c). And 
+table 2 shows the overall effect of CM group 
+performance on REG. 
+ 
+Table 2: Over all effect of CM group 
+performance on REG. 
+ 
+Days 
+Total 
+duration 
+(in sec.) 
+Duration 
+(┼) 
+% 
+change 
+ 
+P 
+value 
+Pre 
+300 
+NS 
+0 
+NS 
+During 
+1270 
+660 
+51.96 
+0.01* 
+Post 
+300 
+NS 
+0 
+NS 
+Duration (┼) represents the time in seconds during 
+which REG was significantly influenced.  
+ 
+Table 3: Changes in consciousness fields in 
+different events as measured by REG. 
+ 
+No. 
+Events 
+Degree of 
+Freedom 
+Duration 
+(┼) 
+P 
+valve 
+Z² 
+Value 
+1 
+Millennium 
+changes 
+60 
+60 
+0.01 
+88.33 
+2 
+Princes 
+Diana‟s 
+funeral 
+60 
+50 
+0.05 
+NA# 
+3 
+Mother 
+Teresa's 
+funeral 
+25 
+0 
+0.65 
+NA# 
+4 
+Navratri 
+Festival 
+1450 
+1450 
+0.05 
+79.18 
+5 
+Agnihotra 
+600 
+580 
+0.01 
+86.66 
+ 
+#NA- Not Available 
+ 
+Duration (┼) represents the time in seconds during 
+which REG was significantly influenced.  
+ 
+RESULTS: 
+ 
+Glancing through fig. 3 to 6 and table 1 and 2, it 
+can be seen that the supine rest before the start of 
+the intervention showed no significant influence on 
+the REG. However, as the intervention started, the 
+REG started showing alternate phases of significant 
+and non-significant changes during performance of 
+different phases of CM (table 1).  
+After the intervention (post data) again in Supine 
+rest position there was no influence in REG (table 
+1). 
+Table 2 shows the overall effect of pre-during and 
+post phases. It can be seen that the REG was 
+influenced for a total of 660 sec. out of 1270 sec 
+ 
+DISCUSSION: 
+ 
+Comparing figures 3a, b and c with that of 
+figure 6 it is evident that REG has responded to 
+these events similarly. The Z2 values for 
+millennium change is 88.33 in degree of freedom of 
+60 while in our cases there are 99.60 and degree of 
+freedom 1270 (table 3).  
+Extreme agony, great excitement or awe are 
+evident in these cases mentioned in table 3. At 
+these points of time Dharanā and Dhyāna occurs 
+leading to Samādhi like experience through 
+compassion in extreme agony and great bliss in 
+excitements. When Dharanā –Dhyāna- Samādhi 
+occur together it is called Samyama (trayam ekatra 
+samyamah pys 3.4, 4). Samyama is the tool 
+suggested by Patanjali to reach higher and subtler 
+levels of consciousness, in which state ESP, PK and 
+other powers emerge4. An individual has to raise to 
+great heights of higher layers of consciousness at 
+which level the effect of the same becomes wide 
+spread in the whole of its surrounding (ahimsa 
+satya pratisthayaam tatsannidhau vairatyagah pya 
+2.35, 4). The nonviolence spreads so effectively in 
+their vicinity that even enemy animals live together 
+in harmony. The ashrams of great sages were 
+models of such phenomena. 
+In CM, the group brings out similar effect is 
+evident from this study. The CM performed by a 
+group of 40 persons with synchronization will 
+significantly influence the REG evidencing the 
+arousal of PK power. This is in tune with the claims 
+of the yoga text (Māndukya kārika) that we move 
+towards subtler levels of mind acquiring different 
+varieties of siddhis including PK power.  
+This study adds new dimensions about the 
+effect of CM which is distinctly different from 
+earlier studies in which CM has shown significant 
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+        Nagendra et al., 2010 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+26 
+effect a metabolic rate reduction, power of 
+concentration, memory, processing of information 
+in brain, etc13,14,15,16. 
+Finally the study for the first time has 
+unraveled the effectiveness of different components 
+of CM- IRT, PH to Tadasana and DRT showing 
+significant changes during these components than 
+others. 
+Looking at fig. 5, it is obvious that REG has 
+responded to a transition from supine rest position 
+to IRT (stretch and relax), from front bending PH to 
+standing rest position Tadasana and from standing 
+position to DRT position. There are possibilities 
+that the physical aspect of stretch and relax, 
+powerful front bending to tadasana which involves 
+maximum changes in blood flow to head and a 
+similar change from standing to lying down 
+position. 
+The other part of CM namely DRT significant 
+changes are related to changes at mental and 
+emotional levels representing the 5th and 6th phases 
+of DRT. 
+Stimulation – relaxation combine is the very 
+special dimension of CM. stimulation meant to 
+break the Tamas (lethargy, laziness etc) which have 
+brought significant change in the REG responses. 
+Even at emotional and mental level is 5th and 6t 
+phases of DRT where is there are stimulations to 
+move out of the body- out of the body experience 
+and a feeling of expansion taking to the infinite 
+blue sky. 
+Looking at the events in table 3, it is obvious 
+that REG responds to situation of one, emotional 
+agony or excitements felt by large number of 
+people globally. In CM group performance also 
+these aspects have come out vividly when there is a 
+sudden change in physical level blood flows or one 
+at emotional level.  
+This study can be a breakthrough in PK power 
+studies where group effectiveness of CM can be 
+used to bring positive change in the surrounding 
+atmosphere. 
+The possibilities of the use of such influences 
+induced by a group of CM practitioners in 
+treatment of different chronic and severe patients. 
+.  
+CONCLUSIONS: 
+ 
+This study “effect of cyclic meditation on 
+consciousness field” using REG has shown that 
+1. CM practices done synchronizing by a group of 
+people well trained in its performance can 
+influence the REG significantly for sizeable 
+duration (51.96 %) of its performance. 
+2. The duration and quantum of influence are 
+comparable to global events as princes Diana‟s 
+funeral, Millennium change event (z² value – 
+88.93). 
+3. The stimulation-relaxation combines which 
+shatters stagnations, laziness, and lethargy and 
+channelizes the energies so produced towards 
+calmness and deep rest. These states of deep 
+rest the mind jumps into higher states of 
+consciousness in which there arises higher 
+power as PK power evidenced in this study. 
+4. While DRT performed individually had shown 
+no effect on REG in earlier studies18 this 
+investigation shows that individual practice of 
+DRT has no capacity to influence the REG but 
+in this study DRT has showed the capacity to 
+influence the REG because of the group effect..
+ 
+ 
+REFERENCES: 
+   
+1. Capra, F (1984):  Turning Point: Bantam Books, New York. 
+2. Goswami, A (1993): The Self Aware Universe: Putnam Book, New York. 
+3. Jahn, R.G., Dunne B.J (1987): Margins of Reality-The role of consciousness in the physical 
+world: Harcourt Brace, New York. 
+4. Taimini, I.K (2001): The Science of Yoga: The Theosophical Publishing House, Chennai.   
+5. Brunton, Paul (1970): A search in secret India: B.I.Publications, Delhi. 
+6. Paramhamsa Yogananda (1970): Autobiography of a Yogi: Jaico Publishing House, Bombay. 
+7. Pagano RR, Rose RM, Stivers RM, Warrenburg S (1976): Sleep during transcendental 
+meditation. Science, 191 (4224), 308-10.  
+8. Mason LI, Alexandar ON, Travis IT (1997): Electrophysiological correlates of higher 
+states of consciousness during sleep in long-term practitioners of the Transcendental 
+Meditation. Sleep, 20 (2), 102-10.  
+Journal of Scientific Speculations and Research 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+        Nagendra et al., 2010 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+27 
+9. Taimini IK (1986): The Science of Yoga. 4,h ed. Madrash: The Theosophical Publishing 
+House,  
+10. Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R (1997): New perspectives in stress management. Swami 
+Vivekananda Yoga Prakashan, Bangalore. 
+11. Telles S, Reddy SK, Nagendra HR (2000): Oxygen consumption and respiratory 
+following two yoga relaxation techniques, Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback, 25 
+(4), 221-27. 
+12. Sarang PS, Telles S (2006): Oxygen consumption and respiration during and after two 
+yoga relaxation techniques, Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback, 31(2), 143-51.  
+13. Sarang P, Telles S (2006): Effects of two yoga based relaxation techniques on heart rate 
+variability (HRV), Int Stress Manag, 13 (4), 1-16.  
+14. Sarang SP, Telles S (2007): Immediate effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques 
+on performance in a letter-cancellation task, Percept Mot Skills, 105 (2), 379-85.  
+15. Sarang SP, Telles S (2006): Changes in P300 following two yoga-based relaxation 
+techniques, Int Neurosci, 116, 1419-30.  
+16. Vempati RP, Telles S (2000): Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological 
+responses to a two day stress management program, Indian Psychol, 18(1-2), 33-37.  
+17. Nagendra HR., Telles Shirley, Manjunath NK, Naveen KV (2003): Measuring consciousness 
+fields using a Random Event Generator, A study submitted to the Defense Research and 
+Development Organization (DRDO), Ministry of Defense, Government of India, New Delhi. 
+18. Thakur GS, Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R (2009): Effect of deep relaxation technique on the 
+capacity to influence REG-a randomized control trail, , Indian Journal Of Traditional 
+Knowledge, 8 (3): 459-463. 
+19. Balaram P, Nagendra HR (2009): Effect of yoga relaxations techniques on performance of 
+digit letter cancellation task by teenagers, International journal of yoga, 2 (2): 30-34. 
+20. Heisnam JD (2004): Effect of agnihotra on the germination of rice seeds, Indian Journal of 
+Traditional Knowledge, 231-239. 
+21. Gaikwad MP (1995):  Agnihotra- The message of time,  Akhand Jyoti Sansthan, Mumbai.  
+22. Panati C (1976): The Geller Papers. Scientific Observations on the Paranormal Powers of Uri 
+Geller,  Houghton Miffin, Houghton.   
+23. Mohan T, Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R (2003): Effect of emotional culture session on the 
+capacity to influence the REG, Indian Journal Of Traditional Knowledge, 405-409. 
+24. Neha R (2004): Role of Gāyatri Mantra in Optimizing the Random Event Generator 
+[dissertation].Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Bangalore, 
+India.  
+25. Nelson R, Retrieved from http://noosphere.princeton.edu/measurement. html.     
+26. Surendra R (2007): Effect of Navratri Festival on people and environment, Indian Journal of 
+Traditional Knowledge, 412-416.  
+ 

subfolder_0/A perspective of yoga on smartphone addiction A narrative review.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,774 @@
+© 2022 Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow	
+2284
+Introduction
+Technology is becoming ubiquitous. The evolution of 
+smartphones has transformed usage dynamics regardless of 
+age, gender, and economic status. The functions may vary from 
+placing a phone call to checking email, online transactions, 
+texting, surfing the web, playing online games, and listening to 
+music.[1] This problematic overuse has led to addiction in the form 
+of frequent checking of the smartphone.[2,3] Although addiction 
+has been defined as “a pathological condition that one cannot 
+tolerate without continuous administration of substances,” it 
+is now applied to behavioral addictions, such as gaming and 
+internet use.[4] A growing literature has confirmed that usage of 
+smartphones is more evident among emerging adulthood, with 
+an age range of 18–29 years.[5]
+Although smartphone addiction is not recognized as a 
+clinical disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of 
+Mental Disorders (DSM‑V) or International Classification of 
+Diseases (ICD‑10), the estimated prevalence of smartphone 
+addiction is in the range of  10% to 20%.[6] Studies have 
+reported a prevalence of problematic smartphone use among 
+children and adolescents as high as 10% in countries such as the 
+United Kingdom,[7] 16.7% in Taiwan,[8]16.9% in Switzerland,[2] 
+30.9% in Korea,[9] and 31% in India.[10] Further, a survey among 
+the six Asian countries showed the highest prevalence of 
+internet addiction through smartphone ownership is 62%.[11] 
+Studies reported many aspects of problematic smartphone 
+behavior are similar to other recognized behavioral addictions 
+A perspective of yoga on smartphone addiction: 
+A narrative review
+Chaitanya K. Putchavayala1, Deepeshwar Singh2, Rajesh K. Sashidharan1
+1Division of Yoga and Physical Science, 2Division of Yoga and Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga 
+AnusandhanaSamsthana (S‑VYASA), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
+Abstract
+Evolution in technology is drastically becoming automatic and making life easier. Among those technologies, smartphones are 
+fast‑changing technology that is equipping humans to work from anywhere. Frequent usage and dependency on smartphones have 
+increased, which in turn contributes to changes in psychosocial behavioral aspects. Addiction plays an important role in modifying 
+the healthy habits of individuals. Problematic usage of smartphones affects both physical and psychosocial health and emerges as a 
+cornerstone of psychosocial disorder. However, there is a dearth of data to understand the core concepts of smartphone addiction 
+and there is a need to understand from the broader perspective. Yoga is considered one of the viable protocols to provide the way 
+for digital detoxification from technology and smartphone addiction by promoting self‑regulation. Yoga brings back a healthy 
+living style, which allows individuals to have enough physical activity through asanas, emotional stability, and awareness through 
+meditation and breathing practices. We hypothesize that a holistic approach to yoga can regulate the symptoms associated with 
+smartphone addiction by increasing the stability of the body and mind and promoting emotional detachment and self‑regulation, 
+which play an important role in the de‑addiction process.
+Keywords: Biopsychosocial model, digital‑detoxification, review, smartphone addiction, yoga
+Review Article
+Access this article online
+Quick Response Code:
+Website: 
+www.jfmpc.com
+DOI: 
+10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1765_21
+Address for correspondence: Dr. Deepeshwar Singh,
+Division of Yoga and Life Science, Swami Vivekananda Yoga 
+Anusandhana Samsthana (S‑VYASA), Bangalore ‑ 560 105, 
+Karnataka, India.
+E‑mail: [email protected]
+How to cite this article: Putchavayala CK, Singh D, Sashidharan RK. 
+A  perspective of yoga on smartphone addiction: A  narrative review. 
+J Family Med Prim Care 2022;11:2284-91.
+This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative 
+Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to 
+remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as appropriate credit is 
+given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
+For reprints contact: [email protected]
+Received: 03-09-2021	
+	
+Revised: 15-12-2021
+Accepted: 16-12-2021	
+	
+Published: 30-06-2022
+Putchavayala, et al.: A perspective of yoga on smartphone addiction: A narrative review
+Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care	
+2285	
+Volume 11  :  Issue 6  :  June 2022
+such as gambling disorder and other traditional addictions 
+(e.g., substance use, smoking, and alcohol). The pathological 
+use of smartphones has created a new kind of maladaptive 
+behavior and emerging as a cornerstone of  psychosocial 
+disorders. Subsequently, researchers have shown greater interest 
+in studying smartphone addiction.[2,12,13] The symptoms associated 
+with problematic smartphone usage negatively influence 
+physiological and psychosocial behavior[14] with low psychological 
+well‑being,[15] depression, loneliness,[14] social anxiety,[16] and 
+cognitive disorders.[17]
+Given the current literature, researchers are actively exploring the 
+significance of yoga and meditation as a viable tool for addressing 
+psychological problems and addictive behaviors. Yoga is a 
+communion of mind and body. Problematic smartphone usage is 
+slowly and steadily gaining influence in manipulating psychosocial 
+behavior. There is a dearth of data in this area to understand 
+the core characteristics. Therefore, we hypothesize that there is 
+a need to understand the problem in a much broader spectrum 
+from the purview of yogic texts that can be recommended as 
+primary care intervention.
+Understanding Smartphone Addiction from a 
+Biopsychosocial Perspective
+The biopsychosocial model of  addiction posits that 
+biological/genetic, psychological, and sociocultural factors 
+contribute to substance use and all must be taken into 
+consideration in prevention and treatment efforts.[18]
+As explained in [Figure 1], smartphone addiction is a complex 
+and heterogeneous problem,[6]and there is a need to understand 
+it from a biopsychosocial perspective. Griffith has proposed 
+the components model of addiction, which proposes that all 
+addictions comprise a set of criteria that rewards physiological 
+and psychosocial behaviors. He proposed six core components 
+for understanding the biopsychosocial process of smartphone 
+addiction. These are salience, mood modification, tolerance, 
+withdrawal, conflict, and relapse.[19]
+Salience
+Predominant smartphone usage over other activities of 
+life influences feelings (craving), cognitive distortions, and 
+deterioration of  social behavior. A study on university 
+students has shown high cognitive absorption levels among 
+the smartphone‑addicted group.[20] Cognitive absorption is 
+characterized by temporal dissociation, focused immersion, 
+heightened enjoyment, control, and curiosity.[21] Further, an 
+functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study reported 
+that smartphone addiction inhibits cognitive control during 
+emotional processing and influences social interaction.[22] 
+Similarly, a neuroimaging study on adolescents with mobile phone 
+addiction correlates higher impulsive scores with altered gray 
+matter volume and white matter integrity.[23] Similarly, subjects 
+with gaming addiction have shown enhanced craving and brain 
+activity in the lateral and prefrontal cortex for gaming stimuli.[24]
+Mood modification
+The subjective experiences reported using smartphones as a 
+coping strategy to avoid loneliness and dysphoric mood.[25] A 
+study observed that students utilizing their mobile phones as a 
+coping mechanism might get trivial appeasement for loneliness, 
+boredom, and anxiety‑induced situations. However, long‑term 
+utilization might negatively influence mental health.[26] A study 
+reported that dysfunctional cognitive and emotional processes 
+mediate anxiety, depression, and problematic smartphone 
+usage.[27] Furthermore, smartphone addiction and childhood 
+psychological maltreatment.[28] In a recent study with Indian 
+university students, 43% agreed the mobile phone provides an 
+escape from problems, and 70% agreed that the mobile phone 
+helped them overcome bad moods such as feelings of inferiority, 
+helplessness, guilt, anxiety, and depression.[29]
+Tolerance
+The prolonged time spent or frequent checking on smartphones 
+to achieve the former mood modifying effects. Earlier studies 
+claim that the frequent checking of smartphones is because of 
+instant access to rewards. Further, social media has reportedly 
+become the source of perceived social support.[30] Currently, 
+people ascribe perceived social support by likes and shares on 
+social networking sites (e.g., Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter) 
+and communicating through icons.[31] A study has shown that 
+Facebook connectedness is related to greater life satisfaction, 
+lower anxiety, and depression levels, and enhanced social 
+capital.[32] In contrast, extroverts and neurotics with a high 
+Facebook usage negatively influence life satisfaction and social 
+relationships.[33]
+Withdrawal
+Recent studies coined a new word Nomophobia (No mobile 
+phone phobia), and FOMO, “fearing of  being without a 
+mobile phone,” which is the condition of feeling anxiety when 
+Figure 1: Bio psychosocial perspective of smartphone addiction
+Putchavayala, et al.: A perspective of yoga on smartphone addiction: A narrative review
+Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care	
+2286	
+Volume 11  :  Issue 6  :  June 2022
+missing their smartphones. This condition is widely visible in 
+youngsters with low self‑esteem, anxiety, impulsiveness, and 
+high extroversion/introversion levels.[34] Another study reported 
+interpersonal sensitivity, obsession‑compulsion, and strong 
+predictors for nomophobia.[35]
+Conflict
+Spending prolonged time on smartphones leads to intrapersonal 
+and interpersonal conflicts, influencing their social relations with 
+family and friends.[25] In addition, texting is a potential distractor 
+among school and college students impacting classroom 
+performance.[36] A study reported that the average time for 
+distraction in class is less than 6 minutes.[37]Furthermore, there 
+has been a decline in face‑to‑face interactions among teens and 
+making them less talkative to adults.[38]
+Relapse
+There is not sufficient literature to support the relapse condition 
+in smartphone addiction. This condition tends to check the 
+smartphone to recur the previous hedonic experience after a 
+long period of abstinence. Checking smartphones after waking 
+up and before sleeping to get updated is associated with low 
+self‑control.[39]
+Understanding the Nature of Smartphone 
+Addiction ThroughYoga
+Addiction is defined as a behavior, over which an individual 
+has impaired control with harmful consequences.[40] It can 
+also be viewed as a result of  “mindless” states involving 
+escapist attitudes, automatic thinking, emotional reactivity, 
+social isolation, and low self‑regulation.[41] Research has 
+pointed out that yoga helps control addictive symptoms by 
+promoting self‑regulation.[42,43] According to the World Health 
+Organization (WHO), psychological health is one of the key 
+components in defining health. The core concepts of yoga 
+emphasize the nature of the mind and its afflictions (Kleshas). 
+Traditional texts such as Patanjali Yoga Sutras (PYS), Bhagavad 
+Gita (BG), Hatha Yoga Pradipika (HYP), and Yoga Vasistha (YV) 
+have highlighted the mind (Chitta) and the interplay of qualities 
+of  a person (Gunas) on mental health, and the afflictions 
+caused in the absence of  self‑control and self‑regulation. 
+Sage Patanjali defines yoga as, when the perplexities of the 
+thoughts are controlled by self‑regulation, the mind will reach 
+its pristine (PSY1:2). The afflictions in the mind caused by 
+these perplexing thoughts stem out from ignorance of the 
+truth (Avidya), egoism or identity (Asmita), attachment (raga), 
+aversion (Dwesha), and fear of losing (Abhinivesha) (PSY 2:3). 
+Ayurveda says, “asatmyaindriyarthasannikarsha,” the unhealthy 
+sensory perception causes disharmony in the body either as an 
+increase or decrease of humor (doshas).
+Sankhya’s philosophy postulates that qualities (Gunas) play a 
+vital role in defining a person’s temperament (Swabhava). The 
+Guans are classified into three types. Tamas is characterized by 
+dullness, inactive, illusion, depression, laziness, impulsiveness, 
+and excessive sleep. When Rajas is dominant, it symbolizes 
+passion and desire, egoism, self‑centeredness, greed, restlessness, 
+ambition, and a sense of  self‑gratification. Finally, Sattva 
+is associated with stability, self‑control, clarity of thought, 
+discipline, self‑regulation, one‑pointedness, meditative mind, 
+and detachment.[44]
+The constant use of smartphones has caused sensory overload 
+invigorating the mind for repeated subjective experiences, 
+and the propensity of these experiences is causing ill effects. 
+According to BG, the pleasures from these sensual indulgences 
+develop an attachment that ignites the desire to have more. 
+When not fulfilled, it leads to anger. From anger comes the 
+delusion, followed by loss of memory, and from that comes 
+the destruction of  intellect, leading to the perished mind 
+(BG 2:62‑63). Patanjali further explained how these obstacles 
+manifest into afflictions (PSY 1:30 & 31).
+The above picture [Figure 2] illustrates how these disturbances 
+of the mind (Chittavikshepas) lead to mental agitation (Adhi) 
+and further as a disease in the body (Vyadhi).
+Researchers have found that personality with openness to 
+experience, neuroticism, and extroversion correlates with 
+the smartphone’s problematic  usage.[45,46] Afflictions of 
+the mind explain the symptomatic nature of  smartphone 
+addiction such as mental laziness  (Styana), idleness, and 
+dullness; indecisiveness, doubtful  (Samsaya); carelessness, 
+negligence, and procrastination (Pramada); laziness (Alasya); 
+craving for enjoyment, sensuality  (Avirati); erroneous 
+perception, false views (Brantidarsana); failing to attain desired 
+results  (Alabdhabumikatva); instability  (Anavasthitatva). The 
+ramifications of these are transmuted as a disease (Vyadhi) in the 
+body as sorrow (Dukha), depression (Daurmanasya), shaking off 
+the body (Aangamejayatva); unrhythmic breathing (Svasaprasvasa 
+Vikshepa). According to yoga, disease (vyadhi) is of two types, 
+disease born out of mind, stress born psychosomatic ailments, 
+and neurotic problems (Adhija Vyadhi). The second category 
+is external causes such as accidents, infections, injury, and 
+non‑stress (AnadhijaVyadhi). According to the Yoga Vasistha, 
+mind (Adhi) and disease (vyadhi) are the sources of suffering. 
+Sometimes they follow each other, and at times they cause each 
+other. At the outset, they both root from ignorance and lack of 
+self‑control.[44]
+Yoga for digital detoxification
+Addiction is in opposition to the idea of autonomy.[47,48] Yoga 
+helps develop the ability to connect with life, detox our mind, 
+body, and emotions, and live a harmonious and meaningful 
+life. Current literature has shown that yoga can be a viable tool 
+to manage the afflictions of the body and mind by instigating 
+self‑regulation with the combined practices of asana, pranayama, 
+pratyahara, relaxation, and meditation.[41] These are better 
+explained in detail as:
+Putchavayala, et al.: A perspective of yoga on smartphone addiction: A narrative review
+Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care	
+2287	
+Volume 11  :  Issue 6  :  June 2022
+Asanas
+Asana is the Sanskrit word for physical posture that helps 
+develop physical and mental stamina and strengthen willpower. 
+In his yoga sutras (PSY), Patanjali expounds that the primary 
+objective of asana is to develop steadiness with ease in the 
+sitting posture and maintain an erect spine for the free flow of 
+energy during meditation (PSY 2.46). The benefits of asana 
+(Asana siddhi) can be reaped with dedication, uninterrupted 
+practice, and a sense of reverence (PSY 1.14). Effects of asana 
+are in the order of somatopsychic, which includes the release 
+of endorphins that induce a sense of relaxation, ease, and 
+well‑being in the practitioner.[49] A study reported that after 1 h 
+of a yoga asana session, there had been an increase of 27% in 
+GABA (gamma‑aminobutyric acid) levels.[50,51] Further, induced 
+stress levels were rescinded with Shavasana compared to supine 
+postures and resting in a chair.[52] Another study reported that 
+techniques using a combination of stimulation followed by 
+relaxation had reduced oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, 
+and physiological arousal compared to other relaxation 
+techniques.[53]
+Pranayama
+Pranayama is the process of  controlling the life force. 
+”Pran”’ means breath, life force; ”Ayama” is lengthening or 
+extension through control. Patanjali expounds pranayama 
+is much more than inhalation and exhalation of  breath. It 
+is the process of  slow and extended inhalation  (puraka) 
+followed by (kumbhaka) retention of  breath and (rechaka) 
+the slow exhalation PYS (2:49). Regular practice improves the 
+functioning of  vital systems of  the body. Mind is a complex 
+structure and highly volatile. Controlling it is a daunting task. 
+The breathing process is connected with the brain and the 
+central nervous system, which is the gateway for emotional 
+responses. Pranayama controls the erratic impulses in the 
+brain by regulating the rhythms of  breath. Recent evidence 
+suggests that rapid breathing  (Bhastrika) pranayama has 
+significantly reduced anxiety and stress levels and affects the 
+brain’s areas involved in processing emotions, attention, and 
+awareness.[54] It has also shown a reduction in craving with 
+smoking addiction,[55] anxiety, and depression.[56] Further, 
+bhramari pranayama enhanced response inhibition and 
+cognitive abilities.[57]
+Pratyahara
+Pratyahara is the fifth limb of Astanga yoga. Pratyahara has a 
+pivotal role in the process of de‑addiction. Pratyahara refers 
+to the conscious withdrawal of the mind from the sensual 
+gratifications (PSY 2:54). Controlling the mind that is conditioned 
+to seek sensual gratifications is challenging. The highest form 
+of pratyahara is not about suppressing the senses; however, 
+sublimating them inward to get into the depths of the mind 
+(PSY 2.55). The other way of doing it is focusing on the space 
+between the two eyebrows with a steady breath; one can gain 
+control over the senses (BG 5.27‑28). Addiction is primarily 
+because of craving and lack of self‑control.[58] Sensory indulgence 
+is the main form of entertainment prevailing with smartphone 
+addiction. Indriya (senses) Pratyahara helps understand the nature 
+of craving and restrain the senses from external gratification by 
+abstaining from these devices to rejuvenate the mind through 
+awareness and self‑control.
+Meditation
+The outset of meditation transpires through Abhyasa (practice) 
+and Vairagya  (detachment)  (PSY 1. 13&16). The practice 
+of pratyahara promotes detachment towards the objects of 
+sensuality. Meditation is referred to as dhyana in yoga. The 
+mind with an uninterrupted flow of consciousness is called 
+dhyana (PSY 3.2). Over time, various techniques of mediation 
+have been evolved from different schools of thought. West 
+has shown greater interest in mindfulness and transcendental 
+meditation. They are extensively studied for their therapeutical 
+benefits in physiological and psychosocial disorders. Studies 
+have reported mindfulness meditation increases somatosensory 
+processing,[59] sleep,[60] quality of life,[61] and reduced emotional 
+reactivity.[62] Further, it effectively controls stress,[63] anxiety,[64] 
+and depression levels.[65] Studies on addiction have reported 
+meditation increases prefrontal activation, which might help in 
+the de‑automatization of addictive responses[66] and improved 
+cognitive functions,[67] response inhibition,[68]self‑control,[69] 
+psychological well‑being,[70] and abstinence from craving.[71,72]
+Figure 2: Illustration of mental agitation by Maharshi Patanjali
+Putchavayala, et al.: A perspective of yoga on smartphone addiction: A narrative review
+Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care	
+2288	
+Volume 11  :  Issue 6  :  June 2022
+Discussion
+Addiction is defined by the American Society of Addiction 
+Medicine (ASAM) as a primary, chronic disease of the brain’s 
+reward, motivation, memory, and related circuitry. Dysfunction 
+in these circuits results in distinct biological, psychological, 
+social, and spiritual manifestations.[73] According to one study, 
+internet addiction causes an increase in dopamine in the brain, 
+just like any other substance addiction.[74] Excessive use of 
+the internet through smartphones is a relatively new type of 
+addiction. The condition is not officially recognized by the 
+American Psychiatric Association. Nonetheless, many medical 
+professionals and researchers around the world recognize it as a 
+behavioral addiction. According to several studies, excessive use 
+of smartphones, such as gambling, can change and negatively 
+impact an individual over time. Further, issues arising from 
+excessive smartphone use are a growing social issue that is being 
+debated globally. Many studies have found that the prevalence 
+is high among young adults. Mental illness during the critical 
+period of emerging adulthood can result in lifelong disability by 
+impairing an individual’s ability to develop socially, occupationally, 
+and educationally.[75] Currently, individuals visiting the clinics 
+of primary care and psychologists with complaints of anxiety, 
+loneliness, depression, and sleep related problems.[76] Reports 
+suggest that incidence of musculoskeletal pain, pain in the lower 
+back, neck and shoulders are also on the rise.[77]
+Further, research has shown that family environment is one of the 
+strong predictors of adolescent internet addiction. Furthermore, 
+studies reported there is a relationship between communication, 
+attitude, and cohesiveness in the family and adolescent internet 
+addiction.[78] This highlights the care that should be taken by 
+family members and primary care physicians to prevent the 
+spread of this maladaptive behavior. Recent evidence shows that 
+the Cognitive Behavioral Model, exercise therapy, and art therapy 
+are effective in reducing anxiety, depression, impulsiveness, and 
+with drawl symptoms for smartphone and internet addiction.[79,80] 
+However, there is a dearth of data and further investigations are 
+required to address this problem in a holistic way.
+In contrast, yoga is proven to be a viable tool to address 
+physiological, psychosocial, and addictive behaviors by promoting 
+self‑regulation and self‑control. Yoga is a holistic process of 
+bringing body, mind, and spirit into communion. It has a lineage 
+of more than 5000 years. It has shown a positive effect on 
+perceived stress and quality of life with regular practice among 
+young adults by cultivating subjective well‑being.[81] Empirical 
+evidence report that regular practice of yoga in a school has 
+a positive influence on dysphoric moods, emotion regulation, 
+and self‑esteem.[82] A review postulated that regular practice of 
+yoga and meditation has enhanced attention and their functional 
+anatomical relationships along with an increase in the gray matter 
+volume enabling individuals to control movement, memory, and 
+emotions.[83] Including yoga as an adjunct treatment modality by 
+the primary care centers and doctors would help in upholding 
+the biopsychosocial dimensions of health in society.
+Conclusion
+According to recent evidence, researchers are paying more 
+attention to studies on behavioral addictions. Because of its 
+problematic and maladaptive behavior, studies on smartphone 
+addiction have recently increased. Despite this, some studies 
+claim that the prevalence is only 10% to 20%. Because of its 
+market penetration and presence in modern life, there is a need 
+for a broader understanding of the problems associated with it 
+from a biopsychosocial perspective.
+Yoga, in contrast, appears to be a promising treatment for 
+addiction and other psychiatric disorders. Its ability to connect 
+with life aids in the detoxification of our minds and bodies, 
+as well as the regulation of emotions, thereby improving our 
+well‑being. This is an important aspect of addressing addiction’s 
+craving, compulsive behavior, tolerance, and relapse conditions. 
+As a result, incorporating yoga and meditation into daily life will 
+aid in the regulation of the symptoms of maladaptive behavior 
+associated with smartphone addiction.
+Key message
+The excessive use of smartphones is negatively influencing 
+people's behavior. Looking at the problem from a bio-psychosocial 
+standpoint would help us understand its complexities. Yoga is 
+a mind-body medicine, allows us to understand the nature of 
+behaviour in a holistic way, as well as a possible solution to 
+this maladaptive behavior, by promoting self-regulation and by 
+cultivating subjective well-being.
+Highlight
+•	
+Understanding smartphone addiction from the viewpoint of 
+modern psychology and yoga
+•	
+Giving the perspective of yoga as a viable solution to control 
+the symptoms of smartphone addiction.
+•	
+Including yoga as an adjunct treatment modality would be 
+beneficial for the family and primary care doctors.
+Financial support and sponsorship
+Nil.
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+References
+1.	
+Samaha  M, Hawi  NS. Relationships among smartphone 
+addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction 
+with life.Comput HumBehav 2016;57:321‑25.
+2.	
+Haug S, Castro RP, Kwon M, Filler A, Kowatsch T, Schaub MP. 
+Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young 
+people in Switzerland. J Behav Addict 2015;4:299‑307.
+3.	
+Oulasvirta  A, Rattenbury  T, Ma  L, Raita  E. Habits make 
+smartphone use more pervasive. Pers Ubiquitous Comput 
+2012;16:105‑14.
+4.	
+Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, Park JW, Min JA, Hahn C, et al. 
+Putchavayala, et al.: A perspective of yoga on smartphone addiction: A narrative review
+Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care	
+2289	
+Volume 11  :  Issue 6  :  June 2022
+Development and validation of a smartphone addiction 
+scale (SAS).PLoS One 2013;8:e56936. doi: 10.1371/journal.
+pone.0056936.
+5.	
+Arnett JJ. Presidential address: The emergence of emerging 
+adulthood.EmergAdulthood 2014;2:155‑62.
+6.	
+Billieux  J, Maurage  P, Lopez‑Fernandez  O, Kuss  DJ, 
+Griffiths  MD. Can disordered mobile phone use be 
+considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current 
+evidence and a comprehensive model for future research.
+Curr Addict Rep2015;2:156‑62.
+7.	
+Lopez‑Fernandez O, Honrubia‑Serrano L, Freixa‑Blanxart M, 
+Gibson  W. Prevalence of problematic mobile phone 
+use in British adolescents. CyberpsycholBehavSocNetw 
+2014;17:91‑8.
+8.	
+Yen CF, Tang TC, Yen JY, Lin HC, Huang CF, Liu SC, et al. 
+Symptoms of problematic cellular phone use, functional 
+impairment and its association with depression among 
+adolescents in Southern Taiwan. J Adolesc 2009;32:863‑73.
+9.	
+Cha  SS, Seo  BK. Smartphone use and smartphone 
+addiction in middle school students in Korea: 
+Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. 
+Health Psychol Open 2018;5:2055102918755046. doi: 
+10.1177/2055102918755046.
+10.	 Schacht JP, Anton RF, Myrick H. Functional neuroimaging 
+studies of alcohol cue reactivity: A quantitative meta‑analysis 
+and systematic review. Addict Biol 2013;18:121‑33.
+11.	 Mak  KK, Lai  CM, Watanabe  H, Kim  DI, Bahar  N, 
+Ramos  M, et  al. Epidemiology of internet behaviors and 
+addiction among adolescents in six Asian countries. 
+CyberpsycholBehavSocNetw 2014;17:720‑8.
+12.	 Aljomaa  SS, Mohammad  MF, Albursan  IS, Bakhiet  SF, 
+Abduljabbar  AS, et  al. Smartphone addiction among 
+university students in the light of some variables. Comput 
+Human Behav 2016;61:155‑64.
+13.	 Bian M, Leung L. Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone 
+addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to 
+social capital. SocSciComput Rev 2015;33:61‑79.
+14.	 Kee IK, Byun JS, Jung JK, Choi JK. The presence of altered 
+craniocervical posture and mobility in smartphone‑addicted 
+teenagers with temporomandibular disorders. J PhysTherSci 
+2016;2:339‑46.
+15.	 Lai CM, Mak KK, Watanabe H, Jeong J, Kim D, Bahar N, et al. 
+The mediating role of Internet addiction in depression, 
+social anxiety, and psychosocial well‑being among 
+adolescents in six Asian countries: A structural equation 
+modelling approach. Public Health 2015;129:1224‑36.
+16.	 Lee  B, Kim  S, Kim  Y, Bae  JY, Woo  SK, Woo  HN, et  al. 
+The relationship between smartphone usage time and 
+physical and mental health of university students. JKorean 
+SocSchHealth 2013;26:45‑53.
+17.	 Deshpande  A. Mobile addiction and associated factors 
+amongst youth. J Ment Health 2015;2:244.
+18.	 Skewes  CM, Vivian  MG. The BiopsychosocialModel of 
+Addiction, Peter M. Miller, Principles of Addiction. 
+Calofornia, USA; 2013. Pp. 61-70
+19.	 Griffiths M. A “components” model of addiction within a 
+biopsychosocial framework. J Subst Use2005;10:191.
+20.	 Barnes  SJ, Pressey  AD, Scornavacca  E. Mobile ubiquity: 
+Understanding the relationship between cognitive 
+absorption, smartphone addiction and social network 
+services. Comput Human Behav 2019;90:246‑58.
+21.	 Agarwal  R, Karahanna  E. Time flies when you’re having 
+fun: Cognitive absorption and beliefs about information 
+technology usage. ManagInfSyst Q 2000;24:665‑94.
+22.	 Chun JW, Choi J, Kim JY, Cho H, Ahn KJ, Nam JH, et al. 
+Altered brain activity and the effect of personality traits in 
+excessive smartphone use during facial emotion processing. 
+Sci Rep 2017;7:12156. doi: 10.1038/s41598‑017‑08824‑y.
+23.	 Wang Y, Zou Z, Song H, Xu X, Wang H, d’OleireUquillas F, 
+Huang  X. Altered gray matter volume and white matter 
+integrity in college students with mobile phone dependence. 
+Front Psychol 2016;7:597.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg. 2016.00597.
+24.	 Kim M, Lee TH, Choi JS, Kwak YB, Hwang WJ, Kim T, et al. 
+Dysfunctional attentional bias and inhibitory control during 
+anti‑saccade task in patients with internet gaming disorder: 
+An eye tracking study.ProgNeuropsychopharmacolBiol 
+P s y c h i a t r y  2 0 1 9 ; 9 5 : 1 0 9 7 1 7 . d o i :  1 0 . 1 0 1 6 / j .
+pnpbp.2019.109717.
+25.	 Jameel  S, Shahnawaz  MG, Griffiths  MD. Smartphone 
+addiction in students: A  qualitative examination of 
+the components model of addiction using face‑to‑face 
+interviews. J Behav Addict 2019;8:780‑93.
+26.	 Panova T, Lleras A. Avoidance or boredom: Negative mental 
+health outcomes associated with use of information and 
+communication technologies depend on users’ motivations. 
+Comput Human Behav 2016;58:249‑58.
+27.	 Elhai JD, Yang H, Montag C. Cognitive‑ and emotion‑related 
+dysfunctional coping processes: Transdiagnosticmechanisms 
+explaining depression and anxiety’s relations with 
+problematic smartphone use. CurrAddictRep 2019;6:410‑17.
+28.	 Liu F, Zhang Z, Chen L. Mediating effect of neuroticism and 
+negative coping style in relation to childhood psychological 
+maltreatment and smartphone addiction among college 
+students in China. Child Abuse Negl 2020;106:104531.doi: 
+10.1016/j.chiabu. 2020.104531.
+29.	 Nehra R, Kate N, Grover S, Khehra N, Basu D. Does the excessive 
+use of mobile phones in young adults reflect an emerging 
+behavioral addiction? J Postgrad Med2012;46:177‑82.
+30.	 Wohn DY, Carr CT, Hayes RA. How affective is a “like”? The 
+effect of paralinguistic digital affordances on perceived 
+social support.CyberpsycholBehavSocNetw 2016;19:562‑6.
+31.	 Hayes RA, Carr CT, Wohn DY. One click, many meanings: 
+Interpreting paralinguistic digital affordances in social 
+media. J Broadcast Electron Media 2016;60:171‑87.
+32.	 Valenzuela  S, Park  N, Kee  KF. Is there social capital 
+in a social network site?: Facebook use and college 
+students’ life satisfaction, trust, and participation. 
+J Comput‑MediatComm 2009;14:875‑901.
+33.	 Chan TH. Facebook and its effects on users’ empathic social 
+skills and life satisfaction: A double‑edged sword effect. 
+CyberpsycholBehavSocNetw 2014;17:276‑80.
+34.	 Bhattacharya  S, Bashar  MA, Srivastava  A, Singh  A. 
+Nomophobia: No mobile phone phobia. J Family Med Prim 
+Care 2019;8:1297‑1300.
+35.	 Gonçalves S, Dias P, Correia A‑P. Nomophobia and lifestyle: 
+Smartphone use and its relationship to psychopathologies. 
+Comput Human Behav 2020;2:100025.doi: 10.1016/j.chbr. 
+2020.100025.
+36.	 Lister‑Landman  KM, Domoff  SE, Dubow  EF. The role of 
+compulsive texting in adolescents’ academic functioning.
+Psychol Pop Media Cult 2017;6:311‑25.
+37.	 Rosen  LD, Mark Carrier  L, Cheever  NA. Facebook and 
+texting made me do it: Media‑induced task‑switching while 
+studying. ComputHumanBehav 2013;29:948‑58.
+Putchavayala, et al.: A perspective of yoga on smartphone addiction: A narrative review
+Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care	
+2290	
+Volume 11  :  Issue 6  :  June 2022
+38.	 Chan NN, Walker C, Gleaves A. An exploration of students’ 
+lived experiences of using smartphones in diverse learning 
+contexts using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach. 
+ComputEduc 2015;82:96‑106.
+39.	 Khang  H, Kim  JK, Kim  Y. Self‑traits and motivations as 
+antecedents of digital media flow and addiction: The 
+Internet, mobile phones, and video games. Comput Human 
+Behav 2013;29:2416‑24.
+40.	 West R. Theories of addiction. Addiction 2001;1:3‑13.
+41.	 Khanna  S, Greeson  JM. A  narrative review of yoga and 
+mindfulness as complementary therapies for addiction.
+Complement Ther Med 2013;3:244‑52.
+42.	 Richter S, Tietjens M, Ziereis S, Querfurth S, Jansen P. Yoga 
+training in junior primary school‑aged children has an 
+impact on physical self‑perceptions and problem‑related 
+behavior. Front Psychol 2016;7:203.doi: 10.3389/fpsyg. 
+2016.00203.
+43.	 Butzer B, LoRusso A, Shin SH, Khalsa SB. Evaluation of yoga 
+for preventing adolescent substance use risk factors in a 
+middle school setting: A  preliminary group‑randomized 
+controlled trial. J Youth Adolesc 2017;46:603‑32.
+44.	 Saraswati SS. Four Capters on Freedom. New Delhi: Yoga 
+Publications Trust, Ganga Darshan, Munger, Bihar, India; 
+2016.
+45.	 Marengo D, Sindermann C, Häckel D, Settanni M, Elhai JD, 
+Montag C. The association between the Big Five personality 
+traits and smartphone use disorder: A  meta‑analysis. 
+J Behav Addict 2020;9:534‑50.
+46.	 Takao  M. Problematic mobile phone use and big‑five 
+personality domains. Indian J Community Med 
+2014;39:111‑3.
+47.	 Harwood  J, Dooley  JJ, Scott  AJ, Joiner  R. Constantly 
+connected‑The effects of smart‑devices on mental health.
+Comput Human Behav 2014;34:267‑72.
+48.	 Sohn SY, Rees P, Wildridge B, Kalk NJ, Carter B. Prevalence 
+of problematic smartphone usage and associated mental 
+health outcomes amongst children and young people: 
+A  systematic review, meta‑analysis and GRADE of the 
+evidence. BMC Psychiatry 2019;19:356.doi: 10.1186/
+s12888‑019‑2350‑x.
+49.	 Balayogi  A. Somato‑psychic aspects of asana (Yogic 
+postures). AnnYoga PhysTher 2018;3:1.
+50.	 Streeter CC, Jensen JE, Perlmutter RM, Cabral HJ, Tian H, 
+Terhune  DB, Ciraulo  DA, Renshaw  PF. Yoga Asana 
+sessions increase brain GABA levels: A pilot study. JAltern 
+Complement Med 2007;13:419‑26.
+51.	 S Streeter  CC, Whitfield  TH, Owen  L, Rein  T, Karri  SK, 
+Yakhkind A, et al. Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, 
+anxiety, and brain GABA levels: A randomized controlled 
+MRS study. J Altern Complement Med 2010;16:1145‑52.
+52.	 Bera TK, Gore MM, Oak JP. Recovery from stress in two 
+different postures and in Shavasana‑a yogic relaxation 
+posture. Indian J PhysiolPharmacol 1998;42:473‑8.
+53.	 Subramanya  P, Telles  S. Effect of two yoga‑based 
+relaxation techniques on memory scores and state anxiety. 
+Biopsychosoc Med 2009;3:8.doi: 10.1186/1751‑0759‑3‑8.
+54.	 Novaes  MM, Palhano‑Fontes  F, Onias  H, Andrade  KC, 
+Lobão‑Soares  B, Arruda‑Sanchez  T, et  al. Effects of 
+yoga respiratory practice  (Bhastrika pranayama) on 
+anxiety, affect, and brain functional connectivity and 
+activity: A  randomized controlled trial. Front Psychiatry 
+2020;11:467.doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00467.
+55.	 Lotfalian  S, Spears  CA, Juliano  LM. The effects of 
+mindfulness‑based yogic breathing on craving, affect, and 
+smoking behavior.Psychol Addict Behav 2020;34:351‑59.
+56.	 Brown  RP, Gerbarg  PL. SudarshanKriya yogic breathing 
+in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: 
+Part I‑neurophysiologic model. J Altern Complement Med 
+2005;1:189‑201.
+57.	 Rajesh SK, Ilavarasu JV, Srinivasan TM, Nagendra HR. Stress 
+and its expression according to contemporary science and 
+ancient Indian wisdom: Perseverative cognition and the 
+Pañcakośas. Mens Sana Monogr 2014;1:139‑52.
+58.	 Lyvers M. “Loss of control” in alcoholism and drug addiction: 
+A neuroscientific interpretation. ExpClinPsychopharmacol 
+2000;8:225‑49.
+59.	 Kerr  CE, Sacchet  MD, Lazar  SW, Moore  CI, Jones  SR. 
+Mindfulness starts with the body: Somatosensory attention 
+and top‑down modulation of cortical alpha rhythms in 
+mindfulness meditation. Front Hum Neurosci 2013;7:12.
+doi: 10.3389/fnhum. 2013.00012.
+60.	 Ong  JC, Manber  R, Segal  Z, Xia  Y, Shapiro  S, Wyatt  JK. 
+A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation 
+for chronic insomnia. Sleep 2014;37:1553‑63.
+61.	 Bueno VF, Kozasa EH, da Silva MA, Alves TM, Louzã MR, 
+Pompéia S. Mindfulness meditation improves mood, 
+quality of life, and attention in adults with attention deficit 
+hyperactivity disorder. Biomed Res Int 2015;2015:962857.
+doi: 10.1155/2015/962857.
+62.	 Froeliger  BE, Garland  EL, Modlin  LA, McClernon  FJ. 
+Neurocognitive correlates of the effects of yoga meditation 
+practice on emotion and cognition: A  pilot study. Front 
+IntegrNeurosci 2012;6:48.doi: 10.3389/fnint. 2012.00048.
+63.	 Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EM, Gould NF, Rowland‑Seymour A, 
+Sharma R, et al. Meditation programs for psychological stress 
+and well‑being: A  systematic review and meta‑analysis. 
+JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:357‑68.
+64.	 Ando M, Morita T, Akechi T, Ito S, Tanaka M, Ifuku Y, et al. 
+The efficacy of mindfulness‑based meditation therapy on 
+anxiety, depression, and spirituality in Japanese patients 
+with cancer. J Palliat Med 2009;12:1091‑4.
+65.	 Jain  FA, Walsh  RN, Eisendrath  SJ, Christensen  S, 
+Rael Cahn B. Critical analysis of the efficacy of meditation 
+therapies for acute and subacute phase treatment of 
+depressive disorders: A systematic review. Psychosomatics 
+2015;56:140‑52.
+66.	 Garland EL, Howard MO. Mindfulness‑based treatment of 
+addiction: Current state of the field and envisioning the 
+next wave of research. Addict SciClinPract 2018;13:14.
+67.	 Newberg  AB, Wintering  N, Khalsa  DS, Roggenkamp  H, 
+Waldman  MR. Meditation effects on cognitive function 
+and cerebral blood flow in subjects with memory loss: 
+A preliminary study. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20:517‑26.
+68.	 Alfonso  JP, Caracuel  A, Delgado‑Pastor  LC, 
+Verdejo‑García A. Combined goal management training and 
+mindfulness meditation improve executive functions and 
+decision‑making performance in abstinent polysubstance 
+abusers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2011;117:78‑81.
+69.	 Tang YY, Ma Y, Wang J, Fan Y, Feng S, Lu Q, et al. Short‑term 
+meditation training improves attention and self‑regulation. 
+ProcNatlAcadSci U S A 2007;104:17152‑6.
+70.	 Auty  KM, Cope  A, Liebling  A. A  systematic review and 
+meta‑analysis of yoga and mindfulness meditation in 
+prison.Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2017;61:689‑710.
+Putchavayala, et al.: A perspective of yoga on smartphone addiction: A narrative review
+Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care	
+2291	
+Volume 11  :  Issue 6  :  June 2022
+71.	 Garland  EL, Froeliger  B, Howard  MO. Effects 
+of mindfulness‑oriented recovery enhancement on 
+reward responsiveness and opioid cue‑reactivity. 
+Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014;231:3229‑38.
+72.	 Witkiewitz K, Bowen S. Depression, craving, and substance 
+use following a randomized trial of mindfulness‑based 
+relapse prevention. J Consult ClinPsychol 2010;78:362‑74.
+73.	 Smith  DE. The process addictions and the new ASAM 
+definition of addiction. J Psychoactive Drugs 2012;44:1‑4.
+doi: 10.1080/02791072.2012.662105.
+74.	 David NG. The Addictive Properties of Internet Usage, 
+editors. Young KS, Abreu, Cristiano Nabuco de, Internet 
+Addiction, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey: 
+2011;3-17.
+75.	 Wood D, Crapnell T, Lau L, Bennett A, Lotstein D, Ferris M, 
+et  al. Emerging adulthood as a critical stage in the life 
+course. 2017 Nov 21. In: Halfon N, Forrest CB, Lerner RM, 
+Faustman  EM, editors. Handbook of Life Course Health 
+Development. Switzerland 2018;123-143.
+76.	 Alkhateeb A, Alboali R, Alharbi W, Saleh O. Smartphone 
+addiction and its complications related to health and 
+daily activities among university students in Saudi Arabia: 
+A multicenter study. J Fam Med Prim Care 2020;9:3220‑4.
+77.	 Behera  P, Majumdar  A, Revadi  G, Santoshi  J, Nagar  V, 
+Mishra N. Neck pain among undergraduate medical students 
+in a premier institute of central India: A  cross‑sectional 
+study of prevalence and associated factors. J Fam Med Prim 
+Care 2020;9:3574‑81.
+78.	 Nam Y‑O. A  study on the psychosocial variables of the 
+youth’s addiction to internet and cyber sex and their 
+problematic behavior. Korean J Soc Welf 2002;50:173‑207.
+79.	 Ju Kim  D. A  systematic review on the intervention 
+program of smartphone addiction. J Korea Acad Coop Soc 
+2020;21:276‑88.
+80.	 Kim H. Exercise rehabilitation for smartphone addiction. 
+J Exerc Rehabil 2013;9:500‑5.
+81.	 Gard T, Brach N, Hölzel BK, Noggle JJ, Conboy LA, Lazar SW, 
+et al. Effects of a yoga‑based intervention for young adults 
+on quality of life and perceived stress: The potential 
+mediating roles of mindfulness and self‑compassion. J Posit 
+Psychol 2012;7:165‑75.
+82.	 Janjhua Y, Chaudhary R, Sharma N, Kumar K. A study on 
+effect of yoga on emotional regulation, self‑esteem, and 
+feelings of adolescents. J Fam Med Prim Care 2020;9:3381‑6.
+83.	 Van Aalst  J, Ceccarini  J, Demyttenaere  K, Sunaert  S, 
+Van Laere  K. What has neuroimaging taught us on the 
+neurobiology of yoga? A review. Front Integr Neurosci 
+2020;14:34.doi: 10.3389/fnint. 2020.00034.

subfolder_0/A practical approach for total well-being based on ancient yogic knowledge.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,591 @@
+34
+© 2019 International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
+Yoga is becoming very popular across the globe. We need to understand the holistic 
+approach of Yoga in the light of ancient scriptures to explore one’s own nature. 
+Yoga is not mere physical exercises and postures; rather it is a lifestyle. If we 
+examine the current trend, starting from childhood to old age, all are undergoing a 
+drastic change in lifestyle due to rapid technological advancement which is leading 
+to pain, misery, and diseases. We have to examine and understand the perfect way 
+of life in real sense as discussed in various ancient scriptures, where emphasis is 
+given on following a systematic routine in accordance with nature. The concept of 
+total health and well‑being is the real Vedantic insight which has been originally 
+stated in many of ancient scriptures of India. There are hundreds of efforts being 
+made all over the globe with different ideologies in interpreting Yoga based on 
+their own understanding. This study is aimed at the conceptual understanding of 
+Yoga as lifestyle in day‑to‑day living as propounded in our ancient scriptures.
+Keywords: Ancient scriptures, health, right understanding, well‑being, 
+yoga life‑style
+Submission:  28-06-2019, 
+Revision:  26-08-2019, 
+Acceptance:  16-09-2019, 
+Publication:  17-10-2019
+A Practical Approach for Total Well‑being Based on Ancient Yogic 
+Knowledge
+Rajesha Halekote Karisetty, Ramachandra Ganapati Bhat
+Access this article online
+Quick Response Code:
+Website: www.ijoyppp.org
+DOI: 10.4103/ijny.ijoyppp_10_19
+Address for correspondence: Prof. Rajesha Halekote Karisetty, 
+ 
+Division of Yoga‑Spirituality, S‑VYASA Yoga 
+University, Vivekananada Road, Kallubalu Post, Anekal 
+Taluk, Bengaluru ‑ 560 083, Karnataka, India. 
+E‑mail: [email protected]
+of living, we are failing to maintain health due to 
+imbalance in need and greed. With this background, 
+we need to understand the concept of Yoga lifestyle as 
+guided by ancient scriptures and great yoga masters with 
+their natural and eco‑friendly living.
+Insight for right understanding
+As far as the right understanding is concerned, we have 
+to follow some guidelines and methodology where it 
+will not lead to any bias or misunderstanding. For valid 
+apprehension, an ancient text TarkaSaìgraha which 
+gives a comprehensive understanding of nyäya  (logic/
+methodical reasoning) and vaiçeñika  (material science) 
+states;
+Review Article
+Introduction
+A
+ncient concepts and realistic understanding of 
+the ideal yoga lifestyle for total well‑being are 
+well expounded by ancient scriptures with practical 
+and holistic approach. The insight portrayed in 
+traditional sources such as Kaöhopaniñat, Bhagavad 
+Gitä, Haöhayoga Pradépikä, Pataïjali Yogasütra, and 
+Yoga Väsiñöha, which are considered as authentic 
+yoga texts. Meanwhile, we have äyurvedik texts such 
+as Suçåtasaàhitä and carakasaàhitä as ancient roots 
+for yoga way of life and well‑being along the lines of 
+modern scientific understanding. The insight of ideal 
+lifestyle is cemented with the daily routine by great 
+seers of ancient times.
+There is a need to understand and implement a holistic 
+approach of Yoga lifestyle to maintain health and 
+well‑being as the whole globe is in alarming condition 
+as far as noncommunicable disorders are concerned. 
+Although science and technology are growing day 
+by day with new innovations to increase the standard 
+Division of Yoga‑Spirituality, 
+S‑VYASA, Bengaluru, 
+Karnataka, India
+Abstract
+This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the 
+Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows 
+others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as 
+appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical 
+terms.
+For reprints contact: [email protected]
+How to cite this article: Karisetty RH, Bhat RG. A practical approach for 
+total well-being based on ancient yogic knowledge. Int J Yoga - Philosop 
+Psychol Parapsychol 2019;7:34-8.
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Karisetty and Bhat: Yoga as a lifestyle for health and well‑being
+35
+35
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 7  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2019
+ywawRnuÉvítuivRx>àTy]anuimTyupimitzaBdÉedat!,
+yathärthanubhavaçcaturvidhaùpratyakñänumityup
+amitiçäbdabhedät| (Ta. Sa.Section 3‑21)
+The 
+methodology 
+for 
+valid 
+apprehension 
+is 
+four‑fold: 
+perception, 
+inference, 
+analytical 
+knowledge, and testimony.[1] Any concept which is 
+examined under these four means is accepted to be 
+valid statement for executing in a day‑to‑day life. 
+With this background, ancient scriptures speak about 
+the yoga way of life with practical approach guided 
+by vedantic insight.
+Understanding from Upaniñats
+Kaöhopaniñat, one of the major upaniñats has very well 
+portrayed the concept of yoga as Adhyätma yoga  (the 
+journey within). It is very easy to implement a natural 
+and yogic lifestyle if one understands the underlying 
+factor of this concept.
+AXyaTmyaegaixgmen dev<mTvaxIraeh;RzaekaEjhait. 12.
+adhyätmayogädhigamenadevaàmatv
+ädhéroharñaçokaujahäti || 1.2.11||
+The objective of practicing Adhyätma yoga is very well 
+summed up here. A  wise by experiencing the blissful 
+nature within, which is attained through meditation on 
+the self, abandons both pleasure and sorrow. Meditation 
+on self is possible when one is able to maintain the 
+equilibrium of mind by withdrawing all sense organs.[2] 
+A further statement supports the intended outcome of 
+yoga;
+ta<yaegimitmNyNteiSwraimiNÔyxar[am!,
+täàyogamitimanyantesthirämindriyadhäraëäm | 
+Ka. Up. 2.3.11|
+That alone is understood to be yoga which reduces 
+the intensity of sensual energies and brings them to a 
+state of steadiness. As a result, one will be free from 
+committing blunders by being aware of all activities for 
+a successful life journey.[3]
+A 
+practical 
+Insight 
+for 
+Yoga 
+lifestyle 
+from 
+Bhagavad Gita
+The real concept of yoga lies in bringing a moderation in 
+various aspects in our lifestyle such as food, recreation, 
+activities, and sleep. This is nothing but an eco‑friendly 
+life.
+yu´aharivharSy yu´ceòSy kmRsu, yu´SvßavbaexSy yaegae 
+Évit Ê>oha. 6‑17.
+yuktähäravihärasya yuktaceñöasya karmasu |
+yuktasvapnävabodhasya yogo bhavati duùkhahä || 
+6‑17||
+He who is temperate in his habits of eating, sleeping, 
+working, and recreation can mitigate all material 
+pains by practicing the yoga system. Food: When 
+pure food is consumed, our understanding becomes 
+absolutely discriminative in the right path. Due to higher 
+understanding, mental reflections will be pure. The memory 
+will be very strong when one has a proper understanding; 
+due to the strong memory, one is released from all worldly 
+bondages.  (Ch. Up.  7.26.2) Recreation: Those additional 
+activities apart from our daily activities that are meant to 
+rejuvenate our inner self should be moderate in nature. 
+Recreational activities are the one that the mind tends to 
+involve in excess indiscriminately. Activities: Our daily 
+activities from dawn to dusk should also be moderate. 
+By all means, it should avoid bad actions. Good deeds 
+constructively strengthen a person. Sleep: Sleep should 
+also be moderate both in quantity and quality. Not 
+sleeping enough and excessively sleeping, both harm our 
+system, and also quality of sleep should be good, with 
+proportionately balanced dream and deep state sleep.
+This concept of moderate lifestyle is mentioned across 
+different traditional texts. Although we have different 
+terminologies called Veda, Vedänta, yajïa, and Yoga, 
+the spirit of all these is one and the same, and as far 
+as lifestyle is concerned they all unequivocally voice 
+moderation.
+The concept of total well‑being
+Well‑being is not just limited to healthy state of 
+the physical body, but it is beyond the body as 
+human 
+existence 
+has 
+five 
+layers. According 
+to 
+taittiréya upaniñat, the very existence of the physical 
+body  (annamayakoça) is supported by the vital force/
+breath energy  (präëamayakoça), mind  (manomayakoça), 
+the 
+intellect 
+(vijïänamayakoça), 
+and 
+blissful 
+layer.  (änandamayakoça).[4] In this modern age, the 
+concept of health and well‑being is well accepted by 
+the World Health Organization, and it defines health 
+as “Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and 
+social well‑being and not merely the absence of disease 
+or infirmity.”[5] The uniqueness of this statement is not yet 
+amended since 1948. Physical and mental well‑being can 
+be well connected with the first three layers of existence 
+whereas the fourth and fifth layer is very well‑connected 
+with social and spiritual well‑being. Hence, it makes 
+sense that the well‑being as expounded by Upanishads is 
+surely a holistic approach of ideal lifestyle.
+Insights from äyurveda
+This statement of health and well‑being is very well 
+understood with more clarity by one of the ayurvedic 
+texts suçåtasaàhitä, which states as follows:
+smdae;> smai¶í smxatumli³ya>, àsÚaTmeiniNÔymna> 
+SvSw> #TyiÉxIyte. su s<.
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Karisetty and Bhat: Yoga as a lifestyle for health and well‑being
+36
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 7  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2019
+samadoñaùsamägniçca samadhätumalakriyäù
+prasannätmenindriyamanäù svasthaù ityabhidhéyate || 
+Su.Sam. ||
+The hymn/verse conveys the unique understanding 
+of well‑being where all three doña/humors  (väta‑air, 
+pitta‑fire, and kapha‑water) are in balance; whose 
+appetite and digestive fire are in balanced state with 
+cellular metabolism comprising of complete digestion, 
+absorption, and assimilation; the functions of seven 
+dhätus  (tissues) with quality and quantity are normal; 
+whose mala/metabolic wastes and toxins  (sweat, urine, 
+and feces) are properly and timely excreted; the sensory 
+and motor organs with an efficiency of the right perception 
+and strength; the undisturbed mind, the ätma (soul) also 
+in a pleasant/blissful state,  (unconditionally happy and 
+devoid of stress) such a person is named as having 
+overall well‑being or Svasthaù.[6]
+This verse is explained further with modern anatomical 
+and physiological understanding.
+Sama Doçaù
+Three doña/humors; väta, pitta, and kapha are three 
+functions that regulate all physiological, psychological, 
+and spiritual facets of a person. The etymology of 
+the word “doña” is defined as “doñyati iti doçaù,” 
+meaning that which contaminates is called “doshah.” 
+The imbalance of humors causes disease in the body. 
+Väta or the air element governs breathing, movements, 
+discharges, impulses, and the human senses. Pitta or the 
+fire element deals with hunger, thirst, digestion, excretion, 
+temperature, and circulation. It also corresponds to 
+strength, energy, youth, intelligence, and executive 
+abilities. The kapha or the water element controls the 
+stability, lubrication, movements, body luster, digestive 
+tract, glands, and fluids of the body. Other factors 
+such as defect in the dhätu  (body tissues), toxins, 
+and waste materials are the result of imbalance in the 
+doñas.[7] The Table 1 showing the functionalities of sub 
+doñas/humors which are responsible for the physiological, 
+psychological, and spiritual traits are enlisted below.[8]
+Samägni (digestive fire)
+Referred to as body metabolism which comprise of the 
+functions such as digestion, absorption, and assimilation. 
+This digestive fire is mainly responsible for converting 
+assimilated food into dhätus (body tissues).[9]
+Samadhätu (the right composition of body tissues 
+within the range)
+There are seven tissues which makes the physiology 
+of the body named as rasa (plasma), rakta (blood), 
+mäàsa (muscle), asthi (bones), majja (bone marrow), 
+meda (fat) and śukra (Semen and Ova). If we look at 
+these body tissues, the abnormalities and imbalances 
+are the root cause for many kinds of diseases. Thus, 
+the physiological health is perfectly maintained by the 
+balance of these body tissues.[10]
+Malakriyäù (excretory functions)
+As far as perfect health is concerned, a lot of emphases 
+is given on excretion of metabolic wastes and toxins 
+(sweat, urine, and feces) which keep the body away 
+from diseases.
+Prasannätmenindriyamanäù (pleasant state of soul, 
+mind and sense organs)
+It is well assumed that proper excretory functions ensure 
+good health and increases the lifespan. The importance 
+of social well‑being is very much stressed by äyurveda, 
+which can be achieved only being holistic in nature 
+with contented spirit, senses, and mind. It describes the 
+methods of maintaining the ideal lifestyle for people of 
+all ages.[6]
+Moderation is the master key for well‑being
+A perfect state of health and well‑being which is devoid 
+of destructive pains such as diseases  (physical‑somatic) 
+and miseries  (mental‑psychosomatic) is achieved when 
+we strictly stick to the natural way of lifestyle which is 
+followed by moderation in food, recreation  (walking, 
+traveling, etc.,) or activities without exertion and 
+sleep‑wake up at regular disciplined time says 
+Bhagavad‑Gita  (B.G 6.17). On the contrary, if 
+moderation is lost such as meger food or overeating 
+and wakeful even at late night or one who sleep less 
+will have quick deterioration in one’s own life span. 
+One can be very active with full of positive energy for 
+discharging one’s own duties with full awareness without 
+any exertion if proper food and sleep is maintained 
+moderately.[10] Further Bhagavad Gita says, pain, grief, 
+and diseases are caused by food which is bitter, sour, 
+saline, excessively hot, pungent, dry, and burning. 
+The food which are stale, tasteless, putrid, rotten and 
+impure leads to sleep, sloth, and inadvertence.[11] Even 
+modern scientific evidence prove that overeating is an 
+early alarming sign of added psychological distress or 
+is a compromised psychological health.[12] Most of the 
+adolescents do not undergo the recommended amount 
+of sleep, resulting in significant daytime sleepiness. 
+Inadequate sleep and drowsiness impact all areas of 
+youthful functioning, including academic, emotional and 
+social, which emphasizes the importance of evaluating 
+sleepy adolescents.[13]
+Importance of Brahma Muhurta for better health 
+and well‑being
+Getting up early in the morning is utmost important 
+as per experienced seers, and it is insisted in ancient 
+scriptures. According to prätaùsüktaà of ågveda, one 
+who exposes to the nature early in the morning will be 
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Karisetty and Bhat: Yoga as a lifestyle for health and well‑being
+37
+37
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 7  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2019
+charged with positive and vital energy for better health, 
+wealth, and well‑being with full of consciousness and 
+force.[14] One of the studies also supports the improved 
+attention and memory of early rising.[15]
+Key practices for health and well‑being
+Although 
+Bhagavad 
+Géta 
+and 
+Upaniñat 
+give 
+a 
+broader and philosophical understanding, the practical 
+implications are discussed in Haöhayoga texts, Pataïjali 
+Yoga Sütra, and Yoga Väsiñöha. The six cleansing 
+practices 
+– 
+ñaökarma, 
+äsanas, 
+different 
+breathing 
+techniques, and präëäyäma are the main practices for 
+physiological and psychological well‑being. One of the 
+Haöhayoga texts Gheraëda Samhitä says purification, 
+firmness, steadiness, patience, lightness, inner perception, 
+and noninvolvement are the seven practices to make the 
+body and mind free from disease and disorder.[16] Shiva 
+Samhita proclaims präëäyäma increases life energy, 
+gives strength, nourishment, makes the body full of 
+energy, destroys all diseases, and gives health.[17] Maharñi 
+Pataïjali directs the practice of one‑pointedness principle 
+or truth that leads to overcome pain and miseries. 
+Furthermore, different methods are recommended for 
+the tranquility of mind.[18] The concept of disease and 
+its root causes are well discussed in Yoga Väsiñöha. 
+Eating inappropriate food which is räjasik and tämasik, 
+an occupation which is at unsuitable places, conduct 
+of affairs in unsuitable time, and association with 
+unscrupulous people and by the diminution or overfilling 
+of the system causes diseases by directly influencing 
+the energy channels either by blocking the energy 
+flow or may lead to abnormal flow. Psychological and 
+physiological health is achieved by calming down the 
+mind. If the physiological health is still not corrected on 
+removal of mental dualities, one can resort to auspicious 
+methods of employing suitable materials and mantras/or 
+sacred words and through following the advice of science 
+of healing or medical treatment.[19]
+Dinacarya and åtucarya
+Maintaining one’s health depends on following the 
+principles elaborated according to äyurveda texts. 
+Svasthavåtta is an integral part and parcel of äyurveda 
+which primarily emphasizes on Dinacarya, åtucarya, 
+and Sadvåtta. A  daily routine  (Dinacarya) is absolutely 
+necessary to bring essential change in body, mind, and 
+consciousness. It also regularizes a person’s circadian 
+rhythm  (biological clock), helps digestion, absorption, 
+and assimilation and leads to peace, happiness, and 
+longevity. Seasonal change (åtucarya) is very evident in 
+the environment we live in. We witness various changes 
+in bio‑life around us with change in season. Human 
+being too a part of the same ecology; the body is greatly 
+influenced by the external environment. If the body is 
+unable to adopt itself to stressors due to changes in 
+specific traits of seasons, it may lead to imbalance of 
+constituents which in turn may render the body highly 
+susceptible to one or other kinds of disorders. Sadvåtta 
+refers to good personal and social behavior which 
+gives a healthy long‑life and happiness. Hence, the 
+implementation of these life principles prevents diseases 
+and preserves health.
+Time is an essential factor which advocates regulation 
+of day‑to‑day activities in a systematic manner. Early 
+waking up is described in classical texts as Brahma 
+Muhurta. This enables an individual to get sufficient 
+Table 1: Influence of väta, pitta, and kapha in regulation of physiological, psychological, and spiritual facets
+Sub‑doñas of väta
+Präëa
+Udäna
+Samäna
+Apäna
+Vyäna
+Inhalation, perception 
+through the senses and 
+mind
+Speech, self‑expression, 
+effort, enthusiasm, 
+strength, and vitality
+Intestines
+peristalsis
+Nutrient and
+Absorption
+All downward impulses such 
+as urination, elimination, 
+menstruation, sexual 
+discharges, etc.
+Skin 
+Horripilation 
+Shivering 
+Circulation, heart rhythm, 
+locomotion, etc.
+Sub‑doñas of pitta
+Päcaka
+Raïjaka
+Älocaka
+Sädhaka
+Bhräjaka
+Digestion of food, 
+nutrients, and waste
+Liver ‑ Bile/blood
+Formation of red blood 
+cells. Gives color to blood 
+and stools
+Eyes and retina
+Visual 
+perception
+Emotions such as contentment, 
+memory, intelligence, and 
+thoughts
+Luster and complexion, 
+temperature and 
+pigmentation of the skin
+Subdoñas of kapha
+Kledaka
+Avalambaka
+Bodhaka
+Tarpaka
+Çleñaka
+Humidifying and thawing 
+of the food in the initial 
+stages of digestion
+Lubrication of the heart 
+and lungs. Provides 
+strength to the back, chest, 
+and heart
+Mouth, pharynx
+Saliva
+Taste
+Brain, cerebrospinal fluid
+Calmness, happiness, and 
+stability
+Synovial fluid
+Lubrication of all joints
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Karisetty and Bhat: Yoga as a lifestyle for health and well‑being
+38
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 7  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2019
+time to practice the entire Dinacarya schedule without 
+hindrances and lapse.[20] A systematic schedule is 
+absolutely necessary to bring essential change in 
+body, mind, and consciousness. A  daily schedule helps 
+to establish balance in one’s constitution also as it 
+regularizes a person’s biological clock which involves 
+digestion, absorption, and assimilation, and makes 
+self‑esteem, discipline, peace, happiness, and longevity. 
+Getting up early in the morning, elimination, cleaning 
+of senses, apply oil to the head and body  (abhyanga), 
+bathing, exercises, lunch, dinner, and bedtime are all 
+an integral part of daily routine. A human being is part 
+of the ecological system who is greatly influenced by 
+external environment. Hence, one should be following 
+these instructions to maintain body‑mind‑spirit health.[21]
+If one is undisciplined against nature with a sedentary 
+lifestyle, the health consequences and mechanism of 
+diseases are explained by Yoga Väsiñöha as follows:
+ÊrÚaMyvhare[ ÊdeRza³m[en c, Ê:kal Vyvhare[ 
+ÊjRnas¼dae;t>.31.
+]I[Tvat! va=itpU[RTvat! nafIna< rNØs<ttaE, àa[e ivxurta< yate 
+Vyaix> dehe àvtRte.32.
+durannämyavahäreëa durdeçäkramaëena ca|
+duñkäla vyavahäreëa durjanäsaìgadoñataù||31||
+kñéëatvät vä'tipürëatvät näòénäà randhrasantatau|
+präëe vidhuratäà yäte vyädhiù dehe pravartate||32||
+Eating unhealthy food which is räjasik and tämasik, 
+occupation at inappropriate places, conduct of activities 
+at unsuitable times and association with wrong people, 
+overfilling the stomach cause diseases by directly 
+blocking bioenergy flow in the energy channels.
+Health‑related consequences of an inappropriate and 
+a sedentary lifestyle have been extensively reported in 
+the scientific literature. For instance, a study reported 
+that students aged 14–17 years who routinely engage in 
+eating junk food, overeating, and lack physical activity 
+are found to be more obese. They tend to develop 
+a higher risk for various serious diseases such as 
+diabetes, heart diseases, stroke, liver diseases, infertility, 
+hypertension, arthritis, and cancer.[22]
+Conclusion
+As we are part and parcel of ecological system, we 
+cannot negate and break the natural laws. If we set our 
+day‑to‑day activities in accordance with the seasonal 
+changes as recommended by great yoga masters and 
+scriptures, surely one can achieve health, happiness, and 
+peace. As the goal of human life is to establish happiness 
+in oneself which is devoid of miseries and diseases, one 
+must follow the holistic approach for physiobiological 
+well‑being with improved quality of lifestyle.
+Financial support and sponsorship
+Nil.
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+References
+1. 
+Virupakshananda  S. Tarka Sangraha, Sri Ramakrishna Math. 
+Mylapore, Madras; 2007. p. 72‑3.
+2. 
+Aurobindo S. The Upanishds, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondichrry; 
+1981. p. 222.
+3. 
+Aurobindo 
+S. 
+The 
+Upanishds, 
+Sri 
+Aurobindo 
+Ashram, 
+Pondicherry; 1981. p. 240.
+4. 
+Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Yoga for Promotion of Positive 
+Health, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana, Bengaluru; 2010. 
+p. 20‑39.
+5. 
+Saracci R. The world health organisation needs to reconsider its 
+definition of health. BMJ 1997;314:1409‑10.
+6. 
+Samal J. The concept of public health in ayurveda. Int Ayurvedic 
+Med J 2013;1:1‑5.
+7. 
+Rao  RV. Ayurveda and the science of aging. J Ayurveda Integr 
+Med 2018;9:225‑32.
+8. 
+Hankey  A. Ayurvedic physiology and etiology: Ayurvedo 
+amritanaam. The doshas and their functioning in terms 
+of contemporary biology and physical chemistry. J  Altern 
+Complement Med 2001;7:567‑74.
+9. 
+Sharma V, Chaudhary AK. Concepts of dhatu siddhanta (theory 
+of tissues formation and differentiation) and rasayana; probable 
+predecessor of stem cell therapy. Ayu 2014;35:231‑6.
+10. Shastri AM. The Bhagavad Gita. Madras: Samata Books; 2017. 
+p. 192‑3.
+11. Shastri AM. The Bhagavad Gita. Madras: Samata Books; 2017. 
+p. 431‑43.
+12. Ackard  DM, Neumark‑Sztainer  D, Story  M, Perry  C. 
+Overeating among adolescents: Prevalence and associations with 
+weight‑related characteristics and psychological health. Pediatrics 
+2003;111:67‑74.
+13. Moore M, Meltzer LJ. The sleepy adolescent: Causes and 
+consequences of sleepiness in teens. Paediatr Respir Rev 
+2008;9:114‑20.
+14. Aurobindo M. The secrets of the Veda. Vol. 15: Sri Aurobindo 
+Ashram Trust, Pondicherry; 1998. p. 44‑7.
+15. Kumaran  VS, Raghavendra  BR, Manjunath  NK. Influence of 
+early rising on performance in tasks requiring attention and 
+memory. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2012;56:337‑44.
+16. Niranjanananda S. Gheranda Samhita. Munger: Yoga Publication 
+Trust; 2012. p. 26‑9.
+17. Vasu CS. The Shiva Samhita. The Panini Ashram. Bhuvaneshwari 
+Ashram, Rajkot; 1914. p. 20.
+18. Baba  B. Yogasutra Patanjali. Varanasi: Motilal Banarsidass; 
+2005. p. 16‑20.
+19. Bharati  J. Essence of Yoga Vasishta. Madras: Samata Books; 
+1985. p. 262‑3.
+20. Samagandi DK, Samagandi DJ. Appraisal Essay on Sacred Clip: 
+Brahma Muhurtha. J Ayush 2013;1:1‑9.
+21. Thakkar  J, Chaudhari  S, Sarkar  PK. Ritucharya: Answer to the 
+lifestyle disorders. Ayu 2011;32:466‑71.
+22. Sharma  M, Majumdar  PK. Occupational lifestyle diseases: An 
+emerging issue. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2009;13:109‑12.
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]

subfolder_0/A prophet lays down his pen..txt

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+A Prophet Lays Down His Pen
+Alex Hankey, PhD
+I
+n the good old days, an illumined wizard ‘‘broke his
+wand.’’ The Tempest’s Epilogue,1 spoken by Prospero, after
+he has released Ariel from his power, and sent Caliban
+(a skeptic?) packing, contains one of Shakespeare’s most no-
+table speeches. One hears not only Prospero’s illumined voice,
+‘‘Now I want / Spirits to enforce, art to enchant,’’ and Sha-
+kespeare’s, laying down His Pen, but also the Divine: ‘‘Gentle
+breath of yours, my sails / Must fill, or else my project fails, /
+Which was to please.and my ending is despair, unless I be
+relieved by Prayer.’’
+In one section of Four Quartets, T.S. Eliot’s illuminated
+signoff, God is represented as Practitioner. ‘‘The wounded
+surgeon plies the steel, / That questions the distempered
+part, Beneath the bleeding hands we feel / The sharp
+compassion of the healer’s art.’’2 If God is Practitioner, and
+Poet is Patient, the creative process is Remedy. Shake-
+speare’s triumvirate of God, Poet, and Prospero is thus
+somewhat akin to Practitioner, Patient, and Remedy, the
+subject of Milgrom’s work,3–8 from which he claims to be
+retiring.
+Over the last 10 years, Milgrom has demonstrated a
+‘‘magic touch,’’ arriving at a metaphorical model of quantum
+healing that, as he rightly suggests, may apply to all systems
+of medicine (see Milgrom’s article in this issue). His work has
+exemplified a fundamental principle: Science is not a set of
+laws, but a process of discovery, of continual renewal. Of
+this, creative minds are sure. Simple hypotheses are con-
+jectured and tested, often refuted9; limits of known laws are
+delineated. Established laws should thus be regarded not as
+sacred mantras to be endlessly and unthinkingly repeated as
+skeptics are wont to do, but as possibly simplistic, and re-
+quiring updating; as Whitehead famously suggested, ‘‘Seek
+simplicity and mistrust it.’’10 Then outdated paradigms can
+be discarded, and new ones adopted.11
+A New Medical Paradigm
+Recent
+decades
+have
+witnessed
+discoveries
+altering
+biology and medicine unrecognizably and irrevocably. La-
+marck’s rejected ideas12 have now become accepted in
+twenty-first-century epigenetics13: Genome labels modified in
+response to environmental stimuli may be inherited by both cell
+and organism. Similarly, publication of James Watson’s
+genome14 massively impacted the Genomic paradigm. The
+‘‘inborn errors of metabolism’’15 at the origin of the genomic
+paradigm are part of a wider range of phenomena, in which
+Epigenome and Proteome also play vital roles (see Box 1).
+The epigenome because a gene wrongly switched off results in
+the same ‘‘error of metabolism’’ as that of a pathogenic mutation
+of the same gene.
+The new medical paradigm is awaited, its contents debated.
+It will certainly have to include cell regulation, but even em-
+inent bioscientists have failed to acknowledge this. In 2008,
+Nurse pointed to the importance of cellular information pro-
+cesses,16 implying that processes and pathways interact, but
+despite the almost universal, mysterious, presence of feedback
+loops in cell signaling pathways, he failed to identify their
+significance. Why so many cyclic pathways, Sir Paul?
+Another fertile source of ideas is toxicology, broadly in-
+cluding both hormesis17 and homeopathy. Toxins affect
+proteomes, interfering with active sites. In toxicology,
+Box 1. The Tree of Cellular Regulation Processes
+IV METABOLOME
+The Metabolome consists
+of all metabolites in different cells
+of an organism. It is continuously altered by
+regulations of proteome activity, either directly
+through feedback from metabolites, or through
+the hierarchy of regulatory processes at the epigenetic
+level controlling the genome. Most pathology starts with
+metabolome imbalance due to genome or epigenome failure.
+III PROTEOME
+The proteome is the
+body of proteins in the organism,
+including all active enzymes catalyzing
+metabolic processes. A wrong mutation or epigenetic
+switching can have the same effect: failure of enzyme
+catalysis, stopping a single reaction, or an entire pathway.
+II EPIGENOME
+The epigenome regulates or
+modifies genome expression. A gene wrongly
+switched off results in failure to produce a peptide.
+I GENOME
+The genome encodes the proteome.
+Mutations may change amino acid sequences.
+SVYASA, Physical Science, Jigani, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
+THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
+Volume 18, Number 2, 2012, pp. 103–105
+ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
+DOI: 10.1089/acm.2011.0960
+103
+pathologies caused by failure of enzymes due to toxin–
+enzyme coupling, are similar to those due to parent gene
+mutation. Symptoms may therefore mimic genome errors.
+Toxicology’s associated fields have important implications
+for cell function.
+A Role for Homeopathy
+Homeopathy uses this connection between pathology and
+errors in metabolism in its ‘‘law of similars’’: potentized
+preparations of a toxin can cure ‘‘similar’’ pathologies.
+Clearly, it cannot correct genetic mutations, but what if
+symptoms arose from wrong epigenetic switching? Could
+homeopathy then help? Yes, if homeopathy can correct epige-
+netic errors. This leads to the hypothesis:
+Potentized remedies switch back ‘‘on,’’ specific enzymes
+wrongly switched off.
+They remedy epigenetic problems.
+Events such as vaccination, which homeopaths claim are
+pathogenic, might well trigger epigenetic problems. If the
+above hypothesis holds, then homeopathic treatment could
+eliminate them. Epigenetics provides a context for science to
+understand homeopathy. What more is needed?
+Hormesis: Active Regulation of Biosystems
+Another toxicology-related field pointing to a key ingre-
+dient of the new theory is hormesis, the phenomenon
+whereby low levels of a toxin improve health (i.e., the presence
+of a toxin stimulates a reaction that increases enzyme levels).
+This has important implications for mechanisms of regula-
+tion, including epigenetics: Biosystems actively monitor en-
+zyme processes. Toxin detection leads to increases in enzyme
+production, which compensate loss of activity. Healthy response
+to low toxin levels is thus intelligent and nonlinear. Hormesis
+is widespread, implying that:
+Most proteome enzymes are under active regulation.
+Now, the process of active regulation is carried out by
+those little-appreciated feedback loops (Sir Paul) and, in the
+form of ‘‘criticality,’’ is a central aspect of modern com-
+plexity biology. Criticality represents maximum sensitivity
+of system response. It occurs when feedback reaches the
+instability limit where any increase will drive the system
+into a limit cycle. And what could be more plausible than
+actively regulated systems maximizing their sensitivity of
+response?
+This simple idea may explain why not only active regu-
+lation (hormesis), but also ‘‘criticality’’ seems to be so wide-
+spread as to be universal. How do we know? The instability
+inherent in criticality results in a fractal distribution of responses
+to external stimuli, and fractal responses are now known to be
+the sign of healthy function, as in the much-studied phe-
+nomenon of heart rate variability.
+Over the past 2 decades, biology has thus arrived at a
+point where complexity phenomena are seen to be so
+widespread as to be effectively universal, and can now be
+understood for simple reasons: Maximum sensitivity is a
+competitive advantage for which the necessary condition is
+feedback instability, verified through observations of ‘‘criti-
+cality’’ and ‘‘fractality.’’
+Quantum Semiotics and Critical Fluctuations
+How does this connect to Milgrom’s metaphorical dis-
+course on quantum semiotics? The answer is simple: At
+feedback instabilities, excitations are not ordinary quanta, but
+highly correlated critical fluctuations originating in quantum
+uncertainty. Their description requires quantum analogs.
+Milgrom’s whimsical analysis of his own theory is thus
+appropriate to the implications of hormesis combined with
+complexity biology’s ‘‘criticality’’ and ‘‘fractality’’ regulatory
+patterns. Furthermore, these quantum-like entities are not
+quanta: Walach and Milgrom’s thesis receives support.
+How does this concern homeopathy? Fluctuations are in-
+volved in criticality regulated systems. Without them, epi-
+genetic regulation fails; enzyme regulation gets stuck. To
+restore ‘‘criticality’’ requires reintroducing fluctuations.
+Homeopathy may therefore work, providing the remedy
+consists of the quantum fluctuations, which can restore
+criticality18 and system regulation. Completing this account
+of homeopathy only requires showing that:
+Succussion of a chemical moiety amplifies its quantum
+fluctuations.
+We may soon understand homeopathic remedies’ action:
+Epigenetic failure of a critically regulated enzyme only re-
+quires the correct quantum fluctuations to restore its regu-
+lation of those of potentized toxins coupling to its active site.19
+Such fluctuations can describe can Practitioner & Patient
+as well as Remedy (proof too long to include here), pointing
+to why systems of complementary medicine are so powerful:
+Most systems of complementary medicine help restore
+regulation to misregulated systems.
+Milgrom’s labor developing key aspects of the medical
+process may come to be seen as central to the new medical
+paradigm. Here are its key concepts:
+1. Psycho-psychological (medical) states are quantum states,
+which may represent both practitioner and patient.
+2. Similar states can represent homeopathic remedies.
+3. Such states enter high-order correlations.
+Milgrom’s Mirror and Its Verification
+Milgrom’s most interesting discovery may be his de-
+scription of the way to restore health: Mirror states of im-
+balance by supplying their opposite. In 2005, Scott-Morley, a
+practitioner of electro-acupuncture, discovered something
+similar: He learned to mirror the state of patient imbalance,
+and transfer the required ‘‘vibrations’’ to water, which could
+then be used as the sole medicine needed to cure the patient.
+This idea too has origins in homeopathy. Hahnemann
+originally considered single medicines. Some still regard
+them as ideal. Milgrom describes the underlying system
+process, while Scott-Morley’s identifies a way to achieve it.
+Goodbye Mr. Chips?
+In writing widely about his theory, Milgrom has exposed
+himself to skepticism and scientism: fundamentalisms of
+scientists of a conservative bent, who consider scientific ideas
+as fact rather than process. He has defended himself and his
+104
+EDITORIAL
+discipline staunchly, often giving as good as he got. He may
+feel tired, but he can bow out on a high note, knowing his
+insights are now on the verge of being given a rigorous and
+secure scientific basis.
+Let us hope this new paradigm of regulation establishes
+itself quickly. In addition to epigenetics, advances in toxi-
+cology and complexity biology, the widespread occurrence
+of hormesis, criticality, and fractality now stand to justify
+Milgrom’s extraordinarily prescient work, and generous at-
+titude to opponents like Ernst. Like Prospero, he might say to
+his colleagues:
+Let me not,/ since I have now my dukedom got / and par-
+doned the deceiver, dwell / in this bare island by your spell: /
+but release me from my bands / with the help of your good
+hands..As you from faults would pardoned be, / Let your
+indulgence set me free.
+References
+1. Shakespeare W. The Tempest. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
+University Press, 1961.
+2. Eliot TS. East Coker. London: Faber and Faber, 1941. Stanza
+IV, line 1.
+3. Milgrom LR. Towards a topological description of the
+therapeutic process. J Altern Complement Med 2010;16:1–13.
+4. Milgrom LR. Journeys in the country of the blind: En-
+tanglement theory and the effects of blinding on trials of
+homeopathy and homeopathic provings. eCAM 2007;4:7.
+5. Milgrom LR, Chatfield K. ‘‘It’s the consultation, stupid!’’
+Isn’t it? J Altern Complement Med 2011;17:1–3.
+6. Milgrom LR. Patient-practitioner-remedy (PPR) entangle-
+ment, Part 10: Toward a unified theory of homeopathy and
+conventional medicine. J Altern Complement Med 2007;13:
+759–770.
+7. Milgrom LR. A new geometrical description of entangle-
+ment and the curative homeopathic process. J Altern Com-
+plement Med 2008;14:329, and references therein.
+8. Milgrom LR. Patient–practitioner–remedy (PPR) entangle-
+ment: Part 3. Refining the quantum metaphor for homeop-
+athy. Homeopathy 2003;92:152–160.
+9. Popper KR. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of
+Scientific Knowledge. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
+1963.
+10. Whitehead AN. The Concept of Nature. New York: Cosimo
+Books, 2007.
+11. Kuhn T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 3rd ed.
+Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
+12. Corsi P. The Age of Lamarck: Evolutionary Theories in France,
+1790–1830. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.
+13. Richards EJ. Inherited epigenetic variation–revisiting soft
+inheritance. Nat Rev Genet 2006;7:395–401.
+14. Wheeler DA, Srinivasan M, Egholm M, et al. The complete
+genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA se-
+quencing. Nature 2008;452:872–876.
+15. Garrod AE. Inborn Errors of Metabolism. London: Hodder
+and Staughton, 1923.
+16. Nurse P. Life, logic and information. Nature 2008;454,424–
+426.
+17. Calabrese EJ, Baldwin LA. Hormesis: The close–response
+revolution. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2003;43:175–197.
+18. Nykter M, Price MD, Aldana M, et al. Gene expression dy-
+namics in the macrophage exhibit criticality. PNAS 2008;105:
+1897–1900.
+19. Hankey A. Are we close to a theory of energy medicine? J
+Altern Complement Med 2004;10:83–86.
+Address correspondence to:
+Alex Hankey, PhD
+SVYASA
+Physical Science
+Jigani
+Bangalore, Karnataka 560106
+India
+E-mail: [email protected]
+EDITORIAL
+105
+This article has been cited by:

subfolder_0/A randomized study on the energy difference measured by electro photonic image on caregivers practiced Indian aesthetic dance and yoga.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1063 @@
+See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342505102
+A randomized study on the energy difference measured by electro photonic
+image on caregivers practiced Indian aesthetic dance and yoga
+Article  in  International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · June 2020
+DOI: 10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203013
+CITATIONS
+0
+READS
+81
+4 authors, including:
+Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
+Neurophysiological Correlates of Wakefulness and sleep in meditators and non meditators View project
+Cerebral autoregulation and autonomic nervous system activity while performing yoga practices View project
+Melukote Krishnamurthy Sridhar
+SVYASA Yoga University
+3 PUBLICATIONS   0 CITATIONS   
+SEE PROFILE
+Deepeshwar Singh
+SVYASA Yoga University
+31 PUBLICATIONS   92 CITATIONS   
+SEE PROFILE
+All content following this page was uploaded by Deepeshwar Singh on 28 June 2020.
+The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
+ 
+                                 International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | July 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 7    Page 2770 
+International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health 
+Hegde JR et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020 Jul;7(7):2770-2777 
+http://www.ijcmph.com 
+pISSN 2394-6032 | eISSN 2394-6040 
+Original Research Article 
+A randomized study on the energy difference measured by electro 
+photonic image on caregivers practiced Indian aesthetic dance and yoga 
+Jayashree R. Hegde1*, Sridhar K. Melukote1, Karuna Vijayendra2, Deepeshwar Singh3  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+INTRODUCTION 
+Caregivers (CGs) are the main supporters concerning 
+education, shelter, food, and protection to grow and 
+develop children with NDDs with full potentials.1 The 
+prevalence of NDDs in children is increasing at 1-3% 
+globally and in India, nearly 12% of children aged 2-9 
+years are prone to it.2,3  
+The stressors created on family members by persistent 
+caring of the children with NDDs, is referred to as a 
+caregiver’s burden, that affects their health physically, 
+psycho-emotionally, socially, and financially.4 Such 
+conditions pose CGs prone to negative attitudes such as 
+stress, worries, sadness, rejection, pessimism about 
+future, aggression, avoidance, irrational belief in a child’s 
+disability, greater risk for higher levels of hostility, and 
+ABSTRACT 
+ 
+Background: Electro photonic image (EPI) technique based on the bio-energy field, is growing as a novel technique 
+in the fields of alternative medicine, conventional practices, psycho-physiology, psychology, and consciousness. In 
+this study, the EPI instrument is used to assess emotional pressure which is termed as activation coefficient (AC), 
+communication energy (C) level of various organ systems, and entropy (E) in the human energy field is assessed in 
+the caregivers (CGs) of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs).  
+Methods: Immediate effect of Indian aesthetic dance (n=31) and yoga (n=30) practices for 75 minutes were assessed 
+in two randomized experimental groups that are later compared with the control group (n=30). The statistical analysis 
+was done using IBM SPSS Version 21.0.  
+Results: The activation coefficient of intervention groups showed a significant reduction in stress levels (p<0.001). 
+Indian aesthetic dance intervention group showed significant improvement in the energy level of the organ systems 
+namely respiratory, endocrine, musculoskeletal and digestive system (p<0.001); cardiovascular, nervous and immune 
+systems (p<0.01) and yoga group in respiratory, musculoskeletal, nervous system (p<0.001); and cardiovascular, 
+endocrine, and immune system (p<0.01). Both the intervention groups showed a significant reduction in entropy 
+(p<0.001) post-intervention compared to the control group.  
+Conclusions: The EPI parameters used for CGs of children with NDDs explore the possibility of using this 
+instrument for measuring the bioenergy field that infers the health status of CGs before and after dance and yoga 
+interventions.  
+ 
+Keywords: CGs, Electro photonic imaging, Gas discharge visualization, Indian aesthetic dance, Neurodevelopmental 
+disorders, Yoga 
+1Department of Yoga and Humanities, 3Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga 
+Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bangalore, Karnataka, India 
+2Department of Humanities, RASA Research International Study House, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 
+  
+Received: 04 April 2020 
+Revised: 18 May 2020 
+Accepted: 19 May 2020 
+ 
+*Correspondence: 
+Jayashree R. Hegde, 
+E-mail: [email protected] 
+ 
+Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under 
+the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial 
+use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 
+DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203013 
+Hegde JR et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020 Jul;7(7):2770-2777 
+                                International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | July 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 7    Page 2771 
+social withdrawal.1 These negative attitudes can lead 
+them to a higher level of perceived stress, depression, 
+anxiety, and lower levels of subjective well-being.5 
+Previous studies have mentioned that uncontrolled mental 
+agitation finds the channel in physical force resulting in 
+the form of muscle strain, skeletal injury, and chronic 
+illnesses, vascular disorders, etc.6,7 
+At this juncture, a first-hand reliable diagnosis would help 
+to reduce the growing subjective burden in CGs. The 
+Diagnostic and Statistical Manual fourth edition (DSM-
+IV) mentions a few screening methods developed by 
+clinicians and psychiatrists across the world. Apart from 
+DSM-IV, many clinicians have been using self-screening 
+methods such as carer QOL, perceived burden scale 
+(PBS), perceived caregiver burden (PCB) Barthel index 
+(BI), subjective burden scale (SCB), short portable mental 
+status 
+questionnaire 
+(SPMSQ), 
+cummings 
+neuropsychiatric 
+inventory 
+(CARS), 
+brief 
+COPE, 
+caregiver strain index (CSI) and Hamilton anxiety rating 
+scale (HARS).8 Though these scales have required 
+validity and reliability, CGs have shown resentment due 
+to higher number of items and the understanding of the 
+content and scoring methods being time-consuming.  
+On the other hand, the requirement of the CGs’ subjective 
+burden needs well structured, goal-oriented, and time-
+limited interventions which are in infancy stage.9 At 
+present, 
+various 
+treatment 
+modalities, 
+such 
+as 
+interpersonal therapy, family/couple therapy, supportive 
+therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and several other 
+complementary and alternative medicine interventions for 
+informal CGs are prevailing.10,11 Nevertheless, these 
+interventions have shown limited benefits. Few studies 
+reported the effectiveness of creative movements in dance 
+and yoga intervention, enhancing positive emotions and 
+mental health scores among CGs.12,13 Both the 
+interventions have found to be safe, practicable, 
+acceptable, and subjectively useful for the physical and 
+psychological health of CGs.14,15 Therefore, the present 
+study is attempting to explore the impact of Indian 
+aesthetic dance (IAD) based on Indian dramaturgical text 
+“Natya-Sastra” and yoga interventions for mental health 
+in CGs of children with NDDs. 
+As an answer to the requirement of non-invasive methods 
+in the identification of health status and measurement of 
+the effectiveness of the intervention, the electro photonic 
+imaging (EPI) technique is growing as a novel technique 
+for a health assessment with its versatile applications and 
+unique features.16 Few studies have explored the 
+usefulness of EPI in psycho-physiology, psychology, and 
+consciousness researches.17  
+There is no study found on the EPI instrument used to 
+measure the baseline health status and post-intervention 
+effect among CGs of NDDs. Hence, the present study 
+aimed to investigate the health status among CGs of 
+children 
+with 
+NDDs 
+following 
+IAD 
+and 
+yoga 
+interventions with EPI parameters. 
+METHODS 
+Study design 
+This was a randomized control design. 
+Study period, settings and location 
+This paper is part of the main study wherein subjects 
+from three different special schools situated at the 
+Bengaluru urban district of Karnataka, a state located in 
+the southern part of India. Subjects were enrolled from 
+August to November 2018. Trial was done in December 
+2018 assembling all the subjects in a common place to 
+avoid temperature differences and bring common 
+atmosphere.  
+Participants 
+Totally 91 subjects between 28-65 years (males=2; and 
+female=89) of age participated in the study. The mean 
+age of the IAD group (41.04±9.17 years), yoga group 
+(40.86±8.95 years), and control group (42.27±9.08 years) 
+were not significantly different. However, to ensure the 
+underlying conditions not to affect the outcome or limit 
+the benefits of intervention, few exclusion criteria were 
+set. The exclusion criteria for the subjects were subjects 
+consuming medication influencing cognitive abilities, 
+mood balance, or coordination, prone to hearing 
+impairment, having another relative with neurologic and 
+psychiatric illness, had formal yoga training, or practicing 
+yoga regularly for the past one month. Subjects were 
+qualified without having exclusion criteria and agreed for 
+randomization into any of the three groups with a 
+commitment to attend classes.  
+Procedure for allocation of subjects 
+The institutional ethics committee of S-VYASA approved 
+the research study and a clinical trial registered in the 
+Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2018/08/015256), 
+Government of India. The study objectives were 
+explained to CGs, and written informed consent was 
+obtained. All the subjects completed the socio-
+demographic questionnaire and the Zarit burden scale. 
+The demographic information of participants is given in 
+Table 1. Based on the scores of the burden scale, 
+participants were randomized into three groups, i.e., (i) 
+IAD (n=31), (ii) yoga (n=30), and (iii) control (n=30), 
+using the website randomizer.com. Further, the allocation 
+was concealed for participants using sealed, opaque 
+envelopes 
+generated 
+by 
+a 
+statistician, 
+and 
+the 
+randomization was blinded to prevent them from 
+predicting caregiver’s allocation. 
+Interventions 
+There were three groups in the study, of which two were 
+active interventions, i.e., IAD and yoga; and the third 
+group was the control group. Interventions were given by 
+Hegde JR et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020 Jul;7(7):2770-2777 
+                                International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | July 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 7    Page 2772 
+more than 10 years of experienced trainers in different 
+halls of the same premise simultaneously to match the 
+timings. The control group was engaged in the way they 
+wish, such as some were reading newspapers, books of 
+their choice, knitting, etc. The duration of practices was 
+for 75 minutes. 
+ 
+Table 1: Baseline characteristics of CGs (n=91). 
+ 
+Dance 
+Yoga 
+Control 
+Total 
+Age group (mean±SD)    
+41.04±9.17) 
+40.86±8.95) 
+42.27±9.08) 
+41.51±9.07) 
+Relation with child, N (%) 
+Mother 
+28 (89.29) 
+30 (100) 
+29 (96.56) 
+87 (95.60) 
+Other relative 
+3 (10.71) 
+0 (0) 
+1 (3.44) 
+4 (4.40) 
+Employment status, N (%) 
+Homemakers 
+22 (70.97) 
+29 (96.67) 
+24 (80.00) 
+75 (82.42) 
+Employed 
+9 (29. 03) 
+1 (3.33) 
+6 (20.00) 
+16 (17.58) 
+Education, N (%) 
+Illiterate 
+1 (3.23) 
+1 (3.33) 
+2 (6.67) 
+4 (4.40) 
+Primary school 
+0 (0%) 
+0 (0%) 
+1(3.33) 
+1 (1.1) 
+Middle and high school 
+7 (22.78) 
+15 (50.00) 
+18 (60.00) 
+40 (43.95) 
+Secondary school 
+15 (48.39) 
+7 (23.33) 
+5 (16.67) 
+27 (29.67) 
+Graduation 
+7 (22.78) 
+7 (23.33) 
+5 (16.67) 
+19 (20.88) 
+Income, N (%) 
+High income group 
+1 (3.23) 
+0 
+0 
+1 (3.23) 
+Mid income group 
+12 (38.71) 
+11 (36.67) 
+13 (43.33) 
+36 (39.56) 
+Low income group 
+18 (58.06) 
+19 (63.33) 
+17 (56.67) 
+54 (59.34) 
+Languages known, N (%) 
+Single 
+10 (32.26) 
+12 (40.0) 
+20 (66.67) 
+42 (46.15) 
+Multiple 
+19 (61.29) 
+20 (66.67) 
+10 (33.33) 
+49 (53.85) 
+Child with neurodevelopmental disorders, N (%) 
+Single disorder 
+17 (54.84) 
+10 (33.33) 
+17 (56.67) 
+44 (48.33) 
+Multiple disorder 
+14 (45.16) 
+20 (66.67) 
+13 (43.33)) 
+47 (51.67) 
+ 
+IAD 
+Dance group began the intervention with warm-up 
+exercises to train the physical constitution of the 
+participants facilitating flexibility of joints, reduce 
+lethargy.18,19 That followed varieties of hand gestures and 
+various body movements, namely hand, neck, head, 
+eyebrows, eyes, shoulder, chest, waist, thighs, shanks, 
+and feet, as described in Nātyaśastra a magnum opus, 
+dates back to 1500 B.C.20 Those who wished to mime the 
+negative incidents with the child were provided an 
+opportunity. Then steps and song with lyrics were taught. 
+At the end relaxation was given. 
+Yoga protocol 
+Yoga group participants started to practice with loosening 
+exercise (shithila), physical stances (asana) in standing, 
+sitting, supine and prone postures, continued breathing 
+practices (pranayama), meditation, and instant and quick 
+relaxation techniques. 
+Procedure for data collection 
+The baseline data collected by reading from 10 fingers of 
+each subject using EPI technology by compact GDV 
+BIOWELL camera. Data collected from the participant 
+with a sitting position. Calibration of the equipment was 
+carried out before acquiring data. After each recording, 
+the dielectric glass surface was cleaned by an alcoholic 
+solution.  
+Outcome measure 
+Electro photonic imaging (EPI) technique 
+The EPI technique is a scientific method based on the 
+Kirlian effect on coronal electrical discharge surrounding 
+an object when exposed to a high electrical field.21 The 
+EPI facilitates the assessment by placing the fingertips on 
+a dielectric glass plate of the instrument and stimulation 
+of electrons at the fingertips. It happens by applying a 
+short electric pulse of a high voltage (10 kV) at high 
+frequency (1024 Hz) but the low current that is in micro 
+Amperes.22 These jerked out electrons induce ionization 
+of the air molecules and produce a glow around the 
+finger. This glow, captured by a CCD-camera placed 
+underneath the glass plate, is known as the electro-
+photonic image.23 The data collected from each finger, 
+which was divided into sectors, and each sector 
+correspond 
+to 
+one 
+organ 
+and 
+organ 
+system. 
+https://www.bio-well.com. 
+Hegde JR et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020 Jul;7(7):2770-2777 
+                                International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | July 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 7    Page 2773 
+Parameters analysed 
+The captured EPI Images were loaded into the EPI 
+software, and the coronal discharges corresponding to the 
+organs and organ systems were exported into a 
+spreadsheet. The relevant variables used to this study 
+were (a) activation coefficient (AC): measure the level of 
+stress and range from 2-4 in healthy people. (b) 
+Communication energy (C): measures the total energy of 
+communication for each organ system. The energy of 
+light in Joules. 5 Joules are considered normal. A range of 
+4-6 is considered a normal zone. Less than 4 indicates 
+weakness, and more than 6 indicates hyperactivity caused 
+by an imbalance in the organ systems. In due course, the 
+organ system tries to fix this imbalance naturally to bring 
+back normal range. If it does not happen, the organ 
+system gets weakened day by day. In this regard, a 
+change of 0.5 Joules can pose the intervention as 
+effective. (c) Entropy (E): indicate the coherence of the 
+energy. It means less entropy specifying more energy. 
+Data analysis  
+The statistical analysis was done using SPSS 21.0 (IBM 
+Corp., Armonk, NY). The normality test for the data 
+showed no significant difference in age. Repeated 
+measures of ANOVA were carried out separately, 
+followed with Bonferroni correction for each assessment. 
+The statistically significant value was considered at 
+p<0.05. 
+RESULTS 
+The data analysis was done using repeated-measures 
+ANOVA with two factors: Factor 1: Levels (pre and 
+post), and Factor 2: Groups (dance, yoga, and control). 
+The means and standard deviation of the outcome 
+measures are given in Table 2. 
+ 
+Figure 1: Activation coefficient of dance and yoga 
+groups before and after the intervention compared to 
+the control group. 
+The repeated measure analysis of ANOVA for AC 
+showed a significant difference (p<0.001) in the post 
+scores of dance and yoga with a reduction of 31% and 
+26%, respectively, compared to the control group, which 
+showed increased AC of 7% (Figure 1). 
+Table 2: Pre and post values of activation coefficient, energy of organ systems and entropy. 
+Vari-
+ables 
+Dance (n=31) 
+ 
+P value 
+Yoga (n=30) 
+Mean±SD 
+ 
+P value 
+Control (n=30) 
+ 
+Mean±SD 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Mean±SD 
+ 
+Pre 
+Post 
+%  
+change  
+Pre 
+Post 
+%  
+change  
+Pre 
+Post 
+%  
+change 
+AC 
+4.023±
+0.827 
+2.785± 
+0.538 
+-31 
+0.001*** 
+3.709±
+0.432 
+2.754± 
+0.580 
+-26 
+0.001*** 
+3.580± 
+0.530 
+3.845± 
+1.020 
+7 
+C of 
+Cardv  4.901±
+1.112 
+5.688± 
+0.921 
+16 
+0.01** 
+4.820±
+0.837 
+5.700± 
+0.986 
+18 
+0.01** 
+4.723± 
+0.870 
+4.536±
+0.980 
+-4 
+Resp 
+6.663±
+1.171 
+5.127± 
+0.584 
+-23 
+0.001*** 
+6.449±
+1.053 
+5.159± 
+0.626 
+-20 
+0.001*** 
+6.504± 
+1.564 
+6.352±
+1.320 
+-2 
+Endo 
+4.927±
+0.740 
+5.903± 
+0.963 
+20 
+0.001*** 
+4.869±
+0.831 
+5.719± 
+0.869 
+17 
+0.01** 
+4.762± 
+1.030 
+4.767±
+1.032 
+0.1 
+Musk 
+6.585±
+0.931 
+5.139± 
+0.870 
+-22 
+0.001*** 
+6.252±
+0.678 
+5.326± 
+0.583 
+-15 
+0.001*** 
+6.252± 
+1.104 
+6.270±
+0.997 
+-0.28 
+Digst 
+4.719±
+0.669 
+5.938± 
+0.750 
+26 
+0.001*** 
+6.834±
+0.990 
+5.130± 
+0.697 
+-24 
+0.09 
+4.716± 
+1.364 
+4.692±
+0.883 
+-0.5 
+Nrvs 
+4.107±
+0.954 
+4.941± 
+0.937 
+20 
+0.002** 
+4.283±
+0.985 
+4.968± 
+1.003 
+16 
+0.001*** 
+4.245± 
+0.999 
+3.990±
+1.136 
+-6 
+Imn 
+4.031±
+0.976 
+4.737± 
+1.093 
+18 
+0.005** 
+4.020±
+1.053 
+4.799± 
+0.975 
+19 
+0.003** 
+4.047± 
+1.078 
+3.841±
+1.185 
+5 
+E 
+2.494±
+0.610 
+1.833± 
+0.468 
+-27 
+0.001*** 
+2.520±
+0.560 
+1.868± 
+0.508 
+-26 
+0.001*** 
+2.319± 
+0.417 
+2.339±
+0.312 
+-0.86 
+Note: SD-standard deviation; AC-Activation Coefficient; C-Communication energy; CARDV-Cardiovascular system; RESP-Respiratory 
+system; ENDO-Endocrine system; MUSK-Musculoskeletal system; DIGST-Digestive system; NRVS-Nervous system; IMN-Immune 
+system; E-Entropy. *Significant difference in Dance group and Yoga over control group *=p<0.05; **= p<0.01; ***=p<0.001. 
+Significance levels are after Bonferroni correction. 
+0
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+D_Pr
+D_Po
+Y_Pr
+Y_Po
+C_Pr
+C_Po
+AC pre-post
+Mean
+SD
+Hegde JR et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020 Jul;7(7):2770-2777 
+                                International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | July 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 7    Page 2774 
+ 
+Figure 2: Percentage change in entropy after the 
+interventions compared to control. 
+ 
+  
+  
+Figure 3: Subsample images of energy difference of 
+IAD, yoga and control group captured by EPI 
+instrument pre-measurement and post-intervention. 
+(A) A subsample energy field of a subject of IAD 
+group; (B) A subsample energy field of a subject of 
+yoga group; (C) A subsample energy field of a subject 
+of control group.  
+A: pre- energy 52 Joules (×10-2). post- energy 70 Joules (×10-
+2); B: pre- energy 59 Joules (×10-2). post- energy 79 Joules 
+(×10-2). C: pre- energy 48 Joules (×10-2). post- energy 37 
+Joules (×10-2). 
+Further, post-assessment of dance group showed a 
+difference in communication energy (C) level of the 
+internal organ systems, namely, respiratory (23%) 
+endocrine (20%), musculoskeletal (22%) and digest 
+systems 
+(26%) 
+with 
+significant 
+level 
+(p<0.001); 
+cardiovascular (16%), nervous (20%) and immune 
+systems (18%) with p<0.01 independently compared to 
+control group. Further, post-assessment of yoga group 
+showed a difference in the energy level of respiratory 
+(20%), musculoskeletal (15%), nervous system (16%) 
+with a significant level (p<0.001); and cardiovascular 
+(18%), endocrine (17%), and immune system (19%) with 
+p<0.01. The result table of mean, standard deviation is 
+given in Table 2. 
+Concerned with the entropy (E), both the intervention 
+groups showed a significant difference (p<0.001) post-
+intervention compared to the control group. Figure 2 
+shows the percentage change of E after the intervention 
+compared to the control group. Figure 3 displays the 
+subsampled image of the energy difference of all three 
+groups at pre and post captured by the EPI instrument. 
+DISCUSSION 
+The present study aimed to investigate whether EPI 
+parameters can be used for the analytical purpose of the 
+baseline health status of CGs and to measure the 
+immediate effect of IAD and yoga intervention compared 
+to the control group. The scores of activation coefficient 
+(AC) is concurrent with the findings by non-EPI scales of 
+previous studies, that repeated physical movements in 
+dance are associated with improvement in mental 
+functioning by enhancing the coordination in different 
+parts of the body and mind.24,25 This coordination brings 
+positive effect in CGs in reducing emotional pressure in 
+CGs.24 Compared to the subjects of the control group, 
+IAD intervention showed a significant reduction of AC 
+which is 31%, which indicates that the dance backed by 
+music could facilitate the hippocampus to inhibit 
+defensive behaviours by modifying the cortisol level in 
+response to the psychological burden.26  
+The substantial reduction (26%) in the AC parameter of 
+the yoga group suggests the eight weeks of intervention 
+showing a significant effect on the CGs of NDDs. 
+Previous findings support the asanas relaxing muscles and 
+nerves, which are under stress and strain constantly.27 
+Regular practice of yoga could bring chemical changes 
+such as increasing serotonin levels in the blood which 
+reduces AC, and release of phenyl-ethylamine, which is 
+converted to phenylacetic acid, which elevates mood and 
+relieves from depression.27  
+The C measured by EPI showed a regulation in the 
+communication energy level in the organ systems, 
+namely, 
+cardiovascular, 
+respiratory, 
+endocrine, 
+musculoskeletal, digestive, nervous, and immune systems 
+in both the intervention groups compared to control 
+group.  
+The C of the respiratory system of the dance group is 
+regulated after the intervention. Concerning C, a score of 
+27%
+26%
+-
+0.86%
+D_Po
+Y_Po
+C_Po
+A 
+B 
+C 
+Hegde JR et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020 Jul;7(7):2770-2777 
+                                International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | July 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 7    Page 2775 
+more than 6 indicates hyperactivity caused by an 
+imbalance in the organ systems. After the intervention, 
+scores of C is reduced by 23%, in the dance group that 
+might be the indication of the respiratory system in a 
+balanced state. 
+The 18% changes found in the cardiovascular systems of 
+the dance group are concurrent with the findings of the 
+earlier studies that the consistent practice of dance help 
+enhanced vital respiratory capacity of the respiratory 
+system. And FEV1values suggesting the relationship of 
+dance with pulmonary functions of the cardiovascular 
+system.28 Also, diaphragmatic stretching practiced in 
+yoga, improves respiratory and abdominal cavity 
+expansion, and breath control and concentration might 
+clear the blockages in the energy channels (also called 
+nadis) of the body to balance the energy system of the 
+body.29,30 Additionally, deep breathing (pranayama) 
+mechanism assists in the reduction of blood pressure, 
+which tends to reduce sympathetic activity and restores 
+baroreceptor sensitivity in the cardiovascular system.31 
+Just 75 minutes of yoga intervention showed an enhanced 
+C level of 18% in the cardiovascular system. 
+Furthermore, the study scores showed the enhanced C 
+level of the endocrine system of intervention groups (20% 
+and 18% of dance and yoga, respectively) compared to 
+the control group at -0.1%. This effect is coexisting with 
+the earlier studies, which mentions that dance and yoga 
+can modulate the concentration of serotonin and 
+dopamine neurohormones by stabilizing the sympathetic 
+nervous system towards regulating mood and social 
+behaviour.32,33 Further, the balanced energy of dance 
+(with -22%) and yoga (-15%) level of the musculoskeletal 
+system is concurrent to the fact that dance and yoga 
+improves the volume of the postcentral gyrus and, 
+somatosensory fibers end in this area which conveys 
+information 
+from 
+proprioceptive 
+organs 
+such 
+as 
+neuromuscular spindles, joint, and sinew receptors 
+felicitating musculoskeletal system.34,35  
+Similarly, the digestive system of both the intervention 
+groups of the study showed a regulated C score in dance 
+(26%) and yoga (-24%). Whereas the control group 
+showed reduced C of 0.5% with sitting and doing regular 
+activities. It may be because, dance and yoga can regulate 
+the weight and body fat, and can even control diabetes 
+mellitus by negating the property like glycosylated 
+hemoglobin.36,37 
+Further, the central nervous system tends to generate new 
+neurons spontaneously during new learning and memory. 
+These neurons, being natured with plasticity, could help 
+the CGs on managing stressful situations even after the 
+intervention period, as reflected in the nervous system.38 
+The study results coexisted with the earlier findings with 
+enhanced C of dance group by 20% and yoga group 16% 
+compared to the control group at -6%. 
+Like other body systems, the C level of the immune 
+system of intervention groups is concurrent to the earlier 
+studies that dance and yoga can strengthen the immune 
+system by way of muscular action and physiological 
+processes.33,39 Even a change of 0.5 Joules in the result is 
+considered as significant effect to make the intervention 
+eligible for regular practice.40 In this study, the dance 
+group showed 18% and yoga group 19% of enhanced C 
+to immune systems compared to the control group at 5%. 
+The reduced E level showed an immediate effect of 
+interventions (dance group with 27% and yoga 26% 
+(p<0.001). Reduced E level and coherence of the energy 
+to the organ system are inversely related. It means less 
+entropy specifying more energy.40 
+The IAD, backed by the varied movements and 
+expression supported by Natyasastra a traditional 
+scripture for dramaturgy in India, needs to be explored 
+more for the therapeutic intervention in many treatment 
+areas.  
+However, we could list some limitations in the study. 
+They were as follows: we could not generalize the effect 
+of EPI parameter to male subjects as just two males 
+joined the study. Secondly, we could study only the 
+immediate effect but not the long lasting effect of the 
+intervention, as the EPI parameters are sensitive to 
+various conditions.  
+CONCLUSION  
+In conclusion, the study pointed out the significance of 
+using the EPI instrument in measuring the variation in 
+subtle energy of the psychological and functional state of 
+organ and organ system with the intervention of IAD and 
+yoga compared to the control group of CGs of children 
+with NDDs. Further, this device is an entirely non-
+invasive, less time consuming, and safe method where the 
+electric current flow through a pulse current in micro 
+amps that does not affect any cell and tissue or other 
+physiological changes. However, a longitudinal study 
+may help to know the better effect of interventions. 
+Funding: No funding sources 
+Conflict of interest: None declared 
+Ethical approval: The study was approved by the 
+Institutional Ethics Committee of University and 
+registered in the Clinical Trials Registry - India (CTRI) 
+[CTRI/2018/08/015256] 
+REFERENCES 
+1. 
+Ambikile JS, Outwater A. Challenges of caring for 
+children with mental disorders: Experiences and 
+views of caregivers attending the outpatient clinic at 
+Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam- 
+Tanzania. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Ment Health. 
+2012;6:16.  
+Hegde JR et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020 Jul;7(7):2770-2777 
+                                International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | July 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 7    Page 2776 
+2. 
+Moritz DJ, Fox PJ, Luscombe PA, Kraemer HC. 
+Neurological and psychiatric predictors of mortality 
+in patients with alzheimer disease in California. 
+Arch Neurol. 1997;54(7):878-85.  
+3. 
+Arora NK, Nair MK, Gulati S, Deshmukh V, 
+Mohapatra A, Mishra D, et al. Neurodevelopmental 
+disorders in children aged 2-9 years: Population-
+based burden estimates across five regions in India. 
+PLoS Med. 2018;15(7):e1002615. 
+4. 
+Murphy NA, Christian B, Caplin DA, Young PC. 
+The health of caregivers for children with 
+disabilities: Caregiver perspectives. Child Care 
+Health Dev. 2007;33(2):180-7.  
+5. 
+Pinquart M, Sörensen S. Differences between 
+caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological 
+health and physical health: A meta-analysis. Psychol 
+Aging. 2003;18(2):250-67.  
+6. 
+Pinquart M, Sorensen S. Correlates of physical 
+health of informal caregivers: a meta-analysis. J 
+Gerontol 
+Ser 
+B 
+Psychol 
+Sci 
+Soc 
+Sci. 
+2007;62(2):P126-37. 
+7. 
+Lagraauw HM, Kuiper J, Bot I. Acute and chronic 
+psychological 
+stress 
+as 
+risk 
+factors 
+for 
+cardiovascular 
+disease: 
+Insights 
+gained 
+from 
+epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. 
+Brain Behav Immun. 2015;50:18-30.  
+8. 
+Del-Pino-Casado R, Pérez-Cruz M, Frías-Osuna A. 
+Coping, subjective burden and anxiety among 
+family caregivers of older dependents. J Clin Nurs. 
+2014;23(23-24):3335-44.  
+9. 
+Applebaum AJ, Breitbart W. Care for the cancer 
+caregiver: A systematic review. Palliat Support 
+Care. 2013;11(3):231-52.  
+10. Martin AC, Candow D. Effects of online yoga and 
+tai chi on physical health outcome measures of adult 
+informal caregivers. Int J Yoga. 2019;12(1):37.  
+11. Lamotte G, Shah RC, Lazarov O, Corcos DM. 
+Exercise training for persons with alzheimer’s 
+disease and caregivers: a review of dyadic exercise 
+interventions. J Mot Behav. 2017;49(4):365-77. 
+12. Vetter RE, Myllykangas SA, Donorfio LK, Foose 
+AK. Creative movement as a stress-reduction 
+intervention for caregivers. J Phys Educ Recreat 
+Dance. 2011;82(2):35-8. 
+13. Milbury K, Mallaiah S, Mahajan A, Armstrong T, 
+Weathers SP, Moss KE, et al. Yoga program for 
+high-grade glioma patients undergoing radiotherapy 
+and their family caregivers. Integrat Cancer Therap. 
+2018;17(2):332-6. 
+14. Milbury K, Liao Z, Shannon V, Mallaiah S, 
+Nagarathna R, Li Y, et al. Dyadic yoga program for 
+patients undergoing thoracic radiotherapy and their 
+family caregivers: results of a pilot randomized 
+controlled trial. Psycho‐oncol. 2019;28(3):615-21. 
+15. Loman S. Judith S. Kestenberg’s dance/movement 
+therapy legacy: approaches with pregnancy, young 
+children, and caregivers. Am J Danc Therap. 
+2016;38(2):225-44.  
+16. Kostyuk N, Rajnarayanan RV, Isokpehi RD, Cohly 
+HH. Autism from a biometric perspective. Int J 
+Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7(5):1984-95.  
+17. Kushwah K, Srinivasan T, Nagendra H, Ilavarasu J. 
+Development of normative data of electro photonic 
+imaging technique for healthy population in India: A 
+normative study. Int J Yoga. 2016;9(1):49.  
+18. Kattenstroth JC, Kalisch T, Holt S, Tegenthoff M, 
+Dinse HR. Six months of dance intervention 
+enhances postural, sensorimotor, and cognitive 
+performance in elderly without affecting cardio-
+respiratory 
+functions. 
+Front 
+Aging 
+Neurosci. 
+2013;5(Feb):1-16.  
+19. Lima CD, Brown LE, Wong MA, Leyva WD, Pinto 
+RS, Cadore EL, et al. Acute effects of static vs. 
+ballistic stretching on strength and muscular fatigue 
+between ballet dancers and resistance-trained 
+women. 
+J 
+Strength 
+Condition 
+Res. 
+2016;30(11):3220-7. 
+20. Subrahmanyam P. Karanas: common dance codes of 
+India and Indonesia. 1st ed. Nrithyodaya, Chennai, 
+India; 2003. 
+21. Lee HC, Khong PW, Ghista DN. Bioenergy based 
+Medical Diagnostic Application based on Gas 
+Discharge Visualization. In: 2005 IEEE Engineering 
+in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference. 
+Vol 7. IEEE; 2005:1533-1536.  
+22. Wróbel ILC, Szadkowska I, Masajtis J, Goch JH. 
+Images of corona discharges in patients with 
+cardiovascular diseases as a preliminary analysis for 
+research of the influence of textiles on images of 
+corona discharges in textiles’ users. Autex Res J. 
+2010;10(1):26-30. 
+23. Korotkov K, Williams B, Wisneski LA. Assessing 
+biophysical energy transfer mechanisms in living 
+systems: the basis of life processes. J Altern 
+Complement Med. 2004;10(1):49-57.  
+24. Fernández Sánchez H, Hernández CBE, Sidani S, 
+Osorio CH, Contreras EC, Mendoza JS. Dance 
+intervention for Mexican family caregivers of 
+children with developmental disability: a pilot study. 
+J Transcult Nurs. 2020;31(1):38-44.  
+25. Ray US, Mukhopadhyaya S, Purkayastha SS. Effect 
+of yogic exercises on physical and mental health of 
+young fellowship course trainees. Indian J Physiol 
+Pharmacol. 2001;45(1):37-53. 
+26. Chanda ML, Levitin DJ. The neurochemistry of 
+music. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013;17(4):179-91.  
+27. Choudhary DA, Mishra DJ. Effect of 16 weeks 
+yogic intervention in premenstrual syndrome. Int J 
+Pharm Bio Sci. 2013;4(1):207-12. 
+28. Surekha R, Archana R, Vijayalakshmi B. Effect of 
+regular dance practice on pulmonary functions and 
+respiratory efficiency in female Bharatanatyam 
+dancers- A pilot study. Int J Res Pharm. 
+2018;9(4):1268-73. 
+29. Yamamoto-Morimoto K, Horibe S, Takao R, Anami 
+K. Positive effects of yoga on physical and 
+respiratory functions in healthy inactive middle-
+aged people. Int J Yoga. 2019;12(1):62.  
+Hegde JR et al. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2020 Jul;7(7):2770-2777 
+                                International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | July 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 7    Page 2777 
+30. Mathad MD, Pradhan B, Sasidharan RK. Effect of 
+yoga on psychological functioning of nursing 
+students: a randomized wait list control trial. J Clin 
+Diagn Res. 2017;11(5):KC01-5.  
+31. Manchanda SC. Yoga- a promising technique to 
+control cardiovascular disease. Indian Heart J. 
+2014;66(5):487-9.  
+32. Jeong YJ, Hong SC, Myeong SL, Park MC, Kim 
+YK, Suh CM. Dance movement therapy improves 
+emotional responses and modulates neurohormones 
+in adolescents with mild depression. Int J Neurosci. 
+2005;115(12):1711-20.  
+33. Govindaraj R, Karmani S, Varambally S, Gangadhar 
+BN. Yoga and physical exercise- a review and 
+comparison. Int Rev Psychiatr. 2016;28(3):242-53.  
+34. Rehfeld K, Lüders A, Hökelmann A, Lessmann V, 
+Kaufmann J, Brigadski T, et al. Dance training is 
+superior to repetitive physical exercise in inducing 
+brain plasticity in the elderly. PloS One. 2018;13(7). 
+35. Ahmadi A, Nikbakh M, Arastoo A, Habibi AH. The 
+Effects of a yoga intervention on balance, speed and 
+endurance of walking, fatigue and quality of life in 
+people with multiple sclerosis. J Hum Kinet. 
+2010;23(1):71-8.  
+36. Sivvas G, Batsiou S, Vasoglou Z, Filippou DA. 
+Dance contribution in health promotion. J Phys 
+Educ Sport. 2015;15(3):484-9.  
+37. Yang K. A review of yoga programs for four leading 
+risk factors of chronic diseases. Evidence-based 
+Complement Altern Med. 2007;4(4):487-91.  
+38. Gage FH. Mammalian neural stem cells. Science. 
+2000;287(5457):1433-8. 
+39. Hanna JL. The power of dance: health and healing. J 
+Altern Complement Med. 1995;1(4):323-31.  
+40. Narayanan C, Korotkov K, Srinivasan T. Bioenergy 
+and its implication for yoga therapy. Int J Yoga. 
+2018;11(2):157.  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Cite this article as: Hegde JR, Melukote SK, 
+Vijayendra K, Singh D. A randomized study on the 
+energy difference measured by electro photonic 
+image on caregivers practiced Indian aesthetic dance 
+and yoga. Int J Community Med Public Health 
+2020;7:2770-7. 
+View publication stats
+View publication stats

subfolder_0/Acute effects of mobile phone radiations on subtle energy levels of teenagers using electrophotonic imaging technique.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+3/1/2017
+Acute effects of mobile phone radiations on subtle energy levels of teenagers using electrophotonic imaging technique: A randomized controlled study :...
+http://ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2017;volume=10;issue=1;spage=16;epage=23;aulast=Bhargav
+1/4
+ORIGINAL ARTICLE
+Year : 2017  |  Volume : 10  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 16­­23
+Acute  effects  of  mobile  phone  radiations  on  subtle  energy  levels  of  teenagers  using  electrophotonic  imaging  technique:  A
+randomized controlled study
+Hemant Bhargav1, TM Srinivasan2, Suman Bista1, A Mooventhan1, Vandana Suresh1, Alex Hankey2, HR Nagendra1,  
+1 Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, S­VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+2 Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, S­VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+Correspondence Address:
+Hemant Bhargav
+No. 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bengaluru ­ 560 019, Karnataka 
+India
+Abstract
+Background: Mobile phones induce radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF­EMF) which has been found to affect subtle energy levels of adults through Electrophotonic Imaging
+(EPI) technique in a previous pilot study. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 61 healthy right­handed healthy teenagers (22 males and 39 females) in the age range of 17.40 ± 0.24
+years from educational institutes in Bengaluru. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: (1) (mobile phone in «DQ»ON«DQ» mode [MPON] at right ear) and (2) mobile phone
+in «DQ»OFF«DQ» mode (MPOF). Subtle energy levels of various organs of the subjects were measured using gas discharge visualization Camera Pro device, in double­blind
+conditions, at two points of time: (1) baseline and (2) after 15 min of MPON/MPOF exposure. As the data were found normally distributed, paired and independent samples t­test were
+applied to perform within and between group comparisons, respectively. Results: The subtle energy levels were significantly reduced after RF­EMF exposure in MPON group as
+compared to MPOF group for following areas: (a) Pancreas (P = 0.001), (b) thyroid gland (P = 0.002), (c) cerebral cortex (P < 0.01), (d) cerebral vessels (P < 0.05), (e) hypophysis (P =
+0.013), (f) left ear and left eye (P < 0.01), (g) liver (P < 0.05), (h) right kidney (P < 0.05), (i) spleen (P < 0.04), and (j) immune system (P < 0.02). Conclusion: Fifteen minutes of RF­EMF
+exposure exerted quantifiable effects on subtle energy levels of endocrine glands, nervous system, liver, kidney, spleen, and immune system of healthy teenagers. Future studies
+should try to correlate these findings with respective biochemical markers and standard radio­imaging techniques.
+How to cite this article:
+Bhargav H, Srinivasan T M, Bista S, Mooventhan A, Suresh V, Hankey A, Nagendra H R. Acute effects of mobile phone radiations on subtle energy levels of teenagers using
+electrophotonic imaging technique: A randomized controlled study.Int J Yoga 2017;10:16­23
+How to cite this URL:
+Bhargav H, Srinivasan T M, Bista S, Mooventhan A, Suresh V, Hankey A, Nagendra H R. Acute effects of mobile phone radiations on subtle energy levels of teenagers using
+electrophotonic imaging technique: A randomized controlled study. Int J Yoga [serial online] 2017 [cited 2017 Mar 1 ];10:16­23 
+Available from: http://www.ijoy.org.in/text.asp?2017/10/1/16/186163
+Full Text
+ Introduction
+With about 7.3 billion mobile phone subscribers worldwide, mobile phones have become a prevalent means of communication and a part of everyday life. [1] The use of mobile
+phones has increased enormously among individuals of all age groups, globally, in the last two decades. [2] The mobile phones are low power radio devices which work with
+electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and are considered the strongest source of human exposure to radio frequency (RF) EMF. The RF­EMF generated by mobile phone base stations
+ranges between 400 MHz and 3 GHz, a large part of energy of which is absorbed by the user's head. [3],[4] Exposure to high power RF energies may lead to various health hazards
+ranging from neurocognitive deficits, autonomic abnormalities to brain cancers. [5],[6],[7],[8]
+It has been estimated that 75% of teenagers own cell phones. [9] A recent study showed that children and teenagers who need to communicate nearly 24 h a day belong to the largest
+group of smartphone users. Authors claimed that nowadays cell phones and tablets may be seen in the hands of children as little as 2 years in age. [10] RF­EMFs may penetrate
+deeper into the brain areas of children and teenagers due to higher water content and ion concentration of the developing brain and smaller head circumference as compared to
+adults. [11] Thus, teenagers are more susceptible to potential RF­EMF­induced side effects.
+Electro­photo imaging (EPI) or gas discharge visualization (GDV) is based on the well­known Kirlian effect. [12] The measurement of electrophotonic imaging (EPI) is based on the
+electrical activity of the human organism. This activity is quite different in diseased condition of a human body as compared to the activity in a healthy body. The biophysical principles
+in the investigation of EPI technique are based on the ideas of quantum biophysics. [12] This method draws stimulated electrons and photons from the surface of the skin under the
+influence of a pulsed EMF. This process is well­studied through physical, electronic methods and is known as "photoelectron emission." [13] EPI is being used as diagnostic and
+research tool in more than 63 countries. [14] EPI consists of an electrode covered with dielectric (usually a glass plate), generator of the electrical field of a high voltage 12 kV, high
+frequency 1000 Hz, and low current and applied for less than a millisecond. The resultant discharge pattern is photographed using a CCD video camera. [15] From the fingertips of the
+subject, electrons are pulled by the impressed voltage and this avalanche of electrons is captured by the CCD camera. According to Korean acupuncture practices which are based
+on Chinese philosophy, different sectors of fingertips are connected to different organs of the body through meridians, and these meridians allow electrons from those organs to be
+drawn, providing the subtle energy status of the organ. From the information obtained from ten fingertips of the individual, electrophotonic mapping of the whole body is possible
+through a software program. Investigating these images of fingertips, which change dynamically with emotional and health status, one can identify areas of congestion or energy
+balance in the whole system. [15] Previously, only one pilot study on 17 adult subjects investigated the effects of RF­EMF on subtle energy levels. [16] In that study, the overall
+reduction in subtle energy status only was reported, but detailed energy analysis at each organ level was not performed and also the sample size was small which lead to large
+standard deviations. Moreover, that study was performed in the adult population. Therefore, the present work was planned to assess the effect of RF­EMFs on teenage students with
+detailed energy analysis at each organ level and using larger sample size. In our previous pilot studies, we did not observe a significant change in subtle energy levels of teenagers
+after 5 and 10 min of RF­EMF exposure. Therefore, duration of 15 min was chosen in the present study.
+ Materials and Methods
+Participants 
+We enrolled 62 healthy right­handed healthy teenagers (22 males and 39 females) in the age range of 17.40 ± 0.24 years from three educational institutes in Bengaluru city. All
+subjects were healthy as assessed by general health questionnaire (GHQ­12), their mean GHQ score was 0.7 ± 0.67 and the average body mass index was 21.5 ± 5.5 kg/m 2 .
+Subjects were fresh admissions in various undergraduate degree courses after recently graduating from higher secondary school examinations; their last academic performance was
+with an aggregate of 74.48% ± 10.5% (above average), suggesting the absence of mental handicap or other significant psychological morbidity. Subjects of both genders who owned
+a smartphone and those who were able to read and write in English language were included. Subjects who had a history of injury to the fingers, those with congenital diseases or
+3/1/2017
+Acute effects of mobile phone radiations on subtle energy levels of teenagers using electrophotonic imaging technique: A randomized controlled study :...
+http://ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2017;volume=10;issue=1;spage=16;epage=23;aulast=Bhargav
+2/4
+deformities, those who were on any kind of regular medications, or those who had undergone any surgical procedure in the past 6 months were excluded. Those performing regular
+meditation since more than a month and those using mobile phones for <5 min or more than 2 h/day (for calling purpose) on an average were also excluded from the study.
+Study design
+Two  group  pre­  and  post­randomized  controlled  design  with  double­blind  conditions  was  followed  [Figure  1].  Names  of  the  subjects  (from  different  educational  institutes),  who
+satisfied the selection criteria, were arranged in an alphabetical order and then they were randomly divided into two groups: (1) Mobile phone in "ON" mode (MPON) and (2) mobile
+phone in "OFF" mode (MPOF), based on the status of RF­EMF exposure. Randomization was performed using online randomization program (www.randomizer.org). It was gender­
+stratified randomization to include approximately an equal number of males and females (11 males and 19 females in MPON group and 11 males and 20 females in MPOF group) in
+each group, respectively. Assessments were done at two points of time in each group: (1) Baseline and (2) after MPON/MPOF exposure of 15 min. Double­blind conditions were
+followed as both, the subjects and those performing assessments, were unaware of the group allocations. Demographic details did not differ significantly between the two groups
+[Table 1]. Schematic representation of the study design is provided in [Figure 1]. Signed informed consent was taken from the subjects who were above 18 years of age and from the
+guardian/parents of those below 18 years of age. Research was approved by institutional ethical committee.{Figure 1}{Table 1}
+Radio frequency electromagnetic field exposure settings
+The source of RF­EMF was a 2100 MHz 3G mobile phone with Universal Mobile Telecommunications System's network without periodic pulsed modulation content. It was an FCC
+approved device and had head specific absorption ratio (SAR) of 0.4 W/kg and body SAR of 0.54 W/kg. Subjects sat on a comfortable chair with head resting on the chair and two
+identical mobile phones were kept at ~0.5 cm distance from the tragus, one on each side, using an adjustable wooden stand. On calling mode, the device emitted average EMF
+energy of 1.305 ± 0.94 mW/m 2 (with a peak value of 2.34 mW/m 2 ) at 5 mm. Left side mobile was kept in off mode permanently with battery removed. Only the right side mobile
+phone status was changed depending on the group to which the subject belongs. Identical phones were kept on both the sides at the same distance from the ear to rule out
+lateralization effects. When subjects were needed to be exposed to RF­EMF, i.e. in MPON groups, fully charged mobile was placed on the right side and a call was made for 15 min
+from another phone. Both the phones (caller and receiver) were kept mute throughout. During sham (MPOF) exposure, the right side mobile was kept off with battery removed.
+Subjects sat in a dark room and their finger impressions were taken on GDV Pro device.
+EPI parameters
+Comprehensive assessments of EPI energy levels at all organs were performed before and after RF­EMF and sham exposure, respectively. Only right side mobile status was
+changed. Further, in our previous pilot study, we did not observe any significant changes on left sided EPI parameters. Forty­two EPI parameters from the right side of EPI images were
+assessed. These parameters provided subtle energy levels of almost all the major organs of the body [Table 2]. [14]{Table 2}
+EPI procedure
+Electrophotonic  imaging  produced  by  "Kirlionics  Technologies  International,"  Saint­Petersburg,  Russia  (GDV  Camera  Pro  with  an  analog  video  camera,  model  number:
+FTDI.13.6001.110310) was used to collect data. The measurements were carried out two times for each subject. The readings from all ten fingers were taken. To maintain the reliability
+and reproducibility of data, the given guidelines for EPI measurements were followed. [17] The measurements were made 3 h after food intake. The subjects were asked to remove all
+metallic objects from their body which were not used by them for 24 h prior to data collection. They were also asked to minimize and if possible completely avoid cell phone use for
+previous 24 h. Subjects stood on an electrically isolated surface during the measurements. Proper instructions were given to them to place the tip of the finger on the dielectric glass.
+Calibration of the instrument was carried out before starting measurement. To clean the surface of glass, alcoholic solution was used for each subject. Hygrometer (Equinox, EQ
+310CTH) was used during data collection to record variability in atmospheric temperature and humidity. During data recording at different time intervals, the mean temperature was
+26.633.47 and humidity 52.18% measured in degree Celsius and percent, respectively, to check for atmospheric effects and possible variability of electrophotonic emission from
+human subjects. [18]
+Data extraction and analysis
+Raw data from each EPI diagram software were extracted onto an excel sheet for the analysis. SPSS version 10.0 (IBM Corporation, New York, US) was used to process data for
+statistical  analysis.  As  the  data  were  found  normally  distributed,  independent  t­test  and  paired  samples  t­tests  were  used  to  perform  between  and  within  group  comparisons,
+respectively, where a level of P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001 were considered as statistically significant, high significance, and highly significant, respectively.
+ Results
+One hundred and twelve subjects were screened, out of which 71 satisfied the selection criteria. All 71 subjects gave consent to participate in the study. Of the 71, ten subjects left the
+study and did not return on the day of assessment. Final data collection was successfully performed on sixty­one subjects.
+Within­group results
+Mobile phone in "OFF" mode group
+Many EPI parameters showed significant changes after 15 min of sham exposure compared to the baseline [Table 3]. Two areas showed a significant increase in subtle energy levels:
+Root mean square of integral area (P < 0.01) and coronary area (P < 0.01). On the other hand, twenty­six areas showed a significant reduction in subtle energy levels. These were as
+follows: Integral area, right jaw, throat, left jaw, left ear, cerebral cortex zone, cervical zone, thorax, sacrum, coccyx, blind gut, appendix, ascending colon, thorax, immune, right kidney,
+cardiovascular zone, cerebral vessel zone, hypophysis, adrenal area, urogenital system, spleen, nervous system, duodenum, ileum, and mammary glands [Table 3].{Table 3}
+Mobile phone in "ON" mode group 
+After RF­EMF exposure of 15 min, it was observed that 13 EPI parameters showed significant changes compared to the baseline [Table 4]. Of the 13, one area showed a significant
+increase in subtle energy levels (left ear: P < 0.01) and 11 areas showed a significant reduction. Areas showing significant reduction were as follows: Right ear, cerebral cortex zone,
+thorax, coccyx, blind gut, liver, right kidney, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, immune system, and nervous system [Table 4].{Table 4}
+Between­group comparisons
+We observed that the subtle energy levels were significantly reduced after RF­EMF exposure in MPON group compared to MPOF group for following areas: (a) Pancreas (P = 0.001),
+(b) thyroid gland (P = 0.002), (c) cerebral cortex area (P < 0.01), (d) cerebral vessels area (P < 0.05), (e) hypophysis (P = 0.013), (f) left ear and left eye (P < 0.01), (g) liver (P < 0.05),
+(h) right kidney (P < 0.05), (i) spleen (P = 0.04), and (j) immune system [P = 0.02; [Table 2] and [Figure 2].{Figure 2}
+ Discussion
+In the present study, we observed that both RF­EMF and sham exposure of 15 min produced significant changes in EPI parameters. Overall, predominantly, most of the EPI areas
+showed a reduction in subtle energy levels after both RF­EMF and sham exposure, respectively. However, there were 11 areas where subtle energy levels were significantly lesser
+after  RF­EMF  exposure  compared  to  sham,  these  areas  predominantly  related  to  endocrine  glands  (pancreas,  thyroid,  and  adrenals),  brain  area  (cerebral  cortex  and  cerebral
+vascular area), liver, spleen, immune system and right kidney. Previously, to the best of authors' knowledge, only one pilot study measured immediate effect of mobile phone radiations
+on subtle energy levels of 17 adults. [16] The duration of exposure and details of RF­EMF characteristics were not provided in that study; therefore, it is difficult to compare the results.
+Moreover, the EPI parameters assessed in the study were markers of overall subtle energy levels and balance rather than detailed organ­wise subtle energy assessments. Authors
+observed that immediately after RF­EMF exposure, there was a definite influence on the human bioelectromagnetic field (BEM) in a way that the coronas (overall areas representing
+the subtle energy level of body) became reduced, more fragmented and incomplete. This suggests that overall subtle energy levels were reduced in the previous study. These
+findings are similar to our observations where we also found greater subtle energy reductions in 11 areas­after RF­EMF exposure compared to sham which leads to reduced size and
+3/1/2017
+Acute effects of mobile phone radiations on subtle energy levels of teenagers using electrophotonic imaging technique: A randomized controlled study :...
+http://ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2017;volume=10;issue=1;spage=16;epage=23;aulast=Bhargav
+3/4
+more fragmentations of the coronas.
+We observed that some areas showed a reduction in subtle energy levels after both RF­EMF as well as sham exposure. These areas are predominantly related to the spinal column
+(cervical zone, sacrum, and coccyx), thorax, gastrointestinal tract (jejunum, ileum, and blind gut), and brain activity (cerebral cortex) and these effects are most probably produced due
+to sitting still on a chair in a dark room without moving the head and body parts much (as these requirements were common to both RF­EMF and sham exposure groups). Studies
+have shown that sitting silently or performing meditations may significantly affect the subtle energy status of the subjects. [19]
+As depicted in the between­group comparisons above [Table 2], primarily the endocrine gland areas (pancreas, thyroid, and adrenals) along with liver, spleen, immune system and
+right kidney areas stand out as distinct markers of RF­EMF exposure in our study. RF­EMF had an energy lowering effect on these organs and this might suggest an enhanced risk of
+developing  malfunctioning  of  endocrine  organs  and  thereby  deficiency  of  corresponding  hormones.  This  may  increase  the  risk  of  developing  diabetes,  hypothyroidism,  or
+adrenocortical insufficiency. Interestingly, in a recent study, 159 students in the age range 12­17 years were recruited. [20] Ninety­six male students were from school­1 where students
+were exposed to high­energy RF­EMF (9.601 nW/cm 2 at a frequency of 925 MHz for a duration of 6 h daily, 5 days in a week) and 63 male students were from school­2 where
+students were exposed to low­energy RF­EMF (1.909 nW/cm 2 at a frequency of 925 MHz for 6 h daily, 5 days in a week). At the end, it was observed that the mean HbA1c for the
+students who were exposed to high­energy RF­EMF was significantly higher (5.44 ± 0.22) than the mean HbA1c for the students who were exposed to low­energy RF­EMF (5.32 ±
+0.34) (P = 0.007). The authors conclude that students who were exposed to high­energy RF­EMF generated by mobile phone base stations had a significantly higher risk of type 2
+diabetes mellitus compared to their counterparts who were exposed to low­energy RF­EMF. [20] As compared to the above study where 2G network was used, in the present study, in
+view of increasing popularity, we exposed the subjects to 3G network with average RF­EMF energy of ~130.5 nW/cm 2 at a frequency of 2100 MHz. We observed that subtle energy
+levels of organs, including pancreas, reduced significantly after 15 min of RF­EMF exposure as compared to sham. Similarly, previous studies have found the effects of RF­EMF on
+brain physiology, brain blood flow, metabolism, cognition, and autonomic functions before. [6],[7],[8] This correlates well with subtle energy changes that have been observed in the
+present study, for example, reduction in subtle energy at cerebral cortex and cerebral vessel area as compared to sham [Table 2]. This suggests that subtle energy levels may be
+affected with much lesser duration of exposure at higher RF­EMF energy. It is known that subtle energies get affected at much earlier stage before the physical manifestation of
+pathology and if the interrupting stimuli are removed, its correction also precedes a physiological correction. [13],[17],[21] Probably, this is the reason that we did not observe any
+significant reduction in baseline subtle energy levels of the pancreas or other organs for both RF­EMF as well as sham exposure group. This may be due to the fact that subjects were
+not exposed to mobile phones for last 24 h before data collection and this might have brought favorable changes in their subtle energy values.
+It is difficult to understand the possible mechanism through which RF­EMF might affect subtle energy levels of the subjects. We monitor subtle energy of "Chi" (or prānā) moving in the
+body through EPI system. The body is basically an electrical network of the nervous system and long and short distance cellular communications are also hypothesized to be through
+electromagnetic (EM) signals in the body. [22] Thus, it is likely that any EM input from outside the body will affect the electrical communication within the body. This is obvious in the
+use of devices such as cardiac pacemakers, motor nerve stimulation for muscle activity, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators for pain suppression. It is likely that the
+external EM coupling as in a cell phone use is related to disruption of normal communication and control that goes on in the body. Lack of control could result in a wide range of
+cellular dysfunction.
+It is interesting to note that in the present study, though RF­EMF exposure was given on the right side only, left eye and left ear also got affected. Within­group comparisons revealed
+that subtle energy levels actually increased in the left ear and reduced in the right ear after RF­EMF exposure [Table 4]. However, below the neck, effects are more or less on the same
+side of RF­EMF exposure. This can be explained by two effects: One related to direct (contra­lateral) compensatory mechanism for the EM energy input and the second (related to
+unilateral involvement of most organs below the neck) through nervous system stimulation (global effects). These findings need more intense study to draw reliable conclusions.
+Though the present study followed a double­blind randomized controlled design with a larger sample size that included both the genders and used a novel way of assessing RF­EMF
+effects on human BEM, it has some limitations. First, we did not perform standard laboratory assessments which may include biochemical makers of dysfunction of various organs,
+imaging procedures and measurements of electrical activity (such as electroencephalogram [EEG] or electrocardiogram [ECG]), etc. This would have provided an idea about the
+strength of correlation between subtle energy changes and corresponding possible anatomical and physiological alterations induced by RF­EMF exposure. Since the changes at
+subtle energy level seem to occur much earlier than those produced at the biochemical level, it is difficult to say that a definite correlation would be found between EPI parameters and
+biochemical markers at the same moment. Still, future researches should explore this area, probably with a cohort study design. Secondly, we did not provide directions on ways to
+counteract the possible effects of RF­EMF on subtle energy levels of teenagers. [23] In the present study, we did not assess the RF­EMF energy to which subjects may already be
+exposed at home, school, or surroundings. All subjects in our study belonged to similar socioeconomic status and age range; we included subjects who owned a smartphone for more
+than last 6 months; therefore, we assume that both RF­EMF and sham exposure groups had similar baseline exposure. In future, we plan to measure associated biochemical
+variables, blood flow changes, and electrical activity of organs like heart or brain using ECG or EEG along with EPI imaging for the establishment of correlation factors. We also plan to
+assess the effect of RF­EMF exposure for longer duration (weeks to months) and at different points of time so as to develop a possible dose response curve between RF­EMF dosage
+and corresponding subtle energy changes of organs. We also plan to use possible interventions to prevent RF­EMF­induced subtle energy changes in future.
+ Conclusion
+Fifteen minutes of RF­EMF exposure exerts quantifiable effects on subtle energy levels of endocrine glands, brain, liver, kidney, and spleen of healthy teenagers. Future studies
+should try to correlate these findings with respective biochemical markers and standard radio­imaging techniques.
+Acknowledgment
+Authors are thankful to the Department of Science and Technology Science and Engineering Board (DST­SERB), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India.
+Financial support and sponsorship 
+Nil.
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+References
+1
+Pramis J. Number of Mobile Phones to Exceed World Population by 2014. Available from: http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/mobile­phone­world­population­2014/n. [Last
+accessed on 2014 Oct 11].
+2
+Al­Khlaiwi  T,  Meo  SA.  Association  of  mobile  phone  radiation  with  fatigue,  headache,  dizziness,  tension  and  sleep  disturbance  in  Saudi  population.  Saudi  Med  J
+2004;25:732­6.
+3
+Schönborn F, Burkhardt M, Kuster N. Differences in energy absorption between heads of adults and children in the near field of sources. Health Phys 1998;74:160­8.
+4
+Gosselin  MC,  Kühn  S,  Kuster  N.  Experimental  and  numerical  assessment  of  low­frequency  current  distributions  from  UMTS  and  GSM  mobile  phones.  Phys  Med  Biol
+2013;58:8339­57.
+5
+Barth A, Ponocny I, Ponocny­Seliger E, Vana N, Winker R. Effects of extremely low­frequency magnetic field exposure on cognitive functions: Results of a meta­analysis.
+Bioelectromagnetics 2010;31:173­9.
+6
+Andrzejak R, Poreba R, Poreba M, Derkacz A, Skalik R, Gac P, et al. The influence of the call with a mobile phone on heart rate variability parameters in healthy volunteers.
+Ind Health 2008;46:409­17.
+7
+Haarala C, Aalto S, Hautzel H, Julkunen L, Rinne JO, Laine M, et al. Effects of a 902 MHz mobile phone on cerebral blood flow in humans: A PET study. Neuroreport
+2003;14:2019­23.
+8
+Aydin D, Feychting M, Schüz J, Tynes T, Andersen TV, Schmidt LS, et al. Mobile phone use and brain tumors in children and adolescents: A multicenter case­control study. J
+Natl Cancer Inst 2011;103:1264­76.
+9
+Donner J. Research approaches to mobile use in the developing world: A review of the literature. Inf Soc 2008;24:140­59.
+10
+Markov M, Grigoriev Y. Protect children from EMF. Electromagn Biol Med 2015;34:251­6.
+11
+Kheifets L, Repacholi M, Saunders R, van Deventer E. The sensitivity of children to electromagnetic fields. Pediatrics 2005;116:e303­13.
+12
+Korotkov  K,  Williams  B,  Wisneski  LA.  Assessing  biophysical  energy  transfer  mechanisms  in  living  systems:  The  basis  of  life  processes.  J  Altern  Complement  Med
+2004;10:49­57.
+3/1/2017
+Acute effects of mobile phone radiations on subtle energy levels of teenagers using electrophotonic imaging technique: A randomized controlled study :...
+http://ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2017;volume=10;issue=1;spage=16;epage=23;aulast=Bhargav
+4/4
+13
+Kostyuk N, Cole P, Meghanathan N, Isokpehi RD, Cohly HH. Gas discharge visualization: An imaging and modeling tool for medical biometrics. Int J Biomed Imaging
+2011;2011:196460.
+14
+Korotkov KG, Matravers P, Orlov DV, Williams BO. Application of electrophoton capture (EPC) analysis based on gas discharge visualization (GDV) technique in medicine: A
+systematic review. J Altern Complement Med 2010;16:13­25.
+15
+Korotkov KG. Human Energy Field: Study with GDV Bioelectrography. Fair Lawn, New Jersey: Backbone Publishing Co.; 2002.
+16
+Kononenko I, Bosniæ Z, Žgajnar B. The Influence of Mobile Telephones on Human Bioelectromagnetic Field. In: Proceedings New Science of Consciousness; 2000. p. 69­
+72.
+17
+Alexandrova R, Fedoseev G, Korotkov KG, Philippova N, Zayzev S, Magidov M, et al. Analysis of the bioelectrograms of bronchial asthma patients. In: Korotkov KG, editor.
+Human Energy Field: Study with GDV Bioelectrography. Fair Lawn: Backbone Publishing Co.; 2002.
+18
+Korotkov KG. Energy Fields Electrophotonic Analysis in Human and Nature. Saint­Petersburg: Amazon Publishing; 2011.
+19
+Deo G, Kumar Itagi R, Srinivasan Thaiyar M, Kuldeep KK. Effect of anapanasati meditation technique through electrophotonic imaging parameters: A pilot study. Int J Yoga
+2015;8:117.
+20
+Meo SA, Alsubaie Y, Almubarak Z, Almutawa H, AlQasem Y, Hasanato RM. Association of exposure to radio­frequency electromagnetic field radiation (RF­EMFR) generated
+by mobile phone base stations with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2015;12:14519­28.
+21
+Kushwah KK, Nagendra HR, Srinivasan TM. Effect of integrated yoga program on energy outcomes as a measure of preventive health care in healthy people. Central Eur J
+Sport Sci Med 2015;12:61­71.
+22
+Becker RO, Selden G. The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life. New York: William Morrow and Company; 1985.
+23
+Bhargav H, Manjunath NK, Varambally S, Mooventhan A, Suman B, Deepeshwar S, et al. Acute effects of 3G mobile phone radiations on frontal haemodynamics during a
+cognitive task in teenagers and possible protective value of Om chanting. Int Rev Psychiatr 2016:28:1­11.
+ 
+ 
+Wednesday, March 01, 2017
+ Site Map | Home | Contact Us |��Feedback | Copyright and Disclaimer

subfolder_0/An Electrodermal Study Comparing HIV Infected Children with Non Infected Children.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+ 
+Title of the article: An Electrodermal Study Comparing HIV Infected Children with Non Infected 
+Children 
+Abstract 
+Context: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a widespread, stigmatized illness 
+considered chronic and incurable, because it inevitably results in the fatal autoimmune deficiency 
+syndrome (AIDS).Infection presents sufferers with many challenges, which may overwhelm their 
+coping resources and impair psychological adjustment to the problems of managing their developing 
+pathology. AIDS affects physical as well as emotional aspects of the patient’s life, and any means of 
+improving the quality of patients’ lives is worthy of consideration. 
+Aims: This study evaluates electrodermal differences between HIV infected children and non-infected 
+children, to evaluate the potential for Yoga practice to help their problems. 
+Methods and Material: 
+Study Design: A two group matched-control comparative study.  
+Subjects: 43 HIV affected children and (30 male, 13 female) and 36 normal healthy children (23 
+male, 13 female) all aged 7-15 years. 
+Assessment: AcuGraph 3 ‘Digital Meridian Imaging’ system.  
+Results: Energy levels in HIV positive group were significantly lower in all meridians (p<0.001).  
+Conclusions: Electrodermal conductance at acupuncture points is associated with level of health in 
+terms of the Yoga concept of prana. The study suggests that HIV infection depletes the level of chi, 
+and that Yoga practice may be helpful in restoring it and increasing the sense of well-being. 
+Key-words: HIV, Acugraph, Jing-Well points, Chi Energy Level 
+ 
+Introduction:  
+Autoimmune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a greatly feared, fatal condition, which is stigmatized 
+and incurable. It is generally attributed to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which is 
+considered chronic and incurable, though it has been observed that life of a reasonable quality can 
+often be extended by sagacious use of health giving practices from complementary and alternative 
+medicine (CAM).  Yoga is one such traditional CAM system, which has proved useful in improving 
+quality of life in HIV infected individuals, even after the onset of early stage of AIDS. [1] 
+HIV infection bring great challenges to patients, and managing their developing pathology together 
+with the psychological demands of adjusting to an infection considered inevitably fatal, may 
+overwhelm their ability to cope with their condition. Improving patients’ quality of life (QoL) then 
+assumes a far greater level of importance. Improving QoL in cancer patients, often fatally ill, has been 
+one of the most successful applications of Yoga medicine, and consequently the subject of some of its 
+best funded research programs. [2] 
+There is also evidence that various meditation techniques can help improve the quality of life of HIV 
+positive individuals. Qigong meditation, for example, has been hypothesized to be potentially helpful 
+to HIV-infected individuals. [3] A more recent study, investigating possible benefits of Mindfulness 
+Based Stress Reduction for HIV positive persons, found significantly improved natural killer cell 
+activity and number. It suggested that mindfulness meditation, through stress reduction, may have the 
+potential to strengthen the immune system in individuals infected with HIV. [4] 
+Yoga Medicine presents a variety of programs that can be adapted to those with HIV. General 
+evaluations of these programs have recently been extended to electrodermal evaluations of Yoga 
+Lifestyle programs for improving levels of health and QoL. These studies have shown that QoL 
+increases as conductance at acupuncture points improves [5]. We therefore decided to evaluate the 
+potential of Yoga Medicine programs to improve the QoL of HIV positive children, by conducting a 
+comparative electrodermal study of groups of HIV positive and normal children of the same age with 
+similar gender distributions using Acugraph3. 
+ 
+The Acugraph3 Digital Meridian Imaging system was developed by Miridia Technologies of 
+Meridian, Idaho, and is simple and convention to use. Its components included probe, to contact the 
+acupuncture point, a ground bar to return the current at zero volts, and a connector cable, user manual 
+[6] and software CD. Data is presented on Dr Nakatani’s original 0–200 conductance unit scale. 
+[7]Acugraph uses ultra-low currents (0-40 μA), so subject’s threshold of sensitivity is not exceeded. [6] 
+Operators obtain readings every 6 seconds or so, i.e.10 per minute, which the software shows as a bar 
+graph on screen. Each subject’s average conductance is depicted by a middle line and its value in 
+green. Derivative variables are also calculated: overall Yin Balance, Yang Balance, Personal Integral 
+Energy (PIE), and Energy Level (-E_L), Energy Stability (E_S), Left/Right Balance (L_R), 
+Upper/Lower Balance (U_L), and Yin/Yang Balance (Y_Y).  
+Electrodermal measures should not be made on subjects with implanted devices (defibrillators or 
+pacemakers). Nor should it be used near skin rashes, lesions, or wounds. All variances should be 
+minimized. Major sources of variance include: the device, electrodes and skin surface; operators; and 
+subjects’ conventional electro-physiologies 
+[8] (minimized by using fixed times to make 
+measurements); and averaging readings to smooth fluctuations. 
+Electro-dermal screening is used in some CAM practices for diagnosis. Acugraph3 was selected by 
+SVYASA to monitor Yoga programs. Meridian color readings were deemed insufficiently reliable to 
+make accurate single diagnoses. It seemed that it could be used on groups however. [9]Here, we report 
+the differences between electrodermal measurements at each meridian’s Jing-Well point of HIV-
+infected and normal children.  
+Subjects and Methods: 
+Study Design: Matched Group Design to study Acugraph characteristics of the pathology 
+Subjects: consisted of 43 HIV infected children of both sexes (30 males, 13 females) matched control 
+group 36 (23 males, 13 females) aged 7 to 15 years.  
+Inclusion Criteria 
+ HIV infected children 
+ Willing to participate in the study 
+ 
+ Aged 7to16 years. 
+Exclusion Criteria 
+ Any cut, scar or mole on the surface of a Jing well point. 
+ Missing any finger or toe. 
+Assessment: single Acugraph3 readings of skin conductance at Jing-Well meridian end points.  
+Procedure for AcuGraph3 measurements: [6] Acugraph soft personal information is first entered: 
+Name(s), ID number, age, gender etc. With the subject sitting comfortably on a chair, feet on a mat, 
+excess wetness or dryness is checked on their hands, and a towel or damp cotton ball used to adjusted 
+surface humidity and, if necessary improve the conductivity of the electrical probe when applied to 
+each Jing-Well point. With the subject gripping(medium grip) the ground bar in one hand, successive 
+‘Jing Well’ points (at extremities of acupuncture meridians), are measure on the opposite side of the 
+body as specified by the computer, which records readings on all major acupuncture meridians; 6 on 
+each hand and 6 on each foot i.e. for all 12 major meridians:  Lung, Pericardium, Heart, Small 
+Intestine, Triple Warmer, and Large Intestine, (Hand) and Spleen, Liver, Kidney, Bladder, Gall 
+Bladder, and Stomach (Foot).   
+Data Analysis: SPSS 16 statistical software was used to analyse the data. Independent sample t-tests 
+were used to assess significance of differences between group averages of observed conductance 
+levels for each meridian. 
+Results: 
+Results for individual meridians are summarized in Table 1, which presents group averages and 
+standard deviations for each meridian for both groups of children, HIV and normal. As can be seen, 
+the normal children had higher conductance values for every meridian, and independent ‘t’ tests gave 
+significant p values for every meridian except for the Triple Energizer Right (TE_R) (p = 0.139) and 
+the Liver Right (LI_R) ( = 0.077), the differences between HIV and normal for both of which were 
+more than 12 points. Applying the sign test to all 24 meridians, the probability against the null 
+hypothesis being correct is 2-24,  p << 0.0001,so we can reasonably state that all meridians on the HIV 
+children showed lower readings than the normal children, despite two not reaching t test significance.   
+ 
+TABLE 1: 
+INDIVIDUAL MERIDIAN DIFFERENCES  
+BETWEEN HIV POSITIVE AND NORMAL CHILDREN 
+MERIDIAN 
+HIVCHILDREN 
+Mean±SD 
+NORMAL 
+CHILDREN 
+Mean±SD 
+p-Value 
+LU-L 
+141.81±34.528 
+161.66±28.315 
+0.007 
+LU-R 
+121.86±38.176 
+149.71 ±34.804 
+0.001 
+PC-L 
+122.71±34.516 
+146.80±31.668 
+0.002 
+PC-R 
+118.29±34.303 
+139.26±35.843 
+0.011 
+HT-L 
+113.71±35.157 
+133.37±38.215 
+0.023 
+HT-R 
+117.76±40.483 
+141.66±39.214 
+0.011 
+SI-L 
+123.19±35.755 
+144.17±33.828 
+0.010 
+SI-R 
+117.24±35.434 
+140.91±37.631 
+0.006 
+TE-L 
+118.52±33.777 
+137.54±33.677 
+0.016 
+TE-R 
+122.29±36.247 
+134.86±37.351 
+0.140 
+LI-L 
+128.86±30.209 
+146.97±32.210 
+0.014 
+LI-R 
+125.19±36.913 
+138.86±28.439 
+0.071 
+SP-L 
+113.81±43.192 
+149.03±40.428 
+<0.001 
+SP-R 
+105.62±44.896 
+148.69±37.614 
+<0.001 
+LR-L 
+118.90±43.796 
+150.17±38.374 
+0.001 
+LR-R 
+114.10±47.534 
+152.74±40.392 
+<0.001 
+KI-L 
+106.81±38.875 
+134.74±42.454 
+0.004 
+KI-R 
+110.81±44.507 
+142.80±35.324 
+0.001 
+BL-L 
+104.14±36.025 
+142.46±36.760 
+<0.001 
+BL-R 
+108.57±37.534 
+149.89±35.993 
+<0.001 
+GB-L 
+116.05±34.909 
+147.37±38.741 
+<0.001 
+GB-R 
+115.05±39.200 
+151.83±35.778 
+<0.001 
+ST-L 
+126.14±39.842 
+154.40±35.509 
+0.002 
+ST-R 
+120.14±41.020 
+161.89±36.458 
+<0.001 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+TABLE 2: 
+GROUP MERIDIAN AVERAGES: DIFFERENCES  
+BETWEEN HIV POSITIVE AND NORMAL CHILDREN 
+MERIDIAN 
+AVERAGE 
+HIV CHILDREN 
+Mean±SD 
+NORMAL 
+CHILDREN 
+Mean±SD 
+p-Value 
+LOW 
+102.50±31.221 
+128.71±28.612 
+<0.001 
+MEDI 
+117.50±31.221 
+145.49±30.416 
+<0.001 
+HIGH 
+132.24±30.586 
+160.09±28.632 
+<0.001 
+YIN 
+117.31±33.039 
+147.69±32.505 
+<0.001 
+YANG 
+118.74±29.702 
+146.03±30.200 
+<0.001 
+PIE 
+58.24±14.948 
+65.89±15.103 
+0.029 
+El 
+117.50±31.221 
+145.57±30.342 
+<0.001 
+ES 
+73.88±12.665 
+82.57±11.942 
+0.003 
+U_L 
+16.17±12.857 
+11.34±8.331 
+.051 
+L_R 
+6.88±5.366 
+3.86±3.219 
+.003 
+Y_Y 
+5.05±4.096 
+3.63±3.614 
+.111 
+ 
+Discussion: 
+ 
+Results show clearly that electrodermal conductance at the Jing-Well acupuncture points is lower in 
+HIV infected children than in normal children, as the study hypothesis proposed. This is not in itself 
+surprising. The ongoing challenge presented by the presence of a chronic infection, as well as the 
+effect of a weakened immune system, would be expected to deplete levels of chi, the internal sense of 
+vitality associated with optimized levels of electrodermal conductance, and thus to lower AcuGraph3 
+measurements. Results are therefore consistent with HIV infected children having lower levels of chi, 
+and this being one reason for lowered sense of well-being and quality of life.  
+Previous studies have consistently shown that the effect of Yoga programs is first to improve levels of 
+electrodermal skin conductance at acupuncture points, conventionally interpreted as improving levels 
+of chi energy in the associated acupuncture meridians, and second to improve levels of balance 
+between different regions of the body and between different meridians. Such effects have been seen in 
+participants in qigong training courses [10] in normal, healthy students coming for one month Yoga 
+ 
+training courses [5] particularly when compared to those with six months or more experience [11] and 
+also in business executives coming for five day Yoga training courses [12] Interesting secondary effects 
+have also been seen, such as indications of improved regulation [11] and restoration of depleted energy 
+levels of ladies relative to men [11].   
+These studies suggest that Yoga practice would, to some extent, also increase depleted levels of chi in 
+HIV positive children. The implications of this are that, by virtue of its power to restore chi levels, 
+Yoga practice may be helpful in increasing the sense of well-being in HIV infected children, and 
+materially contribute to their quality of life.  
+ 
+References: 
+1. Hall N, Complementary medicine. Advances. 1988; 5(3)9-10. 
+ 
+2. Mary Lou Galantino PT, et.al The Effect of Group Aerobic Exercise and T’ai Chi on 
+Functional Outcomes and Quality of Life for Persons Living with Acquired Immunodeficiency 
+Syndrome. J Altern Complement Med.2005; 11(6): 1085–1092. 
+3.  William K, Meditation, T-cells, anxiety, depression and HIV infection. Subtle Energies and 
+Energy Medicine Journal. 1995; 6(1).  
+4. Robinson FP, et.al Psycho-Endocrine-Immune Response to Mindfulness-Based Stress 
+Reduction in Individuals Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Quasi-
+experimental Study. J Altern Complement Med.2003; 9(5):683–694. 
+5. Nagilla N, Hankey A, Nagendra HR. Effects of Yoga practice on Acumeridian Energies: 
+Variance reduction implies benefits for regulation. Int J Yoga 2013; 6(1):61-65.  
+6. Meridia Technologies Inc. AcuGraph3 Digital Meridian Imaging. Meridian Technologies. 
+Meridian, Idaho, 2008. 
+7. Nakatani Y, Skin electric resistance and Ryodoraku. J Autonomic. Nerve. 1956; 6:52. 
+8. Sharma B, Hankey A, Meenakshy KB, Nagendra HR. Inter-operator variability of 
+electrodermal measure at Jing-Well points using Acugraph3. J Acupunct Merid Studies. 2013; 
+6: in press. Online from 18.03.2013. 
+9. Meenakshy KB, Hankey A, Nagendra HR. Reliability of AcuGraph Digital Meridian Imaging 
+System. Submitted for publication. 
+10. Sancier KM, and Holman D, Multifaceted Health Benefits of Medical Qigong. J Alt 
+Complement Med. 2004; 10(1):163-166. 
+11. Sharma B, Hankey A, Nagilla N, Meenakshy KB, Nagendra HR. Can Yoga Practices Benefit 
+Health By Improving Organism Regulation? Evidence from electrodermal measures of 
+acupuncture meridian. Int J Yoga. (In press) 
+12. Meenakshy KB, Hankey A, Nagendra HR. Electrodermal assessment of SMET program for 
+business executives. Submitted for publication.  

subfolder_0/An evidence based review on ayurvedic management of Kaphaja Kasa.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+3/3/2017
+An Evidence Based Review on Ayurvedic Management of Kaphaja kasa (Chronic Bronchitis) | Ranjita | Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing
+http://www.i­scholar.in/index.php/ijhw/article/view/122475/0
+1/1
+All
+Search
+Home
+Current
+Archives
+Authors
+Institutions
+Vol 7, No 1 (2016)
+Pages: 73­78
+Published: 2016­01­01
+   Subscribe/Renew Journal
+Ayurvedic texts have described 'Kasa' as an independent Vyadhi and a symptom of various debilitating diseases
+with its separate types, signs, symptoms, pathogenesis, and treatment. If treatment of Kasa Vyadhi is not done
+in time it can give rise to critical conditions like Swasa, Shosa, Rajyakshama, Urakshata, Rakttapitta, Granthi,
+Arbuda of respiratory tract etc. So to avoid the above complications it is essential to prevent and manage Kasa
+Vyadhi.  Kasa  is  of  five  types;  Vataja,  Pittaja,  Kaphaja,  Kshayaja  and  Kshataja.  Among  all,  Kaphaja  Kasa  is
+prevalent in these days originated due to the exposure to active and passive smoking, air pollution, occupational
+hazards. Kaphaja Kasa is a disease described in Ayurvedic texts that shows close resemblance with chronic
+bronchitis  on  the  basis  of  clinical  manifestations.  However,  according  to  WHO  chronic  bronchitis  and
+emphysema are now included within the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), a major cause of
+health care burden worldwide and the only leading cause of death among respiratory diseases that is increasing
+in prevalence. So in this article, critical analysis was done on the Ayurvedic management of Kaphaja Kasa vis­à­
+vis chronic bronchitis. 
+Keywords
+Kaphaja Kasa, Chronic Bronchitis, Respiratory Diseases, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
+ 
+An Evidence Based Review on Ayurvedic Management of Kaphaja kasa (Chronic
+Bronchitis)
+Rajashree Ranjita  , Soubhagyalaxmi Mohanty  , Alex Hankey  , H. R. Nagendra 
+ 
+Affiliations
+1 Division of Yoga and Life Science, SVYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, India
+2 SVYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, India
+ 
+       
+Buy this Article
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing
+Copyright © Informatics Publishing Limited.      Terms & Conditions | Privacy Policy | Enquiry
+1
+1
+1
+2
+ABSTRACT
+REFERENCES
+ARTICLE METRICS
+  Login
+  Register
+  Cart (0)
+Generate Invoice
+Check Out
+  Enquiry
+MENU
+Twitter 
+acebook 
+Linkedin 
+Youtube 
+
+
+
+

subfolder_0/Association between cyclic meditation and creative cognition Optimizing connectivity between the frontal and parietal lobes.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,955 @@
+© 2018 International Journal of Yoga | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow
+29
+Introduction
+During the past several decades, there has 
+been tremendous increase in understanding 
+the process of creativity and its associates 
+in the brain.[1,2] Creativity has been defined 
+as the capacity to generate novel, socially 
+valued ideas  (Mumford)[3] or as an ability 
+to produce work that is novel, original, and 
+appropriate (Sternberg).[4] Helmholtz (1826) 
+and Wallas  (1926) suggest that creativity 
+has 
+four 
+stages 
+of 
+conscious 
+and 
+unconscious 
+brain 
+activity 
+and 
+they 
+are  (i) preparation,  (ii) incubation,  (iii) 
+illumination, 
+and 
+(iv) 
+verification.[5,6] 
+During the preparation stage, the problem 
+is investigated in all possible directions 
+as the thinker readies the mental soil for 
+sowing the seeds. In the preparation stage, 
+accumulation of intellectual resources takes 
+place out of which new ideas could emerge. 
+Next, a period of subconscious processing 
+known as incubation takes place, during 
+which no direct effort is exerted upon the 
+Address for correspondence: 
+Dr. Reshma Madhukar Shetkar, 
+C/O. Dr. Alex Hankey and 
+Dr. Nagendra H. R. Swami 
+Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana 
+Samsthana, Vivekananda 
+Yoga University, Eknath 
+Bhavan, 19 Gavipuram 
+Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, 
+Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, 
+Karnataka, India. 
+E‑mail: rashmishetker@ 
+gmail.com
+Abstract
+Background: Important stages of creativity include preparation, incubation, illumination, and 
+verification. Earlier studies have reported that some techniques of meditation promote creativity but 
+have not specified which stage is enhanced. Here, we report the influence of cyclic meditation (CM) 
+on creative cognition measured by a divergent thinking task. Our aim was to determine the degree 
+of association between the two. Methods: Twenty‑four university students were randomly assigned 
+to an experimental group  (CM) and controls  (Supine Rest), 35  min/day for 7  days. Creativity 
+performance was assessed pre and post using Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults (ATTA), while 
+64-channel electroencephalography (EEG) was used to measure brain activity during both CM/SH 
+and the creativity test.  Results: Results indicated that CM training improved creativity performance, 
+producing a shift to predominant gamma activity during creativity compared controls who showed 
+delta activity. Furthermore, the experimental group showed more activation of frontal and parietal 
+regions  (EEG leads F3, F4 and P3, P4) than controls, i.e., the regions of the executive network 
+responsible for creative cognition, our particular regions of interest where specialized knowledge is 
+being stored. Conclusion: Improvement on creativity test performance indicates that CM increases 
+association and strengthens the connectivity between frontal and parietal lobes, the major nodes of 
+default mode network and executive attention network, enhancing the important stages of creativity 
+such as preparation, incubation, and illumination.
+Keywords: Attention, cognition, creativity, cyclic meditation, default mode network, divergent 
+thinking, electroencephalography, executive network, gamma waves
+Association between Cyclic Meditation and Creative Cognition: Optimizing 
+Connectivity between the Frontal and Parietal Lobes
+Original Article
+Reshma Madhukar 
+Shetkar,  
+Alex Hankey,  
+H. R. Nagendra1,  
+Balaram Pradhan2
+Yoga and Physical Sciences, 
+S-vyasa University, 1Chancellor, 
+S-vyasa University, 2Division 
+of Yoga and Humanities, 
+S-vyasa University, Bengaluru, 
+Karnataka, India
+problem at hand  –  this stage is where the 
+combinatory play takes place wherein the 
+development of new thought processes 
+arises. In the third i.e., incubation stage, 
+two divergent process takes place and series 
+of unconscious, involuntary background 
+events happen. This being termed as ‘fore-
+conscious’ and ‘fore-voluntary’ Wallas. 
+Following incubation is the illumination 
+stage, based on French polymath Henri 
+Poincare’s concept of sudden illumination, 
+that flash of insight the conscious self 
+can’t will and the subliminal self can only 
+welcome once all elements gathered during 
+the preparation stage have floated freely 
+around, during incubation and are now 
+ready to click into an illuminating new 
+formation; this is a natural and spontaneous 
+state of mind which cannot be forced. It 
+is accompanied by the final flash or click, 
+which is the culmination of a successful 
+train of association and thinking. These 
+trains of associations are the connections 
+Access this article online
+Website: www.ijoy.org.in
+DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_26_17
+Quick Response Code:
+How to cite this article: Shetkar RM, Hankey A, 
+Nagendra HR, Pradhan B. Association between 
+cyclic meditation and creative cognition: Optimizing 
+connectivity between the frontal and parietal lobes. 
+Int J Yoga 2019;12:29-36.
+Received: June, 2017. Accepted: September, 2017.
+This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under 
+the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
+ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and 
+build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit 
+is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
+For reprints contact: [email protected]
+Shetkar, et al.: Cyclic meditation and creative cognition
+30
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 12 | Issue 1 | January‑April 2019
+between seemingly unconnected areas within the brain. In 
+the last stage, conscious and deliberate effort of testing the 
+validity of idea and reducing the idea into form happens; 
+hence, this last stage does the scientific verification of the 
+concept or idea taken place during the first three stages, 
+i.e., preparation, incubation, and illumination.
+Creativity is measured and verified by divergent thinking 
+tasks, wherein many possibilities develop from one starting 
+point, which produces creative thinking resulting in new 
+answers, forms, ideas, or new patterns. Divergent thinking 
+is an important and measurable aspect of creativity. 
+According to Guilford, divergent production pertains to 
+information retrieval and the number of varied responses.[7] 
+Pfenninger and Shubik (2001) suggest that creativity is the 
+innate ability to “associate novel contexts with principles 
+of order.”[8] Heilman defines creativity as the discovery 
+of “unity in the variety in what is called diversity of 
+nature.”[9]
+The Torrance tests of creativity are among the most 
+widely used assessments of creativity.[10] These tests use 
+divergent thinking and yield scores for fluency, flexibility, 
+originality, and elaboration, examining the stages of 
+creativity such as preparation, incubation, and illumination, 
+which can be corelated to the activity of different 
+areas of frontal and parietal regions[11] of the brain. 
+Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies of healthy controls 
+suggest interhemispheric as well as intrahemispheric 
+communication of neuronal networks providing evidence 
+of communication and connectivity between brain areas 
+important for divergent thinking.[12] Wechsler Adult 
+Intelligence 
+Scale 
+and 
+Torrance 
+tests, 
+respectively, 
+found that creative individuals had more inter‑  and 
+intra‑hemispheric EEG coherence than those who were 
+less creative.[13,14] Overall, these EEG studies support a 
+relationship between divergent thinking and physiological 
+interactions, associations and connections between brain 
+regions.[15]
+Clinical as well as functional imaging studies suggest that 
+the frontal lobes are important for divergent thinking and 
+specialized knowledge. The domain‑specific and specialized 
+knowledge is stored in specific portions of the parietal 
+lobes.[16] The frontal lobes have strong connections with 
+the polymodal and supramodal regions of the parietal lobes 
+where concepts and knowledge are stored and retrieved 
+during goal‑directed attention and rest.[17] The coactivation 
+and communication between these regions are normally not 
+strongly established; however, meditation studies reveal 
+that these associations can be triggered by alterations 
+during meditation, a goal‑directed activity and focusing 
+of attention and by the role of neurotransmitters such as 
+norepinephrine during meditation.[18] Hence, our attempt is 
+to search for this association with one of the most powerful 
+techniques of yoga meditation called Avartan Dhyan or 
+cyclic meditation (CM).[19]
+The purpose of this study was to understand whether 
+CM can enhance the associations, connection, and 
+communication between the frontal and the parietal lobes, 
+especially specific regions such as F3‑F4 and P3‑P4, where 
+specialized and domain‑specific knowledge of an individual 
+responsible for creative cognition is stored.[11,16,17] Further, it 
+is hypothesized that CM could optimize connectivity of the 
+frontal and the parietal lobes, thereby enhancing creative 
+stages such as preparation, incubation, and illumination 
+as tested by Torrance tests of creativity[20] and EEG in 
+comparison to the controls.
+Materials and Methods
+Subjects
+Twenty‑four 
+healthy 
+controls 
+(mean 
+age: 
+experimental 
+‑ 
+27.92 
+± 
+6.95 
+years, 
+control  ‑  27.17  ±  8.30  years) were recruited. One group 
+was undergoing regular training sessions for CM as 
+an experimental intervention and another group for 
+Shavasana as a control intervention for 7  days, 35  min 
+each day from 8.00 am to 8.35 am. The inclusion criteria 
+were right handedness;[21] no history of neurological 
+illness as assessed by GHQ questionnaire;[22] no present 
+medication for medical disorders that could have 
+deleterious effects on EEG morphology, as well as 
+neurological, and/or cognitive functioning consequences; 
+and no hearing, vision, or upper body impairment relevant 
+for neuropsychological function.[23] Before the EEG 
+experiment, a brief neurocognitive assessment aimed to 
+assess verbal intelligence quotient[24]  (M  =  119.4, standard 
+deviation  [SD] =  12.21), and a brief clinical assessment 
+ruled out the presence of psychopathological symptoms[25] 
+(M = 1.26, SD = 0.26). None of the participants had total 
+scores that indicated the presence of clinical symptoms. 
+Participants were not paid for the study; only a free 
+1  week daily training of CM for experimental group and 
+Shavasana training to control group were given for 35 min. 
+All participants provided written informed consent for the 
+experimental protocol approved by the Institute’s Ethical 
+Committee.
+Study design
+Participants were assessed in two separate sessions 
+pre‑  and post‑intervention, in the EEG laboratory of 
+DRDO (Defence Research and Development Organisation), 
+Delhi, where the study was conducted [Figures 1 and 2]. 
+The order of the recording and assessment was randomized 
+as per the online random number generator log table. On 
+both the recording days pre and post for CM and SH, 
+participants were asked to avoid all other physical activities 
+(e.g. walking, jogging, or other yoga practices). However, 
+they continued with the rest of their routine (e.g. listening 
+to lectures in their usual schedule) since all of them were 
+students at a local university wherein their routine was 
+relatively comparable.
+Shetkar, et al.: Cyclic meditation and creative cognition
+31
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 12 | Issue 1 | January‑April 2019
+Apparatus and procedures
+Intervention‑cyclic meditation
+CM also called as “Avartan Dhyan” technique is a “moving 
+meditation,” which combines the practice of yoga postures 
+with guided meditation as introduced by one of the 
+authors (HRN). CM has its origin in an ancient Indian text 
+named Mandukya Upanishad.[26] It is interesting to note that 
+CM induces a quite state of mind, which is compatible with 
+the description of meditation, namely, dhyana or effortless 
+expansion, according to Patanjali. The description states 
+“Tatra pratyayaikatanata dhyanam” (Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, 
+Chapter  3: Verse 2).[27] This means that an uninterrupted 
+flow of the mind toward the object chosen for meditation 
+is dhyana. There are three categorizations of meditation: 
+open monitoring, focused attention, and self‑transcending[28] 
+which may include varieties of techniques of meditations 
+practiced worldwide. The above categorization is based 
+on the neural mechanism, and its neural correlates in the 
+brain. All meditations irrespective of the strategies involved 
+are believed to help reach a higher state of silence and 
+bliss. The verse on which CM is based states: “in a state 
+of mental inactivity awaken the mind; when agitated, calm 
+it down; between these two states realize the possible 
+abilities of the mind. If the mind has reached states of 
+perfect equilibrium do not disturb it again.” The underlying 
+idea is that, for most persons, the mental state is routinely 
+between the extremes of being “inactive” or of being 
+“agitated” and hence to reach a balanced and relaxed state; 
+the most suitable technique would be one which combines 
+“awakening” and “calming” practices like that of CM.
+In CM, the period of practicing yoga postures constitutes 
+the “awakening” practices, while periods of supine rest 
+comprise “calming practices.” An essential part of the 
+practice of CM is being aware of sensations arising in 
+the body.[19,29] This supports the idea that a combination 
+of stimulating and calming techniques practiced with a 
+background of relaxation and awareness (during CM) may 
+reduce psychophysiological arousal more than just resting 
+in a supine posture for the same duration. The practice 
+of CM includes yoga postures  (asanas) which involve 
+muscle stretching and this has diverse benefits. The effects, 
+benefits, and possible mechanism underlying CM were 
+further discussed by Subramanya and Telles, which is not 
+mentioned in detail here.[29]
+Procedure
+Participants sat in the chair during baseline and creativity 
+testing and on the floor on mats during intervention of 
+CM and Shavasana. Throughout the CM practice, the 
+participants kept their eyes closed and followed the 
+instructions of the CM trainer. The instructions emphasized 
+carrying out the practice slowly, with awareness and 
+relaxation. The practice began by repeating a verse  (40s) 
+from Mandukya Upanishad,[26] followed by isometric 
+contraction of the muscles of the body ending with supine 
+rest  (1  min), slowly coming up from the left side and 
+standing at ease  (called Tadasana), and “balancing” the 
+weight on both feet  (called centering)  (2  min). The first 
+actual posture consists of bending to the right  (Ardhakati 
+chakrasana, 80s), a pause of 70s in Tadasana with 
+instructions regarding relaxation and awareness, bending 
+to the left  (Ardhakati chakrasana, 80s), a pause  (70s), 
+backward 
+bending 
+(Ardhakati 
+chakrasana, 
+80s), 
+a 
+pause  (70s), forward bending  (Padahastasana, 80s), 
+another 
+pause 
+(70s), 
+backward 
+bending 
+(Ardhakati 
+chakrasana, 80s), and slowly coming down to supine 
+posture with instructions to relax different parts of the 
+body, followed by QRT, i.e., Quick Relaxation Technique in 
+sequence (5 min). This is followed by sitting and forward 
+bending posture, namely, Shashankasana, 80s and camel 
+posture  (Ustrasana 80s), followed by the deep relaxation 
+technique (Deep Relaxation Technique for 12  min). In 
+all these, awareness is focused and sensation felt on each 
+part of the body step by step from toes to the tip of the 
+head. The total duration of the practice was 35  min.[19] 
+The key features of CM are  (i) postures interposed with 
+relaxation, (ii) slowness of movements, (iii) continuity, (iv) 
+inner awareness, and  (vi) recognition of linear, surface, 
+three‑dimensional, and all pervasive awareness.
+Shavasana for control
+During Shavasana, the individuals lay in the corpse 
+posture  (Shavasana), with their legs 30° apart and arms 
+from the side of the body with eyes closed.[30] This practice 
+lasted 35 min so that the duration was the same as for CM.
+Assessment of creative cognition – divergent thinking
+The figural, visual/verbal, and artistic Abbreviated Torrance 
+Test for Adults (ATTA) was used to measure the divergent 
+thinking activity. This test comprised of three different 
+phases of activities in which the participant is given 
+verbal, figural, and artistic questionnaire along with the 
+shapes and lines for assessing creativity.[20] Furthermore, 
+the individuals were instructed to make abstract, unusual 
+pictures, and tell us story. Individuals had to title their 
+creativity tasks, introducing a small verbal component 
+to the task. The streamlined scoring system was used,[31] 
+Pre
+(3 min)
+Creativity Test
+(10 min)
+CM/SH
+(35 min)
+Post
+(3 min)
+Figure 1: Schematic representation of the study
+C1
+F3-P3
+F4-P4
+C2
+F3-P3
+F4-P4
+C3
+F3-P3
+F4-P4
+Figure 2: Regions of interest (ROI) and dimensions of creativity in two 
+groups
+Shetkar, et al.: Cyclic meditation and creative cognition
+32
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 12 | Issue 1 | January‑April 2019
+which scores the test performance for fluency, originality, 
+elaboration, and flexibility, all of which contribute to the 
+index score, which are given for a number of other creative 
+strengths such as emotional expressiveness, storytelling, 
+articulateness, movement, synthesis of figures, humor, 
+richness of imagery, and fantasy.[32] The reliability for this 
+test was adopted from the test‑retest reliability and scorer 
+reliability. The numerical value in the test‑retest reliability 
+is 0.340–0.682  (P  <  0.01), and in scorer reliability, 
+it is 0.311–0.975  (P  <  0.01). The linguistic parts of 
+correlational coefficient in criterion‑referenced creativity 
+indicators is 457  (P  <  0.01) whereas that in figure parts 
+is 368  (P  <  0.05).[32] Raw ATTA scores for the subscales 
+were converted to age‑normalized standard scores using 
+the technical manual  (Torrance, 1998).[32] Total ATTA 
+index scores are calculated by adding bonus points to 
+the average of these subscales standard scores. Percentile 
+equivalents of the total index scores are provided in the 
+technical manual. The existing normative data for the 
+ATTA were established predominantly among elementary 
+and university students. While there are normative data 
+for adults, they are not stratified by age or education. For 
+the purpose of this study, the general reference group of 
+all adults over the age of 20 was used to calculate total 
+index scores and percentiles, and age and education were 
+analyzed as potential confounding variables during data 
+preanalysis. To establish inter‑rater reliability, ATTA tests 
+of three individuals were scored by two separate raters, 
+the primary investigator and a trained researcher, both of 
+whom were unaware  (blinded) of the EEG results. Both 
+raters were trained through careful reading of the figural 
+TTCT manual. An acceptable level of inter‑rater reliability 
+was obtained for scoring of the ATTA  (r  =  0.82). Only 
+the primary investigator scored the remainder of the tests, 
+and the primary investigator’s scores were used in final 
+analysis.
+Electroencephalographic recording, data acquisition, 
+and analysis
+EEG data acquisition: the experimental room was 
+sound proof and the floor was electrically shielded 
+and grounded.[33] To ensure good quality EEG signals, 
+participants were asked to wash their hair before attending 
+the recording session, and for nonscalp electrodes, their 
+skin was carefully cleaned using an alcohol solution. 
+All electrodes were kept within 50 mV offset of the 
+BIOSEMI system metric for measuring impedance. 
+EEG data were recorded using a 64‑channel Active Two 
+Biosemi system  (Biosemi, Amsterdam, Netherlands), in 
+a continuous mode at a digitization rate of 512  Hz, with 
+a bandpass of 0.01–100  Hz, and stored on disk for later 
+analysis. Eye blinks and movements were monitored 
+through electrodes placed on both temples  (horizontal 
+electrooculogram) and another one below the left 
+eye  (vertical electrooculogram). Following steps were 
+taken in data processing: (a) filtering and removal of excess 
+noise from data; (b) independent component analysis (ICA) 
+for artifact removal; (c) segmentation of data into 
+different brainwave frequencies; and  (d) calculation of 
+energy and power for different frequency segments for all 
+events (baseline‑pre‑post, creativity test, CM).
+Data processing and artifact rejection
+Data processing was carried out using the EEGLAB 
+open 
+source 
+software 
+version 
+12[33] 
+running 
+on 
+Matlab R2009b  (The Matworks Inc.) under a Linux 
+operating system  (Ubuntu 12.04). EEG data were first 
+referenced to the right mastoid and downsampled 
+from 1024 to 256  Hz. A  high‑pass filter at 1  Hz using 
+an infinite impulse response filter with a transition 
+bandwidth of 0.3 Hz and an order of 6 was applied. We 
+automatically removed portions of the signals presenting 
+nonstereotyped artifacts using pop_rejcont function of 
+the 
+  EEGLAB software (The Matworks Inc).[33] The data 
+were first segmented in 1‑s epochs with 0.5 s overlap. 
+Segments of 8 contiguous epochs in which the 0–10 Hz 
+frequency band and the 35–128  Hz frequency band had 
+amplitude higher than 17 and 14 decibels, respectively, 
+were labeled as artifactual. We used this rejection 
+procedure to ensure that artifact rejection was uniform 
+for all individuals. Rejection of low‑frequency segments 
+helped remove signals related to individuals’ head and 
+body movements. Rejection of high frequency activity 
+helped reject data portions of muscular activity. Finally, 
+we used Infomax ICA on the pruned data to reject eye 
+movement related and muscle artifacts.[34]
+Statistical analysis
+Analysis of variance  (ANOVA) was first used to assess 
+significance of the EEG spectral power across groups 
+and conditions using one‑way Welch’s ANOVA.[34,35] The 
+final statistical analysis was using  SPSS  Version  20.0 
+(IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Between‑  and within‑group 
+comparison for creativity and EEG using independent t‑test 
+to determine whether scan protocol affected the creativity 
+and EEG measurements on our regions of interest  (ROI) 
+measurements and their scores. Descriptive statistics were 
+used to identify outliers and normality of distribution for 
+variables of interest. For significant relationships that were 
+found between creativity total scores and ROIs, correlations 
+were determined post hoc between the areas of frontal F3, 
+F4 and parietal P3, P4, following a significant relationship 
+between the experimental and control groups practicing 
+CM and Shavasana (SH) and the total scores in each group.
+Results
+Tables  1 and 2, Figure 3 and 4 shows that there was 
+significant difference between CM and SH groups 
+in Creativity Scores, namely, CRS  (P  <  0.020), 
+C1F  (P  <  0.001), C1P  (P  <  0.001), C2F  (P  <  0.001), 
+C2P (P < 0.001), C3F (P < 0.004), C3P (P < 0.025), and 
+TOTAL (P < 0.001).
+Shetkar, et al.: Cyclic meditation and creative cognition
+33
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 12 | Issue 1 | January‑April 2019
+Discussion
+The experiment described above shows that this deep 
+meditation and relaxation technique such as CM could 
+enhance access to creative cognition and thought processes. 
+When effect sizes are compared to experiments on deep 
+meditation, we find relaxation alone performed in accordance 
+with Gaudapada’s principle of alternating excitation and 
+relaxation has comparable effect sizes  (Control and Exp 
+0.28–0.56, 0.28–77). CM practice improved performance 
+on Torrance tests of creativity, presumably because CM can 
+help participants enter deeper states of awareness, where 
+arousal is in perfect equilibrium, alertness increased, and 
+attention functions from deeper levels.
+The results provide evidence that while CM training 
+increases performance on tests of creative cognition, 
+Shavasana training does not. Creative processes are held 
+to occur in three stages, i.e., preparation, incubation, 
+and illumination; so which of these are affected? As has 
+previously been shown, the frontal and parietal lobes of 
+the brain play special roles in above‑mentioned stages of 
+creativity. Brain regions of the interest F3, F4 (frontal) and 
+P3, P4 (parietal) electrodes, which represent core regions 
+of executive attention networks and where specialized, 
+domain-specific knowledge important for creativity is 
+stored, and from where it is retrieved;[11,16] gets networked 
+ 
+predominantly, by parallel activations. CM training 
+seems to promote awareness and attention strengthening 
+connections in the frontal lobe and associations between 
+these regions, presumably facilitating retrieval of required 
+information from the parietal lobes.[11]
+Before the intervention, baseline data showed dominant 
+delta wave activity during eyes closed periods in both 
+groups. During intervention, a shift from delta to gamma 
+activity was observed in the CM group, whereas in the 
+control group, delta activity remained dominant. This 
+seems to suggest a mechanism behind CM’s effect of 
+increasing ATTA scores. Delta wave activity is associated 
+with mental activity in dullness while gamma wave 
+activity is associated with refined levels of awareness, 
+presence, alertness, and positive feeling. Results suggest 
+that the experimental group’s levels of attention, alertness, 
+awareness, and subtle positive feeling  (gamma) increased, 
+while controls failed to release stress and remained in 
+dullness (delta). As discussed in this paper, increased levels 
+of awareness, alertness, and subtle positive feeling may be 
+reasonably expected to be connected to creative intuition 
+and to increase creative cognition.
+This result should be compared with the observations 
+of periods of peak creativity and Buddhist compassion 
+meditation, both of which are characterized by gamma 
+waves. More speculatively, we may also suggest that by 
+better connecting mind and body, CM practice may shift 
+consciousness from gamma toward alpha during practice 
+and performance on tasks assessing creative cognition. 
+Another dimension to the regions of brain activation 
+concerns the various brain networks active during 
+different tasks or activities: the executive network,[36] 
+the self‑referential network,[37] and the default mode 
+network (DMN).[38‑41] Observed connection between frontal 
+and parietal lobes in the CM group suggests that CM 
+facilitates connections between the first two networks, 
+which are both important for creative cognition.
+The last stage of CM practice is Nadanusandhana, 
+chanting the mantra, Aum, first as three separate sounds, 
+Aaaa…, Uuu…, and Mmm…, and finally “Om,” as a 
+Table 1: Creativity scores pre‑post with percentage change in two Groups
+Creativity 
+variables
+CM
+SH
+Pre
+Post
+%
+Pre
+Post
+%
+Fluency
+19.75±1.05
+26.66±1.43***
+34.99
+18.75±2.53
+18.25±2.09
+2.67
+Originality
+9.33±1.72
+16.83±3.80***
+80.39
+13.17±4.24
+9.17±1.40 *
+30.37
+Elaboration
+19.41±2.19
+25.25±1.91***
+30.09
+18.50±3.53
+18.92±2.97
+2.16
+Flexibility
+8.66±1.55
+9.75±2.34**
+12.59
+8.50±1.00
+12.08±3.18 **
+42.12
+Total Scores
+65.91±5.26
+77.66±2.49***
+17.83
+60.42±6.35
+59.92±8.17
+0.83
+Level
+3.58±0.66
+5.33±0.49***
+48.88
+3.67±1.30
+2.58±1.08 ***
+29.70
+Values are expressed as n (%) change, mean and standard deviations
+Table 2: EEG data asymmetry and synchrony ‑ scores in creativity
+Creativity dimensions
+ROI
+CM mean±SD
+SH mean±SD
+Independent ‘t’ test P
+Fluency
+F3, F4
+85.67±12.54
+18.50±28.29
+0.001
+P3, P4
+71.33±25.82
+10.17±9.34
+0.001
+Originality
+F3, F4
+62.67±20.80
+10.33±14.77
+0.001
+P3, P4
+72.83±29.08
+8.33±15.30
+0.001
+Elaboration
+F3, F4
+74.63±33.25
+46.33±8.07
+0.004
+P3, P4
+66.50±43.312
+16.33±17.17
+0.025
+Values are expressed as mean and SD = Standard deviations, CM = Cyclic Meditation, SH = Shavasana
+Shetkar, et al.: Cyclic meditation and creative cognition
+34
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 12 | Issue 1 | January‑April 2019
+single phoneme. EEG waves may be modified by the 
+sound; this may be mediated through the midbrain, from 
+which the parasympathetic nervous system signals the 
+heart through the vagus nerve. At least one published study 
+has been conducted on the Om sound and its significant 
+impact in deactivation was observed within the nodes 
+of DMN mainly in limbic system and anterior cingulate, 
+as seen in a fMRI study.[42] “OM” chanting indicates 
+limbic deactivation particularly the parietotemporal node 
+of DMN in comparison to the resting brain state within 
+the specific regions of orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, 
+parahippocampal gyri, thalami, and hippocampi mainly 
+active in the depression and relaxation states of the brain.[42] 
+In terms of the Panchakoshas, the increased connectivity 
+of the subtle, Manomaya, and gross, Annamaya-koshas, 
+represents integration between the five koshas, improving 
+harmony between the conscious and unconscious spectra of 
+the mind, i.e. higher connectivity within the brain resulting 
+in increased creativity, freedom and expansion.
+Recommendations for future research
+The study has limitations so that more studies are needed. 
+Combined studies using EEG and fMRI with longer 
+intervention duration and larger sample sizes would better 
+define brain regions involved; also, a variety of tools could 
+be used to assess creative cognition; for example, one based 
+on South Asian lifestyle and cognitive style or ones aimed 
+at better understanding relationships between various other 
+parts of the brain and styles of creativities associated with 
+left and right hemisphere function. Further studies might 
+also investigate functional connectivity measures in other 
+regions of the brain and correlate scores with different 
+kinds of creativity.
+Conclusions
+In summary, the data demonstrate that CM improves 
+creativity measured by the ATTA test, while Shavasana 
+practice failed to produce a measurable effect. They also 
+show that CM practice produces changes in EEG activity, 
+improving connectivity between frontal and parietal 
+lobes in the gamma frequency bands of the EEG. We 
+conclude that research using EEG‑based associations and 
+connectivity patterns among the brain regions may offer a 
+fruitful direction for future research on creative cognition. 
+CM may enhance the brain’s potential in that area. The 
+future journey of this research will depend on what can 
+be shown to be scientific and what can be proven. It 
+should build on our understanding of the biophysics 
+of 
+meditation,[43] 
+its 
+relationship 
+to 
+self‑organized 
+criticality,[44,45] subjective accounts of meditation from 
+the first person perspective,[46] building the Panchakosha 
+model,[47] and similar reasoning to show how meditation 
+benefits mental health[45,44] enhancement of higher brain 
+faculties such as an emotional intelligence,[48] redefining 
+social consciousness through human excellence,[49] and 
+cognition of pure consciousness, by the application of its 
+structure in the Vedic sciences.[50]
+Acknowledgment
+The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Sushil Chandra and 
+his team at Ministry of Defense, DRDO INMAS (Defence 
+Research and Development Organisation and Institute of 
+Nuclear Medicines and Allied Sciences), for permitting this 
+study in their laboratory with 64‑channel EEG machine 
+and for technical support with data analysis in this yoga 
+meditation and creativity research project.
+Financial support and sponsorship
+Nil.
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+References
+1.	
+Arden  R, Chavez  RS, Grazioplene  R, Jung  RE. Neuroimaging 
+creativity: 
+A 
+psychometric 
+view. 
+Behav 
+Brain 
+Res 
+2010;214:143‑56.
+2.	
+Dietrich A, Kanso R. A review of EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging 
+studies of creativity and insight. Psychol Bull 2010;136:822‑48.
+3.	
+Mumford MD, Mobley MI, Reiter-Palmon R, Uhlman CE, 
+Doares LM. Process analytic models of creative capacities. 
+Creativity Research Journal 1991;4:91-122.
+4.	
+Sternberg  RJ, O’Hara  LA. Creativity and intelligence. In: 
+Sternberg  RJ, editor. Handbook of Creativity. New  York: 
+Cambridge University Press; 1999. p. 251‑72.
+5.	
+Helmholtz H. Vortrage and reden. Brunschweig: Vieweg. In: 
+ 
+CM
+SH
+CM
+SH
+CM
+SH
+CM
+SH
+Fluency
+Originality
+Elaboration
+Flexibility
+0
+5
+10
+15
+20
+25
+30
+ATTA Creativity Scores for Experiment-2
+Pre
+Post
+Figure 3: ATTA Creativity Scores for Pre-Post testing between two groups 
+Figure 4: Differences between groups within the ROI
+F3, F4
+P3, P4
+F3, F4
+P3, P4
+F3, F4
+P3, P4
+Fluency
+Originality
+Elaboration
+0
+10
+20
+30
+40
+50
+60
+70
+80
+90
+100
+EEG Data Asymmetry and Synchrony
+CM
+SH
+Shetkar, et al.: Cyclic meditation and creative cognition
+35
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 12 | Issue 1 | January‑April 2019
+Eysenck H, Genius, editors. Cambridge: Cambridge University 
+Press; 1826. p. 308.
+6.	
+Wallas G. The Art of Thought. New York: Harcourt Brace; 1926.
+7.	
+Guilford JP, Christensen PW. The one way relationship between 
+creative potential and IQ. J Creat Behav 1973;7:247‑52.
+8.	
+Chen S. An Extension of the Degeneration Theory of Genius: 
+A Psychological and Physiological Explanation Why Creative 
+Individuals could turn to be either Resourceful or Demanding. 
+Türk Psikoloji Dergisi (Turkish Journal of Psychology) 2016;31: 
+ISSN: 1300-4433:13-39.
+9.	
+Moore DW, Bhadelia RA, Billings RL, Fulwiler C, Heilman KM, 
+Rood KM, et al. Hemispheric connectivity and the visual‑spatial 
+divergent‑thinking 
+component 
+of 
+creativity. 
+Brain 
+Cogn 
+2009;70:267‑72.
+10.	 Cropley  AJ. Defining and measuring creativity: Are creativity 
+tests worth using? Roeper Rev 2000;23:72‑9.
+11.	 Heilman KM, Nadeau SE, Beversdorf DO. Creative innovation: 
+Possible brain mechanisms. Neurocase 2003;9:369‑79.
+12.	 Lindell AK. Lateral thinkers are not so laterally minded: 
+Hemispheric asymmetry, interaction, and creativity. Laterality: 
+Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition 2011;16:479-98.
+13.	 McCrae  RR. Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to 
+experience. J Personal Soc Psychol 1987;52:1258.
+14.	 Petsche  H, Richter  P, Von Stein  A, Etlinger  SC, Filz  O. EEG 
+coherence and musical thinking. Music Percept Interdiscip J 
+1993;11:117‑51.
+15.	 Fink  A, Grabner  RH, Benedek  M, Reishofer  G, Hauswirth  V, 
+Fally M, et al. The creative brain: Investigation of brain activity 
+during creative problem solving by means of EEG and FMRI. 
+Hum Brain Mapp 2009;30:734‑48.
+16.	 Heilman  KM. Creativity and the Brain. New York: Psychology 
+Press; 2005.
+17.	 Razumnikova  OM. Creativity related cortex activity in the 
+remote associates task. Brain Res Bull 2007;73:96‑102.
+18.	 Tang  YY, Rothbart  MK, Posner  MI. Neural correlates of 
+establishing, maintaining, and switching brain states. Trends 
+Cogn Sci 2012;16:330‑7.
+19.	 Telles  S, Reddy  SK, Nagendra  HR. Oxygen consumption and 
+respiration following two yoga relaxation techniques. Appl 
+Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2000;25:221‑7.
+20.	 Cramond  B, Matthews‑Morgan  J, Bandalos  D, Zuo  L. A  report 
+on the 40‑year follow‑up of the torrance tests of creative 
+thinking: Alive and well in the new millennium. Gifted Child Q 
+2005;49:283‑91.
+21.	 Oldfield  RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The 
+Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia 1971;9:97‑113.
+22.	 Goldberg  DP, Gater  R, Sartorius  N, Ustun  TB, Piccinelli  M, 
+Gureje O, et al. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the 
+WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol 
+Med 1997;27:191‑7.
+23.	 Spencer  SS, Kim  J, Spencer  DD. Ictal spikes: A  marker 
+of specific hippocampal cell loss. Electroencephalogr Clin 
+Neurophysiol 1992;83:104‑11.
+24.	 Chan  RC, Shum  D, Toulopoulou  T, Chen  EY. Assessment of 
+executive functions: Review of instruments and identification of 
+critical issues. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2008;23:201‑16.
+25.	 Beninato  M, Portney  LG, Sullivan  PE. Using the international 
+classification of functioning, disability and health as a framework 
+to examine the association between falls and clinical assessment 
+tools in people with stroke. Phys Ther 2009;89:816‑25.
+26.	 Mandukya Upanishad in Radhakrishan S. Principal Upanishads. 
+Harper Collins, New Delhi; 1994. 
+27.	 Patanjali M, Yoga Sutras Shearer A. Translator. Effortless Being. 
+The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. London: Crown Publishing; 2010.
+28.	 Travis  F, Shear  J. Focused attention, open monitoring and 
+automatic self‑transcending: Categories to organize meditations 
+from Vedic, Buddhist and Chinese traditions. Conscious Cogn 
+2010;19:1110‑8.
+29.	 Subramanya  P, Telles  S. A  review of the scientific studies on 
+cyclic meditation. Int J Yoga 2009;2:46‑8.
+30.	 Goldman RI, Stern JM, Engel J, Cohen MS. Acquiring 
+simultaneous EEG and functional MRI. Clinical Neurophysiology 
+2000;111:1974-80.
+31.	 ATTA manual - Althuizen N, Wierenga B, Rossiter J. The 
+validity of two brief measures of creative ability. Creativity 
+Research Journal 2010;10;22:53-61.
+32.	 Goff K. Abbreviated torrance test for adults. Bensenville, IL: 
+Scholastic Testing Service; 2002.
+33.	 Delorme  A, Makeig  S. EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for 
+analysis of single‑trial EEG dynamics including independent 
+component analysis. J Neurosci Methods 2004;134:9‑21.
+34.	 Delorme  A, Sejnowski  T, Makeig  S. Enhanced detection 
+of artifacts in EEG data using higher‑order statistics and 
+independent component analysis. Neuroimage 2007;34:1443‑9.
+35.	 Nunez  PL, Srinivasan  R, Westdorp  AF, Wijesinghe  RS, 
+Tucker  DM, Silberstein  RB, et  al. EEG coherency. I: Statistics, 
+reference electrode, volume conduction, Laplacians, cortical 
+imaging, and interpretation at multiple scales. Electroencephalogr 
+Clin Neurophysiol 1997;103:499‑515.
+36.	 Diamond 
+A. 
+Executive 
+functions. 
+Annu 
+Rev 
+Psychol 
+2013;64:135‑68.
+37.	 Qin P, Northoff G. How is our self related to midline regions and 
+the default‑mode network? Neuroimage 2011;57:1221‑33.
+38.	 Raichle ME, Snyder AZ. A default mode of brain function: A brief 
+history of an evolving idea. Neuroimage 2007;37:1083‑90.
+39.	 Raichle  ME. The brain’s default mode network. Annu Rev 
+Neurosci 2015;38:433‑47.
+40.	 Fair  DA, Cohen  AL, Dosenbach  NU, Church  JA, Miezin  FM, 
+Barch DM, et al. The maturing architecture of the brain’s default 
+network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:4028‑32.
+41.	 Immordino‑Yang  MH, Christodoulou  JA, Singh  V. Rest is not 
+idleness: Implications of the brain’s default mode for human 
+development and education. Perspect Psychol Sci 2012;7:352‑64.
+42.	 Kalyani  BG, Venkatasubramanian  G, Arasappa  R, Rao  NP, 
+Kalmady SV, Behere RV, et al. Neurohemodynamic correlates of 
+‘OM’ chanting: A  pilot functional magnetic resonance imaging 
+study. Int J Yoga 2011;4:3‑6.
+43.	 Shetkar R. Hankey A. Nagendra H.R. Biophysics of Meditation. 
+Submitted to the ICCR, Springer Journal, New Delhi; 2017.
+44.	 Shetkar R. Hankey A. Nagendra HR. Reason for Health 
+Benefits of Deep Meditation: Self Organized Criticality Restores 
+Regulation to Optimal, European Journal of Pharmaceutical and 
+Medical Review (EJPMR). 2015.
+45.	 Shetkar R, Hankey A. Self-transcending meditation is good for 
+mental health: Why this should be the case. International Review 
+of Psychiatry 2016;28:236-40.
+46.	 Shetkar  R, Hankey  A, Nagendra  HR. How the Panchakosha 
+Model of Experience Fits the Understanding of Shunya, and 
+Helps Explain Quantum Reality, ICCR Special Issue on Quantum 
+Theory and Shunya Proceedings; December, 2016.
+47.	 Shetkar R. Hankey A Nagendra H.R. First person accounts of 
+Yoga meditation yield clues to the Nature of Information in 
+Experience. Cosmos and History; 2017.
+48.	 Shetkar RM, Hankey A. Optimizing Emotional Intelligence 
+in Management Education: A Role for Vedic Sciences. Nitte 
+Management Review 2014;8:32-6.
+Shetkar, et al.: Cyclic meditation and creative cognition
+36
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 12 | Issue 1 | January‑April 2019
+49.	 Shetkar  R. Cognition of Pure Consciousness and its Structure: 
+A  Comparison of Vedic Theories with Modern Science and 
+their Synthesis. Vedanta Congress Proceedings, University of 
+’Massachusetts, Dept of Indic Studies, USA; August, 2017.
+50.	 Shetkar  R. Social Consciousness and Religious Reflections in 
+Light of Indigenous Culture: An Approach for developing India 
+for Peace and Ecological Harmony. ICPR Proceedings, Springer; 
+July, 2017.
+© 2019. This work is published under
+https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ (the “License”).
+Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content
+in accordance with the terms of the License.

subfolder_0/Astromedicine A Summary of Eight Experiments..txt

@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+| LIGHT ON AYURVEDA JOURNAL, VOL. XI, ISSUE 4, SUMMER 2013
+42
+Abstract
+Applying principles of JyotiÈa astrology to medical
+practice was integral to Vedic culture, and still
+continues today. Frawley describes astrological
+constraints to prescribing Ayurvedic medications
+and therapies; Maha¦Èi Ayurveda recommends
+JyotiÈa consultation prior to treatment. Here, we
+summarize eight experiments, which seem to
+establish the validity of this little appreciated
+branch of traditional Ayurveda – Astromedicine.
+They represent the first ever experimental tests of
+predictions of the concept of JyotiÈa muhÂrtta for
+purely biological processes. The results of all eight
+experiments were dramatic – predictions of JyotiÈa
+were supported: all experiments refuted the null
+hypothesis, convincingly. The experiments were of
+three different kinds – Immune response (two),
+bacterial growth (two), and viral growth in culture
+(four) – all processes known to produce highly
+variable results with only one suggested reason for
+observed variations – stochasticity. Our results
+suggest that JyotiÈa muhÂrttas may account for 50-
+75% of observed variance. All involve complexity
+biology under criticality (regulation from critical
+points), a key to developing a scientific theory,
+suggesting that all biological processes under criticality
+regulation may be subject to muhÂrtta-related effects.
+Keywords: Traditional knowledge, astromedicine,
+vaccine production, vaccination, immunity,
+rÀhukÀla
+Introduction
+Today, the global population, number of doctors,
+specialists, hospitals, and medical colleges are all
+Astromedicine: A Summary of
+Eight Experiments
+N. Ramesh Rao, C. Renukaprasad,
+M. Gajendragad, S.M. Byregowda
+increasing, but so are the kinds of disease and number
+of patients, keeping doctors and researchers
+constantly occupied. The need of the hour is new
+systems of disease prevention and treatment. In the
+battle against the rising tide of chronic diseases, many
+leading doctors and scientists are exploring
+possibilities derived from traditional knowledge such
+as Ayurveda,1-3 yoga4, 5 and the other AYUSH systems
+of medicine. Astromedicine, the application of
+principles of JyotiÈa astrology to Ayurveda,6 is one
+such program.
+Here we present results from eight experiments
+on astromedicine,7-9 seven conducted under ongoing
+research programs to improve vaccine production and
+delivery at the Institute of Animal Health and
+Veterinary Biologicals (IAHVB), Bangalore, and the
+eighth carried out at a nearby vaccine production
+company as an independent replication.10 All
+protocols were conducted strictly in accordance with
+FAO guidelines11 as far as the processes were
+concerned. This blue-sky and potentially controversial
+research was carried out at zero-cost: By starting
+ongoing vaccine programs at selected times, for which
+principles of astromedicine predict greatly differing
+results.
+43
+LIGHT ON AYURVEDA JOURNAL, VOL. XI, ISSUE 4, SUMMER 2013 |
+Astromedicine is the use of astrological
+considerations to inform medical practice,6 for example
+to avoid supposedly inauspicious times such as rÀhukÀla
+or yamaghaõçakÀla for starting medical procedures, as
+most surgeons in India are frequently requested. The
+sidereal system of JyotiÈa astrology12 holds that
+positions of grahas13 (a wider concept than ‘planets,’
+which it also includes) at the time of initiation of any
+action exert an ongoing influence on the subsequent
+project at all times.14 Grahas support or oppose it in
+ways governed by both their inherent properties, and
+initial and updated astronomical positions.
+The idea that starting time can exert specific,
+ongoing influences means that time can no longer be
+considered a homogeneous variable, time and space
+become heterogeneous, complex variables in their
+influences on biological processes. In JyotiÈa,
+predictions of starting time influences are termed
+muhÂrtta.14 JyotiÈa makes detailed predictions of
+many different kinds of muhÂrtta influence
+concerning all aspects of human life, including health
+and disease. These latter predictions constitute a major
+part of Astromedicine. The experiments summarized
+here used scientifically testable astromedical
+predictions based on the muhÂrtta concept. They
+specifically tested predictions of the influence of
+starting time on well-established biomedical
+procedures, for a limited set of grahas, including Guru
+(Jupiter), Œani (Saturn), and RÀhu, the north node of
+the moon.15 The experiments also found that, when
+strong, Candra (the Moon) protects against RÀhu, so
+Candra is also included.
+Traditionally, the influence of the graha, Guru, is
+said to support life, Sani to cause delays or other
+problems, and RÀhu to harm life, while Candra is said
+to protect living things against harm if powerful
+enough.12-15 When astromedical predictions are
+considered in the light of modern biology, they seem
+to apply best to highly regulated life processes like
+cell reproduction or pathogen resistance.6 They can
+therefore be tested in many kinds of experiment, both
+in vivo and in vitro. Here we report anomalous
+observations on three kinds of biological process,
+vaccination (immune response in vivo), and bacterial
+growth and virus growth in culture, in vitro. All data
+came out in basic agreement with experimental
+hypotheses, the consistency suggesting wide
+implications for biology. Confirmation of the
+astromedical predictions means that such predictions
+may now be used to attempt optimization of biological
+processes in previously unthinkable ways.
+All the experiments were conducted on livestock
+or processes concerning health of livestock. The health
+of India’s livestock depends on government programs
+supplying subsidized vaccines. The State Biological
+Institute, IAHVB, provides animal vaccines against a
+broad spectrum of diseases for hundreds of millions
+of farm animals all over India. Maintaining quality is
+vital: All production runs are conducted adhering
+strictly to FAO protocols,11 i.e. identical conditions;
+all batches are treated identically. Despite this, quality
+and quantity of vaccine vary from batch to batch for
+no previously identified reason. Variations in
+observed parameters are sufficiently high to make
+ongoing monitoring essential.
+In itself, this is normal. Living organisms exhibit
+variations in behavior, and workers in microbiology
+privately report high levels of anomalous variations
+in production from microbial growth processes. The
+scale of IAHVB production induced us to analyze the
+data for possible regularities; the potential impact of
+improving production levels was so great. A
+dependence on start times, i.e. time of inoculation of
+production vessels, came to light. For production runs
+over periods of whole days (48 or 120 hours), starting
+time dependent variations in output cannot be
+attributed to diurnal biorhythms. We decided to make
+further, more systematic, observations by planning
+specific starting times for some production runs. Usual
+monitoring observations were taken as experimental
+data, accepting FAO protocols as adequate for first
+experiments: Costs were effectively kept to zero.
+Experimental Methods and Results
+Every experiment was a blue-sky experiment
+conducted for its novelty dimension, seven conducted
+by S1 scientists and virologists at the State Biological
+Institute under Karnataka’s Veterinary and Animal
+Sciences and Fisheries University, in Bangalore, the
+eighth at an independent vaccine production
+company, also in Bangalore. All followed FAO
+protocols specific to the procedure involved,11 and
+yielded statistically significant results rejecting the
+null hypothesis as given in Table 1.
+Author, where is Table 1.
+| LIGHT ON AYURVEDA JOURNAL, VOL. XI, ISSUE 4, SUMMER 2013
+44
+Vaccination: The two vaccination experiments tested
+effects of JyotiÈa muhÂrttas on immune response:
+Previously unvaccinated seven-eight-month old small
+ruminants (sheep and goats) were vaccinated against
+the virulent peste des petits ruminants (PPR) under
+three different muhÂrttas: Dhanu (Sagitarius) and
+Makara (Capricorn) rising signs, i.e. under the
+influence of Jupiter and Saturn, respectively, and
+rÀhukÀla.
+The first experiment compared immune responses
+for vaccinations carried out under the two rising signs
+for two groups of goats (20/20), and two pairs of
+groups of sheep (21/20) and (13/10), totaling 104
+animals. Significant differences in immune response
+were observed between the two conditions.
+Percentage decreases of c-ELISA test optical density
+data for fifty-one animals vaccinated under Dhanu
+(Jupiter) were 39.75 ± 21.44, and for fifty-three under
+Makara (Saturn) 18.65 ± 22.40, for which ‘t’ = 4.904, p
+= 2 x 10–6. Numbers exceeding accepted ‘successful’
+vaccination response levels, yielded the contingency
+table [31,20; 16,37] for which the 1-tailed Fisher’s Exact
+Test p = 0.0019. (The first results obtained in 2007
+caused such surprise that experimenters insisted on
+repeating the experiment the following year.)
+The second vaccination experiment investigated
+the possible influence of rÀhukÀla. Highly significant
+reductions in vaccine response were observed for
+vaccines performed during rÀhukÀla compared to
+groups vaccinated at other times on the same day:
+not a single sheep of thirty-three vaccinated during rÀhukÀla
+in three groups (12 + 13 + 8) of animals on three different
+days achieved successful vaccination. Using the
+experimentally estimated fraction of uptake success
+of f = 0.4375 yields p = 3.25 x 10–12 for rejection of the
+null hypothesis.
+Bacterial Experiments: These involved production
+runs of pathogenic bacteria. Five were started each
+day in one or two 2-litre flasks. In both cases the
+possible influence of Candra, the moon, was also
+tested by carefully selecting the nakÈatras where the
+moon was placed.
+In the first experiment on Blackquarter vaccine
+production7 (C. Chauvoei), two times under Jupiter
+(early and late Dhanu rising sign), two under RÀhu
+(R��hu in the rising sign or aspecting it), and rÀhukÀla,
+were selected. The five runs were performed on each
+of eight days between 12.10.2011 and 28.10.2011, two
+days selected for their positive influence, two for
+negative influence, and four variable. Four
+measurements were performed on each of the forty
+production runs: Cell mass index, turbidity, opacity,
+and sporulation quality. The first question for each
+dataset was, has any significant statistical information
+been obtained? This is decided by F-values from
+ANOVAs. With two variables, days and times of day,
+2-Factor ANOVAs were performed. These found
+significant F-values for both factors, ranging from 7.30
+to 14.06 for the starting times, and 3.58 to 5.66 for the
+days (nakÈatras). When data was normalized and
+combined, the 2-Factor MANOVA yielded F-values
+of 20.43 and 65.69, respectively, accounting for 73%
+of overall variance of the 160 data points. Results were
+consistent, the RÀhu influence giving low, poor quality
+yields, except on days when the moon was under
+Jupiter’s influence, or very strong in its ‘own house’
+(KÀrttika). Predictions were borne out, both
+qualitatively and quantitatively. Moreover, the forty-
+eight-hour culture period precluded diurnal
+biorhythm explanations for the observed variations.
+The 
+second 
+bacterial 
+experiment 
+on
+Haemorraghic Septicaemia (P. Multocida) vaccine
+production, found the same pattern of influences for
+seven days from 01.02.2012 to 08.02.2012 at five times
+of day – strong Jupiter, weak Jupiter, and three for
+various influences of RÀhu, again including rÀhukÀla.
+Two data sets were taken, cell mass index and
+turbidity. Results were qualitatively and
+quantitatively similar to those for the BQ experiments
+(though the influence of days was stronger for NTU).
+2-Factor ANOVAs again yielded high F-values: For
+the turbidity data, 22.77 for the days, and 3.0 for times
+of day, and for cell mass index 1.95 (p > 0.05) for the
+days and 41.36 for times of day both ANOVAs
+accounting for over 80% of total variance. The 2-Factor
+MANOVA for both data sets yielded F-values 3.89
+for the rows, and 8.69 for the columns with rem df =
+59.
+These two bacterial experiments yielded results
+that were mutually consistent: Guru supported the
+life of cells, RÀhu opposed it, while a strong Candra
+both supported life and tended to neutralize the effects
+of RÀhu. This agreement suggests that the two data
+45
+LIGHT ON AYURVEDA JOURNAL, VOL. XI, ISSUE 4, SUMMER 2013 |
+sets are susceptible to a single self-consistent model,
+in which effects of Guru are growth-enhancing, those
+of RÀhu are growth-opposing, and Candra when
+strong or under the influence of Guru is life-
+protecting.
+Virus Experiments: The first reported experiment7, 10
+was a series of production runs of Raniket virus at
+the Vesper company just north-west of Bangalore on
+18 November 2011. Five batches of forty bobcock eggs
+were infected at each of seven different times, one
+under Jupiter, two under RÀhu, and four neutral; after
+seventy-eight hours incubation, embryonic fluid
+samples were pooled from each batch, and assayed
+by HA titre. All five batches for each time required
+the same number of x 2 dilutions, nine for those under
+Jupiter, ten for neutrals, and eleven under RÀhu. The
+two sets of RÀhu batches were started at 11.00 and
+13.00, with two neutral sets started at 11.20 and 12.00
+between them. The null hypothesis was tested using
+Fisher’s permutation test, yielding p = 7 x 10–6, however
+this is more a test of accuracy of assessment. The
+probability of making the correct prediction (–, 0, +)
+for every batch is 3–35, while the probability of the sets
+of five values being correctly ordered by chance is
+(4!2!1!/7!) giving p = (1/105) = 0.00952. The
+significance of this experiment is its double maximum,
+which seems to rule out biorhythms. Details are given
+in the accompanying paper.10
+Three more viral production runs, both infections
+of BHK21 cells by Bluetongue virus, yielded results
+consistent with that on Raniket virus. The first8 started
+infections by both monolayer and cocult methods, at
+two different times (rÀhukÀla and neutral) on four
+different days (25/29 August and 2/5 September
+2011). Virus production for each start time was
+measured by obtaining TCID50 values, obtained by
+infecting 6 x 10 plates of TC wells with successive x 10
+dilutions of virus, at each start time. The internal check
+that monolayer cultivation produced more virus than
+cocult held in all cases, adding weight to the result:
+RÀhukÀla starting times consistently yielded larger
+TCID50 values, as predicted: Sign Test p = 2–8 < 0.004.
+Again, RÀhu’s influence enhanced viral growth: The
+mean increase in TCID50 was 1.10 ± 0.276, ‘t’ value
+3.99, effect size 0.837, one sample t test p = 0.0053.
+The second and third Bluetongue experiments9
+were carried out on the days of the solar eclipses in
+2012 (20 May and 14 November) with the additional
+hypothesis that the eclipse would influence the
+biosphere globally, and so enhance viral production
+even in Bangalore. On 20 May, when an anular solar
+eclipse crossed the North Pacific, seven times were
+selected, four during the eclipse’s passage, and three
+after it finished in the U.S. South-West. An ANOVA
+gave figures very close to significance F = 2.52, p =
+0.0538, a ‘t’ test comparing TCID50 levels from the
+four eclipse starting times with the three non-eclipse
+starting times, yielded t = 3.13, df = 26, and p = 0.0043.
+An additive model accounted for 41% of variance
+when graha’s TCID50 values were set at: Eclipse +
+0.70, RÀhu + 0.26, and Jupiter – 0.25.
+In view of the proximity of the ANOVA p value
+to significance, we performed a similar experiment
+on 14 November, the day of the second 2012 solar
+eclipse – a total eclipse which crossed the South Pacific
+Ocean. Three starting time slots were selected during
+the eclipse, and five starting time slots after it (one
+additional time). Statistics improved: The ANOVA
+yielded F = 3.319, df = 7/24, p = 0.0116, while the t test
+on the eclipse versus non-eclipse TCID50 values gave
+t = 3.81, df = 30, and p = 0.0006; both significant.
+To check on the compatibility of the two data sets,
+we performed ‘t’ tests comparing TCID50 values for
+non-eclipse time slots and found no significant
+difference (t = 0.81, df = 30, p = 0.42). However, when
+we compared TCID50 values for the two eclipse time
+periods, we found a significant difference (t = 2.36,
+df = 26, p = 0.026).9 The two eclipses seemed to exert
+different levels of effect! Possible explanations for this
+could be that the second eclipse was total, while the
+first was only annular (incomplete, leaving a tiny ring
+of light), or that the second was in RÀhu, which is
+more inauspicious than Ketu, the location of the first
+eclipse.
+Finally, since the two experiments were effectively
+identical and data was in good mutual agreement, we
+analyzed combined data: An ANOVA gave F = 2.68,
+df = 14/45, p = 0.0062, while the ‘t’ test yielded t =
+4.49, df = 58, giving an excellent p < 0.00003. 9 It is
+pertinent that Indian tradition regards eclipses as far
+more inauspicious than rÀhukÀla, a judgment
+supported by comparing the TCID50 values obtained
+in the various experiments.
+| LIGHT ON AYURVEDA JOURNAL, VOL. XI, ISSUE 4, SUMMER 2013
+46
+All four virus experiments rejected null
+hypotheses with high significance. The starting
+experiments under the influence of the grahas, Guru
+and RÀhu, appeared to have consistent, opposite
+effects: On every occasion, Guru definitely seemed to
+support the life of cells, while RÀhu definitely favored
+the viruses, i.e. it opposed life – as traditional
+knowledge of JyotiÈa astrology clearly indicates.
+Discussion
+All eight experiments refuted their null hypotheses
+with p values far less than 0.05 – at least 0.004, most
+smaller still. Moreover, they were mutually consistent
+in their findings: In every case, the influence of Jupiter
+at the starting time was to support the life of cells,
+either by increasing growth or decreasing the impact
+of viral attack, while that of the North Node, RÀhu,
+on start time was to oppose the life of cells, either by
+decreasing rates of growth, or by increasing the impact
+of viral attack.
+The results also have significant implications for
+biology itself: First, they suggest that up to 80% of the
+variability of cell-culture experiments can be
+explained by JyotiÈa effects – the influence of grahas
+at starting time of the experiment; second, they resolve
+any lingering doubt about whether viruses are living
+entities on a par with cells – definitely not, they are
+the opposite; third, all cell-culture experiments and
+technologies can now take advantage of these effects
+to be performed more reliably, decrease losses, and
+increase output.
+Clearly these experiments present a challenge to
+theoretical science. How could the positions of the
+planets or specific daily times possibly influence
+ongoing biological processes? To answer this, a two-
+step account has been proposed based on
+conventional science: First, ‘Edge of Chaos’ states from
+complexity biology, inevitable in biological regulation,
+are shown to be sensitive to high-order quantum
+correlations, and second, quantum descriptions of
+solar system condensation are shown to result in
+complex sequences of high-order quantum
+correlations which correlate planetary positions with
+processes sensitive to such correlations throughout
+the solar system – such as regulated biological
+processes here on earth.
+The strengths of these experiments are: They were
+conducted by S1 category scientists at the vaccine
+production center of a state biological institute under
+FAO protocols, and at zero cost; different experiments
+gave consistent results, and both F and p values were
+highly significant. Furthermore, other senior scientists
+have expressed willingness to independently test
+muhÂrtta predictions at top laboratories in both India
+and abroad. The limitations are that only eight
+experiments have so far been conducted, and that,
+while they verify predictions, they only partly
+eliminate alternative explanations. Funding is needed
+to conduct experiments with higher quality protocols
+designed for better validation of the entire program:
+E.g. for experiments starting every 3-5 minutes,
+following transitions between time periods.
+Nevertheless, the series of experiments suggest
+that even allowing for biorhythms, starting time exerts
+a variable influence on biological processes, and may
+explain 50-80% of overall variance: Starting time exerts
+a heterogeneous influence on biology. In our
+considered opinion, the experiment and theory in this
+and the accompanying paper suggest that time and
+space influence all biological processes. With that we
+offer the whole topic for discussion.
+Summary
+These experiments were informed by knowledge
+taken from India’s ancient Vedic tradition, and
+conducted by S1 scientists at the state veterinary
+biological institute of the Government of Karnataka.
+FAO protocol guidelines were strictly followed.
+Results obtained were highly significant, seemingly
+beyond mere experimental noise, with excellent or
+outstanding p values on all occasions, the best being
+worthy of experiments in particle physics announcing
+the discovery of new particles. Furthermore,
+consistent statistical models can be constructed for
+observed effects. Yet, openness to novel possibilities
+is still required to accept the experiments into the
+world of science. No previous scientific tests of these
+kinds of possibility have been carried out. Nor are
+there any papers in the scientific literature – they are
+truly novel. Readers’ suggestions and comments are
+invited on how to accept them into the present
+scientific paradigm.
+47
+LIGHT ON AYURVEDA JOURNAL, VOL. XI, ISSUE 4, SUMMER 2013 |
+Acknowledgment
+We are grateful for conversations with H.R. Nagendra
+Ph.D., Madan Thangavelu Ph.D., Amrit Ram Ph.D.,
+Asha Maya Ph.D., Vasanth Kumar Ph.D., Yeshwanth
+Ph.D., K. Shivakumar MVSc, Suresh Sharma BVSc,
+and Alex Hankey Ph.D., to whom we are also grateful
+for helping to edit the typescript. We also
+acknowledge Subbakrishna Ph.D., Ravi Kulkarni
+Ph.D., Balaram Pradhan Ph.D., and Judu Ilavarasu
+Ph.D., for advice and assistance with statistical
+analysis.
+References
+1 R. Mashelkar,  Reinventing India, Pune: Smirtha Press, 2011.
+2 M.S. Valiathan,  The Legacy of Vaghbhata, 1st edn., Chennai:
+Orient Longman, 2009; also Current Science, Editorial.
+3 B. Patwardhan,  Current Science, May 2012.
+4 R. Nagarathna and H.R. Nagendra, Integrated Approach of
+Yoga Therapy for Positive Health, Bangalore: Swami
+Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana, 2010.
+5 R. Nagarathna,  “Yoga in medicine,” chapter 6 in API
+Textbook of Medicine, 2001.
+6 D. Frawley,  Ayurvedic Astrology: Self-Healing through the
+Stars, Twin Lakes, WI: Lotus Press, 2005.
+7 R.N. Rao,  R.C. Prasad, and  S.M. Byregowda, “Can
+Vaccine Production Yields Depend on Starting Time? Part
+I: Anomalous effects consistently observed in two series
+of pilot experiments,” submitted to Current Science.
+8 R.N. Rao, R.C. Prasad, and S.M. Byregowda  “Can starting
+time of a biological process influence results?: An
+Experiment on Blue Tongue Virus Infection of BHK21
+Cells,” International Journal of Virology, to be published.
+9 R.N. Rao,  R.C. Prasad, and  A. Hankey,  “The Global Effect
+of a Solar Eclipse on Biosystems”, accepted for publication
+in the Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances
+in Electronics and Information Technology, Colombo, July
+2013.
+10 N. Ramesh Rao, C. Renukaprasad, and S. Sharma,
+“Starting-Time Dependence of Yield in Production of
+Raniket Virus Vaccine: Natural variations in rates of
+microbial processes may have astrological explanations.”
+Light on Ayurveda Journal, Spring Issue 2013, 11(3):52-58.
+11 www.fao.org/docrep/015/an381e/ an381e04.pdf
+12 M. Parashara,  Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra: Guide to Hindu
+Astrology, vols. 1 and 2, tr. G.C. Sharma, New Delhi: Sagar
+1994.
+13 M. Parashara,  Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra: Guide to Hindu
+Astrology, vol. 1, tr. G.C. Sharma, New Delhi: Sagar
+Publications, 1994, pp. 12-49.
+14 D.A. Shriram, Muhurtha Chintamani, New Delhi: Sagar
+Publications, 1996.
+15 P. Trimedi, The Rahu–Ketu Experience, New Delhi: Sagar
+Publications, 2005.
+N. Ramesh Rao is Deputy Director, Dept. of Animal
+Husbandry, Karnataka State Government, Bengaluru.
+After his life was saved through Jyotish in his mid-
+twenties, he learned the subject completely, and has
+given free consultations after work every evening ever
+since — about 200,000 in the last twenty-five years.
+Contact at <[email protected]>
+C. Renuka Prasad is Vice-Chancellor, Karnataka
+Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Fisheries
+University. Formerly he was Director of the Institute of
+Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, and
+authorized and supervised all the experiments that have
+verified the effects of Jyotish muhurthas on
+microbiological processes.
+Contact at <[email protected]>
+S.M. Byregowda, (Veterinary Scientist), Joint Director/
+IAH & Vb; Kvafsu Hebbal, Bangalore, Karanataka,
+India.
+M. Gajendragad, Principal Scientist, PD Admas  Hebbal,
+Bangalore, Karanataka, India.
+Please check these
+two Bios

subfolder_0/Beyond Quantum Physics.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+3/9/2017
+Beyond Quantum Physics
+https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017960/?report=printable
+1/2
+Int J Yoga. 2009 Jan­Jun; 2(1): 1.
+doi:  10.4103/0973­6131.53836
+PMCID: PMC3017960
+Beyond Quantum Physics
+H R Nagendra
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (A Yoga University), #19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram, KG Nagar, Bangalore ­ 560019,
+India E­mail: [email protected]
+Copyright © International Journal of Yoga
+This is an open­access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
+distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
+Modern Science has, over four centuries, made strides un­witnessed probably in the history of mankind.
+Scanning through the physical world with all its complications and complexities, the classical mechanics,
+relativistic mechanics, and quantum mechanics, we have understood the world around us with mathematical
+precision. At one time, a few decades back, we thought that matter and energy are two independent building
+bricks of our physical world.
+However, we progressed to find the matter–energy continuum. Quarks as the packets of energy have shown
+us that everything in the physical world can be conceived as essential energy and is governed by the
+equation E= mc  . As Fritj of Capra has put it, the science is in transition to move to understand the deeper
+and subtler dimensions of creation to bring into its fold consciousness. Attempts are continuously made to
+understand the facets of consciousness, spectrum of consciousness, etc. It is in this context, Prof Josephson
+tells often in his lectures that we need to go beyond quantum physics. He has great expectations in the
+ancient wisdom of the East in general and Upanishads in particular.
+The 10 Upaniúads (Èùá, Kena, Kaûha, Muïãaaka, Mañdükya, Aitereya, Taittirèya, Chandogya, and
+Brhadaranyaka) forming the wisdom base for which India is known all over the world has the other
+dimensions of creation presented with such vividity that any scientist would get fascinated about it. The other
+specialty is that the techniques of Yoga provide the necessary skills to realize the truth or reality or pure
+consciousness by gaining mastery over the mind. Reality is at the base of all creation and this state of deepest
+silence of mind is also the supreme bliss, total knowledge, and the power unparalleled. The Taittèreya
+Upaniúat has promoted this wisdom base through it spaòca koúa viveka—the five layered existence of the
+whole creation of which the physical world is the grossest. Next to that are the subtle layers unseen by the
+eyes called práïamaya, Manomaya, and Vijòánamaya Koúás. The causal layer of consciousness is the
+ánandamaya koúa from where all creation emerges. A schematic of the same is self­explanatory. As a
+manifest of bliss, as waves in an ocean. The layer of bliss is a state where mind has gone to its deepest levels
+of silence with all pervasive expanses.
+Figures and Tables
+2
+3/9/2017
+Beyond Quantum Physics
+https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017960/?report=printable
+2/2
+“Each soul is potentially divine. The goal of life is to manifest that Divinity within” – said Swami Vivekananda who
+enunciated the four streams of yoga for achieving this goal. IJOY is one such expression.
+Articles from International Journal of Yoga are provided here courtesy of Medknow Publications

subfolder_0/Bhramari Pranayama as an aid to meditation A review of classical yoga texts.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1388 @@
+58
+© 2020 International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
+Bhramari Pranayama is said to be an aid to attain Samadhi or contemplative 
+absorption. It is a yogic technique that comprises attending to self‑produced 
+sound emulating a bumblebee along with breath control. The vibration of sound 
+produced is the aid to enhance the level of consciousness to reach the state of 
+Samadhi. In this review, an attempt has been made to understand the processing of 
+sound‑Bhramari in particular, right from the origin of the sound, with the help of 
+ancient texts such as Saivagama texts, Yoga Upanishads, Gheranda Samhita, Hatha 
+Yoga Pradeepika, and various other texts. Features of Bhramari Pranayama are 
+dealt in detail with its suitability to spiritual practice, research, and its potentiality 
+as a therapy tool.
+Keywords: Bhramari, meditation, pranayama, sound, yoga
+Submission:  11-12-2019, 
+Revision:  08-04-2020, 
+Acceptance:  23-06-2020, 
+Publication:  21-08-2020
+Bhramari Pranayama as an Aid to Meditation: A Review of Classical 
+Yoga Texts
+BP Ushamohan, Aravind Kumar Rajasekaran1, Yamini Keshavaprasad Belur1, TM Srinivasan, Judu V Ilavarasu
+Access this article online
+Quick Response Code:
+Website: www.ijoyppp.org
+DOI: 10.4103/ijny.ijoyppp_21_19
+Address for correspondence: Dr. Judu V Ilavarasu, 
+Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga 
+Anusandhana Samsthana, 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, 
+K.G. Nagar, Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, Karnataka, India. 
+ 
+E‑mail: [email protected]
+into focused attention  (FA) or concentrative meditation 
+and open monitoring  (OM) or mindfulness meditation. 
+Meditation techniques based on FA are segregated 
+based on a specific stimulus used to achieve the state of 
+thoughtless awareness.[2]
+Transcendental meditation, Nada Yoga meditation, 
+Vipassana 
+meditation, 
+mindfulness 
+meditation, 
+Sahaja yoga meditation, heartfulness meditation, OM 
+meditation, and cyclic meditation are among few 
+well‑known researched meditation techniques.[3] Some 
+studies focus or attend to the state of mind, produced 
+by meditation technique. Some practices involve 
+attention to a particular sensation, some on inhalation, 
+and exhalation of breath. While others involve attending 
+to the sound, mantra, or auditory mental image, the 
+silent repetition of mantra, words or phrases, (e.g., as in 
+loving‑kindness meditation) a visual object or a visual 
+Review Article
+Introduction
+M
+editation is derived from the word “meditari,” in 
+Latin which means “to engage in contemplation or 
+reflection.” Meditation is an umbrella term used to define 
+various meditation techniques, practiced for thousands 
+of years within the religious and philosophical traditions 
+of the East, such as Yoga, Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, 
+and Tai Chi and only within the past few decades within 
+the medical, health care, scientific, and psychotherapeutic 
+traditions of the West. A meditation technique comprises 
+a family of practices that train attention in order to 
+heighten awareness and bring mental processes under 
+greater voluntary control. The ultimate aims of these 
+practices are development of deep insight into the nature 
+of mental processes, consciousness, identity, and reality 
+and development of an optimal state of psychological 
+wellbeing and consciousness. However, they can also 
+be used for a variety of intermediate aims, such as 
+psychotherapeutic and psychophysiological benefits.[1] 
+Various meditative techniques are practiced to achieve 
+these essential states of awareness.
+Styles of meditation in the west are segregated into two, 
+based on the deployment of attention. It is classified 
+Division of Yoga and 
+Physical Sciences, Swami 
+Vivekananda Yoga 
+Anusandhana Samsthana, 
+1Department of Speech 
+Pathology and Audiology, 
+National Institute of Mental 
+Health and Neurosciences, 
+Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the 
+Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows 
+others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as 
+appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical 
+terms.
+For reprints contact: [email protected]
+How to cite this article: Ushamohan BP, Rajasekaran AK, Belur YK, 
+Srinivasan TM, Ilavarasu JV. Bhramari Pranayama as an aid to meditation: 
+A review of classical yoga texts. Int J Yoga - Philosop Psychol Parapsychol 
+2020;8:58-68.
+Abstract
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Ushamohan, et al.: Bhramari Pranayama review
+59
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 8  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2020
+mental image.[4] Different varieties of meditation may be 
+useful in cultivating specific components .[1] Meditative 
+practice actually comprises a multidimensional array of 
+stimulus components. Each component of stimulus may 
+attribute to varied effects. This dimension in meditation 
+research, i.e., the component analysis, is essential. Not 
+much has been done to conceptualize the stimulus 
+dimension. Component analysis and identification of 
+effective components and their combination have to be 
+characterized. The study of stimulus side of meditation 
+will lead to a better understanding of the process of 
+meditation and its benefits.[2]
+There is little agreement in the field of meditation 
+research on what should be measured and what the most 
+useful measuring instruments may be. Brown suggests 
+that a practical way to approach this issue would be 
+to research with the understanding of the variables 
+as defined in various classical meditation texts.[5] He 
+segregates the techniques involved in various meditation 
+practices into kinds of variables that can be subjected 
+to empirical tests:  (a) specific variables of specific 
+meditation practice,  (b) nonspecific variables such as 
+attention, common to all meditation systems, and  (c) 
+time‑dependent variables or stages of meditation practice.
+Classical References for Different 
+Tools Used as an Aid to Meditation
+All cultures contributing to meditation have their own 
+multiple techniques to suit to the needs of varied aspirants. 
+Ancient Indian texts have a wide array of literature 
+pertaining to various approaches to meditation. Few 
+meditation techniques, as revealed in some well‑known 
+yogic scriptures in modern times, are mentioned below.
+The yogic text Patanjali Yoga Sutras has dedicated 
+the whole of its third chapter, Vibhuti Pada, to a 
+range of meditative tools/objects and the processing 
+of the same in meditation. The process of meditation 
+dharana, dhyana, and Samadhi, together constitutes the 
+complete process of meditation termed as Samyama.[6] 
+The chapter also explicitly specifies that the composite 
+process of Samyama is a common application to any 
+object/tool/aid selected for meditation.[7] The process 
+activates or manifests the latent properties of different 
+elements of the object of meditation, which is perceived 
+in the light of heightened consciousness or awareness. 
+However, the complexity of the object/tool/aid makes 
+all the difference in the results attained or siddhis (super 
+physical accomplishments) acquired.
+From sutra lll‑16 of the same chapter, the text 
+enumerates various objects for meditation and its 
+corresponding siddhis (super physical accomplishments) 
+to be attained by practicing the process of meditation. 
+The ancient Saivagama text Vijnanabhairava has defined 
+112 dharanas or objects/tools or definite techniques of 
+meditation, to be selected according to the competence 
+of the aspirant. The techniques utilize developing of 
+prana shakti, arousing of kundalini, mantra Japa, 
+bhakti, Jnana, and Bhavana and few other informal 
+modes. It also describes the level of accomplishment of 
+the aspirant as a result of practice.[8]
+The great sage Adi Shankaracharya in one of his seminal 
+works “Yoga Taaravali” expounds that, as taught by Lord 
+Shiva, there are 125000 methods of Laya Yoga through 
+which self‑realization can be achieved. It is further stated 
+that Nadanusandhana Yoga or Nada Yoga dealt in this 
+article is the best of all other methods of Laya Yoga.[9]
+Sage Gheranda in his work Gheranda Samhita defines 
+six tools to attain Samadhi:
+(1) Shambhavi mudra for Dhyana yoga Samadhi,  (2) 
+Bhramari Pranayama for Nada Yoga Samadhi  (dealt 
+in this article),  (3) Kechari mudra for Rasaananda 
+Samadhi,  (4) Yoni mudra for Laya Siddhi Samadhi,  (5) 
+Devotion for Bhakti Yoga, and  (6) Manomoorcha 
+kumbhaka for Manomoorcha Samadhi.
+Malini Vijayottara Tantra an authority among Agama 
+texts, in verse 21 of its 2nd chapter, has broadly classified 
+the tools for meditation into five categories: Uccara, 
+Karana, dhyana, Varna, and sthana‑kalpana.
+• Uccara: Gross Prana‑life force
+• Karana: Use of own body and certain dispositions of 
+its organs, usually known as mudras
+• Dhyana: 
+Mind 
+(absorption 
+in 
+the 
+divine 
+consciousness)
+• Varna: Anahata nada  (subtle prana)  –  impact less, 
+inarticulate sound (Nada Yoga)
+• Sthana‑kalpana: Objects external to the body like 
+inhalation‑exhalation of breath, an image of a deity, 
+etc., body components such as navel, heart, throat, 
+brumadya.
+Of the above‑mentioned objects/tools of meditation, the 
+aspirant practicing Nadayoga, i.e., using sound or Varna or 
+Nada is said to achieve a very superior stage of Samadhic 
+state. The concept of creation as expounded by Shaivagama 
+scriptures gives an understanding of the source of sound 
+and its efficacy in aiding the aspirant to attain the highest 
+level of consciousness, the spiritual goal of meditation.
+Sound Vibrations as a Rationale Aid 
+for Mediation Practice
+The source of sound and its role in the yogic process can 
+be understood by comprehending the process of creation. 
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Ushamohan, et al.: Bhramari Pranayama review
+60
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 8  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2020
+According to the Shaivagama texts, the very nature of 
+Parama Shiva, the ultimate reality is to manifest. On the 
+course of manifestation, the first movement  (Prathama 
+spanda), the creative aspect of Parama Shiva is Shiva, 
+the supreme consciousness. Shakti is the energy of Shiva. 
+Shiva expresses into Iccha  (will), which immediately 
+translates into Jnana  (knowledge) and Kriya  (action). 
+From the union of Shiva and Shakti, the cosmic creative 
+vibratory movement, the very first sound in the creation 
+of the universe, known as Para Nada (Kriya shakti) or 
+Nada Brahman/Maha nada the Great Sound or Great 
+Melody evolved, out of which the whole universe 
+evolved.[10] Para Nada is pervading in everything that 
+exists in this universe, both animate and inanimate. It 
+is the creative power of highest consciousness and in 
+the course of its manifestation into the physical world, 
+has correspondingly manifested into different eternal 
+sounds known as anahata nadas  (spontaneous, impact 
+less sound in Sushumna Nadi). Anahata nada is an 
+inarticulate, unmanifest subtle sound, also known as 
+Varna. Para Nada somewhat consolidates as Para Bindu. 
+Upon bursting of this Para bindu rises an unmanifest 
+sound, Shabda Brahman, the universal conscious sound.
+Out of Shabda Brahman evolves the endless diversified 
+creation constituting from Mahat, the aggregate of 
+trigunas  (tamas, rajas, and sattva as iccha, jnana and 
+kriya shaktis), to the grossest energy constituting the 
+physical world. Out of Mahat, under the influence 
+of ashudda adhva or impure order known as anava 
+mala, the individual living beings constituting the 
+24 tattvas  (principles), the four constituents of 
+antahkarana  (mind, individual‑consciousness, intellect, 
+and ego‑sense), five jnanendriyas  (sense organs), five 
+karmendriyas (motor organs), and their tanmatras (subtle 
+principles of mind); smell, taste, form, touch and sound 
+and locomotion, dexterity, excretion, reproduction, 
+speech are evolved.
+Anahata Nada manifests in all living beings  (prani) 
+as Kundalini Shakti  (biopsychic energy). It manifests 
+as 
+Shabda 
+Shristi 
+(creation 
+of 
+sound)‑varnas 
+(letters‑articulate) as Matrakas  (form of subtle gross 
+speech with limitation in perception, considered as 
+mother). Matrakas lead to worldly activities and 
+feelings. It is the basis of limited knowledge, as it will 
+not lead to investigate the fullness of I‑consciousness of 
+Shiva. When the process of evolution has reached Prthivi 
+tattva, the grossest of the pancha mahabhutas  (five 
+basic elements of cosmic creation), at mooladhara 
+chakra  (lowest psychic and pranic center in the human 
+body), she takes the form of Kundalini, a coiled state, 
+and lies dormant at the base of the spine,[11] denoting 
+that she is at rest.[12] Due to this dormant state, under 
+the influence of Maya‑shakti (limiting power of divine), 
+the individual is veiled from the universal consciousness 
+and the perception of universal sound as well. The 
+individual distinguishing himself as separate from others 
+is limited to his limited self.[13] Due to the limitation of 
+anava mala, it draws a veil of limitation of awareness 
+on the self, owing to which the individual forgets his 
+real nature. He becomes further limited by mayiya mala 
+caused by Maya and karma mala, the limiting condition 
+due to vasanas, the residual traces of the actions of 
+previous births.
+The creative function has two aspects: the arc of descent, 
+from the divine down to the empirical individual, and 
+the arc of ascent, from the empirical individual up to 
+the divine consciousness, centrifugal and centripetal.[8,14] 
+When an individual, a seeker of one’s true nature, wants 
+to unveil or reveal his veiled essential divine nature, 
+the original innate, pure I‑consciousness, there is the 
+provision of yoga. The purpose of all scriptures is to 
+guide the empirical individual to mount the arc of ascent 
+and reach the stage of divine consciousness, the goal. 
+The methods recommended are the tools or means for 
+reaching the goal.[15] According to Shiva sutras, to attain 
+this goal, the aspirant has to undergo the discipline of 
+Yoga.
+Ordinary individuals  (Anu) with limited means and 
+limitations to understanding can begin the yogic process 
+with grosser means called as Anavopaya. They are 
+predominantly activity oriented (kriyopaya) and is to be 
+acquired with effort. The seeker here needs a tool/object, 
+as support for his sadhana. The tools as classified by 
+Malini Vijayottara Tantra mentioned above are Uccara, 
+Karana, dhyana, Varna, and sthana‑kalpana.
+Of all the above‑mentioned tools, uccara or anahata 
+nada is the sound‑based means. It is stated that the very 
+first sound in the process of creation of the universe 
+is Paranada or Nada Brahman. It manifests into the 
+physical world as different eternal sounds known as 
+anahata nadas and in individuals as Kundalini Shakti. 
+The rousing of the dormant Kundalini from the base of 
+the spine, in an upward movement on the arc of ascent, 
+retracing the path of descent, via the Sushumna Nadi is 
+the path for realization.[16] To facilitate the ascendancy of 
+the Kundalini, stimulating the anahata nada inherent in 
+Kundalini is one of the upaya or means.
+Sri Adi Shankaracharya in his work “Yoga Taaravali” 
+states that the samadhi state attainable by tuning to 
+anahata nada known as Nadayoga is the most superior 
+of the 1,25,000 laya yoga methods imparted by Lord 
+Shiva for the benefit of humanity. According to Shiva 
+Sutras, tuning to the anahata nada is one of the best 
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Ushamohan, et al.: Bhramari Pranayama review
+61
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 8  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2020
+means for self‑realization. Many of the major 108 
+Upanishads consider Nada Yoga as one of the exalted 
+techniques that can lead an aspirant to the highest 
+reality. “Vijnanabhairava tantra” enlists Nada yoga as 
+one of the 112 dharanas  (FA) and postulates that it is 
+one of the distinguished ways of sadhana.
+Bhramari Pranayama as a Sound‑Based 
+Aid for Meditation
+Tuning to the anahata nada is not possible in ordinary 
+individuals, as it is said to be audible only to the ear that 
+is competent to hear it. Anahata nada vibrates in the 
+prana shakti, the eternal energy of consciousness, present 
+in the Sushumna Nadi. It is heard when the Kundalini 
+that lies dormant at the base of the spine is aroused 
+and moves upward in the Sushumna Nadi.[8] However, 
+Sushumna Nadi is usually closed in the common man. 
+Bhramari Pranayama predominantly a sound‑based 
+technique practiced along with breathing and shanmukhi 
+mudra enables the aspirant to tune to the anahata nadas.
+Bhramari Pranayama, a simple and unique yogic 
+technique, is a combination of attending to the 
+self‑produced humming sound emulating a bumblebee 
+with breath control.[17]
+Bhramari Pranayama Highlighted in 
+Classical Yoga Texts
+Hatha Yoga Pradeepika of Swami Swatmarama and 
+Gheranda Samhita of Sage Gheranda are among the 
+foremost texts of classical hatha yoga, written between 
+the 15th and 16th centuries. These texts emphasize 
+that Bhramari Pranayama is one of the ashtha 
+kumbhakas  (eight major pranayamas) and also one 
+of the six techniques to attain samadhi. This also is 
+considered as a tool for pratyahara  (sense withdrawal) 
+and it is usually practiced with shanmukhi mudra.
+The Practice of Bhramari Pranayama as 
+Described in Hatha yoga Pradeepika and 
+Gheranda Samhita
+Hatha Yoga Pradipika describes breathe in quickly, 
+humming like the male black bee, and exhales slowly 
+when softly humming like a female bee. By this yogic 
+practice, one becomes the lord of yogis and the mind is 
+absorbed in bliss.[17]
+According to Gheranda Samhita, a yogi after midnight, 
+choosing a quiet place where there is no sound of any 
+living beings heard, should practice inhalation and breath 
+retention, closing the ears with the hands.[18] Bhramari 
+Pranayama has been referred to as a medium to samadhi 
+in the same text. Inhale at a slow pace humming like a 
+female bee and retain the breath. When exhaling slowly 
+humming like a male bee, focus the mind on the internal 
+sound. When the Bhramari nada is heard, total merger of 
+the mind happens, leading to Nada yoga samadhi arising in 
+the bliss of spontaneous sound of Soham, “I am That.”[18]
+It is interesting to observe that Bhramari has been 
+described in one of the Puranas (mythology) as well. In 
+the tenth canto of Shrimad Devi Bhagavatam, Bhramari 
+Devi is said to have manifested when devas  (gods) 
+prayed for protection from the demon king Arunasura. 
+The legend has it that when incarnated, the Bhramari 
+Devi appeared surrounded with a large number of 
+bees, buzzing incessantly the sound‑Hrimkara  (the first 
+vibration of force). She was therefore named Bhramari 
+Devi as she was surrounded by large black bees, and 
+then the Bhramari Devi sent out all sorts of black bees, 
+who destroyed the demons and returned to the Devi.[19]
+Differences in the Practice of Bhramari 
+Pranayama in Classical Hatha Yoga 
+Texts
+According to Hatha Yoga Pradeepika, during the 
+practice of Bhramari Pranayama, when inhaling, the 
+sound produced is similar to that of a bhrunga or a male 
+bee, both pitch and speed are high  (veghodghosham). 
+When exhaling, the sound produced is similar to that 
+of brungi, a female bee, slow and low pitch  (mandam 
+mandam). With the practice of this pranayama, a yogi 
+will achieve a blissful state of mind.
+Gheranda Samhita describes the practice of this 
+pranayama with kumbhaka accompanied with ears 
+closed with the fingers. In the subsequent verses, it is 
+explained that one should focus on various internal 
+sounds inclusive of Bhramari nada  (sound) heard in 
+the right ear. Later in the chapter on samadhi, under 
+the section Nada Yoga Samadhi, the instructions are to 
+perform antar kumbhaka‑Bhramari kumbhaka with slow 
+breath followed by slower exhalation with the sound of 
+buzzing of a male bee. Later, the instruction is to focus 
+on internal sounds in the right ear. When Bhramari nada 
+is heard internally, the mind merges in it. Eventually, 
+continued practice will culminate in Samadhi.
+The Technique to Practice of Bhramari 
+Pranayama According to the Hatha Yoga 
+Pradeepika
+1. Sit in any comfortable meditative pose, relax, and 
+keep the body steady
+2. Keep the eyes closed throughout the practice
+3. Inhale slowly and deeply through the nose, listening 
+to the sound of the breath
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Ushamohan, et al.: Bhramari Pranayama review
+62
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 8  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2020
+4. Close the ears through the index or middle fingers 
+by pressing the middle outer part of the ear ligament 
+into the ear hole
+5. Keep the ears closed and exhale, making a deep soft 
+humming sound
+6. Concentrate on the sound, keeping it low pitched
+7. When exhalation is complete, lower the hands to the 
+knees and breathe in slowly
+8. Continue to practice in the same way, performing ten 
+to twenty rounds
+9. When completed, keep the eyes closed and listen for 
+any subtle sounds.
+Variations in the Practice of Bhramari 
+Pranayama
+1. Produce sound like a male bee during inhalation and 
+female bee during exhalation
+2. Produce the buzzing of the bee sound only during 
+exhalation
+3. Produce the buzzing of the bee sound like “mmmm” 
+or “nnnnn” or “ng”
+4. Perform antar kumbhaka after inhalation
+5. Perform bahya kumbhaka after exhalation with 
+mahabanda (all the three bhandas)
+6. Perform by closing only the ear with thumb or index 
+finger
+7. Perform by closing the ear with the index and middle 
+finger by pressing the outer part of the ear ligament 
+into the earlobe.
+8. Perform with shanmukhi mudra
+9. Perform with shanmukhi mudra and moola bandha.
+Features of Bhramari Pranayama
+1. The sound produced with rechaka  (exhalation) and 
+pooraka  (inhalation) in two frequencies/speed along 
+with antar kumbhaka
+2. Self‑produced overt sound emulating the buzzing of 
+a bumblebee with breathing
+3. Hearing to the self‑produced sound with shanmukhi 
+mudra
+4. Hearing to the sound in the right ear
+5. Vocalizing of the Bhramari sound with the consonant 
+“ng” may activate the uvula
+6. Transformation and processing of sound
+7. Prelude to Nada Yoga Samadhi.
+The purity of nadis  (pranic channels) is a prerequisite 
+to 
+Nada 
+yoga.[11] 
+In 
+Yoga 
+Taaravali, 
+Sri 
+Adi 
+Shankaracharya says purity of nadis is essential for the 
+anahata nada to be heard and performing nadi shuddi 
+pranayama (purifying and balancing the flow of breath) 
+prepares the aspirant for this. The pranayama aspect 
+of Bhramari Pranayama also called swara pranayama 
+involves inhalation and exhalation, respectively, along 
+with kumbhaka (retention) with the humming sound of a 
+bumblebee in high and low pitch. This may expedite the 
+nadi shuddi or purification of the pranic channels. As 
+prana and apana in the Ida and Pingala nadis, running 
+beside it, are equilibrated, by performing pranayama, 
+Sushumna Nadi opens up. It enables the awakening of 
+the dormant Kundalini. This view is also endorsed by 
+other texts such as Yoga Yajnavalkya Upanishad and 
+Shiva sutras.
+Satchakranirupana one of the ancient texts enunciates 
+that when Kundalini is roused, sweet murmur like the 
+hum of swarms of love‑mad bees is heard.[12] Shiva 
+Samhita states that the first of the sounds heard in Nada 
+yoga is Bhrunga nada.
+This could be the reason for Sage Gheranda to choose 
+the humming sound of a bee as a prelude to Nada Yoga. 
+The humming of the sound “n,” “m,” or “ng” known 
+as varna prakalpana, with breath control, is said to 
+produces resonance. This can happen when the sound 
+produced at the throat matches with the natural frequency 
+of the body.[20] This is the most important aspect of 
+Bhramari Pranayama. It is said that anahata nada is 
+a mystical resonant vibration. The resonant vibrations 
+evoked by the practice of Bhramari Pranayama may be 
+conducive in arousing the dormant Kundalini in whom 
+anahata nada is inherent.[8]
+Sage Gheranda specifies that after performing Bhramari 
+Pranayama, the aspirant should try to hear to the 
+anahata nada in the right ear. It is already mentioned 
+earlier that anahata nadas cannot be heard by ordinary 
+ears. Shiva sutras state that only ���patrakarne,”[8] the 
+competent ears can hear the anahata nadas. Practicing 
+Bhramari 
+Pranayama 
+enables 
+the 
+ordinary 
+ears 
+competent to hear the anahata nadas.
+In any meditation, pratyahara, reversing the mind 
+from the external sense objects, internalizing it,[21] 
+and arriving at a thoughtless state, is prerequisite.[22] 
+Appling of shanmukhi mudra aids in the internalization 
+of the sense organs, enabling to achieving the state of 
+pratyahara.[18] Shandilopanishad states that by adopting 
+shanmukhi mudra, not only the external perception is 
+dropped but also the internal perception, i.e., chitta vrittis, 
+the mental modifications are dropped. In Shiva Swarodaya, 
+Lord Shiva imparts to Parvati the method of adopting 
+shanmukhi mudra: fix the thumb in the ears, place the 
+middle fingers on the two nostrils, the ring and little fingers 
+on the mouth, and the fore fingers on the upper eyelids.[23]
+Vocalization in Bhramari Pranayama depicts the buzzing 
+of a female bumblebee, making use of the consonant 
+“n” with the strength of “ng” of the words such as king, 
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Ushamohan, et al.: Bhramari Pranayama review
+63
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 8  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2020
+sing, and ring.[24] Spiritual practice performed with beeja 
+mantra “Hrim” vocalized as “Hring” by some sect of 
+sadhakas, depicting the buzzing of a female bumblebee, 
+to worship Devi is mentioned numerous times in 
+Shrimad Devi Bhagavatam.[19] This typical method of 
+vocalization is said to activate the uvula at the back of 
+the throat. The activation of uvula may further facilitate 
+to propagate the sound vibrations to the brain. Swami 
+Gitananda Giri notes that activation of uvula by the 
+practice of Bhramari Pranayama may induce secretion 
+of soma  (nectar‑like fluid) down the throat.[25] The 
+mention of the “uvula like organ” has been made in 
+many Upanishads. The 6th chapter of Shiksa‑Valli of 
+Taittiriya Upanishad says that the bodily location of the 
+potential energy source is in the nipple‑like structure that 
+is hanging between the two palates.[26] It also states that 
+through this organ, Sushumna nadi pierces between the 
+two sides of the skull. It is called the Indrayoni: where 
+Indra i.e., Brahman manifests itself. Hamsopanishad of 
+Shukla Yajur Veda also mentions about the structure like 
+uvula as Indra yoni. Soubhagya Lakshmi Upanishad and 
+Shandilya Upanishad (from Atharvana Veda), also make 
+similar statements.
+Bhramari Pranayama having these unique, lofty features 
+is simple, easy to follow, and practice with a minimal 
+requirement of expert guidance, makes it relevant in 
+today’s scenario.
+A Probable Mechanism for Reaching 
+Higher States of Consciousness using 
+Bhramari pranayama
+In Gheranda Samhita, Sage Gheranda states that the 
+practice of Bhramari Pranayama enables the aspirant 
+to reach higher states of consciousness. Performance 
+of pranayama with self‑produced humming sound 
+facilitates the purification of nadis and balancing of 
+the flow of breath, prana and apana in Ida and Pingala 
+Nadis. As they get equilibrated, the closed Susuhmna 
+Nadi opens up. The resonant vibrations produced by 
+the humming of Bhramari Pranayama is said to rouse 
+the Kundalini that lies dormant at the base of the spine. 
+Kundalini whose quality is moving upward, Urdhva 
+Gamini, propels the soul upward in the Sushumna 
+Nadi and the aspirant starts to spontaneously hear the 
+anahata nada. By spontaneous hearing of the anahata 
+nada, it can be inferred that the practice of Bhramari 
+Pranayama has enabled the ears of the aspirant to hear 
+the anahata nada and also that he has reached the 
+stage of ajapajapa, the stage of effortless hearing.[27] 
+As one starts hearing the anahata nada spontaneously, 
+need to effortful practice Bhramari Pranayama will 
+cease.
+This is one of the ancient techniques known as 
+anusandhana 
+(exploration) 
+of 
+anahata 
+nada 
+or 
+nadaanusandhana that leads to Nada Yoga Samadhi. 
+Vijnanabhairava tantra states that anahata nada is 
+Brahman in the form of sound, i.e., Shabda Brahman.[8] 
+Anahata nada is a natural, ceaseless vibration occurring 
+without any impact, imperceptible to ordinary ears. It 
+is inarticulate, as all the letters lie latently in it, in an 
+undivided way. It can only be meditated upon. Tuning to 
+the anahata nada will eventually lead the aspirant from 
+grosser sounds to subtler ones and finally culminate in 
+realization of Parabramhan, the Ultimate Reality.[18]
+In the practice of Nada Yoga, nada is considered 
+as means to pratyahara, dharana, dhyana, and 
+Samadhi.[28] With further advanced practice, refined 
+sounds are heard internally which becomes a strong 
+anchor for the mind to remain in that state for a longer 
+time. Nada Bindu Upanishad states that the yogi with 
+an interiorized mind should listen to the sound in 
+the right ear. Yoga Chudamani Upanishad states that 
+when practiced with Shanmukhi mudra and moola 
+bandha, nada will manifest distinctly.[8] With constant 
+practice, it will lead to turiya state (the fourth state of 
+consciousness, beyond the wakeful, dream, and deep 
+sleep state). In Yoga Taaravali, Sri Adi Shankaracharya 
+postulates that through the sustained listening to the 
+anahata nada, the yogi can overcome the external 
+sound and mental turbulences within 15  days and feel 
+the blissful state.[29]
+The anahata nadas heard during the sadhana of 
+nadaanusandhana 
+are 
+ten, 
+known 
+as 
+dashavidha 
+nada. 
+According 
+to 
+Hamsopanishad: 
+1st 
+sound 
+is‑Chin, 2nd‑Chini‑Chini  (sound of anklets), 3rd‑ghanta 
+(sound of bells), 4th‑Shankha  (blast of a conch), 
+5th‑Veena  (like the note produced by the wire 
+of a harp), 6th‑Thala  (cymbals), 7th‑Venu  (flute), 
+8th‑Bheri  (tabor), 9th‑Mrudanga  (kettle drum), and 
+10th‑Meghanaada  (sound of thunder of a cloud).[30] It is 
+further stated that Nada yoga culminates in the Pranava 
+Nada. According to Hatha Yoga Pradeepika, the sound 
+of the ocean  (samudraghosha), the humming of the 
+bees  (bhrunga nada), and trumpet  (kahale) are also 
+included.[17] Hamsopanishad further states that the sounds 
+are heard in the above‑mentioned sequence, but not all 
+sounds are heard by all aspirants. It may slightly vary 
+according to purva samskara (mental impressions of past) 
+and individual sadhana. Each successive nada subtler 
+than the previous implies higher levels of consciousness 
+and correlates to the level of one’s spiritual attainment. 
+The nine stages of consciousness are known to be the 
+subtle forms of nine nadas culminating in the highest 
+state known as Unmana [Table 1].[27]
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Ushamohan, et al.: Bhramari Pranayama review
+64
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 8  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2020
+In this course of spiritual discipline, on the path of 
+ascendance of the aroused Kundalini, the aspirant has 
+to clear the obstacles in the Sushumna Nadi in the form 
+of six chakras and three granthis, the psychic knots 
+called as the Brahma, Vishnu, and Rudra granthis. 
+These three granthis (psychic knots) are also known as 
+Maya Granthis. They are the cause of the limitations 
+of the individual. Brahma granthi causes attachment to 
+the physical, material world, and excessive selfishness. 
+Vishnu granthi causes emotional attachment and 
+Rudra granthi leads to attachment to siddhis and 
+I‑consciousness. These knots bind the sentience with the 
+insentience and make the nonself, appear as self, causing 
+bondage.[27] The six charkas are the essence of the five 
+Pancha mahabhutas and the Chitta.
+As and when the aspirant progresses in his sadhana 
+by anusandhana or mental awareness of the anahata 
+nadas, Kundalini, transcends the three granthis, and 
+the six chakras, starting from Mooladhara chakra in 
+the Sushumna Nadi, crossing the mayic and material 
+plain, to transcend various stages of the spiritual 
+domain. The awakened Kundalini on her upward 
+journey first pierces the Brahma granthi. Then, she 
+pierces mooladhara chakra; rising further, she passes 
+through the Svadishthana and Manipura chakras. 
+Next, she pierces through the Vishnu granthi and the 
+Anahata and Vishuddha chakras. Further, she pierces 
+the Rudra granthi and then Ajnacakra leading to 
+the internal vision of Jyoti  (light). It is also stated 
+in the text Vijnanbairavatantra that by adopting 
+shanmukhi mudra, Bindu, a point of brilliant light is 
+Table 1: Subtlety of vibration of Pranic energy measured in terms of time at various levels of consciousness
+Level
+Description
+Subtlety of the vibration of 
+Pranic energy
+Level of 
+consciousness*
+Dashavida nada†
+1-3
+Recited in gross form-“A” in the navel
+‘U’ in the heart and ‘M’ in the mouth
+Each of these -One matra‡
+“A” kara mantra kala
+“U” kara is Prakriti-tattva
+“M “kara is Maya-tattwa
+AUM
+4
+No gross utterance after AUM but only rise of pranic energy 
+in a subtle form of vibration (spandana)
+½ of a matra
+Ishwara tattva
+Bindu
+Chini-Chini
+5
+Now Bindu is transformed into subtle, inarticulate
+Sound, Nada - the objectivity inherent in it gradually 
+disappears
+¼ of a matra
+Ishwara tattva
+Nada-Ardha
+Chandra
+Ghanta nada
+6
+After objectivity inherent in Bindu completely disappears, 
+the energy assumes a straight line and appears in the upper 
+part of the forehead
+1/8 of a matra
+Sadashiva tattva
+Nirodhika
+Shanka nada
+7
+A spontaneous inarticulate mystical resonant vibration 
+extends from the summit of the head through Sushumna
+1/16 of a matra
+Nada
+Sadashiva tattva
+Anahata
+Veena
+8
+It is extremely subtle energy residing in Bramharandhra 
+- after this station the identification of self with the body 
+disappears
+1/32 of a matra
+Sadashiva tattva
+Nadanta
+Thaala
+9
+Feeling of Ananda or bliss - Shakti is said to reside on the 
+skin
+1/64 of a matra
+Shakti tattva
+Anjani or Energy Venu
+10
+Sadhaka experiences all-pervasiveness like the sky
+It is experienced at the Sikha on the head
+1/128 of a matra
+Shakti tattva
+Vyapika
+Bheri
+11
+A stage where all temporal and spatial limitations are 
+transcended, all objectivity has disappeared and a state of 
+only the energy of illumination - atma-vyapti
+Samana resides in the Shikha on the head
+1/256 of a matra
+Shakti tattva
+Samana
+Mrudanga
+12
+Ultimate energy beyond all mental process is transcended 
+and it reaches the highest excellence - light of universal 
+consciousness-Shiva Vyapti
+According to some it is said to be in the last part of Shika. 
+(According to Svacchanda Tantra, it is amatra, without any 
+measure for being out of the province of Manas (mentation 
+- There is no word, to be clarified. it is beyond time)
+1/512 of a matra
+Shiva tattva
+Unmana
+Meghanaada @ 
+point of Unmana
+Culminates with 
+OMKARA
+*Subtlety of movements of Kundalini in the form of Madhya Shakti by uccarana of AUM,[8] †Dashavida anahata nadas[30] for stages correlated 
+to the levels of consciousness,[27] ‡The time occupied to utter a short vowel is called a matra
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Ushamohan, et al.: Bhramari Pranayama review
+65
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 8  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2020
+Table 2: Review of scientific literature on chanting based practices including Bhramari Pranayama as an aid to 
+meditation
+Author and year of 
+publication
+n/design
+Intervention
+Variable studied
+Findings
+Kumar, 2019[32]
+30
+Cross over design
+Chanting of Gayathri 
+Mantra/OM chanting
+Attention assessed by 
+color Stroop test
+Stroop score improved by 16.16% 
+after Gayathri Mantra chanting 
+and 9.26% after OM chanting
+Sekar et al., 2019[33]
+15+15
+Subjects with moderate to 
+severe stress level
+Randomized control 
+study
+Chanting of Hare 
+Krishna Mahamantra
+HRV
+Serum cortisol levels
+Auditory and visual 
+reaction Time
+Significant increase in 
+parasympathetic tone (P=0.05), 
+shortened auditory (P=0.05), 
+and visual (P=0.01), reaction 
+time and significant decreased 
+serum cortisol levels (P=0.05)
+Manjunatha et al., 
+2018[34]
+24
+Single group 
+prepoststudy
+BhPr
+Aerodynamics and 
+acoustic assessments 
+of voice in healthy 
+participants
+BhPr is effective in improving 
+Aerodynamics and acoustic 
+parameters in healthy 
+participants
+Harne and Hiwale, 
+2018[35]
+23
+Single group 
+prepoststudy
+OM chanting
+EEG
+Significant increase in theta 
+power
+Rao et al., 2018[36]
+12
+Block design
+OM chanting
+Sound “SSSS”/rest
+Studied directional 
+connectivity between 
+deactivated regions of the 
+brain using the fMRI-
+MVAR model
+Significant reduction in output 
+from insula, anterior cingulate 
+and orbitofrontal cortices 
+during OM chanting compared 
+to “SSSS” and rest -control 
+conditions
+Nivethitha et al., 
+2017[37]
+16
+Single group repeated 
+measures study
+BhPr
+Heart rate variability 
+during and after the 
+practice of BhPr
+A significant improvement of 
+Heart rate variability during 
+the practice of Bhramari, and 
+it reverted to normal during the 
+recovery period after the practice
+Srivastava et al., 
+2017[38]
+60
+Single group 
+prepoststudy
+BhPr
+Mental Health Scale 
+(Kamalesh Sharma 1996)
+Significant increase in mental 
+score
+Chamoli et al., 2017[39]
+15
+Single group 
+prepoststudy
+Buddhist chanting-
+Manjushree Mantra
+IQ - Battery of 
+intelligence tests
+Significant increase in IQ 
+parameters
+Kuppusamy et al., 
+2016[40]
+30+30
+Randomized control 
+study
+BhPr
+Blood pressure indices 
+and heart rate
+Significant reduction in heart 
+rate and blood pressure indices 
+in BhPr
+Amin et al., 2016[41]
+20+20
+Randomized control 
+study
+OM chanting
+Depression, Anxiety and 
+Stress scores
+Blood pressure indices 
+and Heart rate
+Significant decrease in 
+depression, anxiety, and stress 
+scores. Blood pressure indices 
+and heart rate
+Bhargav et al., 2016[42]
+20
+Four groups
+MPONOM
+MPOFOM
+MPONSS
+MPOFSS
+OM chanting/SSSS 
+chanting
+With mobile phones ON 
+and off conditions
+Brain hemodynamics 
+using fNIRS during 
+the performance of the 
+Stroop Test at baseline, 
+after SSSS chanting and 
+later after OM chanting
+OM chanting had some 
+cognition-enhancing 
+effect associated with less 
+oxygenation of prefrontal 
+cortices
+Perry et al., 2016[43]
+45 inexperienced in silent 
+chanting
+27 experienced in silent 
+chanting
+Two group prepoststudy
+OM Chanting
+Vocal
+Silent
+Attention
+Positive and negative 
+affect
+Altruism
+Empathy
+Social connectedness
+Significant benefits for 
+both groups, but especially 
+inexperienced vocal chanters 
+exhibited significant benefits
+Contd...
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Ushamohan, et al.: Bhramari Pranayama review
+66
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 8  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2020
+Table 2: Contd...
+Author and year of 
+publication
+n/design
+Intervention
+Variable studied
+Findings
+Rajesh et al., 2014[44]
+31
+Cross-over design
+BhPr
+Executive function-
+Response inhibition
+Executive function-Response 
+inhibition improved 
+significantly after BhPr 
+(P=0.007)
+Rampalliwar et al., 
+2013[45]
+28
+Single group 
+prepoststudy
+BhPr
+The reaction of hyper-
+reactive pregnant women 
+to cold pressor
+Hyperactivity reduced to 
+hypoactivity. A significant 
+decrease in blood pressure and 
+pulse rate after 2 months of 
+BhPr. Effective for prevention of 
+preeclampsia in pregnant women
+Pradhan and Derle 
+2012[46]
+30+30
+Cross over design
+Gayathri mantra 
+chanting/Poem Line 
+chanting
+Attention
+Both sessions showed 
+significant improvement in 
+attention deployment. The 
+magnitude of improvement 
+after Gayathri Mantra was 
+greater (21.67 %) compared to 
+the poem line (4.85%)
+Jain et al., 2011[47]
+54
+Single group 
+prepoststudy
+BhPr
+Cold pressor test
+Reduction in hyperreactivity 
+by inducing the 
+parasympathetic predominance
+Kalyani et al., 2011[48]
+12
+Block design
+OM chanting and neutral 
+sound “SSSS” resting 
+condition
+Neuro hemodynamic 
+correlates of audible OM 
+chanting, neutral sound 
+“SSSS” and resting 
+condition
+Neuro hemodynamic correlates 
+of OM chanting, indicate limbic 
+deactivation and not during 
+“SSSS” resting condition
+Pramanik et al., 
+2010[49]
+50
+Single group 
+prepoststudy
+BhPr
+Blood pressure heart rate
+Heart rate and mean blood 
+pressure decreased
+Diastolic blood pressure 
+decrease was significant
+Pandey et al., 2010[50]
+84
+Single group 
+prepoststudy
+BhPr
+Loudness, THI score, and 
+Anxiety and Depression 
+scale
+Significantly reduced 
+irritability, depression, and the 
+anxiety associated with tinnitus
+Vialatte et al., 2008[51]
+8
+Three groups-with 
+controls
+BhPr
+EEG
+All subjects exhibited PGW 
+during the practice and EEG 
+activity
+Prasad et al., 2007[52]
+4
+Single group 
+prepoststudy
+BhPr
+Auditory hearing 
+threshold
+ATH levels become better 
+up to 8dB SPL, reverting to 
+normal in the next 10 min
+Ghaligi et al., 2006[53]
+35+35
+Nonchanting group/
+chanting group having 2 
+years’ experience of Vedic 
+chanting
+Two group prepoststudy
+Vedic chanting
+Memory and sustained 
+attention
+The chanting group showed 
+better scoring when compared 
+to the nonchanting group. Vedic 
+chanting could have facilitated 
+in improving memory and 
+sustained attention
+Devi et al., 2003[54]
+4
+2 males and 2 females
+A, U, Ma and OM 
+Chanting
+A pilot study to identify 
+quantitatively, the signal 
+characteristics of sound 
+patterns A, U, Ma and OM
+The fundamental of sound 
+patterns A, U, Ma, and OM and 
+sub-harmonics were identified
+Bernardi et al., 2001[55] 23
+Two group prepoststudy
+Ave Maria/Om Mani 
+Padme Hum/With 
+controlled breathing
+Baroreflex sensitivity
+Frequency of 
+cardiovascular 
+oscillation, breathing rate
+Both prayer and mantra caused 
+powerful and synchronous 
+increases in existing 
+cardiovascular rhythms and 
+a significant increase in 
+baroreflex sensitivity
+MVAR: Multivariate autoregressive, BhPr: Bhramari Pranayama, PGWs: Paroxysmal gamma waves, HRV: Heart rate variability, EEG: 
+Electroencephalography, ATH: Auditory thresh hold, SPL: Sound pressure level, THI: Tinnitus handicap inventory, IQ: Intelligence quotient 
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Ushamohan, et al.: Bhramari Pranayama review
+67
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 8  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2020
+perceived leading to a higher state of consciousness.
+[8] Transcending the material domain, many stages of 
+universal consciousness, the aspirant reaches the source 
+of the nada, the Parabramhan (The Highest Reality).[27] 
+Sri Adi Shankaracharya in his work “Yoga Taaravali” 
+states that, of the 1,25,000 laya yoga methods imparted 
+by Lord Shiva, the Samadhi state attainable by 
+nadaanusandhana as most superior, as it leads to the 
+highest state of Samadhi directly and it is regarded very 
+high for spiritual practices.[9,31]
+Discussion and Conclusion
+Bhramari Pranayama is a unique tool used for 
+meditation. Attention to the stimuli evoked enables the 
+aspirant to tune to the anahata nada, which is inherent 
+in every individual yet, imperceptible to ordinary ears. 
+It leads to Nadayoga Samadhi, which is hailed by many 
+of the ancient scriptures as an exceptional means to 
+attain the reality. An attempt to understand its possible 
+mechanism based on ancient literature in this review 
+could kindle an aspirant to pursue this proven technique 
+with a fair understanding of its processing, especially 
+the origin of sound to retracing the same to reach the 
+Supreme Reality. The aspirant can assess his progress as 
+and when he reaches various stages‑dashavidha nadas, 
+which encourages him to further his spiritual practices.
+Research on various meditations based on chanting 
+as a tool, inclusive of Bhramari Pranayama has been 
+growing of late  [Table  2]. Opportunity to study the 
+properties of stimuli causing meditative states is not 
+common in research. The overt features of Bhramari 
+Pranayama, as presented by the classical references, 
+when studied in the light of already existing scientific 
+literature, seem to offer great scope to explore its 
+numerous measurable features. The properties of 
+self‑produced humming sound, proprioceptive, as well 
+as kinesthetic feedback qualifies it as a bottom‑up 
+approach to meditative states. The classical texts testify 
+to the participation of senses well up to a very high 
+level of consciousness in meditation.[27] Research of 
+these features in both short term and longitudinal studies 
+may provide a host of information about the importance 
+of the link of proper sensory perceptions, its effect on 
+attention, and cognition in meditative process. Attending 
+to the self‑generated stimulus in meditation amounts 
+to sensory‑motor integration. As per the scientific 
+literature, it is already known that the self‑produced 
+sounds are processed differently from the externally 
+heard sounds. Interesting features such as corollary 
+discharge, efference copy may add a new dimension to 
+the understanding of the meditative process, as well as 
+understanding its therapeutic value in many psychiatric 
+conditions and cognitive processing. It may as well 
+provide a rare opportunity to study the vicissitudes that 
+ensue, more so in the sensory domain, at different stages 
+of meditation using appropriate research tools. Bhramari 
+Pranayama leading to Nadayoga Samadhi is suitable to 
+study both stimulus and its response.  This aspect may 
+help in understanding the cause and effect of meditative 
+processes. It may also lead to the development of 
+new therapeutic applications appropriate to various 
+physiological, psychological, and cognitive conditions.
+Financial support and sponsorship
+Nil.
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+References
+1. 
+Walsh R. Meditation practice and research. J Humanistic Psychol 
+1983;23:18‑50.
+2. 
+Walsh R. An evolutionary model of meditation research. In 
+Meditation: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives, Shapiro DH 
+and Walsh R (eds.). New York, Aldine Publishing Company; 1984, 
+pp. 24–31.
+3. 
+Rubia  K. The neurobiology of Meditation and its clinical 
+effectiveness in psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychol 2009;82:1‑1.
+4. 
+Davidson  RJ, Kaszniak  AW. Conceptual and methodological 
+issues in research on mindfulness and meditation. Am Psychol 
+2015;70:581‑92.
+5. 
+Brown  DP. A  model for the levels of concentrative meditation. 
+Int J Clin Exp Hypn 1977;25:236‑73.
+6. 
+Taimini  IK. The Science of Yoga. Adyar, Chennai: The 
+Theosophical Publishing House; 2007, p.286.
+7. 
+Taimini  IK. The Science of Yoga. The Theosophical Publishing 
+House; 2007, p.287.
+8. 
+Jaideva  S. Vijnanabhairava or Divine Consciousness. Delhi: 
+Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited; 2006. p. xiii.
+9. 
+Swami  N. Yoga Taravali of Acharya Shankara. Prabuddha 
+Bharata 2019;124:11‑9.
+10. Sarada Tilaka Tantram  (Telugu). Translated by Medavarapu 
+Sampathumar; 2011.
+11. Avalon A. The Serpent Power. Madras: Ganesh & Co;1950.
+12. Woodroffe J. The Garland of Letters (Varnamala), Studies in the 
+Mantra‐Sastra. Ulthar, Sarkomand, Inquanok, Leeds: Celephaïs 
+Press; 2008, p.197.
+13. Woodroffe J. The Garland of Letters (Varnamala), Studies 
+in the Mantra‐Sastra. Ulthar, Sarkomand, Inquanok, Leeds: 
+CelephaïsPress; 2008, p. 107.
+14. Singh  J. Spanda‑Karikas, the Divine Creative Pulsation. Delhi: 
+Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited; 2007, p.5.
+15. Singh  J. Spanda‑Karikas, the Divine Creative Pulsation. Delhi: 
+Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited; 2007, p.22.
+16. Woodroffe J. The Garland of Letters (Varnamala), Studies in the 
+Mantra‑Sastra. Celephaïs Press, Ulthar, Sarko mand, Inquanok, 
+Leeds; 2008, p.113.
+17. Muktibodhananda  S. Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Munger, Bihar, 
+India: Yoga Publications Trust; 1993, p.260.
+18. Saraswati  N. Gheranda Samhita: Commentary on the Yoga 
+Teachings of Maharshi Gheranda. Munger, Bihar, India: Yoga 
+Publications Trust; 2012.
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+Ushamohan, et al.: Bhramari Pranayama review
+68
+International Journal of Yoga ‑ Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  ¦  Volume 8  ¦  Issue 2  ¦  July‑December 2020
+19. Velankar  KL. Srimad Devi Bhagavatha. Gorakhpur: Gita Press; 
+2014.
+20. Nagendra  HR. Pranayama‑The Art and Science. Vivekananda 
+Kendra Yoga Prakashana Bangalore; 1998.
+21. Taimini IK. The Science of Yoga. Adyar, Chennai: The 
+Theosophical Publishing House;  2007, p.275.
+22. Jaideva  S. Vijnanabhairava or Divine Consciousness. Delhi: 
+Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited; 2006. p. 15.
+23. Muktibodhananda S. Shiva Swarodaya, English translation from 
+Sanskrit, Swara Yoga. Bihar, India: Yoga Publications Trust; 
+2004.
+24. Nagarathna  R, Nagendra  HR. Integrated Approach of Yoga 
+Therapy for Positive Health, Vivekananda Kendra Yoga 
+Prakashana Bangalore; 2003.
+25. Bhavanani AB. Pranayama: The Fourth Limb of Ashtanga Yoga. 
+Kalaimani Yogacharini Meenakshi Devi Bhavanani. Pondicherry: 
+Satya Press; 2008.
+26. Lokeswarananda  S. Taittiriya Upanishad. The Ramakrishna 
+Mission Institute of Culture. Calcutta; 1996.
+27. Jaideva  S. Siva Sutras. The Yoga of Supreme Identity. Delhi: 
+Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited; 2006, p. Iv.
+28. Muktibodhananda S. Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Munger, Bihar, 
+India: Yoga Publications Trust; 1998, p.580.
+29. Murthy ASN, Commentary on Yoga Taravali of Sri Adi 
+Shankaracharya, Sri Adi Shankara Yoga Kendra, Bangalore, 
+1988.
+30. Ayyangar TR. Hamsopanishad. The Yoga ‑Upanishads. Translated 
+into English. Chennai, India: The Adyar Library; 1938.
+31. Ayyangar  TR. Yoga Shika Upanishad. The Yoga  ‑Upanishads, 
+Translated into English. Chennai, India: The Adyar Library; 
+1938.
+32. Kumar  N. Immediate role of two yoga based mantra recitation 
+on selective attention in undergraduate students. Dev Sanskriti 
+Interdiscip Int J 2019;13:1‑7.
+33. Sekar L, Niva W, Maheshkumar K, Thangavel G, Manikandan A, 
+Silambanan S, et al. Effect of mahamantra chanting on autonomic 
+and cognitive functions – An interventional study. J Clin Diagn 
+Res 13:CC05 - CC09.
+34. Manjunatha U, Bhat JS, Radish KB, Bajaj G, Shruthi P, 
+Suresh Nayak P, et al. Effect of Bhramari Pranayama on the 
+acoustic and aerodynamic parameters of voice in normophonic 
+females. 
+Evid 
+Based 
+Complementary Alternative 
+Med 
+2018;2018 :1-7.
+35. Harne  BP, Hiwale  AS. EEG spectral analysis on OM mantra 
+meditation: A  pilot study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 
+2018;43:123‑9.
+36. Rao 
+NP, 
+Deshpande 
+G, 
+Gangadhar 
+KB, Arasappa 
+R, 
+Varambally  S, Venkatasubramanian  G, et  al. Directional 
+brain networks underlying OM chanting. Asian J Psychiatr 
+2018;37:20‑5.
+37. Nivethitha  L, Mooventhan  A, Manjunath  NK, Bathala  L, 
+Sharma VK. Cerebrovascular hemodynamics during the practice 
+of Bhramari Pranayama, Kapalbhati and Bahir‑Kumbhaka: 
+An 
+exploratory 
+study. 
+Appl 
+Psychophysiol 
+Biofeedback 
+2018;43:87‑92.
+38. Srivastava  S, Goyal  P, Tiwari  SK, Patel  AK. Interventional 
+effect of Bhramari Pranayama on mental health among college 
+students. Int J Ind Psychol 2017;4:29‑33.
+39. Chamoli D, Kumar R, Singh A, Kobrin N. The effect of mantra 
+chanting on the performance IQ of children. Indian J Positive 
+Psychol 2017;8:288‑90.
+40. Kuppusamy 
+M, 
+Kamaldeen 
+D, 
+Pitani 
+R, Amaldas 
+J, 
+Shanmugam  P. Effects of Bhramari Pranayama on health  –  A 
+systematic review. J Tradit Complement Med 2018;8:11‑6.
+41. Amin A, Kumar S, Rajagopalan A, Rajan S, Mishra F, Kumar U, 
+et  al. Beneficial effects of OM chanting on depression, anxiety, 
+stress and cognition in elderly women with hypertension. Indian 
+J Clin Anat Physiol 2016;3:253‑5.
+42. Bhargav H, Manjunath NK, Varambally S, Mooventhan A, Bista S, 
+Singh D, et al. Acute effects of 3G mobile phone radiations on 
+frontal haemodynamics during a cognitive task in teenagers and 
+possible protective value of Om chanting. Int Rev Psychiatry 
+2016;28:288-98.
+43. Perry G, Polito V, Thompson WF. Chanting meditation 
+improves mood and social cohesion. Proceedings of the 14th 
+International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition. 
+San Francisco: The Society for Music Perception and Cognition 
+2016;324-7.
+44. Rajesh  SK, Ilavarasu  JV, Srinivasan  TM. Effect of Bhramari 
+Pranayama on response inhibition: Evidence from the stop signal 
+task. Int J Yoga 2014;7:138‑41.
+45. Rampalliwar  S, Rajak  C, Arjariya  R, Poonia  M, Bajpai  R. 
+The effect of bhramari pranayama on pregnant women having 
+cardiovascular hyper‑reactivity to cold pressor. Natl J Physiol 
+Pharm Pharmacol 2013;3:137.
+46. Pradhan  B, Derle  SG. Comparison of effect of Gayatri mantra 
+and poem chanting on digit letter substitution task. Anc Sci Life 
+2012;32:89‑92.
+47. Jain G, Rajak C, Rampalliwar S. Effect of bhramari pranayama 
+on volunteers having cardiovascular hyper‑reactivity to cold 
+pressor test. J Yoga Phys Ther 2011;1:102.
+48. Kalyani  BG, Venkatasubramanian  G, Arasappa  R, Rao  NP, 
+Kalmady  SV, Behere  RV, et  al. Neurohemodynamic correlates 
+of ‘OM’chanting: A pilot functional magnetic resonance imaging 
+study. Int J Yoga 2011;4:3.
+49. Pramanik T, Pudasaini B, Prajapati R. Immediate effect of a slow 
+pace breathing exercise Bhramari pranayama on blood pressure 
+and heart rate. Nepal Med Coll J 2010;12:154‑7.
+50. Pandey  S, Mahato  NK, Navale  R. Role of self‑induced 
+sound therapy: Bhramari Pranayama in Tinnitus. Audiol Med 
+2010;8:137‑41.
+51. Vialatte  FB, Bakardjian  H, Prasad  R, Cichocki  A. EEG 
+paroxysmal gamma waves during Bhramari Pranayama: A  yoga 
+breathing technique. Conscious Cogn 2009;18:977‑88.
+52. Prasad R, Koeike T, Matsuno F. Changes in auditory threshold of 
+hearing after Bhramari Pranayama. In SICE Annual Conference; 
+2007. p. 1819‑22.
+53. Ghaligi S, Nagendra H R, Bhatt R. Effect of Vedic chanting on 
+memory and sustained attention. Indian Journal of Traditional 
+Knowledge. 2006; 5 (2):177‑180.
+54. Devi  HJ, Swamy  NV, Nagendra  HR. Spectral analysis of the 
+Vedic mantra Omkara. Indian J Tradit Knowledge 2004;3:154‑61.
+55. Bernardi  L, Sleight  P, Bandinelli  G, Cencetti  S, Fattorini  L, 
+Wdowczyc‑Szulc  J, et  al. Effect of rosary prayer and yoga 
+mantras on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms: Comparative 
+study. BMJ 2001;323:1446‑9.
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, January 27, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]

subfolder_0/Biological transmutation in germination of seeds.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,817 @@
+ 
+ 
+International Journal of Research 
+ Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals 
+p-ISSN: 2348-6848 
+e-ISSN: 2348-795X 
+Volume 03 Issue 14 
+October 2016 
+  
+Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/  
+P a g e  | 582  
+ 
+Biological Transmutation in Germination of 
+Seeds 
+ 
+Itagi Ravi Kumar 1 
+1Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana 
+Samsthana, Bangalore 560019, Karnataka, India, Fax: 26608645, Ph: 22639997, Email Id: 
+[email protected] 
+ 
+ 
+Abstract:  
+Laws under which biological reactions are taking 
+place seem to be different from physical laws and 
+these laws do not apply to laws of biological 
+reactions. In the biological system nuclear reactions 
+are taking place at low temperature as equal to room 
+temperature withstanding by biological system to 
+form required elements from the available elements 
+within biological system. Green grams seeds and 
+bengal gram seeds were germinated in the room 
+temperature and at its atmosphere. Elemental 
+analysis was done for control and germinated seeds 
+with wet method by using optical emission 
+spectrometry. Results shown that Na increased by 
+417%, Al by 125%, Cr by 400%, Mn by 71.43%, Fe 
+by 28.89% and Zn increased by 13% where was 
+among decreased elements in germinated seeds with 
+respect to control seeds Mg decreased by 14.60%, P 
+by 4.57%, K by 10.16%, Ca by 24.59% and Cu 
+decreased by 17.65% in green gram germinated 
+seeds and while in bengal gram germinated seeds P 
+increased by 8.48%, K by 22.40% and Zn increased 
+by 10%. Among decreased elements in the 
+germinated seeds with respect to control seeds Na 
+decreased by 13.03%, Mg by 42.57%, Al by 36.35%, 
+Ca by 6.13%, Mn by 40%, Fe by 22.22% and Cu by 
+12.5%. Results among total of increasing and 
+decreasing elements, 147% increased and 10% 
+decreased in green gram germinated seeds and in 
+bengal gram germinated seeds total of 20.48% (1692 
+ppm) increased and 23.23% (324 ppm) decreased. 
+Keywords  
+Seed germination, biological reactions, biological 
+transmutation, cold fusion, low energy nuclear 
+reaction 
+ 
+1. Introduction 
+The phenomenon of evidence of reactions of non-
+radioactive, low-energy transmutation of light 
+elements and their isotopes in plant, animals and 
+minerals have came to be known as biological 
+transmutations [1, 2]. Biological transmutation 
+causes some minerals transmute into other minerals. 
+Cold fusion or Low Energy Nuclear Reactions 
+(LENR) is the ability to produce nuclear reactions at 
+relatively low energies (temperatures) [3]. By 
+performing number of chemical experiments showed 
+that various elements can combine with each other, 
+but without 
+any change 
+in their elemental 
+compositions, Antoine Lavoisier at the end of the 
+18th century demonstrated that chemical elements 
+cannot be created nor destroyed. This has been the 
+principles of science until end of the 19th century 
+with the discovery of radioactivity and later artificial 
+radioactivity. Now, it is out of the question that 
+nuclear reactions can occur outside the nuclear world 
+of radioactivity and high-energy physics [4]. Started 
+re looking at phenomena of biological transmutations 
+after the study of Stanley Pons and Martin 
+Fleischmann [5] in 1989 that it was possible to 
+produce nuclear reactions at ambient temperature by 
+electrochemistry.  Kervran in his study stated that 
+living matter employs energies which are not 
+electromagnetic, that nature also operates right into 
+the heart of the atomic nucleus, which has nothing to 
+do with Lavoisier’s laws [6]. As mentioned by John 
+[7], Puri has conducted germination of ryegrass seeds 
+for twenty-nine days and found out increase in K, 
+Mg, and Cu and decrease in Ca. Puri also reports 
+experiments on the Ca in hen’s eggs. The normal diet 
+of hens does not contain enough Ca for one egg. If 
+the hens were kept away from Ca-containing foods, 
+they laid eggs with thin shells devoid of Ca. If K 
+(element 19) was added to the diet, the hens laid eggs 
+with thick shells containing Ca (element 20). Jones, 
+S.E., et al. suggested that cold fusion in terrestrial 
+matter might even be responsible for localized 
+volcanism [7]. The experiment results had indicated 
+the stable isotope transmutation processes in growing 
+microbiological cultures, in the iron-region of atomic 
+masses [2]. Komaki studied the development of 
+bacteria, mould and yeast and reported that eight 
+strains of microorganisms grown in potassium 
+deficient culture media increased the total of 
+potassium by transmutation of calcium to potassium 
+ 
+ 
+International Journal of Research 
+ Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals 
+p-ISSN: 2348-6848 
+e-ISSN: 2348-795X 
+Volume 03 Issue 14 
+October 2016 
+  
+Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/  
+P a g e  | 583  
+ 
+[2]. Kervron had indicated from his experimental 
+result that increase in phosphorus and copper in the 
+lobster after moulting [8]. In the following, we report 
+work in which changes in the quantity of trace 
+elements in the germinated seeds of green gram and 
+bengal gram with respect to their control sample dry 
+seeds described.    
+ 
+2. Materials and Methods 
+Experiment was conducted in a clean room at 
+natural environment. Distilled water was used for 
+cleaning, soaking and germination of seeds. Three 
+trials of elemental analysis of distilled water, control 
+seeds, soaked seeds, soaked water and germinated 
+seeds are conducted by wet method and used ICP-
+OES instrument.  Seeds were selected randomly. For 
+green gram design ~4 gm of seeds are taken each for 
+control, soaked and germination sample. For bengal 
+gram design ~15 gm of seeds are taken for each of 
+control, soaked and germination sample. For control 
+sample seeds are cleaned in distilled water to remove 
+presence of toxic if any and had immediately kept in 
+hot air oven for 6 hours at 60oc and grinded to 
+powder and conducted elemental analysis. For 
+soaked sample seeds are cleaned in distilled water to 
+remove presence of toxic if any and soaked in 75 ml 
+of distilled water for 9 hours in petri dish. Then 
+soaked seeds were removed from water and kept in 
+hot air oven for 6 hours at 60oc and grinded to 
+powder and conducted elemental analysis. Removed 
+soaked water also tested for elemental analysis. For 
+germination of seeds dry seeds were washed with 
+distilled water to remove any toxin present. Seeds 
+were soaked in 75 ml distilled water for 9 hours. 
+Then soaked seeds were kept sandwiched between 
+filter paper wetted with distilled water in a petri dish 
+for two days and allowed for the germination. During 
+the germination watering was done on twice a day, 
+morning and evening to make sure of the wetness of 
+the filter paper. On day 2, counted number of seeds 
+emerged, measured the radical length of each seed 
+and the fresh weight of geminated seeds. Germinated 
+seeds were kept in hot air oven for 6 hours at 60oc 
+and measured dry weight of the germinated seeds. 
+Dry germinated seeds are grinded to powder and 
+done elemental analysis. 
+ 
+2.1 Procedure of Elemental Analysis  
+ 
+2.1.1. Digestion/Extraction. Took 1.5 gm of dry 
+powdered sample in clean silica crucible. To this 
+added 2 ml of H2SO4 and 3 ml of HNO3 and kept it 
+on electric Bunsen fume hood chamber for charring, 
+later kept it in muffle furnace at 600oc for one hour 
+for ashing. Removed the crucible from muffle 
+furnace and cooled it, again added 5 ml of HNO3 
+and heated it for five minutes on hot plate and 
+filtered it through No. 41 filter paper and made it up 
+to 25 ml with milli q water. Prepared the blank 
+solution with out dry powder sample as mentioned 
+above. 
+ 
+ 
+2.1.2. Instrumental analysis. Created the method 
+for trace elements analysis by ICP-OES in ICP 
+software. Standards for calibration of elements are 
+prepared: 1.0 mg/l, 5.0 mg/l, 10.0 mg/l, and 100 mg/l 
+as per requirement. Aspirated the standards and 
+samples by ICP-OES. 
+ 
+2.1.3. Calculation. Element concentration in ppm = 
+(Solution concentrationX25)/Sample weight  
+ 
+3. Results 
+Details of samples of green gram seeds were 
+given in Table 1. Average weight of each of the 
+sample was ~4 gm. Total number of seeds of control, 
+soaked and germinated seeds were 98, 97 and 98 
+respectively. Green gram germinated seeds had 
+94.9% germination, mean radical length was of 4.46 
+cm with fresh weight of 20.44 gm after germination 
+and dry weight of 3.61 gm after oven dry of 
+germinated seeds. Table 2 gives details of samples of 
+bengal gram. Average weight of each of samples was 
+~15 gm with control seeds of total of 42 numbers, 
+soaked seeds of 42 numbers and 41 numbers of seeds 
+for 
+germination. 
+Percentage 
+germination 
+of 
+germinated seeds was 85.37 with mean radical length 
+was of 1.39 cm, fresh weigh of 30. 90 gm after 
+germination and 13.97 gm after oven dry of 
+germinated seeds. Average value of three trials of 
+elemental analysis of distilled water, soaked water, 
+control seeds, soaked seeds and germinated seeds are 
+given in Table 3 and Table 4 for green gram seeds 
+and bengal gram seeds respectively. Green gram 
+elemental analysis result showed that among 
+increased elements in germinated seeds with respect 
+to control seeds Na increased by 417%, Al by 125%, 
+Cr by 400%, Mn by 71.43%, Fe by 28.89% and Zn 
+increased by 13%, where was among decreased 
+elements in germinated seeds with respect to control 
+seeds Mg decreased by 14.60%, P by 4.57%, K by 
+10.16%, Ca by 24.59% and Cu decreased by 17.65%. 
+Among neighboring elements as per periodic table 
+between germinated seeds and control seeds Al 
+increased by 125% where is Mg decreased by 
+14.60% and Zn increased by 13% and where is Cu 
+decreased by 17.65%. By comparing the summation 
+of value of elements which are increased with the 
+summation of value of elements which are decreased, 
+germinated green gram seeds has increased by 147% 
+ 
+ 
+International Journal of Research 
+ Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals 
+p-ISSN: 2348-6848 
+e-ISSN: 2348-795X 
+Volume 03 Issue 14 
+October 2016 
+  
+Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/  
+P a g e  | 584  
+ 
+and decreased by 10% with respect to control seeds. 
+In summation of value of all the elements there is 
+total of 8.89% decrease in germinated seeds with 
+respect to control seeds. Result of elemental analysis 
+of bengal gram showed that among increased 
+elements in the germinated seeds with respect to 
+control seeds P increased by 8.48%, K by 22.40% 
+and Zn increased by 10%. Among decreased 
+elements in the germinated seeds with respect to 
+control seeds Na decreased by 13.03%, Mg by 
+42.57%, Al by 36.35%, Ca by 6.13%, Mn by 40%, 
+Fe by 22.22% and Cu decreased by 12.5%. Among 
+neighboring elements as per periodic table between 
+germinated seeds and control seeds Zn increased by 
+10% where is Cu decreased by 12.5%. By comparing 
+the summation of value of elements which are 
+increased with the summation of value of elements 
+which are decreased, germinated bengal gram seeds 
+has increased by 20.48% and decreased by 23.13% 
+with respect to control seeds. By summing of value 
+of all the elements there is total of 14.16% increase 
+in germinated seeds in comparison with control 
+seeds. 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Table 1. Samples details of green gram seeds 
+Sample 
+Weight 
+of seeds 
+(gm) 
+Number 
+of seeds 
+% 
+germination 
+Mean 
+radical 
+length (cm) 
+Fresh 
+weight 
+(gm) 
+Oven dry 
+weight 
+(gm) 
+Control seeds 
+4.03 
+98 
+----- 
+----- 
+----- 
+----- 
+Soaked seeds 
+4.03 
+97 
+----- 
+----- 
+----- 
+----- 
+Germinated 
+seeds 
+4.03 
+98 
+94.90 
+4.46 cm 
+20.44 
+3.61 
+  
+Table 2. Samples details of bengal gram seeds 
+Sample 
+Weight 
+of seeds 
+(gm) 
+Number 
+of seeds 
+% 
+germination 
+Mean 
+radical 
+length (cm) 
+Fresh 
+weight 
+(gm) 
+Oven dry 
+weight 
+(gm) 
+Control seeds 
+15.02 
+42 
+----- 
+----- 
+----- 
+----- 
+Soaked seeds 
+14.91 
+42 
+----- 
+----- 
+----- 
+----- 
+Germinated 
+seeds 
+14.95 
+41 
+85.37 
+1.39 
+30.90 
+13.97 
+ 
+Table 3. Average value of elemental analysis of green gram seeds 
+Sample 
+Na 
+(ppm) 
+Mg 
+(ppm) 
+Al 
+(ppm) 
+Si 
+(ppm) 
+P 
+(ppm) 
+K 
+(ppm) 
+Ca 
+(ppm) 
+Cr 
+(ppm) 
+Mn 
+(ppm) 
+Fe 
+(ppm) 
+Ni 
+(ppm) 
+Cu 
+(ppm) 
+Zn 
+(ppm) 
+Total 
+(ppm) 
+Distilled 
+water 
+0.072 
+0.030 
+<0.001 
+0.883 
+0.021 
+0.042 
+0.130 
+<0.00
+1 
+0.003 
+0.001 
+0.002 
+<0.001 
+0.004 
+---- 
+Soaked 
+water 
+0.878 
+8.865 
+<0.001 
+1.734 
+2.465 
+47.57 
+10.40 
+0.001 
+0.014 
+0.008 
+0.020 
+0.011 
+0.060 
+---- 
+Control 
+seeds 
+35 
+1363 
+4 
+<1 
+3432 
+11169 
+736 
+1 
+7 
+45 
+5 
+17 
+30 
+16844 
+Soaked 
+seeds 
+41 
+1151 
+<1 
+<1 
+2926 
+9551 
+387 
+<1 
+4 
+23 
+5 
+12 
+29 
+14129 
+Germinat
+ed seeds 
+181 
+1164 
+9 
+<1 
+3275 
+10034 
+555 
+5 
+12 
+58 
+5 
+14 
+34 
+15346 
+% 
+change in 
+germinat
+ed seeds 
+w.r.t. 
+control 
+seeds 
+417* 
+14.60** 
+125* 
+---- 
+4.57** 
+10.16** 
+24.59** 
+400 * 
+71.43* 
+28.89* 
+----- 
+17.65** 
+13* 
+8.89** 
+*% increase, **% decrease       
+ 
+ 
+International Journal of Research 
+ Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals 
+p-ISSN: 2348-6848 
+e-ISSN: 2348-795X 
+Volume 03 Issue 14 
+October 2016 
+  
+Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/  
+P a g e  | 585  
+ 
+Table 4. Average value of elemental analysis in bengal gram seeds 
+Sample 
+Na 
+(ppm) 
+Mg 
+(ppm) 
+Al 
+(ppm) 
+Si 
+(ppm) 
+P 
+(ppm) 
+K 
+(ppm) 
+Ca 
+(ppm) 
+Cr 
+(ppm) 
+Mn 
+(ppm) 
+Fe 
+(ppm) 
+Ni 
+(ppm) 
+Cu 
+(ppm) 
+Zn 
+(ppm) 
+Total 
+(ppm) 
+Distilled 
+water 
+0.072 
+0.030 
+<0.001 
+0.883 
+0.021 
+0.042 
+0.130 
+<0.001 
+0.003 
+0.001 
+0.002 
+<0.001 
+0.004 
+---- 
+Soaked 
+water 
+4.364 
+6.394 
+0.021 
+2.474 
+5.545 
+20.9 
+16.10 
+0.002 
+0.257 
+0.067 
+0.028 
+0.021 
+0.244 
+---- 
+Control 
+seeds 
+284 
+552 
+11 
+<1 
+1273 
+6970 
+473 
+<1 
+10 
+63 
+<1 
+8 
+20 
+9664 
+Soaked 
+seeds 
+293 
+535 
+4 
+<1 
+1317 
+6613 
+476 
+<1 
+9 
+137 
+<1 
+6 
+31 
+9421 
+Germinat
+ed seeds 
+247 
+317 
+7 
+<1 
+1381 
+8552 
+444 
+<1 
+6 
+49 
+<1 
+7 
+22 
+11032 
+% 
+change in 
+germinat
+ed seeds 
+w.r.t. 
+control 
+seeds 
+13.03** 
+42.57** 
+36.35** 
+---- 
+8.48* 
+22.70* 
+6.13** 
+--- 
+40** 
+22.22** 
+--- 
+12.5** 
+10* 
+14.16* 
+* % increase, ** % decrease 
+4. Discussion 
+Table 3 and 4 showed that the media of distilled 
+water used for soaking and germination of seeds had 
+less than 1 ppm in each of the element, it indicates 
+there is no incoming of elements from the distilled 
+water into the germinated seeds. Table 3 and 4 
+showed that green gram seeds and bengal gram seeds 
+have different mineral composition in control seeds 
+as well as in germinated seeds as mentioned by 
+Kervran [6] that different variety of seeds have 
+different elemental constituents. In germinated green 
+gram seeds Na, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe and Zn are increased 
+with respect to control seeds where in germinated 
+bengal gram seeds P, K and Zn are increased with 
+respect to control seeds, these might be due to the 
+requirement of elements for their metabolic activities 
+[9]. In the bengal gram germinated seeds P has 
+increased by 8.48% (108 ppm) with respect to 
+control seeds this may be due to the formation of 
+pathway (fusion of nitrogen and oxygen): N + O as 
+found out by Komaki in his experiment with eight 
+strains of microorganisms [1]. In bengal gram 
+germinated seeds Na is decreased by 13.03% (37 
+ppm) and K is increased by 22.70% (1582 ppm) this 
+may be due to the biological transmutation occurs as 
+a form of cold fusion as suggested by Papas in his 
+published 
+article 
+suggesting 
+that 
+biological 
+transmutation occurs as a form of cold fusion in the 
+cellular membrane sodium-potassium pump (SPP). 
+According to Pappas, the ions are not pumped back 
+and forth through the membrane, but instead 
+transmute back and forth between Na and K [1]. By 
+considering the aspect of changes in the value of 
+neighboring elements as per periodic table, in the 
+green gram germinated seeds Mg decreased by 
+14.60% where is Al increased by 125%, Cu 
+decreased by 17.65% and Zn increased by 13%, in  
+the bengal gram germinated seeds Cu decreased by 
+12.5% and Zn increased by 10% in comparison with 
+control seeds may be the indication of biological 
+transmutation between neighboring elements by 
+nuclear cold fusion of respective previous posited 
+element (in the periodic table) with proton of 
+hydrogen [6]. This can be explained with the 
+principle suggested by Kervran [6] in molecular 
+reaction. A neutrino v, adding its effect to the 
+enzyme’s positive charges, repels the H+ proton 
+towards the nucleus with sufficient energy for the 
+proton to penetrate the nucleus by the tunnel effect. 
+The atom recoils a little from the shock and becomes 
+next element. The incident neutrino v, which has 
+accompanied H, does not penetrate very far into 
+nucleus. It has given up some energy to H and is 
+refracted in nucleus, leaving with a different energy 
+v prime not equal to v by carrying off the excess 
+energy resulting from the loss of mass between next 
+element and previous element + H. This re-emitted 
+neutrino v prime will be lost in space without 
+reacting with the material [6].  Goldfein made 
+attempt at a rational explanation of transmutation in 
+the living cell and indicated that localization of 
+transmutation process found in the mitochondria. 
+Within these organelles a magnesium compound of 
+adenosinetriphosphate functions as the microscopic 
+model for a cyclotron within which there is an 
+acceleration of ions which is sufficient to cause a 
+transmutation [1]. Or else cosmic energy and/or 
+electromagnetic energy [10] might have caused on 
+enzymes in the seeds to transmute the elements as 
+per the seeds requirement for germination and for 
+further growth. 
+5. Conclusions 
+In the present study elemental analysis has been 
+done for control seeds and germinated seeds of green 
+gram and bengal gram. Changes in the value of 
+elements in the germinated seeds might be due to 
+biological transmutation taken place in the seeds. 
+This transmutation might be taken place because of 
+low energy nuclear reactions or cold fusion that is 
+nuclear 
+reactions 
+at 
+relatively 
+low 
+energies 
+(temperature) present in the seeds cellular structure 
+[6]. This low energy nuclear reactions is unique to 
+ 
+ 
+International Journal of Research 
+ Available at https://edupediapublications.org/journals 
+p-ISSN: 2348-6848 
+e-ISSN: 2348-795X 
+Volume 03 Issue 14 
+October 2016 
+  
+Available online: http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/IJR/  
+P a g e  | 586  
+ 
+the biological system with its own structured 
+biological conditions like temperature, cellular 
+structure, its molecular built up and of its own 
+environment of enzymes, nutrients and proteins [8, 
+9] or can say that transmutation occurs in structural 
+parts of biological objects, which are subjected to 
+dynamic influences (zone of growth, non-stationary 
+transport systems, and dynamic response systems to 
+any kind of agitation etc.). In line with previous 
+studies [6] the present experiment also demonstrated 
+that each kind of seeds is only able to transmute 
+certain elements into certain other elements as per its 
+requirements 
+for 
+biological 
+activities. 
+This 
+experimental result enabled us to conclude that there 
+are 
+effective 
+transmutations 
+of 
+elements 
+by 
+biological mechanisms. Biological transmutations 
+must be studied in depth since the consequences of 
+this body of research are of vital importance to the 
+fields of science, agriculture, health and medicine.     
+References 
+[1]  
+Biberian, J. P., “Biological transmutations: historical 
+perspective”, J. Conden. Mater. Nucl. Sci., 2012;7:11–25. 
+[2]  
+Vysotskii, V. I., and Kornilova, A. A.,  “Low-energy 
+Nuclear Reactions and Transmutation of Stable and 
+Radioactive Isotopes in Growing Biological Systems”, J. 
+Conden. Mater. Nucl. Sci., 2011;4:146–160. 
+[3]  
+David J. Nagel, “Hot and Cold Fusion for Energy 
+Generation”, J. Conden. Mater. Nucl. Sci., 2011);4:1–16. 
+[4]  
+Biberian,  J. P. “Biological transmutations:, Current 
+Science, 2015;108:1-3. 
+[5]  
+Fleischmann, M., Pons, S., and Hawkins, M., 
+“Electrochemically induced fusion of deuterium”, J. 
+Electroanal. Chem., 1989;261:301-308. 
+[6]  
+Kervran, 
+C., 
+“Biological 
+Transmutations 
+and 
+Modern Physics”, Publisher Maloine SA, Paris, 1982. 
+[7]   John O’, M. B., and Eugene, F. M., “Is the 
+Occurrence of Cold Nuclear Reactions Widespread 
+Throughout Nature?”, I n f i n i t e E n e r g y, 1999;27:1-5.  
+[8]  
+Kervran, C. L., “Increase in phosphorus and copper 
+in the lobster after moulting”, The journal of the soil 
+association, 1970;16:21-25.   
+[9]  
+Kervran, C. L., “Biological Transmutation”, East 
+West Center for Macrobiotics, California, 2011.     
+[10]  Jang, J., Pan, J., and Itagi, R. K., “Seed germination 
+test with the influence of sriyantra, pyramid and maha 
+mrtyunjaya 
+mantra”, 
+Indian 
+J 
+Tradit 
+Knowle, 
+2016;15(4):680-684. 
+ 
+ 

subfolder_0/Bridging the mind-body divide.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+8/11/2014
+Bridging the mind-body divide
+http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3734643/
+1/3
+Int J Yoga. 2013 Jul-Dec; 6(2): 85–86.
+doi:  10.4103/0973-6131.113389
+PMCID: PMC3734643
+Bridging the mind-body divide
+TM Srinivasan
+Dean, Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Sw ami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Eknath Bhavan, 19 Gavipuram Circle,
+Bangalore - 560 019, Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected]
+Copyright : © International Journal of Yoga
+This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, w hich
+permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original w ork is properly cited.
+There is an on-going discussion on the role of body and its connection to the mind in health and disease. In Mind-body
+Medicine, it is taken for granted that these two independent entities act on each other either to bestow trouble or to bring
+homeostasis to the person who owns both. Further, body is now being replaced with brain, since it seems obvious that
+after all, brain is the ultimate controller of the events taking place in the body. However, the question remains: Where
+does the body meet the mind? Is there a specific location or is it just a hypothesis that there is a Brain-Mind nexus in
+stress deregulation as well as in self-regulation back to normalcy?
+There is an eloquent proposal to integrate the top-down and bottom-up models of Mind-body Therapeutics (MBT) so
+that further focused research is implemented to postulate possible mechanisms in this complex area.[1] Since stress
+related morbidity has become a major concern in the medical therapeutics and research worldwide, it is imperative we
+understand the mechanism and try to integrate MBT into main stream medicine. There are some models available even if
+they are not completely worked out for clinical acceptance. Thus, there are models that espouse decreased sympathetic
+tone and/or increased parasympathetic activity, proper integration of neuronal and visceral systems, and electromagnetic
+regulation. Even in electromagnetic regulation, there are several theories each applicable to a specific area of MBT. There
+is no single theory, model or mechanism that could be applied for all effects seen in MBT. It seems that each model is
+useful in some way; however, an overarching theory and mechanism should be developed for integrating MBT into
+Allopathic Medicine.
+Initial search in biochemical and electrophysiological correlates of stress and Mind-body effects were productive.
+Molecules that mediate specific emotions were identified.[2] Similarly, many MBTs could be assessed through
+Electroencephalogram (EEG), functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and through neurophenomenological
+approaches.[3,4] The last approach combines neural responses with experiential categories of mental activities. This
+combined approach seems to provide a relation between transitory changes in mental processes for correlation with
+neural processes. This could be a very useful combination especially in MBT wherein mental processes are important
+since the experiences are central for evaluating success of a technique.
+Heart Rate Variability and study of electromagnetic components of MBT have also been suggested. In a revised view of
+cellular communication, the cells need not be in proximity for transfer of information.[5] An electromagnetic signal sent by
+a cell could be received by a receiver cell resulting in such processes as apoptosis (regression) and cell proliferation. This
+signal could also be sent from an external source to achieve these ends. It is postulated that “What we may glean from all
+of this is that in addition to being a protective shield, the cell wall is emerging as a powerful amplifier for electromagnetic
+and possibly other subtle energy therapies. The resultant cascade of signals can stimulate or suppress numerous
+intracellular activities” (5, p. 300). Given these observations and speculations, it seems that a field and coupling
+8/11/2014
+Bridging the mind-body divide
+http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3734643/
+2/3
+Go to:
+Go to:
+mechanism that is global is required.
+Electromagnetic pollution, on the contrary, could disrupt the MBT effects through inappropriate modulation of therapy.
+Since, at any given time, a large numbers of cells are sharing variety of signals simultaneously, some signals could disrupt
+information to other cells or organ systems. However, based on present information, it is possible to speculate that
+electromagnetic communication could be an important aspect of body-mind communication. Long range electromagnetic
+communications are also implicated in acupuncture activity. Thus it is possible that every cell is involved in generating a
+field that is responsible for the overall health of an organism. Now the question shifts to how the mind modulates the
+electromagnetic fields and further, the role of bioelectromagnetism of the brain in this interaction is not clear.
+Let us look briefly into the model of Mind-body provided in classical Yoga. In the Yogic model, the human is
+represented as having five interpenetrating sheaths or fields that are related to body, prana, manas (mind), knowledge,
+and bliss. The material body is supported through the food we eat, the water we drink, and the gross air we breathe. The
+pranic field consists of subtle energy of prana that is postulated to provide energy to the subtle body. The manas field
+performs the functions of memory consolidation and retrieval, and other brain mediated functions. The next two fields of
+knowledge and bliss are of interest to those who are practicing intense tapas or concentrated practices.
+As seen in the above model, pranic field strides body and manas (mind) and connects them in an eternal embrace, as it
+where. This pranic field pervades the entire body so that its contact with body is through every cell in the body. Further,
+manas-working through pranic field-could influence the cells through modulating the pranic field at any location in the
+body by mere thinking. When prana is inadequate, pain and other somatic problems arise; when prana leaves a site,
+death of the cells occur in that area. When prana leaves the entire body, we say the person is dead. There are other
+related symptoms for declaring a person dead, but we shall not discuss them here. Thus, pranic field is essential in
+maintaining health, cellular communications, and in correcting overall energy imbalances in the body.
+Recent work with an acupuncture meridian device supports the above statements.[6] It is seen that after practice of yoga,
+the variations in chi are less and chi energy is seen to be more evenly distributed in the meridians. Since there is a
+correspondence between chi and prana, it may be said that pranic field is also similarly regulated and balanced in the
+practitioners. The authors state: “Health or wholeness of system functioning requires balance, and this requires sensitive
+regulation. The more sensitive the regulation, the more accurately balance can be maintained, i.e., in some sense, the
+more robust the healthy state. From this perspective, optimal regulation will correspond to a state of optimal health” (6, p.
+64).
+When mental processes are initiated (as it is during most of our life), pranic field is changed to provide a dynamic cellular
+response. Through the act of proper breathing, we are able to increase the availability of prana to the brain and body.
+Connection between prana and manas is further implicated in many pranayama practices. When the pranic field is
+stabilized, manas become steady moving from thought-filled to a thoughtless state. Given these observations and the role
+of pranic field in health and disease, it is appropriate to consider the yogic model that prana is the bridging link between
+mind and body. With some instruments undergoing tests, it may be possible to measure the pranic field and hence the
+health status of an individual as well as the efficacy of Mind-body therapies in clinical use.
+Footnotes
+Source of Support: Nil
+Conflict of Interest: None declared
+REFERENCES
+1. Taylor AG, Goehler LE, Galper DI, Innes KE, Bourguignon C. Top-down and bottom-up mechanisms in mind-body
+medicine: Development of an integrative framework for psychophysiological research. Explore (NY) 2010;6:29–41.
+[PMC free article] [PubMed]
+8/11/2014
+Bridging the mind-body divide
+http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3734643/
+3/3
+2. Pert C. New York: Touchstone; 1997. Molecules of Emotion: The science behind mind-body medicine.
+3. Lutz A, Slagter HA, Dunne JD, Davidson RJ. Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends Cogn Sci.
+2008;12:163–9. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
+4. Hart J. Neuroimaging for Mind-Body Medicine. Altern Complement Ther. 2001;17:152–5.
+5. Rosch PJ. Bioelectromagnetic and subtle energy medicine: The interface between mind and matter. Ann N Y Acad
+Sci. 2009;1172:297–311. [PubMed]
+6. Nagilla N, Hankey A, Nagendra H. Effects of yoga practice on acumeridian energies: Variance reduction implies
+benefits for regulation. Int J Yoga. 2013;6:61–5. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
+Articles from International Journal of Yoga are provided here courtesy of Medknow Publications

subfolder_0/Changes in electrophotonic imaging parameters associated with long term meditators and naive meditators in older adults practicing meditation.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+Research paper
+Changes in electrophotonic imaging parameters associated with long
+term meditators and naive meditators in older adults practicing
+meditation
+Guru Deo*, Itagi Ravi Kumar, T.M. Srinivasan, Kuldeep Kumar Kushwah
+Department of Bioenergy, Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, S-VYASA, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
+A R T I C L E 
+I N F O
+Article history:
+Received 17 June 2015
+Received in revised form 13 August 2015
+Accepted 14 August 2015
+Keywords:
+Anapanasati
+Stress
+Health
+Meditation
+Electrophotonic imaging (EPI)
+Gas discharge visualization (GDV)
+A B S T R A C T
+Introduction: Anapanasati meditation is one of the techniques, practiced in the initial part of Vipassana in
+Theravada School of Buddhism. In this method, practitioners focus their entire attention on the incoming
+and outgoing breath. Study aims to observe effect of Anapanasati meditation and gender related
+differences on the electrophotonic imaging (EPI) parameters at physiological and psychophysiological
+level in long-term meditators and naive meditators.
+Methods: The study consisted of 309 subjects: 199 long-term and 110 naive meditators. Subjects were
+divided into two groups, long-term meditators (LTM) practicing for 12 months or longer (mean months of
+practice 79.22 
 49.10, daily 1.68 
 1.02 h) and naive meditators (NM) practicing for the first time, for
+seven days daily for 2.30 h. A total 266 subjects were included in the analysis after excluding 43 outliers.
+Comparisons were between long-term meditators and naive meditators on EPI parameters: Activation
+Coefficient (AC, stress parameter), Integral Area (IA, general health parameter) and Integral Entropy (IE,
+disorderliness parameter).
+Result: Comparison between groups yielded-less disorderliness (IE) at the psychophysiological level in
+NM group. The gender related results showed highly significant improvements in the health related
+parameter (IA) at the physiological and psychophysiological level in LTM and NM females compared to
+males.
+Conclusion: The findings showed larger health related (IA) advantages in LTM and NM group at the
+physiological and psychophysiological level. Stress (AC) was LTM and NM females compared to males.
+Moreover, naive meditators also exhibited positive trends on parameters of EPI after seven days practice
+of meditation which was similar to LTM.
+ã 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
+1. Introduction
+Meditation originally developed as a spiritual practice in India,
+having close associations with Yoga Philosophy. Later these
+practices 
+spread 
+widely and 
+underwent transformations 
+in
+different places and gave rise to a new tradition within Buddhist
+spiritual lore such as Zen [1]. In the tradition of spirituality,
+meditation has been practiced as a tool to develop spirituality, gain
+inner peace, improve concentration and enhance positive emo-
+tions like love and kindness. It has been used to reduce negative
+emotions such as fear, anger and hatred [2]. Western scientists
+involved in meditation research, define it as group of self-
+regulatory processes focussed to maintain one’s attention and
+awareness [3]. Meditation is defined as a mental conscious process
+that induces integrated psychophysiological changes, is also
+termed as relaxation responses [4].
+There are different techniques of meditation used to study the
+changes at the body and mind level. In all the techniques of
+meditation, regulation of attention plays important role [5].
+Meditation has been widely accepted as a potential method of
+overcoming stress and enhancing over all well-being [1]. The
+techniques of meditation can be practiced by people of any
+religion, age, educational background and culture, irrespective of
+any belief or life style. Older people may also practice meditation
+who may have less mobility, finances or will power to adjust their
+routine [6].
+One of the most popular meditation techniques used in
+research is mindfulness meditation. It has its origin in Buddhist
+meditation of mindfulness and insight, known in Pali literature as
+“satipatthana-vipassana” [2]. Anapanasati meditation is one of the
+techniques, practiced in the initial part of Vipassana in Theravada
+* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9935701516.
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2015.08.004
+1876-3820/ã 2015 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
+European Journal of Integrative Medicine 7 (2015) 663–668
+Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
+European Journal of Integrative Medicine
+journa l home page : www.e lsevier.com/eujim
+School of Buddhism. In this meditation practitioners focus their
+entire attention on the incoming and outgoing breath. The result of
+such attention induces clarity, calmness and stability of mind [7,8].
+Now attention is focused on assessing effect of meditation on
+those who practice regularly over a long period of time [9].
+Meditation has been traditionally conceived to be a part of life long
+practice, the benefits of which were not expected to be profound in
+a short-term practice. A report studied EEG patterns in long-term
+meditators and naive meditators (seven days) with loving-
+kindness-compassion (Tibetan Buddhist Tradition) as an interven-
+tion. This study found that meditation impacts emotion processing
+irrespective of if the technique focuses on cognition or emotion
+[10].
+Studies have shown that even 5–7 days of meditation practices
+can provide benefit, improving attention and eliciting changes in
+brain activity [11,12]. There are findings in which 5 days of 20 min
+per day meditation practice has shown improvement in attention,
+lower anxiety, depression anger and fatigue and a significant
+decrease in stress [12]. Electrophysiological studies with medita-
+tion intervention has shown increased theta activity which is
+related to heighted attention, decreased activity and less thought
+content [14–16].
+Several studies have reported and identified the risk factors
+related to elderly people [17–20]. Research findings suggest that
+alternative and complementary therapies including meditation
+play a very important role in coping and reducing concerns related
+to well-being in older people [2,6,7,9,20–22].
+In the earlier studies however, there were differences in age,
+intervention and duration of practice and the methods of
+measurements used to understand the effects on older adults.
+The current study sought to address some of these problems
+and further study gender related issues in energy pattern, stress,
+psychophysiological status and well-being, in age-matched older
+long-term meditators and naive meditators using Electrophotonic
+Imaging. First, the study expected that those older adults who
+regularly practice meditation for long periods of time would
+benefit more than naive meditators. Second, it was expected that
+even naive meditators with one week of practice would have
+positive trends similar to long-term meditators in the electro-
+photonic imaging parameters. In addition, the study expected that
+females would experience more positive effect due to meditation
+practice in comparison to males in overall energy pattern
+observation.
+Moreover, our intent was to discover both in the area of
+meditation and EPI Assessment. We limited our discovery process
+in this trial to one particular form of meditation not because of a
+bias to that form of meditation, but as a starting place to explore
+and better understand all meditation techniques. In addition, given
+electrophotonic imaging analysis is an emergent methodology, it is
+intended that this trial would contribute to the growing base of
+references on the methodology.
+2. Application of electrophotonic imaging (EPI)
+Electrophotonic imaging (EPI), also termed as gas discharge
+visualization, works on the Kirlian effect. It is used in the
+measurement of 
+electron 
+availability 
+due 
+to an 
+impressed
+electromagnetic field. It provides both physiological and psycho-
+physiological information of the test subject [23]. EPI works
+through the impression of high electric field which draws electrons
+from the body. Unlike the homeostatic state which is fairly stable,
+the characteristics of electron emission vary in humans dependent
+on 
+different 
+internal 
+and 
+external 
+conditions 
+[24]. 
+In 
+EPI
+measurement, low electrical current which is in microamperes
+with high voltage (10 KV) and high frequency (1024 Hz) is applied
+to the fingertips for less than a millisecond as a stimulant to draw
+electron from the body [25]. In response to the given stimulation,
+there is a formation of glow around the finger, which is captured by
+an optical CCD camera [26]. The image taken by camera is known
+as GDV gram. In this process due to the effect of electromagnetic
+field, electrons and photons are drawn from the cutaneous layer of
+skin [27]. The images of EPI can be quantified and reproduced in
+diverse areas of scientific research. There are ten images taken
+from fingers of both hands’ which reflect the individual’s health. If
+an image is not symmetrical, it shows an energy imbalance in a
+related area of the human body [28]. There are changes in images
+according to the person’s current psycho-emotional state. Every
+image with health information is analyzed by the inbuilt software
+of EPI. The interpretation is derived based on acupuncture
+meridian theory [29]. To know the physiological and psychophysi-
+ological functioning of human system, two measurements are
+carried out, namely with filter and without filter [26]. The filter is a
+specially designed plastic sheet which changes the propagation of
+electron avalanches along the surface existing on the tip of the
+finger; thus, a measurement with filter is related to status at
+physiological level while one without the filter is related to
+psychophysiology.
+Bioelectrographic application of EPI has been used in a different
+area of research and diagnosis. It is also used to study liquids and
+different materials. EPI readings for metallic object have variability
+around 8–10% [28] whereas in healthy subject the variability is
+4.1–6.6%.[26] EPI is noninvasive, safe and gives quick assessments
+and analysis about a physiological and psychophysiological state
+of humans [26].
+3. Methods
+The study consisted of 309 subjects: 199 long-term and 110
+naive meditation practitioners. Subjects were recruited from two
+meditation centers: The Pyramid Spiritual Trust, Kailaspuri,
+Hyderabad and Pyramid Valley International, Bangalore, India.
+Subjects were divided into two groups, long-term meditators
+(LTM) practicing from 12 months or longer (mean months of
+practice 79.22 
 49.10, daily 1.68 
 1.02 h) and naive meditators
+(NM) practicing daily 2.30 h (5.00–7.30 AM) for seven days. A total
+of 266 subjects were part of the analysis after excluding 43 outliers
+(25 from LTM and 18 from NM respectively). 105 males (mean age
+56.10 
 7.26 years) and 69 females (mean age 54.38 
 5.91 years) in
+LTM and 53 males (mean age 54.21 
6.94 years) and 39 females
+(mean age 54 
 5.97 years) in NM group, constituted the study
+population. The subjects having health issues or extreme values,
+with only one measurement (either with or without filter
+measurement only) and defective images, were considered outliers
+[30]. Signed informed consent was obtained from subjects for
+voluntary participation in the study. Ethical approval was obtained
+from the Institutional Ethical Committee to carry out the study. The
+research design was cross-sectional and data were collected using
+electrophotonic imaging (EPI).
+The included subjects were; healthy volunteers, age range from
+45 to 70 years, both genders and willing to participate in the study
+and included either in LTM or NM group, subjects were required to
+have either at least 12 months of prior meditation practice
+experience or able to participate in a seven days meditation
+program. Exclusion criteria were; subjects with missing or partially
+missing fingers, smokers or having alcohol on the test day, having
+any other disease or on prescription drugs.
+Demographic questionnaires were administered to all subjects
+to obtain self-reported health status, age, meditation practice
+experience and for assigning to a groups. During measurement,
+nostril dominance was checked manually by keeping a finger
+close to the nose and asking subjects to breathe out with closed
+mouth.
+664 
+G. Deo et al. / European Journal of Integrative Medicine 7 (2015) 663–668
+3.1. Data acquisition and analysis
+Electrophotonic imaging produced by “Kirlionics Technologies
+International”, Saint-Petersburg, Russia [GDV camera Pro with
+analog video camera, model number: FTDI.13.6001.110310] was
+used to collect data. Raw data from an EPI diagram program was
+extracted onto an excel sheet for the analysis. R statistical packages
+(R version 3.0.1 2013) by R Foundation for statistical Computing
+Platform were used to process data for statistical analysis [31].
+Independent t-test was performed between groups where a level
+of p < 0.05, p <0.01 and p < 0.001 were considered as statistical
+significant, high significance and highly significant respectively.
+Hygrometer (Equinox, EQ 310CTH) was used during data collection
+to record variability in atmospheric temperature and humidity.
+During data recording at the different time intervals, mean
+temperature was 26.63 
 3.47 and humidity 52.18% measured in
+Degree Celsius and percent respectively to check for atmospheric
+effects and possible variability of electrophotonic emission in
+human subjects [26].
+3.2. EPI Parameters
+(1) Activation coefficient (AC, normal values are between 2
+and 4 in healthy individuals): AC is the measurement of stress
+level and values are obtained by comparing with and without
+filter 
+readings. 
+AC 
+recording 
+consists 
+of 
+sympathetic 
+and
+parasympathetic functioning of the body system. (2) Integral
+area (IA, normal values are between 0.6 and +1 in healthy
+individuals): IA is an index of general health of an individual
+measured in EPI assessment. 3. Integral entropy (IE, normal values
+are between 1 and 2 in healthy individual): IE is an evaluation of
+disorderliness of energy in the systems of the body [32,33]. Usage
+of EPI is in the fields of medicine, research and energy
+measurements.
+3.3. Procedure
+The measurements were carried out two times each day during
+the seven days retreats of anapanasati meditation in Hyderabad
+and Bangalore meditation centers. Long-term meditators were
+asked to come for the recordings before the start of meditation
+while naive meditators were asked to attend only on the last day
+after completing 7 days of practice. The readings from all 10 fingers
+were taken twice: with filter and without filter. To maintain the
+reliability and reproducibility of data, the given guidelines for EPI
+measurements were followed [34] . The measurement was done
+three hours after food intake. The subjects were asked to remove
+all metallic things which were not used by them all 24 h in a day.
+Subjects were asked to stand on an electrically isolated surface
+during the measurements. Proper instruction was given to them to
+place the tip of the finger on the dielectric glass. Calibration of the
+instrument was done before starting measurement. To clean the
+surface of glass, alcoholic solution was used between testing of
+each subject.
+4. Results
+4.1. Comparison of EPI parameters between LTM and NM groups
+In Table 1 stress parameter (AC) showed positively lower values
+for LTM as compared to NM group but this difference was not
+significant. At the physiological level, LTM group exhibited positive
+lower values in IAWR and IEWR as compared to NM group.
+At the psychophysiological level, NM group showed positively
+lower values in IANL (Health parameter). The parameters related to
+disorderliness of energy in the body (IENL) showed positively
+lower mean values in NM group as compared with LTM group.
+Study observed significant lower mean values of IENR (p = 0.03) in
+NM group as compared to LTM group. This result showed
+improvement in the energy field of naive meditators.
+4.2. Gender related trends in EPI parameters within groups
+Table 2 shows females in LTM and NM group have more stress
+(AC parameter) in comparison to males but this result was not
+significant. At physiological level, both group demonstrated health
+related improvement with lower values of IAWL parameter. The
+result was highly significant in LTM females (p < 0.001) whereas in
+NM females this was significant with less statistical values
+(p = 0.03) as compared to males. Results of IAWR in both group
+also showed highly significant (LTM p = 0.001, NM p = 0.004) health
+related improvement in females in comparison to males. Females
+of LTM and NM group showed less disorderliness physiologically as
+compared to males within group.
+At the psychophysiological level, highly significant (p < 0.001)
+health related improvement with lower IANL mean values were
+found in LTM females as compared to males. This improvement
+was also observed significantly (p = 0.03) in NM females in
+comparison to males. Females have positive lower mean values
+of IANR in both groups (LTM p < 0.0, NM p = 0.02) as compared to
+males.
+At psychophysiological level, LTM females have more disorder-
+liness of energy (parameters IENL and IENR) than males but this
+difference was not significant. NM females showed positively
+reduced disorderliness of energy in left side (IENL) as compared to
+male.
+Table 1
+presents Between Group trends in EPI parameters.
+Type of measurement 
+Variable 
+LTM mean 
 sd 
+NM mean 
 sd 
+p-value
+Physiological (with filter) 
+AC 
+2.53 
 0.80 
+2.55 
 0.95 
+0.88
+IAWL 
+0.49 
 0.13 
+0.49 
 0.12 
+0.98
+IAWR 
+0.49 
 0.13 
+0.50 
 0.12 
+0.92
+IEWL 
+1.94 
 0.14 
+1.93 
 0.16 
+0.78
+IEWR 
+1.93 
 0.17 
+1.95 
 0.15 
+0.58
+Psychophysiological (without filter) 
+IANL 
+0.22 
 0.16 
+0.19 
 0.22 
+0.25
+IANR 
+0.20 
 0.18 
+0.22 
 0.17 
+0.33
+IENL 
+1.88 
 0.17 
+1.84 
 0.19 
+0.13
+IENR 
+1.88 
 0.16 
+1.83 
 0.19 
+0.03*
+LTM: long-term meditator, NM: naive meditator, AC: activation coefficient, IAWL: integral area with filter left, IAWR: integral area with filter right, IEWL: integral entropy with
+filter left, IEWR: integral entropy with filter right. IANL: integral area no filter left, IANR: integral area no filter right, IENL: integral entropy no filter left, IENR: integral entropy
+no filter right.
+* P < 0.05.
+G. Deo et al. / European Journal of Integrative Medicine 7 (2015) 663–668 
+665
+5. Discussion
+This study examined the effect of Anapanasati Meditation in
+older adults and compared the results between two groups: Long-
+Term Meditators and Naive Meditators. Stress parameter (AC) was
+found less in long-term meditators in comparison to naive
+meditators. The values of general health index (IA) at the
+physiological and psychophysiological level were positively lower
+on the right side in long-term meditators in comparison to NM.
+The disorderliness in energy pattern (IE) on the right side, in long-
+term meditators was positively lower than NM. This result was
+less at the physiological level not psychophysiological. IENR mean
+values were significantly lower in NM group as compared to LTM.
+Positive lower values of health parameter (IA) left side were found
+in NM at psychophysiological level. There was less disorderliness
+in the energy pattern (IE) in NM except IEWR in comparison to
+LTM 
+group 
+physiologically and 
+psychophysiologically. 
+More
+importantly, the results of the study showed the lasting effect
+of the practice of Anapanasati Meditation in older adults. The
+beneficial effect of this meditation was also exhibited in naive
+meditators psychophysiologically who were investigated after
+one week of practice.
+A gender based analysis was also carried out at the two levels,
+namely; physiological and psychophysiological with age-matched
+healthy older adults. The overall gender related results of the study
+are consistent with our hypotheses. LTM females were found to
+have more disorderliness in energy at psychophysiological level as
+compared to males. In gender wise observation stress was found
+more in females of LTM and NM groups as compared to males.
+5.1. Between groups analysis
+The factors responsible for weaker functioning of the body
+systems are perceived stress, traumatic life events, chronic stress
+and daily stressors in mid-life or late life [35–37]. The stressful
+events in the life manifest through biochemical pathways in the
+form of increased cortisol levels [38] and neurotoxicity [39]. The
+cumulative stress is supposed to be connected with prolonged
+physiological arousal which impact adversely the human system
+[40]. Meditation is a form of relaxation therapy which not only
+induces relaxation responses but also produces an altered state of
+consciousness which gives possible beneficial effects in stress
+reduction [21]. Mindfulness meditation is an effective strategy for
+regulation of self-emotions, stress reducing and stress protective
+tool in older adults [38,41]. Findings of the present study are
+consistent with previous findings where long-term meditation
+practice has shown positive effect on brain activity. Stress
+reduction, heightened attention, less thoughts and improvement
+in cognitive performances and emotional intelligence are reported
+due to long-term meditation practices [10,42–50]. In long and
+short-term meditation practitioners, stress reduction is reported
+possibly due to swift from activation of sympathetic nervous
+system to parasympathetic and other decreased physiological
+changes in heart rate, respiratory rate, pulse rate and blood
+pressure [48]. Recently a pilot study on Anapanasati meditation
+showed reduction in stress and health parameters of EPI [30]. At
+the physiological and psychophysiological level, long-term med-
+itators showed less mean values of EPI parameters which in turn
+indicates improvement and availability of larger functional energy
+in the system [26]. In comparison lesser disorderliness was found
+in energy field in NM group than LTM. Earlier studies with
+intervention of Cyclic Meditation and Healing Treatment have
+reported that reduction in disorderliness is indication of harmoni-
+zation of energy and reduced stress in the system of human body
+[51,52]. Possible reason for such results could be immediate effect
+after seven days practice in NM group whereas there is a wash-out
+of such effect in LTM.
+5.2. Gender based analysis
+The present study observed existence of higher stress (AC) in
+females as compared to males but the values were not significant.
+Meditation practices have been proved to be the effective tool to
+reduce stress and enhance overall well-being [30,51,53]. A
+possible reason for such trends may be that females tend to
+experience more stress both at home and at work. Thus, they are
+more likely to get stress-related health hazards such as obesity,
+depression, anxiety and hypertension in comparison to males
+[54,55]. In this context socioeconomic and cultural factors are
+also seen to be contributory to enhance stress in females whereas
+work responsibilities are causative factors for stress in males
+[55,56].
+At the physiological and psychophysiological levels, the results
+showed greater improvement in health index (IA) in females than
+males. Lower values of health parameters were observed in both
+the groups: LTM and NM females but highly significant improve-
+ment was in LTM females. These results are in tune with previous
+findings where females have shown more beneficial effects due to
+different meditation practices and when given task performances
+[57–61]. It is documented that females get more positive changes
+because of their inherent orientation towards spirituality and
+practices like meditation [62,63]. Females will have more stress
+Table 2
+Presents within Group Gender related trends in EPI parameters
+Type of Measurement 
+Variable 
+LTM 
+p-value 
+NM 
+p-value
+Male mean 
 sd 
+Female mean 
 sd 
+Male mean 
 sd 
+Female mean 
 sd
+Physiological (with filter) 
+AC 
+2.48 
 0.80 
+2.61 
 0.81 
+0.33 
+2.42 
 0.94 
+2.72 
 0.94 
+0.14
+IAWL 
+0.52 
 0.13 
+0.45 
 0.11 
+0.001***
+0.52 
 0.12 
+0.46 
 0.11 
+0.03*
+IAWR 
+0.52 
 0.12 
+0.46 
 0.12 
+0.001 
+0.53 
 0.12 
+0.45 
 0.12 
+0.004**
+IEWL 
+1.95 
 0.15 
+1.93 
 0.14 
+0.36 
+1.94 
 0.16 
+1.92 
 0.15 
+0.61
+IEWR 
+1.94 
 0.15 
+1.93 
 0.19 
+0.79 
+1.95 
 0.16 
+1.94 
 0.14 
+0.58
+Psychophysiological (without filter) 
+IANL 
+0.25 
 0.15 
+0.16 
 0.17 
+0.001***
+0.23 
 0.21 
+0.13 
 0.23 
+0.03*
+IANR 
+0.23 
 0.17 
+0.15 
 0.19 
+0.01**
+0.26 
 0.17 
+0.18 
 0.16 
+0.02*
+IENL 
+1.87 
 0.17 
+1.89 
 0.19 
+0.55 
+1.85 
 0.18 
+1.83 
 0.20 
+0.54
+IENR 
+1.88 
 0.16 
+1.89 
 0.15 
+0.76 
+1.83 
 0.19 
+1.83 
 0.20 
+0.97
+LTM: long-term meditator, NM: naive meditator, AC: activation coefficient, IAWL: integral area with filter left, IAWR: integral area with filter right, IEWL: integral entropy with
+filter left, IEWR: integral entropy with filter right. IANL: integral area no filter left, IANR: integral area no filter right, IENL: integral entropy no filter left, IENR: integral entropy
+no filter right.
+* P < 0.05.
+** p < 0.01.
+*** p < 0.001.
+666 
+G. Deo et al. / European Journal of Integrative Medicine 7 (2015) 663–668
+(compared to males) that causes psychosomatic diseases, but have
+good general health-this is the overall conclusion of this work.
+If practiced regularly meditation provides more equilibrium
+and healthier functioning of the body system physiologically and
+neurophysiologically [42]. The current study also presents the
+same findings where more positive changes occurred in LTM group
+than NM. Gender based analysis also provides results which are
+consistent with the hypotheses. Females of both group LTM and
+NM showed positively less disorderliness of the energy (IE) at the
+physiological level in the system. Earlier studies have shown that
+relaxation practices like meditation gives positive response to
+bring harmony in the system [53,64]. Thus in the preview of earlier
+and present findings it is quite obvious that long-term meditation
+is helpful to overcome physiological and psychophysiological
+health hazards in older adults. The seven days practice of
+Anapanasati Meditation also has shown apparently advantages
+and the trend is in the direction of long-term practitioners.
+5.3. Strength of the study
+This is perhaps the first study using EPI parameters to observe
+differences in long-term meditators and naive meditators in older
+adults. The observation of gender differences was carried out to
+track the effect in long-term practitioners and naive meditators.
+Study presents reliability and reproducibility and all efforts are
+undertaken to avoid confounders in the measurement while using
+EPI.
+5.4. Limitation of the study
+Limitations of the studies are absence of control group to
+compare with LTM and NM and self-reporting demographic
+information. Moreover, we limit our discovery process in this
+trial to one particular form of meditation not because of a bias to
+that form of meditation, but as a starting place to explore and
+better understand all meditation techniques.
+5.5. Future recommendations
+Our intent is to discover both in the area of meditation and EPI
+Assessment. In addition, given electrophotonic imaging analysis is
+an emergent methodology, it is intended that this trial would
+contribute to the growing base of reference on this methodology.
+The following points to be incorporated in future studies using EPI:
+(a) use of a control group to compare with LTM and NM; (b)
+objective measurement for correlation with outcome measures; (c)
+equal numbers of both males and females.
+6. Conclusion
+In summary, this study exhibited that despite several factors
+influencing psychophysiological health status in older adults,
+Anapanasati Meditation was effective and beneficial. The findings
+in the study suggest overall health index of long-term meditators
+(LTM) and naive meditators was positively improved and results
+were highly significant. In gender related finding, females
+experience with more stress in comparison to males which is
+causative factor in psychosomatic disease. Moreover, overall trends
+of results demonstrate that seven days regular practice of
+meditation by naive meditators induced similar trends of effect
+in this study as seen in LTM group.
+Acknowledgements
+The 
+facilities 
+and 
+help 
+provided 
+for 
+the 
+study 
+by 
+the
+management, The Pyramid Spiritual Trust, Kailaspuri, Hyderabad
+and Pyramid Valley International, Bangalore, India, are gratefully
+acknowledged.
+References
+[1] R. Manocha, D. Black, L. Wilson, Quality of life and functional health status of
+long-term meditators, Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. (2012) 2012.
+[2] R. Marciniak, K. Sheardova, P. Cermáková, D. Hude9
+cek, R. Sumec, J. Hort, Effect
+of meditation on cognitive functions in context of aging and
+neurodegenerative diseases, Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8 (2014) 17.
+[3] R. Walsh, S.L. Shapiro, The meeting of meditative disciplines and Western
+psychology: a mutually enriching dialogue, Am. Psychol. 61 (2006) 227–239.
+[4] R. Manocha, D. Black, D. Spiro, J. Ryan, C. Stough, Changing definitions of
+meditation—is there a Physiological corollary? Skin temperature changes of a
+mental silence orientated form of meditation compared to rest, J. Int. Soc. Life
+Inf. Sci. 2010 (2010) 23–31.
+[5] Richard J. Davidson, D.J. Goleman, The role of attention in meditation and
+hypnosis: a psychobiological perspective on transformations of consciousness,
+Int. J. Clin. Exp. Hypn. 25 (1977) 291–308.
+[6] E. Luders, Exploring age-related brain degeneration in meditation
+practitioners, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1307 (2014) 82–88.
+[7] T.M.C. Lee, M.K. Leung, W.K. Hou, J.C.Y. Tang, J. Yin, K.F. So, et al., Distinct neural
+activity associated with focused-attention meditation and loving-kindness
+meditation, PLoS One 7 (2012) .
+[8] V. Shinde, N. Dongare, An effect of Anapana meditation on the personality of
+college students, Golden Res. Thoughts 1 (2012) 1–4.
+[9] P.H. Canter, The therapeutic effects of meditation: the conditions treated are
+stress related, and the evidence is weak, BMJ Br. Med. J. 326 (2003) 1049.
+[10] A. Lutz, L.L. Greischar, N.B. Rawlings, M. Ricard, R.J. Davidson, Long-term
+meditators self-induce high-amplitude gamma synchrony during mental
+practice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (2004) 16369–16373.
+[11] S. Xue, Y. Tang, R. Tang, M.I. Posner, Short-term meditation induces changes in
+brain resting EEG theta networks, Brain Cogn. 87 (2014) 1–6.
+[12] Y. Tang, Y. Ma, J. Wang, Y. Fan, S. Feng, Q. Lu, et al., Short-term meditation
+training improves attention and self-regulation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
+104 (2007) 17152–17156.
+[14] B.R. Cahn, J. Polich, Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging
+studies, Psychol. Bull. 132 (2006) 180–211.
+[15] Y.-Y. Tang, Y. Ma, Y. Fan, H. Feng, J. Wang, S. Feng, et al., Central and autonomic
+nervous system interaction is altered by short-term meditation, Proc. Natl.
+Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106 (2009) 8865–8870.
+[16] K. Rubia, The neurobiology of meditation and its clinical effectiveness in
+psychiatric disorders, Biol. Psychol. 82 (2009) 1–11.
+[17] R.S. Newson, J.C.M. Witteman, O.H. Franco, Predicting survival and morbidity-
+free survival to very old age, Age (Dordr.) (2010) 521–534.
+[18] E. Saito, S. Ueki, N. Yasuda, S. Yamazaki, S. Yasumura, Risk factors of functional
+disability among community-dwelling elderly people by household in Japan: a
+prospective cohort study, BMC Geriatr. 14 (2014) 1–9.
+[19] M. Tajvar, M. Arab, A. Montazeri, Determinants of health-related quality of life
+in elderly in Tehran, Iran, BMC Public Health 8 (2008) 1–8.
+[20] C.M. De Frias, E. Whyne, Stress on health-related quality of life in older adults:
+the protective nature of mindfulness, Aging Ment. Health 19 (2015) 201–206.
+[21] T. Krisanaprakornkit, W. Krisanaprakornkit, N. Piyavhatkul, M. Laopaiboon,
+Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders, Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 25
+(2006) CD004998.
+[22] A. Raffone, N. Srinivasan, The exploration of meditation in the neuroscience of
+attention and consciousness, Cogn. Process 11 (2010) 1–7.
+[23] K.G. Korotkov, M.E. Fields, B.P. Co, F. Lawn, in: Konstantin G. Korotkov (Ed.),
+Measuring Energy Fields: Current Research, Backbone Publishing Co., Fair
+Lawn, USA, 2004, pp. 193–208.
+[24] K.G. Korotkov, B. Williams, L.A. Wisneski, Assessing biophysical energy
+transfer mechanisms in living systems: the basis of life processes, J. Altern.
+Complement. Med. 10 (2004) 49–57.
+[25] I. Luiza, C. Wróbel, I. Szadkowska, J.G.J. Masajtis, Images of corona discharges in
+patients with cardiovascular diseases as a preliminary analysis for research of
+the influence of textiles on images of corona discharges in textiles ’ users,
+AUTEX Res. J. 10 (March) (2010) 26–30.
+[26] K.G. Korotkov, Energy Fields Electrophotonic Analysis In Human And Nature,
+Amazon.com Publishing, Sain-Petersburg, 2011.
+[27] H.H.P. Cohly, N. Kostyuk, P. Cole, N. Meghanathan, R.D. Isokpehi, Gas discharge
+visualization: an imaging and modeling tool for medical biometrics, Int. J.
+Biomed. Imaging (2011) 2011.
+[28] K.G. Korotkov, Human Energy Field: Study with GDV Bioelectrography,
+Backbone Publishing Co., Fair Lawn, NJ, 2002.
+[29] K. Korotkov, in: Marco Piet (Ed.), The Principles of GDV Analysis, Amazon.com
+Publishing, Embourg, Belgium, 2009.
+[30] Guru Deo, R.K. Itagi, T.M. Srinivasan, K. Kushwah, Effect of Anapanasati
+meditation technique through electrophotonic imaging (EPI) parameters: a
+pilot study, Int. J. Yoga 8 (2015) 117–121.
+[31] R Development Core team. A language and Environment for Statistical
+Computing. 2014. http://www.r-project.org/.
+[32] K.G. Korotkov, Energy Fields Electrophotonic Analysis in Humans and Nature,
+Amazon.com Publishing, Saint-Petersburg, 2011.
+[33] K.G. Korotkov, P. Matravers, D.V. Orlov, B.O. Williams, Application of
+electrophoton capture (EPC) analysis based on gas discharge visualization
+G. Deo et al. / European Journal of Integrative Medicine 7 (2015) 663–668 
+667
+(GDV) technique in medicine: a systematic review, J. Altern. Complement.
+Med. 16 (2010) 13–25.
+[34] R. Alexandrova, G. Fedoseev, K.G. Korotkov, N. Philippova, S. Zayzev, M.
+Magidov, et al., Analysis of the bioelectrograms of bronchial asthma patients,
+in: K.G. Korotkov (Ed.), Human Energy Field: study with GDV bioelectrography,
+Backbone Publishing Co., Fair Lawn, 2002, pp. 92–102.
+[35] J. Kulmala, M.B. Von Bonsdorff, S. Stenholm, T. Törmäkangas, M.E. Von
+Bonsdorff, C.H. Nygård, et al., Perceived stress symptoms in midlife predict
+disability in old age: a 28-year prospective cohort study, J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol.
+Sci. Med. Sci. 68 (2013) 984–991.
+[36] J.R. Piazza, S.T. Charles, M.J. Sliwinski, J. Mogle, D.M. Almeida, Affective
+reactivity to daily stressors and long-term risk of reporting a chronic physical
+health condition, Ann. Behav. Med. 45 (2013) 110–120.
+[37] K.M. Scott, K.C. Koenen, S. Aguilar-Gaxiola, J. Alonso, M.C. Angermeyer, C.
+Benjet, et al., Associations between lifetime traumatic events and subsequent
+chronic physical conditions: a cross-national, cross-sectional study, PLoS One
+8 (2013) e80573.
+[38] E. Epel, J. Daubenmier, J.T. Moskowitz, S. Folkman, E. Blackburn, Can
+meditation slow rate of cellular aging? Cognitive stress, mindfulness, and
+telomeres, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1172 (2009) 34–53.
+[39] S.J. Lupien, B.S. McEwen, M.R. Gunnar, C. Heim, Effects of stress throughout the
+lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition, Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10 (2009)
+434–445.
+[40] B.S. McEwen, Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators: central role
+of the brain, Dialogues Clin. Neurosci. 8 (2006) 367–381.
+[41] J. Kabat-Zinn, Mindfulness-based interventions in context: past, present, and
+future, Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. 10 (2003) 144–156.
+[42] Y. Singh, R. Sharma, Talwar aImmediate and long-term effects of meditation on
+acute stress reactivity, cognitive functions, and intelligence, Altern. Ther. Heal.
+Med. 18 (2012) 46–53.
+[43] S.V. Pavlov, N.V. Reva, K.V. Loktev, V.V. Korenyok, L.I. Aftanas, Impact of long-
+term meditation practice on cardiovascular reactivity during perception and
+reappraisal of affective images, Int. J. Psychophysiol. 95 (2015) 363–371.
+[44] R.B. Ankad, A. Herur, S. Chinagudi, Effect of Short Term Pranayama and
+Meditation on Cardiovascular Functions in Healthy Individuals, Hear Views Off
+J Gulf Hear (2015) 1–12.
+[46] S. Brand, E. Holsboer-Trachsler, J.R. Naranjo, S. Schmidt, Influence of
+mindfulness practice on cortisol and sleep in long-term and short-term
+meditators, Neuropsychobiology 65 (2012) 109–118.
+[47] H. Oh, C. Madison, S. Villeneuve, C. Markley, W.J. Jagust, Association of gray
+matter atrophy with age,b-amyloid, and cognition in aging, Cereb. Cortex 24
+(2014) 1609–1618.
+[48] N.D. Sukhsohale, M.S. Phatak, Effect of short-term and long-term
+Brahmkumaris Raja yoga meditation on physiological variables, Indian J.
+Physiol. Pharmacol. 56 (2012) 388–392.
+[49] R. Marciniak, K. Sheardova, P. Cermáková, D. Hude9
+cek, R. Sumec, J. Hort, Effect
+of meditation on cognitive functions in context of aging and
+neurodegenerative diseases, Front. Behav. Neurosci. 8 (2014) 17.
+[50] S.V. Pavlov, V.V. Korenyok, N.V. Reva, A.V. Tumyalis, K.V. Loktev, L.I. Aftanas,
+Effects of long term meditation practice on attentional biases towards
+emotional faces: an eye tracking study, Cogn. Emot. 29 (2015) 1–9.
+[51] K.K. Kushwah, T.M. Srinivasan, H.R. Nagendra, Effect of yoga based technique
+on stress and health indices using electro photonic imaging technique in
+managers, J. Ayurveda Integr. Med. (2015) in press.
+[52] K.G. Korotkov, D. DeVito, K. Arem, K. Madappa, B.W.L. Williams, Healing
+experiments assessed with electrophotonic camera, Subtle Energies Energy
+Med. 20 (2009) 33–34.
+[53] R. Manocha, D. Black, L. Wilson, Quality of life and functional health status of
+long-term meditators, Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. (2012) .
+[54] M.P. Matud, Gender differences in stress and coping styles, Pers. Individ. Dif. 37
+(2004) 1401–1415.
+[55] Elaine Herscher. Gender and Stress, living, 2014 Available from: http://
+consumer.healthday.com/encyclopedia/men-s-health-28/men-s-proble-.
+Heal Day News Heal 2014:469. ms-health-news-469/gender-and-stress.
+[56] Annette L. Stanton. Gender, stress and health, Am. Psychol. Assoc. 2001
+Available from: http://www.apa.org/monitor/dec01/genderhealth.aspx.
+[57] J. Ramos-Loyo, L.M. Sanchez-Loyo, Gender differences in EEG coherent activity
+before and after training navigation skills in virtual environments, Hum.
+Physiol. 37 (2011) 700–707.
+[58] T.D. Ben-Soussan, A. Berkovich-Ohana, J. Glicksohn, A. Goldstein, A suspended
+act: increased reflectivity and gender-dependent electrophysiological change
+following Quadrato Motor Training, Front. Psychol. 5 (2014) 1–12.
+[59] L.R. Brody, Gender differences in emotional development: a review of theories
+and research, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 53 (1985) 102–149.
+[60] A. González-Garrido, F.R. Gómez-Velázquez, H. Sequeira, J. Ramos-Loyo, A.L.
+López-Franco, Gender differences in visuospatial working memory—does
+emotion matter? Int. J. Psychol. Stud. 5 (2013) 11–21.
+[61] K.W. Chen, A. Comerford, P. Shinnick, D.M. Ziedonis, Introducing qigong
+meditation into residential addiction treatment: a pilot study where gender
+makes a difference, J. Altern. Complement. Med. 16 (2010) 875–882.
+[62] P.M. Barnes, B. Bloom, R.L. Nahin, Complementary and alternative medicine
+use among adults and children: United States, 2007, Natl. Health Stat. Report
+(2008) 1–23.
+[63] A. Miller, S. lan, Rodney Stark, Gender and religiousness: can socialization
+explanations be saved? Am. J. Sociol. 1076 (2002) 1399–1423.
+[64] Y. Singh, R. Sharma, A. Talwar, Immediate and long-term effects of meditation
+on acute stress reactivity, cognitive functions, and intelligence, Altern. Ther.
+Health Med. 18 (2012) 46–53.
+668 
+G. Deo et al. / European Journal of Integrative Medicine 7 (2015) 663–668

subfolder_0/Classical and Quantum Fisher Information in the Geometrical Formulation.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+Classical and Quantum Fisher Information in the Geometrical Formulation
+of Quantum Mechanics
+Paolo Facchi,1, 2, 3 Ravi Kulkarni,4 V. I. Man’ko,5 Giuseppe
+Marmo,6, 7, 3 E. C. G. Sudarshan,8 and Franco Ventriglia6, 7, 3
+1Dipartimento di Matematica, Universit`
+a di Bari, I-70125 Bari, Italy
+2INFN, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
+3MECENAS, Universit`
+a Federico II di Napoli & Universit`
+a di Bari, Italy
+4Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation, Bangalore 560 080, India
+5P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Leninskii Prospect 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
+6Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Universit`
+a di Napoli “Federico II”, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
+7INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
+8Department of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
+(Dated: September 17, 2010)
+The tomographic picture of quantum mechanics has brought the description of quantum
+states closer to that of classical probability and statistics. On the other hand, the geometrical
+formulation of quantum mechanics introduces a metric tensor and a symplectic tensor (Her-
+mitian tensor) on the space of pure states. By putting these two aspects together, we show
+that the Fisher information metric, both classical and quantum, can be described by means
+of the Hermitian tensor on the manifold of pure states.
+2
+I.
+INTRODUCTION
+The states of quantum systems are described by wave functions (state vectors in Hilbert space)
+or density matrices. The difference between quantum states can be associated with a distance
+between the state vectors or the density matrices. To introduce the notion of the distance one needs
+to construct a metric in the set of states. In classical probability theory the Fisher information
+metric can be used to characterize the distance between probability distributions. In quantum
+information theory the quantum generalization of the metric is also used.
+In the past two decades, the tomographic picture of Quantum Mechanics has shown that quan-
+tum states may be described by means of genuine probability distributions, called tomograms [1].
+This allows the use of methods of classical probability theory to deal with quantum states. Of
+course, the converse is also possible and we can view classical probability theory within the quan-
+tum setting. We shall consider this second possibility to express the Fisher classical information
+metric within the quantum paradigm. In doing this we obtain that the appropriate expression con-
+tains the Quantum Information Metric and reduces to the classical one when states satisfy suitable
+conditions.
+More specifically, in classical optics, photometry dominates the measured quantities. In radia-
+tive transfer we must include the direction cosines of light rays as well as the spectrum. But even
+the two slit interference demands a phase (or rather phase differences). This is also true for the de-
+scription of partial coherence. Pancharatnam showed that propagation in crystals also requires the
+introduction of a phase for the wavefunction. This notion was amplified by Berry by introducing a
+path dependent phase. (Already Dirac, when dealing with the magnetic monopole,had introduced
+phase dependence on the path.) In all these cases the primary measurement is of intensities only
+and he showed that such a phase is present in general in quantum mechanics. So classical intensity
+distribution is insufficient for a complete description. Given a classical (non-negative, normalised)
+probability we should introduce a phase.
+The main observation is the following: we describe probability densities p(x) of random vari-
+ables with values in X by means of probability amplitudes, i.e. normalized wave functions ψ(x)
+defined on X, by setting p(x) = ψ∗(x)ψ(x) = |ψ(x)|2, thus going from integrable functions to
+square integrable functions on X [2]. Our strategy consists of using the available metric tensors
+on H and thereof on the space of pure states R(H) and to pull them back to a submanifold Θ of
+probability densities over X.
+3
+We shall find that the Hermitian tensor fields on R(H) when pulled back to Θ will give the
+Fisher Quantum Information metric tensor. The aim of this work is to exhibit explicitly the form
+of this metric tensor on the space Θ starting with the Fubini-Study metric on the space of pure
+states.
+II.
+THE METRIC TENSOR ON THE SPACE OF PURE STATES
+It is well known that due to the probabilistic interpretation, states for quantum systems are
+not vectors |ψ⟩∈H but rather they are rays, elements of the Hilbert manifold R(H), which are
+conveniently parametrized as rank-one projection operators, the projection from H to R(H) being
+defined by
+π : |ψ⟩7→|ψ⟩⟨ψ|
+⟨ψ|ψ⟩,
+(1)
+for |ψ⟩̸= 0. This projection map allows to identify on R(H) a metric tensor g usually called the
+Fubini-Study metric and a symplectic structure ω [3]. Both of them define on R(H) what is called
+a K¨
+ahlerian structure. The pullback of this tensor to H along the map π acquires the following
+form:
+h = ⟨dψ|dψ⟩
+⟨ψ|ψ⟩
+−⟨dψ|ψ⟩⟨ψ|dψ⟩
+⟨ψ|ψ⟩2
+(2)
+as has been shown elsewhere [4]. To work with this tensor on H instead of R(H) is quite conve-
+nient for computational purposes.
+Let the Hilbert space H be realized as the space of square integrable functions over X, namely
+H = L2(X). Therefore, abstract vectors |ψ⟩are wave functions ψ(x), and their scalar product is
+⟨ψ|φ⟩=
+R
+X ψ(x)∗φ(x) dx.
+The physical state |ψ⟩may depend on unknown parameters θ1, θ2, ..., θm and this can be made
+explicit using the notation ψ(x; θ) for the wave function. This will be the setting for what follows.
+Having replaced |ψ⟩with a wave-function ψ(x; θ) we can consider a polar representation by setting
+ψ(x; θ) = p(x; θ)1/2eiα(x;θ),
+(3)
+with ⟨ψ|ψ⟩= 1, so that p ∈L1(X) is a probability density.
+We should say something about our notation. The probability density p(x; θ) is being used to
+consider averages of functions
+Ep(f) :=
+Z
+X
+f pdx,
+(4)
+4
+averages of differential forms
+Ep(df) :=
+Z
+X
+df pdx,
+(5)
+and more generally averages of covariant tensors like
+R
+df dg pdx.
+For instance, if f depends on parameters (θ1, θ2, ..., θm) we think of df as
+df =
+m
+X
+k=1
+∂f
+∂θk
+dθk
+(6)
+and similarly
+df dg =
+m
+X
+k=1
+m
+X
+j=1
+∂f
+∂θj
+∂g
+∂θk
+dθj dθk.
+(7)
+The advantage of using the abstract notation df is that we do not have to specify the parameters
+or their number. Moreover, from the abstract notation, we would have |dψ⟩and ⟨x|dψ⟩= dψ(x),
+showing that the differential should not be understood as taken with respect to x which identifies
+an orthonormal basis of improper eigenvectors which are considered to be chosen once and for all.
+Using the polar representation (3) above for ψ(x) we have d(ln ψ(x; θ)) = 1
+2d(ln p(x; θ)) +
+i dα(x; θ), while the normalization condition implies that ⟨dψ|ψ⟩= −⟨ψ|dψ⟩.
+Using expression (2) for h, we obtain for the pullback of h, denoted by hX, the expression
+hX = 1
+4
+Z
+X
+(d ln p)2 pdx +
+Z
+X
+(dα)2 pdx −
+Z
+X
+dα pdx
+2
+−i
+Z
+X
+(d ln p dα −dα d ln p) pdx.
+(8)
+We have used a few identities in deriving this expression which follow from
+R
+pdx = 1, namely
+R
+dp dx =
+R
+d ln p pdx = 0.
+From (8) we obtain for the metric tensor hX the expression
+hX = g −i ω,
+(9)
+where
+g = 1
+4Ep
+
+(d ln p)2
++ Ep
+
+(dα)2
+−[Ep(dα)]2 ,
+ω = Ep [d ln p ∧dα] .
+(10)
+This Hermitian tensor on Θ coincides with the Fisher classical information metric when dα =
+0. To see this, consider a parameter space Θ ≡{θ1, θ2, ..., θm}. If we compute our metric tensor
+hX on contravariant vectors
+∂
+∂θj ,
+∂
+∂θk we obtain
+(hX)jk = hX
+ ∂
+∂θj
+, ∂
+∂θk
+
+= 1
+4Fjk + Ep
+ ∂α
+∂θj
+∂α
+∂θk
+
+−Ep
+ ∂α
+∂θj
+
+Ep
+ ∂α
+∂θk
+
+−i Ep
+∂ln p
+∂θj
+∂α
+∂θk
+−∂ln p
+∂θk
+∂α
+∂θj
+
+,
+(11)
+5
+where
+Fjk = Ep
+∂ln p
+∂θj
+∂ln p
+∂θk
+
+(12)
+is the Fisher classical information metric, whose abstract expression reads
+F = Ep
+
+(d ln p)2
+.
+(13)
+It is clear that the second and the third terms in (11) combine to give the covariance of dα and
+that the imaginary part of (11) is connected with the geometric phase. So when Cov(dα) and the
+geometric phase are both zero, we recover the Fisher classical information metric, namely
+hX = 1
+4F.
+(14)
+In general, we have that the Fisher classical information metric F/4 is strictly dominated by the
+quantum Riemannian metric g [3].
+In the general case (dα ̸= 0) hX coincides with the Fisher quantum information metric. This
+will be shown in the next section.
+III.
+FISHER QUANTUM INFORMATION METRIC
+A definition of the Fisher quantum information metric was proposed by Helstrom [5]. This
+definition relies on the notion of the symmetric logarithmic derivative. The symmetric logarithmic
+differential dLρ is implicitly defined by the relation
+dρ = 1
+2 (ρ dLρ + dLρ ρ) ,
+(15)
+where ρ represents a generic density matrix (which we prefer to call a density state) and dLρ = dL†
+ρ
+defines the Hermitian matrix whose matrix elements are differential one-forms. The uniqueness
+of dLρ may be proved by adopting the arguments in [6], p. 274. The Fisher quantum information
+acquires the form
+Fq = Tr
+
+ρ (dLρ)2
+.
+(16)
+As usual the trace replaces the integrals which appear when we consider probability distributions.
+By restricting our computations to pure states, i.e. ρ2 = ρ, ρ† = ρ, Trρ = 1, we find the
+identities
+i) ρ dρ + dρ ρ = dρ,
+ii) Tr(dρ) = 0,
+iii) Tr(ρ dρ) = 0.
+(17)
+6
+From the definition of the symmetric logarithmic differential (15) compared with i) we find that
+dLρ = 2dρ.
+(18)
+Thus for pure states we get
+Fq = 4Tr
+
+ρ (dρ)2
+.
+(19)
+We recall that by the differential of a matrix we mean a matrix-valued differential one-form, i.e.
+the matrix which we obtain by taking the differentials of the elements of the matrix.
+To carry out the comparison of Fq with hX, we start with
+ρ = |ψ⟩⟨ψ|,
+⟨ψ|ψ⟩= 1,
+⟨dψ|ψ⟩= −⟨ψ|dψ⟩
+(20)
+From dρ = |dψ⟩⟨ψ| + |ψ⟩⟨dψ| we compute easily
+Tr
+
+ρ (dρ)2
+= ⟨dψ|dψ⟩−⟨dψ|ψ⟩⟨ψ|dψ⟩
+(21)
+which is exactly our tensor field h, given in (2) when ⟨ψ|ψ⟩= 1.
+In conclusion, we have found that for pure states, what we have called the Fisher quantum
+information metric contains both the quantum version and the classical version when dα = 0.
+IV.
+CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
+Much interest has been focused on the quantum counterpart of the classical Fisher informa-
+tion [7]. The quantum counterpart of the classical Fisher information was shown to constitute an
+upper bound on the classical Fisher information. Consequently there was interest in understand-
+ing conditions under which the bound could be attained. Barndorff-Nielsen and Gill [8] derived
+a condition for the quantum and classical Fisher information to coincide in the particular case
+of a two-dimensional pure state system. Luati [9] showed that this condition held even for two-
+dimensional mixed states. Our geometrical formulation of the quantum Fisher information shows
+that the condition for the equality of the quantum and classical information is the condition dα = 0
+for pure states in any dimension.
+We will elsewhere discuss the implications of our geometrical formulation of Fisher informa-
+tion in terms of the Fubini-Study metric and tomographic probabilities.
+Our presentation of Fisher quantum information metric is closer in spirit to what is known in
+the literature as “nonparametric” Fisher information metric [10]. In our approach however we
+consider a manifold of states suitably chosen so that it carries a differential calculus.
+7
+An additional merit of our description is that we consider probability amplitudes instead of
+probability densities, therefore it is possible to work on H rather than on R(H), this means we can
+deal with L2-spaces instead of L1-spaces. These considerations will be quite useful later on when
+we move from pure states to generic density states. In our approach,the classical Fisher informa-
+tion metric is recovered by restricting the imbedding into a Lagrangian subspace of H. In a future
+paper we shall consider the available geometric picture of the Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construc-
+tion [11] to extend our approach to the C∗-algebraic approach for statistical models elaborated by
+Streater, and to compare more closely our approach to the one by Gibilisco and Isola [12].
+We believe that our present treatment will be relevant to further enhance geometrical methods
+in the analysis of statistical models, both from the conceptual point of view and the methodological
+point of view as well.
+[1] A. Ibort, V.I. Man’ko, G. Marmo, A. Simoni, F. Ventriglia, An introduction to the tomographic picture
+of quantum mechanics, Phys. Scr. 79 (2009) 065013.
+V.I.Manko, G.Marmo, A.Simoni, A.Stern, E.C.G.Sudarshan, F.Ventriglia, On the meaning and inter-
+pretation of tomography in abstract Hilbert spaces, Phys. Lett. A 351 (2006), 1-12.
+[2] Brody, D.C. , Hughston, L.P. , Geometrisation of statistical mechanics, Proceedings of the Royal
+Society London A, 455 (1999) 1683-1715.
+[3] V.I. Man’ko, G. Marmo, E.C.G. Sudarshan, F. Zaccaria, The geometry of density states, positive maps
+and tomograms in: Symmetries in Science XI, Bruno J. Gruber, Giuseppe Marmo Naotaka Yoshinag
+(Eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 2004, pp. 395-443;
+V.I. Man’ko, G. Marmo, E.C.G. Sudarshan, F. Zaccaria, Differential geometry of density states, Rep.
+Math. Phys. 55 (2005) 405-422;
+J. Grabowski, M. Kuœ, G. Marmo, Geometry of quantum systems: density states and entanglement,
+J. Phys. A 38 (2005) 10217-10244;
+J. F. Carinena, J. Clemente-Gallardo, G. Marmo, Geometrization of Quantum Mechanics, Theor. Math.
+Phys. 152 (2007) 894-903;
+Ole E. Barndorff-Nielsen, Richard D. Gill, Peter E. Jupp, On quantum statistical inference, Journal
+Of The Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, 65 (2003) 775-804.
+[4] P. Aniello, J. Clemente-Gallardo, G. Marmo, G. F. Volkert, Classical Tensors and Quantum Entangle-
+8
+ment I: Pure States, Int. J. Geom. Meth. Mod. Phys. 7 (2009) 485-503;
+P. Aniello, G. Marmo, G. F. Volkert, Classical tensors from quantum states, Int. J. Geom. Meth. Mod.
+Phys. 6 (2009) 369-383;
+G. Marmo, G. F. Volkert, Geometrical Description of Quantum Mechanics - Transformations and
+Dynamics, Phys. Scr. 82 (2010) 038117.
+See also: A. Buchleitner, C. Viviescas, M. Tiersch (Eds.), Entanglement and Decoherence, Founda-
+tions and Modern Trends, Springer 2009.
+[5] Helstrom, C. W., Minimum mean-squared error of estimates in quantum statistics, Phys. Lett. A 25
+(1967) 101-102.
+[6] Holevo, A. S., Probabilistic and Statistical Aspects of Quantum Theory, Amsterdam: North-Holland
+1982.
+[7] Braunstein, S. L. and Caves, C. M., Statistical distance and the geometry of quantum states, Phys.
+Rev. Lett. 72 (1994) 3439-3443.
+[8] Barndorff-Nielsen, O. E. and Gill, R. D., Fisher information in quantum statistics, J. Phys. A 33
+(2000)4481-4490.
+[9] Luati A, Maximum Fisher Information in Mixed State Quantum Systems, The Annals of Statistics 32
+(2004) 1770-1779.
+[10] Streater R. F., The Banach manifold of quantum states, in Algebraic and Geometric Methods in Statis-
+tics, ed. Gibilisco et al, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
+[11] D. Chruscinski, G. Marmo, Remarks on the GNS Representation and the Geometry of Quantum States,
+Open Syst. Info. Dyn. 16 (2009) 157-177.
+[12] P. Gibilisco, T. Isola, Wigner-Yanase information on quantum state space: the geometric approach, J.
+Math. Phys., 44 (2003) 3752-3762.

subfolder_0/Classification of electrophotonic images of yogic practice of mudra through neural networks.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,556 @@
+152
+© 2018 International Journal of Yoga | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow
+Introduction
+Yogis use mudra for channelizing energy 
+from the base of the spine  (mooladhara) 
+to top of the head  (sahasrara). The 
+physical‑based sadhana, called hatha yoga, 
+is the most widely known type of yoga. 
+Kriya yoga uses visualization, gesture and 
+ritual worship. Laya yoga explains how the 
+concentrated mind can lead to forgetting the 
+materialistic world and enjoy the Samadhi 
+state. A  mudra is a physical equivalent/
+representation of a mantra. In hatha yoga, 
+mudra is used for connecting two points of 
+energy in our body.
+A mudra can be perceived as a hand 
+posture with a specific pattern of finger 
+configurations. Using modifiers, complex 
+mudras could be constructed from relatively 
+simple mudras.[1]
+The word “mudra” is derived from Sanskrit 
+word Mud  +  Dhra or bliss dissolving 
+Address for correspondence: 
+Dr. Kotikalapudi Kumar Shiva, 
+Yoga and Physical Sciences, 
+S‑VYASA Yoga University, 
+Vivekananda Road, 
+Kalluballu Post, Jigani, 
+Anekal, Bengaluru ‑ 560 105, 
+Karnataka, India. 
+E‑mail: [email protected]
+Access this article online
+Website: www.ijoy.org.in
+DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_76_16
+Quick Response Code:
+Abstract
+Background: Mudras signify a gesture with hands, eyes, and the body. Different configurations 
+of the joining of fingertips are also termed mudra and are used by yoga practitioners for energy 
+manipulation and for therapeutic applications. Electrophotonic imaging  (EPI) captures the coronal 
+discharge around the fingers as a result of electron capture from the ten fingers. The coronal discharge 
+around each fingertip is studied to understand the effect of mudra on EPI parameters. Methods: The 
+participants were from Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana and Sushrutha Ayurvedic 
+Medical College, in Bengaluru, India. There were 29 volunteers in the mudra group and 32 in the 
+control group. There were two designs: one was a pre‑post design with control the other was pre‑post 
+with repeated measures with 18 individuals practicing mudra for 3 days. The duration of intervention 
+for the pre‑post design was 10 min on the 1st day, 15 min on the 2nd day, and 20 min on the 3rd day. 
+A neural network classifier was used for classifying mudra and control samples. Results: The EPI 
+parameters, normalized area and average intensity, passed the test of normality Shapiro–Wilk. The 
+Cohen’s d, effect size was 0.988 and 0.974 for the mudra and control groups, respectively. Neural 
+network‑based analysis showed the classification accuracy of the post-intervention samples for mudra 
+and control varied from 85% to 100% while the classification accuracy varied from 55% to 70% for 
+the pre-intervention samples. The result of the mudra intervention showed statistically significant 
+changes in the mean values on the 3rd day compared to the 1st day. Conclusions: The effect size of 
+the variations in mudra was more than that of the control group. Mudra practice of a longer duration 
+showed statistically significant change in the EPI parameter, average intensity in comparison to the 
+practice on the 1st day.
+Keywords: Electrophotonic imaging, mudra, prana mudra
+Classification of Electrophotonic Images of Yogic Practice of Mudra 
+through Neural Networks
+Original Article
+Kotikalapudi 
+Shiva Kumar, 
+TM Srinivasan1, 
+Judu Ilavarasu, 
+Biplob Mondal, 
+HR Nagendra1
+From the Department of 
+Bioenergy, Swami Vivekananda 
+Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 
+1Division of Yoga and 
+Physical Sciences, SVYASA 
+Yoga University, Bengaluru, 
+Karnataka, India
+How to cite this article: Shiva KK, Srinivasan TM, 
+Illavarasu J, Mondel B, Nagendra HR. Classification 
+of Electrophotonic Images of Yogic Practice of Mudra 
+through Neural Networks. Int J Yoga 2018;11:152-6.
+Received: November, 2016. Accepted: January, 2016
+This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under 
+the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
+ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and 
+build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit 
+is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
+For reprints contact: [email protected]
+meaning that which dissolves duality and 
+brings the deity and devotee together. 
+Mudras are hand, body, or eye positions 
+that facilitate certain energy flows in the 
+body and by forming a specific mudra 
+one can induce certain states of mind and 
+consciousness.[2]
+According to custom mudras are typically 
+used during meditation and pranayama as 
+a way to direct energy flow throughout 
+the body. In yoga philosophy, different 
+areas of the hand stimulate specific areas 
+of the brain. By applying light pressure to 
+these areas of the hand, we will “activate” 
+corresponding region of the brain, similar to 
+reflexology. Mudras also symbolize various 
+feelings, emotions, and representatives of 
+various states of being.[2]
+Hatha Yoga Pradipika deals with bandhas 
+and mudras together and the ancient tantric 
+texts also make no distinction between 
+Kumar, et al.: Mudra classification through neural network
+153
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 11 | Issue 2 | May‑August 2018
+the two. Bandhas are extensively incorporated in mudra 
+as well as in pranayama techniques. Their locking action, 
+however, reveals them as a fundamentally important group 
+of practices in their own right.[3]
+Any living body is made of five distinct elements: Fire, 
+wind, ether, earth, and water. These are the five building 
+blocks that go into the formation of any living body. 
+Several ancient health systems are based on the concept of 
+the balance of the five elements. According to Ayurveda, 
+an Indian medical science, distortion, or impairment of the 
+5 elements creates outer disturbance and inner sickness in 
+the body. The five fingers of the hands represent these five 
+elements: Thumb symbolizes fire, forefinger symbolizes 
+wind, th middle finger for aether, ring finger for earth, and 
+little or small finger symbolizes water.[4]
+Prana mudra is formed by placing the tips of the thumb, ring 
+finger, and little finger together. The other fingers remain 
+extended. The prana mudra increases vitality, reduces 
+fatigue and nervousness, and improves vision. It is used as 
+an antidote for eye diseases. On the mental‑emotional level, 
+it increases our staying power and assertiveness, healthy 
+self‑confidence, gives us the courage to start something new, 
+and the strength to see things through. Clear eyes are also 
+a sign of a mental outlook emphasizing clarity and a clear 
+mind, which means clearly structured thoughts and ideas.[4]
+Electrophotonic imaging  (EPI) instrument is used to 
+capture coronal discharges at the fingertips induced by a 
+pulsed electrical signal (10–15 kV, 1024 Hz, 10‑µs) on the 
+glass plate of a CCD camera. This device produces a type 
+of digital high‑voltage electrophotography that is based on 
+the Kirlian effect.[5] The EPI is a noninvasive technique and 
+is hazard free.[6]
+The EPI instrument is based on the stimulation of electron 
+emissions and consequent creation of photons from the 
+surface of object. This process is called “photoelectron 
+emissions” and it has been thoroughly studied with physical 
+electronic methods. The emitted particles accelerate in the 
+electromagnetic field, generating electronic avalanches on 
+the surface of the dielectric  (glass) plate. This process is 
+called “sliding gas discharge.” The discharge causes glow 
+from the excitement of molecules in the surrounding 
+gas, and this glow is what is being measured by the 
+EPI instrument. Voltage pulses stimulate optoelectronic 
+emission, while intensifying this emission in the gas 
+discharge, amplified by the electric field created.[7]
+EPI represents a spatially distributed glow areas having 
+varying brightness characteristics, it reveals general‑, local‑, 
+and sector‑based details.[8] One of the main questions is to 
+understand physical and psychological processes revealed 
+by the measurement. Research shows that mental state and 
+the psychic energy of a person could be measured.[9]
+Artificial Neural Network is a model consisting of a set 
+of processing units which are closely interconnected to 
+each other such that a rich structure is formed which 
+exhibits certain features of biological neural network. The 
+fundamental unit of a biological neural network is a neuron 
+and each neuron gets connected to other neurons using 
+dendrites and axons at the synaptic junctions or synapses.[10]
+Learning is the basis for pattern recognition. There are 
+several algorithms defined for learning the patterns and the 
+networks are trained using the learning algorithms to learn 
+the patterns. The input and expected output pairs are defined 
+as patterns which are used for training the network.[11]
+During training phase, the network is excited with input 
+patterns repeatedly and the weights of all the neurons are 
+adjusted every time in such a way that the network learns 
+all the patterns. At the end of the training, the patterns are 
+stored in the form of weights in the network.[12]
+The procedure to increment the weights of the neurons 
+during the training phase is termed as learning and at the 
+end of the successful training network can recall the pattern 
+correctly from the weight vector.
+There is a need for an automated study to observe the 
+variations in all parameters with respect to a practice like 
+mudra to understand its impact on the EPI parameters. The 
+combination of EPI and neural network could be used as a 
+framework for detecting the practice.
+This is the first study using EPI data and artificial neural 
+network for intervention detection. Given the subtle nature of 
+intervention effect, and large number of variables generated, 
+a sophisticated method of analysis is needed to capture the 
+effect and hence this study helps in understanding the effect 
+of prana mudra as stated in literature with the corresponding 
+observations on the EPI parameters. We hypothesize that 
+EPI parameters  –  area, normalized area, and entropy –  are 
+significantly different across mudra and control group and 
+can be classified using neural networks.
+Methods
+The participants were from Swami Vivekananda Yoga 
+Anusandhana Samsthana and Sushrutha Ayurvedic Medical 
+College, in Bengaluru India. There were a total of 61 
+volunteers  (39  males and 22  females) with mean age of 
+22.1  years. There were 29 volunteers in the mudra group 
+(10  females, 19  males) and 32  (12  females, 20  males) in 
+the control group. Pre‑  and post‑test with control design 
+was chosen during the first part of the study. After coming 
+to the lab, the individuals were randomly assigned to either 
+mudra group or the control group by asking them to pick a 
+paper slip that has the group name.
+Mudra group practiced prana mudra in the same sitting 
+posture and for the same duration. The control group also 
+followed the same procedure, except for not practicing the 
+prana mudra, they sat quietly, closing their eyes for 5 min, 
+in a similar sitting posture as described earlier. Pre‑  and 
+post‑assessments were made on both the groups.
+Kumar, et al.: Mudra classification through neural network
+154
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 11 | Issue 2 | May‑August 2018
+The individuals were explained about the nature of the 
+study and were given basic information about the EPI 
+technique as well as the procedure for assessment. They 
+had to keep all the ten fingers one by one on the glass 
+surface of the EPI equipment and data recorded.
+The second part of the study was a pre–post‑repeated 
+measures study with varying duration of prana mudra 
+practice. The practice was for 10 min on the 1st day, 15 min 
+on the 2nd day, and 20 min on the 3rd day.
+The EPI variable, intensity, is a measure of the quantum 
+activity of a subject, it is represented in computer units 
+pixels, area measures the amount of light quanta generated 
+by the subject in pixels it is a measure of metabolic rate. 
+The variable entropy is the measure of chaos in regulation 
+of biological and physiological functions.[13]
+The EPI data were captured from all the ten fingers in 
+sitting position. Informed consent was taken from all the 
+subjects. This study was approved by the Institutional 
+Ethical Committee.
+Statistical analysis
+In the first part, two group pre‑post control design, an 
+independent sample t‑test was used to compare the means 
+of the two groups mudra and control before and after the 
+intervention. The effect size was also computed for all the 
+four variables before and after the intervention.
+In the second part of the design with varying duration of 
+intervention, Paired sample t‑test was used for comparing the 
+means of the four variables before and after the intervention. 
+Finally, the difference in the values of the variables 
+before (pre) and after (post) intervention on the 1st day were 
+compared with those of the 3rd  day using the independent 
+sample t‑test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. 
+The results are reported to 3 decimal places.
+A neural networks classifier with one hidden layer and four 
+processing elements using the back propagation algorithm 
+was used to classify the mudra and control groups.
+The entire statistical analysis was performed with IBM 
+SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. (Armonk, NY: 
+IBM Corp). The neural network classifier was also from 
+SPSS version 20.
+Results
+Table  1 shows the baseline  (pre) intervention values as 
+well as the postintervention values for the EPI parameters 
+for both the control and mudra groups. The baseline mean 
+values for all the EPI parameters in the control group were 
+significantly larger than the corresponding EPI parameter 
+values for the mudra group.
+The difference between pre‑ and post‑intervention values 
+for each of the variables was computed, and independent 
+sample t‑test was done on the difference variables for 
+the mudra and control groups. The independent sample 
+t‑test did not show a statistical significance between the 
+means of difference variables between mudra and control 
+groups.
+The classification accuracy varied between 80% and 100% 
+for post intervention samples as shown in Table 2 and the 
+accuracy varied from 50% to 80% for the preintervention 
+samples. Table  3 shows the best case values for both the 
+samples.
+The difference in pre‑post intervention values of the 1st day 
+were compared with the difference in pre‑post intervention 
+values of the 3rd  day of mudra practice using independent 
+sample t‑test and the result is shown in Table 4. The mean 
+value of the EPI parameters average intensity and entropy 
+showed significant changes  (P  <  0.05), indicating the 
+possible effect of mudra intervention. The effect size was 
+high for the variable average intensity.
+Table 1: The values of mean and standard deviation 
+of the four variables area, normalized area, average 
+intensity, and entropy for mudra and control groups
+EPI parameters
+Mudra (n=29)
+Control (n=32)
+P*
+ES
+Area
+Pre
+9847.93±18,705
+10,194±1341
+0.406 0.212
+Post
+10,621±1663
+10,518±876
+0.759 0.077
+Normalized area
+Pre
+1.87±0.71
+2.64±1.2
+0.003 0.780
+Post
+1.97±0.7
+2.79±1.1
+0.001 0.889
+Average intensity
+Pre
+73.5±4.9
+78.6±5.6
+0.001 0.971
+Post
+75.06±5.3
+80.52±5.7
+0.001 0.988
+Entropy
+Pre
+1.95±0.11
+1.98±0.06
+0.234 0.338
+Post
+1.95±0.11
+1.98±0.05
+0.222 0.351
+Data are represented as mean±SD. Pre corresponds to the data 
+before intervention and post corresponds to data after intervention. 
+*P value comparing mean values of mudra and control for pre 
+and post; significance at 0.05 using the independent sample 
+t‑test. n = Number of participants, ES = Effect size computed, 
+SD = Standard deviation
+Table 2: Classification accuracy of postintervention 
+groups with one hidden layer and four processing 
+elements using multilayer perceptron
+Sample
+Predicted
+Mudra
+Control
+Percentage correct
+Training
+Mudra
+14
+1
+93.3
+Control
+0
+14
+100.0
+Overall percentage
+48.3
+51.7
+96.6
+Holdout
+Mudra
+7
+0
+100.0
+Control
+1
+9
+90.0
+Overall percentage
+47.1
+52.9
+94.1
+The area under the curve for receiver operating characteristic=0.97
+Kumar, et al.: Mudra classification through neural network
+155
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 11 | Issue 2 | May‑August 2018
+Discussion
+Mudras are used for energy manipulation in one’s own 
+body. The energy manipulation will have both immediate 
+and long‑term effects. This paper has studied the immediate 
+effect just after the intervention and also on the 3rd day of 
+the intervention.
+The first part of the experiment was to study the 
+difference between sitting quietly with eyes closed with 
+attention on breath  (control group) with that of sitting 
+quietly applying prana mudra  (mudra group) and taking 
+attention on the breath. This practice done for 5 min had 
+a consistent change in effect size for the three variables 
+normalized area, average intensity, and entropy. Change 
+in this variable is an indication of possible energy 
+manipulation.
+The difference between mudra and control was very 
+subtle from the activity perspective. Both the groups were 
+sitting idle, the only difference was in adopting the mudra. 
+Just sitting Idle with or without the mudra also caused a 
+significant change in one of the EPI parameters. This 
+change can be verified with a longer duration of sitting idle 
+to detect an idle condition from other intervention.
+The increased effect size for mudra is an indication of a 
+possible chance of recognizing this intervention from 
+the control when the experiment is repeated for a longer 
+duration. The neural network‑based classification was 
+able to classify the mudra and control groups after the 
+intervention more accurately than before the intervention.
+The baseline values of the EPI parameters of both the 
+groups were not equal though the control and mudra 
+grouped matched well with respect to age and health 
+status. This discrepancy was taken care of by computing 
+the difference in EPI parameters between the pre‑  and 
+post‑intervention values for the control and mudra groups 
+and then carrying out the independent sample t‑test. The 
+statistically significant difference in the means of the 
+variable average intensity demonstrates the effect of mudra 
+on the level of quantum activity or the inner energy,
+The second part of the experiment which involved repeating 
+the mudra intervention with varying duration for 3  days 
+showed a statistically significant difference in the EPI 
+parameters average intensity and entropy (P < 0.05) on the 
+3rd day compared to the 1st day. The difference in pre‑post 
+values of the 1st day was compared with the 3rd day. This is 
+an indication that mudra must be practiced for more than 
+20 min in one sitting to see an appreciable change.
+It is said that prana mudra is used for curing eye related 
+problems. In future studies, the EPI parameters can be 
+extracted for the related organs such as the eye to see the 
+corresponding changes.
+Conclusions
+Adopting a mudra and sitting quietly with eyes closed for 
+5 min did not have a big difference in the EPI parameters. 
+However, mudra practiced for a longer time showed a 
+significant change in the mean value of the EPI parameter 
+average intensity. Mudra must be practiced for more than 
+20 min in one sitting for observing a detectable change in 
+the EPI parameters.
+Financial support and sponsorship
+Nil.
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+References
+1.	
+Vipin JS, Dibaka S, "Describing Hand Postures: Inspirations 
+from Classical' Mudras'," SAE Int., vol. 2008-01-19, 2008. 
+10.4271/2008-01-1904.
+2.	
+Mohini A. Mudras for Women in Enhancing the Level of Oomph 
+- A Pilot Trial in Virudhunagar. Int J Humanit Soc Sci Invent 
+2015;6:31-3.
+3.	
+Muktibodhananda  S. Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Munger: Yoga 
+Publications Trust; 1993.
+4.	
+Hirschi G. Mudras Yoga In Your Hands. York Beach Maine 
+USA: Samuel Weiser, York Beach, Maine USA; 2000.
+5.	
+Rubik  B, Brooks  AJ. Digital high‑voltage electrophotographic 
+measures of the fingertips of subjects pre‑ and post‑qigong. Evid 
+Based Integr Med 2005;2:245‑52.
+6.	
+Korotkov KG, Matravers P, Orlov DV, Williams BO. Application 
+Table 3: Classification accuracy of preintervention 
+groups with one hidden layer and four processing 
+elements using multi‑layer perceptron
+Sample
+Predicted
+Mudra
+Control
+Percentage correct
+Training
+Mudra
+15
+0
+100.0
+Control
+1
+16
+94.1
+Overall percentage
+50.0
+50.0
+96.9
+Holdout
+Mudra
+7
+0
+100.0
+Control
+2
+5
+71.4
+Overall percentage
+64.3
+35.7
+85.7
+Area under the curve for the receiver operating characteristics=0.86
+Table 4: Comparison of pre‑post difference in mean and 
+standard deviations of the variables, area, normalized 
+area, average intensity, and entropy on day 1 and day 3
+EPI parameters
+Day 1_pre_
+post difference
+Day 3_pre_
+post_difference
+P*
+ES
+Area
+517.7±851
+115±1027
+0.052
+0.426
+Normalized area
+0.115±0.75
+0.323±0.68
+0.075
+0.29
+Average intensity
+−3.6±5.4
+0.73±4.6
+0.013*
+0.86
+Entropy
+0.045±0.07
+−0.0076±0.05
+0.022*
+0.509
+Independent sample t‑test P<0.05 for average intensity and 
+entropy. EPI = Electro photonic imaging
+Kumar, et al.: Mudra classification through neural network
+156
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 11 | Issue 2 | May‑August 2018
+of electrophoton capture (EPC) analysis based on gas discharge 
+visualization (GDV) technique in medicine: A systematic review. 
+J Altern Complement Med 2010;16:13‑25.
+7.	
+Korotkov KG. Energy Fields Electrophotonic Analysis in 
+Humans and Nature. Saint‑Petersburg: Amazon.com Publishing; 
+2011.
+8.	
+Alexandrova  R, Fedoseev  G, Korotkov  K. Analysis of the 
+bioelectrograms of bronchial asthma patients. Fair Lawn, USA: 
+Backbone Publishing Co. 2004. p. 75-82.
+9.	
+Anufrieva E, Anufriev V, Starchenko M, Timofeev N. Thought’s 
+registration by means of gas‑discharge visualization. Available 
+from: http://www.korotkov.co/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/2000-
+Anufrievs-Paper-in-Ljubljana.pdf. [Las accessed on 2017 Apr 18].
+10.	 Hong  WD, Chen  XR, Jin  SQ, Huang  QK, Zhu  QH, Pan  JY. 
+Use of an artificial neural network to predict persistent organ 
+failure in patients with acute pancreatitis. Clinics  (Sao Paulo) 
+2013;68:27‑31.
+11.	 Parekh  R, Yang  J, Honavar  V. Constructive neural‑network 
+learning algorithms for pattern classification. IEEE Trans Neural 
+Netw 2000;11:436‑51.
+12.	 Hansen LK, Salamon P. Neural network ensembles. IEEE Trans 
+Pattern Anal Mach Intell 1990;12:993‑1001.
+13.	 Korotkov K. Energy Fields Electrophotonic Analysis in Humans 
+and Nature. Imprint of eBookIt; 2013. Available form:  http://
+www.academia.edu/31777532/Electrophotonic_Analysis_
+Korotkov. [Last accessed on 2017 Apr 18.].
+Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further reproduction
+prohibited without permission.

subfolder_0/Coexistence NB.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2960 @@
+How to Cite: 
+Behera, N., Ashok, P., Singh, M. M., Kumar, M. K., Kumbha, S., Shukla, G., & Saxena, S. (2022). 
+Implementation of the lattice model in the coexistence of species and its potential consequences on 
+environment. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S5), 1106–1128. 
+https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS5.8831  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+International Journal of Health Sciences ISSN 2550-6978 E-ISSN 2550-696X © 2022. 
+ 
+ 
+Manuscript submitted: 18 March 2022, Manuscript revised: 9 April 2022, Accepted for publication: 27 May 2022 
+1106 
+Implementation of the lattice model in the 
+coexistence of species and its potential 
+consequences on environment 
+ 
+ 
+Narayan Behera 
+Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsuka, Kamitanakami-Hirano, 
+Otsu, Shiga 520-2113, Japan and SVYASA University, Jigani, Anekal, Bengaluru, 
+India- 560105 
+Corresponding author email: [email protected] 
+ 
+Prashasti Ashok 
+Department of Geology, Institute of Earth Sciences, Bundelkhand University, 
+Jhansi, India-284128 
+ 
+M.M. Singh 
+Department of Geology, Institute of Earth Sciences, Bundelkhand University, 
+Jhansi, India-284128 
+ 
+M. Kartic Kumar 
+Department of Geomatics Engineering, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia 
+ 
+Satyanarayana Kumbha  
+Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga-1020 Ethiopia 
+ 
+Gaurav Shukla  
+Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering & Technology, Maharishi 
+University of Information Technology (MUIT), Lucknow, India- 226013 
+ 
+Swasti Saxena 
+Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, India-395007 
+ 
+ 
+Abstract---The population dynamics of a system of two competing 
+species have been investigated in the mean-field and lattice 
+approximation. The two species are denoted by A and B. Each site of 
+the square lattice is either occupied by an individual or vacant. The 
+two species complete for vacant sites to reproduce. There is a 
+reproduction only to the nearest neighbours. We consider the invasion 
+of a rare species into a population composed of a resident species 
+based on a pair – approximation method in which the dynamics of 
+both average densities and nearest neighbour correlations are 
+ 
+ 
+1107 
+considered. The results are then compared with those obtained by the 
+mean-field approximation. Whenspecies B contain intraspecific 
+interaction term, invasion of the rare species A into resident species B 
+becomes easier in lattice structured populations. But the rare species 
+B invading species A is difficult in lattice models in comparison to 
+mean-field approximation. The overall coexistence of species is 
+enhanced in lattice models. These results were verified by simulation 
+on a square lattice although the range of the enhancement of the 
+species coexistence is reduced. This calls for the attention that pair-
+approximation is an oversimplification of the real situation. However, 
+with the presence of commensalism (when A helps B), the range of 
+species coexistence is reduced in lattice habitat in comparison to the 
+mixed population case. 
+ 
+Keywords---lattice models, the coexistence of species, Species 
+biodiversity, Conservation, mean-field model, Spatial pattern, Global 
+change. 
+ 
+Introduction  
+ 
+An individual organism usually interacts with a higher probability with the 
+neighbouring organisms than the distant ones. Spatial structure can influencethe 
+population dynamics when the organisms have a limited dispersal range. As the 
+gametes of sessile organisms like plants usually disperse to neighbouring sites, 
+the effect of the spatial structure becomes important. These spatial influences can 
+also lead to increased coexistence between two or more competing species. For 
+two populations having the same overall density, the growth rates can be different 
+depending on whether their distributions are random or have a spatial pattern. 
+The spatial distributions can also be spontaneously formed by certain ecological 
+processes. Spatial dynamics are known to have important effects on competitive 
+coexistence in model systems (Levins and Culver, 1971; Levin, 1974; Hastings, 
+1980; Hanski, 1983; Levin et al., 1984; Chesson, 1985; Pacala, 1986; Adler and 
+Nuernberger, 1994; Tilman, 1994; Gandhi et al., 1998). The spatial models are 
+usually investigated via simulation. Traditionally, most ecological models have 
+assumed that all individuals of all species experience a well-mixed homogeneous 
+habitat in which similar compositions can be found in all the neighbourhoods. 
+This conceptually simple description is called the mean-field model. It assumes 
+that the global averages are good substitutes for the local population 
+distributions. Durrett & Levin (1994) have shown that this mean-field description 
+sometimes fails to correctly describe the dynamics of the system. There are a 
+variety of models that try to overcome the drawbacks of the mean field models. In 
+patch models, individuals comprising a population are divided among patches; 
+there is complete mixing within a patch and limited dispersal among patches. 
+Models such as interacting particle systems (Durrett and Levin, 1994) and 
+probabilistic cellular automata (Rand et al., 1995) consider the effect of 
+stochasticity and spatial extension of natural populations. Metapopulation models 
+are known to increase the persistence of species through spatial dynamics (Gilpin 
+and Hanski, 1991). Cellular automata models have been investigated to model 
+spatially explicit population dynamics (Hassel et al., 1991; De Roos et al., 1991; 
+        
+ 
+1108 
+Sato and Iwasa, 1993). Sometimes spatial structure has been neglected (Caswell 
+and Etter, 1992), but the predictions become qualitatively different from the 
+lattice simulation (Harada and Iwasa, 1996; Durrett and Levin, 1997). It is 
+difficult to examine parameter dependence clearly from direct simulation on a 
+lattice. In the lattice model, pair-approximation is a method to construct a closed 
+dynamical system of global densities and local densities. The method has been 
+applied successfully to various dynamical models with lattice structures, such as 
+predator-prey dynamics (Matsuda et al., 1992), host-pathogen systems (Sato et 
+al., 1994) and the evolution of altruism (Matsuda et al., 1987; Nakamura et al., 
+1997). 
+ 
+In this paper, we discuss the competition between two species living in a spatially 
+structured habitat. They compete for vacant sites to reproduce. The basic purpose 
+of our analysis is to examine whether a spatially explicit model has a species-
+coexistence range different from a perfectly mixed system. We aim to show under 
+what situation spatial structure can increase the coexistence of species. We 
+provide one example of where it happens. We also give another model where the 
+reverse situation occurs. The two different models are- i) one species has 
+intraspecific 
+interactions 
+and 
+ii) 
+one 
+species 
+helps 
+another 
+through 
+commensalism. To analyze the population dynamics, we have considered the 
+dynamical system of overall population density and local density, the latter 
+representing the nearest neighbour correlation (Harada and Iwasa, 1994; Harada 
+and Iwasa, 1996). We have used pair-approximation (Matsuda et al., 1992) which 
+isa valuable tool to analyze lattice models (Sato et al., 1994; Harada et al., 1995 
+Nakamura et al., 1997). We have also conducted computer simulations on a 
+lattice to compare with the analytical result based on pair approximation. In 
+section 2, the model is formulated; the results are presented in section 3 followed 
+by concluding remarks in section 4. 
+ 
+Model 
+ 
+We consider two types of species, denoted by A and B. The habitat is a two-
+dimensional lattice. Each site has neighbours, where Z =4 (we have adopted the 
+Neuman neighbourhood). Each site is either occupied by type A, occupied by type 
+B, or vacant, which we call an A-site, a B-site and an E-site, respectively. The 
+average fractions of the sites of states A, B and E are designated A, B and E. 
+These are called global densities (21, 24). For example, qA/B is the fraction of A 
+among the neighbours of a randomly chosen B-site. In general, qi/j is the local 
+density of i in the nearest neighbours of j-site (i, j = A, B or E). The states of the 
+neighbours become positively correlated as reproduction occurs only to 
+neighbours. Let dA be the rate of transition from site A to E, and dB be that from B 
+to E, which are the mortalities of species A and species B, respectively. An 
+individual of species A can produce offspring only if it is adjacent to a vacant site, 
+and the reproduction rate per vacant neighbouring site is bA/z, where bAis is the 
+maximum reproductive rate achieved when all the neighbours are vacant. The 
+rate of successful reproduction of A is proportional to the number of vacant sites 
+E in the neighbourhood of the A-site. Hence the reproductive rate of a randomly 
+chosen A-site is bA qE/A, which is the product of the maximum birth rate and the 
+ 
+ 
+1109 
+fraction of E- sites in the neighbourhood of the A-site. Similarly, the rate of 
+successful reproduction of an average B-site is bB qE/B. 
+(a) Intraspecies interaction 
+We shall investigate a model where species B have intraspecific interaction in 
+addition to competition for vacant sites between species A and species B. We have 
+considered intraspecies interaction in one species only because it is easier to 
+manage the mathematical equations. 
+The rate of change in global densities A and B are given by 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+In the above equations, qE/A and qE/B are local densities and c is a coefficient 
+which measures the strength of intraspecific interaction. 
+ 
+Mean- field approximation: 
+Mean-field approximation is to neglect the correlation between sites. The 
+dynamics based on mean-field approximation can be regarded as those for the 
+population 
+mixed completely by additional external forces. Under mean-field approximation, 
+local density is replaced by global density, for example qE/A and qB/B are replaced 
+by E and B 
+respectively. Equations (1a) and (1b) are then rewritten as 
+ 
+ 
+and 
+ 
+ 
+Which is a special case of Lotka-Volterra competition model with intraspecific 
+interaction? After doing phase plane analysis of A and B isoclines, the following 
+conditions can be obtained. 
+ 
+A can invade if 
+ 
+)
+1
+(
+,
+/
+a
+q
+b
+d
+dt
+d
+A
+A
+E
+A
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+1
+(
+.
+/
+/
+b
+cq
+q
+b
+d
+t
+d
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+E
+B
+B
+B
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+2
+(
+,
+A
+B
+A
+A
+A
+A
+A
+A
+b
+b
+d
+b
+t
+d
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+(
+.
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+B
+c
+b
+b
+d
+b
+t
+d
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        
+ 
+1110 
+ 
+B can invade if 
+ 
+ 
+Lattice model with pair approximation: 
+ 
+To make a closed dynamical system of global and local densities, the pair- 
+approximation postulates: qA/EA  qA/E. In general, quantity qi/jk is the conditional 
+probability for a site to be i given that it is a neighbour of a j-site whose another 
+neighbour is k (i, j, and k are in {A, B, E}). Pair-approximation is qi/j qi/jk (Sato et 
+al., 1994). 
+The dynamics of two global densities in Eq. (1) can be rewritten as: 
+ 
+ 
+and 
+ 
+(See Appendix A). 
+ 
+Invasion condition: 
+ (i)A invades B: 
+Here we consider the conditions for invasion by a rare type, say A, to the 
+population dominated by the other type B. We shall examine whether a rare 
+invader A can increase in frequency in the equilibrium population dominated by 
+type B. Equation (1a) shows that the Malthusian parameter of a rare invader 
+depends only on qE/A, the availability of vacant sites adjacent to invader individual 
+A. 
+A can invade if qE/A> dA/ bA, where the local density should be estimated at the 
+equilibrium composed only of resident species B. The procedures to calculate 
+invasibility are: (1) the equilibrium of the dynamics of B and qB/B are obtained 
+with A= 0; (2) using these three variables we construct the dynamics of two local 
+densities qA/A and qB/A, and calculate the stable equilibrium of these two local 
+densities; and finally (3) the inequality qE/A> dA/ bA  is examined (Matsuda et al., 
+)
+4
+(
+.
+1
+c
+b
+d
+b
+b
+d
+B
+B
+B
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+)
+5
+(
+.
+1
+1
+A
+A
+B
+B
+b
+d
+b
+d
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+6
+(
+,
+)
+1
+(
+/
+/
+a
+q
+q
+b
+d
+dt
+d
+A
+A
+B
+A
+A
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+6
+(
+.
+)
+1
+(
+/
+/
+/
+b
+cq
+q
+q
+b
+d
+dt
+d
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 
+ 
+1111 
+1992). By means of these procedures, the condition for species A to invade 
+species B can be calculated (see appendix B). The condition turns out to be 
+ 
+If the reverse inequality holds, species A must decrease in population dominated 
+by species B, and hence invasion is not possible. The birth rate of species B must 
+satisfy the following constraints. It is found that   bB > 4/3 dB + 1/3 c by using 0 
+<B <1 and equation (B.2). Similarly, bB> dB is obtained from equation (B.1) and 0 
+< qB/B<1. 
+ 
+(ii) B invades A: 
+Here we consider the conditions for invasion by a rare type B to the resident 
+The population of type A. Equation (1b) shows that B can invade if 
+ 
+ 
+where the local density should be estimated at the equilibrium composed only 
+of resident species A. The condition for invasibility is calculated by following 
+the procedure of the previous section (see appendix C). The condition for 
+Species B to invade Species A is given by (from equation C.5) 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+qB/B = x1 can be determined numerically by solving the two coupled equations 
+(C.3a) and (C.3b) at equilibrium. bA must satisfy the following constraints: qA/A> 0 
+and equation (C.1) imply that bA> dA   and  A> 0 with equation (C.2) give bA> 4/3 
+dA. 
+ 
+Commensalism: 
+We have also analyzed a two-species competition model with one way helping 
+interaction where species A helps species B. The rate of change in global 
+densities are 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+7
+(
+.
+)
+(
+c
+b
+d
+b
+z
+d
+c
+b
+d
+c
+d
+b
+c
+b
+d
+c
+d
+b
+z
+c
+b
+d
+b
+z
+b
+c
+b
+d
+c
+d
+b
+z
+d
+b
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+8
+(
+1
+/
+/
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+E
+cq
+d
+b
+q
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+9
+(
+.
+0
+1
+4
+3
+1
+1
+1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+cx
+d
+d
+b
+d
+cx
+d
+b
+b
+b
+B
+A
+A
+A
+B
+B
+B
+A
+
+
+
+
+)
+2
+(
+)
+(
+2
+)
+2
+(
+2
+1
+)
+(
+1
+1
+2
+/
+1
+1
+2
+1
+1
+cx
+d
+cx
+d
+c
+cx
+d
+c
+cx
+d
+b
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        
+ 
+1112 
+and 
+ 
+In Eq.(10b), c/ represents the strength of one-way helping interaction. By 
+following the same procedure as before one can find the invasion conditions in the 
+mean-field approximation. A can invade B if 
+ 
+B can invade A if 
+ 
+In the lattice formulation with pair approximation, by following the previous 
+procedure, it can be found that A can invade B if 
+ 
+This invasion condition is the same as in the mean-field case (see Eq. 11). In a 
+similar manner the condition can be calculated when species B invades species A 
+(see appendix D). 
+ 
+Lattice simulation: 
+ 
+We have also investigated the invasibility of a rare species in a population 
+dominated by the resident species using computer simulation on a square lattice. 
+The chief purpose was to check the range of validity of the pair approximation. A 
+25 by 25 grid (625 cells) was modelled. In the computer program, an empty lattice 
+cell was assigned 0 while those occupied by species A and B were designated as 1 
+and 2 respectively. The rare species was chosen with a low probability pi(= 0.01) 
+initially. A lattice cell was chosen at random, and its birth process to neighbours 
+and death with certain probabilities were conducted. Then another cell was 
+chosen at random, and a similar process was repeated. In one time step, the cells 
+were chosen at random 625 times and birth and death processes were evaluated. 
+The simulation was allowed to run for 6-time steps. Then the frequency of the 
+rare species was examined. If it was more than the initial frequency, then we had 
+concluded that the rare species was able to invade a population of resident 
+species. Since it was a random process, the result was taken as the average of 12 
+samples. Let pf be the final probability of the rare species ‘A,’ after some time 
+steps and bA its birth rate. After one-time step pi andpf were nearly equal for 
+different birth rates bA but pf changed as the number of time steps increased. 
+After 6-time steps, pf tended to zero for low bA, became equal to pi for some 
+)
+12
+(
+.
+1
+1
+A
+A
+B
+B
+B
+b
+d
+c
+b
+d
+b
+
+
+
+
+)
+11
+(
+.
+1
+1
+B
+B
+A
+A
+b
+d
+b
+d
+
+
+
+)
+13
+(
+.
+B
+B
+A
+A
+d
+b
+d
+b
+
+)
+10
+(
+,
+/
+a
+q
+b
+d
+dt
+d
+A
+A
+E
+A
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+10
+(
+.
+/
+/
+b
+q
+c
+q
+b
+d
+dt
+d
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+E
+B
+B
+B
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 
+ 
+1113 
+intermediate value of bA and attained a value greater than pi for a higher value of 
+bA. A was able to invade successfully when its birth rate was beyond a certain 
+critical value. The critical value of bA was slightly increased with the increase of 
+the number of time steps but it gradually attained an asymptotic value. The 
+number of time steps was limited to 6 (which was good enough for theoretical 
+investigation) to save computational time. 
+Results 
+ 
+The primary concern of our analysis was to compare the results of invasibility 
+between mean field and lattice models. Figure 1 shows that species A can invade 
+species B easily in the lattice model. Invasion becomes still easier when the 
+intraspecies interaction strength of species B increases.  
+ 
+Fig. 1:  The invasion of species A as a function of intraspecies interaction strength 
+inspecies B. The solid lines represent the mean field case, and the dashed line 
+shows the lattice results. A can invade B in the region above the solid and dashed 
+lines. bB = 0.6 
+ 
+However, the invasion becomes more difficult with a higher birth rate of species B 
+(data not shown). Figure 2A illustrates the change of the birth rate of species A as 
+a function of the birth rate of species B. Species A can easily invade species B in 
+spatial models in comparison to the mean field case. The invasion is easy when 
+the intraspecies interaction is strong. The invasion of the rare species B into 
+resident species A is difficult in lattice habitat when compared with the 
+        
+ 
+1114 
+continuum approximation (Fig. 2B). Figure 3 shows that the species coexistence 
+region is enhanced in the lattice model with pair approximation. However, the 
+range of the coexistence region is reduced in the case of lattice simulation. Figure 
+4 depicts the coexistence region of the two species when commensalism is present 
+(species A helps species B). It shows that the coexistence region is reduced in the 
+lattice habitat. 
+ 
+Fig. 2A:  The invasion of species A with the birth rate of species B. The allowed 
+birthrate of species B is more for the higher value of the intraspecies interaction 
+strength. The solid line represents the mean field case and the dashed line shows 
+the lattice results. 
+Fig. 2B: The invasion of species B into a resident species A. The solid and dashed 
+lines are for mean field and lattice cases, respectively. c = 0.2. 
+ 
+Discussion 
+ 
+Determining how regional dynamics of competition and mobility significantly 
+affect species coexistence is an important challenge in ecology. Clusters are 
+spatial formations that arise. To ensure constant coexistence for two species, 
+population models in a patch structured habitat must include specific extra 
+mechanisms favoring rare species, such as niche differentiation (Chesson, 1981; 
+Chesson, 1991). The parameters for a rare species' successful invasion into a 
+population dominated by resident species were investigated (Takenaka et al., 
+1997). Studies have concluded that there is no possibility for the stable 
+coexistence of two distinct types in the lattice model. Ithas also shown that there 
+is no equilibrium in which both types coexist stably in the mean field 
+ 
+ 
+1115 
+approximation. We have shown that the addition of intraspecies interaction can 
+not only make a stable coexistence possible but can improve the range of species 
+coexistence in lattice structured habitat in comparison to a completely mixed 
+population model. The spatial effects are important when intraspecific interaction 
+is present. The clustering effect becomes important due to reproduction to the 
+nearest neighbours. However, the coexistence region is somewhat reduced when 
+the result is computed through simulation (Fig. 3). This shows that pair-
+approximation is not a particularly good approximation. The result of computer 
+simulation should lie between continuum approximation and lattice model with 
+pair approximation. This should be the general feature of any system. As 
+intraspecies interaction in species B increases, A invading B becomes easier in 
+the mean-field model in comparison to the lattice case. When this is combined 
+with the fact that species B invading species A is independent of the intraspecies 
+interaction term in the mean-field model, the following picture emerges. When the 
+intraspecies interaction in species B is increased, the coexistence region in the 
+mean-field model becomes greater while in the lattice model it is relatively 
+reduced. Consequently, the advantage in the lattice model in terms of species 
+coexistence is reduced. 
+ 
+Fig. 3: The coexistence region for both the species. The different lines showthe 
+following cases: solid (mean field), dashed (lattice model with pair approximation) 
+and long dashed (lattice model with simulation). Species A can invade species B 
+abovethe three lower lines and species B can invade species A below the upper 
+three lines.c = 0.2. 
+ 
+When species A helps species B, clusters of A’s are formed surrounding A as 
+reproduction occurs to nearest neighbours in the lattice habitat. As a result, 
+        
+ 
+1116 
+species B invading species A becomes more difficult in the lattice model than in 
+the mean-field case. So, when species A helps one another, the range of 
+coexistence is reduced in spatial models (Fig. 4). The same result will be true 
+when both the species survive by helping each other through mutualistic 
+interaction We have simulated a lattice size of 25 by 25. In a lattice size of 50 by 
+50 (with fixed birth rate bA), the final frequency of the rare invading species at 
+successive time steps is slightly lower in comparison to the case with a lattice size 
+of 25 by 25. So, the critical birth rate beyond which value the rare species can 
+invade is a little higher. We have also shown by simulation that mutualism can 
+evolve through spatial effects (in preparation).  
+ 
+Fig. 4: The coexistence region when species A helps species B. The conditionfor 
+rare species A invading the resident species B is the same for both the mean 
+fieldand lattice models. The upper solid line represents both cases. Species A can 
+invadespecies B below the upper solid line. Species B can invade species A above 
+the dashedline (lattice model) and above the lower solid line (mean field model). c` 
+= 0.4. 
+ 
+In a two species system, when each survives by helping the other, mutualism 
+cannot evolve in the mean-field approximation. But mutualism can evolve due to 
+spatial effects when the benefit of helping each other is high and the associated 
+cost is low. This happens due to cluster formation around mutualistic pairs of 
+species as reproduction occurs to the nearest neighbours. The incorporation of 
+spatially explicit dynamics provides an important insight to understand the 
+coexistence of competing species. We conjecture that our present conclusion will 
+also hold good when n-species interact through competition with intraspecies 
+interaction. Spatial effects can improve the coexistence of species. 
+ 
+ 
+1117 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Environmental impact: 
+We study how ecological variations, or the lack thereof, may impact other patterns 
+of species living together and population dynamics since not all species cohabit. 
+With investigate the changes from species invasions to range modifications; we 
+exhibit how massive change is influencing species coexistence at both rare and 
+dominant levels. Finally, we consider how adaptive progression and morphological 
+flexibility could influence species' responses to climate change and coexistence. 
+We may never know if coexistence approaches can maintain the planet's vast 
+diversity of life. Nonetheless, we suggest that conservationists worried about the 
+consequences of global transformation on species diversity should focus on 
+increasing their knowledge. 
+ 
+References 
+ 
+1. 
+Adler, F. R., and Nuernberger, B. 1994. Persistence in patchy irregular 
+landscapes,Theor. Popul. Biol. 45, 41-75. 
+2. 
+Caswell, H., and Etter, R. J. 1992. Ecological interactions in patchy 
+environments: from patch-occupancy models to cellular automata, in “Patch 
+Dynamics” (S.A. Levin, T.M. Powell, and H. Steele, eds.)), pp. 93-109, 
+Springer-Verlag, New York 
+3. 
+Chesson, P.L. 1981. Models for spatially distributed populations: The effect of 
+within patch variation, Theor. Popul. Biol. 19, 288-325. 
+4. 
+Chesson, P. L. 1985. Coexistence of competitors in spatially and temporally 
+varying environments: a look at the combined effects of different sorts of 
+variability,Theor. Popul. Biol. 28, 263-287. 
+5. 
+Chesson, P.L. 1991. A need for niches, TREE 6, 26-28. 
+6. 
+De Roos, A. M., McCauley, E., and Wilson, W. G. 1991. Mobility versus 
+density-limited predator-prey dynamics of different spatial scales, Proc. R. 
+Soc, London B 246, 17-122. 
+7. 
+Durrett, R., and Levin, S. A. 1994. Importance of being discrete (and spatial), 
+Theo.Popul. Biol. 46, 363-394. 
+8. 
+Durrett, R., and Levin, S.A. 1994. Stochastic spatial models: a user’s guide to 
+ecological applications, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B 343, 329-350. 
+9. 
+Durrett, R., and Levin, S. A. 1997. Allelopathy in spatially distributed 
+populations,J. Theo. Biol. 128, 301-304. 
+10. Gandhi, A., Levin, S.A., and Orszag, S. 1998. “Critical Slowing Down” in 
+Time-to-extinction: an Example of Critical Phenomena in Ecology, J. Theo. 
+Biol. 192, 363-376. 
+11. Gilpin, M., and Hanski, I. 1991. “Metapopulation Dynamics: Empirical and 
+Theoretical Investigations,” Academic Press, London. 
+12. Hanski, I. 1983. Coexistence of competitors in a patchy environment, Ecology 
+64,493-500. 
+13. Harada, Y., and Iwasa, Y. 1994. Lattice population dynamics for plants with 
+dispersing seeds and vegetative propagation, Res. Popul. Ecol. 36, 237-249. 
+        
+ 
+1118 
+14. Harada, Y., Ezoe, H., Iwasa, Y., Matsuda, H., and Sato, K. 1995. Population 
+persistence and spatially limited social interaction, Theor. Popul. Biol. 48, 65-
+91. 
+15. Harada, Y., and Iwasa, Y. 1996. Analyses of spatial patterns and population 
+processesof clonal plants, Res. Popul. Ecol. 38, 153-164. 
+16. Hassell, M. P., Comins, H. N., and May, R. M. 1991. Spatial structure and 
+chaos in insect population dynamics, Nature 353, 255-258. 
+17. Hastings, A. 1980. Disturbance, coexistence, history, and competition for 
+space, Theor. Popul. Biol. 18, 363-373. 
+18. Levin, S. A. 1974. Dispersion and population interactions, Am. Nat. 108, 207-
+208. 
+19. Levin, S. A., Cohen, D., and Hastings, A. 1984. Dispersal in patchy 
+environments,Theor. Popul. Biol. 26, 165-191. 
+20. Levins, R., and Culver, D. 1971. Regional coexistence of species and 
+competitionbetween rare species, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sc. USA 68, 1246-1248. 
+21. Matsuda, H., Tamachi, N., and Sasaki, A. 1987. A lattice model for 
+population biology, in “Mathematical topics in Biology” (E. Teramoto, and M. 
+Yamagutoi, eds) 
+22. Lecture Notes in Biomathematics, Vol. 71, pp.154-161, Springer-Verlag, New 
+York. 
+23. Matsuda, H., Ogita, N., Sasaki, A., and Sato, K. 1992. Statistical mechanics 
+of population- The lattice Lotka-Volterra model, Prog. Theo. Phys. 88, 1035-
+1049. 
+24. Nakamura, M., Matsuda, H., and Iwasa, Y. 1997. The evolution of 
+cooperation in the lattice-structured population, J. Theo. Bio. 184, 65-81. 
+25. Pacala, S. W. 1986. Neighbourhood models of plant population dynamics. 2- 
+multispecies models of annuals, Theor. Popul. Biol. 29, 262-292. 
+26. Rand, D.A., Keeling, M., and Wilson, H.B. 1995. Invasion, stability, and 
+evolution to criticality in spatially extended, artificial host-pathogen 
+ecologies,Proc. R. Soc. London B 259, 55-63. 
+27. Sato, K., and Iwasa, Y. 1993. Modelling of wave regeneration (shimagare) in 
+subalpine 
+28. Abies forests: population dynamics with spatial structure, Ecology 74, 1538-
+1550. 
+29. Sato, K., Matsuda, H., and Sasaki, A. 1994. Pathogen invasion and host 
+extinction in lattice structured populations, J. Math. Biol. 32, 251-268. 
+30. Takenaka, Y., Matsuda, H., and Iwasa, Y. 1997. Competition and 
+Evolutionary Stability of Plants in a Spatially Structured Habitat, Res. Popul. 
+Ecol. 39(1), 67-75. 
+31. Tilman, D. 1994. Competition and biodiversity in spatially structured 
+habitats,Ecology 75, 2-16. 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+1119 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Appendix A: 
+There are three global densities (A, B and E) and nine local densities (qA/A, qB/A, 
+…., qE/E) but not all of them are independent of each other. We have the following 
+seven constraints: 
+A + B + E =1, (A.1a) 
+and 
+ 
+Hence there are only five independent variables. We can choose A, B, A/A, B/A, 
+B/B, as independent variables and express all the others in terms of these five. 
+Let the density of AA-sites be AA, i.e., a randomly chosen pair of nearest 
+neighbours are both A. This is called “doublet density” (22). From its definition as 
+a conditional probability, we can express local density as qA/A = AA/ A, the ratio 
+of doublet density to (singlet) global density. In general, we denote the density of 
+“ij”- pairs as ij (i or j =A, B or E). Using this notation, we can express the local 
+density as simply the ratio of doublet density to singlet density: qi/j = ij /j.To 
+calculate the dynamics of local density, for example qA/A, we first calculate the 
+dynamics of doublet density AA. They are: 
+ 
+Where the first term of the right-hand side indicates the rate at which an AA-pair is 
+lost by the death of either one of the two A’s, each occurring at rate dA. The second 
+term is the formation of new AA bonds from AE, which is possible by two ways: 
+)
+1
+.
+(
+).
+,
+,
+(
+/
+/
+c
+A
+E
+or
+B
+A
+j
+i
+q
+q
+i
+i
+j
+j
+j
+i
+
+
+
+
+)
+1
+.
+(
+),
+,
+(
+1
+/
+/
+/
+b
+A
+E
+or
+B
+A
+i
+q
+q
+q
+i
+E
+i
+B
+i
+A
+
+
+
+
+)
+2
+.
+(
+,
+1
+1
+2
+2
+/
+A
+q
+z
+z
+z
+b
+d
+dt
+d
+EA
+A
+A
+AE
+AA
+A
+AA
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        
+ 
+1120 
+first by the reproduction of the A-site of the pair to the E-site, or second by the 
+reproduction of an A existing in one of the other Z-1 neighbours of the E other than 
+the A-site of the pair. The rate of reproduction is defined as bA/Z per AE bond. As 
+shown by Eq (A.2), calculating the dynamics of the number of AA-pairs requires a 
+higher order local conditional probability qA/EA, which is the probability for a 
+randomly chosen nearest neighbour of an E-site to be A, given one of the other 
+neighbours of the E-site is an A, 
+We can choose A, B, qA/A, qB/A, and qB/B as independent variables and express all 
+the others in terms of these five: 
+ 
+E = 1 - A - B, (A.3a) 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+)
+3
+.
+(
+,
+1
+/
+/
+/
+b
+A
+q
+q
+q
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+A
+B
+E
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+,
+/
+/
+c
+A
+q
+q
+A
+B
+B
+A
+B
+A
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+,
+1
+/
+/
+/
+d
+A
+q
+q
+q
+A
+B
+A
+A
+A
+E
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+,
+1
+1
+/
+/
+/
+e
+A
+q
+q
+q
+A
+B
+A
+A
+B
+A
+A
+E
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 
+ 
+1121 
+ 
+ 
+and 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+(a) Interspecific interaction: 
+The rate of change of doublet densities and local densities are calculated as 
+follows by using pair approximation. 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+)
+3
+.
+(
+,
+1
+1
+/
+/
+/
+f
+A
+q
+q
+q
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+A
+B
+A
+B
+E
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+,
+1
+2
+2
+2
+1
+/
+/
+/
+/
+g
+A
+q
+q
+q
+q
+B
+A
+A
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+A
+A
+A
+B
+A
+E
+E
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+AB
+BA
+B
+EB
+A
+A
+BE
+EA
+B
+B
+AE
+AB
+B
+A
+AB
+cq
+q
+z
+z
+b
+q
+z
+z
+b
+d
+d
+dt
+d
+
+
+
+
+
+/
+/
+/
+1
+1
+)
+(
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+4
+.
+(
+1
+)
+(
+/
+/
+/
+A
+cq
+q
+q
+z
+z
+b
+b
+d
+d
+AB
+B
+B
+E
+B
+E
+A
+E
+B
+A
+AB
+B
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+BB
+BB
+B
+EB
+B
+B
+BE
+BB
+B
+BB
+cq
+q
+z
+z
+z
+b
+d
+dt
+d
+
+
+
+
+/
+/
+2
+1
+1
+2
+2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        
+ 
+1122 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+)
+5
+.
+(
+.
+2
+1
+1
+2
+2
+/
+/
+A
+cq
+q
+z
+z
+z
+b
+d
+BB
+B
+B
+E
+B
+B
+BE
+BB
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+dt
+d
+dt
+d
+dt
+dq
+A
+AA
+A
+AA
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+2
+/
+1
+1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A
+B
+A
+A
+B
+A
+A
+A
+B
+A
+A
+A
+A
+A
+A
+q
+q
+z
+z
+z
+q
+q
+b
+q
+d
+/
+/
+/
+/
+/
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+2
+2
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+6
+.
+(
+.
+)
+1
+(
+/
+/
+/
+A
+q
+q
+b
+d
+q
+A
+B
+A
+A
+A
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+dt
+d
+dt
+d
+dt
+dq
+B
+BB
+B
+BB
+B
+B
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+2
+/
+1
+1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+B
+q
+q
+z
+z
+z
+q
+q
+b
+q
+d
+/
+/
+/
+/
+/
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+2
+2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+7
+.
+(
+.
+1
+/
+/
+/
+/
+/
+A
+q
+q
+b
+d
+q
+q
+cq
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+1
+)(
+(
+1
+1
+)
+(
+/
+/
+/
+A
+B
+A
+A
+B
+A
+B
+A
+B
+A
+B
+B
+A
+q
+q
+b
+b
+z
+z
+q
+d
+d
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 
+ 
+1123 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+(b) Commensalism: 
+The rate of change of doublet densities and local densities can be calculated in a equivalent manner 
+when there is one way helping interaction (see Eq. 10) 
+ 
+Appendix B: 
+The condition for species A to invade species B in lattice model can be calculated 
+as follows. 
+(1) Global and local densities of the resident species: 
+We put A=0 in dpB/ dt = 0 in Eq.(6b) and get 
+ 
+After putting A=0 in dqB/B / dt= 0, 
+dt
+d
+dt
+d
+dt
+dq
+B
+AB
+B
+AB
+B
+B
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+2
+/
+1
+1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+B
+A
+A
+B
+A
+A
+B
+A
+A
+B
+A
+B
+A
+A
+q
+q
+b
+b
+z
+z
+q
+d
+/
+/
+/
+1
+1
+)
+(
+1
+
+
+
+
+
+dt
+d
+dt
+d
+dt
+dq
+A
+AB
+A
+AB
+A
+A
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+2
+/
+1
+1
+
+
+
+
+)
+8
+.
+(
+1
+(
+)
+1
+(
+/
+/
+/
+/
+/
+/
+/
+A
+q
+q
+b
+d
+q
+q
+cq
+q
+q
+A
+B
+A
+A
+A
+A
+A
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+9
+.
+(
+)
+1
+(
+)
+1
+(
+/
+/
+/
+/
+/
+A
+q
+q
+q
+b
+q
+q
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+B
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+1
+.
+(
+.
+/
+B
+c
+b
+d
+b
+q
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+
+
+
+        
+ 
+1124 
+it is found that 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+(2) Local densities for the rare invades: 
+ 
+With A= 0, Eq. (B.1) and Eq. (B.2) the dynamics of local densities qA/A and qB/A 
+become as follows: (if we abbreviate x = qA/A and y = qB/A): 
+ 
+ 
+and 
+ 
+ 
+where 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+)
+2
+.
+(
+.
+)
+(
+)
+)(
+1
+(
+)
+(
+)
+(
+B
+c
+d
+c
+b
+z
+c
+b
+d
+b
+z
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+,
+)
+1
+(
+)
+1
+(
+/
+b
+B
+y
+cq
+y
+x
+yb
+y
+x
+k
+y
+d
+dt
+dy
+B
+B
+A
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+,
+)
+1
+(
+a
+B
+x
+z
+z
+y
+x
+b
+x
+d
+dt
+dx
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+)
+(
+)
+(
+)
+(
+)
+(
+1
+c
+B
+c
+b
+d
+b
+z
+c
+b
+b
+b
+z
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+1
+)(
+(
+1
+1
+/ B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+q
+b
+b
+z
+z
+k
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 
+ 
+1125 
+is a constant. An autonomous dynamical system given by Eq. (B.3a and B.3b) has 
+single positive equilibrium (0<x<1, 0<y<1) that is stable and obtained as follows. 
+Using w = 1-x-y, we can express the equilibrium values of x and y as: 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Then 1= w + x + y becomes 
+ 
+ 
+The equilibrium of Eqs. (B.3a) is calculated from Eqs. (B.4) with w obtained from 
+Eq. (B.5) and 0<w<1. 
+(3) Examine the sign of the Malthusian parameter for rare invaders: 
+The solution w of Eq. (B.5) corresponds to the fraction of vacant sites among the 
+neighbours of the random rare invader, w = qE/A. If we regard the right-hand side of 
+Eq. (B.5) as a function of w, denoted by f(w), it satisfiesf (0) = 0 and f (1) > 1 
+and   df(w)/dw > 0 under certain conditions. 
+Hence there is the unique solution of Eq. (B.5) satisfying 0<w<1. The 
+inequality 
+qE/A> dA/ bA implies that the invasion is possible if and only if w is larger than dA/ 
+bA, which is equivalent to f (dA/ bA) < 1. This can be rewritten by using Eq. (B.5) as 
+)
+4
+.
+(
+.
+)
+(
+2
+B
+w
+b
+c
+b
+c
+d
+b
+kw
+y
+and
+w
+b
+d
+w
+Z
+b
+x
+A
+B
+B
+B
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+5
+.
+(
+.
+)
+(
+2
+1
+B
+w
+b
+c
+b
+c
+d
+b
+kw
+w
+b
+d
+w
+z
+b
+w
+A
+B
+B
+B
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        
+ 
+1126 
+ 
+ 
+Appendix C: 
+The condition for species B to invade species A in the lattice model can be found 
+by following the procedure of the previous section. 
+After putting B = 0 in dA/dt of Eq.(6a), it is found that 
+ 
+Then we put  B = 0 in dqA/A/dt = 0 to find 
+ 
+With B = 0 in dqB/B / dt and dqA/B /dt (after abbreviating qB/B = x1 and qA/B = 
+y1), 
+ 
+and 
+ 
+where 
+is a constant. 
+
+
+)
+6
+.
+(
+.
+1
+)
+(
+)
+(
+)
+(
+1
+B
+c
+b
+d
+c
+d
+b
+b
+c
+b
+kd
+z
+b
+d
+B
+A
+B
+B
+A
+B
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+).
+1
+.
+(
+.
+1
+/
+C
+b
+d
+q
+A
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+).
+2
+.
+(
+.
+)
+1
+(
+)
+1
+(
+C
+d
+b
+z
+zd
+b
+z
+A
+A
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+,
+)
+1
+(
+)
+1
+(
+2
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+a
+C
+cx
+y
+x
+x
+b
+y
+x
+b
+z
+x
+d
+dt
+dx
+B
+B
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+),
+1
+(
+)
+1
+(
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+b
+C
+y
+x
+y
+b
+y
+x
+k
+y
+d
+dt
+dy
+B
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+1
+)
+(
+1
+c
+C
+b
+d
+z
+z
+b
+b
+k
+A
+A
+B
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 
+ 
+1127 
+Using w = 1- x1 –y1, the equilibrium values of x1 and y1 can be expressed as: 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+and 
+ 
+ 
+Using f(w) = w + x + y and following the same procedure as in previous section the 
+invasion condition becomes 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Appendix D: 
+We shall consider a situation where there is commensalism (A helps B). By following the previous 
+procedure, the following condition can be found for species B to invade species A in the lattice 
+model, 
+B can invade A if 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+where 
+)
+1
+.
+(
+0
+1
+)
+(
+)
+(
+/
+1
+/
+1
+2
+D
+q
+c
+d
+d
+q
+c
+d
+b
+k
+B
+A
+B
+A
+B
+A
+B
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+2
+.
+(
+)
+(
+1
+1
+2
+a
+D
+b
+d
+b
+b
+z
+z
+k
+A
+A
+B
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+        
+ 
+1128 
+and 
+ 
+qA/Bshould be determined from the two coupled equations at equilibrium given 
+below. 
+ 
+and 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+)
+2
+.
+(
+.
+)
+1
+(
+)
+1
+(
+b
+D
+d
+z
+b
+zd
+z
+b
+A
+A
+A
+A
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+),
+1
+)(
+(
+/
+/
+/
+1
+/
+/
+a
+D
+q
+q
+q
+b
+k
+q
+d
+dt
+dq
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+A
+B
+B
+A
+A
+B
+A
+
+
+
+
+
+
+)
+3
+.
+(
+.
+2
+)
+1
+(
+/
+/
+1
+/
+/
+/
+/
+/
+b
+D
+q
+q
+c
+q
+z
+b
+q
+q
+q
+d
+dt
+dq
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+A
+B
+B
+B
+B
+B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

subfolder_0/Comparative study of influence of yajna and yogasanas on stress level as measured by electron photonic imaging (EPI) technique.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,645 @@
+International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 
+ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 
+Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 
+Volume 3 Issue 8, August 2014 
+www.ijsr.net 
+Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 
+Comparative study of Influence of Yajña and 
+Yogāsana on stress level as Measured by Electron 
+Photonic Imaging (EPI) Technique 
+ 
+Sushrutha S1, Madhukeshwara Hegde2, Hongasandra Ramachandra Nagendra3, Thaiyar M Srinivasan4 
+ 
+1Asst. Professor, Div. Yoga-Spirituality, SVYASA Yoga University, Bangalore, India 
+ 
+2Research Scholar, Div. Yoga-Spirituality, SVYASA Yoga University, Bangalore, India 
+ 
+3Chancellor, SVYASA Yoga University, Bangalore, India 
+ 
+4Dean, Div. Yoga and Physical Sciences, SVYASA Yoga University, Bangalore, India 
+ 
+ 
+Abstract: Background: Vedic literature makes injunction of Yajña extensively as one of the Karmas to achieve the intended goal by 
+performing a set of activities, maintaining synchrony with creation. Various Yajñas have been explained for removal of diseases. Electro 
+Photonic Imaging (EPI) technique, a specially designed instrument is used to measure human stress level based on the autonomic 
+nervous system activity. The present study is designed to explore the influence of Yajña on normal healthy individuals’ stress level. Aim: 
+To compare the influence of Yajña and Yogāsana sessions on stress level using Activation coefficient as measured by EPI. Settings and 
+Design: In a self as active control study, 18 participants underwent one hour yoga session on the first day and Yajña session on the next 
+day. Data were taken before and after the session of the respective event. The subjects of study were participants of YIC (Yoga Instructor 
+Course) from different places in India who have recently gone through one month of Yoga Instructor Course at Praśānti Kuṭīram. 
+Methods and Material: In the study participants had one hour Yoga session and on the next day, they took part in Saraswati Yajña for 
+one hour and ten minutes. On each day, EPI data were taken before and after the session of each event. These are the two interventions 
+in the study. Statistical analysis used: SPSS-12.00 software was used for data analysis. Paired sample t-test was used for analysis. 
+Results: Within group differences showed significant change observed in Activation coefficient (p<.021) of EPI parameter in Yajña 
+session indicating decreased stress level after Yajña session.Conclusions: Yajña brings about a larger decrease in stress level compared 
+to Yogāsana session. The effects of Yajña which were observed could be because of the use of medicinal plants and procedure involved 
+in Yajña. So Yajña can be performed not only as a traditional practice but also as therapy for effective stress management. 
+ 
+Keywords: Yajña, Yogāsana, Mantra, stress and EPI 
+ 
+1. Introduction 
+ 
+Each philosophy has certain practices that form the essence 
+of that philosophy. Yajña (fire ceremony involving offerings 
+selected substances) holds a supreme position in Indian 
+culture. All the auspicious performances in Indian tradition 
+admit worship of Agni (the sacred fire) as an important 
+component. Selected and specified materials are offered to 
+Agni in multifold along with chanting of Veda Mantras as 
+appropriate to different Devatas (deities or cosmic centers in 
+creation). Throughout ages, fire has been venerated as a 
+symbol of Spirit. The first hymn in Rig Veda is related to 
+Agni: 
+ 
+"I invoke and worship Agni light of life, self-refulgent lord 
+of the universe, foremost leader and inspirer, blazing light of 
+Yajnic creation, high-priest of cosmic dynamics, controller 
+of natural evolution, and most generous giver of the treasure 
+of life" (1)  
+ 
+Ayurveda (Knowledge of Life and Science of Living) 
+postulates that manifestation of diseases is caused by the 
+impressions from the previous births, environment, our 
+relation to people and the world etc. There are multifarious 
+methods to identify and cure diseases in Ayurveda. Diseases 
+can be managed through Japa (repeating a sacred name of 
+particular God), Homa (fire offering) and Surarchana 
+(worship of God). A Mantra from Rig Veda comprehends 
+the result of performing Yajña with a specific note: 
+Yajāmahe saumanasāya devān|| (Ṛig Veda || 1-173-2) 
+meaning ‘We perform Yajña in favour of Devatas for 
+sanctification and bracing the Manas (an aspect of Mind)’ 
+along with other facets of inner tools (Antahkarana) in order 
+to reach intended goal.  
+ 
+2. Yajña and its basis 
+ 
+The Sanskrit word ‘Yajña’ etymologically means ‘to 
+worship’, 
+‘to 
+unite 
+or 
+connect’, 
+‘to 
+do 
+charity 
+unconditionally (Dāna) in right manner to the deserved (2). 
+ 
+Pūrva Mīmāmsa, one of the schools of Indian philosophy, 
+proclaims that - Devatoddeśena dravya tyāgaḥ) meaning for 
+the purpose of satisfying the deities, we give oblations to 
+them. Yajña is the procedure of offerings to deities. (3) 
+ 
+One of the texts explains Yajña as a combination of 
+offerings to Devatas, recitation of Mantras from three Vedas 
+with 
+Ṛtviks 
+(performers 
+of 
+Yajña), 
+and 
+Dāna 
+(acknowledgements or respecting noble people). (4)  
+ 
+Yajña is a systematic process in which herbs are offered 
+along with recitation of Mantras to accelerate the process of 
+harmonizing the creation and human life. Smoke generated 
+in a Yajña has medicinal value because of herbs offered into 
+Agni; hence inhalation of the smoke brings changes in 
+Paper ID: 02015740
+1402
+International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 
+ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 
+Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 
+Volume 3 Issue 8, August 2014 
+www.ijsr.net 
+Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 
+physical structure in human. This action purifies Mahāprāṇa 
+(5). In addition to it, Yajña influences spiritual values and 
+life style changes (6). Chanting of Mantras produces 
+vibrations which makes human body to resonate to Mantras’ 
+mystic powers and responds in greater manner (7). These 
+vibrations reverberate and spread specific energy waves in 
+the surrounding atmosphere while the oblations are offered 
+with specific chants (6) . So Yajña has physical, 
+psychological, spiritual and social value. 
+ 
+The entire process of a Yajña, consisting of mantra chanting, 
+lighting the sacrificial fire and offering Havis to the gods in 
+the  
+form of ghee, Vanaspati (materials from plants and trees) 
+and other objects, purifies the environment significantly. In 
+fact, Yajñas have been successfully performed even in 
+modern times to induce rainfall, to check spread of 
+epidemics, and for various mundane and spiritual purposes. 
+ 
+With reference to Yajña, Śrī Kṛṣṇa says in Bhagavad-Gita, 
+"The devotees of the Lord are released from all kinds of sins 
+because they eat food which is offered first in sacrifice. 
+Others, who prepare food for personal sense enjoyment, 
+verily eat only sin." [Bhagavad Gita 4.31] “Serve the gods 
+through Yajña and let the gods be gracious to us. Thus, each 
+serving the other selflessly will attain the highest good.” 
+[Bhagavad Gita 3.11] (8) “Through Yajña, deities went to 
+heaven, enmity transforms to friendship, so Yajna is 
+considered to be the greatest performance one can deliver as 
+an action. Oblations given to Agni reach the Sun, which in 
+turn transforms that into clouds through vaporization 
+resulting in rainfall and gives back in the form of food grains 
+which is the base for human progeny.” [Manu Smriti 3.76] 
+(9) 
+ 
+3. EPI Electron Photonic Imaging, also known 
+as GDV (Gas Discharge Visualization) 
+ 
+EPI was developed by Professor K. G. Korotkov on the basis 
+of Kirlian effect. EPI is an instrument, which measures 
+human energy field. It is computer registration and analysis 
+of ‘Gas Discharge Glow’ (GDV-images) of any biological 
+object placed in a high intensity electric field. EPI studies 
+involve placing the object on a glass electrode and an 
+electronic circuit provides a high-intensity electric field 
+(with duration 10 microseconds applied with frequency 1024 
+Hz). As a result of impulse effect a sequence of gas 
+discharge is formed during the specified exposure time. 
+Spatial distribution of the glow emitted by the discharge is 
+registered with a light-sensitive CCD matrix (a charge-
+coupled device) situated directly under the glass electrode. 
+ 
+3.1 EPI Parameter 
+ 
+Several parameters are derived from the image obtained in 
+the EPI instrument. These parameters are related to 
+functioning of physiological systems of the body. Overall 
+activity of the body mind complex to stress inputs and 
+balances in energy could also be calculated. We present here 
+one parameter of importance, known as Activation 
+Coefficient the details of which are presented below. 
+ 
+ 
+3.2 Activation Coefficient 
+ 
+It is one of the EPI parameters to analyze the level of a 
+person’s involvement to stress-adaptation. This also 
+provides the level of stress and balance of activity of 
+sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work. 
+Table 1 gives the values of Activation Coefficient and the 
+observed psycho-emotional states (10). 
+ 
+Table 1: Activation Coefficient Level and its interpretation  
+S. 
+No
+Activation 
+Coefficient
+Condition 
+1 
+0 to 2 
+Calm balanced condition meditator, slow / 
+deferred response, sluggishness 
+2 
+2 to 4 
+Normal level of stress reaction, compensated, 
+active emotional 
+3 
+4 to 6 
+Emotional excitement (driving, surgeons) 
+4 
+6 to 8 
+High emotional excitement, emotional overload
+5 
+8 to 10 
+Psychological problems; inadequate state 
+ 
+4. Methodology 
+ 
+4.1 Aim 
+ 
+To compare the influence of Yajña and Yogāsana practice 
+on the Activation Coefficient of GDV diagram in normal 
+healthy individuals. 
+ 
+4.2 Objectives 
+ 
+1. To study the impact of Saraswati Yajña at psycho-
+emotional level of Yajña participants, 
+2. To study the psycho-emotional level in Yogāsana group, 
+and 
+3. To compare the psycho-emotional level of Yajña group 
+and Yogāsana group. 
+ 
+4.3 Hypothesis 
+ 
+ Null Hypothesis:  
+Ho=There is no difference of impact of Yajña and 
+Yogāsana on 
+psycho-emotional 
+level 
+of healthy 
+volunteers. 
+ Alternative Hypothesis: 
+Ha=There may be some impact of Yajña and Yogāsana 
+on psycho-emotional level of healthy volunteers. 
+ 
+4.4 Research Design 
+ 
+Day 1  
+Pre EPI test ---------Yogāsana -------- Post EPI test 
+Day 2  
+Pre EPI test ------Saraswati Yajña---- Post EPI test 
+Design of the study was one group comparative study, 
+between Yoga session and Yajña session; the two 
+interventions were provided on two consecutive days. 
+ 
+EPI – grams were captured for all ten fingers of the subjects 
+without filter and with filter in succession using EPI 
+equipment. Then subjects practiced one hour of yoga taught 
+by 
+experienced 
+instructors. 
+Yoga 
+session 
+includes 
+Sūryanamaskāra, 
+Pranayama 
+and 
+Deep 
+Relaxation 
+Technique (DRT 5 minutes). After the practice, once again 
+Paper ID: 02015740
+1403
+International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 
+ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 
+Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 
+Volume 3 Issue 8, August 2014 
+www.ijsr.net 
+Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 
+EPI parameters were recorded. Next day morning subjects 
+were made to attend Yajña session. Yajña procedure 
+includes Gaṇapati Pūja, Puṇyāha Vācana, Kalaśa Pujā and 
+Varuṇa Pūja, invoking and worshipping Saraswati in 
+Kalasha, chanting of particular Mantras, offering oblations 
+with Mantra chanting and Prārthana or prayer. EPI 
+parameters were recorded before and after the Yajña session 
+recorded. 
+ 
+4.5 Sources of Subject  
+ 
+Participants were from various countries who recently went 
+through one month of YIC (Yoga Instructor Course) at 
+Praśānti Kuṭīram, SVYASA Yoga University, Bangalore. 
+Sample size (n) is 18 (6 females, 12 males). 
+ 
+4.6 Inclusion Criteria 
+ 
+Willing to participate in the study 
+ 
+Both male and female subjects were selected for the 
+study. 
+ 
+4.7 Exclusion Criteria 
+ 
+Participants with missing fingers 
+ 
+Females during their menstrual cycle and pregnancy,  
+ 
+Those 
+who 
+have 
+cardiac, 
+neurological 
+and 
+psychological problems. 
+ 
+4.8 Ethical considerations 
+ 
+Signed Informed consent of the respondents were 
+obtained before the start of the intervention, 
+ 
+The participants in the study were explained about 
+the nature of the study in detail 
+ 
+4.9 Interposition / Intervention  
+ 
+For Experimental session: 
+Saraswati Yajña was designed referring to the classical texts. 
+The Yajña program (70 minutes) was as follows:  
+1. Prātasmaraṇa stotra (morning prayer) (3 minutes) 
+2. Gaṇapati puja (worship of Ganapati to remove obstacles) 
+(4 minutes) 
+3. Puṇyāha vācana (selected Mantras for auspiciousness) (10 
+minutes) 
+4. Kalaśa pujā and Varuṇa puja (installation of deities in 
+copper pot and worship) (10 minutes) 
+5. Sthalaśuddhi and Agnisthapāna (cleansing the place and 
+installation of Fire ) (10 minutes) 
+6. Chanting of Saraswati Mantra 108 times (20 minutes) 
+7. Offering holy sticks along with Saraswati mantra (10 
+minutes) 
+8. Prārthana or prayer (concluding prayer) (3 minutes) 
+ 
+The Yoga session (60 minutes) is as follows:  
+1. 10 minutes loosening practice 
+2. 10 minutes breathing practice 
+3. 10 minutes Sūryanamaskāra 
+4. 10 minutes Pranayama, and 
+5. 20 minutes deep relaxation technique (DRT) 
+ 
+4.10 Data Collection 
+ 
+On the first day subjects were asked to come at 05.00 A.M. 
+in the morning on empty stomach. GDV-grams were 
+captured for all ten fingers of the subjects first without filter 
+and then with filter using GDV-camera. After the practice, 
+once again GDV parameters were recorded. Next day 
+morning subjects were asked to come at 05.00 A.M. on 
+empty stomach and participated in a Yajña session. GDV 
+parameters were recorded before and after the Yajña session.  
+ 
+4.11 Data Analysis 
+ 
+All variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. 
+A paired sample t-test was used for analysis of pre-post 
+changes in the two groups. Statistical significance was set at 
+p < 0.05, and all the analyses were performed using SPSS 
+12.00 software. 
+ 
+5. Results 
+ 
+Shapiro-Wilks test was used for normality test. The data 
+were normally distributed with p>0.05. To assess the impact 
+of session (pre-post assessments) paired sample t-test was 
+used within the group. The results are tabulated in the tables 
+below. 
+ 
+Table 3: Yajna and Yoga Session pre-post recordings 
+ 
+Pre 
+Post 
+p 
+value
+MeanSD 
+MeanSD 
+Yoga 
+Session2.82 .97 3.65 
+1.98.105 
+Yajña
+Session4.09 
+1.883.19 
+1.47
+.021*
+ 
+* p<0.05 comparing the pre and post scores using the Paired 
+sample t-test 
+ 
+Changes are observed in both groups but Yajña showed 
+statistically significant result compared to Yoga session. 
+Significant reduction in Activation Coefficient, [p = 0.021] 
+was seen in Yajña session but not in Yogāsana session. 
+ 
+ 
+Figure 1: Comparison of Activation Coefficient of Yoga 
+and Yajna sessions, pre and post 
+ 
+6. Discussion 
+ 
+The result shows that P-value is statistically different when 
+two groups are compared to each other. Mean and standard 
+deviation of Activation Coefficient changed more in Yajña 
+session indicating the influence of reduction in stress level 
+during Yajña.  
+Paper ID: 02015740
+1404
+International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 
+ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 
+Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 
+Volume 3 Issue 8, August 2014 
+www.ijsr.net 
+Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 
+1) Yajña involves a set of performances. The deity on which 
+Yajña is being performed is meditated on deeply by all 
+who are gathered there. The process of pondering upon 
+one subject (deity or ritual in the context of Yajña) makes 
+mind to concentrate and slow down breathing, 
+subsequently influencing the state of the mind. Hatha 
+Yoga Pradīpika provides strong relation between breath 
+and mind; if mind is roving the breath is unsteady, 
+meaning breathing pattern is highly disturbed and if the 
+breathing is disturbed so is the mind. 
+2) Ayurveda 
+incorporates Dhūmapāna (inhalation of 
+prescribed smoke) in dinacarya (daily routine) for many 
+diseases as a therapeutic practice. Smoke emanating 
+during Yajña facilitates body to be energized through 
+inhalation of the specific ingredients that are offered to 
+fire. . Thus it is hypothesised that stress level could come 
+down. (11).  
+3) A recent paper has shown unequivocal increase in brain 
+blood flow when there is oxygen deficit in the brain. The 
+deficit comes about when a person suspends breathing 
+for as short a time as 15 seconds. MRI shows increase in 
+brain blood flow in wide areas of the brain due to 
+increased CO2. In case of reduced intake of oxygen, a 
+similar response could be visualized whereby there is a 
+gradual increase in arterial PCO2. “Carbon dioxide is a 
+cerebral vasodilator; therefore, an elevation in PCO2 will 
+subsequently increase whole-brain cerebral perfusion, 
+resulting in a decrease in the deoxyhaemoglobin 
+concentration of the cerebral blood and ultimately a 
+whole-brain increase in the …. fMRI signal”. Thus, 
+Saraswati Homa smoke from fire wood could cause 
+better brain blood flow through internal feedback 
+mechanism leading to reduced stress level indicated by 
+Active Coefficient. 
+4) Participants were asked to chant Mantras related to one 
+of the deities, Saraswati. Recitation of Mantra in 
+particular – which has an emotional component – could 
+influence the person to calm down and hence bring down 
+stress level. Subjects were educated about Mantras and 
+the connected Devata of Mantra which made them focus 
+towards recitation. This focus could also have caused 
+reduction in stress level. 
+5) Though there is an increase in Activation Coefficient in 
+Yogāsana session, these tend to bring balance in 
+autonomic 
+functions, 
+including 
+sympathetic 
+and 
+parasympathetic nerves in the optimal range indicating 
+normal stress level, at eustress level. Hence it is inferred 
+that stress level increase from Yogāsanās are balancing 
+than aggravating.  
+6) It has been shown that the physiological benefits of Yoga 
+could have a dose-response behaviour. In other words, 
+the more one practices Yoga, the more are the benefits 
+seen [13]. Thus, a short session of Yoga could be only a 
+start of a long process and may not indicate beneficial 
+effects as seen in this study. To have a good comparison, 
+at least three months of yoga practice is required before 
+we could say with any certainty if one procedure is better 
+than another.  
+7) Yagna, if performed properly needs special persons who 
+could chant the Sanskrit verses with correct intonation 
+and style. It is also expensive to perform a yogna. Thus, 
+performing yogna at home or in a temple is a consorted 
+effort, needing resources that are usually kept for special 
+occasions only. Yoga on the other hand is a self-help 
+procedure and could be easily learned and performed 
+anywhere in the world. Regular practice of Yoga could 
+help in many areas, including in the management of 
+stress.  
+8) It is possible that ‘meditative component’ is strong in 
+Yagna and not as much in this particular practice of 
+yoga. Effectiveness of meditative components in 
+reducing stress through central processing of information 
+has been demonstrated in studies [14]. Yoga, as practiced 
+here, has no specific meditative component whereas 
+Yagna is based on dharana or withdrawal of the senses 
+and concentration on mantra and the devata. Thus, it is 
+not surprising that Yagna is more effective in reducing 
+stress-related components in EPI.  
+9) Thus, while short term benefits are seen in Yagna 
+performance, practicality of learning and practicing Yoga 
+along with meditation is an important adjunct in the 
+management of stress in individuals.  
+ 
+7. Conclusion 
+ 
+Yajña, a spiritual practice mentioned in various ancient texts 
+of Indian philosophy, showed therapeutic effects which are 
+also mentioned in texts. Medicinal plants and ghee are the 
+main materials for Yajña. This study has shown that one 
+hour of Yajña can reduce stress level more efficiently than 
+one hour yoga session as measured by Activation 
+Coefficient of EPI- gram. Thus, Yajña can also be practiced 
+for more effective results for stress management programs. 
+However, it is also be noted that Yoga practice can be useful 
+in balancing the energy system in a person. 
+ 
+8. Acknowledgements 
+ 
+We thank the participants of YIC-143 who agreed to become 
+subjects for the research. We thank Kuldeep, Dr. Vijay 
+Kumar, Dr Ramachandra Hegde, Bhagat, Sanjay, Viswajit, 
+Anusha and Shailesh for giving the precious time to collect 
+data, without who it would have been impossible to 
+accomplish this study. We thank the coordinators of the YIC 
+and Yoga & Consciousness course who have given this 
+opportunity.  
+ 
+ References 
+ 
+[1] R. Tulsi, “Rigveda Vol. I,” 1st ed. Vijaykumar 
+Govindram Hasanand, Delhi; 2013. p. 1  
+[2] S. 
+Gyanashruti, 
+S. 
+Srividyanda. 
+“Yajna 
+A 
+Comprehensive Survey”. Yoga Publications Trust, 
+Ganga Darshan, Munger, Bihar, India.; 2006. p. xv + 
+370.  
+[3] Bheemacharya. “Nyaya Kosha.” 3rd ed. Chaukamba 
+Surabharati Prakashana; 2011. p. 665.  
+[4] S.R.S. Acharya. Yajna ka Jnana Vijnana. 2nd ed. 
+Brahmavarchas, editor. Akhanda Jyoti Samsthana, 
+Mathura, 1998.  
+[5] R. K. Murti, “Veda and Yajña in Indian tradition,” 
+Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 6(4), pp. 687–
+91, 2007.  
+Paper ID: 02015740
+1405
+International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 
+ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 
+Impact Factor (2012): 3.358 
+Volume 3 Issue 8, August 2014 
+www.ijsr.net 
+Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 
+[6] R. Surendra, H. R. Nagendra. “Effect of Apthoryama 
+yajna on people and environment,”. Indian Journal of 
+Traditional Knowledge, 6(3): pp. 412–416, 2007. 
+[7] B. Yogitha, R. Nagarathna, E. John, H.R. Nagendra, 
+“Complimentary effect of yogic sound resonance 
+relaxation technique in patients with common neck 
+pain,” International Journal Of Yoga, 3(1), pp. 18-25, 
+2010. 
+[8] Shreeharikrishnadasa Goyandaka. “Shrimad Bhagavad-
+Gita, Shankara Bhashya”. 28th ed. Geeta press, 
+Gorakhapur, 1988.  
+[9] Sheshanavartna. 
+“Manusmruti”. 
+3rd 
+ed. 
+Samaja 
+Pustakalaya Shivaji Beedi, Dharavad; 2011.  
+[10] K. Korotkov. “Human Enargy Field,". Backbone 
+Publishing Co., Fair Lawn, NJ, USA, pp. 360, 2002.  
+[11] Ranade S, “Natural Healing in Ayurveda,” Motilal 
+Banarasidass Publication, Varanasi, pp.158, 2001.  
+[12] L.C. McKay, L. Adams, R. Frackowiak, D. Corfield, 
+“Bilateral cortico-bulbar network associated with breath 
+holding in humans, determined by functional magnetic 
+resonance imaging,” Neuroimage, 40 (4). pp. 1824-
+1832, 2008. 
+[13] N. Moliver, E.M. Mika, M.S. Chartrand, S.W.M. 
+Burrus, R.E. Haussmann, S.B.S. Khalsa, “Increased 
+Hatha yoga experience predicts lower body mass index 
+and reduced medication use in women over 45 years,” 
+International Journal of Yoga, 4(2), pp. 77-86, 2011.  
+[14] Debbie L. Cohen et. al, “Cerebral Blood Flow Effects of 
+Yoga Training: Preliminary Evaluation of 4 Cases,” The 
+Journal Of Alternative And Complementary Medicine, 
+15(1), pp. 9–14, 2009.  
+ 
+Author Profile 
+ 
+Sushrutha S is Asst. Professor, Div. Yoga-
+Spirituality, SVYASA Yoga Unvesrity, Bengaluru, 
+His area of interest is ancient sciences to make them 
+socially relevant and applicable for universal harmony. 
+He is working on Yajna and rituals to find out the 
+scientific basis.  
+ 
+Madhukeshwara Hegde is a research scholar in the 
+division of Yoga-Spirituality, SVYASA Bengaluru, 
+India. His area of interest is performing Yajna and 
+finding out the science of them. 
+ 
+ 
+Prof. T. M. Srinivasan is Dean, Division of Yoga and 
+Physical 
+Sciences 
+S-VYASA, 
+Yoga 
+University, 
+Bengaluru, India. He is the founder member and past 
+president and editor of the International Society for the 
+Study of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine. He has edited two 
+books: Sense Perception in Sciences and Sastras and Energy 
+Medicine around the World. His area of expertise is Biomedical 
+Engineering, yoga, acupuncture, Tai Chi, Energy Medicine, 
+developing 
+medical 
+devices 
+for 
+holistic 
+health.  
+ 
+Prof H. R. Nagendra is Chancellor of S-VYASA, Yoga 
+University, 
+Bengaluru. 
+He 
+has 
+developed 
+many 
+scientifically proven special techniques to manage 
+modern day lifestyle ailments. He is a former Scientist of 
+NASA, and Harvard University Consultant. Presently, he is a 
+Member of the Planning Commission on Health, Govt. of India and 
+Member of NIMHANS Society. He is the present President of 
+VYASA and Chairman of VYASA International. He has published 
+more than 90 research papers on Yoga and its applications and is 
+author of over 30 books in the field of yoga.  
+Paper ID: 02015740
+1406

subfolder_0/Concept of contentment in various literatures_unlocked.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+तोष (toṣa) (derived from root तुष् tuṣ), परितोष (paritoṣa), 
+संतोष (saṁtoṣa), प्रीति (prīti), नन्द (nanda), राधन (rādhana), 
+समहित प्रसन्न  ( s a m h i t a  p r a s a n n a ,  a d j e c t i v e ) , 
+प्रसन्न (prasanna). In Pali language contentment is 
+सन्तुत्थि (santuṭṭhi).
+DHAMMAPADA
+DhammaPada is a collection of Buddha’s sayings. 
+DhammaPada defines contentment and explains benefits 
+of being satisfied.[1,2] Contentment is the ability to be happy 
+and fulfilled in one’s present state. That means content 
+with anything that is available.
+अत्थम्हि जातम्हि सुख सहाया तुत्थि सुखा य इतरितरेन
+पुण्णम् सुखम् जिवितसन्खयम्हि सब्बस्स दुक्खस्स सुखम् पहानम्| 
+Dhammapada Verse ३३१|
+atthamhi jātamhi sukha sahāyā tutthi sukhā ya itaritarena
+puṇṇam sukham jivitasankhayamhi sabbassa dukkhassa 
+sukham pahānam | Dhammapada Verse 331|
+INTRODUCTION
+Who does not want happiness? In the modern world 
+in spite of all commodities and luxuries, people are 
+unhappy. Though satisfaction bringing happiness, people 
+are in a dilemma whether to settle for the less than they 
+deserve or settle for the second best when they deserve 
+the first best. Such confusions lead to dissatisfaction and 
+unhappiness. This study explored various literatures to 
+answer “what is satisfaction? How one can be satisfied? 
+With what one should be satisfied? And why one should 
+be satisfied?”
+Sanskrit equivalent words for contentment are तृप्ति (tṛpti), 
+तुष्ट (tuṣṭa)(being satisfied), संतुष्ट (saṁtuṣṭa), तुश्टि (tuśṭi), 
+Access this article online
+Website: 
+www.ijoyppp.org
+Quick Response Code
+DOI: 
+10.4103/2347-5633.161030
+Original Article
+The modern society has given us options and choices. More we have, more dissatisfied we are! 
+Dissatisfaction brings nothing but unhappiness. The contented man is pleased with what he has. Such 
+contentment breeds happiness and is worth cultivating. Various spiritual and yogic literatures explain 
+the importance of being satisfied, with what to be satisfied and how to achieve satisfaction. This study 
+unveils how our ancient time people were contented despite of the distractions from external world. The 
+study explored Bhagavad Geeta, chanakya nīti, Samayocitapadyaratnamālikā (subhaṣita), śrī caitanya 
+caritāmṛta, dhammapāda, Dīgha Nikāya, Nārada bhakti sutra, Patanjali Yoga Sutra, Yoga Vasistha, and 
+Upanishads. This study answers what is satisfaction? How one can be satisfied? With what one should be 
+satisfied? And why one should be satisfied? Satisfaction is the greatest wealth and highest happiness. It 
+brings effortless concentration and removes obstacles in the path of Yoga. One who is satisfied is dear to 
+God. As long as one is not satisfied in the self, he will be subjected to sorrow. With the rise of contentment 
+the purity of one’s heart blooms. The contented man who possesses nothing owns the world. This study 
+is unveils how our ancient time people were contented despite of the distractions from external world. It 
+is worth to be discriminative of what we should be contented with and what not.
+Key words: Contentment, happiness, satisfaction, satisfaction ancient times
+Concept of contentment in various literatures
+Sahukar Madhura, Pailoor Subramanya
+Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+Address for Correspondence: Sahukar Madhura, 
+Anavatti - 577 413, Shimoga, Karnataka, India. 
+E‑mail: [email protected]
+ABSTRACT
+14
+International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 3  Jan-Jun-2015
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Madhura and Subramanya: Concept of contentment in various literatures
+15
+International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 3  Jan-Jun-2015
+Meaning: It is good to have friends when the need arises; 
+it is good to be content with anything that is available; it 
+is good to have merit when life is about to end; it is good 
+to be rid of all dukkha.
+Contentment is the greatest wealth and brings effortless 
+concentration. The Buddha describes the monk’s 
+contentment as “He is satisfied with a robe to cover his 
+body and alms food to satisfy his stomach and having 
+accepted no more than is sufficient he goes his way, 
+just as bird flies here and there taking with it no more 
+than its wings.” The Buddha also distinguished between 
+worldly happiness which is dependent on sensuality, 
+and spiritual happiness which is derived from being 
+virtuous and gradually freeing the mind (Dhammapada 
+290). Happiness has an important role in meditation in 
+that it assists in the development of a stable and effortless 
+concentration. The Buddha said: “The mind that is happy 
+becomes concentrated.” (sukhino cittaṃ samādhiyati, 
+Dīgha Nikāya 73).
+आरोग्यपरमा लाभा सन्तुत्थिपरमम् धनम्
+विस्सासपरमा नाति निब्बानम् परमम् सुखम् | Dhammapada Verse 
+204|
+ārogyaparamā lābhā santutthiparamam dhanam
+vissāsaparamā nāti nibbānam paramam sukham | 
+Dhammapada Verse 204|
+Meaning: Health is the greatest gift, contentment is the 
+greatest wealth, a trusted friend is the best relative, 
+Nibbana is the greatest bliss.
+Buddha explains how one should be satisfied with the 
+understanding of the nature of worldly pleasures. The lust can 
+never satisfy rather brings momentary pleasure which leads 
+to pain. The wise understands this temporary characteristic 
+and even in heavenly pleasures he finds no satisfaction. 
+The disciple who is fully awakened delights only in the 
+destruction of all desires. If giving up small worldly pleasures 
+results in great happiness to be found, the wise should give 
+up small pleasures seeing (the prospect of) great happiness.
+न कहापण वस्सेन तित्ति कामेसु विज्जति
+अप्पस्सादा दुखा कामा इति विन्नय पंडितो।DhammaPada 186|
+na kahāpaṇa vassena titti kāmesu vijjati
+appassādā dukhā kāmā iti vinnaya paṁḍito | DhammaPada 
+186|
+आपि दिब्बेसु कामेसु रतिम् सो नाधिगच्चति
+तन्हक्खयरतो होति सम्मासम्बुद्धसावको |DhammaPada 187|
+āpi dibbesu kāmesu ratim so nādhigaccati
+tanhakkhayarato hoti sammāsambuddhasāvako 
+| DhammaPada 187|
+Meaning: Not by a shower of coins can sensual desires 
+be satiated; sensual desires give little pleasure and are 
+fraught with evil consequences (dukkha). Knowing this, 
+the wise man, who is the disciple of the Buddha, does not 
+find delight even in the pleasures of the devas but rejoices 
+in the cessation of craving (i.e. Nibbana).
+मत्ता सुखपरिच्चागा पस्से चे विपुलम् सुखम्
+चजे मत्तासुखिर्ह् धीरो सम्पस्सम् विपुलम् सुखम् ।DhammaPada २९०|
+mattā sukhapariccāgā passe ce vipulam sukham
+caje mattāsukhirh dhīro sampassam vipulam 
+sukham | DhammaPada 290|
+If by giving up small pleasures great happiness is to be 
+found, the wise should give up small pleasures seeing (the 
+prospect of) great happiness.
+NARADA BHAKTHI SUTRA
+Those who get Bhakthi become perfect and become 
+completely satiated and no other sense object is in his 
+thoughts.[3] The satiation of a devotee and that of an ordinary 
+person have completely different meaning. An ordinary 
+person is satiated when his worldly desire is fulfilled. But 
+he does not feel complete. Now desires rise in their mind as 
+soon as the old ones are fulfilled. The desires are insatiable. 
+All the objects without are not of much use in satisfying one’s 
+desires. So long one does not realizes the ultimate satisfaction, 
+which can only come by being steady in one self that is no 
+external object remains necessary to satisfy ones desire.
+यल्लब्ध्वा पुमान् सिध्हो भवति, आमृतो भवति, तृप्तो भवति।NBS ४।
+yallabdhvā pumān sidhho bhavati āmṛto bhavati tṛipto 
+bhavati | Nārada bhakti sutra (NBS) 4|
+Meaning: Getting which man becomes perfect, immortal, 
+and satisfied forever.
+YOGA VASISTA
+Contentment is to renounce all craving for what is not 
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Madhura and Subramanya: Concept of contentment in various literatures
+16
+International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 3  Jan-Jun-2015
+obtained unsought and to be satisfied with what comes 
+unsought, without being elated or depressed even by them. 
+Vasista says contentment is the supreme gain and is one 
+of the gate keepers to liberation.[4]
+संतोषः परमो लाभः सत्संगः परमा गतिः
+विचारः परमम् ज्ञानम् शमो हि परमं सुखं। योग वसिष्ठ १६/१९।
+saṁtoṣaḥ paramo lābhaḥ satsaṁgaḥ paramā gatiḥ
+vicāraḥ paramam jñānam śamo hi paramaṁ sukhaṁ | yoga 
+vasiṣṭha 16/19|
+Meaning: Contentment is the supreme gain. Satsanga is the 
+best companion to the destination. The spirit of enquiry 
+itself is the greatest wisdom. And self‑control is supreme 
+happiness.
+मोक्षद्वारे द��वारपालाश् चत्वारः परिकीर्तिताः
+शमो विचरः सन्तोषश् चतुर्थः साधुसंगमः।योग वसिष्ठ ५९।
+mokṣadvāre dvārapālāś catvāraḥ parikīrtitāḥ
+śamo vicaraḥ santoṣaś caturthaḥ sādhusaṁgamaḥ |yoga 
+vasiṣṭha 59|
+Meaning: Vasiṣṭha says that the four sentinels 
+posted at the gate of Moksha are śama  (quiescence 
+of mind or sweet patience), Vichara  (the enquiry 
+after Atman), Santosha  (contentment of mind), and 
+Sadhu‑Sanga (association with the wise) and will have to 
+be befriended by one wishing to attain Moksha.
+Contentment is another gate‑keeper to liberation. He who 
+has quaffed the nectar of contentment does not relish 
+craving for sense‑pleasures; no delight in this world is as 
+sweet as contentment which destroys all sins.
+BHAGVAD GEETHA
+Bhagvad Geetha[5] highlights the importance of satisfaction 
+and ways of being satisfied. Lord Krishna says the state of 
+happiness (satisfaction) which is irrespective of material 
+existence leads to effortless concentration. One who is 
+always contented is his beloved.
+प्रसादे सर्वदुःखानाम् हानिरस्योपजायते
+प्रसन्नचेतसो ह्याशु बुद्धिः पर्यवतिष्ठते |BG 2.65|
+prasāde sarvaduḥkhānām hānirasyopajāyate
+prasanna cetaso hyāśu buddhiḥ paryavatiṣṭhate | BG 2.65|
+Meaning: One who is so situated in the Divine 
+consciousness, the threefold miseries of material existence 
+exist no longer; in such a happy state, one’s intelligence 
+soon becomes steady.
+सन्तुष्टः सततं योगि यतात्मा दृढनिस्चयः।
+मय्यर्पितमनोबुद्धिर्यो मद्भक्तः स मे प्रियः॥BG १२.१४॥
+santuṣṭaḥ satataṁ yogi yatātmā dṛḍhaniscayaḥ |
+mayyarpitamanobuddhiryo madbhaktaḥ sa me priyaḥ 
+||BG 12.14||
+Meaning: Always contented, self‑centered, self‑controlled, 
+resolute, with mind and reason dedicated to me, such a 
+devotee of mine is my beloved.
+According to Bhagvad Geetha, type of food has an 
+impact on satisfaction. Satvik food, which is juicy, ghee 
+mixed, wholesome, and pleasing to the heart, increases 
+satisfaction. Whereas, Rajasic foods, which are bitter, sour, 
+saline, excessively hot, dry, pungent and burning, increase 
+pain, grief and disease.
+आयुःसत्वबलारोग्यसुखप्रीतिविवर्धनः
+रस्याः स्निग्धाः स्थिरा ह्रुद्या आहाराः सात्विकप्रियाः |BG 17.8|
+āyuḥsatvabalārogyasukhaprītivivardhanaḥ
+rasyāḥ snigdhāḥ sthirā hrudyā āhārāḥ sātvikapriyāḥ |BG 
+17.8|
+Meaning: Foods dear to those in the mode of goodness (satvik) 
+increase the duration of life, purify one’s existence and give 
+strength, health, happiness and satisfaction. Such foods are 
+juicy, fatty, wholesome, and pleasing to the heart.
+कट्वाम्ललवणात्युष्णतीक्ष्णरूक्षविदाहिनः
+आहारा राजसस्येष्ता दुःखशोकामयप्रदाः |BG 17.9|
+kaṭvāmlalavaṇātyuṣṇatīkṣṇarūkṣavidāhinaḥ
+āahārā rājasasyeṣtā duḥkhaśokāmayapradāḥ |BG 17.9|
+Meaning: The foods that are bitter, sour, saline, excessively 
+hot, dry, pungent and burning, are liked by the Rajasic and 
+are productive of pain, grief and disease.
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Madhura and Subramanya: Concept of contentment in various literatures
+17
+International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 3  Jan-Jun-2015
+One can achieve satisfaction through Bhakthi (devotion), 
+Karma  (Action) or through Jnana  (wisdom). Through 
+Bhakthi Yoga ‑ pure devotees derive greater satisfaction by 
+dwelling their thoughts in Krishna (God) and surrendering 
+their life to God.
+मच्चित्ता मद्गतप्राणाः बोधयन्तः परस्परम्
+कथयन्तश्च मं नित्यं तुष्यन्ति च रमन्ति च|BG 10.9|
+maccittā madgataprāṇāḥ bodhayantaḥ parasparam
+kathayantaśca maṁ nityaṁ tuṣyanti ca ramanti ca | BG 
+10.9|
+Meaning: The thoughts of my pure devotees dwell in 
+me, their lives are surrendered to me, and they derive 
+great satisfaction and bliss enlightening one another and 
+conversing about me.
+Though Actions (Karma Yoga) – Lord Krishna says when 
+one performs an action and assigned duties unattached, 
+leaving results to God is always satisfied.
+त्यक्त्वा कर्मफलासन्गं नित्यतृप्तो निराश्रयः
+कर्मण्यभिप्रवृत्तो पि नैव किंचित्करोति सः |BG ४.२० |
+tyaktvā karmaphalāsangaṁ nityatṛpto nirāśrayaḥ
+karmaṇyabhipravṛtto pi naiva kiṁcitkaroti saḥ |BG 4.20|
+Meaning: Abandoning all attachment to the results of his 
+activities, ever satisfied and independent, he performs 
+no fruitive action, although engaged in all kinds of 
+undertakings.
+Through Wisdom (Jnana Yoga) – Wise man gives up sensual 
+desires which arise from the mind and focus on the pure 
+state of self. Lord Krishna says being a Wise Person one’s 
+mind finds satisfaction in self.
+श्रि‑भगवानुवाच
+प्रजहाति यदा कामन् सर्वान् पार्थ मनोगतान्
+अत्मन्येवात्मना तुष्टः स्थितप्रज्नस्तदोच्यते ।BG २.५५।
+śri‑bhagavānuvāca
+prajahāti yadā kāman sarvān pārtha manogatān
+atmanyevātmanā tuṣṭaḥ sthitaprajnastadocyate | BG 2.55|
+The Lord said: O Partha, when a man gives up all varieties 
+of sense desire which arise from mental concoction, and 
+when his mind finds satisfaction in the self alone, then he 
+is said to be in pure transcendental consciousness.
+PATANJALI YOGA SUTRA
+Patanjali Yoga Sutra (PYS)[6] claims contentment brings 
+unexcelled happiness and mental comfort.
+सन्तोषादनुत्तमसुखलाभः। PYS २.४२।
+santoṣādanuttamasukhalābhaḥ |PYS 2.42|
+Meaning: From an attitude of contentment (santosha), 
+unexcelled happiness and mental comfort is obtained.
+Contentment removes obstacles in the path of 
+self‑realization. Contentment is one of the Niyamas (rules). 
+Niyamas are the second rung on the ladder of Yoga. It is 
+impossible for one who is dissatisfied with oneself or with 
+anything else in life to realize the higher consciousness. 
+Dissatisfaction is one of the great veils of avidya and should 
+be removed. It causes many undesirable complexes and 
+brings about a state of psychic illness, and if the mind 
+is ill, no sadhana is possible. One who wants to attain 
+self‑realization must practice yama and niyama. To remove 
+defilements, one must practice santosha (contentment). As 
+a result, one can go deeper in meditation.
+शौचसन्तोषतपस्वाध्याय ईश्वरप्राणिधाननि नियमः ।PYS २.३२।
+śaucasantoṣatapasvādhyāya īśvaraprāṇidhānani niyamaḥ 
+|PYS 2.32|
+Meaning: Cleanliness  (shaucha), an attitude of 
+contentment (santosha), mortification (tapas), self‑study 
+and reflection on sacred words (svadhyaya), and devotion 
+to the Supreme Lord  (ishvarapranidhana) are the 
+observances or practices of self‑training (niyamas).
+CĀṆUKYANĪTI
+Great thinker Chanakya’s collection of aphorisms from 
+the various Shastras agrees there is no happiness better 
+than satisfaction.[7]
+शान्तितुल्यंतपोनास्तिनसन्तोषत्परंसुखम्
+नतृष्णायाःपरोव्याधिर्न च धर्मोदयापरः | चाणुक्यनीति |
+śāntitulyaṁtaponāstinasantoṣatparaṁsukham
+natṛṣṇāyāḥparovyādhirna ca dharmodayāparaḥ |Cāṇukyanīti|
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Madhura and Subramanya: Concept of contentment in various literatures
+18
+International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 3  Jan-Jun-2015
+Meaning: There is no penance better than peace, no 
+happiness better than satisfaction; there is no disease worse 
+than greed, and no better dharma than kindness.
+SAMAYOCITA PADYARATNAMĀLIKĀ (SUBHASHITA)
+According to Subhashita,[8] one should be happy and 
+contented about his spouse, the food he gets to eat and 
+the wealth he possess. But contentment should not have 
+any place when it comes to learning, meditating or giving.
+सन्तोषस्त्रिषुकर्तव्यःकलत्रेभोजनेधने
+त्रिषुचैवनकर्तव्योध्ययनेजपदानयोः। समयोचितपद्यरत्नमालिका |
+santoṣastriṣukartavyaḥkalatrebhojanedhane
+tri ṣu cai van akartavyoad h yayan ej ap ad ān ayo ḥ 
+|samayocitapadyaratnamālikā |
+Meaning: There should have satisfaction in 
+3  (aspects)  ‑  wife, food, money. There should be no 
+satisfaction in 3 (others) ‑ learning, meditating, giving.
+Wife, food and money are toward sensual pleasure. 
+Dissatisfaction in these, leads to unrest and constant 
+agitation toward acquiring something more or someone 
+better! These are temporary which leads to misery 
+according to Bhagvad geetha. Whereas learning, meditating 
+and giving takes one in the good path toward a meaningful 
+life and one should never get satisfied or stop them.
+ŚRĪ CAITANYA CARITĀMṚTA
+Chaitanya Charitamrita Antya, which is the final section 
+of biographies of Sri Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, explains 
+the quantity of food has an impact on satisfaction. Eating 
+more than necessary cause dissatisfaction and one should 
+eat moderately.
+शिवानन्देर गौरवे प्रभु करिलाभोजन
+अति‑गुरु‑भोजनेप्रभुरप्रसन्ननहेमन ।श्री चैतन्य चरितामृत अन्त्य 10.147|
+śivānandera gaurave prabhu karilābhojana
+ati‑guru‑bhojaneprabhuraprasannanahemana |śrī caitanya 
+caritāmṛta antya 10.47|
+Meaning: Because of ŚivānandaSena’s glories, 
+ŚrīCaitanyaMahāprabhu ate all kinds of prasādam to honor 
+his request. However, the Lord ate more than necessary, 
+and, therefore, his mind was dissatisfied.
+STORIES FROM UPANISHAD AND BHAGAVATA PURANA
+In Kathopanishad,[9] Nachiketa was one who desired 
+Knowledge for even many pleasures could not tempt 
+him away. Nachiketha chooses the path of knowledge 
+explaining the ephemeral nature of pleasure when Yama 
+offers him a boon of material gains. Nachiketha replied 
+that materialistic things endure only till tomorrow. 
+Furthermore, they exhaust the vigor of all the sense organs. 
+Even the longest life is short indeed. Wealth can never 
+make a man happy.
+In Bhagavata Purana, Yayati declared after a 100 years of 
+enjoyment: “Wants have no limit; when one is satisfied, 
+another one comes up, and then a third one, and so on.” 
+Thus, no wealth of the world can keep anybody content.
+स्वोभव मर्त्यस्य यदन्तकैतत् सर्वेंद्रियाणां जरयंति तेजः।
+अपि सर्वं जीवितमल्पमेव तवैव वाहास्तव नृत्यगी।कथा उपनिशद् २६।
+svobhava martyasya yadantakaitat sarveṁdriyāṇāṁ 
+jarayaṁti
+tejaḥ | api sarvaṁ jīvitamalpameva tavaiva vāhāstava 
+nṛtyagī |kathā upaniśad 26|
+Meaning: Nachiketa said: But, O Death, these endure only 
+till tomorrow. Furthermore, they exhaust the vigour of all 
+the sense organs. Even the longest life is short indeed. Keep 
+your horses, dances and songs for yourself.
+न वित्तेन तर्पणीयो मनुष्यो लप्स्यामहे वित्तमद्राक्ष्मचेत्त्वा।
+जीविष्यामो यावदीशि
+ष्यसि त्वं वरस्तु मे वरणीयः स एव॥कथा उपनिषत् 
+२७।
+na vittena tarpaṇīyo manuṣyo lapsyāmahe 
+vittamadrākṣmacettvā |
+jīviṣyāmo yāvadīśiṣyasi tvaṁ varastu me varaṇīyaḥ sa eva 
+||kathā upaniṣat 27|
+Meaning: Wealth can never make a man happy. Moreover, 
+since I have beheld you, I shall certainly obtain wealth; I 
+shall also live as long as you rule. Therefore, no boon will 
+be accepted by me but the one that I have asked.
+CONCLUSION
+Satisfaction is the greatest wealth and highest happiness. 
+It brings effortless concentration and removes obstacles 
+in the path of Yoga. One who is satisfied is dear to 
+God. As long as one is not satisfied in the self, he will 
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Author Help: Reference checking facility
+The manuscript system (www.journalonweb.com) allows the authors to check and verify the accuracy and style of references. The tool checks 
+the references with PubMed as per a predefined style. Authors are encouraged to use this facility, before submitting articles to the journal.
+• 
+The style as well as bibliographic elements should be 100% accurate, to help get the references verified from the system. Even a 
+single spelling error or addition of issue number/month of publication will lead to an error when verifying the reference. 
+• 
+Example of a correct style
+	
+Sheahan P
+, O’leary G, Lee G, Fitzgibbon J. Cystic cervical metastases: Incidence and diagnosis using fine needle aspiration biopsy. 
+Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:294-8. 
+• 
+Only the references from journals indexed in PubMed will be checked. 
+• 
+Enter each reference in new line, without a serial number.
+• 
+Add up to a maximum of 15 references at a time.
+• 
+If the reference is correct for its bibliographic elements and punctuations, it will be shown as CORRECT and a link to the correct 
+article in PubMed will be given.
+• 
+If any of the bibliographic elements are missing, incorrect or extra (such as issue number), it will be shown as INCORRECT and link to 
+possible articles in PubMed will be given. 
+Madhura and Subramanya: Concept of contentment in various literatures
+19
+International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology �� Vol. 3  Jan-Jun-2015
+be subjected to sorrow. With the rise of contentment 
+the purity of one’s heart blooms. The contented man 
+who possesses nothing owns the world. Discontent or 
+dissatisfaction brings nothing but unhappiness. This 
+study is to explore how one can be satisfied? With what 
+one should be satisfied? And why one should be satisfied? 
+The study explored various texts Bhagavad Geeta, 
+chanukya nīti, Samayocitapadyaratnamālikā (subhaṣita), 
+śrī caitanya caritāmṛta, dhammapāda (Budhdhism), Dīgha 
+Nikāya (Budhdhism), NBS, PYS, and Yoga Vasista.
+Contentment is the ability to be happy and fulfilled in 
+one’s present state which means being contented with 
+anything that is available. Though it sounds simple, it 
+brings several benefits. The scripts claim Satisfaction is 
+the greatest wealth to possess. It is unexcelled happiness. 
+It brings effortless concentration. One who is contented 
+is beloved to the God. Other scripture says Contentment 
+is the gate keeper to liberation.
+In scripts there is clarity on which one should be satisfied 
+and with which one should not. One should be satisfied 
+with wife, food, and money. There should be no satisfaction 
+in learning, meditating and giving.
+Worldly happiness is dependent on sensuality and spiritual 
+happiness is derived from being virtuous and gradually 
+freeing the mind. Satisfaction from sensual pleasure can 
+only lead to misery as it generates craving. Interestingly 
+type and quality of the food we intake has impact on 
+satisfaction.
+As per literature, one can acquire satisfaction through 
+Bhakthi or through detached actions  (Karma Yoga) or 
+through Jnana Yoga by giving up sensual pleasures 
+and understanding the nature of worldly pleasure. 
+Kathopanishad narrates the importance of satisfaction 
+through the example of Nachiketa. Nachiketas says that 
+all the sensual pleasures are ephemeral. They wear out our 
+senses; we become feeble and old after their enjoyment. 
+Even longest life is nothing before eternity; and all the 
+happiness because it has a beginning shall have an end also.
+The modern society has given us options and choices. More 
+we have more dissatisfied we are! This study is an attempt 
+to unveil how our ancient time people were contented 
+despite of the distractions from external world. It is worth 
+to be discriminative of what we should be contented with 
+and what not.
+ 
+REFERENCES
+1.	
+Budhdharakkhita Acharya. Translated from Pali the Dhammapada: The 
+Budhdha’s Path of Wisdom: Budhdhist Publication Society Sri Lanka; 1985. 
+Available from: http://www.buddhanet.net. [Last accessed on 2014 Nov 11].
+2.	
+Müller M, Fausböll M. Sacred Books of the East – The Dhammapada and 
+Sutta Nipata. Vol. 10. The Clarendon Press; 1881.
+3.	
+Swami H. Devarshi Narada Bhakthi Sutragalu – Kannada Version. 2ndReprint. 
+Mysore, India: Sri Rama Krishna Ashram; 2000.
+4.	
+Swami V. The Supreme Yoga – Yoga Vasista. Reprint. Delhi, India: Motilal 
+Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited; 2010.
+5.	
+Prabhupada AC. Bhagavad‑Gītā as It Is. 2nd ed. 35th Printing. Mumbai, India: 
+The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust; 2009.
+6.	
+Swami Ā. Patanjala Yogadarashana. 5th Reprint. Mysore, India: Sri Rama 
+Krishna Ashram; 2008.
+7.	
+Sharma AV. Sampurna Chanakya Neeti. Delhi, India: Manoj Publications; 
+2004.
+8.	
+Chakravarthy GN. Samskruta – Kannada Nigantu. Revised 2nd edition. 
+Mysore, India: Geetha Book House; 2009.
+9.	
+Swami Ṣ. Upaniea Bhāvadhāre. 9th Reprint. Mysore, India: Sri Rama Krishna 
+Ashram; 2011.
+How to cite this article: Madhura S, Subramanya P. Concept of 
+contentment in various literatures. Int J Yoga - Philosop Psychol 
+Parapsychol 2015;3:14-9.
+Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]

subfolder_0/Correlation of Electrophotonic Imaging Parameters With Fasting Blood Sugar in Normal, Prediabetic, and Diabetic Study Participants.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1194 @@
+Original Article
+Correlation of Electrophotonic
+Imaging Parameters With Fasting
+Blood Sugar in Normal, Prediabetic,
+and Diabetic Study Participants
+Romesh Kumar Bhat1, Guru Deo, PhD1,
+Ramesh Mavathur, PhD1, and Thaiyar Madabusi Srinivasan, PhD1
+Abstract
+Introduction. Electrophotonic imaging (EPI), also known as gas discharge visualization, is a technique of capturing images of
+phenomena not quantifiable by the naked eye. Different sectors at the tip of fingers represent various organs and systems as per
+the Chinese system of acupuncture. The images from these fingertips can be used to determine the state of health. This is done
+with the help of a CCD camera fitted in the EPI equipment and the specific software relevant for analysis. Aim. To observe the
+correlation between EPI parameters and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels in normal, prediabetic, and diabetic study participants.
+Materials and Methods. A total of 102 participants were selected for this study from various yoga camps and Arogyadham at Swami
+Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana Yoga University, Bengaluru, India. The selected participants belonged to 3groups—
+normal, prediabetic, and diabetic—depending on the FBS levels. The distribution of participants was 29 normal, 13 prediabetic,
+and 60 diabetic. Results. Regression analysis in the case of prediabetics showed a significant relationship of FBS with pancreas and
+right kidney. In the case of normal participants, a significant relationship of FBS was found with area and form coefficient of the EPI
+gram. For diabetics, regression analysis showed significant relationship of FBS with immune organs, left kidney, area, intensity, and
+entropy of EPI grams. Conclusion. FBS correlates differently in the normal, prediabetic, and diabetic groups. In the prediabetic
+group, correlation of FBS with EPI parameters pancreas and right kidney is noteworthy and in line with latest findings in medical
+research.
+Keywords
+electrophotonic imaging, fasting blood sugar, diabetes, parameters, correlation
+Received April 21, 2016. Received revised August 26, 2016. Accepted for publication September 1, 2016.
+Diabetes is a condition in which either the body produces insuf-
+ficient insulin or it produces sufficient insulin but body cells are
+not able to use it properly.1,2 There are 2 types of diabetes: type
+1, which is called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and type
+2, which is called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.3
+Type 2 is more prevalent and is rapidly increasing in number
+across the globe. Undiagnosed and untreated, this disease leads
+to a host of serious conditions in which multiple organs are
+affected. Worldwide, diabetes has raised concern and is receiv-
+ing increased attention.4 With the limitations of modern medical
+system in containing diabetes, there is great momentum in the
+direction of holistic approach of treatment.5,6 This is because
+diabetes is greatly linked to stress. Alternative/supplementary
+medicine is a proven therapy against stress. Yoga has a promi-
+nent place in the area of complementary medicine.7 It works
+both at the gross and subtle levels.8 Most of the physical prob-
+lems in the human body have its origin in the mind, which is
+subtle in nature. As per yoga and ayurveda, disturbances in mind
+result in the disease and further progression leads to chronic
+illness.9 There are innumerable studies on the effects of yoga
+on various ailments and stress levels.10 Modern research has
+demonstrated interrelatedness of various disciplines from the
+1 S-VYASA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
+Corresponding Author:
+Romesh Kumar Bhat, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samasthana, #19,
+‘‘Eknath Bhavan’’, Gavipuram Circle, Kempe Gowda Nagar, Bengaluru 560019,
+India.
+Email: [email protected]
+Journal of Evidence-Based
+Complementary & Alternative Medicine
+1-8
+ª The Author(s) 2016
+Reprints and permission:
+sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
+DOI: 10.1177/2156587216674314
+cam.sagepub.com
+Creative Commons CC-BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License
+(http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further
+permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
+level of basic biological processes to a dynamic system or ‘‘bio-
+field’’ level.11 Molecular, cellular, organic function, and regula-
+tion are thus interwoven with and can be influenced by emotion,
+cognition, and psychosocial factors, suggesting the existence of a
+‘‘subtle,’’ that is, low-energy system of biofield interactions con-
+necting these activities. The term biofield is defined as ‘‘an orga-
+nizing principle for the dynamic information flow that regulates
+biological function and homeostasis.’’12 Another development in
+the field of subtle energies is electrophotonic imaging (EPI),
+which is a biofield device. This equipment is used widely in
+Russia for measuring subtle phenomena in the body.13 Subtle
+changes in the body result in Chi energy disturbances and these
+are captured throughthe images taken from tips of 10fingers. The
+mechanism of working of EPI is simple. The fingertips represent
+various organs/systems within the human body. This is as per the
+Chinese medical system of acupuncture.14 The finger is placed on
+a glass surface and a high-voltage pulse of amplitude 10 kV, with
+a frequency of 1024 Hz, is applied. A very small and safe level of
+current, in milliamperes, is applied for less than a millisecond at
+the fingertips of the human body.15 The electrons extracted thus
+form an imagethat is capturedbya camera inEPI. The images are
+analyzed and processed with the help of software, and data are
+generated in the form of energy diagrams, numerical data, and
+some other parameters. Values of different parameters are indi-
+cative of the health profile.16,17 The prominent parameters are
+area, entropy, form coefficient, fractility, and intensity.18 There
+are parameters specific to organs and systems. So every organ/
+system is evaluated through integral area and entropy specific to
+it.Basedontheliteratureontype2diabetesmellitusinthemodern
+medical system, we have considered integral area parameter of
+liver, pancreas, and immune organs19; coronary vessels20; cere-
+bral vessels21; left kidney and right kidney22 for our study. Liter-
+ature survey has revealed that EPI can be used for the study of
+effects of conventional/alternative medicine on asthma, cancer,
+autism,among other diseases.23-25 Thereare studies onthe effects
+of music and meditation on stress levels as measured by EPI. The
+parameter used in these studies is activation coefficient.26,27 The
+parameters of EPI are standardized for the European population.
+However, there is a recent study on the standardization for the
+Indian population as well.28 It is easier for the scientific commu-
+nity to accept new concepts if there is a degree of correlation with
+established norms or parameters. The present study is focused on
+this aspect.
+Materials and Methods
+This study was carried out on participants who attended various yoga
+camps connected with the ‘‘Stop Diabetes Movement’’ campaign of
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga University, Bengaluru, India. Besides, there
+were participants from Arogyadham, a residential health center of
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga University. The study was to observe cor-
+relation between fasting blood sugar (FBS) and EPI parameters. Parti-
+cipants were divided into 3 groups depending on the FBS level: normal,
+prediabetic, and diabetic. Normal and prediabetic participants had
+reported no health problems. In fact, the prediabetic participants came
+to know of their FBS level for the first time. In the diabetic group, there
+were some whose FBS level was within normal limits and some whose
+FBS level showed uncontrolled diabetes. Some diabetics were on med-
+ication and yet had persistently FBS levels greater than 126 mg/dL. For
+our study, both the groups (with medication and with or without control
+of diabetes) were considered as one and designated as type 2 diabetes
+mellitus. The FBS level for normal participants was 70 to 100 mg/dL,
+prediabetes 100 to 125 mg/dL, and diabetes 126 mg/dL and more.29 The
+data were taken from June 2015 to September 2015.
+Participants
+Two hundred participants from various yoga camps in the rural areas of
+Bengaluru and Arogyadham at Swami Vivekananda Yoga University
+were scrutinized. Out of these, 102 participants were selected for the
+study. Those for whom there were defects in the electrophotonic image
+and/or biochemical (FBS) reports were not available did not qualify for
+the study. Of those selected, 42 participants were in the category of no
+health problem. The sample comprised 29 normal and 13 prediabetic
+participants; 60 participants were in the category of diabetics irrespective
+whether the diabetes was under control or uncontrolled. The 3 groups
+were designated asnormal, prediabetic,and diabetic.Out of 42 (mean age
+46.5+ 11.7) in the nondiabetic group, 17 weremales(mean age 48.47 +
+13.26) and 25 were females (mean age 45.2 + 10.6). The normal group
+consisted of 29 (mean age 44 + 11), and the prediabetic group consisted
+of13 (meanage 51.2 + 12.3). In the diabeticgroup of60 (meanage 54 +
+9.6), there were 35 males (mean age 56.83 + 8.72) and 25 females (mean
+age 50 + 9.4). Participants in the age range of 18 to 75 years, male or
+female, and willing to participate were included in the study.
+Exclusion Criteria
+The following subjects were excluded from the study: participants with
+comorbidity30 and taking any medicine in the case of normal and predia-
+betic participants; diabetic participants taking medicines apart from dia-
+betesmedications;participantssufferingfromanyinfectiousorcontagious
+diseases; physically handicapped persons with missing fingers; and
+females having menstruation or pregnancy on the day of measurement.
+Sampling Time
+The data were taken in the morning hours with a gap of at least 3 hours
+after the last meal. The data in the camps were taken on the inaugural
+day of the camp. Data at Arogyadham was taken in the morning as
+well in the evening but ensuring a gap of 3 hours after the last meal.
+EPI was calibrated each time the place of taking measurement chan-
+ged or as required. Informed consent was taken from all the partici-
+pants before conducting the study. The study was approved by the
+institutional ethics committee of the university.
+Instrument
+Kirlionics Technologies International (St Petersburg, Russia; GDV
+camera
+Pro
+with
+analog
+video
+camera,
+model
+number:
+FTDI.13.6001.110310) was used for the assessment purpose. Along
+with the EPI software, it provided various features such as EPI screen-
+ing, EPI scientific laboratory, EPI diagram.
+Parameters Analyzed
+From the EPI scientific laboratory the following parameters were ana-
+lyzed: Total area is an absolute value and is measured as the number of
+pixels in the image having brightness above the threshold; intensity is
+2
+Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine
+the evaluation of light intensity averaged on the area of the image; form
+coefficient and fractility are measures of irregularity in the image exter-
+nal contour; entropy reflects the level of nonuniformity of image, in
+other words, the level of stability of the energy field. EPI diagram/EPI
+screening grams give the integral area parameter, which is an index of
+the particular sector of image related to the organ in accordance with the
+principles of traditional Chinese medicine. This parameter, correspond-
+ing to organs liver, pancreas, immune organs, coronary vessels, cere-
+bral vessels, left kidney, and right kidney, were analyzed. Integral area
+is a relative value and shows the extent to which the EPI gram deviates
+from an ideal model. It is an indicator of general health.
+Data Analysis
+Data analysis was done with the help of Microsoft Office Excel 2007
+and R studio along with R cmdr. Statistical tests were conducted for
+correlation and linear regression.
+Results
+The participants were divided into 3 groups: normal, predia-
+betic, and diabetic. Independent samples t test showed change
+in average values of the selected parameters in these groups
+(Tables 1 and 2). First, correlation analysis was done between
+FBS and each of the selected EPI parameters in the 3 groups
+(Table 3). In normal subjects, a high correlation (but not
+significant) was observed between FBS and form coefficient
+(P ¼ .06, r ¼ .35). Significant correlation was found between
+FBS and right kidney (P ¼ .03, r ¼ .60) in the prediabetic
+group. In the case of diabetics, a high correlation (but not
+significant) was observed of FBS with immune organs (P ¼
+.06, r ¼ .25), with coronary vessels (P ¼ .09, r ¼ .22), and
+with entropy (P ¼ .08, r ¼ .23). Noteworthy results of correla-
+tion analysis are given in Table 4 and summarized in Table 5.
+Negative sign indicates that the predictor variable and the
+responding variable increase in opposite directions. In the dia-
+betic group, further analysis was done separately for males and
+Table 1. Electrophotonic Imaging Diagram/Screening Analysis (Independent Samples t Test).
+Variables
+Normal, Mean + SD
+Prediabetic, Mean + SD
+Diabetic, Mean + SD
+Average liver
+0.05 + 0.47
+0.10 + 0.33
+0.27 + 0.53
+Average immune organs
+0.20 + 0.31
+0.17 + 0.29
+0.08 + 0.38
+Average pancreas
+0.26 + 0.59
+0.10 + 0.39
+0.22 + 0.53
+Average coronary vessels
+0.13 + 0.37
+0.05 + 0.24
+0.21 + 0.32
+Average cerebral vessels
+0.02 + 0.29
+0.01 + 0.31
+0.26 + 0.35
+Average left kidney
+0.05 + 0.44
+0.05 + 0.39
+0.26 + 0.43
+Average right kidney
+0.09 + 0.36
+0.06 + 0.38
+0.24 + 0.46
+Table 2. Electrophotonic Imaging Scientific Laboratory Analysis (Independent Samples t Test).
+Variables
+Normal, Mean + SD
+Prediabetic, Mean + SD
+Diabetic, Mean + SD
+Average area
+11487.62 + 1416.98
+11597.54 + 1425.695
+12003.11 + 1451.19
+Average intensity
+78.0867 + 5.863
+77.3890 + 8.345
+84.06 + 7.62
+Average form coefficient
+14.9347 + 4.792
+15.5009 + 6.065
+11.34 + 3.24
+Average entropy
+1.8603 + 0.161
+1.7691 + 0.180
+1.96 + 0.16
+Average fractility
+1.9229 + 0.174
+1.9860 + 0.120
+1.85 + 0.05
+Table 3. Correlation Analysis (All Parameters).
+FBS/With
+t
+df
+P
+r
+Normal
+Average liver
+0.966
+27
+.342
+.182
+Average immune organs
+1.392
+27
+.175
+.258
+Average pancreas
+0.047
+27
+.962
+.009
+Average coronary vessels
+0.995
+27
+.328
+.188
+Average cerebral vessels
+0.157
+27
+.875
+.030
+Average left kidney
+0.832
+27
+.412
+.158
+Average right kidney
+0.553
+27
+.584
+.105
+Average total area
+1.454
+27
+.157
+.269
+Average intensity
+0.718
+27
+.478
+.136
+Average form coefficient
+1.943
+27
+.062
+.350
+Average entropy
+0.066
+27
+.947
+.012
+Average fractility
+0.179
+27
+.858
+.034
+Prediabetic
+Average liver
+1.203
+11
+.254
+.341
+Average immune organs
+0.555
+11
+.589
+.165
+Average pancreas
+0.800
+11
+.440
+.234
+Average coronary vessels
+0.921
+11
+.376
+.267
+Average cerebral vessels
+0.006
+11
+.994
+.002
+Average left kidney
+0.299
+11
+.770
+.089
+Average right kidney
+2.459
+11
+.031
+.595
+Average total area
+0.182
+11
+.858
+.055
+Average Intensity
+1.035
+11
+.322
+.298
+Average form coefficient
+0.251
+11
+.805
+.075
+Average entropy
+1.193
+11
+.257
+.338
+Average fractility
+0.773
+11
+.453
+.227
+Diabetic
+Average liver
+0.742
+58
+.461
+.096
+Average immune organs
+1.956
+58
+.055
+.248
+Average pancreas
+0.578
+58
+.565
+.075
+Average coronary vessels
+1.752
+58
+.085
+.224
+Average cerebral vessels
+0.656
+58
+.514
+.085
+Average left kidney
+0.749
+58
+.456
+.097
+Average right kidney
+0.979
+58
+.331
+.127
+Average total area
+0.935
+58
+.353
+.121
+Average Intensity
+1.647
+58
+.104
+.211
+Average form coefficient
+0.960
+58
+.340
+.125
+Average entropy
+1.771
+58
+.081
+.208
+Average fractility
+1.621
+58
+.110
+.226
+Abbreviations: FBS, fasting blood sugar; df, degrees of freedom.
+Bhat et al
+3
+females. There is no significant correlation of FBS with any
+EPI parameter but some correlation with immune organs
+(P ¼ .11, r ¼ .27) in the male subgroup and entropy (P ¼
+.19, r ¼ .26) and fractility (P ¼ .17, r ¼ .27) in the female
+subgroup. Significant results of regression analysis for the 3
+different groups done on the basis of the aforementioned results
+are depicted in Table 6. The detailed gender-based correlation
+and regression analysis results are reflected in Tables 7 and 8,
+respectively. Another analysis carried out on the EPI para-
+meters in the 3 groups yielded a significant change from normal
+to prediabetic to diabetic (Table 9).
+Discussion
+Fasting blood sugar is an established biochemical test to check
+the glucose levels in the blood. Research advances for the devel-
+opment of new technologies to provide more accurate diagnosis.
+EPI is such an approach. This study was carried out to find corre-
+lation of various EPI parameters with FBS in different stages of
+diabetes mellitus type 2. The 3 stages were normal, prediabetic,
+and diabetic. Summary of results is presented in Table 6.
+For normal subjects, the FBS value is in the range of 70 to
+100 mg/dL. In this condition, as anticipated, no organ is affected
+Table 4. Correlation Analysis (Noteworthy).
+Group
+FBS/With
+t
+df
+Pa
+rb
+Normal
+Average form coefficient
+1.943
+27
+.062
+.350
+Prediabetic
+Average right kidney
+2.459
+11
+.031
+.596
+Diabetic
+Average immunity
+1.956
+58
+.055
+.248
+Average coronary vessels
+1.752
+58
+.085
+.224
+Average entropy
+1.772
+58
+.081
+0.208
+Abbreviations: FBS, fasting blood sugar; df, degrees of freedom.
+aP, level of significance, <.05 considered significant.
+br, correlation coefficient varies between 1 and þ1.
+Table 5. FBS and EPI Correlation in the 3 Categories.
+FBS/With
+Normal
+Prediabetic
+Diabetic
+Average area
+Yes
+No
+Yes
+Average intensity
+No
+No
+Yes
+Average entropy
+No
+No
+Yes
+Average form coefficient
+Yes
+Yes
+No
+Average Pancreas
+No
+Yes
+No
+Average immunity
+No
+No
+No
+Average left kidney
+No
+No
+No
+Average right kidney
+No
+Yes
+No
+Table 6. Regression Analysis.
+Normal Group
+Estimate
+Standard Error
+t Value
+Pr(>|t|)
+Intercept
+49.475
+10.964
+4.512
+.000122***
+Average area
+0.002
+0.001
+3.085
+.004780**
+Average form coefficient
+0.779
+0.229
+3.398
+.002196**
+Residual standard error ¼ 5.167
+***P < .001, **P < .01
+FBS ¼ a þ b1X1 þ b2X2 þ e
+Where a ¼ 49.475, b1 ¼ 0.0024, b2 ¼ 0.7796, e ¼ 5.167; X1 ¼ total area; X2 ¼ Form coefficient
+Prediabetic
+Estimate
+Standard Error
+t Value
+Pr(>|t|)
+Intercept
+116.856
+7.246
+16.126
+1.74e-08***
+Average pancreas
+63.734
+20.187
+3.157
+.01021*
+Average right kidney
+90.257
+20.572
+4.387
+.00136**
+Residual standard error ¼ 24.16
+***P < .001, **P < .01, *P < .05
+FBS ¼ a þ b1X1 þ b2X2 þ e
+Where a ¼ 116.856, b1 ¼ 63.734, b2 ¼ 90.257, e ¼ 24.16; X1 ¼ integral area of pancreas; X2 ¼ integral area of right kidney
+Diabetic
+Estimate
+Standard Error
+t Value
+Pr(>|t|)
+Intercept
+494.6
+139.4
+3.548
+.000812***
+Average immune organs
+96.11
+31.78
+3.024
+.003809**
+Average intensity
+3.082
+1.176
+2.621
+.011356*
+Average left kidney
+51.33
+28.12
+1.825
+.073502þ
+Average entropy
+149.3
+52.15
+2.863
+.005965**
+Average area
+0.017
+.006
+2.711
+.008983**
+Residual standard error ¼ 61.42
+***P < .001, **P < .01, *P < .05, þP < .1
+FBS ¼ a þ b1X1 þ b2X2 þ b3X3 þ b4X4 þ b5X5 þ e
+Where b ¼ 494.6, b1 ¼ 96.11, b2 ¼ 3.082, b3 ¼ 51.33, b4 ¼ 149.3, b5 ¼ 0.01698, e ¼ 61.42; X1 ¼ integral area of immune organs;
+X2 ¼ intensity; X3 ¼ integral area of left kidney; X4 ¼ entropy; X5 ¼ area
+Abbreviations: FBS, fasting blood sugar; a, constant; b1, coefficient of variable X1; b2, coefficient of variable X2; . . . ; bn, coefficient of variable Xn. t, t test value; e,
+residual standard error; P < .001 very highly significant; P < .01 highly significant; P < .05 significant; P < .1 not significant.
+4
+Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine
+due to diabetes. However, the FBS value depends on general
+health conditions. Total area is representative of general health,
+and form coefficient is a measure of irregularity in the image.
+Thus, normal FBS is correlated to these 2 parameters. There
+could be small variations in FBS within the normal limits in this
+group. Since no 2 human bodies function alike, there would be
+variation in area and form coefficient between persons as well
+within the same person under different conditions, which is nat-
+ural. The more interesting observation is prediabetics where FBS
+showed a relationship with pancreas and right kidney. While
+both organs are prone in diabetes, the relationship in prediabetic
+stage was not known. It has very recently been reported that the
+changes in organs, particularly the kidney and pancreas, set in
+much earlier to diabetes being manifested.31 Kidney damage
+from diabetes may thus begin much sooner than previously
+thought, according to the aforementioned study. A recent study
+has shown that above-normal sugar levels, which is found in
+prediabetes, could also result in kidney abnormalities that could
+finally cause kidney failure.32,33 Normal blood tests in predia-
+betic stage may not show any damage but the subtle effects are
+already seen to be happening in some connected organs. Our
+study on EPI clearly demonstrates this and significantly sub-
+stantiates and is in alignment with the latest medical research
+on the subject. Among diabetics, there were subjects whose
+diabetes was under control and also subjects whose diabetes
+seemed uncontrolled. This observation was based on FBS
+Table 7. Correlation Analysis Diabetic Males and Females (Separately).
+FBS/With
+t
+df
+P
+r
+Males
+Average liver
+0.046
+33
+.963
+.008
+Average immune organs
+1.627
+33
+.113
+.272
+Average pancreas
+0.260
+33
+.795
+.045
+Average coronary vessels
+1.02
+33
+.315
+.174
+Average cerebral vessels
+0.656
+33
+.514
+.085
+Average left kidney
+0.005
+33
+.995
+.000
+Average right kidney
+0.203
+33
+.840
+.035
+Average area
+1.049
+33
+.301
+.179
+Average intensity
+0.740
+33
+.464
+.127
+Average form coefficient
+0.355
+33
+.724
+.061
+Average entropy
+0.944
+33
+.351
+.162
+Average fractility
+0.888
+33
+.380
+.152
+Females
+Average liver
+0.555
+23
+.584
+.114
+Average immunity
+0.465
+23
+.646
+.096
+Average pancreas
+1.136
+23
+.267
+0.230
+Average coronary
+0.774
+23
+.446
+.159
+Average cerebral
+0.013
+23
+.989
+.002
+Average left kidney
+0.477
+23
+.635
+.099
+Average right kidney
+1.021
+23
+.317
+.208
+Average area
+0.507
+23
+.617
+.105
+Average intensity
+1.239
+23
+.227
+.250
+Average form coefficient
+0.718
+23
+.480
+.148
+Average entropy
+1.325
+23
+.198
+.279
+Average fractility
+1.394
+23
+.176
+.152
+Abbreviations: FBS, fasting blood sugar; df, degrees of freedom.
+Table 8. Regression Analysis, Diabetics Males and Females (Separately).
+Males
+Estimate
+Standard Error
+t Value
+Pr(>|t|)
+Intercept
+707.686
+309.572
+2.286
+.03*
+Average immune organs
+90.095
+40.229
+2.240
+.03*
+Average intensity
+4.156
+2.022
+2.055
+.04*
+Average left kidney
+64.576
+39.664
+1.628
+.11
+Average right kidney
+18.652
+33.699
+0.553
+.58
+Average entropy
+252.386
+122.559
+2.059
+.04*
+Average area
+0.023
+0.011
+2.067
+.04*
+Residual standard error ¼ 64.05
+*P < .05
+FBS ¼ a þ b1X1 þ b2X2 þ b3X3 þ b4X4 þ b5X5 þ b6X6 þ e
+Where a ¼ 707.6; b1 ¼ 90.09, b2 ¼ 4.15, b3 ¼ 64.57, b4 ¼ 18.65, b5 ¼ 252.38, b6 ¼ 0.02; e ¼ 64.05; X1 ¼ integral area of immune
+organs; X2 ¼ intensity; X3 ¼ integral area of left kidney; X4 ¼ integral area of right kidney; X5 ¼ entropy; X6 ¼area
+Females
+Estimate
+Standard Error
+t Value
+Pr(>|t|)
+Intercept
+1123.12
+605.61
+1.855
+.07þ
+Average immune organs
+117.46
+67.09
+1.751
+.09þ
+Average left kidney
+80.00
+58.34
+1.371
+.185
+Average entropy
+168.03
+68.86
+2.440
+.024*
+Average fractility
+864.54
+349.14
+2.476
+.022*
+Residual standard error ¼ 61.04
+*P < .05, þP < .1
+FBS ¼ a þ b1X1 þ b2X2 þ b3X3 þ b4X4 þ e
+Where a ¼ 1123.12; b1 ¼ 117.46, b2 ¼ 80.00, b3 ¼ 168.03, b4 ¼ 864.54; e ¼ 61.04; X1 ¼ integral area of immune organs; X2 ¼ integral
+area of left kidney; X3 ¼ entropy; X4 ¼ fractility
+Abbreviations: FBS, fasting blood sugar; a, constant; b1, coefficient of variable X1; b1, coefficient of variable X2; . . . ; bn, coefficient of variable Xn. t, t test value; e,
+residual standard error; P < .001 very highly significant; P < .01 highly significant; P < .05 significant; P < .1 not significant.
+Bhat et al
+5
+readings. For our study, we considered these 1 groups as one. In
+this group, we observe that FBS is related both to general EPI
+parameters as well the organ values. Among organs are immune
+organs and left kidney. Since immune functions and kidneys are
+showing lesser energy, they can have overall impact on the
+general health parameters. Thus, we find correlation with area
+(measure of general health), entropy (measure of disturbances in
+the body, it increases with diabetes), and intensity. The results
+are in consonance with current medical literature and hence EPI
+may be a research tool to understand the energy status of various
+organs/systems before the full-fledged manifestation of disease.
+Earlier studies on EPI were mostly focused on comparison of
+parameters in the 2 states, viz., pre- and postintervention, where
+the reference for comparison was the EPI parameter itself.34 In
+this study, we have compared the results with known and estab-
+lished biochemical parameters. A workable relationship has
+been established between the EPI and biochemical parameters
+and this can help a healer in diagnosis and to assess the effec-
+tiveness of treatment.17 Separate analysis of males and females
+yields interesting outcomes. Noteworthy among them is the neg-
+ative correlation with immunity, which is significant in males
+than in females. This perhaps is due to the fact that immunity in
+the case of women is more than that of men.35-37 Very high
+significant to significant difference in the selected parameters
+were observed when average values of EPI parameters in the 3
+groups were compared by independent samples t test. The dif-
+ference was more pronounced between normal and diabetics;
+prediabetics and diabetics. The difference between normal and
+prediabetics was not significant in most of the EPI parameters
+except pancreas and immune organs. This is an important obser-
+vation showing that these 2 organs get affected the most at the
+prediabetic stage.
+Strength of the Study
+EPI can be used by practitioners of conventional, alternative,
+and holistic medicine to have a preliminary idea of glucose
+levels in blood. This study has indicated changes at the organ
+level in the prediabetic stage itself. Statistical tools were of
+great help in arriving at the results. Correlation between FBS
+and right kidney at the prediabetic stage is the greatest strength
+of this study. It conforms to the latest research in the modern
+Table 9. Summary of Independent Samples t Test Between the 3 Groups.
+Parameter
+Groups
+Level of Significance of Differencea
+Average intensity
+Diabetes–Normal
+Significant
+Diabetes–Prediabetes
+Significant
+Normal–Prediabetes
+Not significant
+Average form coefficient
+Diabetes–Normal
+Highly significant
+Diabetes–Prediabetes
+Significant
+Normal-Prediabetes
+Not significant
+Average entropy
+Diabetes–Normal
+Highly significant
+Diabetes–Prediabetes
+Highly significant
+Normal–Prediabetes
+Not significant
+Average fractility
+Diabetes–Normal
+Significant
+Diabetes–Prediabetes
+Highly significant
+Normal-Pre diabetes
+Not significant
+Average liver
+Diabetes–Normal
+Highly significant
+Diabetes–Prediabetes
+Not significant
+Normal–Prediabetes
+Not significant
+Average immune organs
+Diabetes–Normal
+Very highly significant
+Diabetes–Prediabetes
+Very highly significant
+Normal–Prediabetes
+Very highly significant
+Average pancreas
+Diabetes–Normal
+Highly significant
+Diabetes-Prediabetes
+Not significant
+Normal–Prediabetes
+Significant
+Average coronary
+Diabetes–Normal
+Very highly significant
+Diabetes–Prediabetes
+Highly significant
+Normal–Prediabetes
+Not significant
+Average cerebral
+Diabetes–Normal
+Very highly significant
+Diabetes–Prediabetes
+Significant
+Normal–Prediabetes
+Not significant
+Average left kidney
+Diabetes–Normal
+Highly significant
+Diabetes–Prediabetes
+Not significant
+Normal–Prediabetes
+Not significant
+Average right kidney
+Diabetes–Normal
+Highly significant
+Diabetes–Prediabetes
+Significant
+Normal–Prediabetes
+Not significant
+aP < .001 very highly significant; P < .01 highly significant; P < .05 significant.
+6
+Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine
+medical system.31 It establishes that the EPI technique can be a
+reliable tool for observing changes at the premanifestation
+stage of the disease.
+Limitations of the Study
+Work needs to be taken up on much larger sample sizes espe-
+cially for people with prediabetes. The distinction between
+controlled diabetes and uncontrolled diabetes needs to be stud-
+ied in detail along with the mechanism. The linear regression
+equation needs to be more refined and residual error reduced.
+Future of EPI
+Future studies need to focus on integration of EPI with genetics
+and molecular biology,38,39 and of course, further develop-
+ments on EPI itself and software for interpretation may be
+required for systematic evaluation of many disorders.
+Conclusion
+EPI can measure subtle energies that would be highly helpful to
+modern medicine in initiating preemptive action against dis-
+eases. The protocol of medicine might change and lead to for-
+mulating an energy-based paradigm. More research in the field
+of EPI will make this change happen sooner than later. Similar
+research can be undertaken on other serious diseases as well.
+EPI can be used by both modern medicine practitioners as well
+alternative medicine therapists and healers to assess the effec-
+tiveness of their treatment.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors would like to thank Dr Judo Ilavarasu for the review and
+guidance. Dr Kuldeep K. Kushwaha was extremely helpful during
+collection of data. The support from the SDM (Stop Diabetes Move-
+ment) team and Aroghyadham of S-VYASA was highly valuable.
+Author Contributions
+RKB: Principal investigator of the project, data analysis and interpre-
+tation, preparation of the first draft of the article. GD: Data collection
+and review of the final version of the article. RM: Comentor and
+design of the study. TMS: Mentor and reviewed the final version of
+this article.
+Declaration of Conflicting Interests
+The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to
+the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
+Funding
+The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship,
+and/or publication of this article.
+Ethical Approval
+This study was cleared by the Institutional Ethics Committee at
+S-VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, India. Informed consent was
+obtained from the participants (RES/1EC-SVYASA/66/2015).
+References
+1. Chen CL, Tsai HW. Modeling the physiological glucose-insulin
+system on normal and diabetic subjects. Comput Methods Pro-
+grams Biomed. 2010;97:130-140.
+2. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of
+diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(suppl 1):S62-S69.
+3. Tuomi T, Groop LC, Zimmet PZ, Rowley MJ, Knowles W,
+Mackay IR. Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase reveal
+latent anti immune diabetes mellitus in adults with non-insulin-
+dependent onset of disease. Diabetes. 1993;42:359-362.
+4. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence
+of diabetes. Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030.
+Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047-1053.
+5. Jonas WB, Chez RA, Duffy B, Strand D. Investigating the impact
+of optimal healing environments. Altern Ther Health Med. 2003;
+9:36-40.
+6. Tindle HA, Davis RB, Phillips RS, Eisenberg DM. Trends in use
+of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997-
+2002. Altern Ther Health Med. 2005;11:42-49.
+7. Gupta N, Khera S, Vempati RP, Sharma R, Bijlani RL. Effect of
+yoga based lifestyle intervention on state and trait anxiety. Indian
+J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;21:108-113.
+8. Jakubczak M. The philosophical foundations of yoga therapy. In:
+Tymieniecka AT, Zalewski Z, eds. Life the Human Being Between
+Life and Death: A Dialogue Between Medicine and Philosophy:
+Recurrent Issues and New Approaches. Dordrecht, Netherlands:
+Springer; 2000:145-151. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-2081-6_14
+9. Rao RM, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N, et al. Influence of yoga on
+mood states, distress, quality of life and immune outcomes in
+early stage of breast cancer patients undergoing surgery. Int J
+Yoga. 2008;1:11-20.
+10. Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Integrated Approach Yoga Therapy
+for Positive Health. Bengaluru, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga
+Prakashana; 2009.
+11. Kafatos MC, Chevalier G, Chopra D, Hubacher J, Kak S, Theise
+ND. Biofield science: current physics perspectives. Glob Adv
+Health Med. 2015;4(suppl):25-34.
+12. Muehsam D, Chevalier G, Barsotti T, Gurfein BT. An overview
+of biofield devices. Glob Adv Health Med. 2015; 4(suppl):42-51.
+13. Lee HC, Khong PW, Ghista DN. Bioenergy based medical diag-
+nostic application based on gas discharge visualization. Paper
+presented at: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Med-
+icine and Biology 27th Annual Conference; Shanghai, China;
+September 1-4, 2005.
+14. Yang JM, Choi C, Hyun-hee J, et al. Left-right and Yin-Yang
+balance of biophoton emission from hands. Acupunct Electrother
+Res. 2004;29:197-211.
+15. Ciesielska IL. Images of corona discharge as a source of infor-
+mation about the effects of textiles on humans. AUTEX Res J.
+2009;9:36-41.
+16. Kostyuk N, Cole P, Meghanathan N, Isokpehi RD, Cohly HH. Gas
+discharge visualization: an imaging and modeling tool for medi-
+cal biometrics. Int J Biomed Imaging. 2011;2011:196460.
+17. Korotkov KG, Matravers P, Orlov DV, Williams BO. Application
+of electrophoton capture (EPC) analysis based on gas discharge
+Bhat et al
+7
+visualization (GDV) technique in medicine: a systematic review.
+J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16:13-25.
+18. Alexandrova RA, Fedoseev BG, Korotkov KG, et al. Analysis of
+the bioelectrograms of bronchial asthma patients. Paper presented
+at: Proceedings of the conference ‘‘Measuring the Human Energy
+Field: State of the Science.’’ Baltimore, MD: National Institute of
+Health; 2003:70-81.
+19. Kreier F, Kap YS, Mettenleiter TC, et al. Tracing from fat tissue,
+liver, and pancreas: a neuroanatomical framework for the role of
+the brain in type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol. 2006;147:1140-1147.
+20. Shimabukuro M, Saito T, Higa T, et al. Risk stratification of cor-
+onary artery disease in asymptomatic diabetic subjects using multi
+detector computed tomography. Circ J. 2015;79:2422-2429.
+21. Shan Y, Lin J, Xu P, Zeng M, Lin H, Yan H. Association of aortic
+compliance and bronchial endothelial function with cerebral small
+vessels disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: assessment
+with high resolution MRI. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:1609317.
+22. Pecoits-Filho R, Abensur H, Beto
+ˆnico CC, et al. Interactions
+between kidney disease and diabetes: dangerous liaisons. Diabe-
+tol Metab Syndr. 2016;8:50.
+23. Gagua PO, Gedevanishvili EG, Kapanidge A, et al. Experimental
+study of the EPI technique application in oncology. J Izvestia
+Vuzor Priborostroenie. 2006;49(2):47-51.
+24. Akhmetelli GG, Boldyreva US, Komissarov NV, et al. Diagnos-
+tics of Allergy Etiology Using Gas Discharge Visualization (EPI)
+Technique. Workbook: St Petersburg, Russia; 2004:54-58.
+25. Yakovleva EG, Struchkov KG, Zarubina TV, et al. Evaluation of
+EPI technique diagnostic possibilities in examination of the
+patients afflicted with arterial hypertension. In: Proceedings of
+X International Scientific Congress on Bioelectrography. St
+Petersburg, Russia; 2006:216-218.
+26. Srinivasan TM, Indira Rao T, Kushwah KK. Effect of Indian
+devotional music on students and performers measured with elec-
+tron photonic imaging. 2014; 4:284-291.
+27. Deo G, Itagi RK, Thaiyar MS, Kuldeep KK. Effect of anapanasati
+meditation technique through electrophotonic imaging para-
+meters: a pilot study. Int J Yoga. 2015;8:117-121.
+28. Kushwah KK, Srinivasan TM, Nagendra HR, Ilavarasu JV.
+Development of normative data of electro photonic imaging tech-
+nique for healthy Indian population: a normative study. Int J
+Yoga. 2016;9:49-56.
+29. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of
+diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(suppl 1):S62-S69.
+30. Pantalone KM, Hobbs TM, Wells BJ, et al. Clinical characteris-
+tics, complications, comorbidities and treatment patters among
+patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a large integrated health
+system. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2015;3:e000093.
+31. Dallas ME. Prediabetes: a precursor to kidney disease. https://
+www.kidney.org/news/prediabetes-precursor-kidney-disease.
+Published December 29, 2015. Accessed October 6, 2016.
+32. Navarro A. Prediabetes linked to early kidney damage risks: ways
+to improve blood sugar control. Tech Times. http://www.techti
+mes.com/articles/120424/20151231/prediabetes-linked-to-early-
+kidney-damage-risks-ways-to-improve-blood-sugar-control.htm.
+Published December 31, 2015. Accessed October 6, 2016.
+33. Charnow JA. Kidney damage linked to prediabetes. Renal and
+Urology News. http://www.renalandurologynews.com/acute-kid
+ney-injury/kidney-damage-linked-to-prediabetes/article/461853/.
+Published December 29, 2015. Accessed October 6, 2016.
+34. Sharma B, Hankey A, Nagendra HR. Gas discharge visualization
+characteristics of an Indian diabetes population. Voice of
+Research. 2014;2(4):28-33.
+35. Hirokawa K, Utsuyama M, Hayashi Y, Kitagawa M, Makinodan
+T, Fulop T. Slower immune system aging in women versus men in
+the Japanese population. Immune Aging. 2013;10(1):19.
+36. Caruso C, Accardi G, Virruso C, Candore G. Sex, gender and
+immunosenescence: a key to understand the different lifespan
+between men and women. Immune Aging. 2013;10(1):20.
+37. Klein SL, Flanagan KL. Sex difference in immune responses. Nat
+Rev Immunol. 2016;16:626-638.
+38. Srinivasan TM. Bridging the mind-body divide. Int J Yoga. 2013;
+6:85-86.
+39. Srinivasan TM. Prana and electrons in health and beyond. Int J
+Yoga. 2014;7:1-3.
+8
+Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine

subfolder_0/Development and Psychometric Validation of the Music Receptivity Scale..txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1758 @@
+ORIGINAL RESEARCH
+published: 08 January 2021
+doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585891
+Edited by:
+Michela Balsamo,
+University of Studies G. d’Annunzio
+Chieti and Pescara, Italy
+Reviewed by:
+Benjamin P
+. Gold,
+Vanderbilt University, United States
+Nadia Justel,
+Interdisciplinary Laboratory
+of Cognitive Neuroscience, Argentina
+Veronika Mariana Diaz Abrahan,
+Universidad Nacional de General
+San Martín, Argentina
+*Correspondence:
+Judu Ilavarasu
+[email protected]
+†ORCID:
+Mahesh George
+orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-8686
+Judu Ilavarasu
+orcid.org/0000-0002-7188-3969
+Specialty section:
+This article was submitted to
+Quantitative Psychology
+and Measurement,
+a section of the journal
+Frontiers in Psychology
+Received: 21 July 2020
+Accepted: 30 November 2020
+Published: 08 January 2021
+Citation:
+George M and Ilavarasu J (2021)
+Development and Psychometric
+Validation of the Music Receptivity
+Scale. Front. Psychol. 11:585891.
+doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585891
+Development and Psychometric
+Validation of the Music Receptivity
+Scale
+Mahesh George† and Judu Ilavarasu*†
+Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
+A new construct, termed music receptivity, is introduced and discussed in this work.
+Music receptivity can be defined as a measure of the extent of internalization that
+an individual has, to a given piece of music, as measured at the point of listening.
+Through three studies, we demonstrate the psychometric properties of the construct—
+the Music Receptivity Scale (MRS). Exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 313
+revealed good psychometric validity, with a four-factor solution (emotional experience,
+interest, attention, and hurdles), with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89, and a two-factor
+solution (emotion experience and attention), with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87. The tool
+also had a good test–retest reliability (r = 0.87 for a 15 day interval and r = 0.91 for
+1 month interval). Overall, the tool had 20 items in the long form and 12 items in the
+short version. The MRS could distinguish musicians and non-musicians supporting its
+discriminant validity. We have also discussed the implication of the MRS in the field of
+music psychology.
+Keywords: musical identity, music perception, factor analysis, psychometrics, music receptivity
+INTRODUCTION
+Musical applications have been burgeoning in recent years. Music has been extensively used in
+different fields like psychotherapy (Metzner, 2004; Grocke et al., 2008; Lin et al., 2011), education
+(Larsson and Georgii-Hemming, 2019), and sports (Belkhir et al., 2019). Understanding how music
+influences the human mind and how it induces and modulates mood states has been always a key
+question that researchers are trying to address. Existing research has focused on using music in
+therapy (Brown and Jellison, 2012; Chu et al., 2014), finding neural correlates of music (Saari et al.,
+2018), music perception (Koelsch, 2011), etc. Subjective human experiences to music are an area
+which is broad and complex (Cowen et al., 2020). Therefore, understanding individual differences
+in music listening is of colossal significance. Investigating how individuals experience music can
+give a profound insight on how music influences the human mind. There are a few tools like
+the Absorption in Music Scale (Sandstrom and Russo, 2013) and the Music Involvement Scale
+(Nagy and Szabó, 2004), which attempt to measure the degree of absorption and involvement in
+music. However, they assess more of a trait construct. Hence, there is a need for a tool that can
+assess the extent or depth of internalization of music, in a given context of listening along with the
+stable traits of the person. Internalization can mean the extent to which the given piece of music
+is taken in or absorbed by an individual listening to it, leading to a feeling of deeply resonating
+with the music. Hence, there remains a need to develop a suitable tool assessing the degree of
+internalization. To fill this lacuna, we propose a construct, music receptivity, and a psychometric
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+1
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+tool—the Music Receptivity Scale (MRS)—to measure the same.
+Music receptivity is a measure of the extent or depth of
+internalization that an individual has, to a given piece of music,
+as measured at the point of listening. This tool could appraise the
+nature and intensity of subjective human experiences in music
+listening. Music receptivity can be correlated with several other
+constructs in music psychology. In the following sections, we
+present the concept music receptivity, the factors influencing it,
+and its psychometric validation.
+Need for a New Construct of Music
+Receptivity
+The search for traits that uniquely identify a person’s inclination
+toward music has been a curious quest (Schäfer, 2016). Miranda
+(2020) identified that neuroticism is associated with musical
+habits like the extent of music listening, musical sensibility
+(emotional reactions), music preferences (music genres), and
+functions of music (emotion regulation). Miranda et al. (2010)
+likewise found that, in high school students, extraversion and
+openness alone are related to music preference and not the other
+dimensions of the big five personality factors. A meta-analysis
+reported a small to medium correlation between neuroticism
+and emotion regulation through music listening (Miranda and
+Blais-Rochette, 2018). Even though these studies successfully
+hint toward deep-rooted psychological traits associated with
+musical abilities, we need a construct that shows how these
+traits dynamically interact and result in different musical
+experiences such as elation, thrills, chills, feeling moved,
+and awestruck. The construct music receptivity might justify
+this requirement.
+Music perception restricts to basic perceptual aspects of music,
+like pitch, rhythm, tempo, etc., and predominantly, the cognitive
+processes associated with it (Koelsch, 2011). These physical
+attributes are well studied and elucidated to show how they
+invoke a higher-order experience (Justus and Bharucha, 2002;
+Deutsch, 2007). Levitin et al. (2018) have discussed temporal
+factors in music as a preliminary step in understanding how and
+why music literally moves us. However, in order for music to have
+a transformational influence and reconfigure psychological states,
+it must be accompanied by higher-order cognitive and emotional
+processing, which may lead to one experiencing higher-order
+mind–body experiences (Juslin and Västfjäll, 2008; Sandstrom
+and Russo, 2013). For music therapy to be effective, this higher
+dimension of processing has to occur in the individual. The
+emphasis in this study is toward internal psychological processes.
+Unlike music perception, where different physical features can
+have identifiable thresholds and ranges, we propose music
+receptivity to follow a psychological continuum varying from a
+lower degree to a higher degree of receptivity. This differential
+receptivity would have a direct implication in standardizing
+music for therapy in various clinical conditions. An individual-
+centric approach to music therapy is needed, as music listening is
+a highly subjective phenomenon (Schäfer et al., 2013). Therefore,
+it is important to know how and to what extent did a piece
+of music affect an individual while he listened to it. This
+motivated us to think of the construct—music receptivity. Music
+perception is about the ability of an individual to perceive or
+distinguish the parameters of a given piece of music such as
+pitch, rhythm, and tempo, whereas music receptivity measures
+the extent of internalization that an individual may have to any
+given piece of music as measured at the point of listening. We
+can define internalization as the extent to which the given piece
+of music is taken in or absorbed by an individual listening to
+it, leading to a feeling of deeply resonating with the music.
+This is closer to the definition of absorption as defined by
+Tellegen and Atkinson (1974), as the willingness to be drawn
+in deeply, without distraction. This has been also associated
+with hypnotic susceptibility (Sandstrom and Russo, 2013). Unlike
+absorption that portrays the willingness to be drawn in, the
+internalization in music receptivity conveys to what extent the
+given piece of music has actually been deeply absorbed. An
+individual may have a higher degree of willingness to be absorbed
+with a musical piece, but due to other situation factors, the
+individual may have a different degree of music receptivity. The
+Music Receptivity Scale, which we have developed, gives two
+outcomes—the level of internalization (music receptivity) to a
+given piece of music and the nature of an individual’s subjective
+experience while listening to it. The music receptivity score can
+be graded as low, average, or high, and an individual’s subjective
+experiences may be assessed by the first item of the Music
+Receptivity Scale, which is the “emotions/feelings table.” These
+factors strongly determine, at the time of listening to a piece
+of music, how much that piece is internalized by the person.
+Semantics and affect could be the important means through
+which music can invoke higher-order experiences, along with
+the interaction of situational attention and a preset interest.
+Hence, this construct was proposed to have the qualities of
+both trait as well as state. Music receptivity, therefore, can
+enable us to understand various related concepts and theories in
+music psychology.
+The process of evoking emotional responses while listening
+to music is a complex phenomenon. From the framework of
+music receptivity, any response to listening to music can be
+considered as a combination of two sets of processes—internal
+(dispositional) and external (situational). The domains of the
+MRS, i.e., emotion, interest, lyrical appraisal, attention, and
+hurdles, were proposed attributing trait characteristics. This
+means we expect that any individual will have trait emotional
+response patterns, trait interest, trait lyrical appraisal, trait
+attention, and trait hurdle (given their nature of personality).
+However, these components may not always be expressed in
+a predictable manner in different contexts. Hence, we have
+emphasized that music receptivity is specifically looked into when
+there is an interaction happening between these trait components
+and the situational factors like nature of music, ambiance of
+listening, emergent situational factors, affective, and cognitive
+state of the person, etc. So, finally, MRS can be considered as
+a combination of trait and state aspects, but with a greater
+weightage on the trait aspects. That is the reason, developing
+a scale, instead of a checklist, to measure music receptivity is
+meaningful. So, the major domains of the MRS are theoretical in
+nature and a few situational factors, external factors, which could
+be encompassed as hurdles, are an atheoretical construct.
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+2
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+Music Receptivity: Definition
+Music receptivity is defined as the measure of the extent
+of internalization that an individual has, to a given piece
+of music, while listening to it, as measured at the point
+of listening. Music receptivity constitutes five domains. They
+are attention, interest, lyrical appraisal, emotional experience,
+and hurdles.
+Figure 1 shows the conceptual diagram of the musical
+receptivity construct. We propose that the major domains
+of music receptivity are attention, interest, lyrical appraisal,
+emotional experience, and hurdles.
+(1) Attention:
+The
+ability
+of
+an
+individual
+to
+focus
+efficiently to a given musical piece, at the point of
+listening, in the presence or absence of external/internal
+disturbances or hurdles.
+(2) Interest: This comprises both state and trait interest. State
+interest is when someone listens to a music piece and finds
+it novel in one or the other way or when develops a sudden
+liking for any reason. This is similar to situational interest.
+Situational interest is elicited by aspects of an object or a
+situation, such as novelty, intensity, or by interest-inducing
+factors, contributing to the attractiveness of the situation
+(Tobias, 1994; Krapp, 1999). Trait interest is very similar to
+the idea of musical identity. The development of people’s
+musical identities begins with biological predispositions
+toward musicality and is then shaped by the people, groups,
+situations, and social institutions that they encounter as they
+develop in a particular culture (Hargreaves and Marshall,
+2003). Music receptivity of an individual to any given piece
+of music may be strongly mediated by the individual’s
+musical identity.
+(3) Lyrical appraisal: The extent to which an individual
+understands and appreciates the lyrical content in a
+given piece of music.
+(4) Emotional experience: The sum total of all the feelings
+and emotions evoked through the cognitive and affective
+processes occurring in an individual while he listens to a
+given piece of music. Juslin and Västfjäll (2008) proposed
+a
+theoretical
+framework
+featuring
+six
+psychological
+FIGURE 1 | Conceptual framework of music receptivity.
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+3
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+mechanisms
+of
+emotion
+induction
+through
+music—
+(1) brainstem reflexes, (2) evaluative conditioning, (3)
+emotional contagion, (4) visual imagery, (5) episodic
+memory, and (6) musical expectancy. They suggest that
+these mechanisms, along with cognitive appraisal, can
+explain most emotions induced by music in everyday life.
+(5) Hurdles: Hurdles is the fifth domain which captures any
+barriers related to ambiance, postures, etc. It can be
+internal and/or external distractions or difficulties that one
+may perceive while listening to a given piece of music.
+Internal distraction can be mental distraction and/or bodily
+distraction. Mental distractions can be due to intrapersonal
+communication, mind-wandering, etc. One may start mind-
+wandering for various reasons—due to lack of interest in
+the music being played, due to lack of focus and attention,
+or while listening to a song, a word or a line in the
+song might catch the fancy of an individual and push
+him to a daydreaming session. Bodily distractions while
+listening to music can occur due to any physical discomfort.
+External distraction are essentially physical distractions, e.g.,
+sound of a passing vehicle, interrupting the individual while
+listening to music, etc.
+How Is Music Internalized?
+We can assume a baseline mood state of mind just before an
+individual starts to listen to a given piece of music. This mood
+state may or may not change while listening to music. However,
+music is a powerful medium that can transform the individual’s
+current mood state to another mood state or enhance the existing
+mood state. This is called mood modulation (Bleyle, 1992). We
+can assume that the more the piece of music is in synchrony with
+the individual’s musical identity, the greater are the chances of
+mood modulation to happen. Music perception would happen
+when a person is listening to music, be it active or passive
+listening. However, we assume that music perception will be more
+with active listening than in passive listening. Figure 1 shows
+two pathways: top and bottom. Processes occurring through
+the top pathway may lead to high music receptivity, and the
+ones happening through the bottom pathway may result in
+average or low music receptivity. We propose a scheme of these
+pathways as below.
+(1) Top pathway: When an individual is listening to a piece
+of music and at a point of time if the music transitions to
+correspond to his musical identity, his interest and attention
+increases, emotional experience increases, and lyrical
+appraisal increases if he can appreciate the lyrics. Mood
+modulation happens as the music continues to correspond
+to his musical identity. Emotional experience is always high
+when mood modulation happens. When mood modulation
+happens, a higher degree of psychological processes may
+occur and higher-order mind–body responses (comprises
+physiological chills, thrills, tears, etc., feeling moved, esthetic
+awe) (Koneˇ
+cni, 2011) may be exhibited. All of these lead
+to a high music receptivity. Depending on to what extent
+the piece of music is in synchrony with the individual’s
+musical identity, the extent of music receptivity increases.
+Music receptivity is mediated by the musical identity of the
+individual listening. Hurdles, be it internal or external, may
+be overcome to a certain extent if the music is in synchrony
+with the musical identity of the individual. Beyond a certain
+extent, it reduces music receptivity.
+(2) Bottom pathway: When a person listens to music, and the
+music does not correspond to his musical identity, mood
+modulation does not occur and this results in a lower degree
+of psychological processes. What ensues is passive listening
+with low/no interest. These may lead to average or low
+music receptivity. Attention, interest, lyrical appraisal, and
+emotional experience may all be low or average in this case.
+In the bottom pathway, the chances of hurdles to affect
+the individual’s listening are high as the individual may
+already be distracted.
+Transition may happen from the bottom pathway to the top
+pathway or vice versa based on variations in the musical identity
+of the individual.
+Other Tools That Attempt to Assess
+Related Constructs
+The Music Self-Concept Inventory (MSCI) was developed to
+evaluate change or development in music self-concept, and it
+has three subscales: support or recognition from others, personal
+interest or desire: and self-perception of music ability (Hash,
+2017). The Interpersonal Music-Communication Competence
+Scale was developed to measure a set of abilities that can
+help develop the interpersonal communication through music
+training (Hald et al., 2017). The Music Perception Ability
+Questionnaire was developed to assess the general perception
+ability of non-musicians and enable them to assess their
+music abilities (Law and Zentner, 2012). The Music USE
+(MUSE) questionnaire was developed to assess the engagement
+styles of eight different background music and provide an
+overall qualitative and quantitative measure of music use.
+This questionnaire had shown four distinct engagement styles:
+cognitive and emotion regulation, engaged production, social
+connection, and dance and physical exercise (Chin and
+Rickard, 2012). The Motivation for Learning Music (MLM)
+questionnaire, based on the self-determination theory (Deci and
+Ryan, 1985), was developed to assess the degree of inherent
+motivation of music students to learn music (Comeau et al.,
+2019). The Adaptive Functions of Music Listening Scale was
+another novel perspective to assess various music listening
+functions related to general well-being. This questionnaire has
+11 domains like stress regulation, anxiety regulation, anger
+regulation, loneliness regulation, rumination, reminiscence,
+strong emotional experiences, awe and appreciation, cognitive
+regulation, identity, and sleep. Their study showed higher
+functions of music listening in females (Groarke and Hogan,
+2018). To evaluate the influence of home ambiance of music
+exposure and engagement in infants and preschool children,
+the Music@Home questionnaire was developed, and this study
+also revealed distinct patterns of parents’ music characteristics
+(Politimou et al., 2018). Based on the music model of motivation
+(Jones, 2009), the Music Model of Academic Inventory was
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+4
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+developed in a music education setting. This tool had five
+domains, namely empowerment, usefulness, success, interest,
+and caring (Jones and Skaggs, 2016). A modular tool for
+music research to assess musicianship, musical capacity, music
+preferences, and motivations for music use was developed
+(Chin et al., 2018). The Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire
+(BMRQ) was developed to assess the variations in how listeners
+experience reward in any music-related activities (Mas-Herrero
+et al., 2013). The Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index
+(Gold-MSI) measures inherent characteristics like musical skill,
+expertise, achievements, and other such related behaviors related
+to a variety of musical contexts. This tool gives an estimate
+of mastery of a person in a particular area of music and can
+reflect musical talent, ability, aptitude, or musical potential
+(Müllensiefen et al., 2014). Observing these studies, a basic need
+to develop a tool that helps in understanding the core internal
+processes that clearly define how a person responds to music is
+revealed. The uniqueness of the Music Receptivity Scale is in its
+ability to accommodate situational as well as inherent factors to
+determine the extent of internalization to a given piece of music.
+A psychometric tool that could measure music receptivity
+and at the same time appraise the nature and intensity of
+subjective experiences in music listening could have immense
+applications in a varied set of contexts. For a clinical setup, a
+smartphone-based application could be developed, where the
+MRS would serve as an integral part. This application could
+help manage client databases to music therapy, continually
+evaluate client responses to tailor-made music interventions,
+assess musical identities of clients, etc. Most of all, the MRS
+would act as a feedback tool for the music therapist. Individuals
+could download such an application to their smartphones and
+self-evaluate their responses to a particular piece of music that
+they listened to. Such an application would play a significant
+role in everyday music listening in the lives of the average man.
+Having discussed potential applications and the relationship of
+this novel construct to various theories in music psychology, we
+now present the psychometric development and validation of the
+Music Receptivity Scale.
+MATERIALS AND METHODS
+The research design was a mixed design, using both qualitative
+and quantitative methods. The research study was approved by
+the Institutional Ethics Committee, and the details are given in
+the OSF link: https://osf.io/v8jb9/.
+Phase 1—Qualitative Study
+Toward refining the construct and generating items for the
+psychometric instrument, we conducted seven in-depth personal
+interviews and also a focus group discussion involving seven
+subject matter experts from a leading music college in
+Kerala, a state in south India. The average duration of these
+interviews was 1 h. The inclusion criteria were as follows:
+post-graduates, Ph.D. holders in music with an expertise of
+10 years and above in the field of music education and
+research, expert performers/exponents of music, and willing
+to participate (informed consent was taken from each of
+these experts). For in-depth interviews, we had musicians with
+an experience of performing/composing and/or teaching and
+research experience of over 10 years (n = 7; Professor-1,
+Associate Professor-1, Assistant Professor-1, Music composers-
+2, Performers-2). For the focus group discussion (FGD), we
+had seven experts (Assistant Professors-4, Associate Professor-1,
+Professors-2) from the same department of music. The medium
+of the interview was Malayalam, the local language of Kerala.
+Interviews were conducted until data became redundant. The
+interviewees’ comments, views, and suggestions were extracted
+while transcribing the audio recording of the interviews. The
+interviews were manually transcribed and coded. The interviews
+were unstructured and questions were asked based on eight
+probe questions (see OSF link: https://osf.io/v8jb9/ for details).
+Following data analysis, we generated items and consolidated the
+questionnaire with 23 items (details on the items are given in
+the OSF link: https://osf.io/v8jb9/). Following this, two experts
+of psychometrics were also consulted and their advice was sought
+toward the overall refinement of the tool.
+Phase 2—Quantitative Study
+For the quantitative study, the research design employed was
+survey design and the sample size was calculated using the rule
+of thumb (Nunnally, 1978), which states that the subject to item
+ratio for exploratory factor analysis should be at least 10:1, i.e.,
+10 individuals for each item. We took an excess of 14 individuals
+per item for the field validation study (n = 322). The convenience
+sampling technique was employed.
+Content Validity
+Once the final form of the tool (23 items) was consolidated
+after the qualitative study, content validation documents were
+prepared [three documents were handed over to each of the 12
+experts—(1) about the study: (2) the Music Receptivity Scale, the
+actual handout which would be used for the field study;, and
+(3) content validation sheet] and we met with each of the 12
+experts. Similar inclusion criteria were used as in the case of the
+qualitative study, and the experts were briefed in person about
+the study. The three documents were handed out to them and
+they returned the content validation sheets after validating in due
+time. Lawshe’s content validation ratio was calculated for each
+item, and as per the literature, for a number of 12 experts, the
+content validity ratio (CVR) should be 0.56 and above (Lawshe,
+1975). Three items (4, 16, 21) had CVR below 0.56. We retained
+all three items for the field validation study. The rationale why
+they were retained is as follows: Item 4: “I was distracted due to
+daydreaming while listening to the given music.” was similar to
+item 12: “While listening to the given music, I was losing focus,
+going back and forth on daydreaming,” which had high CVR
+and hence we retained it to add more items to the domain.
+Item 16 was: “I associated disturbing/unpleasant memories or
+events with this piece of music.” This item has its importance
+in a clinical music therapy setting. Individuals may associate
+disturbing memories or traumatic events that happened in their
+life to the music that they might have heard during that phase
+of life. Listening to such unpleasant and disturbing music might
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+5
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+trigger memories yielding to negative clinical effects. Therefore,
+item 16 was retained to identify such responses. Item 21 was:
+“While listening to the music, I was imaginative/creative.” This
+item taps the creative dimension of music listening, which we
+consider an important aspect of music receptivity. Listening to
+music with high interest creates a unique imagery, which can help
+to identify musical identity. Active music listening is a creative
+activity in that the listener constructs a uniquely personal music
+experience (Kratus, 2017). All items were agreed upon by the
+experts to be both culturally relevant and easily comprehendible.
+Face Validity
+Once the content validation process was completed, we
+consolidated the tool and gave it out to 15 laymen in order to
+assess its face validity, and their responses ensured good face
+validity of the tool.
+Field Testing of the Instrument
+A pilot study was conducted (n = 63; 28 males, 35 females),
+involving all undergraduate engineering students (age range:
+18–23 years). The study was conducted in a classroom setup
+employing floor-standing tower stereo speakers. The music we
+chose for the study is a popular song among the audiences of
+Kerala, a state in the south of India. The title of the song is
+“Samayamithapoorva sayahnam,” its duration was 5 min and
+12 s, and this song is from the Malayalam language movie
+“Harikrishnans” (1998), composed by Ouseppachan, written by
+Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri (Fazil, 1998). This piece
+of music adheres to the Carnatic music/South Indian Classical
+Music tradition. The same song was used for the pilot study, field
+testing, and with the musicians. It is challenging to claim that this
+musical piece would evoke a homogeneous response in the target
+audience, as the listener’s characteristics may considerably vary.
+However, the rationale for choosing this song is given below:
+(1) It is a semiclassical piece of music considered to have
+melodic content, and the major percussion instrument—
+“mridangam”—is intelligently used. We consider that these
+characteristics of the musical piece would create an uplifting
+experience for the listeners. The song is a ragamaalika
+(Ragamaalika is a term given to a music composition
+where more than one ragas are intelligently knit together)
+comprising of the ragas—Navarasa kanada, Begada, and
+Desh. All these ragas are known to induce feelings of love,
+compassion, devotion, and tranquility.
+(2) It appeared to have clear, meaningful, and poetic lyrics (the
+song lyrics have been translated and given in the OSF link:
+https://osf.io/v8jb9/).
+(3) The song and the lyrics together are considered to evoke
+the emotions/feelings of devotion, surrender, love, presence
+of the divine, pacifying/soothing, happiness, reflections on
+one’s life, etc.
+(4) Overall, the song is such that any individual in general (in
+an Indian context) could appreciate it, and the chances of
+this piece of music evoking any negative feeling/emotion are
+considered to be minimal, according to our contention.
+Ragas are modal melodies comprising the canon of North
+Indian classical music. Each raga is constructed from five or
+more musical notes, organized into one ascending sequence and
+one descending sequence of notes, which together comprise a
+single melodic framework. The performance of a raga is restricted
+within the note sequences of its ascending and descending
+halves, but is improvised in all other respects—e.g., timing
+between notes and sustain and attack of each note (Valla et al.,
+2017). The same definition of raga applies for the South Indian
+classical music as well.
+The participants were asked to be seated comfortably and
+then briefed about the study, particularly the importance of
+this study in fostering field applications of music therapy in
+clinical settings. Then, the handouts (comprising the participant
+informed consent form, checklist of demographic information,
+checklist to screen for relevant disabilities/disorders, the 23-item
+MRS) were given out to all 63 participants present there. Once
+they filled out this information, they were instructed to not look
+into the handout further and keep it closed. Then, the music
+was played, and once the song ended, they were instructed to
+open the handout and the initial instruction was read out and
+explained to them. The initial instruction of the MRS is: “There
+are 35 emotions/feelings listed in these CELLS below. Please go
+through each of them; You may have EXPERIENCED many
+numbers of emotions/feelings given below, while you listened
+to the given music; go on, identify all those and rate them on
+a scale of 1–5 (score 1 as the lowest level of experience; score 5
+as the highest level). Give your rating within the brackets. Please
+do not think much, your immediate response will be the best.”
+These instructions are for the first item of the MRS, which is
+validated separately from the rest of the 22 items. The 23-item
+tool used for the field validation study is given in the OSF link:
+https://osf.io/v8jb9/. There were three test administrators, and
+the participants were told that they could put up their hands and
+ask any questions if they had related to taking the test. Once they
+finished taking the test, the handouts were collected from them
+and data was entered into Excel sheet and prepared for analysis.
+The pilot data was subjected to analysis, and the psychometric
+properties of the tool were observed following which we decided
+to retain all 23 items for the field study.
+The field validation study was conducted with a sample size of
+313 (n = 313; 133 males; 179 females; 1 transgender). Data were
+taken from two colleges, both located in Trivandrum, a district
+in Kerala. The participants’ age range was from 18 to 22. The
+study was conducted in the amenity center of the college, which is
+designed to facilitate audio-visual entertainment and conducting
+college cultural programs. The auditorium had an excellent
+speaker system, and before the actual study was conducted, three
+test administrators played the music there in the auditorium and
+checked for the sound quality of the speakers there and ensured
+that the echo and reverberation was ideal to the piece of music
+selected. Then, the participants were brought to the auditorium
+and the same process was repeated similar to the pilot study, with
+the only difference that the initial instructions were elaborated
+more and they were briefed in detail about the difference between
+“knowing that there is a particular emotion/feeling present in a
+piece of music” and “experiencing a particular emotion/feeling
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+6
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+within themselves while listening to a piece of music.” The second
+set of data was taken under similar conditions.
+In order to evaluate the performance of the MRS on a sample
+trained in music, we selected students from a music college
+(males = 40, females = 4). In the context of our study, a musician
+can be defined as a person who practices any one or more
+instruments or vocal and has musical skills that people around
+him acknowledge. However, he need not be a music professional.
+In the music college, students engage with at least one of
+the musical instruments or with vocal practice. We anticipated
+that this group would show higher scores on music receptivity
+compared with the non-musicians.
+RESULTS
+Data Screening and Extraction
+Three sets of data, pilot (n = 63), general population (n = 313),
+musicians (n = 44), were separately analyzed. The data were
+initially extracted to an Excel and checked for any typo using
+the double entry method (Barchard and Verenikina, 2013) and
+screened for any possible outliers. It led to the removal of nine
+cases where there were clear indications of inappropriate entry or
+too many missing values. The final sample size used to report the
+results is 313, which is in the ratio of 13 cases per item, more than
+the recommended 10 cases per item. All the analyses were done
+using R statistical software, version 3.4.2 (R Development Core
+Team, 2020), and its psych package (Revelle, 2019).
+Qualitative Analysis of Interviews
+In-Depth Interviews and Focus Group Discussion
+To refine the construct of music receptivity and to get inputs for
+item generation, we conducted unstructured in-depth interviews
+and focus group discussion.
+Some of the ideas that emerged from the in-depth interviews
+were as follows: the need to standardize the music and its
+duration appropriate to the clinical condition of an individual,
+the need to identify confounding factors in clinical application of
+music therapy, societal and cultural bases of emotion induction
+through music, precision of delivery of music, instrumental
+music may be therapeutically superior to other modes, and
+necessity to account for a person’s internal state while assessing
+the degree of music receptivity (excerpts of the in-depth
+interview are provided in the OSF link: https://osf.io/v8jb9/ for
+more information).
+Some of the key ideas that came up from the FGD were as
+follows: the need to match the music intervention to the mental
+state of the participant, the need to assess musical preferences
+beforehand in music therapy, music sense is a differential
+ability, pure instrumental music could invoke sublime emotions,
+choice of music should be based on the personality and the
+preference of the person, perfection in music performance is
+necessary to induce strong emotions in listeners, layman may
+not understand the finer nuances of a piece of music yet still
+have an ability to appreciate music, importance of knowing
+any negative associations that one may have to certain types
+of music or a particular piece of music, trained musicians
+may prefer music over lyrics, innate interest greatly influences
+attention toward music, lyrics may not be necessary to bring out
+emotional experiences, etc. Furthermore, the experts equivocally
+opined that such an instrument which could measure the
+depth of internalization to music and also appraise the nature
+and intensity of subjective experiences in music listening was
+absolutely necessary (see OSF link: https://osf.io/v8jb9/).
+Item Generation
+Items were generated based on the inputs obtained from the
+in-depth interviews and the FGD. One of the authors of this
+article, who is a post-graduate in Applied Psychology, trained as
+an Indian classical vocalist with over 15 years of performance
+experience, and also an audiophile, prepared the items of
+the Music Receptivity Scale. Two psychometric experts from
+the Department of Psychology, University of Kerala were also
+consulted. The consolidated questionnaire had 23 items designed
+to capture the domains of attention, interest, lyrical appraisal,
+emotional experience, and hurdles. The first item had 35 items to
+capture the various emotions experienced and had the rating scale
+of 1–5, least to maximum experienced level of emotion. All the
+other 22 items had responses on a five-point Likert scale, strongly
+agree to strongly disagree. They were coded in such a way that a
+higher score indicated higher music receptivity.
+Factor Analysis
+As the aim of this study was to evaluate the structure of the MRS,
+we used exploratory factor analysis to determine the number
+and nature of underlying factors of the MRS. We used parallel
+analysis to determine the number of factors to retain (Horn,
+1965); principal axis factoring was performed to evaluate the
+number of underlying factors by employing oblique rotation
+(oblimin) as the domains were anticipated to be correlated.
+Maximum iterations for convergence were fixed at 1,000. The
+analyses revealed more than one solution. We report two possible
+solutions and another two-factor model with reduced items. We
+based our theoretical construct as the prime factor to decide upon
+the factor structure and then to check if it is further supported by
+the empirical data.
+Factor Analysis of Pilot Data (n = 63)
+Exploratory factor analysis on a sample of 63 was performed.
+A parallel analysis revealed two factors to be extracted. Bartlett’s
+test of sphericity was performed to check the suitability of
+performing factor analysis, and the result was statistically
+significant showing that factor analysis can be performed.
+The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) test, a measure of sampling
+adequacy, revealed that values for all the items were greater than
+0.75 except for item numbers 3 (0.53), 16 (0.43), and 18 (0.62).
+The mean sampling adequacy was 0.84. Minimum value expected
+is 0.50, and 0.60 is mostly recommended. Pilot study data
+were used to optimize field administration and deduce adequate
+sample size and probable structure of the music receptivity
+construct. It was observed that the ambiance of the study setup
+including the sound system needed improvement.
+Factor Analysis of the Main Data (n = 313)
+A parallel analysis suggested three factors to be extracted.
+Overall mean sample adequacy (MSA) was 0.88. The MSA
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+7
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+for individual items ranged from 0.40 to 0.94. The MSA
+for item 18 alone was lower (0.40) and all the other items’
+MSA values were above 0.70. Bartlett’s test of sphericity was
+significant [χ2(231) = 2,468.79, p <
+0.001]. Principal axis
+factoring was performed on all the 22 items to determine the
+underlying factors by employing oblique rotation (oblimin) as
+we anticipated that the factors will be intercorrelated. We,
+however, started by extracting five factors as per our theoretical
+predictions and later tried our four-factor solution. The four-
+factor solution was closer to our theoretical model. Also, the
+two items, item 3 (I was comfortable with my posture while
+listening to the given music) and item 18 (The music played
+was loud for my ears), were removed as they were weakly
+loaded. We accommodated these two items as part of the
+instruction statement. It was obvious that we must take care
+of external environmental conditions before we attempt to
+measure music receptivity. Principal axis factoring was again
+performed on the reduced 20 items. Overall MSA was 0.89,
+and for individual items, it ranged from 0.74 to 0.94. Bartlett’s
+test of sphericity was also significant [χ2(190) = 2,397.69,
+p <
+0.001]. Table 1 shows the four-factor and two-factor
+solutions for the MRS.
+TABLE 1 | Exploratory factor analysis showing the factor loadings from the pattern matrix for the 20-item MRS scale (n = 313), with four-factor and two-factor solutions.
+Items
+Four-factor solution
+Two-factor solution
+Emotion
+Interest
+Attention
+Hurdle
+Communality
+Affect
+Attention
+Communality
+I17
+The music “moved me”/“touched my
+heart.”
+0.84
+0.73
+0.83
+0.68
+I23
+The lyrics of the music “moved
+me”/“touched my heart.”
+0.77
+0.61
+0.77
+0.58
+I15
+The music took me to another world.
+0.67
+0.58
+0.77
+0.58
+I11
+The music brought back good
+memories.
+0.62
+0.5
+0.67
+0.45
+I21
+While listening to the music, I was
+imaginative/creative.
+0.62
+0.42
+0.64
+0.41
+I8
+I got emotionally triggered while
+listening to the given music.
+0.54
+0.39
+0.6
+0.38
+I19
+The music evoked images and/or
+connected thoughts in my mind.
+0.4
+0.3
+0.55
+0.3
+I20
+I understood the meaning of the lyrics
+well.
+0.33
+0.16
+0.35
+0.12
+I14*
+I did not like the lyrics of the given
+music.
+0.31
+0.31
+0.42
+0.27
+I13
+I would love to listen to this music
+again.
+0.44
+0.5
+0.69
+0.79
+0.65
+I2*
+The given music was not interesting to
+me.
+0.54
+0.57
+0.68
+0.52
+I5*
+The given music sounded boring to me.
+0.77
+0.71
+0.66
+0.53
+I4*
+I was distracted due to daydreaming
+while listening to the given music.
+0.35
+0.26
+0.49
+0.24
+I7*
+My intensity of focus was varying while
+listening to the given music.
+0.55
+0.42
+0.5
+0.35
+I22*
+While listening to the music, I was
+disturbed/distracted by external factors.
+0.57
+0.3
+0.4
+0.16
+I6*
+It was difficult for me to be attentive
+while I was listening to the given music.
+0.36
+0.45
+0.41
+0.53
+0.37
+I9*
+Although I wanted to be attentive on
+the whole, my attention was not up to
+the mark.
+0.63
+0.43
+0.56
+0.31
+I16*
+I associated disturbing/unpleasant
+memories or events with this music.
+0.7
+0.43
+0.39
+0.16
+I10*
+Disturbing thoughts came into my mind
+while listening to the given music.
+0.58
+0.5
+0.64
+0.4
+I12*
+While listening to the given music, I was
+losing focus, going back and forth on
+daydreaming.
+0.38
+0.31
+0.48
+0.68
+0.45
+Cumulative variance
+0.2
+0.31
+0.4
+0.46
+0.27
+0.39
+Items marked with ∗are reverse coded. Loadings less than 0.30 are suppressed.
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+8
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+The
+total
+variance
+explained
+by
+this
+four-factor
+20-item scale is 46%.
+Upon careful observation, we also noticed that some of the
+factors in the four-factor model are intercorrelated and they can
+be converged to a two-factor solution. Table 1 also depicts the
+two-factor solution. The cumulative variance for this 20-item
+two-factor solution is 39%.
+We further refined the two-factor model by removing certain
+items that had relatively weaker loadings or that had considerable
+cross-loadings. For this, items 3, 4, 6, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, and 20
+from the 22-item MRS were deleted. The resultant 12-item scale
+(Table 2) had two factors with total variance explained of 45%.
+We propose to label the two-factor solution as affect
+and attention.
+Under affect, both emotion and interest,
+which are the factors of our theoretical framework, are
+assimilated. The four-factor solution had the following factors:
+emotion, interest, attention, and hurdle, as expected from our
+theoretical framework. The lyrical appraisal factor, however, did
+not clearly emerge.
+Reliability of the Music Receptivity Scale
+Internal consistency
+The overall internal consistency measured using Cronbach’s
+alpha was 0.89. For the 20-item four-factor solution, the alpha
+values were 0.81 (emotion), 0.84 (interest), 0.68 (attention), and
+0.59 (hurdle). For the 20-item two-factor solution, the alpha
+values were 0.87 (affect) and 0.75 (attention).
+Test–retest reliability
+Test–retest was conducted on two different occasions, after
+15 days and after 30 days. The test–retest reliability was found to
+be very high, r(45) = 0.87, p < 0.001 for the 15 day interval and
+r(49) = 0.91, p < 0.001 for a 30 day interval. This suggests high
+temporal stability of the tool. This high consistency can mean
+that both the stability of the construct and the consistency of the
+musical piece influence the respondents.
+Validation of the First Item
+The first item in the Music Receptivity Scale attempts to capture
+the type of emotion captured after listening to the given piece
+of music. The validity of this first item would differ from
+context to context. In our study, we played a musical piece
+that had predominantly positive emotion, especially sublime
+devotion, surrender, reflections, love, happiness, etc. In order
+to validate this, we used the principal component analysis
+to check if the responses get reduced to represent the main
+theme of the played song. The parallel analysis suggested
+three components. We observed that the first component had
+distinctively higher loadings in the pattern matrix compared
+with all the other components, and the first component’s
+eigenvalue was 9. The items of this component converged to
+the theme of sublime devotion, surrender, love, acceptance, etc.,
+unambiguously capturing the theme of the played song. Hence,
+the first item also had good validity.
+Factor Analysis of Musician Data (n = 44)
+Following the previous analyses of the main study, two factors
+(affect and attention) were extracted, which reproduced the
+results of the main study. The mean MRS score of the musician
+group was significantly higher than that of the main study group,
+t(69.17) = 5.515, p < 0.001, d = 0.46. Also, the variance of the
+musician group was significantly lower than that of the main
+study group, [F(1, 355) = 4.89, p = 0.028]. This suggests a likely
+discriminant validity of the MRS tool in this analysis between
+musicians and the general population.
+Considering the factor analysis results of the three subsets of
+data, we propose a two-factor solution for the Music Receptivity
+Scale to be used for all general purposes, and for clinical purposes,
+a four-factor solution would be recommended.
+Influence of Social Desirability
+In any self-report measures, an element of social desirability
+may be present in the responses. Hence, to assess that, a social
+TABLE 2 | Exploratory factor analysis showing the factor loadings from the pattern matrix for the 12-item short version of the MRS scale (n = 313), with
+two-factor solution.
+Items
+Two-factor solution
+Affect
+Attention
+Communality
+I17
+The music “moved me”/“touched my heart.”
+0.84
+0.72
+I23
+The lyrics of the music “moved me”/“touched my heart.”
+0.79
+0.62
+I15
+The music took me to another world.
+0.76
+0.57
+I2*
+The given music was not interesting to me.
+0.68
+0.49
+I11
+The music brought back good memories.
+0.64
+0.44
+I5
+The given music sounded boring to me.
+0.63
+0.44
+I21
+While listening to the music, I was imaginative/creative.
+0.62
+0.38
+I8
+I got emotionally triggered while listening to the given music.
+0.61
+0.4
+I9*
+Although I wanted to be attentive on the whole, my attention was not up to the mark.
+0.66
+0.44
+I7*
+My intensity of focus was varying while listening to the given music.
+0.57
+0.42
+I10*
+Disturbing thoughts came into my mind while listening to the given music.
+0.53
+0.28
+I22*
+While listening to the music, I was disturbed/distracted by external factors.
+0.49
+0.24
+Cumulative variance
+0.33
+0.45
+Items marked with * are reverse coded. Loadings less than 0.30 are suppressed.
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+9
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+desirability scale was used. The correlation between the total
+music receptivity score and the total social desirability score was
+not statistically significant, r(310) = 0.01, p = 0.834, indicating
+that in this study sample, social desirability did not influence
+music receptivity and suggested that this construct is not socially
+sensitive. However, this particular result needs to be reproduced
+across study setups before it can be generalized.
+DISCUSSION
+We intended to develop an instrument to measure music
+receptivity, field test it, and assess its psychometric properties,
+and as a culmination, we developed a 20-item questionnaire
+having four domains (emotional experience, interest, attention,
+hurdles) and a shorter 12-item version of the same. Even though
+the five-factor model which we postulated in our conceptual
+model did not emerge, we suggest that some of the components
+are not psychometrically integrated, but conceptually integrated,
+and therefore, should be analyzed and separately interpreted.
+We excluded items 3 and 18 (items assessing hurdles) from
+the instrument and propose to add them as part of the set of
+instructions to ensure that confounders do not exist. We expected
+lyrical appraisal would come up as a separate domain of music
+receptivity, indicative of the report of Besson et al. (1998) saying
+listeners independently process lyrics and tunes. However, lyrical
+appraisal cannot be viewed as a watertight compartment as it
+dynamically interacts with emotional experience along with other
+factors and cumulatively contributes to the music receptivity
+score. Also looking at the wordings of the items measuring lyrical
+appraisal, two of the items emphasize feeling/emotional aspects,
+e.g., “did not like the lyrics” and “lyrics of the music moved
+me/touched my heart,” and hence, the domain of lyrical appraisal
+got submerged into the emotional experience domain. Lyrical
+appraisal did not come out as a standalone domain, partly due
+to the overlap of the two domains. However, we strongly propose
+that lyrical appraisal must form an independent domain, as it is
+important to measure it separately, especially in clinical settings
+where music is administered as therapy. The following study
+supports our contention where it was shown that happy music
+induced a higher degree of positive valance in “without lyrics”
+condition contrasted against “with lyrics” condition, and this
+study also clearly distinguished between experience of music with
+and without lyrics (Brattico et al., 2011). Therefore, it reinforces
+the idea that all the external and internal cues associated with
+a piece of music are precursors to activation of various mental
+representations, and once they occur, corresponding emotions
+are experienced.
+The two-factor solution was a reduced item version, and
+it yielded the two most important metacomponents of music
+receptivity, i.e., affect and attention. The affect domain included
+interest and emotional experience, whereas attention remained
+as a separate factor. We also observed that musicians had
+significantly higher music receptivity scores compared with non-
+musicians. The musicians had lower variance in the music
+receptivity score compared with the non-musicians. These results
+may be considered as an initial evidence of discriminant validity
+of the MRS. However, more studies are needed to understand
+the different characteristics of musicianship on MRS scores.
+We, however, note that the information about the nature of
+musicianship in the general population study (n = 313) were
+not collected. There could have been some musicians in this
+group. The implication of this limitation is that it could have
+overestimated the MRS scores in the general population study
+and reduced the magnitude of difference in MRS scores between
+the musician and non-musician groups. As this is likely to have
+imparted a type II error, we consider our inference would still
+hold in future studies, when we control for musicianship in the
+general population. As far as the reproducibility of the results or
+the structure of the construct music receptivity is concerned, we
+expect it to be reproducible across different setups, as evident
+through our combined analysis of all the three sample sets
+yielding a similar factor structure.
+The
+well-brought
+out
+domains
+are
+attention,
+interest,
+emotional experience, and hurdles, whereas lyrical appraisal
+merged into the domain of emotional experience. Considering
+the potential clinical applications of this tool, some of the
+items have been retained in the tool even though their removal
+would have given a high factor loading in factor analysis, for
+example, items 10 and 16 which are quite relevant in traumatic
+or clinical conditions. The first item of the Music Receptivity
+Scale appraises the nature and intensity of subjective feelings and
+emotions evoked in an individual while listening to a given piece
+of music. This is something similar to the Geneva Emotional
+Music Scales (GEMS), which has 45 items depicting various
+emotions that can be induced through music, and it has also
+been grouped into nine categories of emotion groups (Zentner
+et al., 2008). The first item of the Music Receptivity Scale has
+a similar structure; however, instead of using the GEMS, we
+used labels of commonly experienced emotions in music listening
+and also added a few other components like surrender, seeking
+mercy, etc. assuming that they would be more culturally relevant
+in an Indian context. The revised version of this scale, the
+Geneva Music-Induced Affect Checklist (GEMIAC), in which
+extra dimensions were added, had similar disparity. In this tool,
+the intensity and frequency of affective response are presented
+(Coutinho and Scherer, 2017).
+The MRS has close resemblance with a few other tools. The
+Absorption in Music Scale was developed to identify people
+who might be especially responsive to music. It has domains
+like attention, altered sense of reality, access to old memories,
+increased imagery, duration of music listening, knowledge of
+music or artist, and belief mood affected by music. The working
+definition of absorption presented in this work, “Willingness to
+be drawn in deeply, without distraction, is called absorption”
+(Tellegen and Atkinson, 1974), has close resemblance with
+music receptivity. In the MRS, the interest and the emotion
+would define the willingness, and attention and hurdles would
+relate to external distractions (Sandstrom and Russo, 2013). The
+Absorption in Music Scale was also found to be assessing listening
+habits and preferences and the ability of music to influence
+one’s mood. Individual differences in absorption can predict
+differences in depth of emotional responses to music, which
+is also an aim of the Music Receptivity Scale. Absorption was
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+10
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+found to be a significant indicator of post-stressor physiological
+recovery. We assume that further predictive validity studies using
+the MRS can also show similar results in clinical practices. In this
+reported study, the authors have used only one type of music,
+which has been highlighted as a limitation.
+Intensity of music involvement was measured using the
+Music Involvement Scale. Some of the conceptual ideas
+incorporated into this tool include physical reaction, emotion,
+perception, cognition, and trance-like experiences. Similarly,
+the MRS also has emotion, attention, and lyrical appraisal
+domains. In the Music Involvement Scale, the proposed
+domains were subclassified into finer aspects based on content
+analysis. However, in the MRS, the domains are broadly
+labeled.
+Additionally,
+physical
+reactions
+and
+trance-like
+experiences were included, which are not present in the MRS
+(Nagy and Szabó, 2004).
+The Profile of Music Perception Skills, PROMS, measures
+various perceptual components of music like pitch, timbre,
+and rhythm. This questionnaire can assess musical abilities
+of even non-musicians. While PROMS provides the ability
+to comprehend perceptual features of music, MRS measures
+certain cognitively evolved constructs based on basic perceptual
+processes after listening to a piece of music. Hence, PROMS
+can help to establish the convergent validity of the MRS. It can
+be assumed that if situational factors are held constant, higher
+musical perceptual ability is likely to be associated with music
+receptivity (Law and Zentner, 2012).
+The
+Music
+USE
+(MUSE)
+questionnaire
+assesses
+the
+engagement styles of eight different background music and
+provides an overall qualitative and quantitative measure of music
+use. Four distinct engagement styles—cognitive and emotion
+regulation, engaged production, social connection, and dance
+and physical exercise—are presented (Chin and Rickard, 2012).
+The cognitive and emotion regulation domain particularly has
+some similarity to the MRS, where the emotion and interest
+domains are related. However, the items in this questionnaire
+are not contextually mapped to the given piece of music.
+We consider that, at the time of listening to a musical piece,
+emotion regulation ability is less important than other automatic
+psychological processes.
+The Adaptive Functions of Music Listening Scale is another
+scale that measures various music listening functions related
+to general well-being. Among the various affective, social, and
+cognitive
+functions
+derived
+from
+music
+listening,
+strong
+emotional
+experiences
+and
+cognitive
+regulation
+appear
+similar to the MRS domains of emotion and attention
+(Groarke and Hogan, 2018).
+As a general remark, we can say that for all these constructs,
+if we look into the trait part, the higher scores of the MRS are
+more likely to be associated with the higher scores in these traits,
+given that the situational factors are not unduly influenced. It
+can also be observed that most of these closely related tools
+attempt to measure some trait aspects in an individual, and
+these tools can be administered most often without any musical
+piece presented to the participants. However, in music therapy
+setups, it is essential to evaluate the mental status of an individual
+associated with situational factors and trait aspects together.
+These two aspects together would define to what extent an
+individual can have receptivity to the given piece of music. In
+music, where there is a constant interaction between the person
+and the music, distinguishing or labeling a construct as trait
+or state sometimes becomes challenging as both trait and state
+characteristics might be present.
+The concept of music receptivity may have far-reaching
+implications in relation to the various existing theories in music
+psychology, education, research, and clinical practices. The Music
+Receptivity Scale may indicate intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
+It may also possibly predict musical engagement. To further
+evaluate the predictive validity of the Music Receptivity Scale,
+we could possibly study the personality dimensions associated
+with music receptivity. A study investigating who should study
+music found a correlation with musical outcome and Holland’s
+personality concept of vocational personality and environments
+(Cevik et al., 2013). Another study based on the Savanna–
+IQ interaction hypothesis reported that intelligence is related
+with preference for instrumental music over vocal music and
+also associated with reflective, intense, and sophisticated types
+of music, which gives an insight that higher-order appraisal
+requires higher cognitive functions (Raˇ
+cevska and Tadinac,
+2019). Musical training is another important factor that would be
+a strong predictor of music receptivity. It has been reported that
+musical training is associated with perceptual and cognitive skills,
+including executive functions and general intelligence (Criscuolo
+et al., 2019). We can anticipate higher musical training or
+musical inclination to be associated with higher music receptivity.
+Specifically, the attention, interest, and emotion domains of the
+MRS will be closely related to musical training.
+Modulation and appraisal of emotions while listening to music
+and the way different experiences are felt have been an important
+focus of many studies. Prior attempts were made to develop scales
+to measure attitude toward music (Solomon and Edwards, 1971).
+Also, other similar constructs like the Musical Sophistication
+Index and the Brief Music in Mood Regulation Scale (B-
+MMR) emphasize the importance of emotions. The Musical
+Sophistication Index measures musical skills, abilities, and
+behavior, such as active engagement, perceptual abilities, musical
+training, singing abilities, and emotion (Degrave and Dedonder,
+2019). The B-MMR attempts to measure seven different music-
+related mood regulation strategies (Saarikallio, 2008).
+The trajectory from music listening to behavioral responses
+can be staged into three phases—music listening (interactive
+phase), music processing (appraisal phase), and response
+exhibition (response phase). In the first stage of the interactive
+phase, the perceptual abilities would play a major role in deciding
+the music receptivity. In the interactive phase, feature extraction
+(timbre, pitch), Gestalt formation, auditory sensory memory,
+analysis of intervals, structure building, structural reanalysis
+and repair, vitalization, and premotor action might occur. This
+description, according to the neurocognitive model of music
+perception (Koelsch, 2011), describes the whole spectrum of
+events involved in the process. These neurocognitive music
+perception events can modulate music receptivity in various
+ways. To start with, initial attention would be enhanced if the
+given piece of music contains relevant acoustic information
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+11
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+that would help form Gestalten consolidation, triggering
+corresponding auditory sensory memories that would further
+activate the interest. If these components happen without much
+barrier, then it would lead to higher music receptivity. As an
+outcome of that, higher-order mind–body responses can be
+seen at the physical level (as chills, etc.) and mental level (as
+esthetic awe). Hence, the initial exposure to a music piece has an
+important function to trigger relevant acoustic information that
+matches with a person’s music identity. Here, we would like to
+emphasize that the initial perceptual abilities can be influenced
+by situational factors like the quality of music, listening ambiance,
+momentary state of mind, and mood. These are closely related to
+the hurdle dimension of the Music Receptivity Scale.
+Experiencing higher-order mind–body experiences such as
+physiological chills and thrills, feeling moved, and esthetic awe
+is a complex phenomenon (Koneˇ
+cni, 2011). There are many
+perspectives presented in the scientific literature. In a study,
+participants listened to their preferred choice of music, and
+later, they were assessed using the Tellegen Absorption Scale
+and Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory. They showed
+two types of deep absorptions—zoning-in and tuning-in—and
+showed the interacting role of cognitive and affective systems
+(Vroegh, 2019). Similarly, the embodied cognition in music was
+suggested to have two levels: the surface level where bodily
+movements get activated through psychomotor movements and
+the deep level of embodied cognition that integrates other
+perceptual properties of music and synergistically paves the path
+to experience various higher-order musical experiences. This
+feature was hinted as an important factor in distinguishing
+different levels of musicianship and their brain plasticity
+(Korsakova-Kreyn, 2018). This intricate phenomenon can be
+understood using the spreading activation theory. According to
+this theory, deeper experiences in music listening can be brought
+about by forming relevant mental representations and suitably
+activating it at a later time. These mental representations form the
+musical identity of a person. These mental representations can be
+formed through active engagement with music and also by mere
+exposure, perhaps through subliminal pathways as in the case
+with passive listening. If some of these mental representations are
+activated through the spreading mechanism, then higher-order
+mind–body experiences may be induced. External environmental
+factors are also very important in the process of initiating suitable
+mental representations. The spreading activation theory explains
+many of the complex interrelationships between music listening,
+experiencing higher-order emotions, and social interactions
+(Schubert et al., 2014). The implication of this is that by
+carefully modulating these factors, music receptivity could be
+possibly regulated.
+Studying music receptivity further may help us understand
+the theories related to the experience of higher-order mind–
+body phenomena in music psychology. For further ecological
+validation, we would need to carefully design and control the
+experimental conditions to have experience of such higher-order
+emotions and then study using this tool. There can be many
+other confounders; for instance, in the study, it was shown that
+felt emotions and perceived emotions may be quite different.
+Sad music sometimes appears pleasant; owing to that, though
+sad music was perceived as sad, the actual experience felt by the
+participants was pleasant, and this strongly emphasizes that the
+mental representation through which a person feels ultimately
+is very important (Kawakami et al., 2013). A similar idea is
+also echoed in another article where the authors suggest a
+constructionist perspective of emotion induction through music
+listening. They argue that music does not essentially induce basic
+emotions, rather through modulation of core affect (valence and
+arousal), appropriate mental representations are activated and
+bring out a spectrum of musical emotions (Cespedes-Guevara
+and Eerola, 2018). It was also suggested that music listening
+may bring about mood modulation. Even though these moods
+may be variable and subjective, they can be linked to a specific
+emotion, as music listening deliberately aligns feelings to a
+particular set of emotions. This implies a cumulative effect
+leading to experiencing higher-order mind–body experiences
+(Goffin, 2014).
+Hence, it can be seen that the construct music receptivity
+has wide linkages with many other theories in music and
+further studies using this tool can give much insightful
+information in the future.
+Limitations and Future Scope of the
+Study
+We believe the Music Receptivity Scale can be a potential tool
+for clinical applications. However, in this study, we could not
+validate the instrument using a clinical sample. As clinical setups
+are varied, we require multiple studies designed to suit specific
+clinical conditions. Music receptivity is a generalized concept
+that can be applied to varied contexts in music such as music
+education, music in daily life, music for well-being, and so
+on. Another limitation of our study was that we used only
+one musical stimulus, and with that, it would be difficult to
+generalize MRS’s performance across different themes of music.
+As the music receptivity scores would depend on different
+situational factors, the state aspect of the MRS would require
+further investigation. Therefore, we would need studies in all
+these contexts to evaluate the overall ecological validity of the
+tool. Similarly, music receptivity may be influenced by age,
+socioeconomic strata, etc., which we could not address in our
+study. We also could not investigate other approaches to establish
+construct validity except factor analysis. Looking at convergent
+and discriminant validity together to establish construct validity
+would have given an additional dimension to the construct
+validity. Being in the initial stage of development, where our
+focus was mainly to identify and ascertain the most important
+domains of music receptivity (also which can be measured and
+manipulated in future experimental studies—which can stand
+future theory testing), we followed the factor analysis approach.
+Furthermore, correlational-based convergent and discriminant
+approaches are considered weaker, especially in the very initial
+stage of the tool development (Strauss and Smith, 2009). Hence,
+this should be taken up in future independent studies where
+the focus should be to investigate the interaction of the MRS
+with other existing constructs. Using exploratory factor analysis
+has a number of limitations, and the outcome of this study
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+12
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+can only be considered as an initial evidence for the Music
+Receptivity Scale. In future studies, more robust analysis using
+the confirmatory factor analysis framework can be adopted
+(Carlucci et al., 2015; Saggino et al., 2017). Future research studies
+demonstrating validity of music receptivity across these strata
+would add to the overall strength of the tool. Apart from that, we
+observed as a general condition that the ambiance of conducting
+the assessment is very important and that has to be carefully
+controlled for optimal results. Lastly, lyrical appraisal did not
+emerge as a strong and independent domain, though we expected
+that based on our theoretical framework. Future studies can
+attempt on experiments “with” and “without” lyrics.
+In this work, we were just able to present MRS as a useful
+tool for daily practice in music therapy setups. The focus is easy
+administration, scoring, and quick evaluation of the receptivity
+of a person to the given piece of music, at that given time point.
+The domains of the MRS are more likely to be associated with
+relevant subdomains of different scales as mentioned earlier in
+the Discussion section. However, such emerging relationship is
+limited to the consistency of the situational criteria. Hence, such
+comparison studies should be carefully conducted by suitably
+controlling for various situational factors. This would pose a
+methodological challenge in future concurrent validity studies.
+In a clinical setting, the Music Receptivity Scale would enable
+the music therapist to continually evaluate client responses
+to standardized music interventions and help them manage
+client databases. This would facilitate the therapist to administer
+customized music interventions to an individual or a select
+group of individuals, over a longer course of time. One of
+the scopes of this study was to develop a feedback mechanism
+that could assist the music therapist in a clinical music therapy
+setting to identify unique patient characteristics in music therapy.
+Furthermore, this psychometric assessment could be integrally
+employed as a module in a smartphone-based application, which
+could enable automating music therapy in clinical settings.
+Automated music therapy in clinical settings would largely
+reduce the effort and frequency of intervention from the music
+therapist, henceforth bringing down the overall cost incurred by
+the clients undertaking music therapy.
+To conclude, a new construct of music receptivity was defined,
+and its psychometric validation was proposed. Overall, the tool
+had 20 items in the long form and 12 items in the short version.
+Two solutions were observed for the factor structure: one with a
+two-factor structure of affect and attention and another solution
+of four factors, where affect diverged into interest and emotions,
+whereas attention and hurdle remained as next emerging factors.
+Implication of music receptivity with other existing theories in
+the field of music has also been discussed.
+DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
+The datasets presented in this study can be found in online
+repositories. The names of the repository/repositories and
+accession number(s) can be found below: Open Science
+Framework link: https://osf.io/v8jb9/.
+ETHICS STATEMENT
+The studies involving human participants were reviewed and
+approved by the IEC of Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana
+Samsthana, Bengaluru, India. The patients/participants provided
+their written informed consent to participate in this study.
+AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
+MG contributed toward the conceptualization, literature review,
+data collection, analysis, and manuscript writing. JI contributed
+toward
+the
+conceptualization,
+literature
+review,
+analysis,
+manuscript writing, and editing. Both authors contributed to
+the article and approved the submitted version.
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+We are thankful to Drs. Immanuel Thomas and Bindu P. of the
+Department of Psychology, University of Kerala for providing
+valuable opinions and insights related to psychometrics, Ms.
+Manshu Agrey for helping with the data collection and also
+for providing valuable opinions, and Mrs. Anuradha V. K.,
+Head of the Department of Music, University of Kerala, for
+supporting this study. We are grateful to the management
+of Marian Engineering College, Trivandrum and Emmanuel
+College, Vazhichal, Kerala for supporting us in this study. We
+thank Dr. T. Indira Rao for reviewing the manuscript and giving
+valuable inputs.
+REFERENCES
+Barchard, K. A., and Verenikina, Y. (2013). Improving data accuracy: selecting
+the best data checking technique. Comput. Human Behav. 29, 1917–1922. doi:
+10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.021
+Belkhir, Y., Rekik, G., Chtourou, H., and Souissi, N. (2019). Listening to neutral
+or self-selected motivational music during warm-up to improve short-term
+maximal performance in soccer players: Effect of time of day. Physiol. Behav.
+204, 168–173. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.033
+Besson, M., Faïta, F., Peretz, I., Bonnel, A. M., and Requin, J. (1998). Singing
+in the brain: independence of lyrics and tunes. Psychol. Sci. 9, 494–498. doi:
+10.1111/1467-9280.00091
+Bleyle, P. E. (1992). Music as a Mood Modulator. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa State
+University.Ames, IA.
+Brattico, E., Alluri, V., Bogert, B., Jacobsen, T., Vartiainen, N., Nieminen,
+S., et al. (2011). A functional MRI study of happy and sad emotions in
+music with and without lyrics. Front. Psychol. 2:308. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.
+00308
+Brown, L. S., and Jellison, J. A. (2012). Music research with children and youth with
+disabilities and typically developing peers: a systematic review. J. Music Ther. 49,
+335–364. doi: 10.1093/jmt/49.3.335
+Carlucci, L., Tommasi, M., Balsamo, M., Furnham, A., and Saggino, A. (2015).
+Religious fundamentalism and psychological well-being: an italian study.
+J. Psychol. Theol. 43, 23–33. doi: 10.1177/009164711504300103
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+13
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+Cespedes-Guevara, J., and Eerola, T. (2018). Music communicates affects, not basic
+emotions – A constructionist account of attribution of emotional meanings to
+music. Front. Psychol. 9:215. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00215
+Cevik, B., Perkmen, S., Alkan, M., and Shelley, M. (2013). Who should study music
+education? A vocational personality approach. Music Educ. Res. 15, 341–356.
+doi: 10.1080/14613808.2013.788140
+Chin, T., and Rickard, N. S. (2012). The Music USE (MUSE) questionnaire: an
+instrument to measure engagement in music. Music Percept. 29, 429–446. doi:
+10.1525/mp.2012.29.4.429
+Chin, T.-C., Coutinho, E., Scherer, K. R., and Rickard, N. S. (2018). MUSEBAQ:
+a modular tool for music research to assess musicianship, musical capacity,
+music preferences, and motivations for music use. Music Percept. 35, 376–399.
+doi: 10.1525/mp.2018.35.3.376
+Chu, H., Yang, C.-Y., Lin, Y., Ou, K.-L., Lee, T.-Y., O’Brien, A. P., et al. (2014).
+The Impact of group music therapy on depression and cognition in elderly
+persons with dementia. Biol. Res. Nurs. 16, 209–217. doi: 10.1177/109980041348
+5410
+Comeau, G., Huta, V., Lu, Y., and Swirp, M. (2019). The Motivation for learning
+music (MLM) questionnaire: assessing children’s and adolescents’ autonomous
+motivation for learning a musical instrument. Motiv. Emot. 43, 705–718. doi:
+10.1007/s11031-019-09769-7
+Coutinho, E., and Scherer, K. R. (2017). Introducing the GEneva music-induced
+affect checklist (GEMIAC). Music Percept. 34, 371–386. doi: 10.1525/mp.2017.
+34.4.371
+Cowen, A. S., Fang, X., Sauter, D., and Keltner, D. (2020). What music makes
+us feel: at least 13 dimensions organize subjective experiences associated with
+music across different cultures. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117, 1924–1934. doi:
+10.1073/pnas.1910704117
+Criscuolo, A., Bonetti, L., Särkämö, T., Kliuchko, M., and Brattico, E. (2019). On
+the association between musical training, intelligence and executive functions
+in adulthood. Front. Psychol. 10:1704. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01704
+Deci, E. L., and Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in
+Human Behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.
+Degrave, P., and Dedonder, J. (2019). A French translation of the goldsmiths
+musical sophistication index, an instrument to assess self-reported musical
+skills, abilities and behaviours. J. New Music Res. 48, 138–144. doi: 10.1080/
+09298215.2018.1499779
+Deutsch, D. (2007). Music perception. Front. Biosci 12, 4473–4482. doi: 10.2741/
+2402
+Fazil (1998). Harikrishnans. Available online at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
+Harikrishnans (accessed May 18, 2020).
+Goffin, K. (2014). Music feels like moods feel. Front. Psychol. 5:327. doi: 10.3389/
+fpsyg.2014.00327
+Groarke, J. M., and Hogan, M. J. (2018). Development and psychometric evaluation
+of the adaptive functions of music listening scale. Front. Psychol. 9:516. doi:
+10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00516
+Grocke, D., Bloch, S., and Castle, D. (2008). Is there a role for music therapy in
+the care of the severely mentally Ill? Australas. Psychiatry 16, 442–445. doi:
+10.1080/10398560802366171
+Hald, S. V., Baker, F. A., and Ridder, H. M. (2017). A preliminary evaluation of the
+interpersonal music-communication competence scales. Nord. J. Music Ther.
+26, 40–61. doi: 10.1080/08098131.2015.1117122
+Hargreaves, D. J., and Marshall, N. A. (2003). Developing identities in music
+education. Music Educ. Res. 5, 263–273. doi: 10.1080/1461380032000126355
+Hash, P. M. (2017). Development and validation of a music self-concept
+inventory for college students. J. Res. Music Educ. 65, 203–218. doi: 10.1177/
+0022429417695750
+Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis.
+Psychometrika 30, 179–185. doi: 10.1007/BF02289447
+Jones, B. D. (2009). Motivating students to engage in learning?: the MUSIC model
+of academic motivation. Int. J. Teach. Learn. High. Educ. 21, 272–285.
+Jones, B. D., and Skaggs, G. (2016). Measuring students’ motivation: validity
+evidence for the MUSIC model of academic motivation inventory. Int. J.
+Scholarsh. Teach. Learn. 10:7. doi: 10.20429/ijsotl.2016.100107
+Juslin, P. N., and Västfjäll, D. (2008). Emotional responses to music: the need to
+consider underlying mechanisms. Behav. Brain Sci. 31, 559–575. doi: 10.1017/
+S0140525X08005293
+Justus, T. C., and Bharucha, J. J. (2002). “Music perception and cognition,” in
+“Stevens’ Handbook of Experimental Psychology,” ed. H. Pashler (Hoboken, NJ:
+John Wiley & Sons, Inc.), 453–492. doi: 10.1002/0471214426.pas0111
+Kawakami, A., Furukawa, K., Katahira, K., and Okanoya, K. (2013). Sad music
+induces pleasant emotion. Front. Psychol. 4:311. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.
+00311
+Koelsch, S. (2011). Toward a neural basis of music perception – a review and
+updated model. Front. Psychol. 2, 1–10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00110
+Koneˇ
+cni, V. J. (2011). Aesthetic trinity theory and the sublime. Philos. Today 55,
+64–73. doi: 10.5840/philtoday201155162
+Korsakova-Kreyn, M. (2018). Two-level model of embodied cognition in music.
+Psychomusicol. Music Mind Brain 28, 240–259. doi: 10.1037/pmu0000228
+Krapp, A. (1999). Interest, motivation and learning: an educational-psychological
+perspective. Eur. J. Psychol. Educ. XIV, 23–40. doi: 10.1007/bf03173109
+Kratus, J. (2017). Music Listening Is Creative. Music Educ. J. 103, 46–51. doi:
+10.1177/0027432116686843
+Larsson, C., and Georgii-Hemming, E. (2019). Improvisation in general music
+education – a literature review. Br. J. Music Educ. 36, 49–67. doi: 10.1017/
+S026505171800013X
+Law, L. N. C., and Zentner, M. (2012). Assessing musical abilities objectively:
+construction and validation of the profile of music perception skills. PLoS One
+7:e52508. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052508
+Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Pers. Psychol. 28,
+563–575. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
+Levitin, D. J., Grahn, J. A., and London, J. (2018). The psychology of music: rhythm
+and movement. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 69, 51–75. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-
+122216-011740
+Lin, Y., Chu, H., Yang, C.-Y., Chen, C.-H., Chen, S.-G., Chang, H.-J., et al. (2011).
+Effectiveness of group music intervention against agitated behavior in elderly
+persons with dementia. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 26, 670–678. doi: 10.1002/gps.
+2580
+Mas-Herrero, E., Marco-Pallares, J., Lorenzo-Seva, U., Zatorre, R. J., and
+Rodriguez-Fornells, A. (2013). Individual differences in music reward
+experiences. Music Percept. 31, 118–138. doi: 10.1525/mp.2013.31.2.118
+Metzner, S. (2004). Some thoughts on receptive music therapy from a
+psychoanalytic viewpoint. Nord. J. Music Ther. 13, 143–150. doi: 10.1080/
+08098130409478110
+Miranda, D. (2020). The emotional bond between neuroticism and music.
+Psychomusicol. Music. Mind Brain 30, 53–63. doi: 10.1037/pmu0000250
+Miranda, D., and Blais-Rochette, C. (2018). Neuroticism and emotion regulation
+through music listening: a meta-analysis. Music Sci. 24, 342–355. doi: 10.1177/
+1029864918806341
+Miranda, D., Morizot, J., and Gaudreau, P. (2010). Personality metatraits and music
+preferences in adolescence: a pilot study. Int. J. Adolesc. Youth 15, 289–301.
+doi: 10.1080/02673843.2010.9748036
+Müllensiefen, D., Gingras, B., Musil, J., and Stewart, L. (2014). The musicality of
+non-musicians: an index for assessing musical sophistication in the general
+population. PLoS One 9:e89642. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089642
+Nagy, K., and Szabó, C. (2004). “Differences in phenomenological experiences of
+music-listening: the influence of intensity of musical involvement and type of
+music on musical experiences,” in ICMPC8. Proceedings of the 8th International
+Conference on Music Perception & Cognition, Chap. Evanston, IL, 470–473.
+Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Phychometric Theory, 2nd Edn. New York, NY: McGraw-
+Hill.
+Politimou, N., Stewart, L., Müllensiefen, D., and Franco, F. (2018). Music@Home:
+a novel instrument to assess the home musical environment in the early years.
+PLoS One 13:e0193819. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193819
+R Development Core Team (2020). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical
+Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, doi: 10.1007/978-
+3-540-74686-7
+Raˇ
+cevska, E., and Tadinac, M. (2019). Intelligence, music preferences, and uses of
+music from the perspective of evolutionary psychology. Evol. Behav. Sci. 13,
+101–110. doi: 10.1037/ebs0000124
+Revelle, W. (2020). Psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and
+Personality Research. Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. R Package
+Version 2.0.12, Available online at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=
+psych.
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+14
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891
+George and Ilavarasu
+Music Receptivity Scale
+Saari, P., Burunat, I., Brattico, E., and Toiviainen, P. (2018). Decoding musical
+training from dynamic processing of musical features in the brain. Sci. Rep.
+8:708. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19177-5
+Saarikallio, S. H. (2008). Music in mood regulation: initial scale development.
+Music Sci. 12, 291–309. doi: 10.1177/102986490801200206
+Saggino, A., Carlucci, L., Sergi, M. R., D’Ambrosio, I., Fairfield, B., Cera, N., et al.
+(2017). A validation study of the psychometric properties of the other as shamer
+scale–2. SAGE Open 7, doi: 10.1177/2158244017704241
+Sandstrom, G. M., and Russo, F. A. (2013). Absorption in music: Development of a
+scale to identify individuals with strong emotional responses to music. Psychol.
+Music 41, 216–228. doi: 10.1177/0305735611422508
+Schäfer, T. (2016). The Goals and Effects of Music Listening and Their Relationship
+to the Strength of Music Preference. PLoS One 11:e0151634. doi: 10.1371/
+journal.pone.0151634
+Schäfer, T., Sedlmeier, P., Städtler, C., and Huron, D. (2013). The psychological
+functions of music listening. Front. Psychol. 4:511. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.
+00511
+Schubert, E., Hargreaves, D. J., and North, A. C. (2014). A dynamically minimalist
+cognitive explanation of musical preference: Is familiarity everything? Front.
+Psychol 5:38. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00038
+Solomon, J., and Edwards, M. C. (1971). John soloman miruzm christuzzl edwards
+a scale to measure attitudes toward music. J. Res. Music Educ. 19, 228–233.
+doi: 10.2307/3343828
+Strauss, M. E., and Smith, G. T. (2009). Construct validity: advances in theory and
+methodology. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 5, 1–25. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.
+032408.153639
+Tellegen,
+A.,
+and
+Atkinson,
+G.
+(1974).
+Openness
+to
+absorbing
+and
+self-altering
+experiences
+(“absorption”),
+a
+trait
+related
+to
+hypnotic
+susceptibility.
+J.
+Abnorm.
+Psychol.
+83,
+268–277.
+doi:
+10.1037/h003
+6681
+Tobias, S. (1994). Interest, prior knowledge, and learning. Rev. Educ. Res. 64, 37–54.
+doi: 10.3102/00346543064001037
+Valla, J. M., Alappatt, J. A., Mathur, A., and Singh, N. C. (2017). Music and
+emotion—a case for north indian classical music. Front. Psychol 8:2115. doi:
+10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02115
+Vroegh, T. (2019). Zoning-in or tuning-in? Identifying distinct absorption states in
+response to music. Psychomusicol. Music Mind Brain 29, 156–170. doi: 10.1037/
+pmu0000241
+Zentner, M., Grandjean, D., and Scherer, K. R. (2008). Emotions evoked by the
+sound of music: Characterization, classification, and measurement. Emotion 8,
+494–521. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.8.4.494
+Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the
+absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a
+potential conflict of interest.
+Copyright © 2021 George and Ilavarasu. This is an open-access article distributed
+under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use,
+distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original
+author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication
+in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use,
+distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
+Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org
+15
+January 2021 | Volume 11 | Article 585891

subfolder_0/Development of normative data of electro photonic imaging technique_unlocked.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1173 @@
+49
+© 2016 International Journal of Yoga | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
+of research publications applying EPI technique can be 
+found.[1‑16] It is a quick, noninvasive, simple, painless, 
+inexpensive method of assessment, and with a high 
+level of reliability.[10,12] Therefore, the application of EPI 
+INTRODUCTION
+Electro photonic imaging (EPI) is a novel technique growing 
+in its application in the field of scientific instrumentation 
+to assess health status on the basis of bio‑energy. Because 
+of its versatile applications and unique features, a number 
+Original Article
+Development of normative data of electro photonic imaging 
+technique for healthy population in India: A normative study
+Kuldeep Kumar Kushwah, Thaiyar M Srinivasan, Hongasandra R Nagendra, Judu V Ilavarasu
+Department of Bioenergy, Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 
+Address for correspondence: Kuldeep Kumar Kushwah, 
+No. 19, ‘Eknath Bhavan’, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, 
+ 
+Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, Karnataka, India. 
+ 
+E‑mail: [email protected]
+Background: Electro photonic imaging (EPI) technique is growing as a novel technique of health assessment and is being 
+utilized in the fields of alternative medicine, conventional practices, psycho‑physiology, psychology, and consciousness studies. 
+The existing EPI norms are based mostly on European (EU) population. In order to enhance the practice and research through 
+EPI in India, there is a need for developing norms for the healthy Indian population.
+Objective: The objective of the study was to establish the normative data of EPI for the healthy Indian population, to aid in 
+the accuracy of EPI measurements and interpretations.
+Materials and Methods: A total of 1297 volunteers were assessed once, who represented different parts of India during 
+December 2013 to December 2014. Among them, 880 volunteers were reported to be healthy (age mean ± standard deviation 
+[SD], 33.55 ± 10.92), with 584 males (age mean ± SD, 33.54 ± 10.86) and 296 females (age mean ± SD, 33.56 ± 11.00). In 
+this study activation coefficient (stress level), integral area (IA) (general health), and integral entropy (disorderliness in energy) 
+parameters were analyzed.
+Results: As the data were not normally distributed, quartile based statistics was used for setting the norms. The 25th and 75th 
+percentiles were calculated and they were further verified using a bootstrap procedure. Uniquely, the results showed a clear 
+difference in IA parameters under both with filter (physiological) and without filter (psycho‑physiological) conditions between 
+the Indian and the EU population. Though other parameters were found almost similar to the EU population, inter quartile 
+ranges were narrower in the Indian population as compared to the EU values. Similar trends were observed in the subgroup 
+analyzes: That is, male versus female genders and age ranges 18–40 versus 40-60.
+Conclusion: As compared to EU population, Indian population had different range of Integral Area values and narrower range 
+for values of other variables. EPI Studies in India should also adjust for factors such as age and gender.
+Key words: Activation coefficient; electro photonic imaging; gas discharge visualization; integral area; integral entropy; 
+normative data.
+ABSTRACT
+Access this article online
+Website: 
+www.ijoy.org.in
+Quick Response Code
+DOI: 
+10.4103/0973-6131.171713 
+How to cite this article: Kushwah KK, Srinivasan TM, Nagendra HR, 
+Ilavarasu JV. Development of normative data of electro photonic imaging 
+technique for healthy population in India: A normative study. Int J Yoga 
+2016;9:49-56.
+This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative 
+Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows 
+others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as the 
+author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
+For reprints contact: [email protected]
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Kushwah, et al.: EPI/GDV normative data for healthy Indian population
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 9 • Jan-Jun-2016
+50
+is increasing worldwide and becoming more popular in 
+various fields such as conventional practices, alternative 
+medicine, psycho‑physiologic practice, psychology, 
+consciousness studies, sports, and material testing and 
+it is being utilized in more than 62 countries worldwide. 
+In the field of medicine, EPI had been employed to study 
+diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, 
+autism, asthma, cancer, and many other diseases.[10,14‑16]
+Electro photonic imaging technique
+Gas discharge visualization (GDV) utilizing EPI technique 
+is based on coronal electrical discharge surrounding 
+an object when exposed to a high electrical field.[2] The 
+characteristics of this electric field are high voltage of 
+10 kV at a frequency of 1024 Hz and low current that is in 
+micro Amperes.[15] In particular, the fingertips are placed 
+on a dielectric glass plate of the instrument and when 
+such voltage characteristics are applied to the underside of 
+the glass plate to generate a high electrical field, collision 
+of electrons take place in the surrounding air molecules 
+around the fingertips. These wrenched out electrons induce 
+ionization of the air molecules and produce a glow around 
+the finger. Further, this process is captured as a snapshot 
+by a charged coupled device camera placed underneath the 
+glass plate and then registered in a form of an EPI image.[5] 
+All 10 finger images are processed through the EPI software 
+and numerical values based on the number of pixel count 
+are extracted corresponding to sections representing 
+diverse organ systems in the body. In EPI, the correlation 
+of finger sectors of the images, organs, and systems is based 
+not only on empirical findings but also supported by the 
+acupuncture meridian system and scientifically found 
+circulatory system called Bonghan system.[11,17‑19] The EPI 
+readings are two‑fold, with filter (physiological level) and 
+without filter (psycho‑physiological level).[11] A filter is 
+a specially designed plastic sheet which is interspaced 
+between the finger and the glass plate. The rationale of 
+using the filter is to cut‑off information generated from the 
+cutaneous cells of finger tips due to sympathetic arousals 
+and to register the information which is of physiological 
+nature only.[20]
+Electro photonic imaging parameters
+EPI parameters are generated using various algorithms. 
+The EPI diagram program is designed to extract these 
+parameters. A brief description of the EPI parameters is 
+given below.
+Activation coefficient
+Activation coefficient (AC) parameter is the difference 
+between without filter and with filter readings; hence it is 
+an evaluation of the stress level in a person. The normal 
+stress scale range for healthy people (European [EU] 
+population) is 2–4.
+Integral area left and right
+The integral area left (IAL) side and the integral area right 
+(IAR) side parameters are a measure of general health 
+index of a subject being measured. IA in healthy people 
+(EU population) ranges from −0.6 to +1.[21]
+Integral entropy left and right
+Integral entropy left (IEL) side and integral entropy right 
+(ILR) side parameters are components that show the degree 
+of disorderliness in the human energy field. IE in healthy 
+people (EU population) ranges from 1 to 2.
+Need and scope of the current study
+In the present scenario, all the research work and 
+practices through EPI are utilizing the norms developed 
+for the EU and Russian populations; however, the EPI 
+norms for healthy Indian population are not available. 
+From our practical observation, we anticipate that the 
+norms for the healthy Indian people may be different 
+from the existing EPI norms for healthy EU population. 
+Therefore, the present study focuses on the development 
+of EPI normative data for the healthy Indian population. 
+This will enable and facilitate research work in India in 
+various fields such as conventional practices, alternative 
+medicine, and psycho‑physiologic practice, psychology 
+and consciousness studies, etc. Therefore, the current 
+research work is undertaken to develop the EPI norms for 
+the healthy Indian population.
+Objectives of the study
+The objectives were to develop EPI norms for healthy 
+Indian population; to find out which EPI parameters differ 
+in Indian population as compared to the EU population; 
+to investigate, across the two populations, whether males 
+and females have different EPI characteristics; to derive 
+EPI norms for different age ranges and to check whether 
+EPI characteristics differ based on diet.
+MATERIALS AND METHODS
+Subjects
+A total of 1297 volunteers were recruited, 
+during December 2013 to December 2014, who 
+represented different parts of the India. Among 
+them, 880 volunteers were reported to be healthy, 
+(age mean ± standard deviation [SD], 33.55 ± 10.92), 
+with 584 males, (age mean ± SD, 33.54 ± 10.86) and 
+296 females (age mean ± SD, 33.56 ± 11.00). As the 
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Kushwah, et al.: EPI/GDV normative data for healthy Indian population
+51
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 9 • Jan-Jun-2016
+focus was to develop norms for healthy people, we did 
+not include data of those with any self‑reported ailments.
+Inclusion criteria
+The present study included only healthy Indian subjects of 
+both genders, age range 18–60 years, and those who were 
+willing to take part in the study.
+Exclusion criteria
+The exclusion criteria were: Any cut in fingers and/or 
+absent fingers; subjects who had any self‑reported health 
+issues and if they had smoked or taken alcohol on the day 
+of measurement.
+Ethical consideration
+All subjects were explained about the research protocol, 
+measurement process and about the confidentiality of the 
+collected data prior to their participation in the study and 
+signed informed consent was obtained from all subjects. 
+The study protocol was presented before the Institutional 
+Ethics Committee of SVYASA University and an approval 
+was obtained.
+Procedure
+All 10 fingertips of both the hands were used for obtaining 
+the data from the EPI instrument. The data collection was 
+done only once for a participant, which included two 
+readings, that is, with filter and without filter. Guidelines 
+established to obtain an accurate and a reliable data were 
+followed throughout the study[22] such as the requirement 
+of a 3 h gap between food intake and data collection, 
+maintenance of room ambience, etc. All the volunteers were 
+instructed to remove metallic items from the body which 
+were not worn 24 h a day. Subjects were also guided for the 
+finger placement for the measurements at 45° angle on the 
+glass plate. The calibration process of the EPI instrument 
+was carried out routinely. To clean the dielectric plate, 
+small cotton cloth and an alcoholic solution were used. 
+The GDV‑Pro, GDV‑compact and GDV‑express devices 
+were used for the measurements throughout the study. 
+All these devices were made by Kirlionics Technologies 
+International, Saint‑Petersburg, Russia.
+Data extraction and analysis
+All the EPI parameters included in the study were directly 
+extracted to the excel sheet from an inbuilt software of 
+EPI called EPI diagram program. R statistical package 
+was used for data analysis.[23] First of all, analysis was 
+performed for all subjects taken together and further, 
+separate analyses were carried out for males and females, 
+age groups 18–40 and 40-60 years, and also on the basis 
+of diet pattern. As each of the variables was not found to 
+be normally distributed, for each of the EPI parameters, 
+25th and 75th percentiles were taken keeping a sample size 
+(healthy population) of n = 880, and further 25th and 75th 
+percentiles were bootstrapped keeping sampling, k = 1000, 
+and corresponding bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals 
+(CIs) were also calculated.[24] Z score with cut‑off value of 
+1.96 Z score for two‑tailed condition was considered for 
+differentiating the observed norms for the Indian population 
+from the established norms for the EU population.
+RESULTS
+Out of 1297 screened volunteers, only 880 healthy subjects 
+were considered for analysis, who were eligible as per 
+the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 880 subjects, 
+there were 584 males and 296 females. Table 1 presents 
+the characteristics for all subjects.
+Results from Table 2
+Activation coefficient
+The range of values for normal healthy people in the 
+Indian population is 2.27–3.41. The EU range is 2–4. 
+The 25th percentile is −0.57 SD away from the mean and 
+the 75th percentile is +0.42 SD away from the mean. As 
+they are <1.96 Z score (cut‑off Z values for two‑tailed 
+condition), we conclude that the obtained range in the 
+Indian population is not different from the EU values of AC.
+Parameters from with filter readings
+Integral area left and right
+The observed IAL with filter values for a healthy Indian 
+population range from 0.28 to 0.50 and IAR with filter 
+Table  1: Baseline characteristics of subjects
+Variables
+Mean±SD  (n)
+n  (%)
+Age (years)
+33.55±10.92 (880)
+Range (years)
+18-60
+Height (cm)
+165.41±15.11 (758)
+Weight (kg)
+64.78±12.61 (758)
+BMI (kg/m2)
+23.85±4.60 (758)
+Gender
+Male
+584 (66)
+Female
+296 (34)
+Marital status
+Married
+458 (52)
+Unmarried
+371 (42)
+Not reported
+51 (6)
+Education
+<College level
+175 (20)
+Graduation level
+394 (45)
+>Graduation
+241 (27)
+Not reported
+70 (8)
+BMI = Body mass index, SD = Standard deviation
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Kushwah, et al.: EPI/GDV normative data for healthy Indian population
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 9 • Jan-Jun-2016
+52
+values from 0.29 to 0.51, whereas these values for the 
+EU population are −0.6 to +1 for both IAL and IAR. The 
+observed 25th percentile for IAL is −2.29 SD away from 
+the mean and the 75th percentile is −2.10 SD away from 
+the mean, whereas 25th percentile for IAR is −2.28 SD and 
+75th percentile is −2.09 SD away from the mean. In both 
+IAL and IAR, these values are more than 1.96 Z score, 
+therefore the obtained values of these parameters for the 
+Indians are different from the EU population.
+Integral entropy left and right
+The observed 25th and 75th percentile for IEL with filter 
+readings for the Indian population range from 1.83 to 
+2.04, and for IER the range is from 1.82 to 2.05. In the 
+EU population the range is 1–2. The 25th percentile value 
+for IEL is −0.95 SD and the 75th percentile is −0.77 SD. 
+The 25th percentile value for IER is −0.96 SD and 75th 
+percentile −0.76 SD. In both cases, they are <1.96 Z score, 
+therefore we consider that they are not different from EU 
+values.
+Parameters from without filter readings
+Integral area left and right
+For IAL, the observed 25th percentile and 75th percentile 
+values are −0.10, 0.21 and for IAR these are −0.07, 0.21 
+in Indian population, whereas for both IAL and IAR 
+these values for EU population are −0.6 to +1. The 25th 
+percentile value for IAL is −2.62 SD, and the 75th percentile 
+is −2.35 SD. For IAR, the 25th percentile value is −2.60 SD 
+and the 75th percentile is −2.35 SD. Both are larger than 
+1.96 Z score, therefore the Indian are considered different 
+from EU values.
+Integral entropy left and right
+For IEL, the observed 25th percentile and 75th percentile 
+values are 1.76–2.00 and for IER these are 1.79–2.02 in the 
+Indian population, whereas for the EU population these 
+are 1–2. The 25th percentile value for IEL is −1.01 SD, and 
+the 75th percentile is −0.80 SD. For IER, the 25th percentile 
+value is −0.98 SD and the 75th percentile is −0.78 SD. Both 
+are <1.96 Z score, therefore they can be considered not 
+different from the EU values.
+The analysis to check gender differences demonstrated 
+a similar trend as per the norms for healthy Indian 
+population in comparison to the EU population 
+Table 3 and 4.
+The subgroup analysis to check whether EPI norms are 
+different in two sets of age groups 18–40 and 40-60 years 
+showed a similar trend as per the norms for healthy 
+Indian population in comparison to the EU population 
+Table 5 and 6.
+The subgroup analysis of vegetarian and nonvegetarian 
+subjects also showed the same trend as the results 
+of overall healthy Indian norms against EU norms 
+Table 7 and 8.
+In the EU norms, the condition of two SD from the mean 
+value was taken for the norms as the data were normally 
+distributed.[21] However, in the present study, all variables 
+were not normally distributed [Figures 1‑5], therefore the 
+25th and 75th percentile values were considered for the 
+normal range, as these values are quartile based and not 
+affected by skewness. However, we used 1.96 as cut‑off Z 
+score assuming a normal sampling distribution for these 
+variables. These percentile values were further estimated 
+for interval estimates using a bootstrap procedure and a 
+very narrow bootstrapped 95% CIs were obtained. In the 
+Figures 1‑5 most of the data spread is closer to the observed 
+percentile range. From these results of existing data and 
+from our practical observation in Indian population, we 
+propose the following ranges for the EPI parameters of the 
+EPI diagram program:
+• AC (2.0–3.5)
+• IA with filter (0.2–0.6)
+• IE with filter (1.7–2.1)
+• IA without filter (−0.3–+0.4)
+• IE without filter (1.6–2.1).
+Table  2: EPI norms extracted from EPI diagram software program  (healthy n=880)
+Mode of 
+measurement
+Variables
+25th, 75th 
+percentile 
+(n=880)
+Bootstrap 25th 
+percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+25th 
+percentile 
+Z‑score
+Bootstrap 75th 
+percentile (95% CI) 
+(k=1000)
+75th 
+percentile 
+Z‑score
+European 
+range
+Indian 
+norms
+AC
+2.27, 3.41
+2.27 (2.20, 2.29)
+−0.57
+3.41 (3.28, 3.56)
+0.42
+2, 4
+2, 3.5
+With filter
+IAL
+0.28, 0.50
+0.28 (0.26, 0.29)
+−2.29
+0.50 (0.47, 0.51)
+−2.10
+−0.6, +1
+0.2, 0.6
+IAR
+0.29, 0.51
+0.29 (0.27, 0.30)
+−2.28
+0.51 (0.48, 0.51)
+−2.09
+−0.6, +1
+0.2, 0.6
+IEL
+1.83, 2.04
+1.83 (1.80, 1.84)
+−0.95
+2.04 (2.03, 2.06)
+−0.77
+1, 2
+1.7, 2.1
+IER
+1.82, 2.05
+1.82 (1.80, 1.83)
+−0.96
+2.05 (2.03, 2,06)
+−0.76
+1, 2
+1.7, 2.1
+Without filter
+IAL
+−0.10, 0.21
+−0.10 (−0.15, −0.08)
+−2.62
+0.21 (0.18, 0.22)
+−2.35
+−0.6, +1
+−0.3, +0.4
+IAR
+−0.07, 0.21
+−0.07 (−0.10, −0.06)
+−2.60
+0.21 (0.18, 0.22)
+−2.35
+−0.6, +1
+−0.3, +0.4
+IEL
+1.76, 2.00
+1.76 (1.73, 1.77)
+−1.01
+2.00, (1.98, 2.00)
+−0.80
+1, 2
+1.6, 2.1
+IER
+1.79, 2.02
+1.79 (1.76, 1.80)
+−0.98
+2.02 (2.00, 2.02)
+−0.78
+1, 2
+1.6, 2.1
+AC = Activation coefficient, IAL = Integral area left, IAR = Integral area right, IEL = Integral entropy left, IER = Integral entropy right, EPI = Electro photonic 
+imaging, CI = Confidence interval
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Kushwah, et al.: EPI/GDV normative data for healthy Indian population
+53
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 9 • Jan-Jun-2016
+Table  3: EPI norms extracted from the EPI diagram software program  (male n=584)
+Mode of 
+measurement
+Variables
+25th, 75th 
+percentile (n=584)
+Bootstrap 25th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+25th percentile 
+Z‑score
+Bootstrap 75th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+75th percentile 
+Z‑score
+European 
+range
+AC
+2.28, 3.36
+2.28 (2.21, 2.32)
+−0.55
+3.36 (3.22, 3.57)
+0.41
+2, 4
+With filter
+IAL
+0.32, 0.52
+0.32 (0.30, 0.33)
+−2.30
+0.52 (0.51, 0.53)
+−2.12
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+0.33, 0.53
+0.33 (0.30, 0.34)
+−2.29
+0.53 (0.51, 0.54)
+−2.11
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.83, 2.04
+1.83 (1.80, 1.85)
+−0.95
+2.04 (2.00, 2.05)
+−0.76
+1, 2
+IER
+1.83, 2.06
+1.83 (1.80, 1.85)
+−0.95
+2.06 (2.03, 2,06)
+−0.75
+1, 2
+Without filter
+IAL
+−0.05, 0.24
+−0.05 (−0.09, −0.01)
+−2.63
+0.24 (0.21, 0.25)
+−2.37
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+−0.02, 0.23
+−0.02 (−0.07, −0.01)
+−2.60
+0.23 (0.21, 0.24)
+−2.38
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.74, 2.00
+1.74 (1.71, 1.76)
+−1.03
+2.00, (1.97, 2.02)
+−0.80
+1, 2
+IER
+1.78, 2.02
+1.78 (1.74, 1.79)
+−1.00
+2.02 (2.00, 2.02)
+−0.78
+1, 2
+AC = Activation coefficient, IAL = Integral area left, IAR = Integral area right, IEL = Integral entropy left, IER = Integral entropy right, EPI = Electro photonic 
+imaging, CI = Confidence interval
+Table  4: EPI norms extracted from the EPI diagram software program  (female n=296)
+Mode of 
+measurement
+Variables
+25th, 75th 
+percentile (n=296)
+Bootstrap 25th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+25th percentile 
+Z‑score
+Bootstrap 75th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+75th percentile 
+Z‑score
+European 
+range
+AC
+2.27, 3.44
+2.27 (2.15, 2.33)
+−0.58
+3.44 (3.23, 3.69)
+0.31
+2, 4
+With filter
+IAL
+0.22, 0.42
+0.22 (0.19, 0.23)
+−2.19
+0.42 (0.38, 0.43)
+−2.02
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+0.22, 0.43
+0.22 (0.20, 0.24)
+−2.18
+0.43 (0.39, 0.45)
+−2.02
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.83, 2.03
+1.83 (1.79, 1.84)
+−0.95
+2.03 (2.01, 2.05)
+−0.77
+1, 2
+IER
+1.81, 2.05
+1.81 (1.77, 1.82)
+−0.95
+2.05 (2.02, 2,06)
+−0.76
+1, 2
+Without filter
+IAL
+−0.18, 0.12
+−0.18 (−0.22, −0.13)
+−2.49
+0.12 (0.09, 0.16)
+−2.25
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+−0.15, 0.14
+−0.15 (−0.20, −0.11)
+−2.47
+0.14 (0.10, 0.15)
+−2.26
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.81, 2.01
+1.81 (1.78, 1.83)
+−1.02
+2.01, (1.99, 2.03)
+−0.81
+1, 2
+IER
+1.79, 2.03
+1.79 (1.73, 1.80)
+−0.99
+2.03 (2.00, 2.05)
+−0.79
+1, 2
+AC = Activation coefficient, IAL = Integral area left, IAR = Integral area right, IEL = Integral entropy left, IER = Integral entropy right, EPI = Electro photonic 
+imaging, CI = Confidence interval
+Table  5: EPI norms extracted from the EPI diagram software program  (age=18-40  years, n=651)
+Mode of 
+measurement
+Variables
+25th, 75th 
+percentile (n=651)
+Bootstrap 25th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+25th percentile 
+Z‑score
+Bootstrap 75th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+75th percentile 
+Z‑score
+European 
+range
+AC
+2.30, 3.55
+2.30 (2.25, 2.36)
+−0.62
+3.55 (3.35, 3.65)
+0.42
+2, 4
+With filter
+IAL
+0.28, 0.49
+0.28 (0.26, 0.29)
+−2.31
+0.49 (0.47, 0.50)
+−2.14
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+0.29, 0.50
+0.29 (0.27, 0.30)
+−2.31
+0.50 (0.48, 0.51)
+−2.13
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.83, 2.04
+1.83 (1.80, 1.84)
+−1.02
+2.04 (2.02, 2.05)
+−0.84
+1, 2
+IER
+1.82, 2.05
+1.82 (1.79, 1.83)
+−1.02
+2.05 (2.02, 2,06)
+−0.83
+1, 2
+Without filter
+IAL
+−0.14, 0.18
+−0.14 (−0.17, −0.10)
+−2.67
+0.18 (0.15, 0.19)
+−2.40
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+−0.10, 0.19
+−0.10 (−0.15, −0.08)
+−2.63
+0.19 (0.16, 0.21)
+−2.39
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.76, 2.01
+1.76 (1.72, 1.77)
+−1.10
+2.01, (1.99, 2.02)
+−0.87
+1, 2
+IER
+1.78, 2.02
+1.78 (1.75, 1.78)
+−1.06
+2.02 (2.00, 2.02)
+−0.83
+1, 2
+AC = Activation coefficient, IAL = Integral area left, IAR = Integral area right, IEL = Integral entropy left, IER = Integral entropy right, EPI = Electro photonic 
+imaging, CI = Confidence interval
+Table  6: EPI norms extracted from the EPI diagram software program  (age=40-60  years, n=252)
+Mode of 
+measurement
+Variables
+25th, 75th 
+percentile (n=252)
+Bootstrap 25th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+25th percentile 
+Z‑score
+Bootstrap 75th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+75th percentile 
+Z‑score
+European 
+range
+AC
+2.10, 3.00
+2.10 (1.93, 2.23)
+−0.51
+3.00 (2.83, 3.15)
+0.42
+2, 4
+With filter
+IAL
+0.30, 0.52
+0.30 (0.24, 0.31)
+−2.38
+0.52 (0.49, 0.53)
+−2.15
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+0.30, 0.52
+0.30 (0.26, 0.32)
+−2.38
+0.52 (0.48, 0.53)
+−2.15
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.82, 2.04
+1.82 (1.77, 1.85)
+−0.80
+2.04 (2.00, 2.06)
+−0.58
+1, 2
+IER
+1.84, 2.06
+1.84 (1.79, 1.85)
+−0.78
+2.06 (2.02, 2,07)
+−0.83
+1, 2
+Without filter
+IAL
+0.01, 0.25
+0.01 (−0.08, 0.03)
+−2.84
+0.25 (0.20, 0.26)
+−2.51
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+0.01, 0.22
+0.01 (−0.04, 0.01)
+−2.80
+0.22 (0.19, 0.22)
+−2.50
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.77, 2.00
+1.77 (1.73, 1.81)
+−0.89
+2.00, (1.96, 2.01)
+−0.61
+1, 2
+IER
+1.80, 2.04
+1.80 (1.75, 1.83)
+−0.85
+2.04 (2.01, 2.06)
+−0.60
+1, 2
+AC = Activation coefficient, IAL = Integral area left, IAR = Integral area right, IEL = Integral entropy left, IER = Integral entropy right, EPI = Electro photonic 
+imaging, CI = Confidence interval
+DISCUSSION
+The aim of the study was to develop EPI norms for 
+healthy Indian population and to investigate whether 
+EPI norms differ from EU population based on gender, 
+age and diet factors. The present findings show 
+that IAL and IAR (general health parameter) at both 
+physiological and psychophysiological levels in the Indian 
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Kushwah, et al.: EPI/GDV normative data for healthy Indian population
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 9 • Jan-Jun-2016
+54
+population are different from the EPI norms for the EU 
+population. However, AC (stress levels) and IEL and IER 
+(disorderliness in energy pattern) at both physiological and 
+psycho‑physiological levels were similar to the EU norms. 
+Further, a similar trend was also observed in the subgroup 
+analysis of gender, age, and diet. The findings showed that 
+only IAL and IAR side are different at both physiological 
+and psycho‑physiological level, whereas AC and IEL and 
+IER at both physiological and psycho‑physiological level 
+were almost similar to the EPI norms for the EU population.
+Table 2 shows that 25th and 75th percentile values for the 
+IAL and IAR side are more than 1.96 Z score (cut‑off score 
+for two‑tailed condition) for both with filter (physiological) 
+and without filter (psycho‑physiological) conditions. 
+This shows a clear difference from existing norms for 
+the EU population. Therefore, both IAL and IAR should 
+be considered different from the EU norms and should 
+be noted carefully while interpreting the results from an 
+Indian population. The EU norms for IAL and IAR are 
+−0.6 to +1.[21] This given range for the EU population is 
+same for both with filter and without filter measurements. 
+The observed norms of the IA in Indian population for 
+with filter and without filter readings are considerably 
+different. These are the 25th percentile and 75th percentile 
+for with filter readings of (IAL, 0.28–0.50) and (IAR, 
+Table  7: GDV norms extracted from the EPI diagram software program  (vegetarian, n=443)
+Mode of 
+measurement
+Variables
+25th, 75th 
+percentile (n=443)
+Bootstrap 25th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+25th percentile 
+Z‑score
+Bootstrap 75th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+75th percentile 
+Z‑score
+European 
+range
+AC
+2.27, 3.28
+2.27 (2.19, 2.29)
+−0.55
+3.28 (3.12, 3.42)
+0.36
+2, 4
+With filter
+IAL
+0.29, 0.51
+0.29 (0.26, 0.30)
+−2.34
+0.51 (0.48, 0.52)
+−2.14
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+0.29, 0.51
+0.29 (0.25, 0.30)
+−2.34
+0.51 (0.48, 0.51)
+−2.14
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.81, 2.03
+1.81 (1.78, 1.83)
+−0.97
+2.03 (2.00, 2.04)
+−0.77
+1, 2
+IER
+1.82, 2.05
+1.82 (1.80, 1.84)
+−0.97
+2.05 (2.02, 2,07)
+−0.75
+1, 2
+Without filter
+IAL
+−0.09, 0.21
+−0.09 (−0.14, −0.07)
+−2.68
+0.21 (0.17, 0.23)
+−2.41
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+−0.06, 0.22
+−0.06 (−0.11, −0.04)
+−2.65
+0.22 (0.19, 0.23)
+−2.40
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.75, 2.01
+1.75 (1.70, 1.77)
+−1.02
+2.01, (1.98, 2.02)
+−0.78
+1, 2
+IER
+1.79, 2.02
+1.79 (1.75, 1.81)
+−0.98
+2.02 (2.00, 2.02)
+−0.78
+1, 2
+AC = Activation coefficient, IAL = Integral area left, IAR = Integral area right, IEL = Integral entropy left, IER = Integral entropy right, EPI = Electro photonic 
+imaging, CI = Confidence interval, GDV = Gas discharge visualization
+Table  8: EPI norms extracted from the EPI diagram software program  (nonvegetarian, n=424)
+Mode of 
+measurement
+Variables
+25th, 75th 
+percentile (n=424)
+Bootstrap 25th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+25th percentile 
+Z‑score
+Bootstrap 75th percentile 
+(95% CI)  (k=1000)
+75th percentile 
+Z‑score
+European 
+range
+AC
+2.30, 3.51
+2.30 (2.22, 2.36)
+−0.55
+3.51 (3.32, 3.66)
+0.46
+2, 4
+With filter
+IAL
+0.28, 0.49
+0.28 (0.26, 0.31)
+−2.25
+0.49 (0.47, 0.51)
+−2.07
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+0.28, 0.50
+0.28 (0.24, 0.28)
+−2.45
+0.50 (0.47, 0.51)
+−2.06
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.83, 2.05
+1.83 (1.78, 1.83)
+−0.95
+2.05 (2.03, 2.06)
+−0.76
+1, 2
+IER
+1.83, 2.06
+1.83 (1.79, 1.84)
+−0.95
+2.06 (2.03, 2,06)
+−0.76
+1, 2
+Without filter
+IAL
+−0.13, 0.20
+−0.13 (−0.18, −0.08)
+−2.59
+0.20 (0.17, 0.22)
+−2.31
+−0.6, +1
+IAR
+−0.09, 0.20
+−0.09 (−0.15, −0.07)
+−2.49
+0.20 (0.17, 0.22)
+−2.31
+−0.6, +1
+IEL
+1.77, 2.00
+1.77 (1.73, 1.79)
+−1.00
+2.00, (1.97, 2.00)
+−0.80
+1, 2
+IER
+1.78, 2.02
+1.78 (1.74, 1.79)
+−0.99
+2.02 (2.00, 2.04)
+−0.79
+1, 2
+AC = Activation coefficient, IAL = Integral area left, IAR = Integral area right, IEL = Integral entropy left, IER = Integral entropy right, EPI = Electro photonic 
+imaging, CI = Confidence interval
+Figure 1: Activation coefficient
+Figure 2: Integral area (with filter)
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Kushwah, et al.: EPI/GDV normative data for healthy Indian population
+55
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 9 • Jan-Jun-2016
+0.29–0.51). The 25th percentile and 75th percentile for 
+without filter readings are as shown (IAL, −0.10–0.21) 
+and (IAR, −0.07–0.21). This indicates that the with filter 
+condition (physiological) and without filter condition 
+(psycho‑physiological) of measurements and their normal 
+ranges are also different. Therefore, the two different 
+conditions of measurements with filter and without filter 
+values should be used separately for comparisons in the 
+Indian population.
+The 25th and 75th percentile values for the IEL and IER sides 
+were found <1.96 Z score at both with filter and without 
+filter conditions. Therefore, both IEL and IER values are not 
+different from the EU norms. However, the 25th percentile 
+values in both conditions of the measurements for IEL and 
+IER were found to be considerably different. These should 
+also be given consideration while comparing IEL and IER 
+values for both with and without filter conditions in the 
+Indian population, as they were found to be quite narrower 
+in comparison to the EU norms.
+The observed 25th and 75th percentile values for AC showed 
+<1.96 Z score. Therefore, it can be concluded that AC 
+values of Indian population do not differ much from the 
+established norms of the EU population; however the 
+observed percentile range of AC (2.27–3.41) for the Indian 
+population were found to be narrower in comparison to 
+the AC range (2–4) for EU population.
+Discussion from subgroup analyzes
+The subgroup analyzes on the basis of gender, age and diet 
+also showed similar trends as found in the overall analysis. 
+However, the percentile values for IAL and IAR, for both 
+with filter and without filter, between male and female 
+subgroups were found considerably different from each 
+other. These two conditions of measurements on the basis 
+of gender should also be taken care of while interpreting 
+the results. In the subgroups of age range between 18–40 
+and 40-60, the percentile values for AC and IAL and IAR 
+at without filter condition showed noticeable differences. 
+Therefore, it is suggested that the age factor also should 
+be taken into consideration while evaluating the results 
+in research works. A similar trend was also observed in 
+diet based subgroup analysis. The percentile values for 
+AC and IAL and IAR from without filter were marginally 
+different, but not considered significant.
+Implications of this difference in overall assessment and 
+diagnosis
+The observed differences in IAL and IAR values in the 
+Indian population will help to arrive at more accurate 
+values for research and clinical practices using EPI in 
+India. This will also help in assessing a person’s health 
+status more reliably in real‑time.
+Information with filter provides the present health status of 
+a person, whereas information without filter indicates the 
+possible upcoming health related issues well in advance.[13] 
+Corrections in IA values are necessary as this will enable 
+Figure 3: Integral entropy (with filter)
+Figure 4: Integral area (without filter)
+Figure 5: Integral entropy (without filter)
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Kushwah, et al.: EPI/GDV normative data for healthy Indian population
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 9 • Jan-Jun-2016
+56
+us to differentiate between the energy pattern of healthy 
+and unhealthy persons in specific groups of people more 
+precisely.
+Strength and limitation
+The present study could find out clear differences in the 
+norms between the Indian and the EU population. This 
+difference was most evident in the IA values. Apart from 
+this, the study also demonstrated that EPI parameters are 
+considerably different at various levels such as with filter and 
+without filter, males and females, two different sets of age 
+ranges, and not the least, the diet. The limitations of the study 
+were self‑reported healthy subjects and unequal numbers of 
+males and females. We also suggest that for future studies, 
+the sensitivity and specificity of these proposed norms may 
+be checked by suitably choosing the target samples.
+CONCLUSION
+EPI norms for healthy Indian population are different from 
+the EU norms, especially for the EPI parameter, IA. All the 
+subgroup results also showed similar differences in IAL 
+and IAR parameters from the EU norms. Further, the study 
+also found considerable differences between the various 
+subgroup factors such as gender, age range, and diet. 
+This suggests that any study being carried out on Indian 
+population should consider all these vital factors carefully 
+while analyzing and interpreting the results.
+Acknowledgment
+The authors would like to express their sincere thanks 
+to Mr. Guru Deo, Mr. Datta Taware, Dr. T. Indira Rao, 
+Dr. Padamavati Maharana, and Mr. Kuntal Ghosh for their 
+consistent support in data acquisition.
+Financial support and sponsorship 
+Nil.
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+REFERENCES
+1.	
+Bundzen PV, Korotkov KG, Unestahl LE. Altered states of consciousness: 
+Review of experimental data obtained with a multiple techniques approach. 
+J Altern Complement Med 2002;8:153‑65.
+2.	
+Chiang Lee H, Wah Khong P, Ghista D. Bioenergy based medical diagnostic 
+application based on gas discharge visualization. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med 
+Biol Soc 2005;2:1533‑6.
+3.	
+Drozdovski A, Gromova I, Korotkov KG, Shelkov O, Akinnagbe F. 
+Express‑evaluation of the psycho‑physiological condition of Paralympic 
+athletes. Open Access J Sports Med 2012;3:215‑22.
+4.	
+Deo G, Itagi RK, Thaiyar MS, Kuldeep KK. Effect of anapanasati meditation 
+technique through electrophotonic imaging parameters: A pilot study. Int J 
+Yoga 2015;8:117‑21.
+5.	
+Hacker GW, Pawlak E, Pauser G, Tichy G, Jell H, Posch G, et al. Biomedical 
+evidence of influence of geopathic zones on the human body: Scientifically 
+traceable effects and ways of harmonization. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass 
+Naturheilkd 2005;12:315‑27.
+6.	
+Khunderiakova NV, Volkov AV, Telesheva TIu, Kondrashova MN. 
+A correlation of the intensity of the gas discharge luminescence of the skin 
+and the activity of succinate dehydrogenase in blood lymphocytes in different 
+states of the body. Biofizika 2008;53:123‑8.
+7.	
+Korotkov KG, Popechitelev EP. Method for gas‑discharge visualization 
+and automation of the system of realizing it in clinical practice. Med Tekh 
+2002;Jan-Feb:21‑5.
+8.	
+Korotkov KG, Korotkin DA. Concentration dependence of gas discharge 
+around drops of inorganic electrolytes. J Appl Physiol 2001;89:4732.
+9.	
+Korotkov KG, Bundzen PV, Bronnikov VM, Lognikova LU. Bioelectrographic 
+correlates of the direct vision phenomenon. J Altern Complement Med 
+2005;11:885‑93.
+10.	 Korotkov KG, Matravers P, Orlov DV, Williams BO. Application of 
+electrophoton capture (EPC) analysis based on gas discharge visualization 
+(GDV) technique in medicine: A systematic review. J Altern Complement 
+Med 2010;16:13‑25.
+11.	
+Korotkov KG, Shelkov O, Shevtsov A, Mohov D, Paoletti S, 
+Mirosnichenko D, et al. Stress reduction with osteopathy assessed with 
+GDV electrophotonic imaging: Effects of osteopathy treatment. J Altern 
+Complement Med 2012;18:251‑7.
+12.	 Korotkov KG, Williams B, Wisneski LA. Assessing biophysical energy 
+transfer mechanisms in living systems: The basis of life processes. J Altern 
+Complement Med 2004;10:49‑57.
+13.	 Kostyuk N, Cole P, Meghanathan N, Isokpehi RD, Cohly HH. Gas discharge 
+visualization: An imaging and modeling tool for medical biometrics. Int J 
+Biomed Imaging 2011;2011:196460.
+14.	 Kostyuk N, Rajnarayanan RV, Isokpehi RD, Cohly HH. Autism from a 
+biometric perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010;7:1984‑95.
+15.	 Luiza I, Wróbel C, Szadkowska I, Masajtis J, Goch JH. Images of corona 
+discharges in patients with cardiovascular diseases as a preliminary analysis 
+for research of the influence of textiles on images of corona discharges in 
+textiles’ users. Autex Res J 2010;10:26‑30.
+16.	 Sharma B, Hankey A. Gas discharge visualization gas discharge visualization 
+characteristics of an Indian diabetes population. Voice Res 2014;2:28‑33.
+17.	 Hacker GW, Augner C, Pauser G. Daytime‑related rhythmicity of gdv 
+parameter glow image area: Time course and comparison to biochemical 
+parameters measured in saliva. In: Korotkov KG, editor. Energy Fields 
+Electrophotonic Analysis in Humans and Nature. Sant-Petersburg: Amazon.
+com Publishing; 2011.
+18.	 Korotkov KG. Energy Fields Electrophotonic Analysis in Humans and Nature. 
+Sant‑Petersburg: Amazon.com Publishing; 2011.
+19.	 Soh KS. Bonghan circulatory system as an extension of acupuncture 
+meridians. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2009;2:93‑106.
+20.	 Kostyuk N, Meghanathan N, Isokpehi RD, Bell T, Rajnarayanan R, 
+Mahecha O, et al. Biometric evaluation of anxiety in learning english as a 
+second language. Int J Comput Sci Netw Secur 2010;10:220‑9.
+21.	 Bundzen P, Korotkov KG. Health quality evaluation on the basis of GDV 
+parameters. In: Human Energy Field: Study with Bioelectrography. Fair Lawn: 
+Backbone Publishing Co.; 2002. p. 103‑7.
+22.	 Alexandrova R, Fedoseev G, Korotkov KG, Philippova N, Zayzev S, 
+Magidov M, et al. Analysis of the bioelectrograms of bronchial asthma 
+patients. In: Korotkov KG, editor. Human Energy Field: Study with GDV 
+Bioelectrography. Fair Lawn: Backbone Publishing Co.; 2002. p. 92‑102.
+23.	 R Development Core Team. A Language and Environment for Statistical 
+Computing; 2014. Available from: http://www.r‑project.org/. [Last cited on 
+2015 Apr 05].
+24.	 Peng RD. Simpleboot: Simple Bootstrap Routines. R Package Version 1.1‑3; 
+2008.
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]

subfolder_0/Development, Content Validation, and Feasibility of Yoga Module for Smartphone Addiction.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1312 @@
+14     ADVANCES, SPRING 2022, VOL. 36, NO. 2
+Chaitanya Putchavayala—Yoga for Smartphone Addiction
+Development, Content Validation, and 
+Feasibility of Yoga Module for Smartphone 
+Addiction 
+Krishna Chaitanya Putchavayala; Sasidharan K.Rajesh, PhD; Deepeshwar Singh, PhD
+ABSTRACT
+Context • Mental health practitioners have postulated 
+that smartphone addiction is a disorder characterized by 
+maladaptive and problematic behavior, and treatment 
+modalities are scarce. Yoga has been found to be a viable 
+tool for addiction treatment and other psychiatric 
+conditions, but no specific validated module is currently 
+available for smartphone addiction. 
+Objective • The study intended: (1) to develop a yoga-
+based intervention for smartphone addiction, based on 
+the ancient literature of yoga and a modern literature 
+review; (2) to validate the developed module with experts 
+from different schools of yoga; and (3) to test the module’s 
+feasibility and efficacy for young adolescents, with the 
+objective of creating biopsychosocial well-being.
+Design • The research team first conducted a search of 
+traditional and contemporary literature, with the objective 
+of developing the yoga program. That yoga program was 
+then sent to yoga experts for content validation. A pilot 
+study then tested the feasibility of using the developed 
+module for individuals with internet and smartphone 
+addiction.
+Setting • The study took place in Swami Vivekananda 
+Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University, 
+Bengaluru, India. 
+Participants • For content validity, participants were 15 
+yoga experts who had >10 years of experience in treating 
+mental health disorders. For feasibility in a pilot study, 
+participants were 22 students from an engineering college 
+in Bengaluru, South India.
+Outcome Measures • For content validity, the experts’ 
+opinions were rated using a content validation ratio 
+(CVR) through Lawshe’s formula. For the feasibility study, 
+assessments were performed at baseline and post 
+intervention. Data were collected to evaluate: (1) addiction 
+level using the Smartphone Addiction Scale - Short 
+Version (SAS-SV), (2) impulsiveness using the Barat 
+Impulsive Scale (BIS); (3) sleep problems using the 
+Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), (4) mindfulness 
+using the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), (4) 
+self-regulation 
+using 
+the 
+Short 
+Self-Regulation 
+Questionnaire (SSRQ); and general health using the 
+General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12).
+Results • In the final version of the module, 26 out of 35 
+items (74.28%) of the practices in the developed program 
+were retained, together with the modifications suggested 
+by the experts. The content validity index for the whole 
+module, an average of all CVRs, was 0.74. The study found 
+significant reductions in the most symptom scores after 
+participants practiced the yoga module for six weeks. 
+Conclusions • A yoga module for smartphone addiction 
+was developed, validated, and checked for feasibility. The 
+content validity of the module was found to be good. The 
+module was found to potentially useful for reducing 
+symptoms in individuals with smartphone addiction. 
+Future studies should test the efficacy of the developed 
+program through a randomized, controlled clinical trial.
+(Adv Mind Body Med. 2022;36(2):##-##.)
+ORIGINAL RESEARCH
+Krishna Chaitanya Putchavayala, PhD scholar, Division of 
+Yoga and Physical Sciences; Swami Vivekananda Yoga 
+Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, 
+India. Sasidharan K Rajesh, PhD, Assistant Professor; 
+Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences; Swami Vivekananda 
+Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University, 
+Bengaluru, India. Deepeshwar Singh, PhD, Associate 
+Professor, Division of  Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami 
+Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) 
+University, Bengaluru, India. 
+Corresponding author: Deepeshwar Singh, PhD
+E-mail address: [email protected]
+ADVANCES, SPRING 2022, VOL. 36, NO. 2    15
+Chaitanya Putchavayala—Yoga for Smartphone Addiction
+Smartphone use has permeated society worldwide. 
+Technology has become an indispensable part of people’s 
+daily lives regardless of age, gender, or economic status. In 
+the last decade, the Internet has revolutionized 
+communications and information processing. With 
+smartphones, people feel more connected to other people, 
+enabling new forms of communication and social interaction. 
+As a result, the time spent on smartphones has significantly 
+increased. According to some studies, some people have 
+become addicted to checking their smartphones constantly, 
+with the behaviour becoming impulsive.1 The behaviours 
+associated with problematic smartphone use are similar with 
+other recognized behavioural addictions. Ex: gambling 
+disorder, substance abuse, smoking, and alcohol addictions.2 
+Recent statistics show that over three-billion people are 
+smartphone users worldwide, and that number is expected to 
+grow by several hundred million in the next few years. 
+China, India, and the USA each have 100-million smartphone 
+users. According to Statista’s report Number of Smartphone 
+Users in India 2015-2022, India is expected to reach 442 
+million smartphone users by 2022.3 
+According to a meta-analysis study, the researchers 
+estimated the prevalence of smartphone addiction among 
+college students to be in the range of 10% to 30% .4 Some 
+studies have reported the prevalence of problematic 
+smartphone use among children and adolescents to be as 
+high as 10% in the United Kingdom,5 16.7% in Taiwan,6 
+16.9% in Switzerland,7 30.9% in Korea,8 and 31% in India.9 
+Furthermore, a survey done in six Asian countries found that 
+62% of internet addiction is through smartphone ownership.10
+Although the definition of smartphone addiction is 
+ambiguous among researchers, it can be postulated to be a 
+disorder due to individuals’ excessive, maladaptive, 
+problematic, or pathological use of smartphone functions 
+that can disrupt their social functioning, including social 
+media, online gaming, and mobile Internet.11 
+Some research has found that symptoms of compulsive 
+behaviour,12 withdrawal,13 depression, loneliness,14 social 
+anxiety,15 sleep disruption, and time-management issues16 are 
+also common in smartphone addiction. Evidence is growing 
+that emerging adults between 18 and 29 are more likely to 
+develop smartphone addiction.17 Furthermore, some research 
+has shown that the type of family environment is a strong 
+predictor of adolescent smartphone addiction.18 Nam found 
+that a relationship exists between communication, attitude, 
+and cohesiveness in the family and adolescent internet 
+addiction.19 Consequently, the number of people visiting 
+doctors and psychologists with smartphone addiction has 
+been on the rise. 
+Yoga and meditation have gained increasing attention as 
+complementary treatments for addiction and other 
+psychiatric issues.20 The goal of yoga is to bring body, mind, 
+and spirit into harmony, and its practice dates back more 
+than five-thousand years. 
+According to Ovissi and Hagaman, dysregulated trauma in 
+teens can lead to substance abuse and alcohol addiction.21 The 
+vulnerability of underdeveloped areas of the brain, poor 
+emotional regulation, increased stress levels, and high dopamine 
+levels can motivate pleasure-seeking behavior. A trauma-
+informed yoga therapy can help to work on the breath and 
+improve the parasympathetic tone, which can mitigate stress.22 
+Promoting self-regulation through yoga and meditation is 
+critical in regulating the system and healing the mind and body. 
+A study on Suryanamaskara found that it activates 80 
+percent of the musculoskeletal system, improves executive 
+function, attention, and concentration, and induces peace 
+and calmness.23,24 Another study found that Bhramari 
+pranayama can aid in activating higher limbic activities and 
+harmonizing hypothalamic functions.25 Meditation is known 
+to cause changes in the brain’s limbic lobes, influencing the 
+expression of anger and producing calmness.26
+A four-year qualitative study on developing mindfulness 
+among college students for self-care by engaging them in a 15 
+week program consisting of hatha yoga, meditation, qigong, 
+and mindfulness-based stress reduction practices promoted 
+positive results with their physical, emotional, mental, spiritual 
+health, and interpersonal skills.27 Furthermore, a review on the 
+functional and anatomical changes among yoga and meditation 
+practitioners found increased grey matter in the inferior 
+frontal gyrus correlated with improved  attention and well-
+being  While increased grey-matter volume, enabling them to 
+control movement, memory, and emotions.28 Regular practice 
+has been shown to have a positive influence on dysphoric 
+moods, emotional regulation, self-esteem,29 academic 
+performance,30 and cognitive and executive functions.31 
+In the current literature, the Cognitive Behavioural 
+Model (CBT), exercise therapy, and art therapy have been 
+found to be effective in reducing anxiety, depression, 
+impulsiveness, and withdrawal symptoms related to 
+smartphone and internet addiction.15,32 However, data are 
+lacking, and further investigations are required to address 
+the problem in a holistic way. 
+One study of substance-use addiction that have used 
+yoga and meditation as adjunct treatment modalities have 
+shown positive changes in behavioural and symptom scores.33 
+Another study on the effects of yogic breathing on reducing 
+the cravings and withdrawal symptoms of smokers who were 
+trying to quit, showed that it had statistically  significant 
+effect.34 A review pointed out that regular practice of yoga 
+and meditation has positive influence on children with 
+clinical problems like ADHD and anxiety and other 
+psychological problems.35 
+According to preliminary studies, individuals addicted 
+to their smartphones are less mindful of their current actions 
+because of distraction from the urge to use the smartphone. 
+In addition to reducing mindfulness, increased smartphone 
+addiction could also have a detrimental effects on well-
+being.36 Students with smartphone addiction undergoing 
+mindfulness training have shown improved self-control and 
+reduction in rumination levels (Excessive thoughts about 
+negative feelings and experiences), thereby decreasing the 
+addiction’s negative impact on sleep and mental health.37
+16     ADVANCES, SPRING 2022, VOL. 36, NO. 2
+Chaitanya Putchavayala—Yoga for Smartphone Addiction
+among the traditional texts. Modern literature, points out 
+that the constant use of smartphones has resulted in sensory 
+overload, impelling the mind to seek repeated subjective 
+experiences, and the desire for these experiences can cause 
+negative consequences. 
+These consequences are explained in the traditional texts as 
+being due to imbalances in the doshas, the three basic 
+humors, and to the interplay of gunas, the three mental 
+attributes. To find the relevant yogic literature, the research 
+team used the following keywords: raga (attachment/
+craving), bhaya (fear), chitta vikshepa (agitations of the 
+mind), anidra (lack of sleep), dukkha (sorrow/pain), 
+Daurmanasya (depression) pratyahara (sense organ control), 
+krodha (anger), and samyama (restrain/self-control).
+In addition, the research team searched contemporary yoga 
+texts, such as The Illustrated Light on Yoga: Yoga Dipika,51 
+Asana, Pranayama, Mudra, and Bandha,52 Yoga Practices for 
+Anxiety and Depression,53 and Integrated Approach of Yoga 
+Therapy for Positive Health.54 Although yoga practices are 
+based on traditional texts, the texts don’t provide precise 
+guidelines for symptom-based practices. Consequently, the 
+module’s components were selected by comparing 
+descriptions of specific yoga practices with symptoms of 
+smartphone addiction. 
+The research team also reviewed modern scientific literature 
+using the Google Scholar, PubMed, and Psych Info databases. 
+Yoga, smartphone addiction, mindfulness, addictions, 
+impulsiveness, craving, loneliness, sleep quality, pranayama, 
+meditation, depression, and anxiety were used as the 
+keywords in the search for useful practices. Practices that 
+were complex, lacked a clear description, or are 
+contraindicated in painful conditions were excluded. 
+Procedures: Validation of Yoga Module
+The yoga program developed from the literature search 
+was sent to 25 yoga experts for validation, and 15 of them 
+responded with their feedback and scores. The experts were 
+from different schools of yoga, with clinical and research 
+experience of more than 10 years in the field of yoga therapy 
+for psychiatric problems. Out of the 15 experts, 6 were from 
+the Bihar school of yoga; 6 were from the SVYASA; 2 were 
+from Patanjali Yogpeeth; and one was from the Iyengar 
+school of yoga. 
+The process was initiated by contacting the experts by 
+phone and briefing them about the study; their consent was 
+sought to participate in the study. Details regarding the 
+nature and symptoms of internet and smartphone addiction 
+and the treatment goals were given to them, emphasizing the 
+control of cravings, reduction in impulsivity, decrease in 
+depression and anxiety, improvements in sleep quality, 
+lessening of strain in the eyes, and promotion of self-
+regulation. Specific questions were asked about the 
+contraindications and usefulness of the practices and about 
+the sequential order of the practices. 
+The experts were asked to rate the necessity of the items 
+on a Likert scale of 0-4, where 0 = not useful, 1 = a little 
+The current research team found a few studies on the 
+development and validation of yoga-based intervention for 
+different ailments.38-42 The typical pattern followed by these 
+studies was: (1) review of the yoga literature, (2) validation of 
+the module by experts in the field, and (3) testing of the 
+feasibility of the module with a small sample.
+According to the literature, one of those studies had 
+developed a yoga module for depression and reported its 
+validation by nine experts and its pilot application with seven 
+patients as participants.38 A yoga module for Parkinson’s disease 
+was validated by 20 experts, and 21 out of 28 practices met the 
+required content validity ratio (CVR) in the study.39 The 
+International Association of  Yoga Therapists (IAYT) yoga 
+module for obesity in adolescents was developed based on a 
+literature review, and 16 yoga experts had validated the module, 
+which consisted of 43 practices.40 The researchers in another 
+study developed a yoga module for visual impairment based on 
+traditional texts, had it validated by 25 yoga experts, and applied 
+it to nine children.41 Furthermore, a study on opioid management 
+with yoga has been validated with 13 experts and its feasibility 
+tested with eight patients as participants.42
+According to the current literature on intervention 
+studies for smartphone addiction, cognitive behavioural 
+therapy (CBT) and music therapy43 have been found to 
+provide a significant reduction in anxiety scores. In addition, 
+that study found that the combined effects of CBT and music 
+therapy can influence the impulsive behaviour scores among 
+adolescents with smartphone addiction. Similar results have 
+been reported for internet44 and gaming addiction.45 A meta-
+analysis study on the effects of group counselling, CBT, and 
+a sports intervention on internet addiction found positive 
+changes in withdrawal symptoms, tolerance, depression, 
+aggressiveness, somatization, paranoid ideation, and 
+psychoticism.46 However, more data is required to establish 
+the effectiveness of those treatment modalities.
+The current study intended: (1) to develop a yoga-based 
+intervention for smartphone addiction, based on the ancient 
+literature of yoga and a modern literature review; (2) to 
+validate the developed module with experts from different 
+schools of yoga; and (3) test the module’s feasibility and 
+efficacy for young adolescents, with the objective of creating 
+biopsychosocial well-being.
+METHODS
+The study took place in the department of Physical 
+sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana 
+(S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, India. 
+It was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee at 
+S-VYASA University. The reference number of IEC (RES/
+IEC-SVYASA/113/2017) 
+and 
+the 
+CTRI 
+Reg. 
+no. 
+CTRI/2021/09/036797. 
+Procedures: Literature Search
+The research team reviewed classical and contemporary 
+texts related to yoga. Hatha yoga pradipika,47 Patanjali yoga 
+sutras,48 Hatha Ratnavali,49 and Gheranda Samhita50 were 
+ADVANCES, SPRING 2022, VOL. 36, NO. 2    17
+Chaitanya Putchavayala—Yoga for Smartphone Addiction
+sessions of yoga. Data were collected to evaluate: (1) addiction 
+level using the SAS-SV,55 (2) Mindfulness using the Mindful 
+Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS),56 (3) sleep problems 
+using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI),57 
+
+(4) General health using the General Health Questionnaire 
+12 (GHQ-12),58 (5) Impulsiveness by using Barat Impulsive 
+Scale (BIS),59 and (6) self-regulation using the Short Self-
+Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ),60 
+Smartphone Addiction Scale (Shorter version) SAS-
+SV. Smartphone addiction scale is a 10 item questionnaire. 
+The sores on this scale are measured on a 6 point likert scale. 
+The six factors analyzed by this questionnaire were a daily-
+life 
+disturbance, 
+positive 
+anticipation, 
+withdrawal, 
+cyberspace- oriented relationship, overuse, and tolerance. 
+The final score is measured by summing all the items in the 
+scale. The SAS-SV showed good reliability and validity for 
+the assessment of smartphone addiction. The cronbach’s 
+alpha for the scale is 0.91.
+The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) was 
+used to measure dispositional mindfulness. This instrument 
+consists of 15 items, all of which indicate a lack of mindfulness. 
+These items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 
+1 (almost always) to 6 (almost never); higher scores indicate 
+more mindfulness, and the total score can range from 15 to 
+90. The measures assess the quality of attention and awareness 
+that individuals apply to their daily lives. The MAAS has 
+good convergent and discriminant validity, as well as good 
+psychometric properties. The Cronbach’s alpha for the MAAS 
+has been recorded as 0.81.56
+Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).The Pittsburgh 
+Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) is an effective instrument used to 
+measure the quality and patterns of sleep in adults. It 
+differentiates “poor” from “good” sleep quality by measuring 
+seven areas (components): subjective sleep quality, sleep 
+latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep 
+disturbances, use of sleeping medications, and daytime 
+dysfunction over the last month. The measure consists of 19 
+individual items, creating 7 components that produce one 
+global score, it consists of 19 items, and the PSQI measures 
+several different aspects of sleep, offering seven component 
+scores and one composite score. The component scores 
+consist of subjective sleep quality, sleep latency (i.e., how 
+long it takes to fall asleep), sleep duration, habitual sleep 
+efficiency (i.e., the percentage of time in bed that one is 
+asleep), sleep. The questionnaire has been used in many 
+settings, including research and clinical activities, and has 
+been used in the diagnosis of sleep disorders. Clinical studies 
+have found the PSQI to be reliable and valid in the assessment 
+of sleep problems to some degree. The cronbach’s alpha for 
+PSQI is recorded as 0.83.
+General Health Questionnaire-12: It is a measure of 
+current mental health. The scale asks whether the respondent 
+has experienced a particular symptom or behavior recently. 
+Each item is rated on a four-point scale (less than usual, no 
+more than usual, rather more than usual, or much more than 
+usual). Its Cronbach’s alpha is 0.82.
+useful, 2 = moderately useful, 3 = very useful, and 4= 
+extremely useful. The experts’ scores for the individual 
+practices were tabulated, and the CVRs calculated. Lawshe’s 
+formula was used to determine the CVRs. 
+CVR = (Ne - N/2)/(N/2)
+Where Ne = the total number of panellists indicating that a 
+practice was essential and N = total number of experts.
+According to Lawshe’s formula, if more than half of the 
+experts rate an item as essential, it meets a minimum content 
+validity standard. Based on the experts’ responses in the 
+validation of the yoga module, the CVR for the individual 
+practices was calculated. Test content validity can be 
+determined by calculating the mean CVR across items. 
+As per the criteria, the practices with a CVR score ≥0.49 
+were included in the final list of practices. Furthermore, the 
+research team requested the experts’ opinions and suggestions 
+about the duration of the practices and about their efficacy. 
+Procedures: Pilot Study
+The objective of the pilot study was to test the feasibility 
+of using the developed module for individuals with internet 
+and smartphone addiction. 
+Participants. Participants for the pilot study were 
+recruited by screening potential participants from an 
+engineering college in Bengaluru, South India, and 130 
+students participated in a primary screening using the 
+Smartphone Addiction Scale- Short Version (SAS-SV). 
+Potential participants were included in the study if they: 
+(1) had cut-off scores of ≥31 for males and ≥33 for females 
+on the SAS-SV, (2) had mild to moderate scores of ≤15 on the 
+General Anxiety Disorder (GAD) scale; and (3) had scores of 
+≤ 30 on the Major Depression Inventory (MDI).
+Potential participants were excluded from the study if 
+they: (1) had a severe medical illness that might affect brain 
+functions; (2) had a history of head injury; (3) were substance 
+dependent, using alcohol, benzodiazepine, cannabis, or 
+multiple substances, except for nicotine; (4) had impaired 
+intellectual functioning, a score of <24 on the Mini-Mental 
+Status Exam (MMSE); or (5) had had prior exposure to yoga 
+practices. 
+Of the 130 potential participants, 46 students failed to 
+meet the criteria. Twenty-three weren’t interested in 
+participating because of exams or for personal reasons. 
+The study obtained written informed consent from the 
+participants. 
+Sampling. We have adopted convenient sampling 
+considering the availability of fewer number of participants 
+willing to participate because of their busy schedules. 
+Intervention. Participants underwent 30 one-hour, 
+supervised sessions for 6 weeks, with the sessions being in 
+the evening from 4:30 to 5:30 pm each day, five days a week. 
+The sessions occurred on the college premises. 
+Outcome Measures. Assessments were performed at 
+baseline and postintervention after six weeks, with 30 
+18     ADVANCES, SPRING 2022, VOL. 36, NO. 2
+Chaitanya Putchavayala—Yoga for Smartphone Addiction
+Statistical Analysis. 
+The statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. The 
+validation of module is done using Lawshe formula and for the 
+feasibility study, the data was checked for normality using the 
+Shapiro Wilk test and we have used paired sample t test is used 
+to check for the difference between the pre and post values 
+which reported to be significant in most of the variables.
+RESULTS
+As a result of the literature search, the research team 
+designed the preliminary yoga module to comprise loosening 
+and breathing practices, physical postures (Yogasanas), breathing 
+practices (Pranayama), cleansing techniques (Kriyas), chanting, 
+meditation (Dhyana), and relaxation techniques. 
+Validation of Yoga Module
+The 15 experts had an average age of 45.6 ± 9.6 years, and 
+3 were female; their average experience in the field of yoga 
+therapy and research, after their formal education, was 16.3 ± 
+Barratt Impulsiveness Scale version 11 (BIS-11): It is a 
+15-item questionnaire which has been extensively used in 
+research on impulsivity and impulse control disorders. It was 
+standardized in college students; further, substance abusers 
+showed significantly different group scores in comparison to 
+the student group. All items are measured on a 4-point scale. 
+The items are summed and the higher the BIS-11 total score, 
+the higher the impulsiveness level. Total BIS-11 scores are 
+strongly correlated with other self-report measures of 
+impulsivity. The BIS-11 total score demonstrates good 
+internal consistency in undergraduates (α = 0.82).  
+Short Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ): It is a 
+31-item questionnaire, based on the Self-Regulation 
+Questionnaire (SRQ; Brown, Miller, & Lawendowski, 1998) that 
+was designed to assess self-regulation capacity across the seven 
+processes of self-regulation. Previous research indicates that the 
+SSRQ has a single factor that represents overall self-regulation 
+capacity. Items are scored on a 1–5 scale (strongly disagree–
+strongly agree), and can be summed to create a total score.  
+Table 1. The Preliminary Yoga Program Designed After a Literature Search, with the Scores of the Yoga Experts
+Yoga Practice
+Scores Given by Experts 
+(No. of Experts)
+No. of Experts 
+Rating >3
+Content Validity 
+Ratio ≥0.49
+Remarks
+Hands rotation 
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (2)
+3 (11)
+4 (2)
+13
+0.73
+Accepted
+Wrist rotation 
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (1)
+3 (9)
+4 (3)
+12
+0.60
+Accepted
+Neck rotation 
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (1)
+3 (12)
+4 (2)
+14
+0.87
+Accepted
+Forward and backward bending 
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (2)
+3 (11)
+4 (2)
+13
+0.73
+Accepted
+Side bending 
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (2)
+3 (12)
+4 (1)
+13
+0.73
+Accepted
+Surya namaskara
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (0)
+3 (11)
+4 (3)
+14
+0.87
+Accepted
+Hands in and out breathing
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (2)
+3 (10)
+4 (3)
+13
+0.73
+Accepted
+Hands stretch breathing 
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (2)
+3 (10)
+4 (3)
+13
+0.73
+Accepted
+Ankle stretch breathing
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (4)
+3 (9)
+4 (2)
+11
+0.47
+Declined
+Tiger breathing 
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (1)
+3 (11)
+4 (2)
+13
+0.73
+Accepted
+Ardha chakrasana 
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (2)
+3 (10)
+4 (2)
+12
+0.60
+Accepted
+Padahastasana
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (3)
+3 (9)
+4 (2)
+11
+0.47
+Declined
+Trikonasana
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (5)
+3 (7)
+4 (2)
+9
+0.20
+Declined
+Ardhakati chakrasana 
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (5)
+3 (7)
+4 (3)
+10
+0.33
+Declined
+Vrikshasana
+0 (0)
+1 (2)
+2 (0)
+3 (8)
+4 (5)
+13
+0.73
+Accepted
+Veerabhadrasana 1, 2, and 3 
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (6)
+3 (6)
+4 (2)
+8
+0.07
+Declined
+Gomukhasana 
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (2)
+3 (8)
+4 (4)
+12
+0.60
+Accepted
+Ustrasana  
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (3)
+3 (8)
+4 (4)
+12
+0.60
+Accepted
+Sashankasana
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (2)
+3 (11)
+4 (2)
+13
+0.73
+Accepted
+Bhujangasana
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (3)
+3 (6)
+4 (6)
+12
+0.60
+Accepted
+Dhanurasana 
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (5)
+3 (5)
+4 (4)
+9
+0.20
+Declined
+Makarasana
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2(2)
+3 (9)
+4 (4)
+13
+0.73
+Accepted
+Setubandhasana  
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (5)
+3 (7)
+4 (3)
+10
+0.33
+Declined
+Matsyasana 
+0 (1)
+1 (0)
+2 (5)
+3 (7)
+4 (2)
+9
+0.20
+Declined
+Sarvangasana 
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (5)
+3 (6)
+4 (3)
+9
+0.20
+Declined
+Shavasana 
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (0)
+3 (7)
+4 (8)
+15
+1.00
+Accepted
+Bastrika
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (2)
+3 (6)
+4 (6)
+12
+0.60
+Accepted
+Nadishuddhi
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (0)
+3 (4)
+4 (11)
+15
+1.00
+Accepted
+Ujjayi
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (3)
+3 (6)
+4 (6)
+12
+0.60
+Accepted
+Bhramari
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (0)
+3 (5)
+4 (10)
+15
+1.00
+Accepted
+Kapalabhati
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (3)
+3 (5)
+4 (7)
+12
+0.60
+Accepted
+Jatru trataka  (Eye exercises)
+0 (0)
+1 (1)
+2 (2)
+3 (6)
+4 (6)
+12
+0.60
+Accepted
+Nadhanusandhana
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (1)
+3 (3)
+4 (11)
+14
+0.87
+Accepted
+Om japa
+0 (1)
+1 (0)
+2 (0)
+3 (6)
+4 (8)
+14
+0.87
+Accepted
+Deep relaxation Technique  (DRT)
+0 (0)
+1 (0)
+2 (0)
+3 (4)
+4 (11)
+15
+0.87
+Accepted
+ADVANCES, SPRING 2022, VOL. 36, NO. 2    19
+Chaitanya Putchavayala—Yoga for Smartphone Addiction
+to a one-hour session; (2) if a participant were unwilling or 
+uncomfortable with the practice of Om chanting due to his 
+or her sociocultural background, it could be replaced with 
+Bhramari (humming bee) with Shanmukha mudra; and 
+
+(3) the majority of the experts felt that an intervention of 
+three days a week wouldn’t suffice, and the frequency was 
+extended to 5 days a week. Many experts suggested that two 
+to three interactive sessions of yogic counselling with 
+participants would be beneficial. The content validity index 
+(CVI) for the final module—the average of all CVRs—was 
+0.74. Table 2 shows the validated module after the 
+modifications that were used for the feasibility testing.
+7.0 Table 1 shows the practices in the preliminary program and 
+the scores that the experts gave them. Of the 35 practices, 26 
+received high CVRs and were accepted for the final program.
+The scores for nine practices didn’t meet the required CVR 
+of 0.49: (1) ankle stretch breathing; (2) Padahastasana (Head to 
+toe posture); (3) Trikonasana (Triangle posture); (4) Ardhakati 
+chakrasana (Lateral arc posture); (5) Veerabhadrasana (Warrior 
+posture) variations 1, 2, and 3; (6) Dhanurasana (Bow posture); 
+(7) Setubandhasana (Bridge posture); (8) Sarvangasana 
+(Shoulder stand); and (9) Matsyasana (Fish posture). As a result, 
+these practices were removed from the final module. 
+Following the experts’ opinions and recommendations: 
+(1) the proposed 45 minutes of the intervention was extended 
+Table 2. Final List of Practices in the Yoga Module
+List of Practices
+Number of Rounds or Cycles
+Duration: 
+Total 60 
+Minutes
+Prayer
+ 
+1  minute
+Loosening Practices
+Hands rotation 
+5 rounds each, clockwise and anticlockwise
+1  minute
+Wrist rotation 
+5 rounds each clockwise and anticlockwise
+1 minute
+Neck rotation 
+5 rounds each in clockwise and anticlockwise
+1  minute
+Forward & backward bending 
+5 rounds
+1  minute
+Side bending 
+5 rounds
+1  minute
+Surya Namaskara
+6 rounds (3 fast; 3 slow)
+3 minutes
+Breathing Practices
+Hands in and out breathing
+5 rounds
+2 minutes
+Hands stretch breathing 
+5 rounds
+2 minutes
+Tiger Breathing (Vyagra kriya)
+5 rounds
+2 minutes
+Standing Postures
+Ardha chakrasana (half-moon posture)
+1 round
+1  minute
+Vrikshasana (tree posture)
+2 rounds/ 1  round with each leg
+2 minutes
+Sitting Postures
+Gomukhasana (cow face posture)
+1 round
+1  minute
+Ustrasana  (camel posture)
+1 round
+1  minute
+Sashankasana (rabbit posture)
+1 round
+1  minute
+Prone Postures
+Bhujangasana (cobra posture)
+1 round
+1  minute
+Makarasana (crocodile posture)
+1 round
+1  minute
+Supine Postures
+Shavasana (corpse posture)
+1 round
+1  minute
+Pranayama (Breathing)
+Bastrika (bellows breathing)
+3 rounds / 30 strokes per minute
+3 minutes
+Nadishuddhi (alternate nostril breathing)
+9 rounds
+3 minutes
+Ujjayi (psychic breathing)
+5 rounds
+3 minutes
+Bhramari (humming of bumblebee 
+breathing)
+5 rounds
+3 minutes
+Kapalabhati (frontal brain cleansing 
+breath)
+3 rounds / 60 strokes per minute
+3 minutes
+Jatru Trataka (Eye Exercises )
+ 
+2 minutes
+Chanting and meditation
+Nadhanusandhana (sectional breathing 
+and chanting)
+5 rounds of A, U, M, and AUM chanting
+5 minutes
+Om japa
+ 
+5 minutes
+Deep relaxation technique (DRT)
+ 
+7 minutes
+Closing prayer
+ 
+1  minute
+20     ADVANCES, SPRING 2022, VOL. 36, NO. 2
+Chaitanya Putchavayala—Yoga for Smartphone Addiction
+participants gave positive feedback about their anxiety levels, 
+cravings, and the significance of the yoga practice
+DISCUSSION
+The current study is a first step in managing smartphone 
+addiction with a yoga-based intervention. It showed a 
+significant reduction in smartphone-addiction scores post 
+intervention. In addition to confirming the efficacy of the 
+module, the study also substantiated the module’s 
+standardization and generalization.
+The module’s strength is that it includes specific 
+techniques for addressing the symptoms of smartphone 
+addiction at the physical, psychological, and social levels. 
+Considering the higher CVR scores, pilot-study results, 
+and participants’ subjective feedback all support the validity 
+and feasibility of the current study’s yoga module. The pilot 
+study also showed a significant reduction in smartphone 
+addiction scores, providing reasonable evidence for the 
+module’s initial effectiveness.
+A novelty of the currents study lies in its developing a 
+framework by providing justification and obtaining both 
+subjective and objective validations from experts. Experts 
+across multiple disciplines have validated the framework, 
+making it the first of its kind. Of the 35 yogic technique 
+suggested in the preliminary framework, 26 received high 
+CVR scores during the experts’ validation, confirming the 
+high content validity of the module.
+Pilot Study
+The feasibility study included 23 students as participants, 
+15 males and 8 females with a mean age of 25.13 ± 1.28 (data 
+not shown). They were from different socioeconomic 
+backgrounds, and all owned a smartphone. The average time 
+that they spent on the smartphone was 3.27 ± 1.01 hours a 
+day. None of the participants had prior exposure to yoga. 
+One female student opted out of the study after a week of the 
+intervention. Data were analysed for 22 participants only. 
+The details of the changes in variables are presented in 
+Table 3. Statistically significant improvements occurred for 
+most of the variables: (1) SAS-SV (P = .01); (2) MAAS (P = .01); 
+(3) PSQI Global (P = .01) and for the subdomains: sleep latency 
+(P = .04) and daytime dysfunction (P = .03); (4) GHQ-12 Total 
+(P = .01) and for the subdomains: social dysfunction (P = .06), 
+anxiety and depression (P = .01), and lack of confidence 
+
+(P = .03); (5) BIS-11 (P = .01) and for the subdomains: 
+no-planning impulsivity (P = .03), motor impulsivity (P = .01), 
+and attentional impulsivity (P = .01); and (6) SSRQ (P = .37). 
+Participants 
+provided 
+observations 
+about 
+the 
+intervention phase. A few participants initially faced difficulty 
+in performing the asanas and complained of body pains. For 
+the first week, the research team adapted the intervention by 
+emphasizing loosening, breathing, chanting, and relaxation 
+practices. From the second week, the team followed the 
+sequence as per the module’s protocol, and by the third week, 
+participants felt much more comfortable. By the end, 
+Table 3. Feasibility study results (N = 22). Wilcoxon’s signed-rank test was used. 
+Variable
+Baseline
+Mean +SD
+Post intervention
+Mean +SD
+Confidence Interval
+P value
+Lower
+Upper
+SAS-SV
+38.18 ± 5.36
+30.54 ± 5.79
+6.70
+8.56
+.01a
+MAAS
+48.04 ± 12.34
+60.77 ± 7.32
+-18.89
+-6.55
+.01a
+PSQI Global
+5.09 ± 2.09
+3.63 ± 1.52
+0.96
+1.94
+.01a
+Latency
+1.04 ± 0.57
+0.59 ± 0.50
+0.19
+0.71
+.04b
+Quality
+0.81 ± 0.50
+0.68 ± 0.47
+-0.14
+0.41
+.31
+Duration
+0.59 ± .50
+0.27 ± 0.45
+0.10
+0.52
+.08
+Disturbance
+1.81 ± 1.13
+1.59 ± 0.79
+-0.15
+0.61
+.22
+Daytime dysfunction
+0.81 ± 0.58
+0.50 ± 0.51
+0.03
+0.60
+.03b
+GHQ-12 Total
+12.22 ± 4.86
+8.50 ± 2.01
+2.11
+5.34
+.01a
+Social dysfunction
+7.04 ± 1.98
+5.72 ± 0.63
+0.43
+2.19
+.06
+Anxiety and depression
+4.04 ± 2.31
+2.36 ± 1.43
+0.94
+2.42
+.01a
+Loss of confidence
+1.1.3 ± 0.99
+0.40 ± 0.66
+0.36
+1.09
+.03b
+BIS-11
+31.13 ± 3.70
+27.63 ± 3.79
+20.97
+23.84
+.01a
+No-planning impulsivity
+11.09 ± 2.15
+10.50 ± 1.84
+0.08
+1.09
+.03b
+Motor impulsivity
+9.86 ± 1.61
+8.40 ± 1.68
+0.78
+2.12
+.01a
+Attentional impulsivity
+10.18 ± 2.03
+8.72 ± 1.93
+0.89
+2.01
+.01a
+SSRQ
+103.59 ± 10.15
+104.13 ± 10.07
+-2.84
+1.75
+.37
+aP < .01 for the changes between baseline and post intervention for the variable
+bP < .05
+Abbreviations: SAS-SV, Smartphone Addiction Scale - Short Version; MAAS, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale; PSQI, 
+Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; GHQ, Global Health Questionnaire; BIS, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; SSRQ, Short Self-
+Regulation Scale
+ADVANCES, SPRING 2022, VOL. 36, NO. 2    21
+Chaitanya Putchavayala—Yoga for Smartphone Addiction
+15.	 Kim H. Exercise rehabilitation for smartphone addiction.  J Exerc Rehabil. 
+2013;9(6):500-505. doi:10.12965/jer.130080
+16.	 Chun JW, Choi J, Kim JY, et al. Altered brain activity and the effect of personality 
+traits in excessive smartphone use during facial emotion processing.  Sci Rep. 
+2017;7(1):12156. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-08824-y
+17.	 Arnett JJ. Presidential Address: the emergence of emerging adulthood.  Emerg 
+Adulthood. 2014;2(3):155-162. doi:10.1177/2167696814541096
+18.	 Ihm J. Social implications of children’s smartphone addiction: the role of support 
+networks and social engagement.  J Behav Addict. 2018;7(2):473-481. 
+doi:10.1556/2006.7.2018.48
+19.	 Nam Y-O. A study on the psychosocial variables of the youth’s addiction to 
+internet and cyber-sex and their problematic behavior.  Korean J Soc Welf. 
+2002;50:173-207.
+20.	 Rao NP, Varambally S, Gangadhar BN. Yoga school of thought and psychiatry: 
+therapeutic potential. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55(6)(suppl 2):S145-S149. 
+doi:10.4103/0019-5545.105510
+21.	 Ovissi M, Hagaman H. Trauma-informed educational yoga program for teens as 
+an addiction prevention tool. World Med Health Policy. 2020;12(1):71-77. 
+doi:10.1002/wmh3.326
+22.	 Esfeld J, Pennings K, Rooney A, Robinson S. Integrating trauma-informed yoga 
+into addiction treatment. . 2021. doi:10.1080/15401383.2021.1972067.
+23.	 Bhutkar MV, Bhutkar PM, Taware GB, Surdi AD. How effective is sun salutation 
+in improving muscle strength, general body endurance and body composition? 
+Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(4):259-266. doi:10.5812/asjsm.34742
+24.	 Omkar SN. An analysis of sun salutation. Impact Technol Sport. 2008;II:81-86. 
+doi:10.1201/9781439828427.ch11
+25.	 Sahu KP, Kishore K. The effect of Bhramari Pranayama and Jyoti Dhyan effect on 
+alpha EEG and hemoglobin of college-going students. Int J Phys Educ Sport Heal 
+IJPESH. 2015;1(14):40-44.
+26.	 Jindal V, Gupta S, Das R. Molecular mechanisms of meditation. Mol Neurobiol. 
+2013;48(3):808-811. doi:10.1007/s12035-013-8468-9
+27.	 Schure MB, Christopher J, Christopher S. Mind-body medicine and the art of 
+self-care: teaching mindfulness to counseling students through yoga, meditation, 
+and Qigong. J Couns Dev. 2008;86(1):47-56.  doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.
+tb00625.x
+28.	 van Aalst J, Ceccarini J, Demyttenaere K, Sunaert S, Van Laere K. What has 
+neuroimaging taught us on the neurobiology of yoga? A review.  Front Integr 
+Nuerosci. 2020;14:34. doi:10.3389/fnint.2020.00034
+29.	 Janjhua Y, Chaudhary R, Sharma N, Kumar K. A study on effect of yoga on 
+emotional regulation, self-esteem, and feelings of adolescents. J Family Med Prim 
+Care. 2020;9(7):3381-3386. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_153_20
+30.	 Kauts A, Sharma N. Effect of yoga on academic performance in relation to stress. 
+Int J Yoga. 2009;2(1):39-43. doi:10.4103/0973-6131.53860
+31.	 Gothe N, Pontifex MB, Hillman C, McAuley E. The acute effects of yoga on 
+executive function. J Phys Act Health. 2013;10(4):488-495. doi:10.1123/
+jpah.10.4.488
+32.	 Ju Kim D. A systematic review on the intervention program of smartphone addiction. 
+J Korea Acad Coop Soc. 2020;21(3):276-288. doi:10.5762/KAIS.2020.21.3.276
+33.	 Khalsa SBS, Khalsa GS, Khalsa HK, Khalsa MK. Evaluation of a residential 
+Kundalini yoga lifestyle pilot program for addiction in India. J Ethn Subst Abuse. 
+2008;7(1):67-79. doi:10.1080/15332640802081968
+34.	 Shahab L, Sarkar BK, West R. The acute effects of yogic breathing exercises on 
+craving and withdrawal symptoms in abstaining smokers. Psychopharmacology 
+(Berl). 2013;225(4):875-882. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2876-9
+35.	 Greenberg MT, Harris AR. Nurturing mindfulness in children and youth: current state 
+of 
+research. 
+Child 
+Dev 
+Perspect. 
+2012;6(2):161-166. 
+doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00215.x
+36.	 Moqbel M. Understanding the relationship between smartphone addiction and 
+wellbeing: The mediation of mindfulness and moderation of hedonic Apps. In: 
+Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 
+Vol 2020-Janua. 2020: 6083-6092. doi:10.24251/HICSS.2020.745
+37.	 Cheng S-S, Zhang C-Q, Wu J-Q. Mindfulness and smartphone addiction before 
+going to sleep among college students: the mediating roles of self-control and 
+rumination. Clocks Sleep. 2020;2(3):354-363. doi:10.3390/clockssleep2030026
+38.	 Naveen GH, Rao MG, Vishal V, Thirthalli J, Varambally S, Gangadhar BN. 
+Development and feasibility of yoga therapy module for out-patients with 
+depression in India. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55(7)(suppl 3):S350-S356. 
+doi:10.4103/0019-5545.116305
+39.	 Kakde N, Metri KG, Varambally S, Nagaratna R, Nagendra HR. Development and 
+validation of a yoga module for Parkinson disease.  J Complement Integr Med. 
+2017;14(3):/j/jcim.2017.14.issue-3/jcim-2015-0112/jcim-2015-0112.xml. 
+doi:10.1515/jcim-2015-0112
+40.	 Rathi SS, Raghuaram N, Tekur P, Joshi RR, Ramarao NH. Development and 
+validation of integrated yoga module for obesity in adolescents.  Int J Yoga. 
+2018;11(3):231-238. doi:10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_38_17
+41.	 Mohanty S, Venkataramanujam S, Pradhan B, Hankey A. Development and 
+validation of a yoga module for children with visual impairment: A feasibility 
+study. Br J Vis Impairment. 2019;37(1):64-73. doi:10.1177/0264619618814069
+42.	 Bhargav H, Vidyasagar PD, Venugopal S, et al. Development, validation, and 
+feasibility testing of a yoga module for opioid use disorder. Adv Mind Body Med. 
+2021;35(3):20-30.
+The limitations of the pilot study include: (1) fewer 
+experts have participated for validation of the module 
+
+(2) Considerably low sample size comparing to other 
+validation studies. (3) The intervention duration has been 
+limited to 6 weeks. (4) The study sample includes only 
+engineering students.
+In the future the module needs to be tested with a multi-
+ethnic population and across geographical and social 
+cultures, and a follow-up for the study should take place. It 
+can be tested with a long-term intervention and follow-up 
+for better results about the efficacy of the module than the 
+current pilot study.
+CONCLUSIONS
+The development and validation of a yoga-based 
+intervention for smartphone addiction and the testing of its 
+feasibility was a novel study, and the module proved to be 
+potentially useful. Future studies should test the efficacy of 
+the developed program through a randomized, controlled 
+clinical trial.
+AUTHORS DISCLOSURE STATEMENT 
+This study didn’t receive any funding, and the research team has no conflicts of interest 
+related to the study.
+REFERENCES
+1.	 Griffiths M. A components model of addiction within a biopsychosocial 
+framework. J Subst Use. 2005;10(4):191-197. doi:10.1080/14659890500114359
+2.	 Yu S, Sussman S. Does smartphone addiction fall on a continuum of addictive 
+behaviors? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(2):E422.  doi:10.3390/
+ijerph17020422
+3.	 Statista. Number of smartphone users in India 2015-2022 | Statistic. 2018. 2018. 
+https://www.statista.com/statistics/467163/forecast-of-smartphone-users-in-
+india/. Accessed August 18, 2020.
+4.	 Sohn SY, Rees P, Wildridge B, Kalk NJ, Carter B. Prevalence of problematic 
+smartphone usage and associated mental health outcomes amongst children and 
+young people: a systematic review, meta-analysis and GRADE of the evidence. 
+BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1). doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02986-2
+5.	 Lopez-Fernandez O, Honrubia-Serrano L, Freixa-Blanxart M, Gibson W. 
+Prevalence of problematic mobile phone use in British adolescents. http://dx.doi.
+org/101089/cyber20120260. 2014.
+6.	 Y
+en CF, Tang TC, Y
+en JY, et al. Symptoms of problematic cellular phone use, functional 
+impairment and its association with depression among adolescents in Southern 
+Taiwan. J Adolesc. 2009;32(4):863-873. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.006
+7.	 Haug S, Castro RP, Kwon M, Filler A, Kowatsch T, Schaub MP. Smartphone use 
+and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. J Behav Addict. 
+2015;4(4):299-307. doi:10.1556/2006.4.2015.037
+8.	 Cha SS, Seo BK. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school 
+students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health 
+Psychol Open. 2018;5(1):2055102918755046. doi:10.1177/2055102918755046
+9.	 Schacht JP, Anton RF, Myrick H. Functional neuroimaging studies of alcohol cue 
+reactivity: a quantitative meta-analysis and systematic review.  Addict Biol. 
+2013;18(1):121-133. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2012.00464.x
+10.	 Mak K-K, Lai C-M, Watanabe H, et al. Epidemiology of internet behaviors and 
+addiction among adolescents in six Asian countries. 2014; 17(11):720-728. 
+doi:10.1089/cyber.2014.0139.
+11.	 Lin Y-H, Chang L-R, Lee Y-H, et al. Development and validation of the 
+Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). Miles J, ed. PLoS One. 2014; 
+9(6):e98312. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098312.
+12.	 Lee Y-K, Chang C-T, Lin Y, Cheng Z-H. The dark side of smartphone usage: 
+psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress.  Comput Human 
+Behav. 2014;31:373-383. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.047
+13.	 Tossell C, Kortum P, Shepard C, Rahmati A, Zhong L. Exploring smartphone 
+addiction: insights from long-term telemetric behavioral measures. Int J Interact 
+Mob Technol. 2015;9(2):37-43. doi:10.3991/ijim.v9i2.4300
+14.	 Bian M, Leung L. Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, 
+and patterns of smartphone use to social capital.  Soc Sci Comput Rev. 
+2015;33(1):61-79. doi:10.1177/0894439314528779
+22     ADVANCES, SPRING 2022, VOL. 36, NO. 2
+Chaitanya Putchavayala—Yoga for Smartphone Addiction
+43.	 Bong SH, Won GH, Choi TY. Effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy based music 
+therapy in Korean adolescents with smartphone and internet addiction. Psychiatry 
+Investig. 2021;18(2):110-117. doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0155
+44.	 King DL, Delfabbro PH, Griffiths MD, Gradisar M. Cognitive-behavioral 
+approaches to outpatient treatment of internet addiction in children and 
+adolescents. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68(11):1185-1195. doi:10.1002/jclp.21918
+45.	 Han X, Wang Y, Jiang W, et al. Resting-state activity of prefrontal-striatal circuits 
+in internet gaming disorder: changes with cognitive behavior therapy and 
+predictors of treatment response.  Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:341.  doi:10.3389/
+fpsyt.2018.00341
+46.	 Liu J, Nie J, Wang Y. Effects of group counseling programs, cognitive behavioral 
+therapy, and sports intervention on internet addiction in East Asia: A systematic 
+review and meta-analysis.  Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(12):E1470. 
+doi:10.3390/ijerph14121470
+47.	 Muktibodhananda S. Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Vol. 3rd ed. Yoga Publications Trust, 
+Ganga Darshan, Munger, Bihar, India; 1998.
+48.	 Saraswati SS.  Four Chapters on Freedom. New Delhi: Yoga Publications Trust. 
+Ganga Darshan; 2016.
+49.	 Srinivasa Y. Hatha Ratnavali. Motilal Banarsidass; 2014.
+50.	 Saraswati SN. Gheranda Samhita: Commentary on the Yoga Teachings of Maharshi 
+Gheranda. Vol. Bihar School of Yoga; 2012.
+51.	 Iyengar BKS. The Illustrated Light on Yoga: Yoga Dipika. HarperCollins Publishers 
+India; 1997.
+52.	 Saraswati SS. Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. In: Vol 4th ed. Delhi: Yoga 
+publication trust, Ganga darshan, Munger, Bihar, India; 2004.
+53.	 Nagarathna DR, Nagendra DHR. Yoga Practices for Anxiety and Depression. Vol 
+First. Bangalore: Vivekanadna Yoga research foundation; 2009. Swami 
+Vivekananda yoga prakashana.
+54.	 Nagarathna DR, Nagendra DHR. Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy for 
+Positive Health. Vol First. Bangalore: Vivekananga yoga research foundation, 
+Swami Vivekananda yoga prakashana; 2008.
+55.	 Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development 
+and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83558. 
+doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
+56.	 Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in 
+psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(4):822-848. doi:10.1037/0022-
+3514.84.4.822
+57.	 Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF III, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh 
+Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. 
+Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2):193-213. PMID:2748771 doi:10.1016/0165-
+1781(89)90047-4
+58.	 Goldberg, David, and Keith Bridges. “Screening for psychiatric illness in general 
+practice: the general practitioner versus the screening questionnaire. Policy 
+Statement R. Coll. Gen. Pract. 37.294 (1987): 15.
+59.	 Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES. Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness 
+scale. 
+J 
+Clin 
+Psychol. 
+1995;51(6):768-774. 
+doi:10.1002/1097-
+4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1
+60.	 Carey KB, Neal DJ, Collins SE. A psychometric analysis of the self-regulation 
+questionnaire. 
+Addict 
+Behav. 
+2004;29(2):253-260. 
+doi:10.1016/j.
+addbeh.2003.08.001

subfolder_0/Dynamic and static asana practices_unlocked.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+1
+© 2016 International Journal of Yoga | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
+practice of asanas. If coordination is lost due to some 
+trauma (for example, a brain injury), the muscle could 
+exhibit one of three distinct problems: (a) It could become 
+flaccid or has decreased strength (as in a stroke patient); 
+(b) it could become rigid (as in spasticity); or (c) it could 
+lose coordinated function (as in Parkinson’s tremor). In 
+the case of muscle weakness, we need to strengthen the 
+muscle. This is called facilitation. In the case of muscle 
+rigidity, we need to reduce the activity of the muscle. This 
+is known as inhibition. In the case of erratic behavior, the 
+muscle should be brought under smooth control.
+All these could be achieved through proper utilization of 
+asana practices. These are guidelines available for such 
+modulations in asana practice, and one should resort to 
+a qualified therapist for accurate results, since muscle 
+impairment could be complicated due to multiple factors.
+Feedback mechanisms in the muscle fibers and in the 
+tendon connecting the muscle to the bones are activated 
+through stretch achieved in asana practice. Thus, it 
+is seen that asana practice is important in achieving 
+rehabilitation of neuromuscular problems. This might 
+seem simple; however, the physiology is fairly complex. 
+The amount of stretch could also be monitored through 
+H‑reflex monitoring that is seen as a late component 
+in electromyogram studies. Studies conducted to 
+examine muscle stretch through H‑reflex gives an idea 
+of the amount of reflex recruitment and the integrity of 
+the feedback mechanisms in the muscle.[2,3] A muscle 
+without any feedback is, fortunately, rare; such a muscle 
+is very difficult to manipulate through the methods of 
+a stretch.
+Stretch could be passive (activated by a therapist) or 
+active (carried out by the patient). Active stretch is 
+always more effective even if carried out minimally by 
+the patient. Perhaps in some severe cases, it is necessary 
+to carry out the procedure in a passive manner and then, 
+when the muscle has improved in its ability to contract, 
+let the patient recruit the muscle in question without the 
+therapist’s help. In normal exercises and even in sports, 
+one aims to develop strength of the muscle through 
+contraction of the muscle. In Yoga, in contrast, the muscle 
+is stretched – fast or slow – in a systematic manner. In 
+Yoga, further, many skeletal muscles undergo stretch, 
+thus providing a global improvement in control. In sports, 
+usually, only certain muscles pertaining to that sports 
+There are two possible methods in the practice of asanas: 
+Static and dynamic. Static here means maintaining the 
+final position of asanas for a period of time (say, 1–3 min), 
+and dynamic would imply move in and out of the final pose 
+in quick succession. In exercises also, we have these two 
+ways of carrying out an exercise regimen. While exercise, 
+physiologists recommend different ways of executing 
+exercises based on a person’s requirements; similar 
+consideration should also steer what types of asanas a 
+person should carry out and whether to do them statically 
+or dynamically. Each has specific benefit with respect to 
+neuromuscular rehabilitation.
+The main component of asana practice is stretch of 
+muscles. Muscle physiology has much to offer in terms 
+of understanding benefits of muscle stretch. Here again, 
+the stretch could be either slow or fast; further, the stretch 
+could be maintained for a short period or not. These 
+combinations are of interest for achieving the goal of 
+rehabilitation. Even for maintaining proper muscle control 
+(especially as one gets to postprime years), these practices 
+are important as presented hereunder.
+MUSCLE STRETCH
+Muscles are built for weight bearing and movement. 
+Thus, stretching a muscle is going against its grain, so to 
+say. If the stretch is beyond normal, the muscle or more 
+likely, the tendon connecting the muscle to a bone, could 
+rupture. Tendon rupture is difficult to repair; self‑repair is 
+slow since blood supply to the tendon is poor (hence, its 
+white appearance). Hence, the muscle/tendon pair tries 
+to protect itself from overstretching and rupture. This is 
+achieved through feedback mechanism within both the 
+muscle and the tendon.
+Usually, muscle is activated by a group of nerve fibers – 
+arising from the brain and spinal cord (efferent) – that sends 
+a volley of electrical impulses to act in a coordinated and 
+smooth fashion. The efferent fibers originate in the brain 
+and terminate in the spinal cord (upper motor neurons) 
+and then travel from spinal cord to neuromuscular junction 
+(lower motor neurons). There are also many nerve fibers 
+that take information back to the brain via the spinal 
+cord regarding the status of the muscle (afferent). This 
+feedback provides information to the brain regarding the 
+amount of stretch of the muscle, how fast it stretches, 
+and how long the stretch is maintained.[1] All these three 
+aspects of muscle activity could be accomplished in the 
+Editorial
+Dynamic and static asana practices
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Srinivasan: Asana practices
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 9 • Jan-Jun-2016
+2
+are activated in preference to others. Sports medicine 
+is realizing the importance of stretch of a muscle for 
+protecting it from damage due to overuse. There is, thus, 
+a fundamental difference between exercise and Yoga 
+practices.
+Further, it is important to perform asanas bilaterally; 
+this means the person should perform asanas using 
+both left and right limbs. If one set of limbs (say, right 
+limbs) is not strong enough or have a tremor, the asanas 
+should be performed actively on the normal side first 
+and passively on the weaker side later. This is important 
+because an interhemispheric connection in the brain 
+will carry information of activity of one side to the 
+opposite side. Central integration will carry over to the 
+weak side, so the therapy will be more effective than 
+doing asanas on one side only. Brain is always “awake” 
+to all types of input from the periphery. Muscles are 
+grouped according to their ability to move joints in a 
+particular direction. Muscles in the front are called 
+extensors, those in the back are called flexors; on the 
+other hand, adductors are located on the inner aspect and 
+abductors on the outer aspect. These group of muscles 
+either straighten, bend, move joints inward or outward, 
+respectively. It is important to stretch these various 
+groups of muscles to prevent imbalance. Hence, a proper 
+sequence of recruitment of skeletal muscle is important 
+for rehabilitation. In short, it may be said that muscle 
+stretch as practiced in Yoga asanas provide control to 
+the muscle; muscle activity in sports provides muscle 
+strength. Needless to say, muscle prowess without 
+control could be self‑defeating; muscle control without 
+strength is a weakness that should be avoided. Thus, the 
+role of Yoga asanas in rehabilitation and as a complement 
+to strength building measures such as exercises cannot 
+be overemphasized.
+PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION AND 
+YOGA ASANA PRACTICE
+Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is an 
+interesting technique of stretching a group of muscles for 
+enhancing the range of motion as well as for improved 
+motor activity in a person. The target muscle is stretched 
+through contraction of the opposing muscle. This is 
+followed by isometric contraction of the target muscle. 
+This technique can easily be incorporated in asana 
+practice also.
+There are some interesting applications of PNF that 
+could be brought to asana practice. The facilitation and 
+inhibition methods, suggested in the earlier paragraph, 
+are related to the applications of PNF techniques. 
+Integrating these ideas into a Yoga therapy program 
+is important. There seem to be some attempts of this 
+in the practice of asanas in normal individuals.[4] 
+This method facilitates one to relax a stiff muscle and 
+carry out the pose more completely. The author says, 
+“Facilitated stretching involves contracting a muscle 
+that you are lengthening. This increases the tension 
+at the muscle‑tendon junction and recruits more Golgi 
+tendon organs than does stretching a muscle alone. 
+Facilitated stretching causes the spinal cord to signal 
+the muscle to relax, in essence, creating ‘slack’ in the 
+muscle. You can then take up the slack to move deeper 
+into the pose.”[4]
+One study provides evidence that physical exercise 
+induces oxidative stress.[5] While this might be true for 
+intense exercises, asana practices are usually of mild to 
+medium intensity only, and hence this problem may not 
+occur under normal practice conditions. Even intense 
+Yoga asana practice comes under low caloric impact; 
+hence, this problem may not be seen in any type of asana 
+practice.
+CONCLUSION
+Therapeutic Yoga is an interesting application of asana, 
+pranayama, and meditation practices that could bring 
+much needed homeostasis to the body‑mind complex. 
+There is a saying in Sanskrit that is summarized as follows: 
+Performance of dharma is possible through the activity of 
+the body alone. This means that the body‑mind should 
+be in good shape to carry out our designated dharma. 
+Dharma, in its turn, sustains our material substratum 
+so that we could proceed further in this question for the 
+infinite.
+A question arises if yama and niyama – the first 
+two steps of Yoga – are mandatary for proceeding to 
+asana and other aspects of Yoga. Some may say, it is 
+necessary to go one step at a time. This could be an 
+impractical approach, especially when one has pain 
+in body and mind. We have seen often that when a 
+person practices some angas of Yoga sincerely, there is 
+an automatic readjustment in the insight and outlook 
+of the practitioner. Realigning the subtle energies in the 
+body, developing equanimity, and compassion through 
+meditation seems to give feedback to the brain and 
+body so that there is an overall reorganization of our 
+thinking and attitude. The practice of the precepts of 
+yama and niyama comes naturally to the person. This 
+is the observation of many Yoga teachers over the years. 
+Thus, Yoga asanas, pranayama, and meditation practiced 
+in an enthusiastic and dedicated manner seems to help 
+a person in attaining peace and spread this peace and 
+Ananda around him/herself.
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Srinivasan: Asana practices
+3
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 9 • Jan-Jun-2016
+TM Srinivasan
+Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga 
+Anusandhana Samsthana, Eknath Bhavan, 19 Gavipuram, 
+ 
+KG Nagar, Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, Karnataka, India 
+ 
+E‑mail: [email protected]
+REFERENCES
+1.	
+Harris FA. Facilitation techniques in therapeutic exercise. In: Basmajian JV, 
+editor. Therapeutic Exercises. 5th ed. NY: Williams and Wilkins; 1990. p. 93‑137.
+2.	
+Srinivasan TM. Yoga Sagara Saram. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda 
+Yoga Prakashana; 2011. p. 169‑86.
+3.	
+Capaday C, Stein RB. Difference in the amplitude of the human soleus H 
+reflex during walking and running. J Physiol 1987;392:513‑22.
+4.	
+Available from: http://www.bandhayoga.com/keys_PNF.html. [Downloaded 
+on 2015 Oct 25].
+5.	
+Leaf DA, Kleinman MT, Hamilton M, Deitrick RW. The exercise‑induced 
+oxidative stress paradox: The effects of physical exercise training. Am J Med 
+Sci 1999;317:295‑300.
+Access this article online
+Website: 
+www.ijoy.org.in
+Quick Response Code
+DOI: 
+10.4103/0973-6131.171724
+How to cite this article: Srinivasan TM. Dynamic and static asana 
+practices. Int J Yoga 2016;9:1-3.
+This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative 
+Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows 
+others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as the 
+author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
+“Quick Response Code” link for full text articles
+The journal issue has a unique new feature for reaching to the journal’s website without typing a single letter. Each article on its first page has 
+a “Quick Response Code”. Using any mobile or other hand-held device with camera and GPRS/other internet source, one can reach to the full 
+text of that particular article on the journal’s website. Start a QR-code reading software (see list of free applications from http://tinyurl.com/
+yzlh2tc) and point the camera to the QR-code printed in the journal. It will automatically take you to the HTML full text of that article. One can 
+also use a desktop or laptop with web camera for similar functionality. See http://tinyurl.com/2bw7fn3 or http://tinyurl.com/3ysr3me for the free 
+applications.
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]

subfolder_0/EFFECT OF APTHORYAMA YAJNA ON PEOPLE AND ENVIRONMENT.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 
+Vol. 6(3), July 2007, pp. 412-416 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Effect of Apthoryama yajna on people and environment  
+Surendra Rawat* & Nagendra HR  
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 19 Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Circle,  
+Bangalore 560 019, Karnataka 
+Received 27 January 2005; revised 26 December 2006 
+In traditional knowledge base of the Vedas mention that Yajïas have effect on the environment and people. Yajnas of 
+various kinds are elaborated in the four Vedas. Apthoryama yajïa is one such yajïa in the Soma yajïa. A large-scale yajïa 
+Apthoryama yajïa was organized in Thrissur district of Kerala to evaluate the effects on environment, society and humans 
+beings. In the study, following aspects were taken up: attitudinal survey, random event generator (REG) studies, bacterial 
+count in the atmosphere and analysis from the yajïa. Attitudinal survey showed that people came to yajïa for spiritual reason 
+and their life is affected from the spiritual activity. On measuring consciousness fields in the surroundings of yajïa using 
+(REG) has shown a significant change as measured at a distance of 12 m from the place of yajïa. Air borne bacteria counts 
+have shown an increase at 20 m distance as compared to 40 m. The speciation of the bacteria was not done. A study of ash 
+filtrate of yajïa was done using standard stain; the result of the filtrate was negative for bacterial growth and also for 
+antibacterial activity after 6 months.  
+Key words: Apthoryama Yajna, Environment, Antibacterial activity 
+IPC Int. Cl.8: A61P31/00, A99Z 
+Modern science is in a turning point and the matter-
+based approach is getting replaced by consciousness 
+based approach with whole universe is now seen as 
+living intelligent interconnected system1,2. Eastern 
+practices and philosophy is catching the attention of 
+modern scientist to give new dimension to researches 
+especially in the field of consciousness. The chanting 
+of mantras produces vibrations, which can produce 
+stimulating soothing effects in human beings as also 
+in or animals. These vibrations reverberate and spread 
+specific energy waves in the surrounding atmosphere 
+while the oblations are offered with specific chants3. 
+The effects of Agnihotra growth of rice seedling 
+showed significant growth4. It was seen that yajïa 
+promoted growth of seedling. A study on the effect of 
+Agnihotra on the bioenergetic systems of individual 
+microorganisms and another study on antiseptic and 
+antibiotic effects of the smoke of yajïa and Agnihotra 
+ash were also found to purify and cleanse the water, 
+making it fit for drinking5,6.  
+ A paper on scientific observations on the 
+paranormal powers summarizes the power to bend the 
+metal objects by mind7. REG experiment confirmed 
+the possibility that each individual has the degree of 
+psychokinesis8. Research done in the area also 
+showed 
+some 
+significance9. 
+Another 
+research 
+conducted to study the effect of Gayatri mantra on 
+REG also showed some significance10. Yajïa appears 
+to be a promising scientific, cost effective, ecofriendly 
+method to counter the everincreasing deadly pollution 
+of the environment and purify and enrich the 
+environment with healthy ingredients. Present study 
+was aimed at examining the claims of Apthoryama 
+yajïa by modern scientific research. Four parts to this 
+research included; attitudinal survey, measuring 
+consciousness fields using REG, effect of Yajïa on the 
+counts of air borne bacteria and analysis of ash for 
+any antibacterial activity and bacterial counts. 
+ 
+Methodology 
+ The 
+yajïa 
+was 
+performed 
+in 
+a 
+village 
+Mulankunnathukavu of Thrissur district, Kerala. 
+About 700 people participating in the Apthoryama 
+Yajnas in Trichur were taken for study. Both male and 
+female came for attending the Yajïas, between the age 
+15 and 70 yrs were interviewed. The respondents 
+filled one time questionnaire at the time of 
+Apthoryama Yajïas. Then questionnaire consisted of  
+3 questions as to bring out the attitude towards this 
+kind of spiritual activity. All the questions were of 
+_________ 
+*Corresponding author 
+RAWAT & NAGENDRA: EFFECT OF APTHORYAMA YAJNA 
+ 
+ 
+413
+multiple choices and the last question was multiple 
+choices as well as open ended too. 
+ 
+ Assessments were done by using Statistical 
+Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10 
+package. Various percentages were calculated for 
+ascertaining the portion of population opting for 
+various choices. Pie charts were drawn for the various 
+portions. Yajïa was conducted in a natural setting at 
+Mulankunnathukavu, 
+Thrissur 
+district, 
+Kerala. 
+Experiments were conducted in the premises of the 
+ritual ground for 11 days during specific events. This 
+involved conducting REG experiments before, during 
+and after a specific event, every day for 11 days. REG 
+(Random Event Generator) is a device that is 
+connected to a computer to generate random numbers, 
+which are digitized for obtaining a plot on the 
+computer. The mean and standard deviation for each 
+episode is 3-78 trails. 
+ 
+ The question as to whether the will or intent or the 
+very presence of a person can influence the random 
+number generation process of REG is being tackled in 
+this technique7. Similarly, the field REG trails have 
+shown 
+that 
+major 
+events 
+evolving 
+emotional 
+responses among large number of persons can 
+influence the same9. If the curve (Fig. 1) goes on 
+fluctuating within the parabola, this is an indication 
+that the changes are all non significance (P >0.05). If 
+the will or intent or the presence has a distinct 
+capacity of psychokinesis, the curve would move 
+beyond the parabola. It measures the extent to which 
+our state of consciousness can influence the REG and 
+hence it measures our psychokinetic power. Whether 
+the subjects can influence REG and bring a change in 
+random number generation? It depends on the persons 
+trying to influence the REG. If the mean value is 
+<101.00, then it is non-significant; that means the 
+subjects or the field of consciousness have no 
+significant influence on REG. When the mean value is 
+>101.00, the subjects have highly significant 
+influence 
+on 
+REG 
+indicating 
+a 
+capacity 
+of 
+psychokinesis. 
+ 
+ Intent is a conscious application of our will to 
+influence the REG. Three types of intents are used in 
+REG studies: High, Low and Neutral. High: to move 
+up the curve in positive direction to maximize the 
+value, i.e. to move the curve above the parabola; low: 
+to move down the curve in negative direction, i.e. to 
+move the curve below the parabola curve; neutral: to 
+keep the curve along the central line P<0.05. 
+ 
+Fig. 1⎯REG recording showing high, low and neutral intent 
+ 
+ There have been studies in which the subjects did 
+not have any intent to influence the REG8. This would 
+study the effect of the very presence of the subjects 
+doing an activity on the REG (Fig. 2). It is well 
+known that some people by their very presence can 
+bring calming effect on others and vice versa. The 
+study was attempted to see whether GM could induce 
+a consciousness filed which can influence the REGF. 
+The data was taken underneath a shelter of asbestos 
+sheets for protection from the sun. Data was taken 
+before during and at the end of any event of 
+performance of the rituals in the yajïa.  
+ 
+Data extraction and analysis 
+Attitudinal survey 
+ Question 1⎯What is the main reason for your 
+attending yajïa? 
+ Through this question it was found that most of the 
+people coming to yajïa were coming out of the 
+spiritual reasons than for curiosity.  
+ 
+ Question 2⎯Are the spiritual practices important 
+for your life? 
+ With this it was found that people were giving 
+much importance to the spiritual activity like yajïa.  
+ 
+ Question 3⎯If the spiritual activity is important, 
+whether they have changed any of the following? 
+ 
+Results 
+ Out of 639 people, who were given the 
+questionnaire 287(44.9%) was found to be coming for 
+the spiritual reasons and 311 (48.7%) came for 
+spiritual reason (Table 1). 314 (49.1%) people 
+considered the spiritual practices to very important for 
+their life, for 297 (46.5%) spiritual practice were quite 
+important and for 28 (4.4%) people spiritual practices 
+were not all important (Table 2). 204 (32.6%) people 
+opined that their personal life has changed, 227 
+INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, NO. 3, JULY 2007 
+ 
+ 
+414 
+(35.5%) people mentioned that their interaction with 
+people has changed; while for 47 (7.4%) people, it 
+affected their job (Table 3). Only on the 2nd, 3rd 7th, 
+10th and 11th days, there was significant changes 
+change (P <0.05). There were significant trends of 
+change in the REG values (Table 4). This change can 
+be attributed to the various Vedic chanting and 
+spiritual activity. Thus, during a spiritual gathering 
+i.e., while performing a Vedic ritual Äpthoryäma 
+yajïa, there was change in the REG values  
+(Tables 5, 6).  
+Ash analysis 
+ A study of ash filtrate of yajïa was done using 
+standard stain for bacterial growth and antibacterial 
+activity. For the experiment 20 gm of ash collected 
+from the Northeast corner of the main yajïa kunda at 
+3.30 pm and ash was kept inside the sterilized zip lock 
+bag. For preparation of filtrate, 10 gm ash was 
+weighed in physical balance and was mixed with 50 
+ml distilled water to make a solution. After 12 hrs the 
+filtrate was taken and residue was separated for the 
+analysis of bacterial growth and for antibacterial 
+activity. One ml of the filtrate was plated into plate of 
+Blood Agar and Muller Hinton Agar for observing 
+bacterial counts. These 2 Agars are the most 
+commonly used in scientific experiments, as they 
+possess all nutrients, which permit growth of all types 
+bacteria. After 48 hrs no bacterial growth was 
+observed in both the culture plates.  
+ 
+ Varying concentration (5 mL, 10 mL and 20 mL) 
+of the filtrate were adsorbed on to sterile filter paper 
+discs and these discs were placed on a Muller Hinton 
+Agar plate with a standard ATCC strain of E. coli 
+lawn cultured on it. After 48 hrs incubation at 37°C, 
+no zone of inhabitation was observed around the 
+discs. To increase the amount of the filtrate used in 
+testing for the antibacterial activity, a Muller Hinton 
+Agar plate with lawn culture of ATCC strain of  
+E. coli was used. Using a sterile punch, hole of 4 mm 
+diameter was punched on the agar surface. Up to 50 
+mL of filtrate was pipetted into all these wells. After 
+incubation for 48 hrs at 37°C, no zones of inhibition 
+were seen around the wells. Thus, the ash filtrate 
+tested negative for bacteria and negative for 
+antibacterial activity against a standard stain.  
+ 
+ 
+Fig. 2⎯Number of times REG influenced 
+ 
+Table1⎯Frequency data on reasons people attendance 
+ 
+Options 
+Frequency 
+Percentage (%) 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Curiosity 
+287 
+44.9 
+Spiritual reason 
+311 
+48.7 
+Others 
+41 
+6.4 
+ 
+Table2⎯Frequency data of rating of spiritual practices 
+ 
+Options 
+Frequency 
+Percentage (%) 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Very Important 
+314 
+49.1 
+Quite important 
+297 
+46.5 
+Not important 
+28 
+4.4 
+ 
+Table 3⎯Frequency data of how people are affected by 
+spiritual practices 
+ 
+Options 
+Code 
+Frequency 
+Percentage 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Personal life 
+1 
+204 
+32.6 
+Job 
+2 
+47 
+7.4 
+Interaction 
+with 
+people 
+3 
+227 
+35.5 
+Health 
+4 
+74 
+11.6 
+All the above 
+5 
+39 
+6.3 
+Personal life, job 
+6 
+ 
+ 
+& interaction with 
+people 
+ 
+11 
+1.7 
+Personal life, job 
+7 
+33 
+5.2 
+ 
+ 
+Fig. 3⎯Bacterial counts 
+ 
+RAWAT & NAGENDRA: EFFECT OF APTHORYAMA YAJNA 
+ 
+ 
+415
+Discussion  
+ The reasons for people attending yajïa were 
+spiritual reasons and their life was very much 
+affected. People were concerned about the spiritual 
+activity like yajïa and it does commensurate with their 
+life style. Spiritual activity is important in the life of 
+people and this kind of spiritual gathering affect the 
+life style of the people. There are efforts towards the 
+revival of the age-old traditions, which bring 
+countrymen in a platform and bring harmony and 
+peace. During the Vedic ritual Äpthoryäma yajïa, the 
+collective consciousness, chanting of mantras and 
+people gathered sufficient strength to make the 
+random sequence non-random on the day. Yajïa did 
+bring about an enhancement in the power of psycho- 
+kinesis in a session. The results indicate a possibility 
+of enhancement of the power of influencing the REG 
+in yajïa.  
+Table 4⎯Showing number of trails, maximum and minimum 
+REG readings, mean and standard deviation of the reading with 
+P values of independent pair t test with base line of day one 
+and comparing with other ten days of REG readings 
+ 
+Days 
+No of 
+trials 
+Minimum 
+values 
+Maximum 
+values 
+Mean ± SD & 
+P values* 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+1 
+24 
+99.48 
+100.26 
+99.92 ± 0.207 
+2 
+58 
+97.31 
+101.84 
+100.07 ± 0.76 
+P = 0.328 
+3 
+33 
+98.51 
+100.69 
+99.98 ± 0.40  
+P = 0.511 
+4 
+9 
+99.84 
+100.39 
+100.01 ± 0.20 
+P =0.230 
+5 
+15 
+99.61 
+100.14 
+99.89 ± 0.22  
+P = 0.689 
+6 
+3 
+99.78 
+99.96 
+99.83 ± 0.11  
+P =0.505 
+7 
+22 
+99.42 
+100.4 
+99.99 ± 0.66  
+P =0.623 
+8 
+9 
+99.84 
+100.42 
+100.01 ± 0.08 
+P = 0.225 
+9 
+14 
+99.77 
+100.29 
+100.11 ± 0.165 
+P =0.005** 
+10 
+78 
+98.96 
+101.36 
+100.02 ± 0.165 
+P =0.444 
+11 
+38 
+98.95 
+101.41 
+100 ± 0.64  
+P = 0.478 
+ 
+Table 5⎯Showing number of trials influencing and REG 
+(values greater than 101 or less than 99) 
+ 
+Days 
+No of 
+trials 
+No of trials 
+of REG 
+values >101 
+No of trials 
+of REG 
+values <99 
+No of trials 
+of REG <99 
+or >101 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+1 
+24 
+0 
+0 
+0 
+2 
+58 
+5 
+2 
+7 
+3 
+33 
+0 
+1 
+1 
+4 
+9 
+0 
+0 
+0 
+5 
+15 
+0 
+0 
+0 
+6 
+3 
+0 
+0 
+0 
+7 
+22 
+0 
+1 
+1 
+8 
+9 
+0 
+0 
+0 
+9 
+14 
+0 
+0 
+0 
+10 
+78 
+4 
+4 
+8 
+11 
+38 
+3 
+2 
+5 
+ 
+Table 6⎯Days on which REG is influenced and  
+Chi–Square values 
+ 
+Days 
+2 
+3 
+7 
+10 
+11 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Mean ± SD 
+100.07 
+± 0.76 
+99.98 
+± 0.40 
+99.99 
+± 0.66 
+100.02 
+± 0.165 
+100 ± 
+0.64 
+Chi-test Reg 
+value <99 
+0.000 
+0.000 
+0.000 
+0.000 
+0.000 
+Reg 
+value 
+>101 
+0.000 
+NS 
+NS 
+0.000 
+0.000 
+Reg 
+value 
+<99 or >101 
+0.000 
+0.000 
+0.000 
+0.000 
+0.000 
+ 
+NS–Non significant 
+Only the 2nd, 3rd 7th, 10th and 11th days there were significant 
+changes in REG 
+ 
+Table 7⎯Average bacterial counts at 20 m and 40 m for pre, 
+during & post 
+ 
+Average bacterial count 
+Pre 
+During 
+Post 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+At 20 m 
+6.50+ 
+19.50+ 
+23.17+ 
+At 40 m 
+16.17 
+37.83 
+39.33 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
++ P <0.05 comparison 20 m vs 40 m 
+ 
+ In the yajïa an experiment to measure the air borne 
+bacterial count before on 10th April, 17th April during 
+and 20th April after, the yajïa was done (Fig. 3). To 
+capture the air borne bacteria nutrient agar was used. 
+From the centre of the yajïa place circles were marked 
+at distance of 20 m and 40 m, the plate was carried 
+around these by keeping it at a height of 1m above the 
+ground to avoid the dust settling on the plates. Six 
+experimental plates were opened for durations of 
+about 4 min to allow the bacteria to settle down. After 
+4 minutes plates were sealed and sent back again for 
+analysis. Bacterial count was taken on 10th April, 17th 
+April and 20th April. The results showed at both the 
+distances, there was increase in counts of air borne 
+bacteria after the yajïa (Table 7). Bacterial counts at 
+40 m distance were more than the bacterial counts at 
+20 m in both the cases, i.e. during and after the yajïa. 
+In the experiment, speciation (identification of type) 
+of bacteria was not attempted. Whether the increase in 
+bacterial count can be ascribed to yajïa at a shorter 
+distance compared to the bacterial count at larger 
+distance is debatable.  
+INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL 6, NO. 3, JULY 2007 
+ 
+ 
+416 
+References 
+1 
+Capra F, Turning Point, (Bantum Books, New York), 1984. 
+2 
+Goswami A, The Self Aware Universe, (Bantum Books, New 
+York), 1993. 
+3 
+Mondkar A D, Does Yajïa Add to the Prevalent Pollution? 
+Proc Ashwamedha Yajïa Montreal, Canada, 1996.  
+4 
+Heisnam J D, Effect of Agnihotra on the germination of rice 
+seeds, (MBYR, Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation, 
+Bangalore, India), 2002. 
+5 
+Mondkar A D, Satsang, 9 (20), 3rd April 1982. 
+6 
+Gaikwad M P, Agnihotra: The Message of Time, Andheri, 
+Mumbai, 1995. 
+7 
+Panati C, The Geller Papers: Scientific observations on the 
+paranormal powers of Uri Geller, (Houghton Mifin: 
+Houdhton), 1976. 
+8 
+Jahn R G, Dunne BJ & Nelson RD, Engineering anomalies 
+research, J Sci Explor, 1 (1987) 21-50. 
+9 
+Mohan T, Nagendra H R & Nagarathna R, Effect of 
+emotional culture session on the capacity to influence the 
+REG, PhD Thesis, (sVYASA, Bangalore), 2003. 
+10 Racca N, Nagendra H R & Nagarathna R, The effect of 
+Gayatri mantra in increasing the capacity to influence REG 
+in normal people (all male) in comparison to Random 
+Thinking, PhD Thesis, (sVYASA, Bangalore), 2003. 
+ 

subfolder_0/EFFECT OF VEDIC CHANTING ON MEMORY AND SUSTAINED ATTENTION.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 
+Vol. 5(2), April 2006, pp. 177-180 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Effect of Vedic chanting on memory and sustained attention 
+ 
+Sripad Ghaligi*, H R Nagendra & Ramachandra Bhatt 
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 19 Eknath Bhawan, Givipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar,  
+Bangalore 560019, Karnataka 
+E-mail: [email protected] 
+Received 7 January 2005; revised 6 January 2006 
+Researches and studies have shown that Yogasanas, Pranayama and meditation help in enhancing memory and 
+improving attention, but no study is available on the effect of traditional Vedic chanting on memory and sustained attention, 
+which is one of the important features of cognitive abilities. The present study compared the effect of chanting group, who 
+had minimum two-years experience on memory and sustained attention with that of non-chanting group who had no 
+exposure to such type of chanting. Data was analyzed using non-parametric Mann Whitney U test. Chanting group showed 
+significant increased scorings in both the memory tests and considerable reduction in total error and total time taken for 
+cancellation tests compared to non-chanting practitioners. 
+Key Words: Vedic chanting, Memory enhancing activity, Sustained attention, Pranayama 
+IPC Int. Cl.8: A61P25/00 
+ 
+The Vedas are the impersonal and inspirational hints 
+of ultimate reality unveiled by persons of peerless 
+perseverance for perfection, the Rishis. These 
+revelations form the core of all spiritual, philoso-
+phical, religious and social pursuits of Bharat through 
+millenia. Vedic chanting is a meditative practice from 
+the rich tradition of Indian spiritual practices. 
+Vedic chanting expects good memory and 
+attention. The whole of Vedic lore was passed on 
+from generations in an oral tradition without the aid of 
+writing until recent times. Memory capacities were 
+utilized to maximum extent and the entire lot of 
+mantras was kept by rote. As it is known by 
+experience and observation that chanting improves 
+memory and attention this study has been taken to 
+examine the facts by systematic research. 
+Various studies and observations have proved the 
+utility of chanting in betterment of different aspects of 
+our personality. Some of them are listed here. The 
+frequencies and the sympathetic overtones generated 
+by mantras, which have a vibration pattern of their 
+own, influence our sympathetic and parasympathetic 
+nerves, which are spread in a fine network around our 
+internal organs. The sympathetic response generates 
+the neuromotor response, and influences the two 
+hemispheres of the cerebral cortex1. Transcendental 
+Meditation 
+(TM) 
+facilitates 
+right 
+hemispheric 
+functions2. The practice of Transcendental Meditation 
+was shown to improve academic performance in 
+university students3. The practice of meditation was 
+shown to improve the academic performance and 
+psychological health in high school students4. Both 
+prayer and mantra caused striking, powerful, 
+synchronous increase in existing cardiovascular 
+rhythms5. Mental repetition of Om showed a 
+significant decrease in skin resistance level of the 
+experimental group. It also showed reduction in the 
+heart rate and the rate of breathing6. A study was 
+conducted on the effect of TM on personality between 
+groups, non-meditators and beginners, short term and 
+long-term meditators where subjects were female 
+employees from two pharmaceutical companies. The 
+long 
+meditator 
+group 
+showed 
+more 
+positive 
+personality traits than any other group7. Studies 
+conducted on different yogic practices like asana, 
+pranayama, and meditation reveals that these 
+techniques can be used as an intervention to enhance 
+memory and concentration. 
+There are no studies conducted regarding the effect 
+of Vedic chanting. Therefore, an attempt is made to 
+study the effect of Vedic chanting on memory and 
+sustained attention. 
+______________ 
+*Corresponding author 
+INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 5, No. 2, APRIL 2006 
+ 
+ 
+178
+Methodology 
+The two groups were so selected that they were 
+matched for age and sex. Both groups stayed in 
+residential setups of similar ambiance. They had 
+similar daily routine from 5 am to 10 am. Their socio-
+economic backgrounds were also similar. Thirty-five 
+subjects were chosen in both preselected groups and 
+their age ranged from 13-15 yrs (mean age ±14). Two 
+groups were matched for age and only males were 
+selected. Matching of age, ambiance, daily routine 
+and socio-economic background for both the groups 
+assured that the results could be attributed to chanting. 
+Base line scores of memory and sustained attention 
+were assessed by means of delayed recall tests and 
+cancellation tests, respectively. Data was analyzed 
+using non-parametric Mann Whitney U test. 
+ 
+Subjects Inclusion 
+criteria 
+* Healthy males 
+ 
+* Age group 13-15 
+ 
+* Minimum of two-years stay in the 
+ 
+ 
+campus  
+ 
+* Experience of two year chanting 
+Exclusion 
+criteria 
+* Having any kind of disease 
+ 
+* Age group less than 13, and more 
+ 
+ 
+than 15 
+ 
+* Less than two-year stay in the 
+ 
+ 
+campus 
+ 
+* Less than two years of chanting 
+ 
+It was a preselected cross sectional study done on 
+chanting and non-chanting groups. There were two 
+groups where the experimental group had Vedic 
+chanting as their part of daily schedule and with an 
+experience of two years of chanting. The control 
+group had no exposure to that type of chanting; 
+however all the other factors influencing the subjects 
+were similar to both the groups as mentioned in 
+criteria. Same tests were conducted to assess the base 
+line scores of memory and sustained attention for both 
+the groups. This design was chosen, as it was a 
+preliminary study of traditional Vedic chanting on 
+memory and sustained attention. 
+ 
+Assessment 
+Memory test 
+Memory was assessed by using Delayed recall test 
+(verbal memory test and spatial memory test). The 
+test material was projected on a screen allowing ten 
+sec for each slide. After ten slides were shown, a 
+mathematical problem (e.g. 8+5-2-3+9-4-7+6) was 
+projected on the screen and the students were asked to 
+calculate. Immediately after this, the subjects were 
+asked to recall and write down or in case of spatial 
+memory to draw within 60 sec the test items that had 
+been shown to them8. 
+To test verbal memory, standard nonsense syllables 
+of three letters, e.g. NEM were selected from a 
+prepared list9. The test for spatial memory consisted 
+of 10 simple line drawings. The drawings were simple 
+and easy to reproduce but could not be described 
+verbally. For both verbal and spatial memory tests a 
+correct answer was scored as “1”, and a wrong answer 
+was scored “0”. Both groups were told that the tests 
+were for their self-assessment of memory. 
+ 
+Sustained attention 
+Sustained attention was assessed using letter and 
+character cancellation tests. These paper and pencil 
+tests require visual selectivity at fast speed on a motor 
+response task. They assess many functions, not least 
+of which is the capacity of sustained attention. Visual 
+scanning and activation, and inhibition of rapid 
+responses are also necessary to the successful 
+performance of cancellation tasks. Lowered scores on 
+these tasks can reflect the general response slowing 
+and inattentiveness of diffuse damage or acute brain 
+condition or the more specific defects of response 
+shifting and motor smoothness or of unilateral 
+inattention. With the addition of a motor component, 
+these tasks call upon a set of functions similar to those 
+relevant to other complex tests of attention. The basic 
+format for these tests follows the vigilance test 
+pattern. It consists of rows of letters or numbers 
+randomly interspersed with a designated target letter 
+or number. The individual is instructed to cross out all 
+target letters or numbers. The performance is scored 
+for errors and for time to completion. 
+Letter and character tests were conducted by 
+supplying the subjects a sheet, which had 25 printed 
+rows, and there were 29 letters or characters in each 
+row. Each row had a letter or a character at the 
+extreme left end in a box. The subjects were expected 
+to cancel the boxed character or letter in the row. 
+ 
+ 
+Variables were made into four categories: 
+ 
+1 
+Total time taken to complete the sheet in both 
+letter and character cancellation test in seconds. 
+2 
+Letter or character left out. 
+3 
+Letter or character wrongly cancelled. 
+4 
+Letter or character total error combines both letter 
+or character left out and wrongly cancelled. 
+GHALIGI et al: EFFECT OF VEDIC CHANTING ON MEMORY 
+ 
+ 
+179
+Data extraction and analysis 
+The subjects were seated properly in a place free 
+from disturbance with sufficient space between them. 
+Proper explanation was given about the tests that were 
+going to be conducted. After clearing the doubts of 
+the subjects regarding tests, ten slides containing 
+meaningless words were shown. Each slide was 
+shown for ten sec followed by an arithmetic sum to 
+divert the attention, but the subjects were unaware of 
+this fact. Pencil and sheets were provided and 
+instruction was given that only answer should be 
+written on the top of the sheet after calculation. One 
+minute was given to recall and reproduce the letters 
+on the sheet. Similar procedure was followed for 
+spatial memory test by showing the slides of non-
+geometrical diagrams. Each correct diagram or letter 
+carried one mark. 
+Each subject was called one by one for letter and 
+character cancellation test. Cancellation sheets were 
+provided. Total time taken for each of the student was 
+calculated using a stopwatch. Seventeen subjects were 
+provided with the sheets containing letter cancellation 
+first followed by character cancellation sheets. Next 
+18 subjects were provided with character cancellation 
+sheets test first followed by letter cancellation sheets. 
+After completion of all the rows given sheets were 
+collected back. 
+Data were analyzed using statistical package (SPSS 
+version10.0). The data of both the groups were 
+assessed with tests of normality. As data were not 
+normally distributed, non-parametric Mann Whitney 
+U test was used to compare verbal and spatial 
+memory scores, letters left out, wrongly cancelled, 
+total error, and total time taken between non chanting 
+and chanting practitioners. 
+ 
+Results 
+The verbal and spatial memory scores, letter and 
+character left over, letter and character wrongly 
+cancelled, total error and total time taken were 
+compared between the groups using Mann Whitney U 
+test. Chanting group showed better verbal (VMS) and 
+spatial (SMS) scoring when compared to non-
+chanting group (Table 1). The chanting group showed 
+a significant reduction in both letter and character left 
+out (Letter, p=0.024; Character, p=0.012). Total errors 
+(Letter, p=0.013; Character, p=0.002). There was a 
+significant reduction in total time taken (TTT, 
+ 
+Table 1⎯Comparison of verbal and spatial memory scores 
+ 
+Mean 
+Std deviation 
+Std error Mean 
+Mann Whitney U test 
+Asymp sg(2) tailed 
+LO 
+1 
+ 
+2 
+1.43 
+2.37 
+1.27 
+1.77 
+0.21 
+0.30 
+424.000 
+ 
+0.024* 
+WC 
+1 
+ 
+2  
+0.80 
+1.34 
+0.93 
+1.28 
+0.16 
+0.22 
+471.000 
+0.080 
+TE 
+1 
+ 
+2  
+2.23 
+3.71 
+1.33 
+2.43 
+0.22 
+0.41 
+404.000 
+0.013* 
+TTT 
+1 
+ 
+2 
+169.83 
+186.69 
+16.29 
+25.13 
+2.75 
+4.25 
+410.000 
+0.017* 
+CLO 
+1 
+ 
+2 
+0.71 
+1.69 
+0.83 
+1.68 
+0.14 
+0.28 
+409.000 
+0.012* 
+CWC 
+1 
+ 
+2 
+0.60 
+1.06 
+0.65 
+1.19 
+0.11 
+0.20 
+503.000 
+0.164 
+CTE 
+1 
+ 
+2 
+1.31 
+2.74 
+1.08 
+2.13 
+0.18 
+0.36 
+357.000 
+0.002* 
+CTTT 1 
+ 
+2 
+154.94 
+167.37 
+18.49 
+23.60 
+3.13 
+3.99 
+423.500 
+0.026* 
+VMS 
+1 
+ 
+2 
+8.43 
+7.00 
+1.37 
+1.93 
+0.23 
+0.33 
+347.000 
+0.001* 
+SMS 
+1 
+ 
+2  
+8.34 
+6.91 
+1.37 
+1.93 
+0.23 
+0.33 
+347.500 
+0.002* 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+*p<0.05; 1: Experimental group, 2: Control group, LO = Left Over, CWC = Character Wrongly Cancelled, WC = Wrongly 
+Cancelled, CTE = Character Total Error, TE = Total Error, CTTT = Character Total Time Taken TTT = Total Time Taken, 
+VMS = Verbal Memory Scoring, CLO = Character Left Over, SMS = Spatial Memory Scoring 
+ 
+INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 5, No. 2, APRIL 2006 
+ 
+ 
+180
+p=0.017). However, there was no significance in 
+wrongly cancellation of letters and characters (WC, 
+p=0.080; CWC, p=0.164). 
+ 
+Discussion 
+Task of cancellation requires sustained visual 
+attention, scanning without distraction, and better 
+concentration10. Repeated and Continuous chanting 
+may have influenced the increase in the level of 
+attention by activating the cells in the brain. Better 
+verbal and spatial scorings and decrease in total time 
+taken; reduction in total errors could be related to the 
+fact that reduced anxiety can improve performance on 
+tasks requiring learning and memory11. Anxiety 
+reducing effects of yoga practice12, and the anxiety 
+reducing effects of meditation are also well known13. 
+Reduced anxiety and calmness of mind combined 
+with active cells due to rhythmic Vedic chanting could 
+have facilitated in improving memory and sustained 
+attention. The present study suggests that chanting 
+influences both the hemispheres of the brain resulting 
+in good memory and attention. Even though sound is 
+the gross form of chanting its effects can be seen in 
+subtle areas like brain cells. Hence, the practice of 
+Vedic chanting in a traditional way can also be used 
+as one of the powerful means as any other yogic 
+practices like asanas, pranayama, or meditation in 
+calming down the mind, enhancing memory and in 
+effective improvement of attention. 
+ 
+References 
+1 
+Harish Johari, Tools of Tantra (Inner Traditions, USA), 
+1986, 23. 
+2 
+Pagano R R & Frumkin L R, The effect of Transcendental 
+meditation on right hemisphere functioning, Bio feed back 
+self-Regul, 2(4) (1977), 407-415. 
+3 
+Kember P, The Transcendental meditation Technique and 
+academic performance: A short report on control longitudinal 
+pilot study, Br J Edu Psychol, 55 (1985), 164-166. 
+4 
+Kory R & Hufnagel P, The effect of the Science of Creative 
+Intelligence course on high school students: A preliminary 
+report, in D W Orme-Johnson & J T Farrow (ed), Scientific 
+research on the Transcendental Meditation program: 
+Collected papers, MERU Press, 1 (1976), 400-402. 
+5 
+Bernaidi L, Sleight P & Bandinelli G, Effect of rosary prayer 
+on Yoga mantras on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms, Brit 
+Med J, 323(7327) (2001), 1446-1449. 
+6 
+Telles S, Nagarathna R & Nagendra HR, Autonomic changes 
+while mentally repeating two syllables – One meaningful and 
+the other neutral, IJPPA, 42(1) (1998), 57-63. 
+7 
+Sridevi K & Rao Krishna PV, Temporal Effects of 
+Meditations and Personality, Psychol Stud, 43 (1998), 1. 
+8 
+Naveen K V, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR &Telles S, Yoga 
+breathing through a particular nostril increases spatial 
+memory scores without lateralized effects, Psycol Rep, 81 
+(1997), 555-561. 
+9 
+Baddeley A D, Your memory⎯A user’s guide, (Avery 
+Publishing Group, New York), 1993. 
+10 Shum D H K, McFarland KA & Bain JD, Construct validity 
+of eight tests of attention: comparison of and closed head 
+injured samples, J Clin Exp Clin Neuropsychol, 4 (1990), 
+151-162. 
+11 Saltz E, Manifest anxiety- have we missed the data, Psychol 
+Rev, 77 (1970), 568-573. 
+12 Wallace R K, Benson H & Wilson A E, A wakeful 
+hypometabolic physiologic state, Am J Physiol, 221 (1971), 
+795-99. 
+13 Platania-solazzo A, Field T M, Blank J, Seligman F, Kuhn C, 
+Schanberg S, Saab P, Relaxation therapy reduces anxiety in 
+child 
+and 
+adolescent 
+psychiatric 
+patients, 
+Acta 
+Paedopsychiat, 5(2) (1992), 115-120. 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 

subfolder_0/EFFECT OF YOGIC EDUCATION SYSTEM AND MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM ON MEMORY.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,853 @@
+55
+International Journal of Yoga y Vol. 2 y Jul-Dec-2009
+Original Article
+Effect of yogic education system and modern education 
+system on memory
+R Rangan, HR Nagendra, G Ramachandra Bhat
+Department of Yoga Research, Shri Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Bangalore, India
+Address for correspondence: Dr. R Rangan,
+167, North Chithra Street, Srirangam, Trichy – 620 006, India.
+E-mail: [email protected]
+DOI: 10.4103/0973-6131.60045
+INTRODUCTION
+It is important to improve modern education with its 
+increasing levels of academic achievement among 
+students. This paper examines the traditional Gurukula 
+Education System (GES) for ways in which its practices 
+might contribute advantageously to the Modern Education 
+System (MES). The concern of this paper is with the 
+development of memory. 
+GES is a learning system based on the Vedas which includes 
+many yogic practices. It has more element of yoga than the 
+MES. In the words of an ancient Indian saint Vasishta, yoga 
+is any effort to calm the mind.[1] GES has many practices in 
+general to calm the mind like asanas, chanting of mantras, 
+meditation, and puja. Generally when the mind is calm 
+and clear memory improves.[2] Therefore, it is hypothesized 
+that the GES can improve memory. In the Indian tradition 
+it is held that recitation of mantra with resonance, a vital 
+practice in GES, helps improve memory.[3] This is still a 
+topic to be researched. The present research study was 
+aimed to compare the effect of GES on verbal and spatial 
+memory with MES. 
+Outside the context of education, studies have been 
+conducted on many different yogic practices. These include 
+asana, pranayama, vedic chanting, and meditation, and 
+reveal that as an intervention such techniques can be used to 
+enhance cognitive abilities, like attention, concentration,[4] 
+and planning.[5] There are a few papers analyzing the effect 
+of yoga which include physical postures and meditation 
+on memory. Seashore tonal memory test conducted by 
+Pagano and colleagues,[6] among a nonmeditator group, 
+inexperienced meditator group, and an experienced 
+meditator group showed that the meditators in general were 
+significantly better in both pretest and post-test performance 
+than the nonmeditators, and experienced meditators were 
+significantly better than the inexperienced ones. These 
+results suggest that the Transcendental Meditation (TM) 
+facilitates memory of right hemispheric functioning. 
+Background/Aim: Memory is more associated with the temporal cortex than other cortical areas. The two main components 
+of memory are spatial and verbal which relate to right and left hemispheres of the brain, respectively. Many investigations have 
+shown the benefi
+ cial effects of yoga on memory and temporal functions of the brain. This study was aimed at comparing the 
+effect of one Gurukula Education System (GES) school based on a yoga way of life with a school using the Modern Education 
+System (MES) on memory. 
+Materials and Methods: Forty nine boys of ages ranging from 11-13 years were selected from each of two residential 
+schools, one MES and the other GES, providing similar ambiance and daily routines. The boys were matched for age and 
+socioeconomic status. The GES educational program is based around integrated yoga modules while the MES provides a 
+conventional modern education program. Memory was assessed by means of standard spatial and verbal memory tests 
+applicable to Indian conditions before and after an academic year. 
+Results: Between groups there was matching at start of the academic year, while after it the GES boys showed signifi
+ cant 
+enhancement in both verbal and visual memory scores than MES boys (P < 0.001, Mann-Whitney test). 
+Conclusions: The present study showed that the GES meant for total personality development adopting yoga way of life is 
+more effective in enhancing visual and verbal memory scores than the MES. 
+Key words: Gurukula education system; memory; vedic chanting; yoga.
+ABSTRACT
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, April 21, 2010]
+International Journal of Yoga y Vol. 2 y Jul-Dec-2009
+56
+College students instructed in the TM technique displayed 
+significant improvements in performance over a two-
+week period on a perceptual and short-term memory test 
+involving the identification of letter sequences presented 
+rapidly. They were compared with subjects randomly 
+assigned to a routine of twice-daily relaxation with their eyes 
+closed and to subjects who made no change in their daily 
+schedule.[7] Kember[8] showed through the psychological 
+tests that college students were able to enhance spontaneous 
+organization of their memory. The practice of TM improved 
+the verbal memory of the high school students.[9] 
+In a study conducted on students attending a 10-day 
+nonresidential personality development camp, students 
+learned the practice of integrated approach of yoga. 
+Participants were tested on audio, visual, audiovisual, and 
+short- and long-term memory scores before and after the yoga 
+practice. The result showed significant improvements in all 
+these memory scores. Visual-verbal test, visual-spatial test, 
+audiovisual test, and audio memory test were conducted for 
+two groups of 38 children each, in which one of the groups 
+attended a 10-day yoga training camp before and after the 
+camp. The yoga group showed a significant improvement.[10] 
+In a 10-day yoga camp the subjects were assessed at 
+the beginning and end using the standard Wechsler 
+memory scale. The diverse aspects of the memory ranging 
+from visual reproduction to digit span were increased 
+significantly following ten days of yoga training.[10] 
+Telles demonstrated that special physical postures 
+(asanas), voluntary regulation of breathing (pranayama), 
+and maintenance of silence and visual focusing exercises 
+(tratakas) improve memory in school children.[10] Uninostril 
+breathing facilitates the performance on spatial and verbal 
+cognitive tasks, said to be right and left brain functions, 
+respectively. Since hemispheric memory functions are also 
+known to be lateralized, Naveen et al. assessed the effects of 
+uninostril breathing on the performance in verbal and spatial 
+memory tests. School children (N = 108, whose ages ranged 
+from 10-17 years) were randomly assigned to four groups. 
+Each group practiced a specific yoga breathing technique: 
+(a) right nostril breathing, (b) left nostril breathing, 
+(c) alternate nostril breathing, or (d) breath awareness 
+without manipulation of nostrils. These techniques were 
+practiced for ten days. Verbal and spatial memory was 
+assessed initially and after ten days. An age-matched 
+control group of 27 children were similarly assessed. All 
+four experimental groups showed significant increases in 
+spatial test scores at retest, but the control group showed no 
+change. Average increase in spatial memory scores for the 
+trained groups was 84%. It appears yoga breathing increases 
+spatial rather than verbal scores, without a lateralized effect. 
+Voluntary regulation of breathing (pranayama) improves 
+the performance of spatial memory.[11] These studies suggest 
+that yoga techniques can improve the spatial and verbal 
+memories. Visual memory increases through the practice 
+of yoga. Dynamic asana practices were given to the school 
+children for nine days. When measured, the visual memory 
+showed an improvement.[12] 
+Memory is the capacity to retain acquired information. 
+One of the important aspects of memory is declarative or 
+explicit memory, that is, memory that can be brought to 
+conscious awareness. Memory of verbal and visual material 
+is an important domain of explicit memory.[13] Anterior 
+areas of the temporal cortex are involved in representation 
+of verbal conceptual knowledge organized categorically.[4] 
+Lesions in the left temporal lobe disrupt verbal memory and 
+the lesions in the right temporal lobe disrupt visuo-spatial 
+memory.[5] Excisions of left hippocampal structures impair 
+verbal memory to a greater extent. However, the impairment 
+of visuo-spatial memory is less clearly lateralized.[14]
+According to yogic lore, memory is laid down from prior 
+experiences and is a process of information storage. Memory 
+is one of the five modifications of mind. The four others are 
+right knowledge, wrong knowledge, imagination, and deep 
+sleep. Each brings its own memories. These form imprints 
+in various layers of mind, some superficial and some deep 
+rooted. According to the ancient scriptures, there is always a 
+possibility of transformation of memories. According to the 
+Upanishads the personality has five sheaths – Annamaya 
+Kosha (sheath of the physical body), Pranamaya Kosha 
+(sheath of vital energy), Manomaya Kosha (mental sheath), 
+Vijnanamaya Kosha (sheath of discriminative intelligence), 
+and Anandamayakosha (sheath of bliss). Every cell possesses 
+memory on a physical level. Through the influence of the 
+higher sheaths the cells of the physical structure can be 
+transformed. On the vital level, baser instincts can undergo 
+change. On the psychic level, transformation in the thinking 
+patterns and emotions is possible. In the intellectual 
+sheath, one experiences the recollection, remembrance, 
+reconsidering, reverting, and forgetting of various values. For 
+example, a value in life to amass wealth will be changed to 
+do to good to others. In the sheath of bliss one experiences 
+the complete freedom of memory.[10] 
+Modern methods to develop memory include the logical 
+method (observing meanings and connections such 
+as similarities and contrasts), rational memory (to be 
+attentive to the meaning of the lesson), over learning 
+(learning a lesson beyond the point which the learner can 
+reproduce without committing an error), spaced learning 
+(with breaks in between), unspaced learning (without 
+breaks), and mnemonics (artifices to simplify memorizing 
+a series of disconnected facts). Yogic methods to develop 
+memory include deepening perception, increasing the 
+attention span, activating dormant areas of the brain, and 
+replacing useless memories with useful ones.[10]
+Rangan, et al. 
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, April 21, 2010]
+57
+International Journal of Yoga y Vol. 2 y Jul-Dec-2009
+Yogic education system improves memory
+The tests for spatial and verbal memory are standardized 
+tests for measuring verbal and spatial memory.[15] The 
+present study assesses the effect of a one-year yoga 
+intervention on boys in a GES school compared to a 
+matched control group of boys in a MES school. 
+MATERIALS AND METHODS 
+Subjects 
+Two residential schools, one MES and the other GES, 
+providing similar ambiance and daily routines were 
+chosen. Both the residential schools had similar natural 
+surroundings with an atmosphere congenial for learning. 
+Out of the 110 students in the yoga-based gurukula 
+(GES) and 500 students studying in the MES, a group of 
+49 healthy boys between 11 and 13 years from each school 
+were one-to-one matched for age, family atmosphere, and 
+socioeconomic background. 
+The boys’ health statuses were assessed by a doctor 
+based on their personal history and a general clinical 
+examination; any of the subjects having congenital defects 
+or on medication known to affect cognitive abilities were 
+excluded from the study. The students in the GES school 
+were all freshers and had received a similar modern 
+education up till that time, when, being interested in GES 
+they had chosen the gurukula school. An independent 
+samples ‘t’ test on the baseline data as described in 
+T
+able 1, showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between 
+the two groups for any of the demographic prameters. 
+Assessments 
+The subjects were told that the memory tests were for their 
+self-assessment to understand the benefit they derived 
+from the course. They were subsequently given a report, 
+so they were enthusiastic and interested. They were not 
+given further details about the study. For both verbal and 
+spatial tests a correct response was scored as ‘1’ and an 
+incorrect one brought them a ‘0’. A practice trial showed 
+that many subjects got a maximum score (with no scope 
+for further change) when a free recall test was used, so for 
+the actual assessment a delayed recall test was used, as 
+this is known to be more difficult.[15] However, there was 
+no special interest in assessing the effect of interference 
+on recall. 
+Standard tests of Baddley were used to assess the spatial 
+and verbal memories.[15] T
+wenty subjects were assessed at 
+a time while seated approximately a meter apart to avoid 
+distraction and interference. The test material, in the form 
+of slides, was projected on a screen, allowing 10 seconds for 
+each slide. After 10 slides had been shown, a mathematical 
+problem (e.g., 7–4+9–3+6–5–8+2) was projected on the 
+screen. Immediately after this, subjects were asked to recall 
+and write down (or in the case of spatial memory, to draw) 
+within 60 seconds the ten test items which had been showed 
+to them. To test verbal memory standard nonsense syllables 
+of three letters, e.g., XOL, were selected from a prepared 
+list. The test for spatial memory consisted of ten simple 
+line drawings. Geometrical or other shapes which could be 
+described verbally, e.g., a square or a circle, were not used. 
+The drawings were very simple and easy to reproduce. The 
+tests were only conducted before and after the academic year. 
+Masking
+One-to-one matching of students was done under the 
+guidance of a statistician. Demographic data were collected 
+by trained persons not involved in the design of the study. 
+The spatial and verbal memory test assessments were 
+carried out under the guidance of a psychologist by trained 
+persons who had not been involved in the selection process 
+and did not know the design of the study. Teachers at the 
+two schools were not involved in making the assessments. 
+There were no interactions between the GES and MES 
+schools as they were in different locations more than 
+100 kilometres apart. Furthermore, no one at either school 
+knew the identity of the other school.
+Intervention
+The GES school used an educational program with 
+integrated yoga practices, while the MES provided a 
+conventional modern education program. The GES 
+program included yogic postures (asanas), voluntary 
+regulated breathing (pranayama), meditation (dhyana), 
+recitation of mantras (japa), yogic prayers, worship (puja), 
+and yogic games (a set of games which not only gives 
+stimulation but also relaxation and generally calms the 
+mind). In contrast, the MES program included physical 
+exercises, mathematical puzzles, music, prayer, and 
+normal sports. The daily routine of the two schools match 
+as shown in Table 2. 
+Table 1: Demographic data of boys studying in MES and GES schools
+Groups Details of 
+students N
+RSS
+(Mean ± SD)
+Years  A
+(Mean ± SD)
+Years B
+(Mean ± SD)
+C
+(Mean ± SD)
+D 
+(Mean ± SD)
+E
+(Mean ± SD)
+Years age
+(Mean ± SD)
+GES
+49
+6448.98 ± 1969.15
+1.31 ± 1.37
+1.18 ± 0.39
+2.18 ± 1.52
+4.02 ± 0.14
+1.35 ± 0.48
+12.16 ± 0.66
+MES
+49
+6704.08 ± 2174.47
+0.47 ± 0.53
+1.18 ± 0.39
+2.35 ± 1.38
+4.02 ± 0.14
+1.33 ± 0.47
+12.31 ± 0.68
+GES = Gurukula Education system, MES = Modern education System; A = Education of father, B = Education of mother, (Education up to SSLC = 1, 
+Grduation = 2, Postgraduation = 3, Professionials = 4) C = Occupation of father, D = Occupation of mother (Agriculture = 1, Business = 2, 
+Academician = 3, Others = 4) E = social setup (Rural = 1 Urban = 2); The results show no significant differences between GES and MES in all the 
+demographic parameters (Independent samples t test P > 0.05). Differences between the GES and MES groups for levels of education of father, education of 
+mother, occupation of father, occupation of mother, and social setup were assessed using χ2 test and were found to be not significant (P > 0.05)
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, April 21, 2010]
+International Journal of Yoga y Vol. 2 y Jul-Dec-2009
+58
+Data analysis
+The predata of the two groups were compared by 
+independent samples ‘t’ test. The Kolmogorov test of 
+normality showed that the predata were not normally 
+distributed. Hence, nonparametric tests were used in 
+the analysis. Within groups, the pre-post data were 
+analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test, while 
+between groups the pre-post data were analyzed using 
+the Mann-Whitney U test. SPSS 10.0 was used for 
+analysis. 
+Table 3: Effect of GES on spatial and verbal memory test as compared to that of MES 
+Total
+N = 49
+GES
+MES
+Between 
+groups 
+significance
+Pre 
+(Mean ± SD)
+Post 
+(Mean ± SD)
+Change (%)
+Pre 
+(Mean ± SD)
+Post 
+(Mean ± SD)
+Change 
+(%)
+Spatial memory
+6.29 ± 1.04
+8.24 ± 0.63*
+31.002
+5.96 ± 1.0
+7.16 ± 0.92*
+20.134
+0.001**
+Verbal memory
+4.63 ± 0.83
+7.27 ± 0.73*
+57.019
+4.67 ± 0.90
+6.02 ± 0.95*
+28.907
+0.001**
+*P < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, comparing pre and post values within groups, **P < 0.001, Mann Whitney U test, comparing between groups; 
+GES=Gurukula system of education, MES= Modern education system, GES group was significantly better than that of the MES group
+Table 4: Age effect of GES on spatial and verbal memory test as compared to that of MES
+GES
+MES
+Between groups
+significance
+Pre 
+(Mean ± SD)
+Post 
+(Mean±SD)
+Changes 
+(%)
+Pre 
+(Mean ± SD)
+Post 
+(Mean ± SD)
+Changes 
+(%)
+Age group 11, n = 6 
+Spatial memory
+5.50 ± 0.55
+7.83 ± 0.41*
+42.364
+6.33 ± 1.03
+7.33 ± 1.03*
+15.798
+0.222
+Verbal memory
+5.00 ± 0.89
+7.50 ± 0.55*
+50.00
+5.17 ± 0.98
+6.33 ± 0.82*
+22.437
+0.020**
+Age group 12, n = 28
+Spatial memory
+6.29 ± 0.98
+8.25 ± 0.70*
+31.160
+6.07 ± 1.03
+7.24 ± 0.91*
+19.275
+0.001**
+Verbal memory
+4.54 ± 0.84
+7.14 ± 0.85*
+57.269
+4.79 ± 0.88
+6.14 ± 0.93*
+28.184
+0.001**
+Age group 13, n = 15
+Spatial memory
+6.60 ± 1.18
+8.40 ± 0.51*
+27.273
+5.53 ± 0.83
+6.93 ± 0.88*
+25.316
+0.001**
+Verbal memory
+4.67 ± 0.82
+7.40 ± 0.51*
+58.458
+4.27 ± 0.80
+5.67 ± 0.98*
+32.787
+0.001**
+*P < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, comparing pre and post values within groups, **P < 0.05, Mann Whitney U test, comparing between groups; 
+GES=Gurukula system of education, MES= Modern education system
+RESULTS
+Matching baseline memory score data [Table 3] shows 
+that the boys in the two groups selected for study were 
+well matched and homogeneous. Both groups of students 
+performed similarly on the pretest at the start of the 
+academic year (predata). An independent sample’s ‘t’ test 
+found no significant difference between the GES and MES 
+groups. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test comparing the pre-
+post values within the groups showed that improvements 
+in both groups were significant at P < 0.05. The GES boys 
+showed highly significant greater improvements than MES 
+boys in both spatial and verbal memory scores (P < 0.05, 
+Mann-Whitney U test) as can be seen in Table 4.
+DISCUSSION
+Both groups improved, but the GES school students did so 
+more than the MES students. Reasons for improvements 
+in memory are focused here. Differences over the year are 
+first considered, then possible reasons why the observed 
+differences might have occurred. Finally, the limitations 
+of the study are considered. 
+Differences over the year
+1. The observed increase in memory scores in both GES 
+and MES groups might be expected. They should occur 
+in any good education system. However, the GES group 
+showed significantly higher memory enhancement than 
+the MES group – the null hypothesis that boys from 
+both groups would score equally was not upheld. 
+Table 2: Daily routine in the two residential schools
+Time*
+GES schedule
+Time*
+MES schedule
+5:00
+Wake up
+5:00
+Wake up 
+5:30–5:45
+Meditation and 
+pranayama
+5:00–5:50
+Ablutions
+5:45–6:15
+Yogasanas
+6:00–6:15
+Prayer
+6:15–6:45
+Cleaning
+6:15–6:45
+Physical exercises 
+6:45–7:30
+Ablutions
+7:00–7:55
+Self study
+7:40–8:00
+Puja
+8:30–9:15
+Breakfast
+8:00–9:15
+Breakfast/cleaning
+9:30–10:30
+Vedic chanting
+9:30–12.00
+Sessions 
+10:30–12:45
+Sessions
+12.00–13:00
+Music
+13:00–14:30
+Lunch
+13:00–14:20
+Lunch/rest
+14:45–16:45
+Sessions
+14:30–16:30
+Sessions
+16:45–17:00
+Snacks
+16:45–17:00
+Snacks
+17:00–18:00
+Tuning to nature
+17:00–18:00
+Tuning to nature
+18:00–18:45
+Yogic games
+18:15–18:45
+Games
+18:45–19:00
+Meditation and 
+pranayama
+18:45–19:00
+Prayer
+19:00–20:00
+Self study
+19.00–20.30
+Self study
+20:00–21.00
+Dinner
+20:30–21:15
+Dinner
+21:00–22.00
+Self work
+21:15–22:00
+Self work
+22.00
+Lights off
+22:00
+Lights off
+*24-hour clock
+Rangan, et al. 
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, April 21, 2010]
+59
+International Journal of Yoga y Vol. 2 y Jul-Dec-2009
+2. Both groups showed greater memory enhancement over 
+the year-long study, than that produced by a 10-day yoga 
+intervention in a residential setup.[12] The GES maintains 
+growth of memory capacity. Nine days practice of 
+left-nostril breathing four times a day for 15 minutes, 
+asanas, and special quiz and group discussions, yogic 
+games, and chanting mantras once in a day for 45 
+minutes produced 10.02% improvement. The year-long 
+education intervention produced 31.002% improvement 
+in the GES group, and 20.134% in the MES group. 
+3. Verbal memory showed greater improvements than 
+spatial memory in both groups. This may be attributed 
+to several factors. Education systems may be generally 
+more oriented toward intellectual development, that is, 
+more toward left brain than right. 
+[16] During growth the 
+logical left brain grows faster than the right. 
+ 
+The pre-post changes in both groups after an academic year 
+showed significant increase in memory scores. However, 
+GES group showed greater increase in memory scores than 
+MES group. Several factors could have contributed to the 
+increase in memory scores of the GES. Boys from GES 
+scored better than MES in verbal memory, also rejecting 
+the null hypothesis that GES can develop only the visual 
+memory more than MES and not the verbal memory. 
+ 
+Growth of right hemisphere through the practice of 
+asana and pranayama was speculated by the studies 
+conducted by Naveen[11] and Shatrughan.[12] However, 
+the Naveen study[11] excluded ovals and circles from the 
+picture memory test, to make it more challenging; 
+the present study included them. The Kory study[9] 
+speculates that internal use of a mantra in TM may 
+improve left hemisphere, as it improves verbal memory. 
+In present day GES, mantra recitation is practiced more 
+than pranayama and asanas, so growth of the verbal 
+memory in GES students may be expected to be greater 
+than growth of spatial memory. 
+4. Baseline data show scores on spatial memory increasing 
+with age. Retest scores showed that improvements also 
+increased with age: GES boys scored significantly better 
+than MES boys on both verbal and spatial memory at 
+all age levels, except for the 11-year olds on spatial 
+memory, where the difference between the two did not 
+reach significance. 
+5. Greater improvements with age were also found on 
+verbal memory. Pre-post differences were more for 
+verbal than for spatial memory in all age groups. 
+Differences between the GES and MES groups reached 
+significance in all of them. Verbal memory increased 
+more in the 12- and 13-year olds than in the 11-year 
+olds. In contrast, spatial memory differences were 
+greater for the 11-year olds than the 12- and 13-year 
+olds. However, since there were only six students in 
+each 11-year groups, this may not be robust. 
+Reasons why the differences occurred
+Key features of the two educational systems and their impact 
+on students 
+The two educational systems are different in every respect, 
+not just in their overall aims, but also in their detailed 
+content. The differences observed on memory tests should 
+therefore not be surprising. When we look at the actual 
+content of the curricula and extra-curricula activities, this 
+will become clearer. The key features of each system were 
+given in the Intervention section and presented in terms 
+of daily routine in Table 2.
+Considering these in more detail indicates why the MES 
+and GES schools should have produced the different 
+results observed. The GES curriculum includes yoga 
+asanas, pranayama breathing exercises, meditation, 
+mantra recitation, devotional songs, puja, and yogic games. 
+In contrast, the corresponding aspects of the MES program 
+comprise physical exercises, mathematical puzzles, music, 
+daily prayers, and conventional sports. 
+In contrast to physical exercises, yoga asanas and pranayama 
+produce relaxation at the physical level, while simultaneously 
+enlivening the vital level; mathematical puzzles enliven the 
+mind and may be frustrating, while dhyana is calming to 
+the mind; devotional songs may have a different effect from 
+ordinary music, while the actions and feelings associated with 
+puja are different from mere repetition of prayers; in contrast 
+to physical sports, yogic games stimulate and also relax and 
+expand the mind to a state of greater freedom. 
+In GES schools, the specific purpose of incorporating these 
+yogic features into student life is to learn to perform all 
+actions against a backdrop of the stress-free states of mind 
+detailed in yoga philosophy. No such purpose is contained 
+in the aims of MES schools. The intention is that such 
+stress-free patterns of functioning should carry over into all 
+activities: academic tests, examinations, and professional life 
+in later years. On this basis different results can be expected. 
+Specific reasons why GES boys should have scored better
+Reduction in anxiety by specific anxiety reducing yoga practices 
+and counseling
+Anxiety mars memory development.[2] Both schools were 
+chosen to have good atmospheric ambience in natural 
+surroundings with equal effects on memory. The GES 
+includes yoga practices with anxiety reducing effects that 
+are already well known.[17] A study on three schools in 
+Yogic education system improves memory
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, April 21, 2010]
+International Journal of Yoga y Vol. 2 y Jul-Dec-2009
+60
+Taiwan has shown that (yoga-based) TM reduces state-trait 
+anxiety in high school children.[18] GES provides an 
+atmosphere in which students are less anxious. Moreover, 
+teachers’ personal care of students by practices like 
+counseling is included to a greater extent in GES than MES. 
+GES teachers are vedic scholars qualified to impart various 
+vedic and yogic anxiety reducing techniques such as 
+counseling according to students’ mental makeup. Learning 
+vedic mantras has the effect of training consciousness and 
+regulating and balancing the brain physiology.[19] This 
+may be one reason for the growth of memory among GES 
+students as memory improves with balance of mind. 
+Specific techniques used in GES schools for enhancement of 
+memory
+In GES, students are taught several techniques to memorize 
+mantras. For beginners these consist of sande and tiruve. 
+In sande, teachers train students to memorize mantras by 
+repeating them two or three times. In tiruve students chant 
+the mantras themselves in the way they have been trained: 
+initially, ten repetitions per day, for ten days, then one 
+repetition per day for two or three months, a practice known 
+as avrutti. Finally, they chant each memorized mantra at 
+least once per month. Avrutti compares well with Tony 
+Buzan’s Mind Map Organic Study Technique (MMOST).[20] 
+Other techniques of a more advanced kind, featuring 
+redundancy, are also used to preserve vedic mantras. These 
+include ghana, jata, krama, and pada. It is traditionally 
+thought that when used regularly, these techniques 
+strongly develop students’ verbal memory. Vedic pundits 
+have preserved the vedic mantras throughout history 
+using these techniques alone, accurately maintaining each 
+word’s pronunciation, and intonation. All these assist in 
+developing students’ verbal memory. 
+Holistic personality development as the main aim of GES
+Holistic personality development is achieved through 
+repetitive recitation of vedic mantras, which GES students 
+do in a group every day. Vedic mantras are highly rhythmic, 
+and fill the body uniformly with their resonance. Any 
+rhythmic resonance of this kind has the power to make 
+the mind relaxed and peaceful,[21] improving memory and 
+eliminating psychological blockages. GES use of bhajan and 
+puja in its science of emotion culture helps develop peace 
+and relaxation, also possibly improving students’ memory.[2] 
+Further possible reasons why GES boys scored better on short 
+term enhancement of memory
+a. Growth is continuously monitored in GES. 
+b. Yoga techniques used short term and are made more 
+attractive by regularly introducing new, subtler 
+techniques to avoid monotony and boredom.
+c. An atmosphere supporting continuous improvement is 
+provided by group effects of team efforts. 
+Possible reasons why GES students should have performed 
+better on verbal memory than spatial memory compared to 
+MES students 
+Blakeslee[16] stated that the left hemisphere is more involved 
+with verbal memory, while the right hemisphere is more 
+concerned with recall of nonverbal, spatial information. 
+Elements of jnanayoga can assist in improving left 
+hemisphere function, and its associated verbal memory. 
+More of these are contained in the GES curriculum than 
+in MES: for example, three major aspects of jnanayoga 
+– shravana (hearing lectures from the teacher and 
+interacting with him), manana (contemplation and 
+understanding through question, enquiry, and analysis), 
+and nidhidhyasana (various techniques like meditation 
+which promote observation of the student’s internal and 
+external nature). Shravana involves learning vedic mantras 
+by repeatedly hearing them from the teacher (in GES the 
+students are not generally allowed to learn the mantras from 
+a book, normally they learn by listening to their teachers). 
+Manana means repeating mantras to be memorized every 
+day by oneself. Nidhidhyasana means meditating on the 
+mantras. All these practices present in GES tend to increase 
+the power of verbal memory, particularly shravana. 
+GES teachers are particular about asking questions, which 
+develop thinking ability, the manana aspect, in students. In 
+GES, individual instruction of each student by their teachers 
+develops analytical abilities to a greater extent than in MES. 
+This is an associated left hemisphere function. Innovative 
+techniques used in GES increase students’ inquisitiveness, 
+for example, observation of the growth of plants right from 
+the day the seed is sown – experimentation or nidhidhyasana. 
+Possible reasons why GES boys improved more than MES on 
+spatial memory scores
+Yoga techniques tailored to different age groups to bring 
+about total personality growth
+To enhance right hemisphere function, various creative arts 
+can be taught. In both GES and MES such arts are taught, 
+like music and dance. Yet, the GES group showed a more 
+significant result. This may be because the creative arts 
+taught in GES have the capacity to calm the mind more. 
+For example, in GES in South India, traditional Karnatic 
+music is taught, which has the capacity to make the mind 
+peaceful. In contrast, in MES schools popular music is 
+mainly taught. Becoming calmer and more peaceful makes 
+a person more artistic and creative. Through creative and 
+artistic practices right hemisphere use becomes nourished. 
+Though MES students are exposed to various arts in the 
+external world, such as TV and other media, they did 
+Rangan, et al. 
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, April 21, 2010]
+61
+International Journal of Yoga y Vol. 2 y Jul-Dec-2009
+not perform the spatial memory test as well as the GES 
+students. This may be because TV
+, etc. generally tend to 
+speed the mind up. On the other hand, the GES students 
+though less exposed to multimedia creative arts, are trained 
+in tranquility, which integrates right hemisphere function. 
+Naveen et al.[11] found improved spatial memory following 
+pranayama performance. The GES students’ more 
+significant result on the spatial memory test may also have 
+been due to their regular pranayama practice. 
+Use of Sanskrit as the principal medium of instruction 
+The physiological and psychological effects of reading 
+Sanskrit are similar to those experienced during TM.[19] 
+Students of GES learn the language of Sanskrit and use it as 
+their medium of instruction. This might also have helped 
+them achieve increased balance of mind and improved 
+memory, especially as higher standards of language use 
+were involved, including writing and analysis skills. 
+Limitations of the study
+The present study only assessed the students twice. 
+A single academic year constituted the intervention. No 
+periodical assessments were conducted, meaning that the 
+study could not investigate any immediate effects of the 
+GES curriculum. Also, the study’s time span did not cover 
+the whole seven years of GES. Further studies should assess 
+both the immediate effects of the GES regime on memory, 
+and also the whole time span of GES education. 
+A further valuable project would be to investigate 
+how gurukula students utilize their improved memory 
+capabilities in social and professional life after completing 
+their education. 
+REFERENCES
+1. 
+Nagendra HR. Yoga, the science of holistic living. p: 103, 5th ed. Bangalore: 
+Vivekananda Kendra Prakashana Trust; 2005. 
+2. 
+Saltz E. Manifest anxiety: Have we missed the data? (Psychological Review) 
+Psychol Rev 1970;77:568-73.
+3. 
+Dutta MN. The Dharam Shasthra: Hindu Religious Codes. New Delhi: Cosmo 
+publications; 1987. p. 40-80. 
+4. 
+Thompson-Schill SL. Neuro imaging studies of symantic memory inferring 
+how from “where”. Neuropsychologia 2003;41:280-92. 
+5. 
+Smith ML, Milner B. The role of the right hippocampus in the recall of spatial 
+location. Neuropsychologia 1981;19:781-95.
+6. 
+Pagano RR, Frumkin LR. Effect of transcendental meditation on right 
+hemispheric functions. Biofeedback Self Regul 1979;2:407-15. 
+7. 
+Dillbeck MC. Meditation and fl
+ exibility of visual perception and verbal 
+problem solving. Mem Cognit 1982;10:207-15.
+8. 
+Kember P. The transcendental meditation technique and academic 
+performance: A short report on controlled longitudinal pilot study. Br J Educ 
+Psychol 1985;55:164-6. 
+9. 
+Kory R, Hufnagel P. The effect of the science of creative intelligence course on 
+high school students: a preliminary report. Scientifi
+ c research on transcendental 
+meditation program: A preliminary Report. VOL 1. Orme-Johnson DW, 
+Farrow JT, editors. Germany: Maharishi ERU press; 1977. p.400-2. 
+10. Nagendra HR, Telles S. Yoga and memory. Bangalore: Vivekananda Kendra 
+Yoga Prakashana; 1999. 
+11. 
+Naveen KV, Nagendra HR, Nagaratna R, Telles S. Breathing through a 
+particular nostril improves spatial memory scores without lateralized effects. 
+Psychol Rep 1997;81: 555-61.
+12. Shatrughan S, Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. Effi
+ cacy of 3 modules of yoga 
+practice on visual memory in children. MSc dissertation submitted to Swami 
+Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore: 2005. 
+13. Rao SL, Subbakrishna DK, Gopukumar K. Nimhans Neuro-psychology 
+battery-2004 manual. The national institute of mental health and 
+neurosciences. 2004. p. 78.
+14. Jones-Gotman M, Zatorre RJ, Olovier A, Andermann F, Cendes F, Cendes F, 
+et al. Learning and retention of words and designs following excision from 
+medial temporal lobe structures. Neuropsychologia 1997;35:963-73.
+15. Baddeley AD. Human Memory: Theory and Practice. Boston: 1990. 
+16. Blakeslee TR. The Right Brain. London: Macmillan; 1980. 
+17. Wallace RK, Benson H, Wilson AF. A wakeful hypo metabolic physiologic 
+state. Am J Physiol 1971;221;795-9. 
+18. Orme-Johnson DW. Three randomized experiments on the longitudinal 
+effects of the transcendental meditation technique on cognition. Intelligence 
+2001;29:419-40.
+19.  Travis F, Olson T, Egenes T, Gupta HK. Physiological patterns during practice 
+of the transcendental meditation technique compared with patterns while 
+reading Sanskrit and a modern language. Int J Neurosci 2001;109:71-80. 
+20. Bijlani RL. Understanding medical physiology. Jaypee Brothers Medical 
+Publishers Ltd; 2004. 
+21. Nagendra HR. Mind sound resonance technique (MSRT). Bangalore: Swamy 
+Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana; 2005.
+Staying in touch with the journal
+1) 
+Table of Contents (TOC) email alert 
+ 
+Receive an email alert containing the TOC when a new complete issue of the journal is made available online. To register for TOC alerts go to 
+www.ijoy.org.in/signup.asp.
+2) 
+RSS feeds 
+ 
+Really Simple Syndication (RSS) helps you to get alerts on new publication right on your desktop without going to the journal’s website. You 
+need a software (e.g. RSSReader, Feed Demon, FeedReader, My Yahoo!, NewsGator and NewzCrawler) to get advantage of this tool. RSS 
+feeds can also be read through FireFox or Microsoft Outlook 2007. Once any of these small (and mostly free) software is installed, add www.
+ijoy.org.in/rssfeed.asp as one of the feeds.
+Yogic education system improves memory
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, April 21, 2010]

subfolder_0/EFFECT OF YOGIC EDUCATION SYSTEM AND MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM ON SUSTAINED ATTENTION.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+35
+International Journal of Yoga 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Vol. 2:1 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Jan-Jun-2009
+Effect of yogic education system and modern education 
+system on sustained attention
+	
+R Rangan, Nagendra H R, Ramachandra Bhatt
+Department of Yoga Research, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore - 560 019, India
+Address for correspondence: Dr. R. Rangan,
+167, North Chithra Street, Srirangam, Trichy – 620 006, India. 
+E-mail: [email protected]
+DOI: 10.4103/0973-6131.53840
+Original Article
+Background/Aim: Sustained attention is a vital function mediated by the right frontoparietal cortex. The Six Letter Cancellation 
+Task (SLCT) measures sustained attention. Development of sustained attention in a yoga-based education system compared 
+to a modern one is the theme of the present study. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of the Modern Education System (MES) 
+and the Gurukula Education System (GES) in developing sustained attention.
+Materials and Methods: Forty nine boys (11–13 years) were selected from two residential schools, one MES and the other 
+GES, providing similar ambiance and daily routines. The boys were matched for age and socioeconomic status. The GES 
+educational program is based around integrated yoga modules while the MES provides a conventional modern education 
+program. Sustained attention was assessed using the SLCT at the start and end of an academic year. 
+Results: Within groups, the pre-post test differences were significant for both groups. However, the between groups result 
+showed improvement in the GES group compared to the MES group at a P < 0.001 significance level. 
+Conclusions: The study suggests that both MES and GES improve sustained attention in school boys, but GES is more effective.
+Key words: Gurukula education system; sustained attention; vedic chanting; yoga.
+Abstract
+INTRODUCTION
+This paper is a study of improvements in sustained 
+attention over a period of one academic year in two groups 
+of students, one studying under the traditional Gurukula 
+Education System (GES), and the other under the Modern 
+Education System (MES). Attention is an essential element 
+of cognition and has been characterized in two ways, that 
+is, either as a resource or capacity or as a skill of resource 
+deployment. Sustained attention is the capacity to attend 
+to a task in hand for a required period of time. It is closely 
+associated with task difficulty or complexity. Sustaining 
+attention is easier for simple tasks than complex tasks. It 
+is closely associated with the mental effort required by 
+the task in hand.[1] The capacities to study and listen to 
+a lecture for an extended length of time are examples of 
+sustained attention. 
+Various brain areas mediate attention, different ones being 
+responsible for different types of attention. The right 
+frontoparietal area mediates sustained attention. Damage to 
+the right prefrontal cortex is associated with poor sustained 
+attention.[2] Imaging studies have shown that vigilance 
+tasks requiring sustained attention activate a network of 
+neurons in the right frontal and parietal cortices.[3] 
+Many papers have been published analyzing the effect 
+of different aspects of yoga including physical postures 
+and meditation on sustained attention. Special physical 
+postures (asanas), voluntary regulation of breathing 
+(pranayama), maintaining silence, and visual focusing 
+exercises (tratakas) improve attention span in school 
+children.[4] The Self-Regulation Method (SRM) derived 
+from autogenic training and Zen meditation, which 
+elicits a state of ‘relaxed alertness’ also increases attention 
+ 
+span.[5] Meditation increases attention span whereas eyes-
+closed rest without meditation does not.[6]
+In a previous study at sVYASA, Sarang et al, assessed 
+performance on the Six Letter Cancellation Task (SLCT) 
+– a task requiring visual selectivity and repetitive motor 
+response – in forty male subjects immediately before 
+and after two yoga-based relaxation techniques of equal 
+duration, that is, Cyclic Meditation (CM) and Supine Rest 
+(SR).[7] CM consists of alternating cycles of yoga postures 
+and SR. Both practices significantly improved net scores 
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, April 21, 2010]
+International Journal of Yoga 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Vol. 2:1 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Jan-Jun-2009
+36
+(P < 0.001), CM producing more change (26%) than SR 
+(14%). These results suggest that CM brings about a greater 
+improvement in task performance. The study indicates 
+that yoga improves sustained attention. 
+The GES is a system of learning based on the Vedas, which 
+includes many yogic practices. It is time-tested and has 
+been preserved for several millennia in an unbroken 
+tradition. In Indian tradition, it is believed that the GES 
+brings great benefits to society, including improvements 
+in cognitive and higher mental abilities.[1] Although 
+the GES stands at the heart of the tradition, scientific 
+examination and understanding of its advantages has not 
+been adequately documented. Hence, the present work 
+was designed to undertake a comparative study of the 
+effect of the GES and MES on sustained attention in boys 
+over a single academic year. 
+MATERIALS AND METHODS
+Subjects
+T
+wo residential schools (one GES (Prabodhini Gurukula, 
+Ajeya Vishvastha Mandali, Hariharapura, Koppa taluk, 
+Chikmangalore district, Karnataka.) and the other 
+MES (Indian Matriculation Higher Secondary School, 
+Gopinathanpatti, X-road, Palaya Patti, Pudur Post, Pappi 
+Retti Patti Taluk, Dharmapuri district, Tamilnadu.) 
+providing similar ambiance and daily routines were 
+selected for the study. Both schools were residential, and 
+had similar natural surroundings with an atmosphere 
+congenial for learning. Out of 110 students studying in 
+the yoga-based GES and 500 students studying in MES, 
+49 healthy boys (11–13 years) from each school were 
+matched for age, family atmosphere, and socioeconomic 
+background. Their health status was assessed based on 
+their personal history and a general clinical examination. 
+Any on medication known to affect planning or cognitive 
+abilities were excluded from the study. The students in 
+the GES school were all freshers and had received modern 
+education prior to joining the GES school. An independent 
+samples ‘t’ test on the baseline data as described in 
+ 
+Table 1, showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) 
+between the two groups for any of the demographic 
+parameters. 
+Assessments
+The SLCT consists of a test worksheet which specifies 
+six target letters to be cancelled, and a ‘working section’ 
+consisting of a 22 x 14 array of randomly arranged letters 
+of the alphabets. Study participants were asked to cancel 
+as many of the six target letters in the array as possible 
+in the allotted time of 1:30 minutes. Subjects were told 
+that there are two possible strategies: (i) canceling all 
+six letters at once or (ii) selecting one target letter out of 
+the six at a time. They were asked to choose whichever 
+strategy suited them. They were also told that they could 
+follow a horizontal, vertical, or a random path according 
+to their choice. Scoring was carried out by a person blind 
+to the details of the data. The total number of cancellations 
+and wrong cancellations were scored and the net score 
+calculated by subtracting wrong cancellations from total 
+cancellations.[9] Each component measures a different 
+quantity. The total number of cancellations is a measure 
+of motor skill combined with cognitive function. The 
+number of wrong cancellations is a measure of lack of 
+focused attention and mental distractions. Net score is a 
+measure of sustained attention. 
+Masking
+The demographic data concerning age, gender, and socio-
+economic status were collected by trained persons not 
+involved in the design of the study. One-to-one matching 
+of students was performed under the guidance and 
+instruction of a trained statistician. All test assessments 
+using the SLCT were conducted by trained persons 
+under the supervision of a professional psychologist. 
+Neither was involved in either the selection process 
+or the study design. No teacher at either school was 
+involved in making the assessments. There were no 
+interactions between the GES and MES schools as they 
+were in different locations more than 100 kilometres 
+apart. Furthermore, no one at either school knew the 
+identity of the other school. 
+Intervention
+The GES school used an educational program with 
+integrated yoga practices, while the MES provided a 
+Table 1: Demographic data of boys studying in GES and MES schools
+Groups	
+Number of 	
+S	
+Years   A	
+Years B	
+C	
+D  	
+E	
+Years Age 
+	
+students n	
+(Mean±SD)	
+(Mean±SD)	
+(Mean±SD)	
+(Mean±SD)	
+(Mean±SD)	
+(Mean±SD)	
+(Mean±SD)
+GES	
+49	
+6448.98 ± 1969.15	
+1.31 ± 1.37	 1.18 ± 0.39	
+2.18 ± 1.52	
+4.02 ± 0.14	
+1.35 ± 0.48	 12.16 ± 0.66
+MES	
+49	
+6704.08 ± 2174.47	
+0.47 ± 0.53	 1.18 ± 0.39	
+2.35 ± 1.38	
+4.02 ± 0.14	
+1.33 ± 0.47	 12.31 ± 0.68
+GES - Gurukula Education system, MES - Modern education System, S - Salary of family, A - Education of father, B - Education of mother, (Education up to 
+SSLC = 1, Graduation = 2, Postgraduation = 3, Professionials = 4) C - Occupation of father, D - Occupation of mother (Agriculture = 1, Business = 2, 
+Academician = 3, Others = 4) E - Social setup (Rural = 1 Urban = 2)
+The results show no significant differences between GES and MES in all the demographic parameters (independent samples t test, P > 0.05). Differences 
+between the GES and MES groups for levels of education of father, education of mother, occupation of father, occupation of mother, and social setup were 
+assessed using X2 test and were found to be not significant (P > 0.05). 
+Rangan, et al.
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, April 21, 2010]
+37
+International Journal of Yoga 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Vol. 2:1 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Jan-Jun-2009
+Yogic education system improves sustained attention
+conventional modern education program. The GES 
+program included yoga postures (asanas), voluntary 
+regulated breathing (pranayama), meditation (dhyana), 
+recitation of mantras (japa), yogic prayers, worship (puja), 
+and yogic games (a set of games which not only gives 
+stimulation but also relaxation and calms the mind). The 
+MES program included physical exercises, mathematical 
+puzzles, music, prayer, and normal sports. The daily 
+routine of the two schools match as shown in Table 2. 
+Data analysis
+The predata of the two groups were compared using an 
+independent samples ‘t’ test. The Kolmogorov test of 
+normality showed that the predata were not normally 
+distributed. Hence, nonparametric tests were used in the 
+analysis. Within groups, the pre-post data were analyzed 
+using the Wilcoxon signed ranks test, while between 
+groups the pre-post data were analyzed using the Mann-
+Whitney U test. SPSS 10.0 was used for analysis. 
+RESULTS
+Both groups of students performed similarly on the pretest 
+at the start of the academic year (predata). An independent 
+sample’s ‘t’ test found no significant difference between 
+the GES and MES groups. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test 
+comparing the pre-post values within the groups showed 
+that improvements in both groups were significant at 
+ 
+P < 0.05. The Mann-Whitney U test used to compare 
+results between the two groups showed a significant 
+difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). The group 
+average values ± SD for total scores, net scores, and scores 
+for wrong cancellations of both GES and MES groups are 
+given in Table 3. 
+DISCUSSION
+Cancellation tasks require visual selectivity and a 
+repetitive motor response.[10] They not only require 
+sustained attention, but also visual scanning and 
+activation and inhibition of rapid responses. The 
+present study found a significant increase in sustained 
+attention scores after the academic year for the GES group 
+ 
+(P < 0.05), but the increase for the MES group did not 
+reach significance. 
+The significant increase in net score for the GES group 
+on the test suggests that the GES curriculum improves 
+functioning of the right frontoparietal cortex mediating 
+sustained attention.[2] Similarly, the significant increase 
+in total score by the GES group suggests improvement 
+in the frontal association areas, where the cognitive 
+function guiding motor skills are located.[11] Decrease 
+in wrong cancellations suggests that GES improves 
+functions in the orbitofrontal area of the prefrontal 
+cortex, which is hypothesized to mediate distraction 
+avoidance.[12] 
+Several components in the GES curriculum could have 
+contributed to the increase in the GES group’s sustained 
+attention scores. Any kind of rhythmic resonance has the 
+power to make the mind more relaxed and peaceful[13] 
+and so improve attention span. Vedic mantras are highly 
+rhythmic, and uniformly filled with resonance. Their 
+daily chanting by the GES group may have been partly 
+responsible for the observed increase in the group’s 
+sustained attention scores.
+Various papers have been published regarding growth 
+of sustained attention through regular practice of 
+ 
+meditation.[7] The GES group was engaged in daily practice 
+Table 2: Daily routine in the two residential schools
+            GES 	
+            MES 	  
+Time*	
+Schedule	
+Time*	
+Schedule
+5:00	
+Wake up	
+5:00	
+Wake up 
+5:30–5:45 	
+Meditation and 	
+5:00–5:50 	
+Ablutions 
+	
+pranayama	
+5:45–6:15 	
+Yogasanas	
+6:00–6:15 	
+Prayer
+6:15–6:45 	
+Cleaning	
+6:15–6:45 	
+Physical	
+	
+	
+	
+exercises 
+6:45–7:30 	
+Ablutions	
+7:00–7:55 	
+Self study
+7:40–8:00 	
+Puja	
+	
+8:30–9:15 	
+Breakfast	
+8:00–9:15 	
+Breakfast/	
+	
+	
+	
+cleaning
+9:30–10:30 	
+Vedic chanting	
+9:30–12.00 	
+Sessions 
+10:30–12:45	
+Sessions	
+12.00–13:00	
+Music
+13:00–14:30 	 Lunch	
+13:00–14:20 	
+Lunch/rest
+14:45–16:45 	 Sessions	
+14:30–16:30 	
+Sessions
+16:45–17:00 	 Snacks	
+16:45–17:00 	
+Snacks
+17:00–18:00 	 Tuning to nature	
+17:00–18:00 	
+Tuning to	
+	
+	
+	
+nature
+18:00–18:45 	 Yogic games	
+18:15–18:45 	
+Games
+18:45–19:00 	 Meditation and 	
+18:45–19:00 	
+Prayer 
+	
+pranayama	
+19:00–20:00 	 Self study	
+19.00–20.30	
+Self study
+20:00–21.00 	 Dinner	
+20:30–21:15 	
+Dinner
+21:00–22.00	
+Self work	
+21:15–22:00 	
+Self work
+22.00	
+Lights off	
+22:00  	
+Lights off
+*24-hour clock
+Table 3: Scores on the six letter cancellation task
+Variables	
+States	
+	     Groups	 	
+	
+Between group	
+	
+	        GES	 	
+     MES	
+	
+significance***	
+	
+	
+Mean	
+SD	
+Mean	
+SD	  on post scores
+Total	
+Pre	
+41.82	 3.187	 40.67	 2.45	
+0.001**
+cancellations	 Post	 46.33*	 3.68	 43.08*	 2.38	
+Net scores	
+Pre	
+40.49	 3.09	
+39.37	 2.59	
+0.001**
+	
+Post	 45.39*	 3.76	 41.73*	 2.49	
+Wrong 	
+Pre	
+1.39	
+0.64	
+1.41	
+0.73	
+0.001**
+cancellations	 Post	
+0.84*	 0.72	
+1.35	
+0.75	
+GES - Gurukula education system, MES - Modern education system 
+*P < 0.05, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, comparing pre and post values 
+within groups. 
+**P < 0.05, Mann Whitney U test, comparing between groups.
+***Differences between groups on pre scores were not significant.
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, April 21, 2010]
+International Journal of Yoga 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Vol. 2:1 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Jan-Jun-2009
+38
+of Gayatri mantra meditation throughout the year. This 
+may also have contributed to the group’s observed increase 
+in sustained attention.[14]
+In addition to Gayatri meditation and vedic chanting, the 
+GES group participated in yogic practices such as asanas, 
+pranayama, and puja, which have the power to calm the 
+mind, and bring the attention from past or future to the 
+present moment. This may also have contributed to the 
+observed growth of attention.
+Reduced anxiety can improve performance on tasks 
+requiring sustained attention[15] and yoga’s anxiety 
+reducing effects[16] could also have facilitated this. 
+The students were assessed only twice during the 
+entire academic year. No periodical assessments were 
+conducted. One limitation of the study design, therefore, 
+is that no immediate effect of GES was observed. Also, the 
+single academic year time period of the study is not very 
+long. Further studies assessing immediate effects of GES 
+on sustained attention, and also assessing the whole time 
+span of GES should be conducted. A further limitation of 
+the study is that it does not evaluate how GES students 
+utilize their improved attention span in their social and 
+professional life after completing their education. Further 
+studies could be designed to assess this. 
+REFERENCES 
+1. 	
+Posner MI. Chronometric explorations of mind. In: Hillsdale NJ, editor. 
+Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1978. p. 269.
+2. 	
+Rueckert I, Graffman J. Sustained attention deficits space in patients with 
+right frontal lesions. Neuro Psychologia 1996;36:953-63. 
+3. 	
+Pardo PV, Fox PT, Raichle ME. Localization of a human system for sustained 
+attention by positron emission tomography. Nature 1991;349:61-5.
+4. 	
+Telles S, Hanumanthaiah B, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Improvement in 
+static motor performance following yogic training of school children. Percept 
+Motor Skills 1993;76:1264-6.
+5. 	
+Ikemi A, Tomita S, Kuroda M, Hayashida Y, Ikemi Y. Self-regulation method: 
+Psychological, physiological and clinical considerations: An overview, 
+Psychother Psychosom 1986;46:184-95.
+6. 	
+Banquet JP, Bourzeix JC, Lesevre N. Evoked potentials and vigilance 
+states induced during the course of choice reaction time tests. Rev 
+Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1979;9:221-7.
+7. 	
+Sarang SP, Telles S, Nagendra HR. Immediate effect of two yoga relaxation 
+techniques on performance in a cancellation tasks: PhD dissertation submitted 
+to Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore: 2006.
+8. 	
+Dutta MN. The Dharam Shasthra: Hindu Religious Codes. New Delhi: Cosmo 
+Publications; 1987. p. 2.40-80.
+9. 	
+Agarwal AK, Kalra R, Natu MV, Dadich AP, Deswal RS. Psychomotor 
+performance of psychiatric inpatients under therapy: Assessment by paper 
+and pencil tests. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002;17:91-3. 
+10. 	 Lezak MD. Neuropsychological assessment, 3rd ed. New York, USA: Oxford 
+university Press; 1995.
+11. 	 Fuster JM. The prefrontal cortex anatomy, physiology and neurophysiology 
+of the frontal lobe, 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1989.
+12. 	 Rao LS, Subbakrishna DK, Gopukumar K. Nimhans Neuro-psychology 
+battery-2004 manual. The national institute of mental health and 
+neurosciences; 2004. 
+13. 	 Nagendra HR. Mind sound resonance technique (MSRT). Bangalore: Swamy 
+Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana; 2005. 
+14. 	 Kory R, Hufnagel P. The effect of the science of creative intelligence 
+course on high school students: A preliminary report. Scientific research on 
+transcendental meditation program: A preliminary Report. In: Orme-Johnson 
+DW, Farrow JT, editors. Germany Vol. 1. Maharishi ERU press; 1977. p. 
+400-2.
+15. 	 Saltz E. Manifest anxiety: Have we missed the data? Psychol Rev 
+1970;77:568-73.
+16. 	 Wallace RK, Benson H, Wilson AF. A wakeful hypo metabolic physiologic 
+state. Am J Physiol 1971;221:795-9.
+Rangan, et al.
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, April 21, 2010]

subfolder_0/Effect of Add-On Yoga on Cognitive Functions among Substance Abusers in a Residential Therapeutic Center Randomized Comparative Study.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1092 @@
+Original Paper
+Ann Neurosci 2018;25:38–45
+Effect of Add-On Yoga on Cognitive  
+Functions among Substance Abusers in a 
+Residential Therapeutic Center:  
+Randomized Comparative Study
+Ananda Gaihre    Sasidharan K. Rajesh    
+Department of Psychology, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, India
+Received: July 12, 2017
+Accepted: October 11, 2017
+Published online: November 20, 2017
+Sasidharan K. Rajesh
+Department of Psychology, S-VYASA Yoga University
+No. 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, K.G. Nagar
+Bengaluru 560-019 (India)
+E-Mail rajesheskay @ svyasa.org
+© 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel
+E-Mail [email protected]
+www.karger.com/aon
+DOI: 10.1159/000484165
+Keywords
+Yoga · Cognition · Exercise · Substance Abusers
+Abstract
+Background: Chronic vulnerability characterizes substance 
+abuse disorder with consequent relapse. The process of ab-
+stinence depends on cognitive recovery. Hence, behavioral 
+intervention should account for cognitive dimension of sub-
+stance abusers. Recent studies highlight yoga-based inter-
+vention as a promising add-on therapy for treating and pre-
+venting addictive behaviors. Purpose: The study aimed to 
+evaluate the efficacy of a yoga-based intervention as an add-
+on in enhancing cognitive functions, compared with physi-
+cal exercise to newly admitted substance abusers seeking an 
+inpatient treatment program. Methods: The study was a sin-
+gle-blind, randomized, comparative design that included 96 
+male participants, between 18 and 40 years in a residential 
+rehabilitation treatment unit. Partakers in the yoga or physi-
+cal exercise group received supervised daily training for 12 
+weeks, in addition to standard rehabilitation treatment. Rat-
+ers blind to the study assessed the patients on digit span 
+task, cancellation test, and Stroop tests at the baseline and 
+following 12 weeks of intervention. Results: A significant en-
+hancement in digit forward (yoga – p < 0.0005, d = 0.81; ex-
+ercise – p < 0.0005, d = 0.73), digit backward (yoga – p < 
+0.0005, d = 0.88; exercise – p < 0.0005, d = 0.58), and letter 
+cancellation test scores (yoga – p < 0.0005, d = 1.31; exer-
+cise – p < 0.0005, d = 1.4) were observed in both the yoga 
+and the exercise groups. Stroop word and color task scores 
+were seen significantly higher following yoga (p < 0.005, d = 
+0.74; p < 0.005, d = 1.13) and exercise (p < 0.0005, d = 0.62; 
+p < 0.0005, d = 0.61). Furthermore, Stroop color-word test 
+showed significant enhancement after yoga (p < 0.0005, d = 
+1.10) and exercise (p < 0.0005, d = 0.42), with degree of vari-
+ation higher in the yoga group. Conclusion: Our results sug-
+gest that the add-on yoga or exercise-based intervention 
+show enhancement of cognitive functions. These findings 
+provide the utility of yoga and exercise-based intervention 
+in improving cognitive functions among substance abusers. 
+Furthermore, rigorous trials are needed to explore the po-
+tential long-term effects of these procedures.
+© 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel
+Introduction
+Substance abuse, the physically hazardous uses of var-
+ious psychoactive drugs leads to spectrums of bio-psy-
+chosocial morbidities, social instability, disability, occu-
+Downloaded by: 
+Göteborgs Universitet
+130.241.16.16 - 12/1/2017 12:15:14 AM
+Yoga for Cognitive Functions among 
+Substance Abusers
+39
+Ann Neurosci 2018;25:38–45
+DOI: 10.1159/000484165
+pational crisis, and ultimate health care burden. Findings 
+of the World Drug Report 2015 projected that 1 out of 20 
+people between the age range of 15 and 64 years used an 
+illicit drug in 2013. Furthermore, about 187,100 drug-re-
+lated demises were reported in 2013 [1]. In Nepal, studies 
+have shown a significant rise with 91,534 substance users 
+in 2013, which is nearly of double of that 46,309 in 2007 
+[2]. The upsurge may be due to the government policy 
+[3], society, and the family tolerance [4] toward substance 
+use.
+Cognitive impairments are highly prevalent in persons 
+seeking treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) [5–
+7]. Substance dependence induces cognitive impairments 
+that mainly affects the abilities of inhibition [5], coordi-
+nation of storage, and manipulation of information [6] 
+and visuospatial functions [7]. Despite the demonstrated 
+efficacy of different treatments, SUDs are characterized 
+by chronic vulnerability to relapse after detoxification; on 
+an average, 50% relapse within 1 year [8]. Results indicate 
+that abstinence in the behavioral intervention process ap-
+pear to depend on cognitive abilities. Furthermore, the 
+literature suggests that it is essential to take into account 
+the cognitive dimension of substance abusers to adapt 
+and fully benefit from the treatment proposed in addic-
+tion medicine units [9].
+Recent findings show yoga-based intervention as a 
+promising complementary therapy for treating and pre-
+venting addictive behaviors [10]. Yoga in its original form 
+consists of a system of ethical, psychological, and physical 
+practices. Although of ancient origin, it transcends cul-
+tures and languages. Mindfulness-based relapse preven-
+tion (MBRP) program involves training the attention to 
+experience the present moment with the intention to cul-
+tivate nonjudgmental and nonreactive states of awareness 
+[11]. A recent study evaluated the long-term efficacy of 
+MBRP compared with cognitive-behavioral relapse pre-
+vention and treatment as usual (TAU) [11]. The report 
+showed a lowered risk of relapse to substance use and sig-
+nificantly decreased heavy drinking during a 12-month 
+follow-up period in the MBRP group in the intervention 
+group compared to the other 2 groups. Furthermore, lit-
+erature suggests that yoga can lead to significant symp-
+tomatic improvements in psychiatric disorders, with 
+changes in neurological pathways [12]. Prior research has 
+shown enhancement of cognitive functions in healthy 
+and elderly population following yoga-based interven-
+tion [13–14]. 
+We aimed to explore the effects of add-on yoga-based 
+intervention and physical exercise on the performance 
+of 4 commonly used cognitive tests evaluating working 
+memory and executive function: Stroop test, digits for-
+ward, digits backward, and the cancellation task. Stroop 
+test assesses the ability to inhibit cognitive interference, 
+selective attention, and conflict resolution [15]. Further, 
+the Digit Span tasks have been widely used to evaluate 
+span of auditory attention, immediate memory span, 
+and working memory [16]. Furthermore, cognitive do-
+mains involved in the cancellation function includes 
+sustained and selective attention, psychomotor speed, 
+visual searching, and motor coordination [17]. Hence, it 
+is hypothesized that add-on yoga-based intervention 
+with TAU might show significant improvement in cog-
+nitive outcomes compared with those in the TAU + 
+physical exercise. The present study is, to our knowl-
+edge, the first randomized, comparative trial to assess 
+the effect of the yoga-based intervention on cognitive 
+function in SUDs.
+Methodology
+Subjects were newly admitted substance abusers, receiving an 
+inpatient treatment program. The focus group was from a resi-
+dential rehabilitation treatment unit at Katmandu Valley, Nepal. 
+The Center provided an in-house rehabilitation care for an aver-
+age of 4 months. The inclusion criteria for this study were that the 
+subjects were of 18–40 years of age; meet the DSM-V criteria for 
+substance use disorder, capable of comprehending and speaking 
+English, show sufficient stability in psychological symptoms (e.g., 
+actively suicidal, psychotic), and a regulated substance intoxica-
+tion. Subjects who have had a legal case that interfered during the 
+study period, history of severe or ongoing violence, evidence of 
+self-harming or suicidal ideations, any acute major psychiatric 
+disorder, and chronic infections such as HIV and tuberculosis 
+were excluded. The subjects did not perform baseline assessments 
+until 3 weeks of sobriety or abstinence in which they underwent 
+medically supervised detoxification. Eligible individuals provided 
+written informed consent and completed the baseline assessment. 
+Outcome assessments were conducted individually and per-
+formed by research staff blinded to treatment assignment. Follow-
+ing baseline assessments, the subjects were assigned randomly to 
+the yoga intervention or physical exercise for 12 weeks, in addition 
+to standard rehabilitation procedures at the Treatment Unit. The 
+96 eligible subjects were equally and randomly divided into yoga 
+(n = 48) and physical exercise (n = 48) groups. The study was re-
+viewed and received ethical approval (631-02/10/16) from the Ne-
+pal Health Research Council Kathmandu, Nepal.
+Assessments
+Stroop Color-Word Test
+Golden’s version of Stroop color-word test was used in this 
+study [15]. The Stroop test includes 3 time-limited (45-s) subtests 
+(word, color, and color-word). Task 1 consisted of the words red, 
+Downloaded by: 
+Göteborgs Universitet
+130.241.16.16 - 12/1/2017 12:15:14 AM
+Gaihre/Rajesh
+Ann Neurosci 2018;25:38–45
+40
+DOI: 10.1159/000484165
+Table 1. The 90-min daily interventions practiced by yoga and physical exercise groups
+Yoga group practices
+Number 
+of rounds
+Time, 
+min
+Physical group practices 
+Number 
+of rounds
+Time, 
+min
+Opening Yogic prayer and instructions of class
+1
+5
+Opening prayer and instructions of class
+1
+5
+` sh navvtu sh naE Éun´…,
+Rehabilitation center opening prayer
+s h ivy¡ krvavhE tejiSv navxItmStu ma iviÖ;avhE.
+` zaiNt> zaiNt> zaiNt>.
+Loosening practices (Standing)  
+Loosening practices (standing)
+Neck movement (Greevasanchalana )
+5
+1
+Warm up (movement of all body parts)
+1
+5
+Finger movement (Angulisanchalana)
+5
+1
+Jogging (forward, backward, side)
+3
+5
+Wrist rotation (Mani bandhachakra)
+5
+1
+Jumping
+1
+2
+Shoulder rotation (Skandhachakra)
+5
+1
+Jumping and clapping
+1
+3
+Hands twisting 
+5
+1
+Hopping
+1
+2
+Hip rotation (clock and anticlockwise)
+5
+1
+Side bending
+1
+3
+Forward and backward bending 
+10
+1
+Forward and backward bending
+1
+3
+Patella (knee cap movement) 
+10
+1
+Twisting
+1
+2
+Toes, ankles, and fingers
+10
+1
+Alternate toe touching
+1
+3
+Instant relaxation techniques
+Side bending
+1
+2
+Tighten whole part of body and relax 
+1
+1
+Hands rotation
+1
+2
+Breathing practices
+Drill walking
+1
+3
+Hand in and out movement (Hasta ayamasvasanam)
+5
+1
+Brisk walking 
+1
+3
+Hand stretch breathing (Hasta vistarasvasanam)
+5
+1
+Running (35 meter)
+10
+5
+Ankle stretch breathing (Gulphavistarasvasanam)
+5
+1
+Sitting exercise  
+Rabbit breathing (Sasankhasana breathing)
+5
+1
+Sitting twisting exercise (left and right side)
+1
+2
+Tiger breathing (Vyagraha breathing)
+5
+1
+Sitting side bending by hand rising
+1
+3
+Bridge posture, breathing (Setubandhasvasanam)
+5
+1
+Supine exercise
+Sun salutation with opening prayer (10 counts)
+10
+10
+Cycling 
+1
+3
+Hand rising posture (Hastuttanasana)
+Alternate leg rising
+1
+3
+Hand to feet posture (Padahastasana) 
+Both legs rising
+1
+3
+Horse riding posture (Aswosanchalanasana)
+Rocking and rolling
+1
+3
+Plank posture (Chaturdandasana)
+Face up supine bridge
+1
+3
+Cobra posture (Bhujangasana)
+Supine abdominal exercise 
+1
+2
+Mountain posture (Parvatasana)
+Prone exercise 
+Quick relaxation techniques
+1
+3
+Push up
+2
+3
+Feel the breath
+Prone alternating leg lifts
+1
+3
+Synchronized the breath with abdominal breathing 
+Prone alternate knee bend 
+1
+3
+Positive thinking  
+Supine rest
+1
+10
+Asanas (postures)
+Closing prayer 
+1
+1
+Standing postures
+` sveR ÉvNtu suion> sveR sNtu inramya>,
+Tree posture (Vrikshasana)
+5
+1
+sveR ÉÔai[ pZyNtu  ma kiít! Ê>oÉaGÉvet!.
+Half waist rotation posture (Ardhakatichakrasana)
+5
+1
+` zaiNt> zaiNt> zaiNt>.
+Triangle posture (Trikonasana)
+5
+1
+Half wheel posture (Ardhachakrasana)
+5
+1
+Warrior postures (series 1,2,3,4) (Birbhadrasana 1,2,3,4) 5
+1
+Sitting postures
+Thunderbolt – Diamond (Vajrasana)
+5
+2
+Camel posture (Ustrasana)
+5
+1
+Posterior stretches (Paschimottansana)
+5
+1
+Spinal twist posture (Ardhamatsyendrasana)
+5
+1
+Cow face posture (Gomukhasana)
+5
+2
+Twisted pose (Vakrasana) 
+5
+1
+Rabbit posture (Shashankasana)
+5
+2
+Supine postures
+Shoulder stand posture (Sarvangasana)
+5
+1
+Fish posture (Matsyasana)
+5
+1
+Bridge posture (Setubandasana)
+5
+1
+Folded cross leg lumbar stretches 
+5
+1
+Boat posture (Naukasana)
+5
+1
+Downloaded by: 
+Göteborgs Universitet
+130.241.16.16 - 12/1/2017 12:15:14 AM
+Yoga for Cognitive Functions among 
+Substance Abusers
+41
+Ann Neurosci 2018;25:38–45
+DOI: 10.1159/000484165
+green, and blue in random order printed in black ink (capital let-
+ters) on the white sheet of paper. The subjects were asked to read 
+the list of words. Next, subjects were presented with a list of 
+“XXXX”s that differs in ink color (e.g., XXXX in red, blue, or green 
+ink). The individual was asked to name the color of the ink for 
+each “XXXX”s. The final page is the color-word task on which the 
+individual is shown the names of colors printed incongruent ink 
+colors (e.g., the word “RED” in green ink). The participants are 
+asked to call out the color of the ink rather than the word. Each 
+subtest contains 100 items, presented in 5 columns of 20 items. 
+Subjects were instructed to read down the columns starting with 
+the top word in the leftmost column. The item named last on each 
+stimulus card after 45-s was noted. Stroop possesses adequate test-
+retest reliabilities of 0.89 (word), 0.84 (color), and 0.73 (color-
+word).
+WAIS-R Digit Span Task [16]
+The test consists of 2 parts, digit forward and digit backward. 
+The digit span task assesses attention, immediate memory span, 
+and working memory. The participants were administered the 
+test following the standardized instructions. The subjects listened 
+to verbally present digits’ sequences (e.g., 6-9-4) at a rate of one 
+per second. After every sequence, the participants were asked to 
+reproduce the string in the same order as given by the examiner 
+(forward span; e.g., 6-9-4), or in the reverse order (backward 
+span; e.g.,-4-9-6). The digit sequences consist of a randomly 
+picked number from 0 to 9, so that no calculation or serial asso-
+ciation can be performed. The first span includes 2 numbers. The 
+consecutive span has one more digit added and so on until the 
+last span included 9 digits in forward test while 2–8 digits in the 
+backward test. Furthermore, in each trail, no repetition of the 
+digit was present in the sequence. Each span size has 2 trials. The 
+score was the total number of correct trials, before failing 2 con-
+secutive trials at any one span size or when a full digit number is 
+repeated successfully. Relatively stable threshold value was found 
+to be .83.
+Six Letter Cancellation Task
+Cancellation tasks [17] are widely used to evaluate sustained 
+and selective attention, psychomotor speed, visual searching, and 
+motor coordination [18]. The cancellation worksheet consists of 
+the 6 target capital letters printed at the top of working section. 
+Subjects required to search and mark as fast and as accurately as 
+possible, target letters arranged randomly in 22 rows and 14 col-
+umns. After 90s, the task was interrupted. Subjects were instructed 
+regarding 2 possible strategies to cancel target letters: focus on all 
+target letters at once or select a single target letter at a time. Further, 
+it is suggested that they can adapt different searching strategies 
+(randomized or organized searching: horizontal scanning, for ex-
+ample, from left to right, or vertical scanning) according to their 
+own choice. The total cancellation attempted and incorrect can-
+celed targets are recorded. The net score is calculated by deducting 
+Yoga group practices
+Number 
+of rounds
+Time, 
+min
+Physical group practices 
+Number 
+of rounds
+Time, 
+min
+Prone posture
+Bow posture (Dhanurasana)
+5
+1
+Grasshopper posture (Salabhasana)
+5
+1
+Cobra posture (Bhujangasana)
+5
+1
+Crocodile posture (Makarasana)
+5
+2
+Deep relaxation technique
+Relax whole parts of the body 
+(lower, middle, upper parts)
+1
+10
+Pranayama
+Breathing with forceful exhalation with passive 
+inhalation (Kapalabhati)
+3
+3
+Breathing with rapid inhalation & exhalation 
+(Bhastrika)
+3
+3
+Cooling pranayama (Sitkari, Sitali, Sadanta)
+3
+3
+Honey bee sound (Bhramari)
+3
+3
+Alternate nostril breathing (Nadisuddhi)
+7
+3
+Meditation
+Om meditation (Aum Dhyana)
+Cyclic meditation (Avartan Dhyana)
+20
+Closing prayer
+1
+1
+` sveR ÉvNtu suion> sveR sNtu inramya>,
+sveR ÉÔai[ pZyNtu  ma kiít! Ê>oÉaGÉvet!.
+` zaiNt> zaiNt> zaiNt>.
+Yoga and physical exercise session 6 days per/week
+Om meditation and cyclic meditation every friday 
+Table 1. (continued)
+Downloaded by: 
+Göteborgs Universitet
+130.241.16.16 - 12/1/2017 12:15:14 AM
+Gaihre/Rajesh
+Ann Neurosci 2018;25:38–45
+42
+DOI: 10.1159/000484165
+the incorrect cancellations from the total cancellations attempted. 
+The 6 letter cancellation reported adequate amount of stability 
+over time .78 [19].
+Intervention
+The yoga-based program and physical exercise were super-
+vised by a trained yoga therapist and a physical instructor at a 
+rehabilitation center. The training included weekly 6 sessions of 
+90-min duration over 12 weeks. The sessions were conducted in 
+the morning 6.30–8.00 a.m. There were structured protocols for 
+the exercise and yoga tasks, criteria for progression, and guide-
+lines for durations and levels. Intervention programs began at a 
+light intensity and gradually increased over the first month of the 
+intervention. Training sessions were administered in groups 
+whereas each group had 8–15 participants and 1 trainer. Also, 
+participants received standard rehabilitation treatment such as 
+psychosocial intervention, educational lectures, and recreation at 
+the Treatment Unit. The Yoga module was based on concepts 
+from ancient yoga scriptures and developed specifically for SUDs. 
+Yoga module consisted of various components such as loosening 
+practices, sun salutations, yogic postures (asanas), breathing ex-
+ercises, regulation of breath (pranayama), comfortable dwelling 
+of the mind in a single thought with awareness while practicing 
+unbroken concentration (meditation) and relaxation techniques. 
+The exercise program included loosening warm-up, moderate 
+aerobics which included types of walking (drill, brisk) and jogging 
+(forward, backward, side), stretching module to enhance flexibil-
+ity, and strengthening exercises. Detailed practice list is shown in 
+Table 1.
+Results
+The trial profile is shown in Figure 1. Of 96 recruited 
+participants, data for 87 substance abusers were available: 
+yoga (n = 44) and physical exercise (n = 43) for final anal-
+ysis. The reason for dropout is enlisted in the trail profile. 
+All statistical analyses were performed using the comput-
+ing environment R (version 3.4.0). Descriptive statistics 
+is expressed as mean ± SD for continuous variables. Cat-
+egorical variables are presented as frequencies (percent-
+age). The normality of quantitative variables was deter-
+mined using Shapiro-Wilk test and visual inspection of 
+the normal Q&Q plot. Univariate statistics on differenc-
+es between baseline variables were calculated by the χ2 
+test, the Mann-Whitney test or Student t test. All analy-
+ses, statistically, significance was considered at p < 0.05. 
+Table 2 summarizes sociodemographic, and outcome 
+measures at baseline and no significant differences were 
+observed at baseline in age, education, marital status, 
+years of substance abuse, type of drug addiction, and out-
+come parameters between the 2 groups. 
+Table 3 includes within-group comparisons on yoga 
+and exercise groups on outcomes following 3 months. 
+No outliers were detected as assessed by inspection of a 
+box plot for a value greater than 1.5 box length. The as-
+sumption of normality was not violated on different 
+scores, as assessed by Shapiro-Wilk tests and visual in-
+spection of the normal Q&Q plot. A paired sample t test 
+was used to determine whether there was a statistically 
+significant mean difference of pre- and post-yoga inter-
+vention. Further, effect size, Cohen’s d, were calculated 
+for a paired-samples t test by dividing the mean differ-
+ence by the SD of the difference (Cohen, 1988). Signif-
+icant enhancement in digit forward was observed in 
+both the yoga (p < 0.0005, d = 0.81) and the exercise 
+group (p < 0.0005, d = 0.73). Post-yoga intervention 
+shows differences on digit backward, namely statisti-
+cally significant increased mean in yoga (p < 0.0005, d = 
+0.88) and exercise (p < 0.0005, d = 0.58). The magnitude 
+of change was higher in the yoga group. Furthermore, 
+on the cancellation task, a significant increase was not-
+ed in yoga (p < 0.0005, d = 1.31) and exercise group (p < 
+0.0005, d = 1.4). The results from the Stroop word and 
+color tests were significantly greater post compared 
+with their respective pre-scores following yoga (p  < 
+0.005, d = 0.74; p < 0.005, d = 1.13) and exercise (p < 
+Assessed for eligibility
+(n = 110)
+Allocated to yoga
+(n = 48)
+Analyzed (n = 44)
+Analyzed (n = 43)
+Lost to follow-up (n = 5)
+• Physical injury (n = 2)
+• Family function (n = 2)
+• Not completed post
+ assessment (n = 1)
+Lost to follow-up (n = 4)
+• Medical issues (n = 2)
+• Family function (n = 1)
+• Not completed post
+ assessment (n = 1)
+Allocated to exercise
+(n = 48)
+Randomized (n = 96)
+Enrollment
+Allocation
+Follow-up
+12 weeks
+Analysis
+Excluded (n = 14)
+• Not meeting inclusion
+ criteria (n = 10)
+• Refused to participate
+ (n = 4)
+Fig. 1. Trail profile.
+Downloaded by: 
+Göteborgs Universitet
+130.241.16.16 - 12/1/2017 12:15:14 AM
+Yoga for Cognitive Functions among 
+Substance Abusers
+43
+Ann Neurosci 2018;25:38–45
+DOI: 10.1159/000484165
+0.0005, d = 0.62; p < 0.0005, d = 0.61). The degree of 
+variation was higher in the yoga group. Furthermore, 
+significant enhancement was seen in Stroop color-word 
+test after yoga (p < 0.0005, d = 1.10) and exercise (p < 
+0.0005, d = 0.42), with differences high in yoga group 
+following 3 months.
+Differences between the yoga and physical exercise 
+groups were analyzed using independent samples t test, 
+and are summarized in Table 4. The homogeneity of vari-
+ance is not violated as assessed by Levene’s test for equal-
+ity variances. However, when the changes in the param-
+eters assessed were compared, there were no significant 
+differences between the yoga and exercise group in any of 
+the assessed parameters.
+Discussion
+To our knowledge, this is the first 2 arm parallel group 
+randomized comparative clinical study evaluating the 
+add-on effect of yoga or physical exercise on cognitive 
+function among people with substance abuse problem. 
+The participants were recruited from a rehabilitation cen-
+ter providing a therapeutic environment for detoxifica-
+tion to SUDs. Tasks of cognitive function, including selec-
+tive attention, response inhibition, and working memory 
+are major important risk factors for recovery and relapse 
+for SUDs. The findings of the unblinded treatment and 
+blinded outcome assessment study of 12 weeks period 
+suggest that add-on yoga or physical exercise-based inter-
+vention achieved significant enhancement in response in-
+Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the yoga and exercise groups
+Variable
+Yoga (n = 44)
+Physical (n = 43)
+p value
+Age, years, mean ± SD
+25.18±6.43 (18–40)
+25.02±5.02 (18–37)
+U = 904.5, z = –0.35
+0.724
+Education, frequency (%)
+≤Intermediate level
+29 (65.91)
+27 (62.79)
+χ2(1) = 0.09
+0.761
+Bachelor and above
+15 (34.09)
+16 (37.21)
+Martial, frequency (%)
+Married
+11 (25)
+12 (27.91)
+χ2(1) = 0.09
+0.759
+Unmarried
+33 (75)
+31 (72.09)
+Alcohol, frequency (%)
+No
+8 (18.18)
+9 (20.93)
+χ2(1) = 0.1
+0.747
+Yes
+36 (81.82)
+34 (79.07)
+Cannabis, frequency (%)
+No
+8 (18.18)
+6 (13.95)
+ 
+χ2(1) =0.29
+0.592
+Yes
+36 (81.82)
+37 (86.05)
+Opiates, frequency (%)
+No
+13 (29.55)
+13 (30.23)
+χ2(1) = 0
+0.944
+Yes
+31 (70.45)
+30 (69.77)
+Tranquillizers, frequency (%)
+No
+22 (50)
+22 (51.16)
+χ2(1) = 0.01
+0.914
+Yes
+22 (50)
+21 (48.84)
+Stimulants, frequency (%)
+No
+17 (38.64)
+19 (44.19)
+ 
+χ2(1) = 0.28
+0.599
+Yes
+27 (61.36)
+24 (55.81)
+Inhalants, frequency (%)
+No
+23 (52.27)
+22 (51.16)
+χ2(1) = 0.01
+0.918
+Yes
+21 (47.73)
+21 (48.84)
+Years of substance use, mean ± SD
+7.63±6.03
+6.72±4.95
+U = 884, z = –0.53
+0.597
+Digit forward, mean ± SD
+10.2±2.6
+10.62±2.51
+U = 849.5, z = –0.83
+0.407
+Digit backward, mean ± SD
+6.97±1.48
+7.41±1.29
+U = 758, z = –1.64
+0.1
+Age at substance use, mean ± SD
+17.5±2.56
+17.95±3.22
+t(85) = –0.73
+0.47
+Cancellation net score, mean ± SD
+32.4±10.34
+30.88±11.12
+t(85) = 0.66
+0.51
+Stroop word score, mean ± SD
+104.75±16.76
+102.48±16.84
+t(85) = 0.63
+0.532
+Stroop color score, mean ± SD
+63.27±12.09
+64.55±14.6
+t(85) = –0.45
+0.656
+Stroop word and color score, mean ± SD
+38.5±7.48
+39.39±10.32
+t(85) = –0.46
+0.644
+Downloaded by: 
+Göteborgs Universitet
+130.241.16.16 - 12/1/2017 12:15:14 AM
+Gaihre/Rajesh
+Ann Neurosci 2018;25:38–45
+44
+DOI: 10.1159/000484165
+hibition, immediate memory span, working memory, and 
+sustained and selective attention. Improvements due to 
+yoga and physical exercise were not significantly different.
+Our results are in-line with previous studies with re-
+gards to the increase in cognitive function following a yoga 
+and exercise-based intervention [20–24]. Study has shown 
+high level of physical activity as a significant protection 
+against cognitive decline [21]. Further, this is consistent 
+with a study of home-based exercise intervention showing 
+similar improvement in global cognitive measures for sub-
+jects at risk for cognitive decline [22]. Yoga-based tech-
+niques have demonstrated positive influence on neuropsy-
+chological functions such as selective and executive func-
+tion [23]. Furthermore, results imply a positive effect, 
+especially on attention, memory, verbal fluency, and cogni-
+tive flexibility [24]. Use of illicit substance was linked to 
+structural brain changes with consistent reports of hippo-
+campal volume deficits, which alter cognitive function [25–
+26]. Exercise training is effective at reversing hippocampal 
+volume loss in late adulthood, which was accompanied by 
+improved memory function [27]. Further, a pilot study on 
+yoga intervention as an add-on lifestyle practice on elderly 
+adults has shown increase in the volume of bilateral hippo-
+campus [28]. Reversing of hippocampal volume may be a 
+potential mechanism by which practice of exercise or yoga 
+enhanced cognitive function among SUDs.
+The methodological shortcoming of this study was the 
+absence of a control group, raising the possibility that the 
+observed effects are not due to the interventional pro-
+gram by itself, but reflect normal recovery due to 12 weeks 
+of sobriety. Future studies should include diagnostic eval-
+uation of cognitive status to understand individuals with 
+cognitive impairment. 
+Our results suggest that the add-on yoga or exercise-
+based intervention has shown an enhancement of cogni-
+tive functions. Yoga appears to be as good as physical ex-
+ercise. A future study should determine whether an ap-
+proach combining or integrating yoga and physical 
+exercise would render more benefits than yoga or physi-
+cal exercise alone. The clinical application of findings is 
+noteworthy, as enhanced cognitive functions related to 
+executive function domains will be a mediating factor in 
+promoting wellbeing and prevention of relapse. Further 
+rigorous trials are needed to explore the long-term effect 
+and its implication in the relapse prevention and to ex-
+plore the underlying mechanisms.
+Table 3. Comparison of cognitive profiles in yoga and physical exercise groups following 12 weeks of intervention
+ 
+Yoga (n = 44)
+Exercise (n = 43)
+Measures
+pre
+post
+95% CI
+t
+p value
+pre
+post
+95% CI
+t
+p value
+Digit forward
+10.2 (2.6)
+12.22 (2.36)
+–2.77 to –1.26
+–5.405 0.0005
+10.62 (2.51)
+11.97 (2.7)
+–1.91 to –0.78
+–4.814 0.0005
+Digit backward
+6.97 (1.48)
+8.56 (1.94)
+–2.14 to –1.04
+–5.835 0.0005
+7.41 (1.29)
+8.32 (1.7)
+–1.38 to –0.42
+–3.823 0.0005
+Cancellation net score
+32.4 (10.34)
+42.59 (13.17)
+–12.54 to –7.82
+–8.695 0.0005
+30.88 (11.12)
+42.04 (13.52) –13.61 to –8.71 –9.191 0.0005
+Stroop word score
+104.75 (16.76)
+113.09 (15.85)
+–11.75 to –4.92
+–4.925 0.0005
+102.48 (16.84)
+111.16 (18.65) –12.98 to –4.36 –4.058 0.0005
+Stroop color score
+63.27 (12.09)
+72.75 (11.25)
+–12.02 to –6.93
+–7.515 0.0005
+64.55 (14.6)
+71.32 (10.91) –10.16 to –3.36 –4.016 0.0005
+Stroop word and 
+color score
+38.5 (7.48)
+45.75 (7.25)
+–9.25 to –5.24
+–7.292 0.0005
+39.39 (10.32)
+43.2 (8.55)
+–6.63 to –0.98
+–2.725
+0.009
+Table 4. Mean group comparisons of scores between pre-test and 12 weeks of post intervention
+Variable
+Yoga (n = 44),
+mean ± SD*
+Exercise (n = 43),
+mean ± SD*
+t value
+p value
+Digit forward
+–2.02±2.48
+–1.34±1.83
+t(85) = –1.44
+0.154
+Digit backward
+–1.59±1.8
+–0.9±1.55
+t(85) = –1.89
+0.062
+Cancellation net score
+–10.18±7.76
+–11.16±7.96
+t(85) = 0.58
+0.562
+Stroop word score
+–8.34±11.23
+–8.67±14.01
+t(85) = 0.12
+0.903
+Stroop color score
+–9.47±8.36
+–6.76±11.04
+t(85) = –1.29
+0.2
+Stroop word and color score
+–7.25±6.59
+–3.81±9.17
+t(85) = –2.01
+0.048
+* Mean scores were computed as differences between post-test and pre-test intervention.
+Downloaded by: 
+Göteborgs Universitet
+130.241.16.16 - 12/1/2017 12:15:14 AM
+Yoga for Cognitive Functions among 
+Substance Abusers
+45
+Ann Neurosci 2018;25:38–45
+DOI: 10.1159/000484165
+Acknowledgments
+We thank Prof. T.M. Srinivasan for his insightful feedback on 
+earlier versions of this paper. We thank the participants of the re-
+habilitation center in the Kathmandu valley in Nepal. We are 
+grateful to the anonymous reviewers for interesting comments and 
+encouragements. We also thank Dr. Binod Ghimire, Dr. Yangjan 
+Gaihre, Kamal Gaihre, and Yagya Gaihre for their assistance with 
+data collection.
+Disclosure Statement
+The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
+Source(s) of Support
+This research received no specific grant from any funding 
+agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
+Authorship Contributions
+A.G.: participated in the study design, data collection, analysis 
+and interpretation of data, and drafting the manuscript S.K.R.: par-
+ticipated in study design, study supervision, statistical analysis, and 
+interpretation of data, as well as drafting the manuscript and revising 
+the final paper. This article complies with International Committee 
+of Medical Journal editor’s uniform requirements for manuscript.
+References
+  1	 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: 
+World Drug Report 2015. Vol. 2013, United 
+Nations Publication, Sales No. E. 15.XI.6, 
+2015. 
+  2	 Central Bureau of Statistics: Survey report on 
+current hard drug users Nepal, Nepal health 
+Ministry, Kathmandu, 2069.
+  3	 Timsinha S, Kar SM, Agrawal P: Drug abuse 
+and alcohol consumption as a social habit in 
+Nepal. Medico-Legal Updat 2011; 11: 42–43. 
+  4	 Shrestha NM: Alcohol and drug abuse in Ne-
+pal. Br J Addict 1992; 87: 1241–1248. 
+  5	 Smith JL, Mattick RP, Jamadar SD, Iredale 
+JM: Deficits in behavioural inhibition in sub-
+stance abuse and addiction: A meta-analysis. 
+Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 145: 1–33.
+  6	 Bechara A, Martin EM: Impaired decision 
+making related to working memory deficits in 
+individuals with substance addictions. Neu-
+ropsychology 2004; 18: 152–162. 
+  7	 Kübler A, Murphy K, Garavan H: Cocaine de-
+pendence and attention switching within and 
+between verbal and visuospatial working 
+memory. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21: 1984–1992.
+  8	 McLellan AT, Lewis DC, O’Brien CP, Kleber 
+HD: Drug dependence, a chronic medical ill-
+ness: implications for treatment, insurance, 
+and outcomes evaluation. JAMA 2000; 284: 
+1689–1695.
+  9	 Bernardin F, Maheut-Bosser A, Paille F: Cog-
+nitive impairments in alcohol-dependent 
+subjects. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5: 78.
+10	 Khanna S, Greeson JM: A narrative review of 
+yoga and mindfulness as complementary 
+therapies for addiction. Complement Ther 
+Med 2013; 21: 244–252.
+11	 Bowen S, Witkiewitz K, Clifasefi SL, Grow J, 
+Chawla N, Hsu SH, et al: Relative efficacy of 
+mindfulness-based relapse prevention, stan-
+dard relapse prevention, and treatment as 
+usual for substance use disorders: a random-
+ized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71: 
+547–556. 
+12	 Varambally S, Gangadhar BN: Yoga: a spiri-
+tual practice with therapeutic value in psychi-
+atry. Asian J Psychiatr 2012; 5: 186–189. 
+13	 Hariprasad VR, Koparde V, Sivakumar P, 
+Varambally S, Thirthalli J, Varghese M, Basa-
+varaddi IV, Gangadhar BN: Randomized clin-
+ical trial of yoga-based intervention in resi-
+dents from elderly homes: effects on cognitive 
+function. Indian J Psychiatry 2013; 55:S357–
+S363. 
+14	 Chiesa A, Calati R, Serretti A: Does mindful-
+ness training improve cognitive abilities? A 
+systematic review of neuropsychological find-
+ings. Clin Psychol Rev 2011; 31: 449–464. 
+15	 Golden CJ: Stroop Color and Word Test: A 
+manual for clinical and experimental uses. 
+Stoelting Chicago; 1978; 1–46. 
+16	 Wechsler D: Wechsler adult intelligence 
+scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). San Anto-
+nio, NCS Pearson, 2008.
+17	 Uttl B, Pilkenton-Taylor C: Letter cancella-
+tion performance across the adult life span. 
+Clin Neuropsychol 2001; 15: 521–530. 
+18	 Lezak MD, Howieson D, Loring D: Neuro-
+psychological Assessment, ed 5. Oxford, Ox-
+ford University Press, 2012.
+19	 Pradhan B, Nagendra HR: Normative data for 
+the letter-cancellation task in school children. 
+Int J Yoga 2008; 1: 72–75. 
+20	 Gothe NP, Keswani RK, McAuley E: Yoga 
+practice improves executive function by at-
+tenuating stress levels. Biol Psychol 2016; 121: 
+109–116. 
+21	 Barnes JN: Exercise, cognitive function, and 
+aging. Adv Physiol Educ 2015; 39: 55–62. 
+22	 Suzuki T, Shimada H, Makizako H, Doi T, 
+Yoshida D, Ito K, et al: A randomized con-
+trolled trial of multicomponent exercise in 
+older adults with mild cognitive impairment. 
+PLoS One 2013; 8:e61483. 
+23	 Gothe NP, Kramer AF, Mcauley E: The effects 
+of an 8-week hatha yoga intervention on ex-
+ecutive function in older adults. J Gerontol A 
+Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69: 1109–1116. 
+24	 Moore A, Malinowski P: Meditation, mind-
+fulness and cognitive flexibility. Conscious 
+Cogn 2009; 18: 176–186. 
+25	 Filbey FM, McQueeny T, Kadamangudi S, 
+Bice C, Ketcherside A: Combined effects of 
+marijuana and nicotine on memory perfor-
+mance and hippocampal volume. Behav 
+Brain Res 2015; 293: 46–53. 
+26	 Sullivan EV, Marsh L, Mathalon DH, Lim KO, 
+Pfefferbaum A: Anterior hippocampal volume 
+deficits in nonamnesic, aging chronic alcohol-
+ics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19: 110–122. 
+27	 Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Basak C, 
+Szabo A, Chaddock L, et al: Exercise training in-
+creases size of hippocampus and improves mem-
+ory. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2011; 108: 3017–3022.
+28	 Hariprasad V, Varambally S, Shivakumar V, 
+Kalmady SV, Venkatasubramanian G: Yoga 
+increases the volume of the hippocampus in 
+elderly subjects. Indian J Psychiatry 2013; 
+55:S394–S396.
+Downloaded by: 
+Göteborgs Universitet
+130.241.16.16 - 12/1/2017 12:15:14 AM

subfolder_0/Effect of Agnihotra on germination of rice seeds.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 
+Vol. 3(3), July 2004, pp. 231-239 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Effect of Agnihotra on the germination of rice seeds 
+Heisnam Jina Devi, N V C Swamy* and H R Nagendra 
+Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation, Bangalore 560 019 
+Received 1 January 2004; revised 15 March 2004 
+Vedic ritualistic sacrifices have been in vogue in India since time immemorial. Recently 
+they have become very popular around the globe because of their therapeutic values. An impor-
+tant component of these sacrifices are the mantras, which are sound forms reputed to contain 
+mystic energy. The most common sacrifice still being practiced in India is the Agnihotra, which 
+involves ritual offerings to the fire at sunrise and sunset to the accompaniment of specific man-
+tras. 
+This practice was revived in Akkalkot, Maharashtra, and is being popularized throughout 
+the country. In the current investigation, rice seeds were germinated in four rooms in petridishes 
+for a period of 15 days. One room was used as the control with germination under normal condi-
+tions. A fire was lit in a second room for a specified period at sunrise and sunset. In a third 
+room, Agnihotra mantras were chanted at the same time of the day, but no fire was lit. The last 
+room was the experimental room, in which the full Agnihotra ritual, with fire and mantra, was 
+conducted at sunrise and sunset. 
+Three sets of data were collected for three seasons, autumn, winter and summer for a pe-
+riod of 15 days each. Four parameters, viz. Root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry 
+weight were measured. An analysis of the data showed that the Agnihotra sacrifice with mantra 
+was overwhelmingly more effective in the germination process than the other three cases. Statis-
+tical analysis of the data using the standard SPSS package corroborated this conclusion. 
+Keywords: Agnihotra mantra, Germination, Rice seedlings, Vedas. 
+IPC Int. Cl.7 : A01C1/02. 
+Agnihotra is a form of Homa or sacrifice, 
+which finds mention in the Vedic litera-
+ture. It is the truncated version of an im-
+portant sacrifice known as Darsapurna-
+masa Isti, which is referred to in the 
+Srauta Sutras of Baudhayana, Apastamba 
+and Asvalayana. The word Homa is 
+collectively used to denote Vedic tech-
+niques, which are employed for the puri-
+fication  of  the   atmosphere.   In  ancient 
+Vedic culture, it was used in various areas 
+such as Bioenergetics, Psychotherapy, 
+Medicine, 
+Agriculture, 
+and 
+Climate 
+Technology, etc. Efficacy of mantras and 
+Agnihotra on mind and body1, smack ad-
+dicts2, scabies in animals3, microbial con-
+tent of the atmosphere4, skin wounds5, 
+and radio activity in the atmosphere6 have 
+been reported. Agnihotra ash is the ash 
+obtained after the sacrificial offering. The 
+materials used in Agnihotra are as  
+follows: 
+________ 
+*Correspondent author 
+INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2004 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+232 
+Yajna trees (twigs) 
+¾ Vata (Ficus bengalensis) 
+¾ Audumbara (Ficus glomerata) 
+¾ Palaash (Butea frondosa) 
+¾ Peepal (Ficus religiosa) 
+¾ Bel (Aegle marmelos) 
+ 
+Cow dung cakes, 2 drops of cow’s 
+ghee smeared to the pinches of rice and 
+offered. 
+A mantra is a sound form, which has 
+been used for spiritual practices in almost 
+all religions of the world since time im-
+memorial. In Vedic culture, mantras were 
+usually associated with sacrificial rites. 
+Even today one can witness various types 
+of Vedic sacrifices in India, performed to 
+the accompaniment of mantras. More 
+details about mantras and sacrifices are 
+available in Jina Devi7. 
+The Agnihotra mantra is recited by a 
+large number of people in India. When 
+the sun is just rising, pulsations of all life 
+forms are intensified. The reverse phe-
+nomenon occurs at sunset. It is at these 
+times that the Agnihotra mantra is 
+chanted, 
+accompanied 
+by 
+oblations 
+poured into a fire. 
+Vedic people believed that the Agni-
+hotra mantra with certain mystical prop-
+erties helps in capturing of cosmic en-
+ergy. The combustion products released 
+into the atmosphere during the pouring of 
+the oblations help in cleaning the atmos-
+phere and removal of many pollutants. 
+These ideas found wider acceptance 
+among the ancient people of India, and 
+many other ancient cultures of the world. 
+Of late, there has been a revival of 
+these ideas not only in India, but also 
+around the world. A search conducted by 
+us on the Internet revealed that as many 
+as 11 countries around the world have 
+taken to this practice, some of them being 
+Germany, USA, China, Japan, UK, etc. 
+Reports from these countries talk of Ag-
+nihotra ash being used along with con-
+ventional organic manure in fields to im-
+prove the quality and quantity of agricul-
+tural yield. There are also reports of Ag-
+nihotra ash being used for medicinal pur-
+poses. These reports talk of the signifi-
+cant improvements brought about by Ag-
+nihotra, but none gives detail of any sys-
+tematic controlled studies conducted to 
+substantiate these claims.  
+The most systematic use of Agnihotra 
+was reported in India for the first time by 
+the Institute of Vedic Studies at Akkalkot, 
+Maharashtra. It is said that the famous 
+Hathayogi, Gorakhnath had practiced 
+Agnihotra in a place called Siva Kshetra, 
+now called Tapovan, near Akkalkot. This 
+practice, which had fallen into disuse, 
+was recently revived by Sadguru Sri Ga-
+janan Maharaj (1918 - 1987)8-10. 
+Another systematic study of the impact 
+of Agnihotra on crop production was 
+conducted on wheat, according to three 
+systems of farming ─ Homa Farming 
+System (HFS), Usual Farming System 
+(UFS) and Natural Farming System 
+(NFS), the last being the control11. A brief 
+description of the methodology is given 
+below. 
+In the Homa Farming System, wheat 
+seeds (variety K816) were treated with a 
+solution made from cow-dung, cow urine 
+and Agnihotra ash. Four cemented pots 
+were filled with soil mixed with Agni-
+hotra ash. No fertilizers were added. Ag-
+nihotra was practiced during sunrise and 
+JINA DEVI et al: AGNIHOTRA AND RICE SEED GERMINATION  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+233
+sunset. Every seventh day a mixture of 
+Agnihotra ash and homa ash was sprayed 
+on the plants. 
+In the Usual Farming System, ordinary 
+ash replaced Agnihotra ash. The soil in 
+the pots contained standard doses of NPK 
+fertilizers and the procedure was the same 
+as described earlier. 
+In the case of control, (Normal Farm-
+ing System), the procedure was the same 
+as in the previous case, except that no 
+fertilizers were used. The parameters ob-
+served were percentage of germination, 
+period of maturity, plant height, number 
+of tillers and grain yield per plant. 
+HFS showed a faster rate of germina-
+tion than the other two cases. The plants 
+raised had a greater height, a larger num-
+ber of tillers per plant, a better vigor and 
+the highest grain yield per plant as com-
+pared to the other two cases. The same 
+kind of results were obtained in the case 
+of mustard and vegetables. 
+A study was also undertaken to record 
+the effect of Agnihotra on the germina-
+tion of rice seeds12. The study consisted 
+of reciting Agnihotra mantra at sunrise 
+and sunset in a room in which a fire was 
+lit and offerings were made. The room 
+contained 15 petridishes, each containing 
+25 rice seeds, placed on Whatman filter 
+paper moistened by distilled water. Two 
+other rooms were used as control, one 
+with fire only and the other without fire 
+or chanting. 
+Data were taken every day by measur-
+ing root length, shoot length, fresh weight 
+and dry weight of seedlings from one pet-
+ridish from three rooms. The measure-
+ments of 25 seedlings were averaged for 
+each day. The experiment lasted for 15 
+days. The root length, shoot length and 
+fresh weight were noticeably higher in the 
+case of Agnihotra than in the other two 
+cases. The dry weight, however, was the 
+same in all situations13. 
+ 
+Material and Methods  
+The materials used for the present ex-
+periments consisted of the following: 
+ 
+(a) A pyramid shaped copper pot, 14.5 
+cm x 14.5 cm at the top, 5.25 cm x 
+5.25 cm at the bottom and 6.5 cm 
+in height. 
+(b) Dry twigs and cow dung as men-
+tioned earlier. 
+The experiments were conducted in 
+four rooms identical in all respects. One 
+room was used as a control room, in 
+which seed germination took place in a 
+natural way without the use of Agnihotra 
+mantra or the sacrificial fire. In the sec-
+ond room, the sacrificial fire was lit ex-
+actly at sunrise and sunset, but no man-
+tras were chanted. In the third room, only 
+the mantras were chanted at the appropri-
+ate time, but no fire was lit. The fourth 
+was the experimental room, in which the 
+sacrificial fire was lit at the appropriate 
+time of sunrise and sunset. The following 
+mantras were chanted once, and the 
+whole process took about 10 minutes.  
+ 
+Sunrise: 
+Om Suryaya Swaha, Suryaya idam na 
+mama; 
+Om Prajapataye Swaha, Prajapataya 
+idam na mama. 
+(Our salutations to the Sun and the 
+Creator; these offerings belong to them 
+and not to me)  
+INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2004 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+234 
+Sunset: 
+Om Agnaye Swaha, Agnaya idam na 
+mama; 
+Om Prajapataye Swaha, Prajapataya 
+idam na mama. 
+(Our salutations to the Fire and the 
+Creator; these offerings belong to them 
+and not to me)  
+Data of the first room served as the con-
+trol, while those of the last room were the 
+experimental data for analysis. The data 
+from the second and the third rooms were 
+helpful in separating the influences of the 
+sacrificial fire and the mantra. 
+In each room 15 petridishes of 6 cm di-
+ameter were kept with Whatman’s filter 
+paper wetted with distilled water. At the 
+start of the experiment, 15 uniform rice 
+grains of variety IR 20, procured from the 
+University of Agricultural Sciences, Ban-
+galore, were placed in each of the pet-
+ridishes. Distilled water was added to each 
+petridish and readings were taken at the 
+interval of 24 hours till the fifteenth day. 
+Every morning, one dish at random was 
+picked from each of the four rooms, for 
+measuring shoot length, root length, fresh 
+weight and dry weight. The experiments 
+were conducted in three stages. The first 
+set of data (set 1) was collected in the 
+month of October, corresponding to the 
+autumn season. The second set (set 2) was 
+collected during the month of December 
+and the succeeding January. The last set 
+(set 3) was collected during April and 
+May, corresponding to the summer season. 
+ 
+Results 
+The four parameters investigated were 
+shoot length, root length, fresh weight and 
+dry weight. The data were taken under 
+four different conditions: Agnihotra fire 
+with mantra (A), only fire (F), only chant-
+ing (C) and no fire and no chanting (N), 
+the last one serving as control. These data 
+have been studied not only season-wise, 
+but also in totality to eliminate seasonal 
+variations. 
+In Karnataka, where these experiments 
+were conducted, the season for sowing is 
+usually in summer and crops like rice are 
+reaped in winter. The rate of growth of the 
+seedlings in the summer and autumn sea-
+sons was found to be marginally influ-
+enced by Agnihotra. But the data for the 
+winter season showed something interest-
+ing. The control showed hardly any 
+growth of the seedlings. The data for only 
+fire and only chanting showed marginal 
+increases in the rate of germination. How-
+ever, the data for both fire and chanting 
+revealed a remarkable increase in the rate 
+of growth of the rice seedlings, thus indi-
+cating that even in circumstances in which 
+growth of rice seedlings is inhibited, the 
+practice of the Agnihotra sacrifice with 
+mantra recitation has a remarkable influ-
+ence on the rate of growth of the seedlings.  
+The length of the root showed a pre-
+dominantly high rate of growth as com-
+pared to the others. There was not much 
+variation between the data for the control 
+and those for only chanting (C). However, 
+the data for only fire (F) showed a mar-
+ginal increase (Fig. 1). This could be due 
+to the marginal increase in the temperature 
+of the ambience. Increase in temperature 
+was of the order of 2 or 3 degrees Celsius. 
+It is quite well known that a warm envi-
+ronment accelerates the growth rate of 
+plants. Even though the temperature rise 
+here is not of that order, it still  seems to  be 
+JINA DEVI et al: AGNIHOTRA AND RICE SEED GERMINATION  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+235
+ 
+INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2004 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+236 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+JINA DEVI et al: AGNIHOTRA AND RICE SEED GERMINATION  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+237
+adequate to influence the growth rate. 
+Combined with Agniho tra mantra chant-
+ing this effect increased several fold. This 
+indicates that the effects of mantra chant-
+ing and fire are not merely additive but 
+interactive. Their combined effect is far 
+more than a simple addition of their indi-
+vidual effects.  
+For fresh weight, the trend was the 
+same as in the previous cases, except for 
+one anomalous value on the 12th day. 
+Agnihotra fire and chanting showed a 
+predominantly better performance than 
+the cases with only fire, only chanting or 
+with neither (Fig. 3). 
+The dry weight is measured after the 
+seedlings are heated for a certain fixed 
+period of time and at a fixed temperature 
+(Fig. 4). This has the effect of removing 
+the moisture content in the seedlings. 
+This figure shows the same trend for all 
+the four situations, indicating that the ef-
+fect of Agnihotra, of chanting or of fire is 
+basically to increase the moisture absorp-
+tion of the seedlings. The decrease in dry 
+weight over the 15 days showed the same 
+trend for all the four cases as observed in 
+earlier experiment6. 
+ 
+The data for all the three sets were sub-
+jected to statistical analysis, following the 
+standard SPSS package. The analysis was 
+done for the combined data for all the sets 
+put together and then for the data of each 
+individual set. For all cases, ANOVA and 
+Post-hoc tests were done. The analysis 
+showed that in the case of all data put 
+together, which evens out seasonal varia-
+tions, the shoot length and fresh weight 
+showed a significant influence of Agni-
+hotra on the germination as compared to 
+the individual situations. However, for 
+the root length, the significance was a 
+little less.  
+Data for sets 1 and 2 showed greater 
+significant effect of Agnihotra compared 
+to set 3, based upon Post-hoc tests, as 
+well as multiple comparisons. In set 1, the 
+significance was higher only for shoot 
+length and fresh weight and not for root 
+length. The data for dry weight did not 
+show any significance for any set for the 
+reasons given above. 
+The data for set 2, however, showed 
+significance for root length, shoot length 
+and fresh weight. Data for set 2 showed 
+the greatest significance compared to the 
+data of the other two sets. 
+ 
+Discussion 
+There are several likely reasons for the 
+beneficial influence of Agnihotra. It is 
+known from ancient texts that the materi-
+als used in Agnihotra sacrifice contain 
+certain chemicals, which are released to 
+the atmosphere during combustion. This 
+has the effect of purifying the environ-
+ment by eliminating harmful pollutants.  
+It is seen from our experiments that 
+Agnihotra influences seed germination 
+from the very first day itself. Germination 
+involves a series of steps prior to the 
+emergence of the radicle from the seed 
+coat. The seed appears to rely on carbo-
+hydrates as the respiratory substrate. Res-
+piration increases almost immediately 
+upon imbibition and continues to increase 
+with the growth of the seed. It is very 
+likely that the Agnihotra-treated seeds 
+have a higher rate of increase of respira-
+tion. 
+Except dry weight, all other parameters 
+i.e., fresh weight, root length and shoot 
+INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE, VOL. 3, NO. 3, JULY 2004 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+238 
+length were significantly influenced by 
+Agnihotra sacrifice during the germina-
+tion process. In some cases, the influence 
+was predominant; in some it was notice-
+able and in some others it was only mar-
+ginal. 
+ 
+The analysis reveals that: 
+ 
+ 
+1 The most noticeable effect of Agni-
+hotra is observed in set 2, which 
+refers to winter. 
+2 The least significant effect is observed 
+in set 3, which refers to summer. 
+3 The data for autumn in set 1 lie be-
+tween those of set 2 and set 3, so far 
+as significance is concerned. 
+4 The combined data for all the sets 
+show a predominant influence of Ag-
+nihotra on fresh weight and shoot 
+length.  
+As mentioned above, the sowing sea-
+son in Karnataka, where the experiments 
+were conducted, is usually the summer 
+season and winter is the reaping season. 
+There is hardly any sowing done of rice 
+in winter. By autumn, the crops are well 
+developing and do not need much water. 
+The data for set 3 taken for summer 
+indicate only marginal variations among 
+the four situations, with Agnihotra indi-
+cating a marginally higher value. But in 
+set 2, referring to winter, the data for Ag-
+nihotra showed a predominantly higher 
+influence. Visual observation of the seed-
+lings showed stunted growth in the con-
+trol, with only marginally higher values 
+in the other two situations, as winter is 
+not a conducive time for the germination 
+of rice seeds. However, the predomi-
+nantly higher values for the case of Agni-
+hotra, confirmed by visual observations 
+also, lead to the conclusion that even in 
+such unfavourable or marginally favour-
+able conditions, Agnihotra can accelerate 
+the germination process. This conclusion 
+of ours is to some extent substantiated by 
+the data for set 1 for autumn, which in 
+their significance lie almost midway be-
+tween the other two sets. 
+ 
+Conclusions 
+Agnihotra mantra along with the use 
+of sacrificial fire as prescribed by Vedic 
+injunctions accelerated the rate of growth 
+of rice seedlings. Even in adverse 
+circumstances, 
+when 
+the 
+natural 
+germination of rice seeds is slow, 
+Agnihotra demonstrated its efficacy in 
+accelerating germination. 
+ 
+There is a lot of scope for further work, 
+which needs to be investigated in greater 
+detail. In the above experiment male 
+reciters were used in the room while the 
+sacrifice was being done. Do the results 
+vary if female voices or recorded voices 
+are used? Many such questions need to be 
+answered through further research work. 
+ 
+Acknowledgements 
+This work forms part of a thesis 
+submitted by one of us (H.J.D), under the 
+guidance of the other two authors. The 
+authors are grateful to the Institute of 
+Vedic Studies, Akkalkot, Maharashtra, 
+for supplying the necessary equipment, 
+and to Shri S.A. Chandran for sparing the 
+AMB 50 Balance. They also thank all 
+those who helped in the various stages of 
+the experiment, and especially Prof. 
+Narasimhamurthy 
+for 
+the 
+statistical 
+analysis. 
+JINA DEVI et al: AGNIHOTRA AND RICE SEED GERMINATION  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+239
+References 
+1 
+Selvamurhy W, Physiological effects of Man-
+tra on mind and body, Yoga Conference, 
+Delhi, November 1989. 
+2 
+Goleccha G R, Agnihotra ─ a useful adjunct in 
+treatment of a resistant and demotivated smack 
+addict, Indian J Psychiatry, 29 (1987) 247. 
+3 
+Mondkar A G, The therapeutic effect of agni-
+hotra ash on scabies of rabbits, US Satsang, 
+9(20) (1982). 
+4 
+Mondkar A G, Agnihotra effect on aerial  
+microflora, US Satsang, 10(9) (1982). 
+5 
+Rao D V K & Tiwari R S, The effect of Agni-
+hotra ash on the growth of pathogenic micro-
+flora, US Satsang, 15(3) (1987). 
+6 
+Matela Leszek, Effectiveness of Agnihotra on 
+soil radioactivity, US Satsang, 15(20) (1988). 
+7 
+Jina Devi Heisnam, Concept of Mantra and its 
+corresponding qualities, MS Dissertation, 
+Hindu University of America, Orlando, Flor-
+ida, U.S.A., January 2003. 
+8 
+Potdar M M, Agnihotra for equilibrium of 
+nature and enhancement of human life, 2nd 
+Edition, (Institute for Studies in Vedic Sci-
+ences, Akkalkot), 1993. 
+9 
+Deshpande M & Potdar M M, Agnihotra ─ a 
+process for purification of the atmosphere: a 
+Scientific Perspective, 3rd Edition, (Institute 
+for Vedic Studies, Akkalkot), 1998. 
+10 Rajimvale S G, Agricultural farming method 
+– an adjunct to ecological farming practices, 
+2nd Edition, (Institute for Vedic Studies, Ak-
+kalkot), 1999. 
+11 Mishra R, Impact of Agnihotra in crop pro-
+duction, US Satsang, 15(4-5) (1987). 
+12 Dave J J, Studies on the effect of Agnihotra 
+on the germination of rice seeds, MBYR 
+(Membership of the Board of Yoga Research-
+ers) Dissertation, Vivekananda Yoga Re-
+search Foundation, Bangalore, India, 1997. 
+13 Jina Devi Heisnam, Effect of Agnihotra on 
+the germination of rice seeds, MBYR (Mem-
+bership of the Board of Yoga Researchers) 
+Dissertation, Vivekananda Yoga Research 
+Foundation, Bangalore, India, 2002. 
+ 

subfolder_0/Effect of Anapanasati Meditation Technique through Electrophotonic Imaging_unlocked.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+117
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 8 • Jul-Dec-2015	
+Effect of anapanasati meditation technique through 
+electrophotonic imaging parameters: A pilot study
+Guru Deo, Kumar Itagi R, Srinivasan Thaiyar M, Kushwah K Kuldeep
+Department of Bioenergy, Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, S‑VYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+Address for correspondence: Mr. Guru Deo, 
+S‑VYASA Yoga University, #19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempe Gowda Nagar, Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, Karnataka, India. 
+E‑mail: [email protected]
+Theravada School of Buddhism.[4] It is an initial part 
+of Vipassana  (psycho‑physiological) meditation. It is 
+a meditation in which one obtains mastery over one’s 
+unruly mind through objective observation of one’s 
+own natural and normal breath. In Pali literature, it 
+is known as “anapanasati,” which means awareness 
+of one’s own respiration. This practice of anapanasati 
+meditation helps to sharpen the mind and to induce 
+peace of mind to participants for the next step of Vipasana 
+meditation. Vipassana means to observe things as they 
+really are in their natural and true characteristics of 
+impermanence.[5] Anapanasati meditation comes under 
+the focused meditation category. In focused attention or 
+concentrative styles of meditation, voluntary sustained 
+attention is maintained on a given object, and attention 
+is brought back to the object of attention when the mind 
+wanders.[6,7] Meditator controls the contents of attention. 
+In focused attention, the object of experience is sustained 
+INTRODUCTION
+Meditation is one of the well‑known practices which 
+bestows increased attention and deep internal relaxation.[1] 
+There are different techniques of meditation to practice. 
+Since 1960s several researches have been performed 
+to observe the effect of meditation in practitioners 
+versus nonpractitioners.[2,3] Anapanasati meditation 
+is one of the meditation techniques discussed in 
+Access this article online
+Website: 
+www.ijoy.org.in
+Quick Response Code
+DOI: 
+10.4103/0973-6131.158474
+Background: Mindfulness along with breathing is a well‑established meditation technique. Breathing is an exquisite tool for 
+exploring subtle awareness of mind and life itself.
+Aim: This study aimed at measuring changes in the different parameters of electrophotonic imaging (EPI) in anapanasati 
+meditators.
+Materials and Methods: To carry out this study, 51 subjects comprising 32 males and 19 females of age 18 years and 
+above (mean age 45.64 ± 14.43) were recruited voluntarily with informed consent attending Karnataka Dhyana Mahachakra‑1 
+at Pyramid Valley International, Bengaluru, India. The design was a single group pre‑ post and data collected by EPI device 
+before and after 5 days of intensive meditation.
+Results: Results show significant changes in EPI parameter integral area with filter (physiological) in both right and left side, 
+which reflects the availability of high functional energy reserve in meditators. The researchers observed similar trends without 
+filter (psycho‑physiological) indicating high reserves of energy at psycho‑physiological level also. Activation coefficient, another 
+parameter of EPI, reduced showing more relaxed state than earlier, possibly due to parasympathetic dominance. Integral 
+entropy decreased in the case of psycho‑physiological parameters left‑side without filter, which indicates less disorder after 
+meditation, but these changes were not significant. The study showed a reversed change in integral entropy in the right side 
+without filter; however, the values on both sides with filter increased, which indicates disorder.
+Conclusion: The study suggests that EPI can be used in the recording functional physiological and psychophysiological 
+status of meditators at a subtle level.
+Key words: Anapanasati meditation; electrophotonic imaging technique; gas discharge visualization; stress and health.
+ABSTRACT
+Original Article
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Deo, et al.: Effect of anapanasati meditation technique through EPI
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 8 • Jul-Dec-2015
+118
+in awareness. Though the subject (experiencer) and object 
+co‑exists independently, they interact. Focused attention 
+meditations when practiced over a prolonged period of 
+time leads to “effortless” concentration. This automaticity 
+results from long practice.[8] The practice of anapanasati 
+meditation is based upon the great discourse on the 
+Foundations of Mindfulness (Maha Satipatthana Sutta), 
+which includes contemplation of the body, contemplation 
+of feelings, contemplation of the mind, and contemplation 
+of mental objects.[9]
+Electrophotonic imaging
+The measurement of electrophotonic imaging  (EPI) is 
+based on the electrical activity of the human organism. 
+This activity is quite different in diseased condition of 
+a human body as compared to the activity in a healthy 
+body. The biophysical principles in the investigation 
+of EPI technique are based on the ideas of quantum 
+biophysics.[10] This method draws stimulated electrons 
+and photons from the surface of the skin under the 
+influence of a pulsed electromagnetic field. This process 
+is well‑studied through physical electronic methods and 
+is known as “photoelectron emission.”[11] EPI is being used 
+in more than 63 countries.[12] It is important to note that 
+this method of assessment is quite different from normal 
+electrophysiological methods used in clinics, such as EKG 
+and EEG. These terms are related to the electrical activity 
+of the organs whereas EPI parameters are a measure of 
+induced electron availability in organs.
+The EPI effect occurs when an object is placed on a glass 
+plate and stimulated with the high‑frequency high‑voltage; 
+a visible glow occurs around the object, which is the gas 
+discharge. This glow is quantifiable and reproducible 
+for scientific research purposes. In a normal experiment, 
+the fingertip images are collected individually and used 
+for analysis. Images captured from all 10 fingers provide 
+detailed information about the person’s psychosomatic and 
+physiological state.[13] Through investigation of the fingertip 
+images, one can identify areas of energy congestion and 
+overall health in the entire system. These fingertip images 
+change dynamically with emotional and health states. Each 
+captured fingertip image is analyzed through division into 
+a number of sectors as per acupuncture meridian theory. 
+The parameters related to the images captured under 
+electrical stimulation create a neurovascular reaction of 
+the skin, influenced by the nervous‑humoral status of all 
+organs and systems.[14] A specialized software complex 
+registers these readings into parameters that elucidate the 
+person’s state of well‑being at that time. It takes <5 min 
+to obtain the images of 10 fingers and around 1 min to 
+calculate parameters of EPI images, and <5 min to display 
+and interpret the results.[15] EPI measurement is done in 
+two ways; viz., with filter (physiological) and without 
+filter (psycho‑physiological). A filter is a thin plastic film 
+placed between tip of the finger and a dielectric (glass) 
+plate during test. The application of filter eliminates the 
+sweat responses arising from sympathetic activities and 
+gives only the response of parasympathetic activity. The 
+quality and consistency of the fingertip images depend on 
+the activity of the eccrine sweat glands when skin comes 
+into contact with the surface of glass on electrophotonic 
+impulse analyzer. These glands produce ionic sweat fluid 
+that is associated with the activity of the sympathetic 
+nervous system and determines the character of the 
+discharge created around the fingertip.
+A gap in a sector of fingertip image is indicative of possible 
+energy imbalance in the organ concerned. Comparison of 
+an electrophotonic image with filter (physiological) and 
+without a filter (psycho‑physiological) allows calculation 
+of parameters having a high correlation with the level 
+of stress in subjects. Thus, the EPI images without 
+filter (psycho‑physiological) reflect the person’s current 
+psycho‑physiological state and EPI images with filter 
+(physiological) reflect the body’s somatic energy level.[14] 
+There are three groups of images. The first group consists 
+of Type‑1, ‑2 and ‑3 images. Type‑1 images are related to 
+physically and psychologically stable healthy people. 
+Type‑2 images are produced from typically elderly people 
+with unbalanced state of emotions at the psychosomatic 
+and spiritual level. Type‑3 images are associated with 
+serious problems at the physical level with permanent 
+stress which may lead to distress. Group‑2 images are 
+associated with severe health status ranging from different 
+stages of diseases to mental problems. Group‑3 images 
+are least study. In available cases, it was found to be the 
+terminal stage of cancer or cases wherein no interaction 
+taking place between the patient and the environment.[13]
+Electrophotonic imaging bioelectrographic systems have 
+practical applications in several areas of research, such as 
+medicine, sports, testing of liquids, water and materials.[16] 
+In EPI measurements, the healthy individuals the average 
+amplitude variations fall in the range 4.1–6.6%[17] while 
+in EPI gram parameters of a metallic object, this range 
+is 8–10%.[13] Thus, the electrophotonic emissions of the 
+human body, referred to as EPI‑grams, are fairly consistent 
+and allow one to identify the functional state in an 
+individual in real time.
+Though meditation techniques have been studied 
+extensively, the subtle energy changes have not been 
+investigated so far. The current study attempts to measure 
+such changes due to anapanasati meditation.
+MATERIALS AND METHODS
+To carry out this study, 64 volunteers were recruited from 
+Pyramid Valley International, Bengaluru, India, attending 
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Deo, et al.: Effect of anapanasati meditation technique through EPI
+119
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 8 • Jul-Dec-2015	
+Karnataka Dhyana Mahachakra‑1. Data of 13 subjects were 
+excluded from the study after analyzing the finger image 
+quality, sweat effect and outlier. Integral area (IA) values 
+range from (−0.6 to + 1) which correspond to good health 
+state. The present study focuses only on healthy subjects. 
+Therefore, subjects who had values out of this range were 
+excluded considering them as outliers. The remaining 51 
+subjects comprising 32 males and 19 females, age 18 years 
+and above (mean age 45.64 ± 14.43) were included for this 
+study. They practiced meditation for 3 h 30 min daily for 
+5 days; 2 h in the morning from 5 am to 7 am and in the 
+evening from 7 pm to 8.30 pm consistently. The inclusion 
+criteria were as follows: Healthy volunteers, age range 
+between 18 and 65 years, both genders and willing to 
+participate in the trial. Exclusion criteria consist of females 
+during menstruation or during pregnancy, people with 
+missing fingers or cut of fingers, subjects having smoked 
+or taken alcohol on the day of measurement and people 
+having any disease or on prescription drugs. The protocol 
+was approved by the Institute Ethics Committee. Informed 
+consent was obtained from all participants. Demographic 
+information was collected to know their self‑reported 
+health status, age, and earlier meditation experience. 
+During pre‑ and post‑data collection, nostril dominance 
+was also registered to account for possible effects of 
+hemispheric dominance during analysis.
+Data analysis
+“Electrophotonic imaging‑camera” instrument produced by 
+“Kirlionics Technologies International,” Saint‑Petersburg, 
+Russia (GDV camera Pro with analog video camera, model 
+number: FTDI.13.6001.110310), along with R statistical 
+packages (R Development Core Team, 2012) were used to 
+collect data and process for statistical analysis, respectively. 
+Parametric Paired t‑test was used where a level of P < 0.05 
+was considered as statistically significant. Calculation 
+of effect size was carried out using Cohen’s d‑test. 
+Temperature and humidity were also measured (using 
+a Hygrometer‑Equinox, EQ 310 CTH) to account for the 
+undue effect of atmospheric influence during pre‑ and 
+post‑data collection time. The recorded temperature during 
+predata acquisition was 27.56 ± 1.27 C, taken three times 
+at 2 h intervals and during postdata collection, the mean 
+was 33.83 ± 0.47 C. Fluctuation of humidity during predata 
+acquisition was 0.69 ± 0.1 and during post 0.35 ± 0.02, 
+measured in percent, three times at 2 h intervals.
+RESULTS
+The present study showed significant changes in IA 
+with filter (physiological) for both right (P = 0.002) and 
+left‑side (P = 0.004) of the body. The same decreasing trends 
+were seen for without filter (psycho‑physiological) but not 
+significant. Positive decrease was observed in activation 
+coefficient (AC), but this was not statistically significant. 
+Integral entropy was reduced in without filter condition 
+(psycho‑physiological) only at the left‑side showing less 
+disorderliness in energy distribution in meditators. The 
+increased change was observed in integral entropy in the 
+left‑side with filter (physiological). The values reduced 
+in the right side with filter (physiological) and without 
+filter (psycho‑physiological) but these results were not 
+statically significant. The influence of nostril dominance 
+could not be found contributory to the results observed 
+and hence brain hemispheric dominance effects are not 
+considered important in these experiments. Table 1 shows 
+pre‑ and post‑values of AC, IA and integral entropy in 
+meditators with filter (physiological). Table 2 shows pre‑ and 
+post‑values of IA and integral entropy in meditators without 
+filter (psycho‑physiological).
+DISCUSSION
+The effect of different meditation practices on various 
+aspects of mental and physical health is receiving growing 
+attention. Though scientists have been investigating 
+meditation for a long time, there has not been a consensus 
+about its definition. Diversity in the range of possible 
+definitions reflects the vast number of different methods of 
+meditation. Western definitions emphasize that meditation 
+is a self‑regulatory technique focused on maintaining one’s 
+attention. However, in the spiritual tradition, meditation 
+is perceived as a tool for spiritual development, growth 
+of inner peace, concentration, positive emotions such as 
+selfless love and compassion, and reduction of negative 
+emotions, such as fear and anger.[18]
+It is envisioned that EPI measurement technique could 
+provide finer details of psycho‑physiological states in 
+meditators. The comparison with an electrophotonic 
+Table  1: Pre‑  and post‑values of activation coefficient, 
+integral area and integral entropy in meditators (with filter)
+Variable
+Pre
+Post
+t
+df
+es
+P
+AC
+2.80±0.90
+2.65±0.94
+0.85
+50
+0.12
+0.40
+IAWL
+0.49±0.13
+0.42±0.12
+2.98
+50
+0.42
+0.004**
+IAWR
+0.49±0.11
+0.43±0.12
+3.21
+50
+0.45
+0.002**
+IEWL
+1.96±0.17
+1.99±0.14
+1.00
+50
+0.14
+0.32
+IEWR
+1.95±0.14
+1.97±0.14
+1.02
+50
+0.14
+0.31
+*P<0.01. es = Effect size (Cohen’s d), AC = Activation coefficient, IAWL = Integral 
+area with filter left, IAWR = Integral area with filter right, IEWL = Integral entropy 
+with filter left, IEWR = Integral entropy with filter right, df = Degree of freedom
+Table  2: Pre‑  and post‑values of integral area and 
+integral entropy in meditators  (without filter)
+Variable
+Pre
+Post
+t
+df
+es
+P
+IANL
+0.18±0.19
+0.15±0.19
+1.06
+50
+0.15
+0.29
+IANR
+0.16±0.21
+0.13±0.19
+0.86
+50
+0.12
+0.39
+IENL
+1.87±0.22
+1.86±0.17
+0.22
+50
+0.03
+0.83
+IENR
+1.89±0.18
+1.91±0.20
+0.64
+50
+0.09
+0.52
+es = Effect size (Cohen’s d), IANL = Integral area, no filter left, IANR = Integral 
+area, no filter right, IENL = Integral entropy, no filter left; IENR = Integral 
+entropy, no filter right, df = Degree of freedom
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Deo, et al.: Effect of anapanasati meditation technique through EPI
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 8 • Jul-Dec-2015
+120
+image of a finger taken with and without plastic film filter 
+allows calculation of parameters having a high correlation 
+at the level of stress of the practitioner.[19] It has been 
+widely speculated that long‑term meditation training 
+has a significant positive impact on neuropsychological 
+functioning in both cognitive and affective domains.[6,20] 
+Comparison of psycho‑diagnostic data demonstrates 
+the correlation between indices of voluntary attention, 
+logic, memory, and focused thinking with EPI parameters 
+of AC.[21] There is an increasing amount of literature 
+suggesting that there are many areas which could be 
+influenced through the practice of meditation. The 
+most commonly studied topics include physiological, 
+psychiatric, and psychological conditions (e.g., anxiety, 
+depression, quality of life, or impact on ADL) or general 
+medical conditions.[22] The present study also observed 
+a reduction in AC which is associated with organism’s 
+involvement in stress adaptation; a reduction in AC 
+shows more relaxed state after anapanasati meditation. 
+It also observed quieting of the sympathetic system and 
+activation of parasympathetic system during meditation 
+practice as indicated by a shift from sympathetic to 
+parasympathetic resulting in a decrease in physiological 
+variables like heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood 
+pressure, and diastolic blood pressure.[23] Thus, meditation 
+reduces stress‑induced sympathetic over‑activity by 
+modifying the state of anxiety.
+Further, we observed decreased IA in meditators. IA 
+is associated with overall health of organism with a 
+normal range of −0.6 to +1.0.[13] However, it is likely 
+reduction of IA observed in meditators could be due 
+to reduced availability of electrons in the body. This 
+in its turn depends on the reduction of free radicals in 
+healthy meditators. Since radicals possess one unpaired 
+electron, they are highly reactive and hence, may cause 
+damage to cellular structures.[24] The presence of excess 
+free radicals in the body is not a sign of good health. This 
+supports the idea that increased free radicals increase rate 
+of aging. Higher emission of photons is linked to higher 
+oxidative stress within the body.[25] Moreover, meditation 
+relaxes the subject and thereby decreases arterial tone, 
+peripheral resistance, and metabolic rate.[26] Thus, it is 
+also documented that free radical generation reduces due 
+to meditation practice in response to reduced metabolic 
+activities.[27] This may be another possible reason that IA 
+decreased significantly. This reduction was seen in both 
+physical and psycho‑emotional levels. Hence, reduction 
+pattern without filter (psycho‑physiological) on both right 
+and left sides in IA shows the impact of meditation at the 
+psycho‑physiological level possibly due to reduced redox 
+reaction and reduced metabolic rate.
+Integral entropy indicates the functional state of cell, organ 
+and the entire human body. Decreased integral entropy 
+without filter (on the left‑side) in the study shows less chaos 
+and disorderliness within the system in the subtle energy of 
+meditators.[28,29] The same trend was expected at other three 
+measurements also, namely, with filter (physiological) right 
+and left sides, and without filter (psycho‑physiological) 
+right side in Integral Entropy. The mean values of these 
+parameters were increased but not significantly. The most 
+possible reason regarding this unexpected change may 
+be due to increased atmospheric temperature[28,29] and 
+fluctuation in humidity during postdata collection. Another 
+possible factor may be the feeling of discomfort at the 
+physical level due to 5 days of intense sitting in meditation. 
+However, these hypotheses could not be tested.
+This study is the first one to report changes in EPI 
+parameters in meditators. The strength of this study can be 
+summed up as follows: The trends in expected variables, 
+possible use of EPI parameters for meditators and paves 
+the way for planning a good research design to observe the 
+usage of EPI parameters for detecting subtle mechanisms in 
+meditators. Limitations of this study were no control over 
+confounding variables such as temperature, humidity, and 
+no medical screening before recruitment of subject except 
+demographic information. Moreover, prior experience of 
+meditation in some volunteers and long range of age were 
+also limitations in the study.
+Recommendations for future studies yet to be undertaken, 
+should consider the following points: (a) For meditational 
+studies, AC (stress parameter) and IA (health parameter) 
+must be considered to get reliable outcome measures; 
+(b) to enhance internal validity in the studies, temperature, 
+humidity, and persons’ diet intake must be taken care; 
+(c) similar studies must be undertaken to get repeatability 
+following the same methodology.
+CONCLUSION
+Thus, this pilot study gives a substantial clue for a clear 
+and systematic research design to produce scientific, 
+evidence‑based correlation regarding the mechanism 
+in meditators, which could bring out more reliable 
+interpretation of data to scientific community. EPI may 
+be a useful tool to understand better different meditation 
+techniques. It is likely that the introduction of EPI 
+bioelectrography into the mainstream medical practices 
+could enrich and expand clinical assessment tools beyond 
+those presently employed. Thus, the result from this pilot 
+study is very encouraging to come up with stronger and 
+convincing results with a strong rationale.
+ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+The facilities and help provided for the study by management, 
+Pyramid Valley International, Bengaluru, are gratefully 
+acknowledged.
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Deo, et al.: Effect of anapanasati meditation technique through EPI
+121
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 8 • Jul-Dec-2015	
+REFERENCES
+1. 
+Murata T, Takahashi T, Hamada T, Omori M, Kosaka H, Yoshida H, et al. 
+Individual trait anxiety levels characterizing the properties of zen meditation. 
+Neuropsychobiology 2004;50:189‑94.
+2.	
+Wallace RK. Physiological effects of transcendental meditation. Science 
+1970;167:1751‑4.
+3.	
+Wallace RK, Benson H, Wilson AF. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic 
+state. Am J Physiol 1971;221:795‑9.
+4. 
+Lee TM, Leung MK, Hou WK, Tang JC, Yin J, So KF, et al. Distinct neural 
+activity associated with focused‑attention meditation and loving‑kindness 
+meditation. PLoS One 2012;7:e40054.
+5.	
+Shinde V, Dongare N. An Effect of Anapana meditation on the personality 
+of college students. Gold Res Thoughts 2012;1:1‑4.
+6.	
+Cahn BR, Polich J. Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging 
+studies. Psychol Bull 2006;132:180‑211.
+7.	
+Raffone A, Srinivasan N. The exploration of meditation in the neuroscience 
+of attention and consciousness. Cogn Process 2010;11:1‑7.
+8.	
+Lutz A, Slagter HA, Dunne JD, Davidson RJ. Attention regulation and 
+monitoring in meditation. Trends Cogn Sci 2008;12:163‑9.
+9.	
+Bhikkhu B. Anapanasati‑Mindfulness with Breathing. 2nd ed. Bangkok: The 
+Dhamma Study and Practice Group; 1988.
+10.	 Korotkov K, Williams B, Wisneski LA. Assessing biophysical energy 
+transfer mechanisms in living systems: The basis of life processes. J Altern 
+Complement Med 2004;10:49‑57.
+11. 
+Cohly HH, Kostyuk N, Cole P, Meghanathan N, Isokpehi RD. Gas discharge 
+visualization: An imaging and modeling tool for medical biometrics. Int J 
+Biomed Imaging 2011;2011:1-7.
+12.	 Korotkov  KG, Matravers  P, Orlov  DV, Williams  BO. Application 
+of electrophoton capture  (EPC) analysis based on gas discharge 
+visualization (GDV) technique in medicine: A systematic review. J Altern 
+Complement Med 2010;16:13‑25.
+13.	 Korotkov KG. Human Energy Field: Study with GDV Bioelectrography. Fair 
+Lawn, NJ: Backbone Publishing Co.; 2002.
+14. Korotkov K. In: Piet M, editors. The Principles of GDV Analysis. Embourg, 
+Belgium: Amazon.com Publishing; 2009.
+15.	 Polushin J, Levshankov A, Shirokov D, Korotkov K. Monitoring energy levels 
+during treatment with GDV technique. J Sci Health Outcome 2009;2:5‑15.
+16.	 Korotkov  K. Non‑local consciousness influence to physical sensors: 
+Experimental data. Philosophy Study. Philos Study 2011;1:295‑304.
+17.	 Korotkov K. Energy Fields Electrophotonic Analysis in Human and Nature. 
+Sain‑Petersburg: Amazon.com Publishing; 2011.
+18.	 Walsh R, Shapiro SL. The meeting of meditative disciplines and Western 
+psychology: A mutually enriching dialogue. Am Psychol 2006;61:227‑39.
+19. Cohly H, Kostyuk N, Isokpehi R, Rajnarayanan R. Bioelectrographic method 
+of preventive health care. In: First Annual ORNL Biomedical Science and 
+Engineering Conference; 2009. p. 1‑4.
+20.	 Lutz A, Greischar LL, Rawlings NB, Ricard M, Davidson RJ. Long‑term 
+meditators self‑induce high‑amplitude gamma synchrony during mental 
+practice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004 16;101:16369‑73.
+21. Rgeusskaja GV. Listopadov UI Medical Technology of Electrophotonics – Gas 
+discharge visualization‑in evaluation of cognitive functions. J Sci Health 
+Outcome 2009;2:15‑7.
+22. Ospina MB, Bond K, Karkhaneh M, Tjosvold L, Vandermeer B, Liang Y, 
+et al. Meditation practices for health: State of the research. Evid Rep Technol 
+Assess (Full Rep) 2007;155:1‑263.
+23.	 Sukhsohale  ND, Phatak  MS. Effect of short‑term and long‑term 
+Brahmakumaris Raja Yoga meditation on physiological variables. Indian J 
+Physiol Pharmacol 2012;56:388‑92.
+24.	 Cifra M. Measurament of Spontaneous Photon Emission from the Human 
+body: Technical Aspects, Parameters, Time and Temperature Dependent 
+Fluctuations of Photon Emission; 2006.
+25.	 Balaban RS, Nemoto S, Finkel T. Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell 
+2005;120:483‑95.
+26.	 Patel  G. Positive Health Exhibition. 3rd  ed. New  Delhi: Prajapita 
+Brahmakumaris World Spiritual University; 1993.
+27. Schneider RH, Nidich SI, Salerno JW, Sharma HM, Robinson CE, Nidich RJ, 
+et al. Lower lipid peroxide levels in practitioners of the Transcendental 
+Meditation program. Psychosom Med 1998;60:38‑41.
+28. Dincer I, Cengel YA. Energy, entropy and exergy concepts and their roles in 
+thermal engineering. Entropy 2001;3:116-49.
+29.	 Baranger  M. Chaos, Complexity, and Entropy: A  Physics Talk for 
+Non‑physicists. Cambridge: New England Complex Systems Institute; 2000.
+How to cite this article: Deo G, Itagi RK, Thaiyar MS, Kuldeep KK. 
+Effect of anapanasati meditation technique through electrophotonic 
+imaging parameters: A pilot study. Int J Yoga 2015;8:117-21.
+Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared.
+Staying in touch with the journal
+1)	
+Table of Contents (TOC) email alert 
+	
+Receive an email alert containing the TOC when a new complete issue of the journal is made available online. To register for TOC alerts go to 
+www.ijoy.org.in/signup.asp.
+2)	
+RSS feeds 
+	
+Really Simple Syndication (RSS) helps you to get alerts on new publication right on your desktop without going to the journal’s website. 
+You need a software (e.g. RSSReader, Feed Demon, FeedReader, My Yahoo!, NewsGator and NewzCrawler) to get advantage of this tool. 
+RSS feeds can also be read through FireFox or Microsoft Outlook 2007. Once any of these small (and mostly free) software is installed, add 
+www.ijoy.org.in/rssfeed.asp as one of the feeds.
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]

subfolder_0/Effect of Sriyantra and Lunar Days on the Germination of Fenugreek.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1074 @@
+         Life Sciences Leaflets     FREE DOWNLOAD                                                  ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) 
+ 
+http://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/                           PEER-REVIEWED                            Page | 16 
+ 
+ 
+ EFFECT OF SRIYANTRA AND LUNAR DAYS ON THE 
+GERMINATION OF FENUGREEK 
+ITAGI RAVI KUMAR*1 AND RAVI KUMAR MANDAL2 
+1,2DIVISION OF YOGA AND PHYSICAL SCIENCES, SWAMI 
+VIVEKANANDA YOGA ANUSANDHANA SAMSTHANA, NO. 
+19, GAVIPURAM CIRCLE, EKANATH BHAVAN, 
+KEMPEGOWDANAGAR, BANGALORE – 560019, 
+KARNATAKA (STATE), INDIA. 
+Corresponding author’s e-mail:  itagi.ravi @gmail.com  
+ 
+ABSTRACT: 
+In tantric text yantra is a geometric diagram, which drawn on a paper and 
+metal for worship or upasana to attain a siddhi and yogis use as aid to 
+meditation. Lunar days are the length of time it takes for the moon to make 
+one complete rotation on its axis compared to the sun. According to Hindu 
+calendar lunar day called as tithi and 30 days in lunar month. In this study 
+pancha loha sriyanta and paper sriyantra of two different sizes 23 cm x 23 
+cm and 15 cm x 15 cm were used as an intervention to see the effect on 
+germination of fenugreek seeds along with control. Sample size was 600 
+seeds with 15 replications of 40 seeds in each replication. To study the 
+effect of lunar day on germination of seeds, size of sample was 40 seeds. 
+Samples are soaked at sunrise time on each lunar day of March/April. The 
+present study showed sriyantra was more effective than control on % of 
+germination, mean radical length, fresh weight and oven dry weight on 
+fenugreek. Paper sriyantra was more effective on % of germination, mean 
+radical length and oven dry weight than pancha loha sriyantra. Pancha loha 
+sriyantra was more effective on fresh weight than Paper sriyantra. Bigger 
+size sriyantra was more effective on % of germination, mean radical length 
+and fresh weight. In the effect of lunar days investigation found that at four 
+days before and after full moon was more effective.  
+KEY WORDS:  Germination, Radical length, Fresh weight, Oven dry 
+weight, Sriyantra, Lunar day, Tithi. 
+  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Universal Impact 
+Factor 0.9285:2012; 
+1.2210:2013 
+Index Copernicus 
+ICV 2011: 5.09, 
+2012: 6.42, 2013: 
+15.8, 2014:89.16, 
+2015:78.30 
+NAAS Rating  
+2012 : 1.3; 
+2013-16:2.69 
+2017-18: 3.98 
+SJIF 2012: 3.947, 
+2013: 4.802 
+Infobase Index 
+2015:4.56 
+Cosmos Impact Factor 
+2015: 4.366 
+ 
+Received on: 
+19th January 2018 
+Revised on: 
+28th January 2018 
+Accepted on: 
+15th February 2018 
+Published on: 
+ 1st March 2018 
+ 
+Volume No. 
+Online & Print 
+97 (2018) 
+Page No. 
+16 to 23 
+ 
+Life Sciences Leaflets 
+is 
+an 
+international 
+open access print &    e 
+journal, peer reviewed, 
+worldwide 
+abstract 
+listed, published every 
+month with ISSN, RNI 
+Free- 
+membership, 
+downloads and access.  
+         Life Sciences Leaflets     FREE DOWNLOAD                                                  ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) 
+ 
+http://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/                           PEER-REVIEWED                            Page | 17 
+ 
+ 
+INTRODUCTION: 
+In the ancient Indian traditional knowledge called tantric study has shape aspect called yantra and 
+sound aspect called mantra. The word yantra comes from the Sanskrit root word ‘yam’ means 
+supporting the core of an object and ‘tra’ comes from ‘trana’ or liberation from bondage. Sriyantra, 
+also known as srichakra, is called the mother of all yantras because all other yantras derive from it. In 
+its three dimensional forms sriyantra is said to represent mount meru, the cosmic mountain at the 
+center of the universe. Man's spiritual journey from the stage of material existence to ultimate 
+enlightenment is mapped on the sriyantra. The sriyantra is a tool to give a vision of the totality of 
+existence, so that the adept may internalize its symbols for the ultimate realization of his unity with the 
+cosmos (Chawdhri, 1984). Jungyun studied on seed germination test with influence of maha 
+mrutyunjaya mantra, sriyantra and pyramid, the result showed that sriyantra, pyramids and mantra 
+showed positive influence on germination, radical length, fresh weight and dry weight of germinated 
+seeds compared to control sample (Jungyun et al., 2016) and in the another study two dimensional 
+bhuprasthana sriyantra was more positive effect than three dimensional meru sriyantra (Itagi, 2017). 
+In this research two different size of sriyantra with two different materials were used to study their 
+effect on the germination and radical length of the fenugreek seeds. Moon’s movement in its orbit 
+around the earth affects the air currents on the earth, rise and fall of tides and occurrence of 
+thunderstorms (Crawford, 1989). For long back while doing forestry practices, collecting plants and 
+while planting rules are still being followed in accordance to the moon cycles (Zürcher, 1999) and 
+there was a kind of synchronicity between the synodic lunar cycle and variations in germination speed, 
+germination rate and amplitude of initial growth (Zürcher, 2014). There are evidences of an increase in 
+the yield of radishes which were sown in earth constellations as part of reviews of published 
+confirmations of the Thun effect (Nicholas et al., 2001), felling at the right date is thought to be an 
+important factor to ensure the required properties of the wood (Zürcher, 2000), lunar and other 
+geophysical factors influence plant growth and other biotic phenomena (Maw, 1967), lunar influence 
+on medicinal and economic plants of their potency (Cole et al., 2010), respond with the lunar phase 
+cycle. In the present study fenugreek seeds were selected to study the effect of lunar days on the 
+germination and radical length of the germinated seeds. 
+MATERIALS AND METHODS: 
+To study the effect of sriyantra four types of sriyantra, paper small sriyantra (PSY) and panca loha 
+small sriyantra (MSY) of size 15 cm×15 cm, paper big sriyantra (PBY) and panca loha big sriyantra 
+(MBY) of size 23 cm×23 cm were used.  Fig. 1 shows the photographic demonstration of experiment 
+procedure. All samples including control sample were placed in the same room of well ventilation and 
+maintained uniformity in moisture. Sriyantra were oriented towards magnetic N-S direction. In the 
+         Life Sciences Leaflets     FREE DOWNLOAD                                                  ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) 
+ 
+http://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/                           PEER-REVIEWED                            Page | 18 
+ 
+ 
+study sample size was of 600 numbers of seeds with 15 replications and each replication had a 40 
+seeds and soaked with six hours before allowing for the germination in the petri dish. After 
+germination counted number of seeds germinated, measured radical length and fresh (wet) weight and 
+oven dry weight. To study the effect of lunar days samples of 40 seeds were soaked on each lunar 
+day/tithi of March/April month (phalguna masa) at respective sunrise time before allowing for the 
+germination of seeds for one day. Details of almanac/pancanga of lunar month is given in Table 1. 
+RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: 
+Effect of sriyantra: 
+Table 2 shows that pyramid samples have more % of germination compared to control sample and 
+PBY has maximum percentage of germination (99.83%) compared to all other sriyantra samples. 
+Paper sriyantras have more mean radical length compared to pancha loha sriyantra and control 
+samples and big paper sriyantra gave maximum mean radical length (0.78 cm) and this is of higher 
+significant increment (<0.01). This indicated that paper sriyantra had more influence than pancha loha 
+sriynatra on germination of seeds and by increasing the area by 2.35 times there was higher significant 
+influence on the mean radical length. Sriyantra might have the capacity of observing unknown cosmic 
+energy, may called as subtle energy/bio-energy that might had influenced in increasing the 
+germination of seeds and paper sriyantra had more capacity of observing of cosmic energy than 
+pancha loha sriyantra. Previous studies also had shown that sriyantra has significant influence in 
+increasing radicals compared to control samples (Jungyun, 2016; Itagi, 2017). Compared to control 
+sample all sriyantra samples had more fresh weight of germinated seeds and MBY sample had 24.10 
+gm (28.53%) maximum fresh weight. PSY sample had maximum oven dry weight 8.08 gm compared 
+to other samples. Figure 2 shows the pattern of germination of seeds of different samples. 
+Following empirical equation can be derived from the experiment results. 
+R=CxA    -------------(1) 
+Where R is radical length in cm, C is constant value from 0.0015 to 0.0033 and A is area of sriyantra 
+in cm2. 
+Effect of lunar days 
+Table 3 shows the results of lunar days effect on the variables of the germination of seeds. Figure 3 
+shows the graphical representation of mean radical length due to the lunar days effects. During waxing 
+moon period mean radical length was more on lunar days between first quarter to full moon and during 
+waxing moon period lunar days in between full moon to third quarter. This may be due to at full 
+moon; the moon crosses the magnetotail for 6–7 days, ions from the moon’s surface transfer to the 
+earth’s magnetosphere (Saito et al., 2011), this in turn can influence the earth’s electric and magnetic 
+         Life Sciences Leaflets     FREE DOWNLOAD                                                  ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) 
+ 
+http://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/                           PEER-REVIEWED                            Page | 19 
+ 
+ 
+field by a form of magnetospheric feedback, since the thin current sheet of the magnetotail has an 
+earthward electric field (Zelenyi et al., 2010; Kimura, 2008). These research observations provide bear 
+to the biological rhythms of organisms (Brown, 1973) and influenced by natural factors. One such 
+factor geomagnetic filed is biologically active and plants have high sensitivities towards magnetic 
+fields (Belyavskaya, 2004). Enzyme activity involves in the sprouting biological process, the lengths’ 
+variation may be because of enzymes activity under the influence of the earth’s magnetic fields 
+(Serdyukov, 2013). 
+CONCLUSIONS: 
+Paper sriyantra is more effective compare to pancha loha sriyantra on the percentage of germinations 
+and radical length of germinated seeds. Size factor makes remarkable influence on the germination of 
+seeds. Lunar days before and after full moon cycle had pronounced effect on the radical length, fresh 
+weight and oven dry weight of the germinated seeds. 
+REFERENCES: 
+Belyavskaya, N. A. 2004. Biological effects due to weak magnetic field on plants, Advances in 
+ 
+Space Research, 34: 1566-1574. 
+Brown, Jr., F. A., and Chow, C. S. 1973. Interorganismic and environmental influences through 
+ 
+extremely weak electromagnetic fields, Biological Bulletin, 144: 437- 461. 
+Chawdhri, L. R. 1984. Practicals of Yantras, Narinder sagar for sagar publications, New delhi. 
+Cole, I. B. and Balick, M. J. 2010. Lunar Influence: Understanding chemical variation and 
+ 
+seasonal impacts on botanicals, HerbalGram, 85: 50-56. 
+Crawford, E. A. 1989. The Lunar Garden: Planting by the Moon Phases, Weidenfeld &  Nicholson, 
+New York. 
+Itagi Ravi Kumar and Jang Jungyun. 2017. Germination of green gram with effect of sriyantra, 
+ 
+International Journal of Geology, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, 5(2): 1-3. 
+Jungyun, J., Jeeye, P. and Kumar, I. R. 2016. Seed germination test with the influence of  sriyantra, 
+pyramid and maha mrtyunjaya mantra. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 15: 680–
+684. 
+Kimura, S., and Nakagawa, T. 2008. Electromagnetic full particle simulation of the electric field 
+ 
+structure around the moon and the lunar wake, Earth Planets Space, 60: 591–599. 
+Maw, M. 1967. Periodicities in the influences of air ions on the growth of garden cress,  Lepidium 
+Sativum L, Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 47: 499-505. 
+Mikulecky, M. and Zürche, E. 2014. Old forestry traditions and modern chronobiological 
+ 
+research: lunar-cycle-related sowing time influences effectively initial plant growth, 
+ 
+Journal of Botanical Science, 2: 32-36     
+ 
+         Life Sciences Leaflets     FREE DOWNLOAD                                                  ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) 
+ 
+http://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/                           PEER-REVIEWED                            Page | 20 
+ 
+ 
+Nicholas ,K. and Gerhard, S. 2001. Evidence for lunar-sidereal rhythms in crop yield: a review, 
+ 
+Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 19: 247–259. 
+ Saito, Y., Yokota, S., Nishino, M. N., Yamamoto, T., Uemura, K., and Tsunakawa, H. 2011. 
+ 
+Interaction between the moon and the earth’s magnetosphere. In European Planetary 
+ 
+Science Congress, France, Oct.02-07, 2011, pp. 79 Nantes, France. 
+Serdyukov, Yu. A., and Novitskii, Yu. I. 2013. Impact of weak permanent magnetic field on 
+ 
+antioxidant enzyme activities in radish seedlings, Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 
+ 
+60(1): 69-76. 
+Zelenyi, L. M., Artemyev, A. V., and Petrukovich, A. A. 2010. Earthward electric field in the 
+ 
+magnetotail: cluster observations and theoretical estimates, Geophysical Research 
+ 
+Letters, 37(6): 1-4. 
+Zurcher, E. 1999. Lunar rhythms in forestry traditions – Lunar-correlated phenomena in tree 
+ 
+biology and wood properties. Earth, Moon and Planets, 85-86: 463-478. 
+Zurcher, E. 2000. Lunar related traditions in forestry and phenomena in tree biology. Journal 
+ 
+Forestier Suisse, 151(11): 417-424. 
+ 
+ 
+Table 1. Almanac/Pancanga of March/April (caitra) month 
+ 
+Waxing moon (Shukla paksha) 
+Day 
+Date 
+Lunar 
+day/Tithi 
+Star/ 
+Nakshatra  
+Sign/Rasi  
+ 
+Element/ 
+Pancatattva 
+Sunrise 
+time 
+Average 
+temperat
+ure (O C) 
+Average 
+humidity 
+(%) 
+D1 
+Wednesday 
+29/3/2017 
+Pratipat & 
+Dvitiya 
+Revati 
+Pisces (Meena) 
+Water/Jala 
+6:17 am 
+30.53 
+33.00 
+D2 
+Thursday 
+30/3/2017 
+Trtiya 
+Ashwini 
+Aries (Mesha) 
+Fire/Agni 
+6:17 am 
+30.73 
+32.33 
+D3 
+Friday 
+31/3/2017 
+Caturthi 
+Bharani & 
+Krittika 
+Aries (Mesha) 
+Fire/Agni 
+6:17 am 
+31.17 
+30.00 
+D4 
+Saturday 
+01/4/2017 
+Pancami 
+Rohini 
+Taurus (Vrishabha) 
+Earth/Prithvi 
+6:09 am 
+32.37 
+29.33 
+D5 
+Sunday 
+02/4/2017 
+Shashti 
+Mrigashira 
+Taurus (Vrishabha) 
+Earth/Prithvi 
+6:09 am 
+31.47 
+38.67 
+D6 
+Monday 
+03/4/2017 
+Saptami 
+Ärdra 
+Gemini (Mithana) 
+Air/Vayu 
+6:09 am 
+31.57 
+38.67 
+D7 
+Tuesday 
+04/4/2017 
+Ashtami 
+Punarvasu 
+Gemini (Mithana) 
+Air/Vayu 
+6:09 am 
+31.97 
+35.67 
+D8 
+Wednesday 
+05/4/2017 
+Navami 
+Pushya 
+Cancer (Kataka) 
+Water/Jala 
+6:09 am 
+31.87 
+40.33 
+D9 
+Thursday 
+06/4/2017 
+Dashami 
+Aslesha 
+Cancer (Kataka) 
+Water/Jala 
+6:09 am 
+30.77 
+42.00 
+D10 
+Friday 
+07/4/2017 
+Ekadashi 
+Makha 
+Leo (Simha) 
+Fire/Agni 
+6:09 am 
+30.30 
+45.33 
+D11 
+Saturday 
+08/4/2017 
+Dvadashi   
+Pubba 
+Leo (Simha) 
+Fire/Agni 
+6:09 am 
+30.87 
+42.33 
+D12 
+Sunday 
+09/4/2017 
+Trayodashi 
+Uttara 
+Virgo (Kanya) 
+Earth/Prithvi 
+6:09 am 
+32.00 
+39.33 
+D13 
+Monday 
+10/4/2017 
+Caturdashi 
+Hasta 
+Virgo (Kanya) 
+Earth/Prithvi 
+6:09 am 
+31.83 
+41.00 
+D14 
+Tuesday 
+11/4/2017 
+Purnima 
+Citta 
+Virgo (Kanya) 
+Earth/Prithvi 
+6:04 am 
+31.80 
+42.00 
+Waning moon (Krishna paksha) 
+D1 
+Wednesday 
+12/4/2017 
+Pratipat 
+Swati 
+Libra (Thula) 
+Air/Vayu 
+6:04 am 
+31.87 
+37.33 
+D2 
+Thursday 
+13/4/2017 
+Dvitiya 
+Swati 
+Libra (Thula) 
+Air/Vayu 
+6:04 am 
+32.30 
+35.33 
+D3 
+Friday 
+14/4/2017 
+Trtiya 
+Vishaka 
+Scorpio (Vrishika) 
+Water/Jala 
+6:04 am 
+31.83 
+35.67 
+D4 
+Saturday 
+15/4/2017 
+Caturthi 
+Anuradha  
+Scorpio (Vrishika) 
+Water/Jala 
+6:04 am 
+31.40 
+38.67 
+D5 
+Sunday 
+16/4/2017 
+Pancami 
+Jyeshta 
+Scorpio (Vrishika) 
+Water/Jala 
+6:04 am 
+31.93 
+40.33 
+D6 
+Monday 
+17/4/2017 
+Shashti 
+Moola  
+Sagittarius (Dhanus) 
+Fire/Agni 
+6:04 am 
+31.40 
+39.33 
+D7 
+Tuesday 
+18/4/2017 
+Saptami 
+Poorvashada 
+Sagittarius (Dhanus) 
+Fire/Agni 
+6:04 am 
+31.13 
+40.33 
+D8 
+Wednesday 
+19/4/2017 
+Ashtami 
+Uttarashada 
+Capricorn (Makara) 
+Earth/Prithvi 
+6:04 am 
+31.83 
+44.33 
+D9 
+Thursday 
+20/4/2017 
+Navami 
+Shravana 
+Capricorn (Makara) 
+Earth/Prithvi 
+6:04 am 
+32.00 
+43.00 
+D10 
+Friday 
+21/4/2017 
+Dashami 
+Dhanishta 
+Capricorn (Makara) 
+Earth/Prithvi 
+5:59 am 
+31.20 
+44.67 
+D11 
+Saturday 
+22/4/2017 
+Ekadashi 
+Shatabhisha 
+Aquarius (Kumbha) 
+Air/Vayu 
+5:59 am 
+30.87 
+47.67 
+D12 
+Sunday 
+23/4/2017 
+Dvadashi   
+Poorvabhadra 
+Aquarius (Kumbha) 
+Air/Vayu 
+5:59 am 
+31.80 
+47.33 
+D13 
+Monday 
+24/4/2017 
+Trayodashi 
+Uttarabhadra 
+Pisces (Meena) 
+Water/Jala 
+5:59 am 
+32.20 
+43.67 
+D14 
+Tuesday 
+25/4/2017 
+Caturdashi 
+Revati 
+Pisces (Meena) 
+Water/Jala 
+5:59 am 
+31.60 
+45.33 
+D15 
+Wednesday 
+26/4/2017 
+Purnima 
+Ashwini 
+Aries (Mesha) 
+Air/Vayu 
+5:59 am 
+29.63 
+47.67 
+ 
+         Life Sciences Leaflets     FREE DOWNLOAD                                                  ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) 
+ 
+http://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/                           PEER-REVIEWED                            Page | 21 
+ 
+ 
+Table 2. Effect of sriyantra on germination of seeds 
+Variables of germination of seeds 
+two sample independent t-test 
+of radical length 
+Variable 
+Treatment 
+C 
+PSY 
+PBY 
+MSY 
+MBY 
+Treatment 
+p-value 
+Number of seeds 
+600 
+600 
+600 
+600 
+600 
+C vs PSY 
+0.1316 
+% of germinated seeds 
+98.83 
+99.17 
+99.83 
+99.67 
+99.17 
+C vs PBY 
+0.0013** 
+Mean of radicals length (cm) 
+0.71 
+0.75 
+0.78 
+0.66 
+0.69 
+C vs MSY 
+0.0104* 
+Standard deviation of radicals length   
+0.31 
+0.34 
+0.35 
+0.26 
+0.28 
+C vs MBY 
+0.3637 
+Dry weight of seeds (gm) 
+9.06 
+8.98 
+8.99 
+8.94 
+8.88 
+PSY vs PBY 
+0.0906 
+Fresh weight of germinated seeds (gm) 
+18.75 
+20.51 
+21.32 
+22.08 
+24.10 
+PSY vs MSY 
+0.0001*** 
+% change of fresh weight  
+------ 
+9.39 
+13.71 
+17.76 
+28.53 
+PSY vs MBY 
+0.0204* 
+Oven dry weight of germinated seeds 
+(gm) 
+8.03 
+8.08 
+8.00 
+8.00 
+8.00 
+PBY vs MSY 
+2.90e-09*** 
+% change of oven dry weight  
+------ 
+0.62 
+-0.37 
+-0.37 
+-0.37 
+PBY vs MBY 
+2.41e-05*** 
+------- 
+MSY vs MBY 
+0.1316 
+Legend: C: Control, PSY: Paper small sriyantra, PBY: Paper big sriyantra, MSY: Pancha loha small 
+ 
+sriyantra, MBY: Pancha loha big sriyantra 
+ 
+*p<0.05,**p<0.01,***p<0.001 
+ 
+1.  PBY sample had maximum % of germination compare to other sample. 
+ 
+2.  PBY sample had maximum mean radical length compared to other sample. 
+ 
+3.  All treated samples had more fresh weight of germinated seeds compared to control 
+sample. 
+ 
+4.  PSY sample had maximum oven dry weight of germinated seeds compared to other 
+sample. 
+ 
+5. PBY sample had shown higher significant in radical length compared to control sample. 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Table 3. Lunar days effect on variables of germination of seeds 
+ 
+Day  
+Waxing moon 
+Waning moon 
+% 
+Germi
+nation 
+Dry 
+weight 
+(gm) 
+Fresh 
+weight 
+(gm) 
+Oven 
+dry 
+weight 
+(gm) 
+Mean 
+radical 
+length 
+(cm) 
+Std. 
+Day 
+% 
+Germi
+nation 
+Dry 
+weight 
+(gm) 
+Fresh 
+weight 
+(gm) 
+Oven 
+dry 
+weight 
+(gm) 
+Mean 
+radical 
+Length 
+(cm) 
+Std. 
+D1 
+100 
+0.61 
+1.27 
+0.54 
+0.83 
+0.31 
+D1 
+95 
+0.59 
+1.25 
+0.53 
+0.69 
+0.31 
+D2 
+100 
+0.59 
+1.73 
+0.52 
+0.80 
+0.44 
+D2 
+97.5 
+0.62 
+1.22 
+0.55 
+1.02 
+0.32 
+D3 
+100 
+0.62 
+1.65 
+0.51 
+0.62 
+0.28 
+D3 
+97.5 
+0.61 
+1.65 
+0.57 
+0.69 
+0.31 
+D4 
+97.5 
+0.62 
+---- 
+0.54 
+0.73 
+0.35 
+D4 
+100 
+0.58 
+---- 
+0.52 
+0.82 
+0.42 
+D5 
+97.5 
+0.61 
+1.48 
+0.55 
+0.61 
+0.23 
+D5 
+100 
+0.59 
+1.60 
+0.53 
+0.68 
+0.31 
+D6 
+97.5 
+0.62 
+1.41 
+0.55 
+0.71 
+0.30 
+D6 
+100 
+0.58 
+1.63 
+0.59 
+0.54 
+0.13 
+D7 
+100 
+0.61 
+1.49 
+0.55 
+0.64 
+0.19 
+D7 
+100 
+0.61 
+1.68 
+0.55 
+0.67 
+0.32 
+D8 
+100 
+0.62 
+1.49 
+0.54 
+0.63 
+0.35 
+D8 
+97.5 
+0.61 
+1.70 
+0.54 
+0.78 
+0.40 
+D9 
+100 
+0.58 
+1.68 
+0.52 
+0.76 
+0.30 
+D9 
+97.5 
+0.59 
+1.81 
+0.54 
+0.66 
+0.30 
+D10 
+97.5 
+0.59 
+1.33 
+0.55 
+0.60 
+0.22 
+D10 
+97.5 
+0.58 
+1.56 
+0.52 
+0.68 
+0.31 
+D11 
+100 
+0.62 
+---- 
+0.55 
+0.88 
+0.36 
+D11 
+100 
+0.59 
+1.21 
+0.53 
+0.70 
+0.27 
+D12 
+100 
+0.58 
+1.53 
+0.52 
+0.68 
+0.20 
+D12 
+100 
+0.58 
+1.31 
+0.53 
+0.73 
+0.36 
+D13 
+100 
+0.58 
+1.01 
+0.51 
+0.70 
+0.22 
+D13 
+97.5 
+0.59 
+1.58 
+0.53 
+0.79 
+0.45 
+D14 
+97.5 
+0.62 
+1.43 
+0.55 
+0.72 
+0.35 
+D14 
+100 
+0.58 
+1.72 
+0.52 
+0.94 
+0.38 
+                                              --------- 
+D15 
+100 
+0.59 
+1.76 
+0.52 
+0.86 
+0.37 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+         Life Sciences Leaflets     FREE DOWNLOAD                                                  ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) 
+ 
+http://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/                           PEER-REVIEWED                            Page | 22 
+ 
+ 
+Sample 
+Randomly 
+selected 40 
+seeds and 
+washed with 
+distilled water 
+Soaked with 
+distilled water 
+Sandwiched with 
+wet filter paper 
+Covered with 
+treatment 
+ 
+ 
+C 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+PSY 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+PBY 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+MSY 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+MBY 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Legend:  C: Control, PSY: Paper small sriyantra, PBY: Paper big sriyantra, MSY: Panca 
+ 
+loha small sriyantra, MBY: Panca loha big sriyantra. 
+ 
+Fig. 1 Photographic demonstration of experiment procedure of fenugreek seeds 
+         Life Sciences Leaflets     FREE DOWNLOAD                                                  ISSN 2277-4297(Print)0976–1098(Online) 
+ 
+http://lifesciencesleaflets.petsd.org/                           PEER-REVIEWED                            Page | 23 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Control sample 
+(C) 
+Paper small 
+sriyantra 
+sample (PSY) 
+Paper big 
+sriyantra 
+sample (PBY) 
+Panca Loha 
+small 
+sriyantra 
+sample (MSY) 
+Panca Loha 
+big sriyantra 
+sample (MBY) 
+ 
+Fig. 2 Pattern of germination seeds of fenugreek seeds 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Fig. 3 Effect of lunar days on mean radical length 
+0.4
+0.5
+0.6
+0.7
+0.8
+0.9
+1
+1.1
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+M
+e
+a
+n
+r
+a
+d
+i
+c
+a
+l
+l
+e
+n
+g
+t
+h
+(
+c
+m
+)
+Lunar day
+Waxing moon
+Waning moon

subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga and Physical Exercise on Motor Functions among Substance Abusers A Randomised Comparative Study.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,724 @@
+Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018, Oct, Vol-12(10):VC10-VC14
+10
+10
+DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2018/35341.12156
+Original Article
+Effect of Yoga and Physical Exercise 
+on Motor Functions among 
+Substance Abusers: A Randomised 
+Comparative Study
+Ananda Gaihre1, Sasidharan K Rajesh2
+Keywords:	Arm steadiness, Dexterity, Fine motor speed, Tapping
+ABSTRACT
+Introduction: Substance abuse disorder is characterised by 
+severe motor function impairment. Rehabilitation programs 
+should augment the motor function to reduce the risk of relapse. 
+Yoga and exercise-based intervention are emerging as an add-
+on therapy for the management of addictive behaviours.
+Aim: To evaluate the influence of yoga-based program as an 
+add-on in augmenting the motor function in comparison to 
+physical exercise to afresh admitted substance abusers.
+Materials and Methods: The randomised, comparative study 
+included sixty-six male participants from a residential rehabilitation 
+unit. In addition to standard rehabilitation treatment, partakers 
+in the yoga or physical exercise group underwent supervised 
+daily training for 12 weeks. The study assessed the participants 
+on Finger Tapping Task, O’Connor Tweezer Dexterity Test, and 
+Automatic Mirror Tracer at the baseline and following 12 weeks of 
+intervention. Group difference was calculated by chi-square test, 
+the Mann-Whitney test or Student t-test. While, paired sample 
+t-test was used to determine with-in group change.
+Results: A significant enhancement in tapping speeds was 
+observed in both the yoga and the exercise group at 0-10 
+seconds (TSI) and 10-20 seconds (TS2), but not statistically 
+significant at 20-30 seconds (TS3). The results from the tweezer 
+dexterity were significantly better following yoga (p< 0.001, d = 
+0.99) and exercise (p< 0.001, d = 0.82). Furthermore, a significant 
+reduction was seen in Mirror tracing time after yoga (p< 0.034, d 
+= 0.39) and exercise (p< 0.006, d = 0.53), with differences high 
+in the exercise group. Statistically significant median decrease 
+in mirror error score observed in yoga, z = -1.991, p = .046, but 
+not in physical exercise z = -1.590, p = .112.
+Conclusion: Current outcomes propose that the add-on yoga 
+or physical exercise-based intervention demonstrated the 
+enhancement of motor function. Based on authors' review of 
+literature, this is the first study that stated the potential benefit 
+of yoga or physical exercise among substance abuse on motor 
+function. Comprehensive trials are needed to understand 
+the potential long-term effects on rehabilitation and relapse 
+prevention.
+INTRODUCTION	
+Substance abuse, the physically hazardous uses of various 
+psychoactive drugs results in significant modification of brain structure 
+and functional activity related to motor functions [1]. Recent studies 
+show a significant rise in substance users in Nepal, which is eventually 
+leading to severe healthcare burden [2]. Psychomotor functions 
+are tasks that essentially give prominence to timing, accuracy, 
+coordination, steadiness, and strength with less or negligible cognitive 
+demands [3,4]. Further, the deleterious effect of motor functions 
+is more significant than cognitive impairments in substance abuse 
+[5]. Relapse of recovering substance abuser is predicated on motor 
+functions obtained at the end of treatment [6]. Numerous data has 
+revealed that lack of inhibitory control [7] and higher trait impulsivity 
+[8], contributes to the progress and relapse of the disorder. Further, a 
+recent study reported a significant dearth of neural motor inhibition, 
+which correlates with altered inhibitory control in substance abusers, 
+which in turn emphasised the motor function as a new biomarker 
+[9]. Hence, it is essential to take into account the motor functions of 
+substance abusers in the proposed treatment.
+Yoga, a system of ethical, psychological, and physical practices, 
+has shown encouraging results in the management of addictive 
+behaviours [10]. Further, studies showed a lower risk of relapse 
+to substance use [11], symptomatic improvements in psychiatric 
+disorders [12], and psychophysiological effects following yoga-
+based intervention [13]. Furthermore, previous findings have shown 
+augmentation of motor functions following yoga and physical 
+exercise-based intervention [14-17].
+Part of this work has been published previously [18] has shown 
+the beneficial effect of yoga or exercise on cognitive functions. The 
+study was added to the previous study, to evaluate the effects of 
+add-on yoga-based intervention and physical exercise on fine motor 
+speed (Finger Tapping Task), Dexterity (O’Connor Tweezer Dexterity 
+Test), and arm-hand steadiness (Mirror Star Tracing Test), in addition 
+to Treatment As Usual (TAU). To the best of our knowledge, this is 
+the first randomised, comparative trial, that evaluated the outcome 
+of the yoga-based intervention and physical exercise on motor 
+function among Substance Use Disorders (SUDs).
+MATERIALS AND METHODS
+This randomised, open-label active control study, recruited a 
+random subset of newly admitted substance abusers (n=66) from 
+an in-house rehabilitation care unit at Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. A 
+priori computation of sample size using G* Power come out 54 
+participants, with an effect size 1.016 [19] at an alpha value of 
+0.05 and with the actual power of 0.95. The research study was 
+carried out between August 2016 to March 2017. Participants were 
+18–40 years of age, met the DSM-V criteria [20] for substance use 
+disorder, stability in psychological symptoms, and three weeks of 
+sobriety or abstinence in which they underwent medically supervised 
+detoxification. Individuals who had a legal case that interfered during 
+the study period were excluded. Further, patients with the acute 
+major psychiatric disorder and active infectious diseases (HIV and 
+tuberculosis) were not included.
+Psychiatry/Mental 
+Health Section
+www.jcdr.net	
+Ananda Gaihre and Sasidharan K Rajesh, Yoga and Physical Exercise on Motor Function Among Substance Use Disorders
+Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018, Oct, Vol-12(10):VC10-VC14
+11
+11
+Baseline Assessment
+The study was reviewed and received ethical approval (631-
+02/10/16) from the Nepal Health Research Council Kathmandu, 
+Nepal. Each participant was fully informed about the study protocol 
+and provided written consent to participate. After collecting baseline 
+data on demographic profile, years of substance abuse, type of drug 
+addiction, fine motor speed, dexterity, and arm-hand steadiness, 
+the participants were randomly assigned to yoga intervention 
+(n=33) or physical exercise (n=33) for twelve weeks, in addition to 
+treatment as usual based on simple random allocation generated 
+using computer software (a free on-line Randomizer) [21].
+Intervention
+Details of the yoga and physical exercise intervention have been 
+published previously [18]. The intervention was administrated weekly 
+six sessions of 90 minutes duration over 12 weeks in the morning 
+6.30-8.00 am under the supervision of a trained yoga therapist 
+and physical instructor. The yoga protocol consisted of loosening 
+practices, kapalabhati kriya and sun salutation. Further, asanas 
+(standing, sitting, supine, & prone posture), breathing techniques, 
+pranayama (bhastrika, bhramari, nadhisuddhi, & cooling) and 
+meditation (Om meditation & cyclic meditation). Between the 
+practices, different relaxation techniques such as Instant Relaxation 
+Techniques, Quick Relaxation Techniques, and Deep Relaxation 
+Techniques were administered. The physical exercise program 
+includes loosening, warm-up, stretching to enhance flexibility and 
+strengthening exercise. Further, moderate aerobics which included 
+different types of walking (drill and brisk) and various forms of jogging 
+(forward, backward, and side).
+Assessments 
+Finger Tapping Test
+The finger-tapping test provides an easily quantifiable measure of fine 
+motor speed. Subjects were seated in optimal comfort position with 
+forearms laid on a table in front of them. Participants were instructed 
+to rest their hand on wooden board raised on one side and place 
+the index finger on a small lever connected to a mechanical counter. 
+When the lever was pressed down all the way and released, the 
+counter increased the reading by one. Further, participants were 
+tutored to oscillate the index finger as quickly instead of the wrist. 
+After explaining the procedure, a brief practice session was given 
+before the actual recording. Readings of taps at the interval of 10, 
+20 seconds, and final reading in 30 seconds were noted. Higher the 
+scores better the fine motor skill [22].
+Tweezer Dexterity Test 
+Subjects sat comfortably in front of a table on which the dexterity 
+board was placed. The board consists of two halves. One half has 
+a square plate approximately 15×15 cm with ten rows of 10 holes 
+to insert the pins, and the other half contains a shallow tray to keep 
+the sufficient number of pins. The test required the use of tweezers, 
+in placing a single pin in each approximately 0.16cm diameter hole, 
+as quickly as possible. The individual is instructed to fill the holes 
+beginning left to right and from top row to the bottom. To familiarize 
+with the test, participants were given trials of filling two rows before 
+the actual test. Timing was measured in seconds starting when the 
+subject picked up the tweezer and ended with filling 100 holes. The 
+lesser the score, the higher the efficiency in performance [23].
+Automatic Mirror Tracer 
+The subjects were asked to take a seat restfully in front of a table 
+where the Automatic Mirror Tracer was set up. The Automatic Mirror 
+Tracer (Lafayette, Model 58024A) consists of an aluminum plate 
+with a non-conducting black star pattern anodized into the surface. 
+A metal shield on the instrument prevents the subject from viewing 
+the black star pattern. Subjects were able to see the pattern by 
+looking in a mirror placed vertically behind the star. Participants were 
+instructed to hold a metallic-tracing stylus in their preferred hand 
+and trace as fast and accurately as possible, attempting to stay 
+within the pattern, from a starting mark. The aluminum plate and 
+the metallic-tracing stylus are both connected to the Silent Impulse 
+Counter (Lafayette, Model 58024C), errors tallied automatically 
+when stylus touch outside the margins of the non-conducting black 
+star pattern. The time and error committed were recorded [19].
+STATISTICAL ANALYSIS	
+All statistical analyses were done with the R platform (version 3.4.0). 
+Descriptive statistics were stated in mean±SD for continuous 
+variables. 
+Categorical 
+variables 
+quantified 
+as 
+frequencies 
+(percentage). The hypothesis of normality was assessed by 
+Shapiro-Wilk tests and visual examination of the standard Q&Q plot. 
+Univariate statistics on the differences between baseline variables 
+calculated from the chi-square  test, the Mann-Whitney test or 
+Student t-test. A paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test 
+were used to determine whether there was a statistically remarkable 
+mean difference of pre- and post-yoga intervention. Further, effect 
+size, Cohen’s d, was calculated (Cohen, 1988). All analyses were 
+considered statistically significant was considered at p <0.05.
+RESULTS
+In total 66 recruited patients, data for 63 were included for final 
+analysis. The dropout reasons are highlighted in [Table/Fig-1]. 
+Further, [Table/Fig-2], summarizes baseline information and outcome 
+parameters between the yoga and physical exercise groups. A 
+significant enhancement in tapping speeds between 0-10 seconds 
+(TSI) were observed in both the yoga (p< 0.05, d = -0.53) and 
+the exercise group (p<0.026, d= -0.42). Post intervention shows 
+differences in 10-20 seconds (TS2), statistically significant increased 
+mean in yoga (p < 0.036, d = -0.35) and exercise (p <0.032, d 
+= -0.40). Furthermore, on the 20-30 seconds (TS3), improvement 
+were noted in yoga (p < 0.078, d = -0.32) and exercise group (p< 
+0.478, d = -0.13), but not statistically significant. The results from 
+the tweezer dexterity were significantly better, when post scores 
+were compared with their respective pre-scores following yoga (p< 
+0.001, d = 0.99) and exercise (p< 0.001, d = 0.82). Furthermore, a 
+significant reduction was seen in Mirror time after yoga (p< 0.034, 
+d = 0.39) and exercise (p< 0.006, d = 0.53), with differences high 
+[Table/Fig-1]:	 Trail Profile.
+Ananda Gaihre and Sasidharan K Rajesh, Yoga and Physical Exercise on Motor Function Among Substance Use Disorders	
+www.jcdr.net
+Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018, Oct, Vol-12(10):VC10-VC14
+12
+12
+in exercise group following three months. Wilcoxon signed-rank 
+test showed a statistically significant median decrease in mirror 
+error score when subjects imbibed the yoga (17) compared to the 
+pre (19.50), z = -1.991, p =.046. While following physical exercise, 
+median reduced in mirror error score (18) compared to the pre (21), 
+z = -1.590, p =.112, but not statistically significant. The details have 
+been highlighted in [Table/Fig-3].
+ 
+ 
+Yoga Mean±SD [Min-Max]
+Physical Mean±SD [Min-Max]
+p-value
+Age^
+24.25±5.59(18-40)
+24.77±5.02(18-40)
+U= 447, z = -0.676
+0.499
+Education+
+≤Intermediate level
+23(71.9)
+20(64.5)
+χ2(1)=0.394
+0.530
+Bachelor and above
+9(28.1)
+11(35.5)
+Marital+
+Married
+7(21.9)
+8(25.8)
+χ2(1)=0.134
+0.714
+Unmarried
+25(78.1)
+23(74.2)
+Alcohol+
+No
+5(15.6)
+5(16.1)
+χ2(1)=0.003
+0.956
+Yes
+27(84.4)
+26(83.9)
+Cannabis+
+No
+4(12.5)
+5(16.1)
+χ2(1)=0.169
+0.681
+Yes
+28(87.5)
+26(83.9)
+Opiates+
+No
+6(18.8)
+11(35.5)
+χ2(1)=2.23
+0.135
+Yes
+26(81.2)
+20(64.5)
+Tranquillizers+
+No
+12(37.5)
+16(51.6)
+χ2(1)=1.27
+0.260
+Yes
+20(62.5)
+15(48.4)
+Stimulants+
+No
+12(37.5)
+15(48.4)
+χ2(1)=0.762
+0.383
+Yes
+20(62.5)
+16(51.6)
+Inhalants+
+No
+18(56.3)
+16(51.16)
+χ2(1)=0.136
+0.712
+Yes
+14(43.8)
+15(48.4)
+Variables 
+ 
+Mean±SD
+Mean±SD
+Years Intake Drug^
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+7.06±5.70
+6.61±5.05
+U=475.5,z = -0.296
+0.788
+Tapping10s@
+37.00±7.81
+38.45±7.72
+t (61) = -0.741
+0.461
+Tapping20s@
+35.28±8.02
+35.71±7.73
+t(61) = -0.216
+ 0.830
+Tapping30s@
+26.59±8.44
+28.03±8.65
+t(61) = -0.668
+0.507
+Tweezer Dexterity@
+471.94±81.79
+458.32±90.68
+t(61) = 0.626
+ 0.534
+Mirror Time@
+83.25±37.45
+71.32±30.11
+t(61) = 1.39
+ 0.169
+Mirror Error^
+29.00±30.12
+32.45±31.40
+U= 462,z = -0.468
+0.640
+[Table/Fig-2]: Baseline characteristics of the yoga and exercise groups.
+Mann-Whitney test, @Student t-test and+Chi-square test
+Yoga (n=32)
+Exercise (n=31)
+Measures
+Pre
+Post
+95% CI
+t
+p
+d
+Pre
+Post
+95% CI
+t
+p
+d
+Tapping 10s
+37.00 (7.81)
+40.16 (7.44)
+(-5.29 to -1.01)
+-3.005
+0.005
+38.45 (7.72)
+40.81 (6.35)
+(-4.41 to -.30)
+-2.34
+0.026
+-0.42
+Tapping 20s
+35.28 (8.02)
+37.59 (7.33)
+(-4.47 to -.16)
+-2.19
+0.036
+35.71 (7.73)
+38.39 (6.004)
+(-5.11 to -.24)
+-2.24
+0.032
+-0.40
+Tapping 30s
+26.59 (8.45)
+29.19 (7.17)
+(-5.49 to .30)
+-1.82
+0.078
+28.03 (8.65)
+29.06 (6.39)
+(-3.96 to1.90)
+-.72
+0.478
+-0.13
+Tweezer 
+Dexterity
+471.91(81.79)
+412.62(76.92)
+(37.85 to 80.77)
+5.64
+0.000
+0.99
+458.32(90.68)
+393.65(88.99)
+(35.87 to 93.48)
+4.58
+0.000
+0.82
+Mirror Time
+83.25(37.46)
+67.50(35.19)
+(1.24 to 30.25)
+2.21
+0.034
+0.39
+71.32(30.17)
+58.19(28.64)
+(4.05 to 22.21)
+2.95
+0.006
+0.53
+[Table/Fig-3]: Comparison of motor function in yoga and physical exercise groups following 12 weeks of intervention.
+Paired sample t-test for compare with-in group
+Differences between the yoga and physical exercise groups, 
+summarised in [Table/Fig-4]. However, when the between-group 
+changes in the parameters were compared, there were no significant 
+differences between the yoga and exercise group in any of the 
+evaluated motor functions.
+DISCUSSION
+Based on authors' review of literature, this is the first randomised 
+comparative clinical study assessintg the add-on effect of yoga or 
+physical exercise on motor functions among substance abusers. 
+The partakers enrolled from a rehabilitation center providing a 
+standard therapeutic environment for detoxification to SUDs. Tasks 
+of motor function, including fine motor speed, dexterity, and arm-
+hand steadiness observed significant impairment in SUDs. The 
+present study has demonstrated 12 weeks of yoga, or physical 
+exercise training in addition to conventional therapies producing 
+substantial recovery of motor function in substance abuser in a 
+residential rehabilitation center. Enhancements due to yoga and 
+physical exercise were not significantly different.
+The results are consistent with previous studies that demonstrated 
+enrichment of motor function such as strength, dexterity, speed, 
+ 
+Yoga
+Exercise
+t value
+p-value
+Variables
+Mean±SD
+Mean±SD
+Tapping10s
+3.15±5.94
+2.35±5.60
+t(61)=-0.551
+0.584
+Tapping20s
+2.31±5.98
+2.68±6.64
+t(61)=0.229
+0.819
+Tapping30s 
+2.59±8.03
+1.03±7.99
+t(61)=-0.773
+0.443
+Tweezer Dexterity
+-59.31±59.52
+-64.67±78.52
+t(61)=-0.310
+0.760
+Mirror Time
+-15.75±40.24
+-13.13±24.74
+t(61)=0.310
+0.765
+Mirror Error
+-10.34±27.66
+-10.54±28.63
+t (61)=-0.029
+0.977
+[Table/Fig-4]: Mean difference comparisons between pre-test and 12 weeks 
+post-intervention scores
+* Mean scores were computed as differences between pre-test and post-test intervention. Differ­
+ences were analysed using independent samples t-test
+www.jcdr.net	
+Ananda Gaihre and Sasidharan K Rajesh, Yoga and Physical Exercise on Motor Function Among Substance Use Disorders
+Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018, Oct, Vol-12(10):VC10-VC14
+13
+13
+flexibility, gait, and steadiness following yoga and physical 
+exercise-based intervention in healthy adults [15,22,24], the elderly 
+population [16,17,25] and in patients [26-28]. Dopamine (DA) is 
+a neurotransmitter that is essential in regulating brain processes 
+connected with motor function [29]. Previous results provide 
+evidence that substance abuse at dose levels and long-term leads 
+to reductions in the brain dopamine transporter, associated with 
+significant motor function impairment [30,31]. Further, the results 
+emphasise, interventions that enhance dopamine activity may 
+improve motor performance irrespective of age [32]. There is an 
+initial finding from a yoga-based intervention that showed an 
+increased release of dopamine [33]. Furthermore, preliminary results 
+demonstrate that substance abuse induced deficits in the dopamine 
+system are reversible in human subjects, and exercise training can 
+facilitate the process [34]. Increased endogenous dopamine release 
+may be a potential mechanism by which practice of exercise or 
+yoga enhanced motor function among SUDs. Further,  the yoga-
+based intervention has demonstrated significant stress-reduction on 
+psychological and physiological indices of stress among SUDs [35]. 
+Furthermore, a recent review has highlighted moderate and high-
+intensity aerobic exercises, and the mind-body interventions can be 
+an effective and sustainable treatment for those with SUDs [36].
+LIMITATION	
+There are several methodological shortcomings of the present 
+study. The lack of a control group, raising the possibility that the 
+observed effects can attribute to the natural recovery due to 12 
+weeks of sobriety, or to the rehabilitation interventions. However, 
+the normal trends of substance abuse rehabilitation, may not 
+show improvements in the magnitude revealed in our results. 
+The assessments were done only for the upper limb activity. The 
+upcoming study should in co-operate lower limbs and further areas 
+such as steadiness, strength, gait, and flexibility. Further, prospective 
+studies should include diagnostic evaluation of understanding the 
+individuals with severe motor impairment. Future research should 
+explore whether integrating yoga and physical exercise would lead 
+to more benefits than yoga or physical exercise alone. Furthermore, 
+current research sample consist of male participants precludes the 
+generalis ation of the results to another group.
+CONCLUSION
+Our results suggest that the add-on yoga or exercise-based 
+intervention has shown an enhancement of motor functions. Yoga 
+appears to be as good as physical exercise. The clinical application 
+of findings is noteworthy, stumbling and uncoordinated motor 
+functions quelled with sobriety, as the enhanced motor function will 
+be a mediating factor in promoting well being and prevention of 
+relapse. Further rigorous trials are required to explore the long-term 
+effect and its application in the relapse prevention and to evaluate 
+the underlying mechanisms.
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+The authors thank the participants and the chief warden of the 
+rehabilitation center in the Kathmandu valley in Nepal. The authors 
+also thank Dr. Binod Ghimire, Dr. Yangjan Gaihre, Kamal Gaihre, and 
+Yagya Gaihre for their assistance with data collection.
+REFERENCES 
+	 Fama R, Le Berre A-P
+, Hardcastle C, Sassoon SA, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV, et 
+[1]
+al.   Neurological, nutritional and alcohol consumption factors underlie cognitive 
+and motor   deficits in chronic alcoholism. Addict Biol [Internet]. 2017;1-13.
+	 Government of Nepal, Affairs H. central bureau of statistics. Survey Report on 
+[2]
+Current Hard Drug Users in Nepal – 2069. 2013;1(1):1-51. 
+	 Ackerman PL. Determinants of individual differences during skill acquisition: 
+[3]
+cognitive abilities and information processing. J Exp Psychol Gen. 
+1988;117(3):288–318.
+	 Chaiken SR, Kyllonen PC, Tirre WC. Organization and components of 
+[4]
+psychomotor ability. Cogn Psychol. 2000;40(3):198–226.
+	 Sullivan E V, Rosenbloom MJ, Pfefferbaum A. Pattern of motor and cognitive 
+[5]
+deficits in detoxified alcoholic men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24(5):611–21. 
+	
+[6]
+Parsons OA. Neurocognitive deficits in alcoholics and social drinkers: a 
+continuum? Alcohol Clin Exp Res [Internet]. 1998;22(4):954–61.
+	 Domínguez-Salas S, Díaz-Batanero C, Lozano-Rojas OM, Verdejo-García A. 
+[7]
+Impact of general cognition and executive function deficits on addiction treatment 
+outcomes: Systematic review and discussion of neurocognitive pathways. 
+Neurosci Biobehav Rev. [Internet]. 2016;71:772–801.
+	 Verdejo-García A, Lawrence AJ, Clark L. Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker 
+[8]
+for substance-use disorders: Review of findings from high-risk research, 
+problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 
+2008;32(4):777–810. 
+	 Quoilin C, Wilhelm E, Maurage P
+, de Timary P
+, Duque J. Deficient inhibition 
+[9]
+in alcohol-dependence: let’s consider the role of the motor system! 
+Neuropsychopharmacology. 2018;43:1851–58. 
+	 Khanna S, Greeson JM. A narrative review of yoga and mindfulness as 
+[10]
+complementary therapies for addiction. Complement Ther Med. 2013;21:244–
+52.
+	 Bowen S, Witkiewitz K, Clifasefi SL, Grow J, Chawla N, Hsu SH, et al. Relative 
+[11]
+efficacy of mindfulness-based relapse prevention, standard relapse prevention, 
+and treatment as usual for substance use disorders: a randomized clinical trial. 
+JAMA psychiatry [Internet]. 2014;71(5):547–56.
+	 Varambally S, Gangadhar BN. Yoga: A spiritual practice with therapeutic value in 
+[12]
+psychiatry. Asian J Psychiatr. 2012;5(2):186–89. 
+	 Raub JA. Psychophysiologic Effects of Hatha Yoga on Musculoskeletal and 
+[13]
+Cardiopulmonary Function: A Literature Review. J Altern Complement Med 
+[Internet]. 2002;8(6):797–812.
+	 Amin DJ, Goodman M. The effects of selected asanas in Iyengar yoga on 
+[14]
+flexibility: Pilot study. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2014;18(3):399–404. 
+	 Subramaniam S, Bhatt T. Effect of Yoga practice on reducing cognitive-motor 
+[15]
+interference for improving dynamic balance control in healthy adults. Complement 
+Ther Med. 2017;30:30–35. 
+	
+[16]
+Cadore EL, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Sinclair A, Izquierdo M. Effects of Different Exercise 
+Interventions on Risk of Falls, Gait Ability, and Balance in Physically Frail Older Adults: 
+A Systematic Review. Rejuvenation Res [Internet]. 2013;16(2):105–14.
+	 Kavanagh JJ, Wedderburn-Bisshop J, Keogh JWL. Resistance training reduces 
+[17]
+force tremor and improves manual dexterity in older individuals with essential 
+tremor. J Mot Behav. 2016;48(1):20–30. 
+	 Gaihre A, Rajesh SK. Effect of Add-On Yoga on Cognitive Functions among 
+[18]
+Substance Abusers in a Residential Therapeutic Center: Randomized 
+Comparative Study. Ann Neurosci [Internet]. 2018;25:38–45.
+	 Telles S, Praghuraj P
+, Ghosh A, Nagendra HR. Effect of a one-month yoga training 
+[19]
+program on performance in a mirror-tracing task. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 
+2006;50(2):187–90.
+	 American Psychiatric Association. DSM V. Diagnostic Stat Man Ment Disord 5th 
+[20]
+Ed [Internet]. 2013;280.
+	 Urbaniak GC, Pious S. Research Randomizer [Internet]. Social Psychology 
+[21]
+Network. 2013. Version 4.0.
+	 Dash M, Telles S. Yoga training and motor speed based on a finger tapping task. 
+[22]
+Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 1999;43(4):458–62.
+	 Tiidus PM, Brown L, Brant A, Enns DL, Bryden PJ. Physiological, sensory, and 
+[23]
+functional measures in a model of wrist muscle injury and recovery. Physiother 
+Can [Internet]. 2008;60(1):30–39. 
+	 Mills EM. The effect of low-intensity aerobic exercises on muscle strength, flexibility, 
+[24]
+and balance among sedentary elderly persons. Nurs Res.1994;43(7):207–11.
+	 Kwok JYY, Choi KC, Chan HYL. Effects of mind–body exercises on the 
+[25]
+physiological and psychosocial well-being of individuals with Parkinson’s disease: 
+A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med [Internet]. 
+2016;29:121–31.
+	 Quaney BM, Boyd LA, McDowd JM, Zahner LH, Jianghua He, Mayo MS, et al. 
+[26]
+Aerobic exercise improves cognition and motor function post stroke. Neurorehabil 
+Neural Repair. 2009;23(9):879–85. 
+	 Dalgas U, Stenager E, Jakobsen J, Petersen T, Hansen HJ, Knudsen C, et al. 
+[27]
+Resistance training improves muscle strength and functional capacity in multiple 
+sclerosis. Neurology [Internet]. 2009;73(18):1478–84.
+	 Tekur P
+, Singphow C, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N. Effect of short-term intensive 
+[28]
+yoga program on pain, functional disability and spinal flexibility in chronic low back 
+pain: a randomized control study. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(6):637-44.
+	 Volkow ND, Logan J, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Gur RC, Wong C, et al. Association 
+[29]
+between age-related decline in brain dopamine activity and impairment in frontal 
+and cingulate metabolism. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(1):75–80.
+	 Wilson JM, Kalasinsky KS, Levey AI, Bergeron C, Reiber G, Anthony RM, et al. 
+[30]
+Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine 
+users. Nat Med [Internet]. 1996;2(6):699–703.
+	
+[31]
+McCann UD, Wong DF, Yokoi F, Villemagne V, Dannals RF, Ricaurte GA. Reduced 
+striatal dopamine transporter density in abstinent methamphetamine and 
+methcathinone users: evidence from positron emission tomography studies with 
+[11C] WIN-35, 428. J Neurosci [Internet]. 1998;18(20):8417–22.
+	 Volkow ND, Gur RC, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Moberg PJ, Ding YS, et al. Association 
+[32]
+between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor 
+impairment in healthy individuals. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(3):344–49. 
+	 Kjaer TW, Bertelsen C, Piccini P
+, Brooks D, Alving J, Lou HC. Increased dopamine 
+[33]
+tone during meditation-induced change of consciousness. Cogn Brain Res. 
+2002;13(2):255–59. 
+	 Robertson CL, Ishibashi K, Chudzynski J, Mooney LJ, Rawson RA, 
+[34]
+Dolezal BA, et al. Effect of exercise training on striatal dopamine D2/
+D3 receptors in methamphetamine users during behavioural treatment. 
+Neuropsychopharmacology [Internet]. 2016;41(6):1629–36. 
+Ananda Gaihre and Sasidharan K Rajesh, Yoga and Physical Exercise on Motor Function Among Substance Use Disorders	
+www.jcdr.net
+Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 2018, Oct, Vol-12(10):VC10-VC14
+14
+14
+	 Brewer JA, Sinha R, Chen JA, Michalsen RN, Babuscio TA, Nich C, et al. 
+[35]
+Mindfulness training and stress reactivity in substance abuse: results from a 
+randomized, controlled stage I pilot study. Substance Abuse. 2009;30(4):306-17.
+	 Wang D, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li R, Zhou C. Impact of physical exercise on substance 
+[36]
+use disorders: a meta-analysis. PloS one. 2014;9(10):e110728.
+PARTICULARS OF CONTRIBUTORS:
+1.	 Research scholar, Department of Psychology, S-VYASA Deemed to be University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
+2.	 Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, S-VYASA Deemed to be University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
+NAME, ADDRESS, E-MAIL ID OF THE CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
+Dr. Sasidharan K Rajesh,
+Department of Psychology, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 
+#19 Eknath Bhavan, No. 19, Gavipuram Circle, K. G. Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka - 560018, India.
+E-mail: [email protected]
+Financial OR OTHER COMPETING INTERESTS: None.
+Date of Submission: Dec 26, 2017
+Date of Peer Review: Jan 31, 2018
+Date of Acceptance: Aug 16, 2018
+Date of Publishing: Oct 01, 2018

subfolder_0/Effect of deep relaxation technique on the capacity to influency REG a randomized control trial.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,570 @@
+Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 
+Vol. 8 (3), July 2009,pp. 459-463 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Effect of deep relaxation technique on the capacity to influence  
+REG- a randomized control trial 
+Ghanshyam Singh Thakur*, Nagendra HR & Nagarathna R 
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation, Eknath Bhavan, #19 Gavipuram Circle, KG Nagar, Bangalore 560 019, Karnataka 
+Email - [email protected] 
+ 
+Received 6 November 2007; revised 5 January 2009 
+Psychokinesis, power to influence a random event generator called REG from a distance is investigated in this study of 
+the relaxation technique called Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT) which is known to invoke effulgence and higher power of 
+the mind. In this investigation, the effect of DRT compared with supine rest (SR) on 80 healthy volunteers evoking the 
+capacity to influence the REG has been examined. Each session consisted of 3 trials of pre followed by 10 trials during and 
+3 trails post. The experiment was repeated on the 1st day and the 15th day. Results showed no significant difference between 
+the pre-values of both sessions. There was also no significant change in the REG values of both SR and DRT on the 15th day 
+compared to the 1st day in the during as also post phase. Similarly, there were no significant changes between the groups on 
+the psycho kinetic power to bring changes. There was no significant difference shown in the number of episodes in which 
+REG was influenced significantly (chi square test) between the two groups. 
+Keywords: Deep relaxation technique, Random event generator 
+IPC Int. Cl.8: A61P31/00, A99Z 
+The efforts of the Princeton University Anomalies 
+group have taken the investigations a step further into 
+the framework of scientific rigour. Here, efforts have 
+been tried to proceed a little more in this direction. 
+Modern Science is in a turning point1. The paradigm 
+shift from matter based to consciousness based 
+approach is becoming inevitable2. It is now accepted 
+by quantum physicists when dealing with electrons 
+and fundamental particles, that the observer can 
+influence the behavior of the particles3. Influence of 
+mind on matter has been a phenomenon in vogue 
+from times immemorial in India and a systematic 
+methodology was evolved by Patañjali in his yoga 
+sūtras4. The demonstration of such capacities in the 
+higher states of consciousness achieved by masters of 
+any of the 4 streams of yoga- Rāja (Patañjali) Yoga, 
+Bhakti Yoga, Jñāna Yoga & Karma Yoga5. This has 
+been the greatest attraction for people at large all over 
+the world to take to the path of yoga in all seriousness 
+and with total commitment. These people even go to 
+Himālayan peaks to meet such yoga masters6,7. In 
+recent times, the book Geller Papers summarizes the 
+research investigations on psychokinetic power of  
+Uri Geller from various top universities and research 
+institutions of United States and was even endorsed 
+by the Association of the Magicians of America that 
+Uri Geller had the powers to bend metal objects by 
+his mind power8. It is believed that such powers exist 
+in every one to different extents and manifests at 
+times5. Dr Jahn and associates at Princeton University 
+published their first work in large number of research 
+papers brought out by the Princeton University, 
+Anomalies Group9-11. The REG experiments have 
+confirmed such possibilities that each individual has a 
+degree of psycho kinesis9. 
+A REG set up in a therapy office 304.8 cm. distant 
+from a patient would be anomalously affected during 
+those moments when the patients would express 
+emotions compared to the times when patients would 
+be emotionally neutral11. Recently, research project 
+was undertaken by Swami Vivekananda Yoga 
+Research Foundation on measuring consciousness 
+field using REG from August 2001 to September 
+200312. The investigators carried on a study on 
+following 5 sections: standardization, the effect of an 
+individual alone on the unit, the effect of groups, 
+collectively on the unit, a study of collective 
+consciousness, where groups of people gathered for a 
+common purpose; and a study of pairs of empathic 
+individuals and whether they were able to detect how 
+____________ 
+*Corresponding author 
+INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE,VOL 8, No.3, JULY 2009 
+ 
+ 
+460 
+the other individual was attempting to alter the unit. 
+With this background, the study is designed to evaluate 
+hoe a particular state of consciousness induced during 
+the Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT) can have an 
+influence on REG. There have been studies in which 
+the subjects did not have any intent to influence the 
+REG13. The paper attempts to study the effect of the 
+very presence of the subjects doing an activity on the 
+REG. It is well known that some people by their very 
+presence can bring calming effect on others and  
+vice versa14. 
+ 
+Methodology 
+The effect of DRT compared with supine rest (SR) 
+was studied in 80 healthy volunteers evoking the 
+capacity to influence the REG. Each session consisted 
+of 3 trials of pre followed by 10 trials during and  
+3 trails post. The experiment was repeated on 1st day 
+and 15th day. Eighty healthy volunteers, came for 
+attending residential yoga instructor course (YIC) and 
+gave their informed consent were selected for the 
+study. These 80 subjects were divided into 2 groups of 
+40 subjects in each group. Their age range was  
+18-50 yrs (mean age = 28.98, SD = 5.12). The 
+assessment of the REG variables was made using 
+REG unit-Mindsong, Inc Research Micro REG s/n 
+0128, US Patent5, 830, 064, which is supplied by M/S 
+Mindsong, Inc. A typical micro electric REG 
+comprises of an analog section based on a solid diode, 
+a Johnson noise source, or a field effect transistor 
+(FET), with output processed through a multi-stage 
+amplification and clipping circuit. Components are 
+selected to produce a white noise spectrum that is flat 
+within db over a range from 500 - 30,000 Hz. Such 
+analog portions of REG system are very sensitive to 
+variations of design and construction a sophisticated 
+shielding from environmental fields. The analog 
+signal is compared with a DC reference level, yielding 
+a digital (CMOS or TTL logic) output that 
+unambiguously defines analog inputs as binary, above 
+and below the reference voltage. This digital signal is 
+periodically sampled by an edge triggered flip flop, 
+which locks in a bit of 1or 2 until the next clocking 
+period. These devices typically have an adjustable 
+sampling rate (1,000/sec). The sampling process 
+yields a continuous sequence of bits which are further 
+processed to mitigate residual biases. The sequence of 
+bits then is shifted into an 8 bits shift register, the 
+content of which is transferred at 18 milli second to a 
+UART chip for asynchronous transmissions as a data 
+byte. These bytes are transmitted to the serial port of 
+the computer at 9600 baud, where they are read and 
+converted to REG data by dedicated software. The 
+digital and analog circuits of the REG are electrically 
+isolated from each other and they are active 
+asynchronously. A separate external power has been 
+used to minimize electromagnetic field interactions 
+within the device. Further, the REG are protected by 
+design against most internal and external sources of 
+electromagnetic interference, µ-metal or other shielding 
+around the sensitive early stages of the analog circuit. 
+ 
+Intervention 
+The following yogic relaxation technique developed 
+by 
+Swami 
+Vivekananda 
+Yoga 
+Anusandhana 
+Samsthana-Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT), which 
+can bring deeper relaxation at physical level and 
+which, in turn, can bring about deeper relaxation  
+at mental level, has been chosen as an intervention in 
+the study. 
+ 
+Deep relaxation technique (DRT) 
+Deep 
+relaxation 
+technique 
+emphasizes 
+on  
+part-by-part relaxation of the whole body. It works at 
+all levels, i.e. physical, mental, emotional, intellectual, 
+and spiritual levels. It is the relaxation technique 
+where one relaxes the body part-by-part by directing 
+the attention of the mind on different parts of the 
+body, starting from the toes and ending with the head. 
+A feeling of relaxation is propagated. The subjects 
+were taking the practicing intervention three times  
+per day. 
+ 
+Assessment 
+Random Event Generator (REG) is a device that is 
+connected to a computer to generate random numbers 
+which are converted into a plot. The question as to 
+whether our will or intent or the very presence can 
+break the random number generation process of REG 
+is being tackled in this technique. If the curve (Fig. 1) 
+goes on fluctuating within the parabola, it is an 
+ 
+ 
+Fig. 1—Number of episodes with mean values >101.00 
+THAKUR et al.: EFFECT OF DEEP RELAXATION TECHNIQUE 
+ 
+ 
+461 
+indication that the changes are all non-significance 
+(p>.05). If the will or intent or the presence has a 
+distinct capacity of psycho kinesis, the curve would 
+move beyond the parabola. 
+ 
+What does it measure? 
+It measures the extent to which our state of 
+consciousness can influence the REG. And hence it 
+measures our psycho kinetic power. Whether the 
+subjects can influence REG and bring a change in 
+random number generation. It depends on the persons 
+trying to influence the REG. If the mean value is 
+<101.00, then it is non-significant (Fig. 2). That 
+means the subjects have no significant influence on 
+REG. When the mean value is >101.00, the subjects 
+have highly significant influence on REG indicating a 
+capacity called psycho kinesis. 
+ 
+What is Intent? 
+Intent is a conscious application of our will to 
+influence the REG. Three types of intents are used in 
+REG studies; high, low and neutral12. High: To move 
+up the curve in positive direction to maximize the 
+value, i.e. to move the curve above the parabola; 
+Low: To move down the curve in negative direction, 
+i.e. to move the curve below the parabola curve; and 
+Neutral: To keep the curve along the central line  
+(Fig. 1). 
+ 
+No Intent  
+There have been studies in which the subjects did 
+not have any intent to influence the REG12. This 
+would study the effect of the very presence of the 
+subjects doing an activity on the REG. It is well 
+known that some people by their very presence can 
+bring calming effect on others. The study was chosen 
+to see whether ECS can induce a state in which the 
+subjects can influence REG even without their intent 
+(Fig. 2). 
+ 
+Whether distance of the subject from the computer 
+screen has any role to play?  
+Studies have shown that 1.5 m distance from the 
+computer screen has an optimum effect in bringing 
+highest influence on the REG3. The mentioned 
+distance was chosen. Accordingly, the design is as 
+follows: in the pre-session, 3 trials were taken to 
+assess the maximum influence that the subjects could 
+exert on the computer screen. During the session, 
+lasting for 20 minutes, 18 trails were recorded. Again, 
+in the post session, the same procedure is repeated 
+15th day at the same time with the same subjects. The 
+same procedure was repeated on all volunteers 
+selected for the study. 
+ 
+Data analysis 
+Data was analyzed using SPSS 10.0 version. 
+Kolmogorov-Smirnov 
+test 
+used 
+to 
+check 
+the 
+normality. Independent‘t’ test was used for between 
+day’s events difference and also matching for baseline 
+value. Again, for both within and between day’s 
+events were tested by Repeated Measure ANOVA. 
+REG influence frequencies were analyzed by χ2 test. 
+ 
+Hypothesis 
+Relaxation between DRT and SR do not differ 
+from each other; they have no effect in inducing 
+psycho kinetic power. Alternative hypothesis includes 
+relaxation between DRT and SR differs from each 
+other; they have effect in inducing psycho kinetic 
+power. 
+ 
+Results 
+The base line data was normally distributed as 
+shown by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normalcy test. 
+Results showed no significant difference between the 
+pre values of both sessions on day 1 as shown by 
+Independent t test (Table 1). Pre-data do not differ 
+significantly (p>0.1), as shown by Independent‘t’ test. 
+There was a non significant decrease in the REG 
+values of the DRT and SR on 15th day compared to 
+DRT 1st day session in the during phase (Table 2). 
+ 
+ 
+Fig. 2—Three types of intents used in REG 
+ 
+Table 1— Comparison of pre-data day 1 
+ 
+Average 
+ 
+ 
+PRE Yoga 
+PRE control 
+MEAN ± SD 
+99.99±0.24 
+100.06±0.31 
+p value 
+0.294 
+ 
+ 
+INDIAN J TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE,VOL 8, No.3, JULY 2009 
+ 
+ 
+462 
+There was also a non-significant decrease in the REG 
+values of the SR and DRT on 15th day compared to 
+SR and DRT on 1st day session in the post phase 
+(Table 2). There is no significant different between 
+group of pre-pre, during-during and post-post between 
+groups (yoga versus control). There is no significant 
+different between group of pre-pre, during-during and 
+post-post of yoga and control of group (Day 1 versus 
+Day 15). There is no significant different within group 
+of pre-during, during post and pre-post of yoga and 
+control group of Day 1 and Day 15). There is no 
+significant difference shown in the number of episodes 
+in which REG was influenced (Chi Square test) 
+significantly (Table 3). There is no significant 
+different shown in number of episodes in which there 
+REG was influenced significantly (Chi Square test). 
+ 
+Discussion 
+Earlier studies on HRV and HRC have brought out 
+that other variables of cognition have shown 
+significant improvements. REG is a higher faculty 
+and needs probably different types of practices than 
+just a relaxation. This is true with our earlier 
+findings12. DRT and Supine rest intervention make no 
+difference. REG has shown significant changes in 
+cases of deep agony or pain or excitement as seen  
+in field REG trials on Diana’s death, Millennium 
+change, etc. Results on Bhajan (devotional singing) 
+sessions, Christian mass, etc. also have indicated 
+similar findings. Individual REG studies examining 
+the effect of Bhajans on REG has shown significant 
+changes17, Gāyatri mantra also has shown individual 
+changes16. Hence, it looks that emotional states of 
+extreme distress or eustress, bring the changes in 
+REG17. As there were no such intense practices in 
+YIC, no change between the groups was observed. 
+Patañjali Yoga Sūtras indicate that there should be 
+samayama in which Dhāranā, Dhyāna and Samādhi 
+are done simultaneously for getting higher powers. 
+Neither were these practices included in the  
+YIC. Hence, there appears to be no change in REG. 
+Conclusion 
+The 
+study 
+was 
+designed 
+to 
+examine 
+the 
+possibilities of influencing the REG by DRT in 
+contrast to random thinking sessions: before and after 
+DRT session; before and during the DRT sessions, 
+and during and post-sessions. The pre and post 
+sessions lasted for 5 minutes while the DRT and SR 
+sessions lasted for 20 minutes. The output display of 
+random event generator (REG) on a laptop computer 
+was used to assess the influence of the state of mind 
+associated with the above sessions. The Pre - Pre 
+comparisons show that pre-data do not differ 
+significantly (p>0.1) between the two events showing 
+a matching of initial data in both the events. The 
+during and post data showed no significance in either 
+of the sessions (χ2 test). The pre vs. during data 
+showed no significant changes (χ2 test). The number 
+of episodes in which the REG could be influenced 
+significantly (mean value>101.00) was analysed next. 
+The results showed that there was also a non 
+significant change in the pre v/s during data of DRT. 
+There was no significant change in the pre v/s during 
+of SR, during v/s post in both DRT and SR sessions. 
+In conclusion, the study has shown that states of 
+relaxation induced by simple relaxation techniques 
+like DRT and SR will not invoke the psycho kinetic 
+power in human beings. 
+ 
+Acknowledgment 
+The paper could not have been written without  
+Dr HR Nagendra, who not only served as my guide 
+but also encouraged and challenged me throughout 
+my academic program. He and the other faculty 
+ 
+Table 2— Comparison between day 1 and day 15 data; RMANOVA test 
+Report 
+Day 1 
+% CH 
+Day 15 
+% CH 
+Group 
+Pre 
+Dur 
+Post 
+Pre v/s Dur 
+Pre v/s Post 
+Pre 
+Dur 
+Post 
+Pre v/s Dur 
+Pre v/s Post 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Yoga 
+100.096 
+99.996 
+99.931 
+0.099 
+0.165 
+100.103 
+99.970 
+97.714 
+0.132 
+2.386 
+ 
+±0.401 
+±0.241 
+±0.422 
+ 
+ 
+±0.438 
+±0.218 
+±14.976 
+ 
+ 
+Control 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+G 
+100.024 
+100.069 
+99.980 
+0.045 
+0.044 
+100.018 
+99.744 
+99.258 
+0.273 
+0.760 
+ 
+±0.418 
+±0.318 
+±0.445 
+ 
+ 
+±0.430 
+±1.533 
+±4.855 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Tables 3— Table 3 and Fig. 1 below show the number of 
+events which had reached values >101.00 in DRT and RT 
+groups, Number of episodes in which there REG was 
+influenced significantly 
+ 
+Pre 
+During 
+Post 
+Chi square test p-value 
+Yoga 
+49 
+131 
+37 
+0.500 
+Control 
+33 
+119 
+33 
+ 
+ 
+THAKUR et al.: EFFECT OF DEEP RELAXATION TECHNIQUE 
+ 
+ 
+463 
+members, Mohanji and Dr R Nagrathna, guided me 
+through the paper process, never accepting less than 
+my best efforts. I thank them all. Authors are very 
+thankful to The Princeton Engineering Anomalies 
+Research program for their continued support of the 
+research. The work was supported by Svyasa 
+University, Bangalore. Authors gratefully acknowledge 
+the valuable inputs including statistical analysis 
+provided by Dr Alex and Dr Ravi Kulkarani during the 
+course of preparation of the manuscript. Authors wish 
+to thank Manoj Thakur who gave me moral support 
+without him; I could not have completed the project. 
+ 
+References 
+1 
+Capra F, Turning Point, (Bantam Books; New York), 1984. 
+2 
+Goswami A, The Self Aware Universe, (Putnam Book;  
+New York), 1993. 
+3 
+Jahn RG & Dunne BJ, Margins of Reality: The role of 
+consciousness in the physical world, (Harcourt Brace;  
+New York), 1987. 
+4 
+Taimini IK, The Science of Yoga, (The Theosophical 
+Publishing House, Chennai), 2001. 
+5 
+Swami 
+Vivekananda, 
+Rāja Yoga, 
+(Advaita 
+Ashram, 
+Pithorgarh), 1995. 
+6 
+Paramhamsa 
+Yogananda, 
+Autobiography 
+of 
+a 
+Yogi,  
+(Jaico Publishing House, Bombay), 1970. 
+7 
+Panati C, The Geller Papers, Scientific Observations on the 
+Paranormal Powers of Uri Geller, (Houghton Miffin, 
+Houghton), 1976. 
+8 
+Brunton Paul, A search in secret India, (BI Publications, 
+Delhi), 1970. 
+9 
+Neha R, Role of Gāyatri Mantra in Optimizing the Random 
+Event Generator, Dissertation, (Swami Vivekananda Yoga 
+Anusandhana Samsthana, SVYASA, Bangalore) 2004. 
+10 Mohan T, Nagendra HR & Nagarathna R, Effect of 
+emotional culture session on the capacity to influence the 
+REG, Dissertation, (Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana 
+Samsthana, SVYASA, Bangalore), 2003. 
+11 Nagendra HR, Telles Shirley, Manjunath NK & Naveen KV, 
+Measuring consciousness fields using a Random Event 
+Generator, A study submitted to (Defense Research and 
+Development Organization, DRDO, Ministry of Defense, 
+Government of India, New Delhi), 2003. 
+12 Braud WG & Schlitz M, Psycho-kinetic influence on  
+electro-dermal activity, J Parapsychol, 47 (1983) 95-119. 
+13 Nagendra HR, The Science of Emotions’ Culture (Bhakti Yoga), 
+(Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana; Bangalore), 2000. 
+14 Jahn RG, Dunne BJ & Nelson RD, Engineering anomalies 
+research, J Sci Exploration, 1 (1987) 21-50. 
+15 Jahn RG, Dunne BJ & Jahn EG, Analytical judging 
+procedure 
+for 
+remote 
+perception 
+Experiments,  
+J Parapsychol, 44 (1980) 207-311. 
+16 Dunne BJ, Jahn RG & Nelson RD, Precognitive remote 
+perception, Tech Note PEAR 83003, (Princeton Engineering 
+Anomalies Research, Princeton), 1983. 
+17 Richard A & Blasband, The ordering of Random Events by 
+Emotional Expression, J Sci Exploration, 14 (2) (2000)  
+195-216. 
+ 
+ 
+ 

subfolder_0/Effect of pyramids on microorganisms.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,534 @@
+Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 
+Vol. 4(4), October 2005, pp. 373-379
+Effect of pyramids on microorganisms
+Itagi Ravi Kumar, N V C Swamy* and H R Nagendra
+Hindu University of America Extension Center, 
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 
+Eknath Bhavan, 19, Gavipuram Circle, Bangalore 560019, Karnataka
+E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
+Received 2 September 2004; revised 19 January 2005
+Investigations have been undertaken to find out if an enclosed pyramidal structure has 
+any influence on the growth of microorganisms inside them, as claimed in legendary 
+literature. Five models were used, four of them being pyramidal in shape and the fifth 
+with a flat roof. The medium chosen was fresh unboiled milk. The control was the same 
+milk sample kept in the open. Results subjected to statistical analysis indicate that there is 
+a noticeable influence of the pyramidal shape on the rate of growth of microorganisms. 
+Quantitative data have been supported by visual observations.
+Keywords: Pyramids, Microorganisms, Antimicrobial Activity, Vaastu Shastra
+IPC Int. Cl.7: A61P31/00
+Pyramids are structures usually with a square base and sloping triangular sides meeting in an 
+apex. Even though they are normally associated with the Egyptian culture, they are to be found in 
+almost all ancient cultures. The stepped pyramids of the Mayan culture of South America are well 
+known. One can find pyramidal structures mentioned even in the ancient Vedic culture as part of 
+Vaastu Shastra. The canopy of the sanctum sanctorum in Indian temples is an example of the use 
+of a pyramidal structure.
+Lots of legends have grown around the purpose of the pyramids, especially of the
+Egyptian variety. Many claims are made about the influence of pyramids on both living 
+and non-living matter. There are claims that perishable substances placed inside 
+pyramidal structures are preserved for long periods. This is attributed to the property of 
+pyramids of capturing cosmic energy from the surroundings, which is supposed to inhibit 
+the growth of microorganisms, arresting or retarding the decay process.
+While these claims are part of a cultural heritage, there are no records available about systematic 
+scientific controlled experiments done to substantiate these claims. The claims also cannot be 
+dismissed offhand as superstition, since they are the accumulated wisdom of several millennia. 
+Hence they deserve serious consideration. It was therefore decided to undertake an experimental 
+investigation, using standard experimental techniques, subjecting the results to a rigorous 
+statistical analysis, but focusing the attention here on only one aspect of the problem, viz. the 
+effect of the structure on the growth of microorganisms in samples of fresh milk placed inside 
+pyramidal structures.
+There is a vast popular literature available on Egyptian pyramids, about the Pharaohs who built 
+them, how they came to be opened up, etc. They are considered one of the Seven Wonders of the 
+World. However, literature about the scientific aspects of pyramids is scanty. It is only recently 
+that attempts have been made to investigate these peripheral aspects1. In a recent publication, 
+researchers have tried to draw parallels between Egyptian pyramids and Indian temple 
+architecture2, the latter being based on the principles of Vaastu Shastra.3 The Indian science of 
+Vaastu traces its origins to the Atharvaveda, which is now considered to be at least as old as 2500 
+BC, according to the latest discoveries of the Sarasvati Valley Civilization4.
+The theory of creation of the universe, according to the Vedic thought, recognises five primordial 
+elements, known as the Panca Mahabhutas. These are Space, Wind, Fire, Water and Earth. Of 
+these, Space is the subtlest and is the repository of all cosmic energy. It is the source for the other 
+elements and hence occupies a preeminent place in Creation. It is limitless, without boundaries, in 
+the absence of which nothing else can exist. It is this thought which has played an important role 
+in defining the principles of Vaastu.
+Pyramids are considered to represent this space element in ancient architecture. They came into 
+prominence in Indian culture with the design and construction of temples. Practically every 
+temple built on traditional lines has a pyramidal structure over the sanctum sanctorum. This 
+structure makes use of geometrical shapes, such as domes, trapezoids, etc. It was the belief in 
+ancient times that these geometrical shapes, representing space in miniature, help in trapping 
+cosmic energy from outer space and thus impart divinity to the idols installed at their epicenter or 
+at the base below the apex. This could also be the thought behind the Egyptian pyramids, that the 
+cosmic energy would keep the souls of the mummies intact until the day when they would return 
+from the land of the dead.
+How far are these claims true? This is a question which has been bothering Egyptologists for 
+several centuries. These claims have contributed in a substantial measure to the legends 
+associated with the pyramids, bordering almost on superstition. The same could be said of the 
+claims of Vaastu Shastra. However, very recently, some publications have appeared about studies 
+on pyramids, especially about their astronomical significance5,6. This is a welcome sign that some 
+serious investigations are going on in this field.
+Where it concerns claims of Vaastu Shastra, the situation is different. There are hardly any 
+investigations, which have found a place in scientific journals. It is to fill this lacuna that the 
+current investigation was undertaken on strictly scientific lines to study one aspect of the 
+problem, viz, whether pyramids have any influence on the growth of microorganisms.
+Methodology
+The objective of this
+research was basically to place samples of fresh milk inside pyramidal 
+structures and to compare their condition with a control milk sample kept outside. The following 
+five types of pyramids were chosen for the experiments-a plywood rectangular pyramid (PWR) 
+with a square base of length 171 mm and height 152 mm: a plywood pyramid (PWP) with a 
+square base of 241 mm and height 152 mm: a fiberglass pyramid (FGP1) with a square base of 
+241 mm and height of 152 mm: a fiberglass pyramid (FGP2) of square base 273 mm and height 
+of 178 mm and a fiberglass octagonal pyramid (FGO) with an octagonal base of length 114 mm 
+and height 190 mm. Line drawings of these pyramids with plan and elevation views are shown in 
+Fig. 1.
+The reason for selecting the above shapes and sizes was to enable the comparative study with 
+respect to the material used, the configuration of the base as well as the shape itself. The space 
+volumes of PWR, PWP and FGP1 were the same i.e. 0.0045 cm, whereas those of FGP2 and 
+FGO were slightly more i.e. 0.0075 cm and 0.0056 cm, respectively.
+The experiments were conducted on fresh cow’s milk. The milk was procured from the diary-
+farm attached to the campus where the experiments were done. Fresh unboiled milk was used, the 
+same sample being used in the pyramids and as control.
+Each of the five pyramids was kept in an individual room, the sixth room being used as 
+control. All rooms were identical in size, measuring 1.2 m2.2 m. Before the start of each 
+trial, all six rooms were fumigated to remove any airborne organisms. The fumigation 
+was done by placing 4 gm of potassium permanganate in a petridish and adding 1 ml of 
+formaldehyde solution. To make the fumigation more effective, all the doors and 
+windows were kept closed for 24 hrs before the start of the experiment.
+The pyramids were placed in the rooms with one of the sides being oriented in the magnetic 
+North-South direction. The milk samples, all measuring 50 ml, were kept in plastic beakers on the 
+floor of the pyramids, exactly below the apex. Before the start of the experiment, lactometer 
+readings of the milk samples were determined to ascertain the fat content.
+The duration of the
+experiment was 7 days. The following data were collected everyday from 
+the samples from all the six rooms: pH value, odour, colour, state of the sample (whether curdled 
+or not) and microorganism count. The volume and fat content were measured on the first and the 
+last day. 
+Microorganism count was determined by following standard procedures7. Two representative 
+fields of the same sample were prepared on glass slides, by spreading one drop evenly on the 
+glass surface. The surface was dried and the sample fixed to the surface by passing the slide over 
+a flame with light heat. The slides were dipped in xylene to remove the fat content and then 
+washed with alcohol. Methylene blue was used for staining. The slide was then washed with 
+distilled water to remove any excess of methylene blue. The counting of microorganisms was 
+done on a field of 1 sq mm. The experiments consisted of three independent trials, each lasting 
+seven days, to generate enough data to make statistical analysis meaningful.
+Results
+The results of the experiments are of two types-qualitative and quantitative. The qualitative part 
+of the results concerns the ascertainment of the color of the sample, its smell, its appearance i.e. 
+whether it is curdling or still fluidic. Even though the observations were made every day, only 
+those relating to the first and the seventh days are presented in Table 1.
+The quantitative results relate to the measurement of the pH value of the samples and the growth 
+of microorganisms. These were measured everyday, but the volume and the fat content were 
+measured only on the first and the seventh days. The pH values are indicated in Table 1. The 
+microbial characteristics are presented in Table 2 for all the seven days of the experiment. These 
+include the data for the following microorganisms: Staphylococci (s), Bacillus (b) and 
+Corynebacteria (co). All the values given in these tables are averages taken over three 
+independent trials.
+Table 1—Physical characteristics
+Model
+Particulars
+Colour
+Smell
+Appearance
+pH
+Day 1
+Day 7
+Day 1
+Day 7
+Day 1
+Day 7
+Day 1
+Day 7
+C
+top dark 
+yellowish
+dark yellowish with 
+grey spot
+foulness
+foulness
+light curdling
+heavy curdling
+7.00
+6.50
+PWR
+top dark 
+yellowish
+dark yellowish with 
+grey spot
+foulness
+foulness
+light curdling
+heavy curdling
+7.00
+6.50
+PWP
+top light 
+yellowish
+top light yellowish
+sweetly
+sweetly
+fluidity
+fluidity
+7.50
+7.25
+FGP1
+top light 
+yellowish
+top light yellowish
+sweetly
+cheeses
+fluidity
+fluidity
+7.00
+6.50
+FGP2
+milky
+milky
+sweetly
+sweetly
+fluidity
+fluidity
+7.50
+7.25
+FGO
+milky
+milky
+sweetly
+sweetly
+fluidity
+fluidity
+7.50
+7.00
+Table 2—Bacterial characteristics
+Model
+B
+Day
+Ave
+Std
+t-Values
+0
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+C
+s
+0
+79
+90
+93
+109
+113
+121
+131
+105.14
+18.52
+b
+0
+47
+52
+53
+61
+63
+71
+80
+61.00
+11.59
+co
+0
+60
+69
+81
+85
+92
+93
+99
+82.71
+13.96
+PWR
+s
+0
+69
+76
+85
+94
+105
+112
+119
+94.29
+18.71
+0.0001
+b
+0
+40
+47
+52
+56
+57
+64
+73
+55.57
+10.85
+0.0005
+co
+0
+54
+60
+69
+75
+75
+88
+91
+73.14
+13.56
+0.0008
+PWP
+s
+0
+60
+65
+73
+82
+90
+101
+108
+82.71
+18.03
+0.0000
+b
+0
+39
+48
+55
+61
+66
+70
+79
+59.71
+13.59
+0.3968
+co
+0
+42
+50
+57
+65
+72
+77
+84
+63.86
+15.07
+0.0000
+FGP1
+s
+0
+50
+56
+64
+72
+79
+88
+99
+72.57
+17.49
+0.0000
+b
+0
+34
+40
+46
+55
+64
+70
+76
+55.00
+15.78
+0.0229
+co
+0
+40
+46
+51
+59
+70
+76
+83
+60.71
+16.12
+0.0000
+FGP2
+s
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+b
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+co
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+FGO
+s
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+b
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+co
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+0
+s—Staphylococci, b—Bacillus, co—Corynebacteria, 
+Ave—average value of the total 7 days and Std—standard deviation.
+The data were subjected to a rigorous statistical analysis. For all the four types of bacteria, the 
+average for the seven days, the standard deviation and percentage change relative to the control 
+were calculated. To test for significance, Student’s t-test was resorted to. Table 2 contains all the 
+calculated values, along with the t values.
+Part of this data is presented in a graphical form in Figs 2, 3 and 4. These refer respectively to the 
+growth of Staphylococci, Bacillus and Corynebacteria. The full data with all tables and charts are 
+available8. Only a representative sample is given here for purposes of illustration. The statistical 
+analysis was done for the full data and all conclusions have been substantiated by the full data.
+Figure 2 shows the rate of growth of Staphylococci during the span of 7 days. It is seen that in all 
+cases, except FGP2 and FGO, there is a rapid growth on the first day itself. The growth slows 
+down and becomes steady, the rate of growth becoming constant. The control shows the largest 
+growth, with PWR, PWP and FGP1 showing lower values. The actual count of the 
+microorganism is shown against the experimental points for the sake of convenience. It is also 
+seen that there is no growth at all in the case of FGP2 and FGO.
+The same trend is also observed in the case of Bacillus (Fig. 3). In this case also, the rate of 
+growth on the first day is very steep, tapering off into a steady growth for all cases except FGP2 
+and FGO. There is not much variation among control, PWR, PWP and FGP1. Here again, there is 
+hardly any growth in the case of FGP2 and FGO.
+In Corynebacteria, the data follow the same trend as in the two earlier cases (Fig. 4). The rate of 
+growth on the first day is quite steep for all cases except FGP2 and FGO, gradually tapering off to
+a steady increase. The variation in the individual values is of the same order as in the case of 
+Staphylococci. Again, the data show that the growth is nil for the case of FGP2 and FGO.
+One striking feature of this data is that the three microorganisms studied are dormant and do not 
+show any growth in the case of fiberglass pyramids with a square and an octagonal base. This 
+does not necessarily mean that the microorganisms have been destroyed. Only their growth is 
+inhibited. Once the samples are withdrawn from the pyramids they are subject to decay exactly as 
+the control exposed to the atmosphere.
+These results were supplemented with visual observations, which have been summarized in 
+Table 1. The visual observations referred to the color, smell and the appearance of the samples 
+observed everyday. However, only the observations for the first and the seventh days are given in 
+the table for the sake of brevity. The pH values are also included in the table for the sake of 
+completeness. Full particulars of all the data and observations are available8.
+Table 2 contains the summary of the bacterial characteristics for all pyramidal structures and the 
+control for all the seven days of the experiment. It also gives the average values and the standard 
+deviations as calculated from the raw data, which were also subjected to Student’s t-test for 
+significance.
+Discussion
+The discussion has been presented in two parts. The physical qualitative results have been taken 
+up first. Table 1, which summarizes all the results, shows that except in the case of FGP2 and 
+FGO, in all other cases, including C, the milk changes cooler. In the case of PWR the sample 
+emits a foul smell and curdles, indicating a rapid growth of microorganisms as in C. So far as 
+PWP and FGP1 are concerned, there is discolouration of the sample, which still retains its milky 
+nature. The best results are obtained from FGP2 and FGO, where the sample still retains its 
+milkiness, sweetness and liquidity.
+Even though models PWR and PWP are both of wood, the difference in the behaviour 
+of the milk samples between them shows that the pyramidal shape is more effective than 
+the flat-roofed model. There    is   speculation   that   pyramidal   shapes   are effective in 
+capturing cosmic radiation, which helps in arresting the growth of microorganisms. 
+However, data to substantiate this is scanty. It will need a more detailed investigation to 
+establish the veracity or otherwise of this speculation.
+Models FGP1, FGP2 and FGO are made of fiber-reinforced plastic. However, the latter 
+two show hardly any discolouration of the sample, whereas the former shows noticeable 
+discolouration. The only difference between these models is their size, FGP1 being 
+smaller than FGP2 and FGO.
+The most interesting result is that for models FGP2 and FGO, which shows that the samples do 
+not undergo any deterioration at all. These two models are both of fiber-reinforced plastic and 
+both are pyramidal in shape. The only difference between them is that their bases are different, 
+one of them being square and the other octagonal. Also, both of them are larger in volume than 
+the other models used. This naturally leads to the question if there is any optimum size for which 
+the pyramid is most effective. This will require a more detailed investigation before any definite 
+conclusions can be drawn. 
+In order to decide whether these results are meaningful, a closer look at the quantitative results 
+becomes necessary (Figs 2, 3 and 4). Figure 2 shows the data for Staphylococci, Fig. 3 for 
+Bacillus and Fig. 4 for Corynebacteria. The growth in control is the highest for Staphylococci and
+Corynebacteria. The next highest is PWR, followed by PWP and FGP1, which is also the trend 
+seen from the qualitative data. So far as Bacilli are concerned, all models except FGP2 and FGO 
+appear to show the same trend.
+Just as in the case of the qualitative results, the figures show that there is hardly any bacterial 
+growth in the case of models FGP2 and FGO. Therefore, these two independent observations, 
+qualitative and quantitative, support each other and lead to the conclusion that pyramidal 
+structures do inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
+Conclusions
+Pyramidal structures exhibited an effect on the growth of microorganisms in milk samples kept 
+inside them. A conical pyramidal structure was found to be more effective than a flat-roofed 
+structure. Wooden structures were not as effective as plastic structures. The size of the structure 
+appeared to have a noticeable influence, leading to the question whether there is any optimal size 
+below which the pyramid is ineffective and above which it becomes effective. More 
+investigations are needed to quantify this effect. 
+Acknowledgement
+This work forms part of an
+M S dissertation submitted by the first author (IRK) to the Hindu 
+University of America, Orlando, Florida, USA in partial fulfillment of the degree. IRK is grateful 
+to the authorities of the University for the opportunity given to him. The authors are grateful to 
+Smt Ashwini of the Department of Microbiology, Mahaveer Jain College, Bangalore and to Dr 
+Joshi, Resident Veterinary Doctor of Prashanti Kuteeram, for their help in the conduct of the 
+experiments. 
+References
+1 Schuul, Bill and Ed Pettit, The Secret Power of Pyramids, (Ballantine Books, New York), 1993. 
+2 Dwivedi, Bhojaraj, Pyramid and Temple Vaastu, (Diamond Pocket Books, New Delhi), 2003.
+3 Sahasrabuddhe N H and R D Mahatme, Secrets of Vaastu Shastra, (Sterling Paperback, New Delhi), 1998.
+4
+Rajaram N S and David Frawley, Vedic Aryans and the Origins of Civilization-a Literary and Scientific Perspective, 
+(World Heritage Press, Quebec, Canada), 1995. 
+5 Narimanov A A, Pyramid Effect, Science, December 3, 1999,286.
+6 Spence K, Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Astronomical Orientation of the Pyramids, Nature, November 16, 
+2000,408.
+7 Ananthanarayan R and C K Jayaram Panicker, Text Book of Microbiology, (Orient Longman, Chennai), 1997.
+8 Ravi Kumar Itagi, Concept of Vaastu and Pyramid in Scriptures, MS Dissertation, Hindu University of America, 
+Florida, USA, January 2003. 

subfolder_0/Effect of yoga based technique on stress and health indices using electro photonic imaging technique in managers.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+Original Research Article (Clinical)
+Effect of yoga based techniques on stress and health indices using
+electro photonic imaging technique in managers
+Kuldeep K. Kushwah a, *, Thaiyar M. Srinivasan b, Hongasandra R. Nagendra a,
+Judu V. Ilavarasu a
+a S-VYASA University, Bangalore, India
+b Department of Bio-energy, Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, S-VYASA University, Bangalore, India
+a r t i c l e i n f o
+Article history:
+Received 27 February 2015
+Received in revised form
+9 May 2015
+Accepted 18 May 2015
+Available online xxx
+Keywords:
+Cyclic meditation
+Supine rest
+Electro photonic imaging technique EPI
+Activation coefficient
+Integral entropy
+Integral area
+a b s t r a c t
+Background: Meditation techniques are known to elicit relaxation response in which moving meditation
+which combines the practice of yoga postures and guided relaxation is known as Cyclic Meditation re-
+ported helpful in reducing the sympathetic arousal and improving health of practitioners.
+Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Cyclic Meditation on stress and
+health indices in managers as measured by Electro Photonic Imaging (EPI) technique.
+Materials and methods: EPI technique was used to assess participants before and after 35 min of Cyclic
+Meditation (CM) and equal duration of Supine Rest (SR) session. A total of sixty six male managers, age
+ranges from 35 to 60 years (mean ± SD 53.97 ± 5.96) were included in the study. EPI parameters,
+including Activation Coefficient, Integral Area left and right and Integral Entropy, left and right were
+taken for statistical analyses.
+Results: Cyclic Meditation has produced a highly significant reduction in stress level, whereas this
+reduction was not found significant within SR group. There was a significant improvement in health
+index ‘Integral Area’ values in both left and right sides within the CM group while only IA right side
+showed a significant improvement within the CM group. The integral entropy value right side decreased
+significantly within the CM group, whereas IE left was found deteriorated within the SR group. Moreover,
+only IE left side has shown a significant difference between the groups.
+Conclusion: The investigations in this study suggest that Cyclic Meditation practice reduces stress and
+improves psychosomatic health indices more effectively than Supine Rest in managers.
+© 2016 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services by
+Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
+licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
+1. Introduction
+ElectroPhotonic Imaging (EPI) technique based on Kirlian effect
+is a scientific method to assess stress in individuals [1]. The
+assessment through EPI is performed through stimulation of elec-
+trons at the finger tips by applying a short electric pulse of a high
+voltage (10 kv), high frequency (1024 Hz) and low current for less
+than a millisecond [2]; then a glow occurs. This glow is the
+consequence of ionization of gaseous molecules in the surrounding
+air through the discharged electrons from the finger tips; this glow
+is captured by a CCD-camera and is known as electro-photonic
+image [3]. These EPI images are obtained from all 10 fingers of
+both the hands in two ways, with filter and without filter. A filter is
+a specially designed thin plastic film placed between the finger and
+the dielectric plate during assessment. It eliminates sweat effects
+due to sympathetic (psychosomatic) responses and obtains only
+the parasympathetic (or physiological functional state of the per-
+son) response [4]. Comparison of these images acquired with and
+without filter forms a parameter called Activation Coefficient,
+which is a quantitative assessment of stress level of a person, based
+on evaluation of autonomic balance [5]. The experimental data
+correlating the findings of EPI measures with heart rate variability
+[6], systolic and diastolic pressures [7] and the stress level [8]
+suggest that EPI can be used to measure the activity of autonomic
+responses.
+EPI also provides two more important components. The first is
+Integral Area (IA), which is a measure of the general health index of
+the person being investigated [5,9]. The second constituent is
+* Corresponding author.
+E-mail address: [email protected] (K.K. Kushwah).
+Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
+Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine
+journal homepage: http://elsevier.com/locate/jaim
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.05.001
+0975-9476/© 2016 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC
+BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
+Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2016) 1e5
+Please cite this article in press as: Kushwah KK, et al., Effect of yoga based techniques on stress and health indices using electro photonic imaging
+technique in managers, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.05.001
+known as Integral Entropy (IE), which is a measure of chaos/dis-
+order in the energy pattern of human energy systems [10]. EPI
+provides a non-invasive, painless and almost immediate evaluation
+of health abnormalities [8]. Therefore, the applications of the EPI
+method are gaining high significance in various fields of medicine,
+psychology, consciousness, sports and material testing in more
+than 63 countries worldwide [1]. Further, the EPI readings in
+healthy people vary only 8%e10%, which is a clear indication of a
+high level of reliability of this technique [5]. The EPI Camera Pro and
+compact instrument made by Kirlionics Technologies International,
+Saint-Petersburg, Russia were used for assessment.
+1.1. Cyclic Meditation
+Cyclic Meditation (CM) is a yoga based relaxation method. The
+foundation for CM is from Mandukya Upanishad [11]. The verse
+emphasizes that the human mind is either in agitation or in
+drowsiness states; with this in focus, the CM concept was devel-
+oped. CM practice is to stimulate the mind when it is drowsy and to
+pacify the mind in case of agitation and to maintain the settled
+mind in perfect equilibrium [12]. These two cyclical phases of the
+mind can be altered at one's own will. Studies have found that the
+asana phase of the CM is associated with sympathetic activation,
+whereas relaxation phase with parasympathetic activation [13].
+Many of the meditation practices yield a relaxation response,
+where the moving meditation practice which combines a practice
+of asanas (yoga postures) and guided relaxation known as ‘cyclic
+meditation’ has been found more effective in reducing physiolog-
+ical arousal in comparison with Supine Rest (SR) [13,14]. The effect
+of CM has been studied using many tools and instruments in both
+ways, objectively and subjectively. The documented findings
+showed that CM reduces occupational stress, autonomic arousal,
+reduces anxiety, oxygen consumption, P300 peak amplitude, im-
+proves memory, attention, sleep and quality of life [14]. CM is an
+efficient relaxation technique which provides immediate effect and
+may be carried out ‘on the spot’ for achieving a quick relaxation
+response.
+In the present study, we have compared the CM practice with an
+equal duration of Supine Rest ‘SR’ (Shavasana). It is evident that the
+CM practice reduces autonomic arousal, and the EPI technique
+measures autonomic functions; however, there is no such study
+which applies EPI technique to study the effect of CM. Thus, the
+current experiment is aimed at investigating the effect of CM on
+stress and health indices using EPI technique.
+2. Material and methods
+2.1. Study protocol
+One hundred and fourteen managers participated from a series
+of programs called Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET)
+which is conducted periodically at S-VYASA University, Bangalore,
+India. All the participants were from three companies in India viz.,
+Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Oil and Natural Gas Corpo-
+ration (ONGC) Limited and Canara Bank.
+Inclusion: Age ranges 30e60 years males, managers (having
+lifestyle related health issues), and willing to participate in the
+study.
+Exclusion: People with cut in fingers and absent fingers, un-
+dergoing any other wellness strategy and those who have smoked
+or taken alcohol or substance abuse on the day before the mea-
+surement were excluded.
+Ethical consideration: The protocol was approved by the
+Institutional Ethics Committee. A written informed consent was
+obtained from all participants before the assessment, and their
+confidentiality was maintained.
+2.2. Interventions
+2.2.1. Cyclic Meditation (CM)
+The basis of this Cyclic Meditation is stimulation followed by
+relaxation, which gives profound rest in periodic cycles. Previous
+studies have used the CM practice which lasts for 22 min and 30 s
+[14]. Present study involves 35 min of CM practice, divided into 8
+steps. Step-1: Opening prayer (1 min), the practice began with lead
+and follow of verse from a yoga text, the Mandukya Upanishad [12].
+Step-2: Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT, 1 min), it is done by
+isometric contraction of the muscles of the body and ends with
+supine rest. Step-3: Centering (4 min); coming to standing position
+to Tadasana with both feet planted firmly on the ground. Step-4:
+Standing posture called Ardhakatichakrasana (6 min), from Tada-
+sana bending towards the right (1 minute and 30 s); a gap of 1
+minute and 30 s in Tadasana, then bending towards the left (1
+minute and 30 s); a gap of 1 minute and 30 s in Tadasana again.
+Step-5: Quick Relaxation Technique (QRT, 5 min), in the Supine Rest
+(SR) with guided instructions and ends with the chanting of AAA
+(A-Kara) with an open mouth. Step-6: Sitting Postures, Vajrasana,
+Shashankasana and Ushtrasana (6 min), coming to Vajrasana
+(1 min), bending forward (Shashankasana, 1 minute and 30 s) a gap
+of 1 minute and 30 s in Vajrasana, bending backward (Ushtrasana, 1
+minute and 30 s); a gap of 1 minute and 30 s. Step-7: Deep
+Relaxation Technique (DRT, 10 min) slowly coming to the supine
+position for further relaxation of different parts of the body in a
+sequence as per instructions. Step-8: Closing Prayer (2 min), the
+practice is concluded with a prayer for the welfare of one and all.
+2.2.2. Supine rest (SR)
+The second group was given an equal duration of 35 min of SR in
+which participants simply lay down on the mat in the corpse
+posture (Shavasana). This is done with eyes closed, hands away at
+half feet from the body, palms facing upwards, legs apart at one and
+half feet distance and adopting a comfortable posture for 35 min.
+2.2.3. Procedure
+The study had two groups: control design in which the Cyclic
+Meditation was compared with the same duration of Supine Rest
+(Shavasana). To find out the reproducibility of the stress reduction,
+four independent studies were conducted on CM and another four
+on SR. Participants completed a baseline assessment, comprising
+self-reported measures of health status. EPI readings were carried
+out before and after 35 min of interventions, with 10 min for pre
+assessment and 5 min for post assessment. Thus the total session
+was for 50 min. For easy follow up during post readings, all par-
+ticipants were given a sequence number so that they can stay
+relaxed until post measurement. It could be done easily with the
+help of a few volunteers. Readings were taken from all 10 fingers of
+both the hands in two ways, with a filter (WF) and without filter
+(NF) during the pre-assessment, whereas only without filter during
+post assessment. It was earlier observed that ‘with filter’ changes of
+EPI parameter were found to be consistent over a short duration [5].
+Therefore, WF data from pre assessment was kept as a baseline to
+compare both NF pre and NF post data. This comparison of ‘with
+filter’ data with ‘without filter’ data provides Activation Coefficient
+(AC) parameter values. This method was adopted since the imme-
+diate effect of an intervention sustains only for a short duration.
+Thus, it was required to complete the post assessment as soon as
+possible after the intervention so that the real effect could be
+measured. Finally, Activation Coefficient, Integral Area, left and
+K.K. Kushwah et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2016) 1e5
+2
+Please cite this article in press as: Kushwah KK, et al., Effect of yoga based techniques on stress and health indices using electro photonic imaging
+technique in managers, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.05.001
+right sides, and Integral Entropy, left and right sides parameters
+were taken in consideration for statistical analysis.
+2.2.4. Guideline for acquiring data
+To obtain reliable and reproducible data, we followed an
+established guideline [9]. It is recommended to collect data after 3 h
+of food intake and after 5 h of any prescribed medications. No other
+diagnostic procedure was to be held at the same time. They were
+assessed before and after the respective interventions and the EPI
+readings were taken by the same expert, at the same place. There
+were identical conditions of psychological and physical comfort for
+all participants in a quiet and calm environment. Calibration of EPI
+device was performed routinely as per the guidelines. Participants
+were instructed about finger placement on the glass at 45
 angles
+with a gentle but firm touch. They were asked to remove all
+metallic ornaments which they do not wear for entire 24 h. Further,
+a few more things were followed for acquiring consistent readings:
+1. The participants stand on an electrically isolated surface while
+making a measurement, 2. The measurements were taken first with
+the filter, then without filter, 3. An alcoholic solution was used to
+clean the glass plate after every participant and, 4. A distance of 3
+feet was maintained between EPI and a dedicated laptop computer
+while collecting data.
+2.2.5. Temperature and humidity aspects during the study
+Environment variables like humidity and temperature influence
+the emission pattern if this variation is greater than ±2.5% [8]. Thus
+it is essential to measure these atmospheric variables. We noted
+these variables and found both humidity and temperature were
+almost same from the time of calibrating the instrument till the end
+of the measurement in both the groups. The average temperature
+during all 4 CM experiments was pre 28.28 ± 0.64 and post
+27.86 ± 0.89, and average humidity was pre 58% and post 58%. The
+average temperature during all 4 SR experiments were pre
+26.58 ± 0.30 and post 26.18 ± 1.14, and average humidity pre 53%
+and post 54% (measured using Thermo/Hygrometer - Equinox, EQ
+310 CTH).
+2.2.6. Data extraction and analysis
+Out of a hundred and fourteen managers, a total of 66 male
+managers from different batches of SMET program and who were
+elegible for inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for the
+study. Finally, all the participants were divided into two groups (CM
+e 33, and SR e 33), age range from 35 to 60 years (mean ± sd
+53.97 ± 5.96 years) were taken in consideration for analysis.
+Data extraction: EPI software has inbuilt facility to export the
+collected data to excel file. We used an EPI diagram program to
+extract all parameters being analyzed. Data analysis was carried
+out using ‘R statistical package’ [15] and Microsoft Excel program.
+To compare the baseline demographic details, we have performed
+independent samples t-test for continuous variables. Both groups
+showed similarities in most of the demographic details except
+age and diastolic blood pressure as presented in Table 1. There
+was a few missing information in the demographic data sheet for
+which we carried out missing value analysis using the Amelia
+package in the R Statistic Software. Further, within group analysis
+was carried out using paired sample t-test and between the
+group analyses using independent sample t-test, correcting for
+any possible mismatch at baseline by considering pre-post
+differences.
+3. Results
+Table 1 presents demographic details of both the groups. The
+groups were different only in age and diastolic blood pressure
+measurements, whereas all other variables, namely, pulse rate,
+systolic blood pressure and body mass index were not different in
+both the groups.
+The results in Table 2 show that AC reduced highly significantly
+with 14.51% within the CM group while this reduction was not
+significant within SR group with 7.21% showing that CM is better
+than SR in decreasing stress. Entropy on the right side improved
+significantly by 3.76% within CM while deteriorated within SR by
+1.11%. On the left side, entropy had no significant change of 0.92%
+within CM group while it significantly deteriorated with 8.36% in SR
+group leading to a significant change between groups. This shows
+that CM is better than SR in terms of changes in entropy. Both IA
+right and left showed a significant increase (IAR 18.48% and IAL
+30.56%) within the CM group, whereas only IA right showed a
+significant increase and no significant change of IA left (IAR 23.59%
+and IAL 3.03%) within the SR group.
+4. Discussions
+The three parameters used to compare the effect of CM and SR
+groups were AC (stress levels), IE on right and left (entropy showing
+the level of disorderliness) and IA on right and left (integral area
+showing general health status of the managers).
+The results showed the following:
+1. Stress level in CM group reduced by 14.51% (p ¼ 0.005) and no
+significant decrease of 7.21% (p ¼ 0.15) in SR group.
+2. Entropy parameter (disorderliness) right reduced by 3.76%
+(p ¼ 0.04) and no significant change of 0.92% left side in CM
+group. In the SR group there was more deterioration of 8.36%
+(p < 0.005) left side and no significant change of 1.1% on right
+side.
+3. Integral
+area
+(health
+status)
+also
+showed
+a
+significant
+improvement 18.48% (p ¼ 0.05) & 30.56% (p ¼ 0.03) right & left
+sides in CM group. In SR group there was 23.29% increase on
+right side (p ¼ 0.02) and no significant change of 3.03% on left
+side.
+4.1. Stress levels (activation coefficient)
+Earlier studies have shown 32.1% reduction in oxygen con-
+sumption after CM compared to 10.1% after SR [16]. Another study
+has also shown the same trend of reduction in oxygen consumption
+of 19.3% in CM and 4.8% in SR group [17]. Evidence suggests that a
+significant reduction in AC parameter with percent change which
+ranged from 6% to 83% just after the treatment was found with
+osteopathy treatment monitored through EPI technique in healthy
+volunteers [4]. The observations from our study also showed the
+similar decrease in stress level, where we found CM produced a
+highly significant reduction in AC with 14.51%, and non-significant
+Table 1
+Demographic details of participants by Groups.
+Variables
+CM (n ¼ 33)
+Mean ± SD
+SR (n ¼ 33)
+Mean ± SD
+p-value
+Age
+Range, years
+52.48 ± 6.59
+(38e59)
+55.45 ± 4.91
+(35e60)
+0.04
+PR
+76.42 ± 8.89
+78.21 ± 12.28
+0.50
+SYS
+123.45 ± 12.00
+128.12 ± 12.61
+0.13
+DYS
+80.90 ± 5.25
+84.06 ± 6.60
+0.04
+BMI
+22.02 ± 3.01
+22.20 ± 3.19
+0.81
+Abbreviations: CM-cyclic meditation and SR e supine rest, PRe Pulse Rate, SYS-
+systolic blood pressure, DYS- diastolic blood pressure, and BMI-body mass index.
+K.K. Kushwah et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2016) 1e5
+3
+Please cite this article in press as: Kushwah KK, et al., Effect of yoga based techniques on stress and health indices using electro photonic imaging
+technique in managers, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.05.001
+in the SR group by 7.21%. This change is reflected in an increase of
+the EPI glow image area which could be due to relaxation as a
+consequence of meditation. In one of the pilot studies, EPI image
+glow area was found having inverse relationship [8] with a sensi-
+tive stress marker, namely Salivary Alpha Amylase (sAA) [18]. They
+found that during relaxation the EPI glow image area increased,
+whereas sAA decreased. It is well known that when a person is
+under stress condition, the excitation of sympathetic nervous sys-
+tem causes constriction of blood vessels and increase in secretion of
+sweat fluids [19] which inhibits electro photonic emission pattern,
+resulting in decreased EPI image glow area.
+The findings from another study revealed that both focused
+(Shamatha) and distributed (Vipassana) attention meditation from
+the Theravada tradition produced an increase in high frequency
+(HF) and decrease in low and high frequency (LF/HF) components of
+heart rate variability (HRV) which enhances parasympathetic
+activation and is an indication of a relaxation response [20]. Two
+days of CM program have also shown a reduction in low frequency
+(LF) and increase in high frequency (HF) of HRV components in 26
+managers, which indicates a reduction in occupational stress level,
+suggesting a significant decrease in sympathetic activity [21]. The
+same observation of increase in HF power through CM was also
+observed in another study [13], suggesting an increase in vagal
+tone.
+Findings of many researches on various meditation techniques
+explore the relaxation response as one outcome of meditation.
+From this we conclude that the reduction in AC is because of acti-
+vation of parasympathetic system inducing relaxation and also a
+reduction of sympathetic activation through CM practice.
+4.2. Disorderliness (integral entropy)
+Earlier study with reconnective healing has shown a reduction
+in entropy values which suggest a significant harmonization of the
+participant's conditions [22]. Present study also shows same sig-
+nificant reduction in entropy values within CM group. This may be
+because of lowering in stress levels. It is postulated that any living
+organism produces negative entropy [8] and reduces its own en-
+tropy by using energy from the environment. Assimilation of en-
+ergy from environment tends to be better with good mind-body
+relaxation. This interaction with the environment reduces during
+stress condition causing an increase in entropy. Hence significant
+reduction in entropy values from higher to lower levels may be a
+sign of a decrease in stress level and more ordering in the human
+energy system. The exception to this observation is found in IE left
+side values which increased significantly within SR. This implies
+that SR practice may not be effective in bringing positive changes in
+entropy.
+4.3. Health status (integral area)
+Meditation practices lead to positive health [23], improved
+concentration [13], memory, and reduced anxiety [14]; all these
+lead to better psychosomatic health of the organism. The current
+study has shown a significant improvement in integral area values
+within the CM group; however, similar significant change was
+found only for IA right side within SR group. In one of the previous
+studies this Integral Area values were found more in healthy people
+in comparison to Asthma patients [9]. From this we may state that
+the improvement in integral area parameter in the current study
+may be an indication of improvement towards good psychosomatic
+health.
+Further, except IE left side, there were no significant group dif-
+ferences between CM and SR in the measured variables viz., AC, IE
+right and IA left side and IA right side.
+5. Limitations of the study
+Data were collected on two occasions for each experiment,
+namely morning and evening which may be one of the limitations
+of the study. The interventional data and control data were
+collected from different batches of SMET program conducted in
+different periods and this study limits to males only.
+6. Strength
+A short term intervention could produce a highly significant
+reduction in stress level within the CM group which was double in
+comparison to reduction within the SR group and general health
+indices also showed significant improvement, which are note-
+worthy feature of this study.
+7. Further suggestions
+Though the results are well supported by the previous studies, it
+could be an interesting research direction to explore if further study
+includes some other objective checklist. These could be HRV or
+some biochemical tests, viz., salivary alpha-amylase and cortisol
+etc. along with EPI assessment to correlate the findings of CM
+meditation on stress level in individuals.
+8. Conclusion
+The investigations from the current study conclude that the
+cyclic meditation practice reduces stress and improves psychoso-
+matic health indices better than supine rest in managers.
+Table 2
+Within group and between groups results for activation coefficient, integral area and integral entropy values.
+Variables
+Cyclic meditation
+Supine rest
+Between groups
+Mean ± SD
+t-value
+%change
+d
+p-value
+Mean ± sd
+t-value
+%change
+d
+p-value
+t-value
+p-value
+AC
+PRE
+2.85 ± 0.82
+3.05
+14.51%
+0.53
+0.005**
+PRE
+2.63 ± 0.71
+1.45
+7.21%
+0.26
+0.15
+1.13
+0.26
+POST
+2.44 ± 0.83
+POST
+2.44 ± 0.74
+IER
+PRE
+1.97 ± 0.14
+2.1
+3.76%
+0.36
+0.04*
+PRE
+1.84 ± 0.18
+0.48
+1.11%
+0.09
+0.64
+1.30
+0.20
+POST
+1.90 ± 0.17
+POST
+1.86 ± 0.18
+IEL
+PRE
+1.85 ± 0.21
+0.35
+0.92%
+0.06
+0.73
+PRE
+1.79 ± 0.25
+3.21
+8.36%
+0.55
+0.003**
+2.02
+0.05*
+POST
+1.86 ± 0.20
+POST
+1.94 ± 0.16
+IAR
+PRE
+0.21 ± 0.17
+2.06
+18.48%
+0.36
+0.05*
+PRE
+0.21 ± 0.19
+2.37
+23.29%
+0.41
+0.02*
+0.44
+0.66
+POST
+0.25 ± 0.15
+POST
+0.26 ± 0.18
+IAL
+PRE
+0.19 ± 0.20
+2.31
+30.56%
+0.40
+0.03*
+PRE
+0.23 ± 0.20
+0.29
+3.03%
+0.05
+0.78
+1.34
+0.18
+POST
+0.24 ± 0.11
+POST
+0.24 ± 0.20
+Abbreviations: AC, Activation Coefficient; IEL, Integral Entropy Left; IER, Integral Entropy Right; IAL, Integral Area Left and IAR, Integral Area Right.
+Significant level, *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01.
+K.K. Kushwah et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2016) 1e5
+4
+Please cite this article in press as: Kushwah KK, et al., Effect of yoga based techniques on stress and health indices using electro photonic imaging
+technique in managers, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.05.001
+References
+[1] Korotkov KG, Matravers P, Orlov DV, Williams BO. Application of electro-
+photon capture (EPC) analysis based on gas discharge visualization (GDV)
+technique in medicine: a systematic review. J Altern Complement Med
+2010;16(1):13e25.
+[2] Hacker GW, Pawlak E, Pauser G, Tichy G, Jell H, Posch G, et al. Biomedical
+evidence of influence of geopathic zones on the human body: scientifically
+traceable effects and ways of harmonization. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass
+Naturheilkd 2005;12(6):315e27.
+[3] Korotkov KG, Williams B, Wisneski LA. Assessing biophysical energy transfer
+mechanisms in living systems: the basis of life processes. J Altern Complement
+Med 2004;10(1):49e57.
+[4] Korotkov KG, Shelkov O, Shevtsov A, Mohov D, Paoletti S, Mirosnichenko D,
+et al. Stress reduction with osteopathy assessed with GDV electrophotonic
+imaging:
+effects
+of
+osteopathy
+treatment.
+J
+Altern
+Complement
+Med
+2012;18(3):251e7.
+[5] Korotkov KG. Human energy field: study with GDV bioelectrography. Fair
+Lawn: Backbone Publishing Co; 2002.
+[6] Cioca GH, Giacomoni P, Rein G. Correlation between GDV and heart rate
+variability measures: a new measure of well-being. In: Korotkov KG, editor.
+Measuring energy fields. Fair Lawn: Backbone Publishing Co; 2004. p. 59e64.
+[7] Aleksandrova EV, Zarubina TV, Kovelkova MN, Strychkov PV, Yakovleva EG.
+GDV analysis of arterial hypertension. In: Korotkov KG, editor. Energy fields
+electrophotonic analysis in humans and nature. Saint Petersburg: Ama-
+zon.com Publishing; 2011. p. 191e201.
+[8] Korotkov KG. Energy fields electrophotonic analysis in humans and nature.
+Saint-Petersburg: Amazon.com Publishing; 2011.
+[9] Alexandrova R, Fedoseev G, Korotkov KG, Philippova N, Zayzev S, Magidov M,
+et al. Analysis of the bioelectrograms of bronchial asthma patients. In:
+Korotkov KG, editor. Human energy field: study with GDV bioelectrography.
+Fair Lawn: Backbone Publishing Co; 2002. p. 92e102.
+[10] Kostyuk N, Cole P, Meghanathan N, Isokpehi RD, Cohly HHP. Gas discharge
+visualization: an imaging and modeling tool for medical biometrics. Int J
+Biomed Imaging 2011;2011:196460.
+[11] An H, Kulkarni R, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Measures of heart rate vari-
+ability in women following a meditation technique. Int J Yoga 2010;3(1):6e9.
+[12] Lokeswarananda S. Mandukya upanishad. Kolkata: The Ramkrishna Mission
+Institute of Culture; 2005.
+[13] Sarang P, Telles S. Effects of two yoga based relaxation techniques on heart
+rate variability (HRV). Int J Stress Manag 2006;13(4):460e75.
+[14] Subramanya P, Telles S. A review of the scientific studies on cyclic meditation.
+Int J Yoga 2009;2(2):46e8.
+[15] R Development Core team. A language and environment for statistical
+computing [Internet]. 2014. Available from:, http://www.r-project.org/.
+[16] Telles S, Reddy SK, Nagendra HR. Oxygen consumption and respiration
+following two yoga relaxation techniques. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback
+1996;25(4):221e7.
+[17] Sarang PS, Telles S. Oxygen consumption and respiration during and after two
+yoga relaxation techniques. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2006;31(2):
+143e53.
+[18] Van Stegeren A, Rohleder N, Everaerd W, Wolf OT. Salivary alpha amylase as
+marker for adrenergic activity during stress: effect of betablockade. Psycho-
+neuroendocrinology 2006;31(1):137e41.
+[19] Guyton AC, Hall JE. Textbook of medical physiology. 11th ed. Philadelphia:
+Elsevier Saunders; 2011.
+[20] Amihai I, Kozhevnikov M. Arousal vs. relaxation: a comparison of the
+neurophysiological and cognitive correlates of Vajrayana and Theravada
+meditative practices. PLoS One 2014;9(7):e102990.
+[21] Vempati RP, Telles S. Baseline occupational stess levels and physiological
+responeses to a two day stress management program. J Indian Psychol
+2000;18(1&2):33e7.
+[22] Korotkov K, DeVito D, Arem K, Madappa K, Williams B, Wisneski L. Healing
+experiments assessed with electrophotonic camera. Subtle Energies Energy
+Med J Arch 2009;20(3).
+[23] Nagendra HR. A unified subtle energy model of the human system. In:
+Srinivasan T, editor. Energy medicine around the world. Phoenix: Gabriel
+Press; 1988. p. 71e81.
+K.K. Kushwah et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine xxx (2016) 1e5
+5
+Please cite this article in press as: Kushwah KK, et al., Effect of yoga based techniques on stress and health indices using electro photonic imaging
+technique in managers, J Ayurveda Integr Med (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.05.001

subfolder_0/Effect of yogic breathing on accommodate braille version of six-letter cancellation test in students with visual impairment.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,576 @@
+© 2018 International Journal of Yoga | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow
+111
+Introduction
+Higher 
+cognitive 
+functions, 
+including 
+attention and memory, are affected by low 
+visual ability, particularly in those who 
+are visually impaired. Children with visual 
+impairment (VI) are observed to have 
+lower attentional capacity than the normal 
+sighted.[1] 
+Attention 
+training 
+improves 
+cognitive function, levels of independence, 
+increasing participation in daily activities, 
+awareness of environments, and capacity 
+for focused attention on school work,[2] all 
+of which contribute to quality of life.
+Yoga breathing processes are directly 
+connected to the brain and central nervous 
+system, and also the hypothalamus, which 
+is responsible for transforming perception 
+into 
+cognitive 
+experience.[3] 
+Breath 
+awareness (BA) is an integral component of 
+the practice of many yoga techniques, and 
+one of the main goals of yoga is to maintain 
+constant awareness of a relaxed breathing 
+process. 
+Bhramari 
+Pranayama 
+(BhPr) 
+is one such practice. Performed in a 
+Address for correspondence: 
+Dr. Soubhagyalaxmi Mohanty, 
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga 
+Anusandhana Samsthana, 
+No. 19, Eknath Bhavan, 
+Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda 
+Nagar, Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, 
+Karnataka, India. 
+E‑mail: mohantyslaxmi@ 
+gmail.com
+Abstract
+Context: Attentional processes tend to be less well developed in the visually impaired, who require 
+special training to develop them fully. Yogic breathing which alters the patterns of respiration has 
+been shown to enhance attention skills. Letter cancellation tests are well‑established tools to measure 
+attention and attention span. Here, a modified Braille version of the six‑letter cancellation test (SLCT) 
+was used for students with visual impairment  (VI). Aim: This study aimed to assess the immediate 
+effects of Bhramari Pranayama (BhPr) and breath awareness (BA) on students with VI. Methods: This 
+study was a self‑as‑control study held on 2 consecutive days, on 19 participants (8 males, 11 females), 
+with a mean age of 15.89 ± 1.59 years, randomized into two groups. On the 1st day, Group 1 performed 
+10 min breath awareness and Group 2 performed Bhramari; on the 2nd day, practices were reversed. 
+Assessments used a SLCT specially adapted for the visually impaired before and after each session. 
+Results: The Braille letter cancellation test was successfully taken by 19 students. Scores significantly 
+improved after both techniques for each student following practices on both days  (P  <  0.001). BhPr 
+may have more effect on attention performance than BA as wrong scores significantly increased 
+following BA (P < 0.05), but the increase in the score after Bhramari was not significant. Conclusions: 
+Despite the small sample size improvement in attentional processes by both yoga breathing techniques 
+was robust. Attentional skills were definitely enhanced. Long‑term practice should be studied.
+Keywords: Attention, Braille, pranayama, six‑letter cancellation test, visual impairment
+Effect of Yogic Breathing on Accommodate Braille Version of Six‑letter 
+Cancellation Test in Students with Visual Impairment
+Original Article
+Balaram Pradhan, 
+Soubhagyalaxmi 
+Mohanty, 
+Alex Hankey
+Division of Yoga and 
+Humanities, SVYASA Yoga 
+University, Bengaluru, 
+Karnataka, India
+relaxing body 
+posture, 
+it requires a 
+humming sound to be generated during 
+exhalation.[3] Through long exhalation and 
+short inhalation, it slows breathing rhythms. 
+Its repetitive, mind‑settling aspects relate 
+it to mantra meditation techniques, so 
+it is considered both a pranayama and 
+a meditation technique. Its performance 
+has been observed to produce paroxysmal 
+gamma 
+in 
+the 
+electroencephalogram 
+(EEG)[4] associated with brain information 
+processing, sensory processing, attention, 
+and working memory. It reduces stress and 
+factors influencing memory, improving 
+academic performance in children.[5]
+Six‑letter cancellation test  (SLCT) is a 
+widely applied psychomotor function test 
+assessing sensory information processing 
+from a wide visual field; specifically, 
+functions 
+such 
+as 
+focused 
+attention, 
+psychomotor 
+speed, 
+and 
+fine 
+motor 
+coordination.[6] Some studies have used it 
+to compare changes in attention produced 
+by relaxation techniques;[7,8] educational 
+systems;[9] and psychomotor performance 
+Access this article online
+Website: www.ijoy.org.in
+DOI: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_40_17
+Quick Response Code:
+How to cite this article: Pradhan B, Mohanty S, 
+Hankey A. Effect of yogic breathing on accommodate 
+Braille version of six‑letter cancellation test in students 
+with visual impairment. Int J Yoga 2018;11:111-5.
+Received: August, 2017. Accepted: October, 2017.
+This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed 
+under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-
+NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others 
+to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, 
+as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations 
+are licensed under the identical terms.
+For reprints contact: [email protected]
+Pradhan, et al.: Six‑letter cancellation test for students with visual impairment
+112
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 11 | Issue 2 | May‑August 2018
+in depressed patients.[10] However, to our knowledge, no 
+previous study has measured the immediate effects of BhPr 
+on attention in the visually impaired. Hence, the present 
+study aimed to evaluate attentional performance using a 
+version of the SLCT converted into Braille following two 
+breathing practices, i.e. BhPr and BA.
+Materials and Methods
+Participants
+A total of 19 students, 8  males and 11  females, aged 
+15–19  years (mean  =  15.89  ±  1.59) were all attending a 
+special residential school in Odisha, India, the “Government 
+High School for the Blind.”
+Inclusion criteria
+Students who had (a) VI since birth; (b) aged 15–19 years; 
+(c) no earlier exposure to yoga, and  (d) agreed to give 
+informed consent were included in the study.
+Exclusion criteria
+Students with  (a) other physical or mental challenge; 
+(b) multiple impairments;  (c) learning disability;  (d) any 
+injury restricting the practice of yoga, or (e) any medically 
+diagnosed neurological illness or brain damage were 
+excluded from the study.
+Ethical approval
+SVYASA’s ethical committee approved the study prior to 
+its implementation. Details of the study were explained 
+to the school authority and the participants, and signed 
+informed consent forms were obtained.
+Interventions (10 min each)
+Bhramari Pranayama
+Participants sat crossed leg  (Sukhasana) with head, neck, 
+and spine aligned, thumbs blocking each ear, and middle 
+fingers keeping the eyelids firmly closed  (a simplified 
+version of Shanmukhi Mudra without closing nose and 
+mouth as well). They were then instructed to breathe in 
+as slowly as was comfortable, and while slowly breathing 
+out, to produce a humming sound like that of a humming 
+bee.
+Breath awareness
+Participants were instructed to sit crossed leg with spine 
+erect and eyes closed, and observe their normal breathing 
+without manipulating rate, depth, or pattern. To avoid 
+diurnal biorhythm effects, sessions were held at the same 
+time of day (8–8.30 am). Each intervention session was led 
+by the yoga therapist and trained assistants.
+Assessment
+A modified Braille version of SLCT was used in this 
+study. The normal SLCT worksheet consists of three 
+parts: the first concerns participants’ name, age, gender, 
+date, and test instructions. The second part specifies the 
+target letters, while the third part is the working section, 
+comprising a 14 row  ×  22 column array of randomized 
+letters. Participants are instructed to cancel as many target 
+letters as possible within the 90 s test period; possible 
+strategies are suggested, either one letter at a time, or 
+all at once. Tests are scored for: number of cancellations 
+attempted, wrong cancellations, and number of correct 
+cancellations. Uncancelled target letters are not considered 
+as wrong cancellations, since the visual field is broad, and 
+practitioners may not have focused on them.[11]
+The modifications of the SLCT into a form suitable for 
+children with VI took place in five steps, including changes 
+in test design, administration, and scoring. The detail 
+process of modification as well as reason for the changes 
+of the SLCT is mentioned in Flow Chart.
+After each modification, it was first tested on seven of the 
+school teachers who were visually impaired and agreed to 
+evaluate the converted version of SLCT. Further changes 
+were then made according to their suggestions. Only when 
+the teachers were comfortable with the test, it was given to 
+the students for preliminary testing.
+The final modified SLCT consists of a worksheet containing 
+randomly arranged Braille letters and a separate sheet 
+specifying six target letters. Prior to starting the test, it was 
+clearly explained to the students. First the sheet containing the 
+target letters was distributed and participants were instructed 
+to remember the six letters and repeat them verbally. Then, 
+the worksheet was distributed and the test was conducted.
+To make the participants more familiar with the procedure, 
+two SLCT trial sessions were held 2 days prior to the main 
+experiment. The first group practiced BhPr on the 1st  day 
+and BA on the 2nd  day, while the second group practiced 
+in reverse order. Groups were assessed as mentioned in 
+Table 1.
+Data analysis
+Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 
+24 (IIM Corporation, California); the specific analysis 
+being repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVA); 
+there was one within‑subjects factor, time with two 
+levels  (pre and post), and one between‑subjects factor, 
+session with two levels (BhPr and BA). Post hoc tests of 
+Table 1: Assessment protocol for both groups on day 1 
+and day 2
+Day
+Group
+Test
+Practice
+Test
+Day 1
+Group 1
+Pretest
+BA (10 min)
+Posttest
+Group 2
+Pretest
+BhPr (10 min)
+Posttest
+Day 2
+Group 1
+Pretest
+BA (10 min)
+Posttest
+Group 2
+Pretest
+BA (10 min)
+Posttest
+Group 1 and Group 2 took the SLCT before and after both Bhr and 
+BA; order of practice was reversed on both days. SLCT: Six‑letter 
+cancellation test, BA: Breath awareness, BhPr: Bhramari pranayama
+Pradhan, et al.: Six‑letter cancellation test for students with visual impairment
+113
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 11 | Issue 2 | May‑August 2018
+significance between mean values included Bonferroni 
+adjustments.
+Results
+Demographic characteristics such as age  (P  =  0.261), 
+gender  (P  =  0.663), and years of experience in learning 
+Braille  (P  =  0.929) were matched for both the groups. 
+There was a statistical difference in both the groups at 
+baseline on net score of SLCT on day 1  (P  =  0.021) 
+whereas no difference was found on day 2  (P  =  0.330). 
+Table  2 presents the mean and standard deviation values 
+separately for day 1 and 2. Table  3 shows the combined 
+results for the two groups, comparing overall results for 
+each breathing technique. No learning effect was observed 
+due to prior exposure to test materials on the previous 
+day  (P  >  0.05). Both breathing techniques produced 
+highly significant improvements in attention score. Total 
+SLCT scores increased from 18.84 to 33.37  (P  <  0.001) 
+and from 21 to 31.53  (P  <  0.001) after practicing BA 
+and BhPr, respectively. Regarding accuracy level, wrong 
+score significantly increased after the BA session  (66%, 
+P  =  0.035), whereas after the BhPr session, the increase 
+in wrong score  (5%, P  =  0.772) was not significant. In 
+group time interaction, the change over time differences 
+between the groups found significant difference in total 
+score  (P  =  0.010) and net score  (P  =  0.015) but not in 
+wrong score  (P  =  0.086). The groups’ mean values and 
+standard deviation of scores for SLCT, in BhPr and BA 
+sessions, are summarized in Tables 2 and 3.
+Discussions
+To our knowledge, this was the first self‑as‑control study on 
+immediate effects of BhPr and BA on attention performance 
+in children with VI. It suggested significant potential 
+benefits. Development of techniques to help children with 
+VI improves school performance and performing activities 
+independently has recently become a priority. The reported 
+results indicate that breathing practices can contribute to 
+both these goals by enhancing students’ attention span.
+For the purpose of this study, SLCT was developed in 
+Braille script  (as far as we know, for the first time) to 
+measure these cognitive abilities in the visually impaired. 
+Some modifications were essential to be made to the 
+original 22 × 14 letter worksheet.
+SLCT counts both the total number of cancellations and the 
+number of wrong cancellations; net score equals the first 
+minus the second.[11] In scoring of our Braille version for 
+the VI, correct letters that were missed were also marked 
+as “wrong attempts.”
+Pre‑post comparison of SLCT performance indicated highly 
+significant immediate improvement after both kinds of 
+breathing practice, suggesting that the alertness produced 
+by paying attention to the breathing process in both 
+techniques, combined with the restfulness produced during 
+technique performance, was responsible for the observed 
+improvements. Whether this is a purely physiological result, 
+or if it involves a learning process internalized during the 
+10‑minute technique practice, cannot be determined from 
+this experiment alone.
+However, the between‑sessions comparison found that 
+scores increased more following BA practice  (77%) than 
+following BhPr practice  (50%). Regarding accuracy, wrong 
+score increased significantly following the BA session, 
+but after BhPr session, the increase in the score was not 
+significant. Though the percentage of improvement was more 
+in BA session, the wrong score also increased significantly, 
+whereas after BhPr session, the increase in the score was not 
+significant which indicates a positive effect of BhPr than BA.
+An earlier study had shown significant increase in SLCT 
+performance immediately after the practice of Kapalabhati 
+in adult healthy volunteers.[12] Two separate studies of 
+effects of breathing techniques on SLCT found that yoga 
+practice[13] and meditation[14] improved SLCT scores than 
+the control technique.
+Table 2: Results of Group 1 and Group 2 on day 1 and 
+day 2 separately
+Day‑1 BA
+Day‑2 BhPr
+Pre
+Post
+Pre
+Post
+Group‑1 (n=12)
+Total
+16.17±5.10 30.00±9.73 24.00±6.27 39.14±7.99
+Wrong
+0.67±0.98
+1.33±1.43
+1.86±1.57
+2.00±1.83
+Net
+15.50±5.38 28.67±9.47 22.14±5.67 37.14±6.82
+Day‑1 BhPr 
+Day‑2 BA
+Pre
+Post
+Pre
+Post
+Group‑2 (n=7)
+Total
+19.25±7.74 27.08±8.25 23.43±5.62 39.14±3.34
+Wrong
+0.42±0.51
+0.42±0.67
+1.43±1.81
+2.00±1.41
+Net
+18.83±7.54 26.67±8.05 22.00±5.29 37.14±3.02
+Scores for the two groups for day 1 and day 2 separately. BA: Breath 
+awareness, BhPr: Bhramari pranayama
+Table 3: The combined results of Group 1 and Group 2 on day 1 and day 2
+Scores
+BA
+BhPr
+Pre versus pre
+Pre
+Post
+Percentage change
+Pre
+Post
+Percentage change Learning effect Group × time
+Total
+18.84±6.27 33.37±9.06***
+77
+21±7.43
+31.53±9.93***
+50
+0.109
+0.010
+Wrong
+0.95±1.35
+1.58±1.43*
+66
+0.95±1.22
+1.00±1.41
+5
+0.081
+0.085
+Net
+17.89±6.12 31.79±8.69***
+77
+20.05±6.94 30.53±9.06***
+52
+1
+0.015
+***P<0.001, *P<0.05. BA: Breath awareness, BhPr: Bhramari pranayama
+Pradhan, et al.: Six‑letter cancellation test for students with visual impairment
+114
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 11 | Issue 2 | May‑August 2018
+Meditation has been shown not only to benefit higher‑order 
+cognitive functions, but also to alter brain activity. 
+A  study comparing 22 meditators and 22 age‑matched 
+nonmeditators found meditators to have more gray matter 
+in regions of the brain important for attention, emotion 
+regulation, and mental flexibility.[15] BhPr has been found to 
+be closely linked to meditation; both BhPr and meditation 
+have similar effects on physiological relaxation and mental 
+calmness.[4,16,17] In BhPr, pressing the eyeballs stimulates the 
+vagus nerve and leads to activation of the parasympathetic 
+nervous system[18] which governs relaxation, recuperation, 
+and digestion of the body.[19]
+The current results on improved children’s attention concur 
+with previous findings that yoga interventions improve 
+SLCT scores. We hypothesized that improved attention 
+may be because the resonating and repetitive effects of 
+BhPr’s humming bee sound resemble mantra repetition 
+which has been shown to increase EEG activity in the theta 
+band.[4] These aspects of BhPr should generate subjective 
+feelings of physical relaxation and mental calmness, and 
+hence reduce any sense of mental fatigue. This reasoning 
+may help explain some of the impact of BhPr on attention. 
+We conclude that BhPr may be an effective means for 
+improving attention performance in visually impaired 
+children.
+Limitations
+The study has some important limitations requiring 
+consideration:  (a) Validity and reliability of the modified 
+test are not assessed. (b) In the print version, participants 
+were able to quickly refer to the six target letters at the 
+top of the page as they scanned the array for matching 
+letters. In the Braille version, referring back to the target 
+letters was much more of a time‑consuming process. Even 
+though the participants were given time to memorize 
+the target letters, and they repeated them verbally to 
+demonstrate that they had memorized them, the Braille 
+version of the test remains, in fact, a memory test. Even 
+if the letters have been memorized, the participant must 
+rely on their memory in matching letters in the array with 
+the target letters. (c) The score letters were not noticed as 
+errors in the Braille version, whereas these omissions were 
+simply not counted in the original print test. Although 
+a justification was provided for this change, stating that 
+failing to notice a letter is a more significant error in 
+Braille than in print reading, this results in a substantial 
+change in the nature of the test.  (d) Prior commencing 
+the study, a Braille skill pretest was essential to ensure 
+that all of the participants had the Braille skills.  (e) Due 
+to the small sample size, we could not add gender as a 
+factor on ANOVA to see if there were any significant 
+differences.  (f) the same 90 s was used for the Braille 
+test as in the print version. (g) The study was too brief to 
+assess lasting effects of the intervention. Considering all 
+these limitations, the further validation process is under 
+progress.
+Strengths
+The major strength of the study was that the statistics 
+indicate a robust result: both yoga techniques produced 
+highly significant improvements in attention, a crucially 
+important function of awareness, which tends to be reduced 
+in the VI as a consequence of their disability.
+Suggestions for future research
+Generalizability of these results needs to be tested. Future 
+research requires incorporating different age groups, 
+levels, and onset ages of blindness, and their interaction 
+with different yoga practices to produce various changes 
+at the known different levels of attention by means of 
+various assessment methods needs to be investigated, 
+as so associated changes in other classes of measure, 
+for 
+example, 
+physiological 
+(autonomic, 
+respiratory, 
+etc.), neurophysiological  (event‑related potentials, etc.), 
+neurochemical  (cortisol, etc.), and neuroimaging processes 
+recorded while performing the task to better understand the 
+underlying processes involved.
+Flow Chart : Steps to prepare the Braille version of six letter cancellation test
+Pradhan, et al.: Six‑letter cancellation test for students with visual impairment
+115
+International Journal of Yoga | Volume 11 | Issue 2 | May‑August 2018
+Conclusion
+Producing the humming bee sound of BhPr, related 
+to mental chanting of “M” kara, improves attention 
+performance as one of its immediate effects. More 
+generally, the practice of selected yoga techniques may 
+be a valuable means to improve attention performance, 
+especially in children and youth. Further research should be 
+made on their application to visually challenged children.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors are grateful to the children of the “Government 
+High School For blind,” for their enthusiastic participation 
+in the study and staffs specifically Mrs. Susama who spent 
+her precious time to teach Braille and also Mrs. Padmaja, 
+the principal of the school for her valuable support.
+Financial support and sponsorship
+Nil.
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+References
+1.	
+Tadić V, Pring  L, Dale  N. Attentional processes in young 
+children with congenital visual impairment. Br J Dev Psychol 
+2009;27:311‑30.
+2.	
+Çalik BB, Kİtİş A, Cavlak  U, Oğuzhanoğlu A. The impact of 
+attention training on children with low vision: A  randomized 
+trial. Turk J Med Sci 2012;42:1186‑93.
+3.	
+Muktibodhananda  S. Hatha Yoga Pradipika. 4th  ed. Munger, 
+Bihar, India: Yoga Publications Trust; 2012. p. 150.
+4.	
+Vialatte  FB, Bakardjian  H, Prasad  R, Cichocki  A. EEG 
+paroxysmal gamma waves during bhramari pranayama: A  yoga 
+breathing technique. Conscious Cogn 2009;18:977‑88.
+5.	
+Shankari  BN. Effect of bhramari pranayama among the poor 
+learning students – A pilot study. Sense 2012;2:124‑8.
+6.	
+Uttl  B, Pilkenton‑Taylor  C. Letter cancellation performance 
+across the adult life span. Clin Neuropsychol 2001;15:521‑30.
+7.	
+Pradhan  B, Nagendra  H. Immediate effect of two yoga‑based 
+relaxation techniques on attention in children. Int J Yoga 
+2010;3:67‑9.
+8.	
+Khemka  SS, Rao  NH, Nagarathna  R. Immediate effects of two 
+relaxation techniques on healthy volunteers. Indian J Physiol 
+Pharmacol 2009;53:67‑72.
+9.	
+Rangan  R, Nagendra  HR, Bhat  GR. Planning ability improves 
+in a yogic education system compared to a modern. Int J Yoga 
+2008;1:60‑5.
+10.	 Jaykaran, Bhardwaj P, Kantharia ND, Yadav P, Panwar A. 
+Effect of fluoxetine on some cognitive functions of patients of 
+depression. Indian J Psychol Med 2009;31:24‑9.
+11.	 Agarwal  AK, Kalra  R, Natu  MV, Dadhich  AP, Deswal  RS. 
+Psychomotor performance of psychiatric inpatients under therapy: 
+Assessment by paper and pencil tests. Hum Psychopharmacol 
+2002;17:91‑3.
+12.	 Telles S, Raghuraj P, Arankalle D, Naveen KV. Immediate effect 
+of high‑frequency yoga breathing on attention. Indian J Med Sci 
+2008;62:20‑2.
+13.	 Telles  S, Raghuraj  P, Maharana  S, Nagendra  HR. Immediate 
+effect of three yoga breathing techniques on performance on a 
+letter‑cancellation task. Percept Mot Skills 2007;104:1289‑96.
+14.	 Kumar  S, Telles  S. Meditative states based on yoga texts and 
+their effects on performance of a letter‑cancellation task. Percept 
+Mot Skills 2009;109:679‑89.
+15.	 Luders  E, Toga  AW, Lepore  N, Gaser  C. The underlying 
+anatomical 
+correlates 
+of 
+long‑term 
+meditation: 
+Larger 
+hippocampal and frontal volumes of gray matter. Neuroimage 
+2009;45:672‑8.
+16.	 Pramanik  T, Sharma  HO, Mishra  S, Mishra  A, Prajapati  R, 
+Singh  S, et  al. Immediate effect of slow pace Bhastrika 
+pranayama on blood pressure and heart rate. J  Altern 
+Complement Med 2009;15:293‑5.
+17.	 Murata  T, Takahashi  T, Hamada  T, Omori  M, Kosaka  H, 
+Yoshida  H, et  al. Individual trait anxiety levels characterizing the 
+properties of Zen meditation. Neuropsychobiology 2004;50:189‑94.
+18.	 Speciale  J, Stahlbrodt  JE. Use of ocular compression to induce 
+vagal stimulation and aid in controlling seizures in seven dogs. 
+J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;214:663‑5.
+19.	 Hill  MN, Hellemans  KG, Verma  P, Gorzalka  BB, Weinberg  J. 
+Neurobiology of chronic mild stress: Parallels to major 
+depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012;36:2085‑117.
+Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further reproduction
+prohibited without permission.

subfolder_0/Effects of Lotus Posture on Acupuncture Meridian Energies.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,1941 @@
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+1
+© 2016 International Journal of Yoga | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow
+Introduction
+Traditional knowledge systems in India and 
+China make consistent distinction between 
+“gross” and “subtle” energies. The Vedic 
+system of ancient India denotes “male” 
+and “female” subtle energies as prana and 
+shakti, respectively,[1,2] while the Chinese 
+system term them Yang Qi and Yin Qi.[3] 
+In the Vedic system, Yoga practices such as 
+physical postures, breathing techniques, and 
+meditation restore well‑being by improving 
+autonomic function,[4] improving ability 
+to focus,[5] improving memory, reducing 
+anxiety,[6] and reducing stress.[7,8] Yoga 
+enhances human well‑being by improving 
+and regulating practitioners’ levels of vital 
+energy.[9]
+Yoga postulates that vital energy  (prana) 
+flows through channels called nadis[10] 
+forming 
+the 
+human 
+vital 
+energy 
+system. 
+Similarly, 
+Traditional 
+Chinese 
+Medicine (TCM) says that blockages in 
+energy flow cause physical, mental, or 
+emotional 
+disturbances 
+and 
+disease.[11] 
+Restoring personal well‑being is achieved 
+by 
+improving 
+prana 
+through 
+Yoga 
+Address for correspondence: 
+Kuntal Ghosh,
+Swami Vivekananda 
+Yoga Anusandhana 
+Samsthana, Eknath Bhavan, 
+19 Gavipuram Circle, 
+K. G. Nagar, Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, 
+Karnataka, India.
+E‑mail: [email protected]
+Abstract
+Background: Many studies have assessed Yoga practices using instruments such as AcuGraph, 
+which measures conductances at Jing‑Well points of acupuncture meridians. Such studies find that 
+participation in Yoga programs ranging from a weekend to many months systematically increases 
+subtle energy. Here, we report comparison of Jing‑Well point conductances before and after sitting 
+in Lotus Posture with those before and after sitting in a chair. Methods: This was a controlled 
+study conducted on 52 male Yoga practitioners (mean age in years 23.03 ± 3.23), all with >1 year 
+experience of Yoga practices. Participants were alternately assigned into two groups, sitting in Lotus 
+Posture and sitting in a chair. Each was measured on 3 successive days, before and after sitting as 
+instructed for 10 min on the 1st day, 20 min on the 2nd day, and 30 min on the 3rd day. Results: The 
+two groups yielded completely different results: those sitting in Lotus Posture for 30  min showed 
+increases in subtle energy levels (E_Ls) in all acupuncture meridians; those sitting in chair produced 
+universal decreases. Results for 10 and 20  min showed how these changes in energy values took 
+time to build up with increasing time. Conclusions: Sitting in Lotus Posture is held to strongly 
+stimulate subtle E_Ls, so results agreed with the experimental hypothesis. Nevertheless, decreases 
+in E_Ls of those sitting in a chair were surprising since the rest might be expected to have no effect.
+Key Words: AcuGraph, acupuncture meridian energies, Asanas, lotus position, Yoga
+Effect of Lotus Posture on Acupuncture Meridian Energies: A Controlled 
+Trial
+Original Article
+Kuntal Ghosh, 
+Alex Hankey, 
+TM Srinivasan
+From the Division of Yoga  
+and Physical Sciences, Swami 
+Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana 
+Samsthana, Bengaluru, 
+Karnataka, India
+postures (Asanas), breathing techniques 
+(Pranayama), and meditation (Dhyana).[12]
+In TCM, the concept parallel to prana is 
+known as Qi[1,2] and is said to flow along 
+“meridians.” Each meridian is connected 
+to many points on the surface of the skin 
+called acupuncture points which reflect 
+aspects of meridian function.[13] TCM uses 
+12 pairs of meridians (left and right), six in 
+each limb with bilateral symmetry.
+TCM and Yoga represent two different 
+methods that claim to improve level and 
+balance of Qi/prana in order to restore 
+or improve individual health. In TCM, 
+acupuncture, acupressure, and qigong are 
+major methods for removing blockages 
+and allowing free movement of Qi.[3,14,15] 
+Acupressure is a technique where physical 
+pressure at acupoints stimulates meridian 
+activity.[16] In Yoga, a science with eight 
+limbs  (angas), Asana is the limb using 
+particular positions of the body combined 
+with recommended attitude of the mind, 
+which 
+exerts 
+a 
+profound 
+influence 
+on 
+an 
+individual’s 
+physiological 
+and 
+health parameters.[17,18] Asanas promote 
+IJOY_24_16R9
+Access this article online
+Website: www.ijoy.org.in
+DOI: ***
+Quick Response Code:
+This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the 
+Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 
+License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the 
+work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the 
+new creations are licensed under the identical terms. 
+For reprints contact: [email protected]
+How to cite this article: ???.
+Received: April, 2016. Accepted: October, 2016
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+Ghosh, et al.: Effect of lotus posture on acupuncture meridian
+2
+International Journal of Yoga | Oct-Dec | Vol 9 | Issue 4
+revitalization of specific muscle groups and activate prana, 
+increasing pranic energy and efficiency of its use.[19]
+In terms of TCM, the various joint and spine movements 
+involved in Yoga Asanas are recognized to stimulate 
+meridians.[20] 
+The 
+text 
+AcuYoga[21] 
+gives 
+detailed 
+descriptions of effects of various Asanas on each 
+meridian. Regular practice of Yoga Asanas balance 
+meridian energies.[20] Many studies have been performed 
+on Yoga practitioners’ subtle energy levels  (E_Ls) using 
+instruments such as Electro Photonic Imaging[22,23] or 
+the electro‑acupuncture instrument AcuGraph,[9,24] which 
+measures conductances at Jing‑Well points of acupuncture 
+meridians. Such studies have established that participation 
+in integrated Yoga programs of various lengths ranging 
+from a weekend to many months systematically increases 
+acupuncture meridian energies.
+Previous studies have used AcuGraph to measure effects 
+of Yoga programs. A  first assessment[24] concluded that 
+AcuGraph is better suited to make measurements on groups 
+of study participants rather than individuals; changes in 
+group means are more accurate indicators of the outcome 
+of a Yoga program than changes in values for individual 
+participants. A second study concluded that regular practice 
+of Yoga programs for 21  days systematically decreases 
+group standard deviations, indicating improved quality of 
+regulation of acupuncture meridian energies.[25] This idea 
+was confirmed by a second improved study comparing 
+results for different genders.[9] A study on children with 
+HIV noted that the sick exhibit poorer regulation of 
+acupuncture point energies than normal children.[26] A 
+study of similar subjects by four operators concluded that 
+values of AcuGraph measurements depend on the style 
+of use of the probe by individual operators; when this is 
+accounted for, overall patterns of acumeridian energies 
+remain the same.[27] A study of a 5‑day Yoga program for 
+business executives concluded that overwork systematically 
+lowered their meridian energies and was probably injurious 
+to health, and the 5‑day integrated Yoga therapy program 
+restored only half the deficit.[28] A study of those attending 
+Vedic ceremonies found that attendees were energized 
+preferentially in lower meridians,[29] a valuable observation 
+since most patients are deficient in lower meridian energies, 
+which are otherwise difficult to remedy.[27]
+While AcuGraph studies of groups attending health 
+improvement courses,[9,25] either simply being characterized 
+through 
+acumeasurements,[26,27] 
+or 
+undergoing 
+Yoga 
+treatments,[28,29] are of interest, the logical next step is a 
+study of a single Yoga posture. Would significant changes 
+be seen pre‑  and post‑performance of a single Asana 
+for various periods of time? For reasons given above, 
+Padmasana or the Lotus Posture was a natural choice; 
+particularly as an authoritative text, Hatha Yoga[30] identifies 
+that it stimulates subtle energies in the body to the greatest 
+extent.
+Methods
+Subjects
+Fifty‑two male Yoga practitioners were selected for the 
+study  (mean age in years 23.03  ±  3.23). All had  >1  year 
+residential experience of regular Yoga practice, having 
+previously obtained their Yoga Instructor’s Certificate. Out 
+of 52, two practitioners dropped from the study due to 
+sickness and personal commitment.
+Inclusion criteria
+Yoga practitioners with  >1  year residence at the Yoga 
+University were included in the study.
+Exclusion criteria
+Persons with physical disability, mental disturbance, or 
+inability to sit in the Lotus Posture were excluded in the 
+study.
+Study procedure was explained and consent was obtained 
+from all the participants. The study was approved by the 
+university’s Ethics Committee.
+Design
+This was a controlled study with practitioners reporting 
+on the 1st  day being alternately assigned to two different 
+groups: One sitting in Lotus Posture and the other sitting 
+in a chair. Consort flow diagram is displayed in Figure 1.
+Assessments
+The first author made measurements using the AcuGraph 4 
+model 
+from 
+Miridia 
+Acupuncture 
+Technologies 
+in 
+Meridian, Idaho, USA. He assessed each subject between 
+06:00 and 07:30 am on 3 successive days at the Jing‑Well 
+acupuncture points on the fingers and toes, related to main 
+organs: Lung  (LU), pericardium  (PC), heart  (HT), small 
+intestine  (SI), triple energizer  (TE), large intestine  (LI), 
+spleen  (SP), liver  (LR), kidney  (KI), bladder  (BL), 
+gallbladder  (GB), and stomach  (ST). Instrument probe 
+pressure, location, and position were kept uniform[27] using 
+a single operator.
+Some practitioners find Lotus Posture uncomfortable; 
+hence, the degree of pain experienced by those sitting in 
+the Lotus Posture was assessed on a visual analog pain 
+scale of 1–10 after each session.[31] However, this was not 
+considered experimental data, only a precaution to ensure 
+participants’ well‑being as time of sitting was increased 
+day by day.
+Measurement procedure for AcuGraph  4: Participants 
+stood comfortably with feet on a mat. After damp cotton 
+wool had been applied to regions of Jing‑Well points on 
+the fingers and toes to balance conductivity, the participant 
+held the “ground bar” in hand opposite to where the 
+AcuGraph probe was applied. The monitoring computer 
+records readings at specified points in a standard sequence.
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+Ghosh, et al.: Effect of lotus posture on acupuncture meridian
+3
+International Journal of Yoga | Oct-Dec | Vol 9 | Issue 4
+Interventions
+The first group sat in Lotus Posture on a Yoga mat for 
+periods of 10, 20, and 30  min on consecutive days, while 
+the second group sat for the same periods of time on a 
+chair, with their feet resting on a similar mat. Lotus Posture 
+requires the practitioner to sit cross‑legged and then place 
+each foot on top of the other thigh with soles of the feet 
+facing upward, one shin crossing the other. Youth who have 
+been brought up without tables and chairs and used to squat 
+or sit cross‑legged on the floor find it easy to perform.
+Statistical analysis
+Analysis 
+was 
+performed 
+using 
+Excel, 
+GraphPad 
+QuickCalcs, and SPSS‑  19. Raw data from participants in 
+the same group for each day comprising 24 readings were 
+recorded. Further, ten AcuGraph analyzed data  –  such as 
+overall E_L and upper‑lower  (U_L) imbalance  –  were 
+entered into Excel sheets for each group and period, six 
+sheets in all. Pre‑post difference data were then prepared 
+for meridian data on each sheet. Mean and standard 
+deviation for each group were calculated for pre, post, 
+and pre‑post differences. Appropriate blocks of data were 
+then exported to SPSS for repeated measures analysis of 
+variance used for between and within group comparisons. 
+Further calculations were of variances for total data blocks 
+of 24 meridians  (12 left and 12 right) for each group 
+for each day. Means were compared to average E_L for 
+each data block as a cross check  (they have to be equal). 
+Variances were also calculated for U_L meridian blocks. 
+The advantage of these last calculations is that the increase 
+in degrees of freedom for a block of data greatly increases 
+the significance to given values of Fishers F statistic 
+for comparison of variances. Finally, significances of 
+differences between pre‑post changes observed in the two 
+groups for each time value, 10, 20, and 30  min, were 
+calculated using SPSS‑19, and some were checked on 
+GraphPad using paired t‑test.
+Results
+Results are set out in Tables 1a‑c, 2 and Figure 2. Table 1a‑c 
+displays means and standard deviations for conductances 
+at each of the 24 acupuncture meridian Jing‑Well points 
+(12 left and 12 right), giving statistical significance of 
+changes observed in each meridian. Although the changes 
+Enrollment
+Enrolled (n = 52)
+Allocated to intervention in two groups
+(Padmasana n = 26),
+(Chair sitting n = 26) 
+Total received allocated intervention (n = 52)
+Allocation
+Padmasana (n = 26)
+Chair sitting (n = 26)
+Day 1 (10 min)
+Day 1 (10 min)
+Day 2 (20 min)
+Drop out (n = 1) due to participant commitment
+Drop out (n = 1) due to sickness
+Day 3 (30 min)
+Day 2 (20 min)
+Day 3 (30 min)
+Analyzed (n = 25)
+Analysis
+Analyzed (n = 25)
+Follow-Up
+Figure 1: Consort flow diagram
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+Ghosh, et al.: Effect of lotus posture on acupuncture meridian
+4
+International Journal of Yoga | Oct-Dec | Vol 9 | Issue 4
+in individual means from pre to post show individual 
+meridians with significant changes, changes in overall mean 
+for all meridians together for each of the six experimental 
+conditions (2 groups  ×  3  time values) are consistent and 
+of most interest. For sitting in a chair, overall means 
+changed from 57.46 ± 27.78 to 49.99 ± 26.37 for 10 min, 
+from 57.31  ±  27.51 to 53.79  ±  25.75 for 20  min, and 
+from 52.54  ±  25.36 to 48.25  ±  25.05 for 30  min; while 
+for Padmasana, means changed from 57.92  ±  31.25 
+to 57.09  ±  30.29 for 10  min, from 51.19  ±  28.44 to 
+56.37  ±  29.57 for 20  min, and from 48.51  ±  30.88 to 
+57.68  ±  31.42 for 30  min, a completely different pattern 
+of change with increasing time. One sample t‑tests with 
+test value zero were performed on post‑pre data columns 
+prepared in Excel  (equivalent to more laborious paired 
+sample t‑tests). Changes in overall mean and accompanying 
+standard deviation for the changes in mean: For sitting in a 
+chair, overall mean changed by −7.47 ± 14.83 for 10 min, 
+3.52  ±  16.71 for 20  min, and 4.29  ±  15.84 for 30  min; 
+for Padmasana, overall mean changed by  −0.83  ±  14.81 
+for 10  min, 5.18  ±  16.38 for 20  min, and 9.17  ±  17.45 
+for 30  min. All values were significant with P  <  0.0001, 
+except sitting in Padmasana for 10  min  (which was not 
+significant).
+Between‑group comparison: For 10  min sitting in 
+Padmasana and sitting in Chair upper meridians LU_R, 
+SI_R, LI_L and lower meridians SP_L, LR_L, KI_L, and 
+KI_R showed significant difference. For 20  min sitting in 
+Padmasana and Chair, upper meridian LU_R, and all lower 
+meridians except KI_L, BL_R found significant difference. 
+For 30  min sitting in Padmasana and Chair, upper 
+meridian LU_R and all lower meridians showed significant 
+difference.
+Table 1a: Acupuncture meridian energies pre‑ and post‑sitting in lotus posture and in a chair (10 min)
+Variable
+Padmasana
+Chair sitting
+Pre
+Post
+P
+Pre
+Post
+P
+LU_L_10
+57.52±26.88
+55.76±23.51
+0.54
+60.80±27.01
+54.56±29.61
+0.03
+LU_R_10
+53.60±25.03
+57.6±30.26
+0.27
+58.40±27.71
+52.08±28.95
+0.09
+PC_L_10
+50.08±26.89
+46.80±23.13
+0.29
+46.08±20.49
+41.76±20.85
+0.17
+PC_R_10
+48.72±23.34
+47.04±22.20
+0.57
+48.24±19.57
+39.44±16.29
+0.01
+HT_L_10
+48.80±22.05
+45.84±25.23
+0.30
+48.72±22.14
+40.08±18.23
+0.003
+HT_R_10
+50.96±21.02
+45.92±22.98
+0.08
+47.92±20.96
+39.28±19.66
+0.004
+SI_L_10
+49.76±27.86
+51.12±27.97
+0.67
+52.32±24.53
+44.08±23.42
+0.01
+SI_R_10
+52.00±27.04
+47.36±23.26
+0.11
+54.16±26.70
+45.04±23.23
+0.003
+TE_L_10
+48.80±23.78
+49.04±26.11
+0.94
+48.00±22.55
+41.12±21.75
+0.04
+TE_R_10
+47.20±23.40
+43.36±22.40
+0.17
+48.64±23.03
+40.16±20.30
+0.003
+LI_L_10
+58.56±23.25
+61.60±24.81
+0.29
+59.20±23.25
+52.88±25.36
+0.03
+LI_R_10
+55.44±24.15
+54.16±24.10
+0.64
+53.60±22.85
+47.12±22.66
+0.02
+SP_L_10
+63.76±31.12
+66.00±32.18
+0.40
+58.72±27.79
+52.96±26.22
+0.04
+SP_R_10
+66.24±37.98
+67.36±34.08
+0.73
+59.76±30.46
+52.48±26.45
+0.03
+LR_L_10
+68.08±37.04
+71.04±36.61
+0.39
+63.76±33.80
+54.72±33.31
+0.01
+LR_R_10
+66.64±38.80
+66.88±33.50
+0.94
+63.60±36.12
+57.92±30.91
+0.07
+KI_L_10
+50.08±28.22
+52.56±26.64
+0.42
+55.84±29.99
+45.52±26.57
+0.001
+KI_R_10
+52.56±36.22
+52.48±31.24
+0.98
+55.52±28.46
+45.84±24.64
+0.0004
+BL_L_10
+63.68±34.01
+62.00±30.62
+0.58
+66.24±31.90
+57.92±29.79
+0.00
+BL_R_10
+66.48±38.74
+63.12±36.11
+0.20
+68.32±33.49
+60.88±28.79
+0.01
+GB_L_10
+63.92±34.63
+62.88±33.20
+0.73
+66.88±29.40
+60.24±30.38
+0.29
+GB_R_10
+65.84±39.03
+62.32±31.07
+0.25
+65.52±30.57
+59.92±27.96
+0.07
+ST_L_10
+71.44±33.10
+70.96±33.77
+0.88
+65.60±26.88
+57.92±28.45
+0.02
+ST_R_10
+70.32±40.12
+69.12±37.72
+0.71
+62.24±28.85
+56.00±28.52
+0.06
+Means±SDs for Jing‑Well acupuncture meridian point conductances pre‑ and post‑sitting in Padmasana or in a chair for 10 min. SDs=Standard 
+deviations; LU=Lung; PC=Pericardium; HT=Heart; SI=Small intestine; TE=Triple energizer; LI=Large intestine; SP=Spleen; LR=Liver; 
+KI=Kidney; BL=Bladder; GB=Gallbladder; ST=Stomach; R=Right; L=Left
+Figure 2: Influence of Padmasana and chair sitting on meridian readings at 
+3 time points. The values are overall meridians’ mean differences (post‑pre 
+at each time point) at 10, 20, and 30 min session
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+Ghosh, et al.: Effect of lotus posture on acupuncture meridian
+5
+International Journal of Yoga | Oct-Dec | Vol 9 | Issue 4
+In upper meridians: LU_L and LU_R, HT_R, and SI_R 
+and in lower meridians: Except SP_L and SP_R and KI_L 
+were found to be differing significantly across the 3  time 
+points, across the sitting in Padmasana and sitting in Chair. 
+Figure 2 displays the result of influence of Padmasana and 
+Chair sitting on meridian readings at 3 time points.
+Table 2 summarizes the number of increases and decreases 
+in these mean values in the form of contingency tables 
+for each group of measurements, pre and post 10 min, pre 
+and post 20  min, and pre and post 30  min. It is striking 
+that the 20 and 30 min contingency tables are very highly 
+significant with P < 0.0001.
+Discussion
+Results clearly indicate that the two kinds of sitting 
+positions, in a chair on the one hand and Lotus Posture 
+on the other hand, have completely different effects on 
+the human physiology. They also support the experiential 
+observation that sitting in the Yoga Asana, Lotus Posture, 
+has an energizing effect on the human physiology at a 
+subtle level of the meridians.
+In this light, it is significant that the increase in E_Ls 
+took time to increase enough to be clearly observed. 
+That more Jing‑Well point conductances decreased for 
+Table 1b: Acupuncture meridian energies pre‑ and post‑sitting in lotus posture and in a chair (20 min)
+Variable
+Padmasana
+Chair sitting
+Pre
+Post
+P
+Pre
+Post
+P
+LU_L_20
+47.2±30.33
+55.28±26.76
+0.64
+57.44±26.40
+56.4±27.87
+0.81
+LU_R_20
+43.84±27.56
+54.72±25.55
+0.007
+56.32±25.79
+57.52±28.51
+0.70
+PC_L_20
+42.72±24.19
+43.92±22.70
+0.67
+48.00±20.41
+42.24±16.91
+0.05
+PC_R_20
+41.52±21.41
+43.52±21.18
+0.53
+48.16±19.80
+45.92±21.77
+0.48
+HT_L_20
+40.00±21.69
+43.44±23.33
+0.41
+47.84±19.54
+46.40±20.55
+0.73
+HT_R_20
+38.80±18.62
+43.04±19.04
+0.18
+47.36±19.86
+48.56±22.87
+0.70
+SI_L_20
+43.52±26.59
+47.76±25.94
+0.23
+51.04±22.47
+46.32±19.92
+0.18
+SI_R_20
+41.60±22.26
+50.08±25.80
+0.03
+50.24±24.29
+49.28±21.71
+0.80
+TE_L_20
+41.44±22.60
+44.08±21.93
+0.40
+45.84±22.60
+45.92±21.70
+0.98
+TE_R_20
+40.40±21.90
+41.84±20.49
+0.64
+47.92±22.51
+50.64±26.23
+0.38
+LI_L_20
+51.76±28.03
+56.24±25.05
+0.20
+58.96±24.51
+58.88±20.34
+0.98
+LI_R_20
+47.36±24.49
+50.40±24.20
+0.29
+50.80±20.67
+53.92±24.29
+0.28
+SP_L_20
+59.36±31.41
+66.24±33.49
+0.02
+56.16±29.61
+53.52±27.08
+0.38
+SP_R_20
+61.52±31.52
+70.56±38.34
+0.01
+60.56±29.43
+51.52±26.91
+0.01
+LR_L_20
+61.68±28.53
+70.40±30.04
+0.01
+60.64±31.86
+58.00±31.98
+0.40
+LR_R_20
+58.96±26.68
+67.12±32.38
+0.03
+60.24±29.75
+56.08±23.49
+0.26
+KI_L_20
+50.16±26.06
+55.28±24.84
+0.19
+58.40±31.78
+54.80±29.15
+0.35
+KI_R_20
+44.96±24.97
+51.76±28.17
+0.06
+55.36±30.27
+47.60±22.92
+0.03
+BL_L_20
+61.52±28.46
+64.24±28.35
+0.32
+67.68±31.74
+60.08±27.96
+0.01
+BL_R_20
+58.32±29.40
+62.56±35.85
+0.23
+67.28±32.80
+63.20±27.81
+0.25
+GB_L_20
+61.04±32.54
+66.80±32.98
+0.06
+69.44±29.44
+63.12±29.56
+0.04
+GB_R_20
+60.00±31.14
+63.84±32.11
+0.22
+67.28±29.56
+61.36±29.23
+0.06
+ST_L_20
+67.68±35.24
+70.16±33.82
+0.47
+71.92±30.07
+61.60±29.74
+0.004
+ST_R_20
+63.76±33.76
+69.68±35.70
+0.04
+65.84±28.60
+57.76±25.90
+0.01
+Means±SDs for Jing‑Well acupuncture meridian point conductances pre‑ and post‑sitting in Padmasana or in a chair for 20 min. SDs=Standard 
+deviations; LU=Lung; PC=Pericardium; HT=Heart; SI=Small intestine; TE=Triple energizer; LI=Large intestine; SP=Spleen; LR=Liver; 
+KI=Kidney; BL=Bladder; GB=Gallbladder; ST=Stomach; R=Right; L=Left
+the Lotus‑Posture group after 10  min, and all for the 
+Chair‑sitting group, suggests that just sitting and resting do 
+not in itself immediately increase levels of subtle energy. 
+The summary in Table  2 shows that while this decreasing 
+trend continued for the group of controls sitting in a chair, 
+it decisively reversed for the group in Lotus Posture, 
+which showed postmeasurements on all meridians greater 
+than or equal to premeasurements, for the 20 and 30  min 
+time periods. The experimental group showed completely 
+different trends in values of subtle energies from controls 
+for these 2 time periods, in accordance with statements in 
+the ancient literature about the value of Lotus Posture,[30] 
+which adds that sitting in Lotus Posture is most suitable 
+for meditation because it tends to increase subtle E_Ls 
+more strongly than any other asana position,[30] the only 
+disadvantage being that some may find it painful as 
+reported by three subjects.
+The results clearly support our experimental hypothesis 
+that Padmasana increases subtle E_L but suggest that 
+the increase takes time to build‑up. One would however 
+expect that resting in a chair would also restore depletion 
+of subtle E_Ls caused by activity such as walking. There 
+was a decrease in E_Ls of the second group after sitting 
+in a chair, which was an unexpected result. Further, it 
+is interesting to observe that E_Ls in the Lotus Posture 
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+Ghosh, et al.: Effect of lotus posture on acupuncture meridian
+6
+International Journal of Yoga | Oct-Dec | Vol 9 | Issue 4
+group showed a decreasing tendency over the first 10 
+min, and took 20 min to reverse this trend. It follows that 
+E_Ls are not instantly changed by sitting in Lotus Posture 
+but that they build up steadily once the posture has been 
+adopted.
+Strength of the study
+This was a first study to document energy changes through 
+practicing a single Asana using AcuGraph. It obtained 
+definite results with good statistical significance and high 
+power. In the contingency tables, the presence of zeros 
+meant that odds ratio effect sizes could not be calculated. 
+The ability of Lotus Posture to increase acupuncture 
+meridian energies is well documented by this study.
+Limitations of the study
+The study was not formally randomized. In addition, the 
+important result that just sitting in a chair tends to decrease 
+acumeridian energies was not hypothesized but was a 
+post hoc discovery from analysis of the data. However, this 
+result seems to be quite robust.
+Future possibilities
+It would be interesting to obtain effects on acupuncture 
+meridian energies of sitting in other single asanas, such as 
+Vajrasana, Diamond Posture, a simple kneeling position, 
+and others that can similarly be held for long periods of 
+time, for example, the much recommended, Siddhasana, 
+the “perfect posture.”
+Table 1c: Acupuncture meridian energies pre‑ and post‑sitting in lotus posture and in a chair (30 min)
+Variable
+Padmasana
+Chair sitting
+Pre
+Post
+P
+Pre
+Post
+P
+LU_L_30
+42.24±27.03
+60.00±26.10
+0.00001
+53.44±24.85
+54.96±26.18
+0.67
+LU_R_30
+38.88±23.54
+58.56±26.87
+0.000001
+48.56±25.41
+53.60±25.44
+0.15
+PC_L_30
+42.48±21.86
+42.48±19.54
+1.00
+44.32±18.57
+40.08±19.53
+0.12
+PC_R_30
+39.60±21.94
+45.12±19.91
+0.01
+44.88±17.32
+38.80±12.70
+0.01
+HT_L_30
+39.76±22.00
+43.28±22.52
+0.32
+45.04±17.57
+41.52±17.29
+0.32
+HT_R_30
+38.08±20.54
+43.44±18.78
+0.06
+43.84±17.25
+39.12±13.82
+0.09
+SI_L_30
+37.12±24.13
+47.68±22.03
+0.001
+45.04±20.79
+46.08±24.93
+0.74
+SI_R_30
+41.68±24.72
+46.96±21.60
+0.08
+45.68±21.82
+43.28±20.54
+0.42
+TE_L_30
+40.32±26.16
+43.92±18.06
+0.27
+45.84±20.86
+41.36±23.56
+0.17
+TE_R_30
+36.24±24.53
+41.92±18.94
+0.08
+45.04±19.71
+40.00±15.85
+0.12
+LI_L_30
+46.64±24.06
+54.16±20.53
+0.03
+56.16±22.02
+51.04±23.35
+0.14
+LI_R_30
+45.12±25.39
+51.20±20.32
+0.04
+48.72±19.73
+46.00±17.51
+0.35
+SP_L_30
+53.44±31.01
+65.36±31.83
+0.001
+50.96±25.57
+45.68±26.95
+0.14
+SP_R_30
+55.92±33.69
+67.60±37.92
+0.001
+52.88±24.24
+49.28±26.00
+0.28
+LR_L_30
+58.80±32.62
+75.92±39.31
+0.0001
+57.04±30.62
+49.76±32.14
+0.78
+LR_R_30
+57.20±31.43
+72.96±36.26
+0.00002
+55.12±27.36
+50.24±26.40
+0.14
+KI_L_30
+49.92±36.06
+55.68±34.55
+0.14
+51.36±30.99
+44.16±22.66
+0.07
+KI_R_30
+45.60±33.11
+57.12±34.38
+0.00004
+46.24±21.49
+43.84±22.03
+0.35
+BL_L_30
+57.84±35.72
+66.16±30.76
+0.01
+64.00±33.97
+53.44±29.66
+0.002
+BL_R_30
+58.56±35.50
+65.12±40.60
+0.05
+66.16±34.83
+56.24±31.06
+0.004
+GB_L_30
+61.28±40.64
+70.16±40.19
+0.03
+65.92±26.74
+57.12±30.17
+0.03
+GB_R_30
+57.20±37.55
+67.12±36.13
+0.01
+62.00±28.57
+60.96±30.13
+0.76
+ST_L_30
+60.80±38.81
+72.00±37.82
+0.01
+61.76±25.43
+55.68±28.85
+0.12
+ST_R_30
+60.00±36.99
+70.40±37.43
+0.003
+60.00±27.06
+60.00±32.66
+1.00
+Means±SDs for Jing‑Well acupuncture meridian point conductances pre‑ and post‑sitting in Padmasana or in a chair for 30 min. SDs=Standard 
+deviations; LU=Lung; PC=Pericardium; HT=Heart; SI=Small intestine; TE=Triple energizer; LI=Large intestine; SP=Spleen; LR=Liver; 
+KI=Kidney; BL=Bladder; GB=Gallbladder; ST=Stomach; R=Right; L=Left
+Table 2: Contingency tables for increase/decrease in meridian energies
+10 min
+20 min
+30 min
+Increase
+Decrease
+Increase
+Decrease
+Increase
+Decrease
+Padmasana
+8
+16
+24
+0
+23
+0
+Chair sitting
+0
+24
+6
+18
+3
+20
+P
+0.0039
+0.0001
+0.0001
+The three contingency tables for acupuncture meridian energy increases/decreases after sitting in Padmasana or a chair for 10, 20, or 
+30 min. For 30 min, one meridian in each group was entirely unchanged and has not been included
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
+8
+9
+10
+11
+12
+13
+14
+15
+16
+17
+18
+19
+20
+21
+22
+23
+24
+25
+26
+27
+28
+29
+30
+31
+32
+33
+34
+35
+36
+37
+38
+39
+40
+41
+42
+43
+44
+45
+46
+47
+48
+49
+50
+51
+52
+53
+54
+55
+56
+Ghosh, et al.: Effect of lotus posture on acupuncture meridian
+7
+International Journal of Yoga | Oct-Dec | Vol 9 | Issue 4
+Conclusion
+Sitting in different positions affects the subtle energies 
+of the body in different ways. Sitting in a chair tends to 
+decrease the subtle energies while sitting in Padmasana 
+or Lotus Posture has a universal energizing effect on the 
+body’s subtle energies, but only after a period of about 
+20 min.
+Financial support and sponsorship
+Nil.
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+References
+1.	
+Hankey A. CAM and the phenomenology of pain. Evid Based 
+Complement Alternat Med 2006;3:139‑41.
+2.	
+Patwardhan  B, Warude  D, Pushpangadan  P, Bhatt  N. Ayurveda 
+and traditional Chinese medicine: A comparative overview. Evid 
+Based Complement Alternat Med 2005;2:465‑73.
+3.	
+Liu  L. Formation of the Chinese Medicine: Theoretical System 
+and Its Philosophical Basis. In: Liu Z, editor. Essentials of Chinese 
+Medicine. London: Springer Science and Business Media; 2009.
+4.	
+Streeter  CC, Gerbarg  PL, Saper  RB, Ciraulo  DA, Brown  RP. 
+Effects 
+of 
+yoga 
+on 
+the 
+autonomic 
+nervous 
+system, 
+gamma‑aminobutyric‑acid, 
+and 
+allostasis 
+in 
+epilepsy, 
+depression, and post‑traumatic stress disorder. Med Hypotheses 
+2012;78:571‑9.
+5.	
+Sarang  P, Telles  S. Effects of two yoga based relaxation 
+techniques on heart rate variability  (HRV). Int J Stress Manag 
+2006;13:460‑75.
+6.	
+Subramanya  P, Telles  S. A  review of the scientific studies on 
+cyclic meditation. Int J Yoga 2009;2:46‑8.
+7.	
+Michalsen  A, Jeitler  M, Brunnhuber  S, Lüdtke R, Büssing A, 
+Musial  F, et  al. Iyengar yoga for distressed women: A 3‑armed 
+randomized controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat 
+Med 2012;2012:408727.
+8.	
+Buffart 
+LM, 
+van 
+Uffelen 
+JG, 
+Riphagen 
+II, 
+Brug 
+J, 
+van Mechelen  W, Brown  WJ, et  al. Physical and psychosocial 
+benefits of yoga in cancer patients and survivors, a systematic 
+review and meta‑analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC 
+Cancer 2012;12:559.
+9.	
+Sharma B, Hankey A, Nagilla N, Meenakshy KB, Nagendra HR. 
+Can yoga practices benefit health by improving organism 
+regulation? 
+Evidence 
+from 
+electrodermal 
+measures 
+of 
+acupuncture meridians. Int J Yoga 2014;7:32‑40.
+10.	 Satyananda  SS. Kundalini Yoga. Bihar: Bihar School of Yoga; 
+1972.
+11.	 Nagendra  HR. Prāṇayama  –  The Art and Science. 2nd  ed. 
+Bangalore: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakasana; 1999.
+12.	 Brennan  BA. Hands of Light: A  Guide to Healing through the 
+Human Energy Field. New York: Random House; 1988.
+13.	 Longhurst  JC. Defining meridians: A modern basis of 
+understanding. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2010;3:67‑74.
+14.	 Lee  EJ, Frazier  SK. The efficacy of acupressure for symptom 
+management: A systematic review. J  Pain Symptom Manage 
+2011;42:589‑603.
+15.	 Sancier  KM. Electrodermal measurements for monitoring 
+the effects of a qigong workshop. J  Altern Complement Med 
+2003;9:235‑41.
+16.	 Michael Reed  G. Basic acupressure: Extraordinary channels & 
+points. London: Accupressure.com; 2008.
+17.	 Ross  A, Thomas  S. The health benefits of yoga and exercise: 
+A review of comparison studies. J  Altern Complement Med 
+2010;16:3‑12.
+18.	 Mohanty  S, Venkata  P, Murty  R, Pradhan  B, Hankey  A. Yoga 
+practice increases minimum muscular fitness in children with 
+visual impairment. Tabriz Univ Med Sci 2015;4:253‑63.
+19.	 Krippner  S. “Energy medicine” in indigenous healing system. 
+In: Srinivasan  T, editor. Energy Medicine Around the World. 
+Phoenix: Gabriel Press; 1988. p. 31.
+20.	 Motoyama  H. The parallels between yoga and acupuncture 
+theory. In: Srinivasan  T, editor. Energy Medicine Around the 
+World. Phoenix: Gabriel Press; 1988. p. 61‑9.
+21.	 Gach  MR, Marco  C. Acu‑Yoga. 1st  ed. New  Delhi: Health 
+Harmony; 1998.
+22.	 Deo  G, Kumar  IR, Srinivasan  TM, Kushwah  KK. Changes 
+in electrophotonic imaging parameters associated with long 
+term meditators and naive meditators in older adults practicing 
+meditation. Eur J Integr Med 2015;7:663‑8.
+23.	 Deo  G, Kumar  IR, Srinivasan  TM, Kushwah  KK. Effect of 
+anapanasati 
+meditation 
+technique 
+through 
+electrophotonic 
+imaging parameters: A pilot study. Int J Yoga 2015;8:117‑21.
+24.	 Meenakshy 
+KB. 
+Acugraph 
+Electrodermal 
+Measurements: 
+A Reliability MSc Dissertation. SVYASA; 2009.
+25.	 Nagilla  N, Hankey A, Nagendra  H. Effects of yoga practice on 
+acumeridian energies: Variance reduction implies benefits for 
+regulation. Int J Yoga 2013;6:61‑5.
+26.	 Meenakshy  KB, Sharma  B, Hankey  A, Nagendra  HR. An 
+electrodermal study comparing HIV infected children with non 
+infected children. Res React Resolut 2013;1:4‑8.
+27.	 Sharma  B, Hankey  A, Nagendra  HR, Meenakshy  KB. 
+Inter‑operator variability of electrodermal measure at Jing 
+Well points using AcuGraph  3. J  Acupunct Meridian Stud 
+2014;7:44‑51.
+28.	 Meenakshy  KB, Hankey  A, Nagendra  HR. Electrodermal 
+assessment of SMET program for business executives. Voice Res 
+2014;2:61‑5.
+29.	 Meenakshy  KB, Sushrutha  S, Hankey  A, Nagendra  HR. Vedic 
+yajña performance reduces qi imbalances. Res React Resolut 
+2014;2:16‑24.
+30.	 Digambaraji  S. Hathapradipika of Svatmarama. 2nd  ed. Puna: 
+Kaivalyadhama, S.M.Y.M. Samati; 1998.
+31.	 Price DD, McGrath PA, Rafii A, Buckingham B. The validation 
+of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and 
+experimental pain. Pain 1983;17:45‑56.

subfolder_0/Effects of Yama and Niyama on body energy systems Evidence from Electro Photonic Imaging – A randomised controlled trial..txt

@@ -0,0 +1,621 @@
+See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350178349
+Effects of Yama and Niyama on body energy systems: Evidence from Electro
+Photonic Imaging – A randomised controlled trial
+Article  in  Indian Journal of Science and Technology · February 2021
+DOI: 10.17485/IJST/v14i7.66
+CITATIONS
+0
+READS
+501
+3 authors, including:
+Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
+Sriyantra View project
+Subtle energy View project
+Itagi Ravi Kumar
+SVYASA Yoga University
+19 PUBLICATIONS   65 CITATIONS   
+SEE PROFILE
+All content following this page was uploaded by Itagi Ravi Kumar on 26 March 2021.
+The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
+INDIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
+RESEARCH ARTICLE
+ 
+ 
+OPEN ACCESS
+Received: 12.01.2021
+Accepted: 27.02.2021
+Published: 02.03.2021
+Citation: Xu W, Kumar IR,
+Srinivasan TM (2021) Effects of Yama
+and Niyama on body energy
+systems: Evidence from Electro
+Photonic Imaging – A randomised
+controlled trial. Indian Journal of
+Science and Technology 14(7):
+610-617. https://doi.org/
+10.17485/IJST/v14i7.66
+∗
+Corresponding author.
+Tel: +91 9380403747
+[email protected]
+Funding: None
+Competing Interests: None
+Copyright: © 2021 Xu et al. This is
+an open access article distributed
+under the terms of the Creative
+Commons Attribution License, which
+permits unrestricted use,
+distribution, and reproduction in
+any medium, provided the original
+author and source are credited.
+Published By Indian Society for
+Education and Environment (iSee)
+ISSN
+Print: 0974-6846
+Electronic: 0974-5645
+Effects of Yama and Niyama on body
+energy systems: Evidence from Electro
+Photonic Imaging – A randomised
+controlled trial
+Wen Xu1∗, Itagi R Kumar1, Thaiyar M Srinivasan1
+1 Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, S-VYASA Deemed-to-be-University, No. 19, Eknath
+Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowdanagar, Bengaluru, 560019, Karnataka, India. Tel.: +91
+9380403747
+Abstract
+Background/Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact
+of yogic practices of Yama and Niyama on changes in energy in the body and
+organs related to emotions in young adults. Methods/Statistical analysis:The
+present study was a randomised control trial. A total of 100 young healthy
+adults with 71 males and 29 females randomly allocated to study the effects
+of Yama and Niyama for 12 weeks. The control group was arranged to take a
+regular course for 45 minutes which was the same time duration as the Yama-
+Niyama intervention. Assessments included were energy and health status in
+the person, and energy and entropy levels in the five major organs related
+to emotions using Bio-Well device. Findings: The optimal energy stability was
+observed in Yama-Niyama group after the intervention compared to the control
+group. Energy level variables of the human energy field, health status, energy
+reserve, heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney values in Yama-Niyama group
+showed a statistical difference (p<0.001) after the intervention compared to the
+control group. The entropy level of five emotion-related organs for between-
+group comparison showed no significant differences after the intervention.
+In the within-group comparison, the results of Yama-Niyama group showed
+a significant reduction in physical energy level from hyperactive to normal
+range after the intervention compared to baseline, whereas the control group
+showed a significant decrease and out of normal range. The optimal energy
+stability in Yama-Niyama group indicating an improvement in physical function.
+Novelty : The current study provides preliminary evidence that Yama and
+Niyama intervention improved the regulation of subtle energy in the body and
+might balance vital energy in meridians to further promote physiological well-
+being.
+Keywords: Yama; Niyama; Yoga ethics; energy; emotional organs; BioWell
+https://www.indjst.org/
+610
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(7):610–617
+1 Introduction
+Yoga is a system of the scientific method for self-realization which originated in ancient times in India. In the modern era,
+the science of yoga has investigated dimensions of anatomy, physiology and psychology. Publications on the therapeutic
+benefits of yoga have significantly increased since 2009(1). The authors noted that primary yoga interventions for mental health,
+cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were the largest number of cases investigated. A substantial number of studies reveal
+positive effects on psychophysiological health through these practices(2). Interestingly, yoga practices have also demonstrated
+improved regulation of the entire organism by balancing acupuncture meridian energy, which links yoga and Traditional
+Chinese medicine (TCM)(3,4).
+In yoga, prana is described as subtle energy (life force) flowing through nadis (energy channels) which is the equivalent of qi
+(vital energy) in TCM meridians(5).The meridian theory is one of the basic principles of TCM and states that qi flows through
+channel systems (meridians) connected to internal organs and functions(6). Illness is ascribed to imbalance or blockage of qi in
+different meridians(7).Prana cannot be measured yet, but Electro Photonic Image (EPI) measures are generally recognized to
+reflect the biological field and assess the subtle energy changes in meridians in the human body, which is consistent with TCM
+approaches(8,9).Several studies revealed meditation(10,11)and integrated yoga practices(12–14) significantly improved the overall
+energy of communication, reduced the stress level, and tends to decrease the disorderliness of energy flow in the organ systems.
+Energy is the resource of life that sustains humans for physical and emotional activity. Modern science and the ancient
+teachings of Chinese medicine state that matter is only a vibration of energy. In ancient India, the seers declared that energy is
+a vibration of thoughts(15). In yoga philosophy, the mind is seen as the source of energy, the mind being the brain, feelings, and
+perceptions of all living cells in the body, keeping the human body alert or depressed. Thus, the mind is the chief governor of
+the body; hence we should consider the nutritive potency of the psychological menus that we daily serve the mind. According
+to TCM, seven emotions interact with five major organs (heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney). Huangdi Neijing further states
+that mind-body health is associated with the balanced movement of qi(16). Thus, yoga practices such as asana, pranayama
+and meditation are said to remove blockages, enliven prana and promote its smooth flow through the subtle channels, which
+ameliorates physical, mental, or emotional discomfort(17).
+The ethical principles of Yama (five proscriptive moralities) and Niyama (five prescriptive rules) are enumerated in Patañjali’s
+Yoga Sūtrās they are universal rules of ethical lifestyle. Yamas are those principles of wrong behaviour, which we should
+shun. The components of Yamas are non-violence or harmlessness (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), non-stealing (asteya),
+continence (brahmacharya) and non-covetousness (aparigraha). Niyamas are those principles of right behaviour, which should
+be embraced. The Niyamas are purity of body and mind (sauca), contentment in all circumstances (santosa), austerity or self-
+discipline (tapas), introspective study of the scriptures (svadhyaya) and surrender to God (Isvarapran
+.idhana). These ethical
+insights are not only simple in theory but also help in developing the mind and body(18). Although yoga ethics embodied
+tremendous value for balancing the body, mind, and spirit, it has been neglected in the yoga classes and out of the yoga mat as
+well(19), and has remained unknown in its impact on the energy field of a person practicing. Hence, we tested the hypothesis
+that the practice of Yama and Niyama potentially impacts the overall energy level in the human body, as well as the health and
+entropy status of the five major organs related to emotions.
+2 Materials and Methods
+As per previous study(12)and considering alpha (0.05), power (0.95), effect size (0.84), the total sample size for each group
+was found to be 38 by using G*Power software. Calculating 25% (38+25%) attrition, the sample size was 47.5. One hundred
+participants who were all college students were randomly allotted to two groups: control group (n=50, male=39, female=11, age,
+M±SD=19.62±1.23) and Yama and Niyama (YN) group (n=50, male=32, female=18, age, M±SD=19.28±1.16). The random
+allocation sequence was generated (using the website www.random.org) which was concealed in sealed envelopes to prevent
+selection bias, until the allocation. Demographic information sheets were distributed to find out the age, educational attainment,
+health status and past yoga experience in both groups. Daily record sheets were distributed to YN group which offer a way
+to understand their practice experiences. The inclusion criteria were: age between 18-26 years, without yoga experience, and
+understanding the English language. The exclusion criteria were: with yoga experience, missing fingers (all fingers are required
+for Bio-Well measurements), and having no self-reported physical or mental disorders. This research protocol was approved by
+the institutional ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
+https://www.indjst.org/
+611
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(7):610–617
+2.1 Intervention
+This study was implemented for 12 weeks, 6 days per week, 45 minutes in each session. The YN group intervention included
+Yama and Niyama lectures, Japa writing, introspection, and counseling, as presented in Appendix 1. The control group followed
+one of their college classes for the same duration of time as the intervention group; attendance was maintained by their course
+teachers.
+2.2 Assessments
+The Electro Photonic Imaging (EPI) measurement instrument is called Bio-Well through which it is possible to measure the
+subtle energy reserve in a person. The EPI technology is based on the concept of quantum biophysics(20). This method for
+investigating human functional energy states is based on the stimulation of photon and electron emissions from the surface
+of the skin whilst transmitting short electrical pulses(8). Bio-Well device was developed by Dr. Korotkov and his team and is a
+reliable, non-invasive tool and verified in many clinical case studies over the last 20 years. It has high accuracy and repeatability
+as reported through many studies(21). The principle is based on the connection of areas on finger pads with different organs
+as well as systems of the body according to the science of Chinese energy meridians(8). EPI data readings (Bio-grams) include
+energy, stress, and entropy evaluations obtained from 10 images of fingers of both the hands and is captured by a CCD camera
+system. Numbers indicate the level of energy (in Joules). The parameters of EPI measurements are as follow:
+1. Human Energy Field (HEF) reflects the physical and emotional state of an individual and has a range of 40-70J indicating
+normal energy.
+2. Health Status (HS) is the general health index analysis of the functional state of the human body and reflects energy
+distribution for different organs and systems; the optimal health condition is in the range of -0.6 to +1.
+3. Energy Reserve (ER) is the energy status of the human body obtained by calculating the energy parameter of a particular
+organ. The optimal level is from 20% to 60%.
+4. The energy level of five major emotional-related organs (heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney); a range of 4–6J is considered
+a normal level.
+5. Entropy parameter measures disorderliness of energy in the five major emotional related organs, the normal range is
+from 1 to 2.
+Two assessments (baseline and after intervention) were conducted at the same time (8:30 am to 11:30 am) of the day, and in the
+same place with good ventilation. Participants were asked to report to the bioenergy data centre with an empty stomach as well
+as with an empty bladder and bowel. Before the assessments, the Bio-Well equipment should be grounded properly and at a
+distance of more than 50cm from the computer system. Appropriate calibration of the Bio-Well was carried out before capture
+the EPI diagrams from the 10 fingers. After each recording, the electrode’s glass surface was cleaned with soft tissue.
+2.3 Data analysis
+Data were analysed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance
+(RM-ANOVA) with the pre-scores as a covariate was used for energy level analysis (Table 2). Repeated Measures ANOVA was
+used for entropy level analysis (Table 3). A level of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
+3 Results
+Out of 100 participants, data was gathered from a total of 85 for analysis (excluding 15 participants who did not have the
+required at least 80% attendance for the classes). No statistically significant differences were seen between the two groups in
+demographic factors (Table 1).
+Table 2 shows the overall energy level in the body and its five emotion-related organs. There was a statistically significant
+difference at the time points (baseline, after intervention), for HEF score, F(1,83)=109.21, p<0.001; for HS score, F(1,83)=211.16,
+p<0.001; for ER score, F(1,83)=186.88, p<0.001; for heart score, F(1,83)=101.33, p<0.001; for liver score, F(1,83)=70.55,
+p<0.001; for spleen score, F(1,83)=40.17, p<0.001; for lung score, F(1,83)=101.37, p<0.001; and for kidney score, F(1,83)=73.81,
+p<0.001. There was a significant difference in group and time interaction, for HEF score, F(1,83)=31.67, p<0.001; for HS
+score, F(1,83)=34.94, p<0.001; for ER score, F(1,83)=29.51, p<0.001; for heart score, F(1,83)=24.11, p<0.001; for liver score,
+F(1,83)=21.86, p<0.001; for spleen score, F(1,83)=22.81, p<0.001; for lung score, F(1,83)=22.51, p<0.001; and for kidney score,
+F(1,83)=23.53, p<0.001.
+https://www.indjst.org/
+612
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(7):610–617
+Table 1. Baseline characteristics
+Characteristics
+YN group
+Control group
+Difference
+Age (M±SD)
+19.28±1.16
+19.62±1.23
+NS
+Gender
+Male
+32
+39
+NS
+Female
+18
+11
+Marital status
+Unmarried
+50
+50
+NS
+Educational status
+High school grad.
+50
+50
+NS
+Health Status
+Good to excellent
+50
+50
+NS
+Yoga experience
+No
+50
+50
+NS
+Note: NS = Not Significant, YN = Yama and Niyama, M = Mean, SD = Standard Deviation
+Table 2. Comparison between/within Yama-Niyama and control groups for energy level at baseline and after intervention
+variables
+Group
+Baseline
+After intervention
+F (p) values (Factor)
+F (p) values (Factor × level)
+HEF
+YN
+54.31±8.35bb
+47.89±6.58***bbb
+109.27 (<0.001)
+31.67 (<0.001)
+Control
+60.57±10.75
+39.15±7.16***
+HS
+YN
+0.01±0.35b
+-0.40±0.25***bbb
+211.16 (<0.001)
+34.94 (<0.001)
+Control
+0.16±0.29
+-0.80±0.37***
+ER
+YN
+79.18±27.49
+50.68±23.36***bbb
+188.88 (<0.001)
+29.51 (<0.001)
+Control
+87.36±16.50
+21.27±24.54***
+Heart
+YN
+4.77±0.86 b
+3.99±0.73***bbb
+101.33 (<0.001)
+24.11 (<0.001)
+Control
+5.31±1.25
+3.03±0.87***
+Liver
+YN
+5.60±1.71
+4.79±1.12*bbb
+70.55 (<0.001)
+21.86 (<0.001)
+Control
+6.28±1.84
+3.45±1.20***
+Spleen
+YN
+4.30±1.01bb
+5.17±1.39bbb
+40.17 (<0.001)
+22.81 (<0.001)
+Control
+4.03±0.80
+3.29±0.89***
+Lung
+YN
+5.28±1.23b
+4.38±0.91***bbb
+101.37 (<0.001)
+22.51 (<0.001)
+Control
+5.91±1.27
+3.39±0.89***
+Kidney
+YN
+5.13±1.17
+4.45±0.83*bbb
+101.37 (<0.001)
+22.51 (<0.001)
+Control
+5.91±1.63
+3.27±0.99***
+Note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 within group comparison bp<0.05, bbp<0.01, bbbp<0.001 between group comparison Repeated Measures ANOVA after
+Bonferroni’s adjustment
+For between-group comparison, there was a significant difference in HEF score at the time point of baseline (p=0.004) and
+after the intervention (p<0.001). There was a significant difference between groups (YN & Control) on post-HEF score (after
+intervention) after controlling baseline HEF score, F(1,82)=28.46, p<0.001. There was a significant difference in HS score at
+the baseline (p=0.033) and after the intervention (p<0.001). There was a significant difference between groups (YN & Control)
+on post-HS score after controlling baseline HS score, F(1,82)=34.14, p<0.001. There was a significant difference in ER score
+after intervention (p<0.001). There was a significant difference in heart score at the baseline (p=0.026) and after intervention
+(p<0.001). There was a significant difference between groups (YN & Control) on post-heart score after controlling baseline
+heart score, F(1,82)=26.39, p<0.001. There was a significant difference in liver score after intervention (p<0.001). There was a
+significant difference in spleen score at the baseline (p=0.002) and after intervention (p<0.001). There was a significant difference
+between groups (YN & Control) on post-spleen score after controlling baseline spleen score, F(1,82)=12.36, p<0.001. There was
+a significant difference in lung score at the baseline (p=0.024) and after intervention (p<0.001). There was a significant difference
+between groups (YN & Control) on post-lung score after controlling baseline lung score, F(1,82)=23.13, p<0.001. There was a
+significant difference in kidney score after intervention (p<0.001).
+https://www.indjst.org/
+613
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(7):610–617
+The results in Yama-Niyama group showed a significant decrease in HEF (p<0.001), HS (p<0.001), ER (p<0.001), heart
+(p<0.001), lung (p<0.001), liver (p=0.012) and kidney (p=0.012) score. There was a significant decrease (p<0.001) in all variables
+observed in the control group.
+Table 3 shows the entropy level of five emotion-related organs. There was a statistical significant difference at the time points
+(baseline, after intervention), for heart score, F(1,83)= 15.83, p<0.001; for liver score, F(1,83)=17.28, p<0.001; for spleen score,
+F(1,83)=34.24, p<0.001; for lung score, F(1,83)=48.66, p<0.001; and for kidney score, F(1,83)=51.79, p<0.001. There was no
+significant difference in group and time interaction.
+There was no significant difference between groups for the mean entropy level. For within-group comparison, the YN
+group showed statistically significant decrease in the entropy score of heart (p=0.014), liver (p=0.002), spleen (p=0.002), lung
+(p<0.001) and kidney(p<0.001); the control group also showed significant decrease in the entropy score of heart (p=0.002), liver
+(p=0.010), spleen (p<0.001), lung (p<0.001) and kidney(p<0.001).
+Table 3. Comparison between/within Yama-Niyama and control groups for entropy level at baseline and after intervention
+variables
+Group
+Baseline
+After intervention
+F (p) values (Factor)
+F (p) values (Factor × level)
+Heart
+YN
+2.51±0.33
+2.31±0.20*
+15.83 (<0.001)
+0.10 (0.750)
+Control
+2.60±0.34
+2.37±0.49**
+Liver
+YN
+2.50±0.46
+2.19±0.25**
+17.28 (<0.001)
+0.31 (0.576)
+Control
+2.56±0.46
+2.32±0.40*
+Spleen
+YN
+2.36±0.31
+2.04±0.17**
+34.24 (<0.001)
+1.51 (0.223)
+Control
+2.63±0.72
+2.15±0.33***
+Lung
+YN
+2.41±0.29
+2.21±0.17***
+48.66 (<0.001)
+1.04 (0.312)
+Control
+2.47±0.26
+2.20±0.22***
+Kidney
+YN
+2.47±0.24
+2.25±0.17***
+51.79 (<0.001)
+2.12 (0.149)
+Control
+2.58±0.31
+2.24±0.29***
+Note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 within group comparison bp<0.05, bbp<0.01, bbbp<0.001 between group comparison Repeated Measures ANOVA after
+Bonferroni’s adjustment
+4 Discussion
+In summary, the current study is the first randomised control trial of Yama and Niyama (YN) intervention to analyse the subtle
+energy in the human body. The results of the experiment have shown that after 12 weeks of regular YN practices, statistically
+significant differences were observed in the physiological energy levels in the body compared to the control group. In the
+YN group, all the variables are significantly decreased after the intervention and all in optimal energy level, regardless of the
+changes in external conditions (e.g., low temperature, academic exams). The energy level of the five major emotion-related
+organs showed optimal homeostasis. Data obtained from Bio-Well found that the values of physiological energy parameters
+were very stable in the YN group. These data indicate improvement in physical health, optimization of the five major emotion-
+related organs, and harmony between the specific emotions and related corresponding organs. The observation showed the
+variables of the control group are all below normal range, which indicates lower homeostasis levels in the body and its emotion-
+related organs.
+Furthermore, the findings of entropy level at baseline and after intervention have clearly shown that practice of ethical
+disciplines of Yama and Niyama over a duration of time not only reduced the disarray in the body energy system but also
+improved regulation of the emotions in a profound way. The improvements in emotions were also noticed in the personal
+reports the participants shared with the researcher at the end of the program; these are not shared in this report. The entropy
+level showed a significant decrease in both groups after intervention compared to baseline. However, it is seen that at the second
+measurement, the ER value in the control group was below the normal range. The above result related to lowered entropy is
+possible when the energy itself is largely decreased in the body (21).
+Numerous studies have shown yoga for mind-body development and as an effective self-care skill for emotional
+regulation(22–24). The researchers suggest that the mechanism behind these observations may be ascribed to yoga practices that
+affect the autonomic nervous system(25), which leads to balance and regulate the functioning of sympathetic-parasympathetic
+nervous system; therefore, the abnormal flow of bioenergy may further be reduced and corrected. This argument might be
+supported through improved optimum size and uniformity of the bio-gram glow area after yoga practices(26). Another study
+reported the parameter for detecting stress reaction, namely alpha-amylase decreased with a concomitant increase in glow area
+https://www.indjst.org/
+614
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(7):610–617
+homogeneity in EPI images(27). Yama and Niyama practices may share similar mechanisms of balancing the autonomic nervous
+system.
+Traditional Chinese Medicine views seven emotions are closely related to corresponding five primary organs: joy links with
+the heart, anger with the liver, pensiveness with the spleen, worry and sadness with the lung, and fear and shock with the
+kidney(28). In other words, the influence of excessive emotions consumes energy and leads to damage of the related visceral
+organs, eventually causing health problems. For example, excessive anger reduces liver energy; further, the flow of qi rises to
+the head resulting in headache, high blood pressure, and other symptoms. Recent studies in neurosciences have demonstrated
+emotions mapped on bodily locations(29,30),especially linking points on the body that are involved in many kinds of cognitive
+and emotional functions. Surprisingly, it is also observed that the heart reflected all emotions, which is in line with the principles
+of TCM(16). This reliable evidence from Eastern and Western studies shows that the human mind is strongly embodied. The
+results of five major emotion-related organs agree with the previous findings that emotions affect our physiologic functions.
+The benefits of components of yoga including asana, pranayama and meditation for physical and psychological health have
+been examined in a wide array of studies(1,2). In the present study, the physiological energy parameters of HER, ER, HS, and the
+energy in the five major emotion-related organs also showed improved levels which suggests that YN intervention improved
+energy regulation in the body. It may be attributed to the reduced fluctuation of emotions resulting in improved life force
+circulation and harmony in physical functions, promoting positive health. This research demonstrates that the practice of ethics
+of yoga improves physiological energy changes which are consistent with the previous findings(10,12,14).
+The present study provides evidence that regular daily practice of Yama and Niyama can aid homeostasis energy to stay within
+a stable range, better coping with the changes in environmental conditions, and keeping the mind and body in a more robust
+harmony. Furthermore, the practice of the Yama and Niyama techniques heightens awareness and cognitive ability, provides
+the basis to regulate emotions, and removes blockages of vital energy in meridians.
+5 Limitations and Future Implications
+First, a single assessment tool used here that does not provide an examination of the psychological mechanisms was a limitation.
+Second, it is not possible to maintain constant environmental conditions of average temperature (20±5◦C) and humidity
+(70±20%), which may influence the emission pattern of Electro Photonic Imaging. Future studies should consider different
+age groups, health problems, and various assessment tools for further understanding the relationship between emotions and
+bodily changes, especially the subtle energy changes in the brain. In addition, combining Yama and Niyama with other limbs
+of yoga in practices might bring more benefits to overall health. It is noted that Yama and Niyama intervention may be added
+to complementary and alternative medicine practices in promoting physical and mental health.
+6 Conclusions
+In summary, the present findings demonstrated Yama-Niyama intervention provides stability of physiological energy in the
+body. Outcomes of the study suggest that ethical disciplines of yoga can be applied to regulate subtle energy.
+Acknowledgements
+We would like to thank the support from Yogoda Satsanga Society and Yogoda Satsanga Mahavidyalaya College, Ranchi, India.
+Appendix 1: Yama and Niyama intervention for 12 weeks
+Name of the practice
+Duration
+Contents
+Yama and niyama lecture
+15 min
+1. Explain the concept of each ethical discipline and how to practice in daily life, for
+example:
+Yamas
+Niyamas
+Ahimsa: not to hurt any creatures: human
+beings, animals, plants
+Sauca: purify the physical, mental and
+environment.
+Satya: speak and observe the truth in
+thoughts, words and actions
+Santosa: simple living, high thinking,
+be still within, be non-attached
+Asteya: simplify life by eliminating all non-
+essential things and activities
+Tapas: austerity of the body, speech,
+mind
+Continued on next page
+https://www.indjst.org/
+615
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(7):610–617
+Table 4 continued
+Brahmacharya: follow the middle path, be
+balanced and moderate in all things
+Svadhyaya:
+reading
+scriptures
+with
+understanding its meaning and assimi-
+lating it into life
+Aparigraha: purify the heart of envy and
+jealousy, the right motivation and corre-
+sponding effort
+Isvarapran
+.idhana:
+cultivate
+an
+increased
+trust,
+faith,
+understand-
+ing and devotion in God
+2. Through the topic of ‘Ridding the consciousness of worry’ and ‘The law of success’
+,
+discuss how it manifests the Yama and Niyama disciplines.
+Japa writing
+20 min
+Writing two rounds of the selected sloka in the sixteenth chapter verse 1-3 of Bhagavad
+Gītā:
+Śrī-bhagavānuvāca:abhaya ˙
+msattva-sa ˙
+mśudhdirjñāna-yoga-vyavasthitih
+.dāna ˙
+mdamaś
+ca yajñaś ca svādhyāyas tapa ārjavam (1) ahi ˙
+msā satyam akrodhas tyāgah
+. śāntir
+apaiśunamdayā bhūtes
+.v aloluptva ˙
+m mārdava ˙
+m hrīra cāpalam (2) tejah
+. ks
+.amā dhr
+.tih
+.
+śaucam adroho nāti-mānitābhavanti sampada ˙
+m daivīm abhijātasya bhārata (3)
+The Blessed Lord said: Fearlessness, purity of heart, perseverance in acquiring
+wisdom and in practicing yoga, charity, subjugation of the senses, performance of
+holy rites, study of the scriptures, self-discipline, straightforwardness (1); Non-injury,
+truthfulness, freedom from wrath, renunciation, peacefulness, non-slanderousness,
+compassion for all creatures, absence of greed, gentleness, modesty, lack of rest-
+lessness (2); Radiance of character, forgiveness, patience, cleanness, freedom from
+hate, absence of conceit - these qualities are the wealth of a divinely inclined person,
+O Descendant of Bhārata (3).
+Introspection
+5 min
+According to each YN lecture theme, first mentally review the different circumstances
+observe the negative quality or behaviour that violates Yama and Niyama, then resolve
+how one is going to change one’s behaviour; identifying and concentration on the
+positive quality or behaviour one is going to adopt, and lastly affirm the positive quality
+to instead of the negative trait, going forward into to a conscious reaffirmation and
+pray: “Make me a master of Yama and Niyama”
+.
+Counselling
+5 min
+Clearing of the questions/doubts in the class or related to life problems.
+References
+1) Jeter PE, Slutsky J, Singh N, Khalsa SBS. Yoga as a Therapeutic Intervention: A Bibliometric Analysis of Published Research Studies from 1967 to 2013.
+The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2015;21(10):586–592. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2015.0057.
+2) Field T. Yoga research review. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2016;24:145–161. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.06.005.
+3) Hankey A, Nagendra HR, Nagilla N. Effects of yoga practice on acumeridian energies: Variance reduction implies benefits for regulation. International
+Journal of Yoga. 2013;6(1). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.105948.
+4) Sharma B, Hankey A, lBaburajan Meenakshy K, Nagendra HR, Nagilla N. Can yoga practices benefit health by improving organism regulation? Evidence
+from electrodermal measures of acupuncture meridians. International Journal of Yoga. 2014;7(1):–. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.
+123477.
+5) Srinivasan T. Prana and electrons in health and beyond. International Journal of Yoga. 2014;7(1):1–3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.
+123469.
+6) Longhurst JC. Defining Meridians: A Modern Basis of Understanding. Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies. 2010;3(2):67–74. Available from:
+https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2005-2901(10)60014-3.
+7) Nestler G. Traditional Chinese medicine. Medical Clinics of North America. 2002;86:63–73. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0025-7125(03)
+00072-5.
+8) Korotkov KG. Electrophotonic Analysis: Energy Fields Electrophotonic Analysis in Humans and Nature. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform.
+2014.
+9) Narayanan CR, Korotkov K, Srinivasan TM. Bioenergy and its implication for yoga therapy. International Journal of Yoga. 2018;11(2). Available from:
+https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_54_17.
+10) Deo G, Itagi RK, Thaiyar MS, Kuldeep K.
+Effect of anapanasati meditation technique through electrophotonic imaging parameters: A pilot study.
+International Journal of Yoga. 2015;8(2). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.158474.
+11) Kushwah KK, Srinivasan TM, Nagendra HR, Ilavarasu JV. Effect of yoga based techniques on stress and health indices using electro photonic imaging
+technique in managers. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2016;7(2):119–123. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.05.001.
+12) Kushwah KK, Nagendra HR, Srinivasan TM. Effect of Integrated Yoga program on energy outcomes as a measure of preventive health care in healthy
+people. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine. 2015;12(4):61–71. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.18276/cej.2015.4-07.
+13) Bhat R, Mavathur R, Srinivasan TM. Diabetes mellitus type 2 and yoga: Electro photonic imaging perspective. International Journal of Yoga. 2017;10(3).
+Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.213469.
+14) Hegde JR, Melukote SK, Vijayendra K, Singh D. A randomized study on the energy difference measured by electro photonic image on caregivers practiced
+Indian aesthetic dance and yoga. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health. 2020;7(7). Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.18203/
+https://www.indjst.org/
+616
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(7):610–617
+2394-6040.ijcmph20203013.
+15) Yogananda P, Kriyananda S. Demystifying Patanjali - The Yoga Sutras (Aphorisms). Nevada: Crystal Clarity. 2013.
+16) Lee YS, Ryu Y, Jung WM, Kim J, Lee T, Chae Y. Understanding mind-body interaction from the perspective of east Asian medicine. 2017. Available from:
+https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7618419.
+17) Hankey A.
+CAM and the Phenomenology of Pain.
+Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2006;3(1):139–141.
+Available from:
+https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nek002.
+18) Bhatta CP. Holistic Personality Development through Education. Journal of Human Values. 2009;15(1):49–59. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/
+097168580901500104.
+19) Brems C, Freeman H, Vladagina N, Razmjou E. Yoga in print media: Missing the heart of the practice. International Journal of Yoga. 2017;10(3). Available
+from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijoy.ijoy_1_17.
+20) Korotkov K, Williams B, Wisneski LA. Assessing Biophysical Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Living Systems: The Basis of Life Processes. The Journal of
+Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2004;10(1):49–57. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/107555304322848959.
+21) Korotkov KG. The Energy of Health: Understanding Bio-Well Analysis. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform. 2017.
+22) Schure MB, Christopher J, Christopher S. Mind-Body Medicine and the Art of Self-Care: Teaching Mindfulness to Counseling Students Through Yoga,
+Meditation, and Qigong. Journal of Counseling & Development. 2008;86(1):47–56. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00625.x.
+23) Gard T, Noggle JJ, Park CL, Vago DR, Wilson A. Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
+2014;8:1–20. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00770.
+24) Roche LT, Barrachina MTM, Fernández II, Betancort M. YOGA and self-regulation in management of essential arterial hypertension and associated
+emotional symptomatology: A randomized controlled trial.
+Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2017;29:153–161.
+Available from: https:
+//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.09.012.
+25) Pascoe MC, Bauer IE. A systematic review of randomised control trials on the effects of yoga on stress measures and mood. Journal of Psychiatric Research.
+2015;68:270–282. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.07.013.
+26) Narayanan CR.
+EPI Reading of Before and After Yoga Session. .
+Available from: http://iumab.club/assets/files/papers/Yoga/2014%20Rajan%
+20Narayanan_EPI_Yoga%20Session%20.PDF.
+27) Hacker GW, Augner C, Pauser G. Daytime-related rhythmicity of GDV parameter glow image area: time course and comparison to biochemical parameters
+measured in saliva. . Available from: http://iumab.club/assets/files/papers/BioEnergy/2007Hacker.pdf.
+28) Dale C. The Subtle Body: An Encyclopedia of Your Energetic Anatomy. Sounds True. 2009.
+29) Damasio A, Carvalho GB. The nature of feelings: evolutionary and neurobiological origins. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2013;14(2):143–152. Available
+from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3403.
+30) Nummenmaa L, Glerean E, Hari R, Hietanen JK. Bodily maps of emotions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014;111(2):646–651.
+Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1321664111.
+https://www.indjst.org/
+617
+View publication stats
+View publication stats

subfolder_0/Effects of yoga practice on acumeridian energies Variance reduction implies benefits for regulation.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+8/11/2014
+Effects of yoga practice on acumeridian energies: Variance reduction implies benefits for regulation :[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga (IJoY)
+http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973-6131;year=2013;volume=6;issue=1;spage=61;epage=65;aulast=Nagilla
+1/3
+ORIGINAL ARTICLE
+Year : 2013  |  Volume : 6  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 61--65
+Effects of yoga practice on acumeridian energies: Variance reduction implies benefits for regulation
+Niharika Nagilla1, Alex Hankey2, HR Nagendra3,  
+1 Sw ami Vivekananda Yoga Anusamdana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bangalore, India
+2 Professor of Yoga and Physical Science, Bangalore, India
+3 Vice-Chancellor, S-VYASA, 19 Gavipuram Circle, Bangalore, India
+Correspondence Address:
+Alex Hankey
+S-VYASA, Eknath Bhavan, 19 Gavipuram Circle, KG Nagar, Bengaluru 19 
+India
+Abstract
+Background and Objective: This paper concerns mechanisms responsible for the efficacy of yoga medicine, traditionally attributed to the enlivenment of prana. Our strategy was to
+investigate levels of Qi in acupuncture meridians, since Qi is usually considered equivalent to prana. Materials and Methods: Electrodermal measurements at acumeridian
+endpoints (Tsing points) were made on 32 healthy individuals, pre and post 3 weeks yoga lifestyle program using AcuGraph 3 (an instrument in wide use). A previous study found
+that inherent errors prevent AcuGraph from precisely evaluating Qi energies in single meridians, so group results are reported: (a) Energy levels, (b) energy stability, and (c) energy
+balance between (i) Yin/Yang meridians, (ii) upper and lower, and (iii) left and right regions of the body. Results: Significant improvements were observed in all but energy stability,
+supporting the ideas that yoga enlivens prana, and that balance in meridians constitutes health. For balance variables, the study observed shifts toward normal at both ends of
+variable distributions, reducing standard deviations: post-intervention percentages of subjects with values in the «SQ»healthy«SQ» range increased. Conclusion: Yoga improved
+regulation of Qi levels in acumeridian meridians as well as increasing them.
+How to cite this article:
+Nagilla N, Hankey A, Nagendra H R. Effects of yoga practice on acumeridian energies: Variance reduction implies benefits for regulation.Int J Yoga 2013;6:61-65
+How to cite this URL:
+Nagilla N, Hankey A, Nagendra H R. Effects of yoga practice on acumeridian energies: Variance reduction implies benefits for regulation. Int J Yoga [serial online] 2013 [cited 2014
+Aug 11 ];6:61-65 
+Available from: http://www.ijoy.org.in/text.asp?2013/6/1/61/105948
+Full Text
+ Introduction
+The ancient medical practices of both India and China are well-known, but much of their procedures are not yet precisely understood in scientific terms. Comparisons between the
+two have revealed certain similarities, suggesting that comparisons between the two are worth undertaking. The Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) are based on Ayurveda [1] and
+Siddha, [2] while yoga is accepted as playing an important role in both physical and mental health. [3] Traditional Chinese Medicine [4] largely focuses on the Chinese concept of life
+energy, or 'Qi', [5] which is said to flow through the body in various channels, or meridians, each connected to one of the major organs. Health is said to depend on maintaining both
+level of energy in different meridians, and balance of energy levels between them. The role of practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine is to restore balance in prescribed ways,
+increasing or decreasing energy levels where appropriate. [6]
+It is generally agreed that the TCM concept of Qi corresponds in Indian systems to 'prana', [7],[8] which has two forms, prana and shakti, corresponding to the two forms recognized
+by the Chinese system: Yang Qi and Yin Qi. [4] Yogis sometimes simply call it prana shakti. As long as prana shakti exists in the body, prana works, the lungs breathe, the heart
+beats, and the whole organism is kept alive. [3] Prana shakti is held to be the main principle supporting all life, and controls the functioning of the body's organs and organ systems.
+The pathways for the movement of prana shakti are known as 'nadis'. Through these the prana shakti travels. The nadis thus appear to have the same function as the meridians of
+the Chinese system. [7],[8]
+A preliminary exploration of this relationship has been carried out by Meenakshy [9] who also explored the repeatability of electrodermal measurements using the AcuGraph 3
+system, [10] obtaining self-consistent estimates of variances caused by various sources of error. Among her findings, Meenakshy observed [9] that the SD's for AcuGraph are such
+that reliability can only be attributed to group averages and not to individual readings. For that reason, this paper only reports analyses of means and SD's for the entire experimental
+group.
+Traditionally, there are said to be 72,000 nadis supplying vital energy to every cell in the body. ISM particularly name three nadis in the spine, said to be the main nadis in the whole
+body: ihe Ida on the right, the Pingala on the left, and the Sushumna in the centre. [9] The Ida controls aspects of the body related to the moon, the Pingala controls aspects related to
+the sun, while the Sushumna functions best when the two are fully enlivened and in balance. This system was widely recognized in ancient times, giving rise to the snake symbols
+found even today throughout India. The well-known symbol for balanced spinal energies consists of two snakes intertwined round a central column represents perfect health, and is
+still widely used and worshipped. In western systems, it is called the Caduceus, and was the symbol of health for the system of medicine propagated by Hippocrates-the 'Hippocratic
+symbol'.
+In relating ISM to Traditional Chinese Medicine, it is tempting to hypothesize the equivalence of Yin and Yang Qi with energies in the Ida as feminine and Pingala as masculine,
+respectively. This hypothesis will be treated in a later paper. [10] Balancing Yin and Yang energies is one of the main means of maintaining health. [4] Acupuncture thus deals with
+maintaining the equilibrium of 'Qi'. Sometimes the Moon is said to connect more to the mind, while the Sun is said to connect more to the body. Traditional Indian and Chinese
+systems thus treat body and mind implicitly in an integrated fashion when restoring a patient to normal health.
+In the Siddha system of medicine, [2] many more individual nadis are named, including the left and right pairs connected to 12 major organs referred to earlier. The Indian and
+Chinese systems thus seem to be in correspondence. It is therefore pertinent to take machines developed to measure energies in acupuncture meridians, and see if the changes
+8/11/2014
+Effects of yoga practice on acumeridian energies: Variance reduction implies benefits for regulation :[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga (IJoY)
+http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973-6131;year=2013;volume=6;issue=1;spage=61;epage=65;aulast=Nagilla
+2/3
+they measure correspond to predicted changes in prana/shakti levels in Indian systems of medicine.
+One such machine is AcuGraph 3, [11] developed to make specific skin-resistance measurements at the final acupuncture points (Tsing points) of the 24 acupuncture meridians.
+Supposedly, AcuGraph can measure the energy level in each meridian, but previous research suggests that its measurements are better used to assess changes in groups of
+subjects. [12],[13] The study reported here therefore took a group of subjects, made a fundamental hypothesis about the prana concept used in Yoga, and attempted to verify it by
+measuring acupuncture meridian energies using AcuGraph 3. Such a study has a two-fold purpose: first to test whether predicted changes can be observed, and second to see
+whether the hypothesized translation between Indian and Chinese systems holds good. The design of the experiment is given in the 'Methods' section below, with results,
+discussion, and conclusions thereafter.
+ Materials and Methods
+Subjects: 35 healthy volunteers of both sexes (17 m, 18 f) attending a Yoga Instructor Course (YIC) at the rural campus of Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana
+(SVYASA), Yoga University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Of these, post course readings were obtained from 33.
+Inclusion criteria 
+For inclusion in the study, subjects had to be: participating in the YIC; willing to volunteer for the trial; between 18 and 50 years old; completed 12 years education to the end of High
+School; and able to understand instructions given in English.
+Exclusion criteria 
+Presence of cognitive, psychiatric or neurological disorders, or possessing other physical disabilities and for ladies: pregnancy, or menstruation on days of measurement.
+Yoga intervention 
+This consisted of the 3-week YIC, an intense yoga lifestyle program, incorporating the following: specified times of rising (4.30 am) and going to bed (9.00 pm), vegetarian diet,
+singing (bhajans), and theory lectures; specific yoga practices, including a graded course in yogasanas (yoga postures), and pranayamas (breathing techniques), yogakriyas
+(purification practices) and yogic games; IAYT specific relaxation and stress management techniques, including various meditation practices [Table 1].{Table 1}
+Assessments
+Assessments were made using the AcuGraph "Digital Meridian Imaging" System, a computerized tool used to measure and analyze energy levels of acupuncture meridians.
+AcuGraph is a computerized device used to test galvanic skin response at points on traditional acupuncture meridians, and so assess meridian stress.
+Procedure for AcuGraph measurements [11] 
+Subjects sit easily on a chair, with feet on a mat, rather than the floor. A damp cotton ball is used to improve the conductivity of a small, circular, electrical probe, which is then applied
+to each acupuncture 'Tsing' point at the extremities of acupuncture meridians on the hands and feet, in the order specified by the computer, while an iron 'ground bar' is held in the
+hand on the opposite side. The computer records readings at the specified left and right measuring points on all major acupuncture meridians; 6 on each hand 6 on each foot,
+corresponding to the left and right meridians for the 12 major organs in the body: lung, pericardium, heart, small intestine, triple warmer, large intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, bladder,
+gallbladder, and stomach. An excellent pictorial account has been given. [13]
+ Results
+Inspection of the data revealed five subjects for whom readings were exceptionally high, with several pre or post readings being over 190 or reaching the maximum limit of 200. This
+is generally due to excessive moisture on the skin. Previous observations [9] have noted that such subjects have difficulty slowing down and relaxing, and may be considered
+hyperactive. Because of this fundamental difference between these subjects and others in the study, they were analyzed in a separate group.
+[Table 2]a and b therefore present results for the two groups of 28 and 5 subjects, separately: group averages for important overall combinations of meridians indicating overall
+energy level (EL), energy stability (ES), personal integrated energy (PIE), and balance between Yin meridians and Yang meridians (Yin-Yang balance), those on the hands and feet
+(upper-lower balance), and those on left and right sides of the body (left-right balance).{Table 2}
+[Table 1]a shows that, as hypothesized, the overall Qi (prana) energy, EL, was significantly increased, P < 0.047, but that energy stability did not change significantly P > 0.05.
+However for changes in energy balance between Upper and Lower meridians and between left and right meridians, there were significant effects: a considerable decrease in
+standard deviation, indicating a narrowing of the range of the variable. Values of Mean ± 2 SD's for the post data were between the same values for the pre-data, showing that the
+distribution 95% confidence intervals had greatly improved.
+One way to see this in more detail is to analyze correlations between the pre-post difference in the variable and the initial values of the same variable [Table 3]a, b. The very
+significant negative 'r' values indicate that high initial values decrease, whereas low initial values increase - a narrowing of the distribution, as shown by the observed reduction in
+standard deviation in both variables, from 27 to 17 for U/L Balance, and from 9 to 7 for L/R balance. The P values for these correlations are P < 0.001 for U/L Balance, and P < 0.001
+for L/R balance. The significance of these P values suggests that these results are repeatable, and that this 'narrowing of distribution' effect is real.{Table 3}
+ Discussion
+The data upheld the experimental hypothesis that yoga life-style interventions will increase energy levels: the mean increase in meridian energies was 10.5 for the 28 normal
+subjects and a similar amount for the five hyperactive subjects. However the fact that the increase was uniform across a large range of initial values suggests that a deeper analysis
+is needed in the future: was the increase 5 hyperactive subjects unhealthy, as the AcuGraph manual suggests, or were the hyperactive subjects deriving some as yet unidentified
+benefit? This would require measuring such subjects for changes in hyperactivity and associated causative variables as well as AcuGraph.
+Energy stability decreased though the change was not significant. On the other hand, the PIE percentage decreased, presumably because the decrease in stability was associated
+with a decrease in the number of balanced meridians and here, the decrease was significant. This observation requires reassessing with larger amounts of data, to see if this
+apparently negative effect is repeated.
+The balance variables on the other hand gave very interesting results. Normally, expected improvements as a result of medical interventions consist of shifts in values of variable
+distributions toward values indicative of health. This kind of change is expected of scientifically designed interventions: the ideal value of a variable is known, and, if a patient has a
+8/11/2014
+Effects of yoga practice on acumeridian energies: Variance reduction implies benefits for regulation :[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga (IJoY)
+http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973-6131;year=2013;volume=6;issue=1;spage=61;epage=65;aulast=Nagilla
+3/3
+deviation in a particular direction, treatment is designed to bring it back in the direction of normal. In general, treatments are designed to shift a variable in a particular direction; if a
+shift in the opposite direction is required, a different treatment is given. Treatments shift variable values in particular directions.
+Not all the effects of the yoga intervention given in [Table 1] are of this type however, e.g. the changes in upper/lower, and left/right balance. In these cases a narrowing of distribution
+was observed: The significant changes were decreases in standard deviation. This is of great interest. Instead of almost uniform increase, as in mean acumeridian energies (EL),
+while the low ends of the distribution increased in value, the high end values decreased, a completely different kind of qualitative behaviour requiring a qualitatively and conceptually
+different kind of action on the system. Instead of directly affecting the variables themselves, the yoga intervention seems to be acting on variable regulation.
+The implication that, yoga improves overall regulation of physiological systems, could be of considerable importance. It requires further testing in other experimental systems. Health
+or wholeness of system functioning requires balance, and this requires sensitive regulation. The more sensitive the regulation, the more accurately balance can be maintained, i.e.
+in some sense, the more robust the healthy state. From this perspective, optimal regulation will correspond to a state of optimal health. Through the recognition that heart rate
+variability is an essential component of health, this idea is already in the medical literature, because HRV is optimized when regulation is, in a precise sense, made most sensitive.
+ Conclusions
+Our findings concerning AcuGraph seem largely consistent with those of Meenakshy [9] and Mist et al.[13] AcuGraph does not provide accurate enough information about individual
+meridians, but analysis of data from groups reduces standard deviation enough to make it a useful analytic tool for studying general effects of interventions on groups.
+Based on this consideration, before and after measures of the three week yoga life-style intervention on 33 healthy young adults supported the hypothesis that overall Chi energy for
+the group would be increased. The fact that this increase showed no sign of leveling off for high starting EL values was a surprise. Further health research is required in this area:
+possibly, subjects with high initial AcuGraph energy level values should receive special training to prevent further increases to levels where they might become dangerous.
+As regards the variables, upper-lower and left-right balance, AcuGraph averages strongly suggested that the standard deviations of distributions were significantly reduced, bringing
+subjects at both ends of the distributions back within the healthy range.
+References
+1
+Kaviratna AC, Sharma P. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Charaka Samhita. Vols. 1-5. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications; 1996.
+2
+Subramanian SV, Madhavan VR. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Heritage of the Tamil′s Siddha Medicine. Madras: International Institute of Tamil
+Studies; 1984.
+3
+Nagarathna R. Yoga in medicine. API Text book of medicine, 6th ed, India New Delhi: Association of Physicians; 2001.
+4
+Ni M. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. The Yellow Emperor′s classic of medicine: a new translation of the Neijing Suwen with commentary. Boston:
+Shanbhala; 1995.
+5
+Liu Z, Liu L (Editors.). Essentials of Chinese Medicine. Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer; 2009.
+6
+Liu Z, Liu L (Editors.). Essentials of Chinese Medicine. Vol. 2. Berlin: Springer; 2011.
+7
+Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P, Bhatt N. Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: A comparative overview. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med
+2005;2:465-73.
+8
+Hankey A. CAM and the phenomenology of pain. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2006;3:139-41.
+9
+Meenakshy KB. Concept of Nadi/Meridian and Prana/Chi: a correlation. Master′s Thesis. S-VYASA; 2009.
+10
+AcuGraph 3 Digital Meridian Imaging: User Manual. Meridian ID: Miridia Technology; 2008. www.miridiatech.com.
+11
+Satyananda SS. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Four Chapters on Freedom. Munger:Yoga Publications Trust; 1976.
+12
+Singh HR. Comparison of Ida, Pingala, Sushumna and Yin, Yang according to ancient Indian scriptures and ancient Chinese scriptures. Master′s Thesis. S-VYASA; 2009.
+13
+Mist SD, Aickin M, Kalnins P, Cleaver J, Batchelor R, Thorne T, et al. Reliability of AcuGraph system for measuring skin conductance at acupoints: Acupunct Med
+2011;29:221-6.
+ 
+ 
+Monday, August 11, 2014
+ Site Map | Home | Contact Us | Feedback | Copyright and Disclaimer

subfolder_0/Efficacy of Yoga in Facilitating Mindfulness among Male Cricket Players..txt

@@ -0,0 +1,654 @@
+INDIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
+RESEARCH ARTICLE
+ 
+ 
+OPEN ACCESS
+Received: 14-05-2020
+Accepted: 14-06-2020
+Published: 24-06-2020
+Editor: Dr. Natarajan Gajendran
+Citation: Rao MR, Itagi RK, Srini-
+vasan TM (2020) Efficacy of yoga
+in facilitating mindfulness among
+asymptomatic male cricket players.
+Indian Journal of Science and
+Technology 13(21): 2182-2188. https
+://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v13i22.614
+∗Corresponding author.
+Manasa R Rao
+Division of Yoga and Physical
+Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga
+Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA
+Deemed-to-be-University), 'Eknath
+Bhavan', Gavipuram Circle,
+Kempegowda Nagar, Bengaluru,
+560019, Karnataka, India. Tel.: +91
+9880106669
+[email protected]
+Funding: None
+Competing Interests: None
+Copyright: © 2020 Rao, Itagi,
+Srinivasan. This is an open access
+article distributed under the terms
+of the Creative Commons
+Attribution License, which permits
+unrestricted use, distribution, and
+reproduction in any medium,
+provided the original author and
+source are credited.
+Published By Indian Society for
+Education and Environment (iSee)
+Efficacy of yoga in facilitating mindfulness
+among asymptomatic male cricket players
+Manasa R Rao1∗, Ravi Kumar Itagi1, TM Srinivasan1
+1 Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana
+(S-VYASA Deemed-to-be-University), 'Eknath Bhavan', Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar,
+Bengaluru, 560019, Karnataka, India. Tel.: +91 9880106669
+Abstract
+Background: Cricket scenario across the globe has undergone tremendous
+changes in the last two decades. Premier league designs have exposed the
+players to immense aggression, competitiveness, and expectations. Objec-
+tive: To evaluate the efficacy of yoga in facilitating mindfulness among asymp-
+tomatic male cricket players. Methods and materials: First-class domestic
+male cricket players in the age group of 18-35 years from the Karnataka State
+Cricket Association were randomized into yoga group n=40 and wait-list control
+group n=42. Players received the yoga module for five days/week for a dura-
+tion of six weeks. Five-facet mindfulness questionnaire was given at baseline,
+immediate post-intervention, and a follow-up after six months of interven-
+tion. Statistical analysis: Group differences in the change in parameters over
+time was modelled using linear mixed-effects regression method using the
+lme4 package in R, as two groups were compared over three unevenly spaced
+assessment time points. Findings: Comparison of the model fit indicates a sig-
+nificant (p<0.001) difference between the model as compared to the baseline
+model among all the five facets. There was no significant effect (p>0.001) at
+either time or group, however, there was a significant interaction effect at T2
+(immediate post-intervention) among all the facets. No significant interaction
+effect (group*time interaction) was found in the follow-up study. Application:
+Regular practice of this yoga module may enhance the likelihood to main-
+tain a state of mindfulness among the male cricket players. Integrating yoga
+into the competitive world of cricket appears to be promising in enhancing
+mindfulness.
+Keywords: Sports performance; mindfulness; Yoga; cricket players; wellbeing
+1 Introduction
+One of the most important aspects of sports performance is the player’s ability to train
+the mind to put themselves in the best situation to compete with an optimum athletic
+ability and focus, where there is little room for error. Expectations to be perfect and
+https://www.indjst.org/
+2182
+Rao et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(21):2182–2188
+fear of defeat can hinder any player’s performance during intense competition. The pursuit of excellence in sport encompasses
+four significant components, namely physical, technical, tactical and mental skills(1). The facilitative role of mental skills in
+high level sports participation has been strongly emphasised over the past three decades. Mental factors such as self-confidence,
+commitment, concentration, coping skills, imagery and visualisation goals have emerged as key antecedents to achieving athletic
+success at the highest level of sports participation(2,3).
+Mindfulness techniques have been widely utilized in clinical psychology, often as an adjunct to cognitive or behavioural
+interventions(4). It has become relevant in sport considering the fact that the practice inculcates a present moment awareness
+that is crucial in athletic performance(5). An early study integrating mindfulness in sport was conducted by Jon Kabat-Zinn,
+who designed the mindfulness-based stress reduction(6). Mindfulness, defined as the non-judgmental focus of one’s attention
+on the experience that occurs in the present moment(7), aids in addressing issues related to tendencies of present moment
+focus. Current moment awareness, a crucial component of peak sport performance also helps in generating a state of ‘flow’
+,
+or a state of complete focus(8). Mindfulness-based interventions for sports are efficient in minimizing external distractions(9).
+Mindfulness training allows the individual to channelize on being non-judgmental rather than restricting negative thoughts.
+With the present moment acceptance of internal experience, an athlete can focus on the positives and learn to cope through
+challenging times(10).
+Historically, mindfulness has its origins in Eastern contemplative spiritual traditions and has been considered the core of
+Buddhist meditation(6). Dhyansky explains that, based on the so-called ‘Proto-Siva’ from Mohenjodaro, discovered by Marshall
+and Mackay, reveal that the five ‘Proto-Siva’ seals, clearly indicates that yoga was known and practiced by the people of the Indus
+Valley civilization in the North Western part of India about five thousand years ago. Further, yoga maintained the oral tradition
+till Patanjali systematized it in his Yogasutra(11). Patanjali discusses the mind and its bondage, and gives a detailed prescription
+for it accordingly, in his multicomponent process of Raja yoga(12). The yogic technology of Raja yoga overlaps with meditative
+traditions such as Buddhism(13). Eventually, as the discipline of yoga became the common property of humanity, it was applied
+as a therapeutic intervention in the twentieth century yielding various psychophysiological benefits. Each component of yoga
+such as – physical postures (asanas), breathing techniques (pranayama), deep relaxation, and meditation comprise its own
+distinct emphasis cultivating an awareness and ultimately more profound states of consciousness(14). Yoga prescribes to reach
+the state of meditation through breath and it introduces syncing of the breath with purposeful movement, as its foundation.
+Likewise, breathing technique is also the crux of the mindfulness skills as described by Kabat-Zinn(15).
+Yoga focuses on systematically directing awareness toward internal sensations emanating during yoga movement sequences
+that are performed slowly and gently without being physically taxing, thereby, facilitating mindful awareness(16). A study that
+investigated the relationship between home practice of mindfulness meditation exercises and levels of mindfulness, medical and
+psychological symptoms, perceived stress, and psychological well-being on adults in a clinical Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduc-
+tion (MBSR) program. This study found that yoga practice time to be more strongly correlated with self-reported improvements
+in mindfulness, perceived stress, anxiety, and psychological well-being than formal sitting meditation time(17). Another study
+that explored the utility, feasibility, and potential efficacy of a comprehensive mindfulness intervention for student athletes
+with modified MAC ( Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment) intervention sessions immediately followed by 1-hr hatha yoga
+session, reported greater mindfulness, greater goal-directed energy, and less perceived stress than before the intervention(18).
+The yogic techniques, thus, aim at bringing focus by incorporating body movement to quieten the mind(19). Recent lines of
+evidence suggest that yoga training can have a positive impact on a range of physiological, cognitive, and performance aspects
+that include facets of mindfulness and flow(20).
+To date, there has been no attempt to carry out an experimental study on the effects of yoga on mindfulness on a large group
+of cricket players. The current study is thus an attempt to fill this major gap in this field. Cricket, being the most prominent
+sport, has undergone tremendous changes in the last two decades. Unlike the temperate countries, cricket is generally played
+all year round in the tropical countries. The premier league designs has exposed the players to unique playing conditions, game
+formats, and sheer absence of the off season and an escalated workload(21). Competitive shorter versions of the game has also
+led to greater aggression and an upsurge in the number of cricketing injuries(22). Hence, a mind-body intervention such as
+yoga was introduced addressing the current scenario. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of yoga in facilitating
+mindfulness among asymptomatic male cricket players.
+2 Method
+2.1 Participants
+A total of 82 first class domestic cricket players from the Karnataka State Cricket Association were randomly selected for the
+study. Male cricketers in the age group of 18-35 years, with an experience of 2-15 years in playing for the cricketing association,
+https://www.indjst.org/
+2183
+Rao et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(21):2182–2188
+with no physical signs of an injury in the past three months and who were willing to participate for the entire duration of the
+intervention, were selected for the study.
+2.2 Procedure
+The players were randomized into yoga group n=40 and wait-list control group n=42. Cricket players received the yoga module
+for 80 minutes per session for 5 days/week for duration of 6 weeks. The players in the yoga group practiced the module as
+mentioned in Table 1, along with their routine fitness sessions, while the control group followed their regular daily routine
+during the study period. The yoga sessions were conducted by a yoga expert. The duration of the follow-up was for a period
+of six months. The five-facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) was completed by the players at baseline, immediate post-
+intervention and a follow-up after six months of intervention.
+The Karnataka State Cricket Association had extended their consent for conducting this study. Written informed consent
+from the participants was obtained before the intervention. The players were explained in detail about the nature of the study
+and the voluntary nature of participation. Confidentiality was assured as a part of the research process. This study was approved
+by Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA University).
+2.3 Measures
+Five-facet mindfulness questionnaire (FFMQ) is based on a factor analytic study of five independently developed mindfulness
+questionnaires. The analysis yielded five factors that appear to represent elements of mindfulness as conceptualized in the
+psychological literature. The five facets are observing, describing, acting with awareness, non-judging of inner experience and
+non-reactivity to inner experience. The internal consistency of the five subscales is of adequate to good consistency - cronbach
+alpha values: observing = .83, describing = .91, acting with awareness = .87, non-reactivity to inner experiences = .75 and
+non-judging of inner experiences = .87(23).
+2.4 Statistical Analysis
+Data were coded and recorded in MS Excel spreadsheet program. R Statistical Software, RStudio Team (2019) was used for
+data analysis. Descriptive statistics were presented as appropriate. Validity of the FFMQ was examined using Bartlett’s test of
+sphericity to evaluate whether or not the variables intercorrelate and Cronbach’s alpha for internal consistency. Intercorrelations
+between FFMQ facets were conducted to examine if facets represent related but distinct constructs. Regression analyses were
+conducted to predict each FFMQ facet from the other four facets combined. The adjusted R2 indicates the variance accounted
+for by the dependents relationship with the other facets, hence revealing the extent to which facets are non-overlapping(24). Data
+were explored for normal distribution using the criteria of absolute skewness < 2, absolute kurtosis < 3, and a non-significant
+Shapiro-Wilk Test. The presence of outliers was investigated using Grubb’s test and boxplots. Outliers were checked for accuracy
+of data, and analysis was performed using both the outlier removed and the outlier included dataset to ensure that the outliers
+were not significant influencers. Results are presented for the outlier removed datasets. Group differences in the change in
+parameters over time was modelled using linear mixed-effects regression method as two groups were compared over three
+unevenly spaced assessment time points. Linear mixed-effects approach was employed as it has important advantages over
+traditional methods of repeated measures analysis, while seamlessly dealing with unequally spaced observations over time(25).
+Linear mixed-effect regression method was conducted using the lme4 package in R, with each outcome parameter respectively
+as the dependent variable, main effect of Group and Timepoint and their interaction as the fixed effects, and allowing for a
+random intercept for each subject and a random slope for Time.
+Full models were compared against baseline models with no fixed effects for deriving the significance of model fit. Statistical
+significance was assumed at p<0.05.
+3 Results
+A total of 42 cricket players were taken in each group. However, there were two dropouts from the control group as they were
+lost to both the post and the follow-up assessments due to their unavailability. Hence, in the yoga group n=40 and in control
+group n=42. Prior to performing any statistical analysis for comparison, the data were compiled to obtain the descriptive statis-
+tics. There were no missing data at T1 (baseline), T2 (immediate post-intervention) and at T3 (follow-up after six months of
+intervention).
+https://www.indjst.org/
+2184
+Rao et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(21):2182–2188
+Table 1. List of yoga practices
+Type of yoga practice
+Name of the practice
+Duration (min)
+Breathing practice
+Pavanamuktasana Kriya
+3
+Suryanamaskara
+Suryanamaskara - 12 steps
+10
+Asanas in standing position
+Utthita Trikonasana
+2
+Parivrita Trikonasana
+2
+Parsvakonasana
+2
+Virabhadranasa I
+2
+Virabhadrasana II
+2
+Utthita Padangustasana
+2
+Prasarita Padottanasana
+2
+Vriksasana
+2
+Asanas in sitting position
+Baddhakonasana
+1
+Upavista Konasana
+1
+Gomukhasana
+2
+Parivritta Janu Sirsasana
+2
+Ushtrasana
+2
+Virasana
+2
+Asana in prone position
+Bhujangasana
+3
+Shalabasana
+2
+Dhanurasana
+2
+Asana in supine position
+Salamba Sarvangasana
+2
+Matsyasana
+2
+Uttana Padasana
+1
+Jathara Parivartanasana
+2
+Pranayama
+Nadishuddhi
+10
+Bhramari
+2
+Relaxation in supine position
+Deep Relaxation
+15
+Bartlett’s test of sphericity was confirmed as significant (χ2(10)=321.070, p<0.001). Cronbach’s alpha coefficients indicated
+that the subscales observe - 0.672, describe - 0.742, acting with awareness - 0.729 and non-reacting - 0.731 were internally
+consistent, falling within acceptable range except non-judging with an alpha of 0.406. The intercorrelations presented in Table 2
+show that all FFMQ sub scales were significantly intercorrelated.
+Table 2. Inter-correlations between the facets of five-facet mindfulness questionnaire
+OBS
+D
+AA
+NJ
+Observe
+Describe
+.801
+Act-aware
+.695
+.777
+Non-judging
+.594
+.729
+.715
+Non-reactivity
+.736
+.798
+.753
+.677
+Note - All p < .001
+OBS - Observe, D - Describe, AA - Act-aware, NJ -
+Non-judging
+Results of the regression analyses predicting each FFMQ facet from the other four facets combined revealed extremely sig-
+nificant models with observe - (F=(4,77)=39.608, p<0.001) with an R2 of 0.656, describe - (F=(4,77) =71.556, p<0.001) with an
+https://www.indjst.org/
+2185
+Rao et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(21):2182–2188
+R2 of 0.777, act with awareness - (F=(4,77)=42.242, p<0.001) with an R2 of 0.671, non-judging - (F=(4,77)=28.439, p<0.001)
+with an R2 of 0.575, non-reactivity - (F=(4,77)=45.474, p<0.001) with an R2 of 0.687, indicating that although intercorrelated, a
+substantial proportion of the variance in each facet is distinct from the other four facets and contributed independently towards
+the prediction of mindfulness(4,24). For all the variables, there seemed no difference of significance and direction of association
+between the original, outlier removed model. Hence, the outlier-removed model was retained.
+3.1 Linear mixed-effect model
+As indicated by the comparison of the model fit there was a significant (p<0.001) difference between the model as compared to
+the baseline model among all the five facets. When including the interaction term in the model, there was no significant fixed
+effect (p>0.05) of time for the all the facets at T2 and T3 as compared to the T1. Also, no significant fixed.
+Table 3. Repeated measures results using linear mixed effects model
+Value
+Std.Error
+t-value
+DF
+p-value
+Baseline
+(Intercept)
+19.77
+0.42
+47.46
+80
+<0.001
+Model 1
+(Intercept)
+18.44
+0.71
+26.12
+79
+<0.001
+Observe
+Group (yoga vs control)
+0.23
+0.98
+0.24
+79
+0.814
+Time T2
+0.38
+0.74
+0.52
+79
+0.603
+Time T3
+-0.10
+0.64
+-0.16
+79
+0.872
+GroupYoga:TimeT2
+9.04
+1.02
+8.85
+79
+<0.001
+GroupYoga:TimeT3
+1.75
+0.88
+1.98
+79
+0.052
+Conditional R2: 0.661; Marginal R2: 0.416
+Comparison of Model Fit:
+X2(5)=119.16, p<0.001
+Baseline
+(Intercept)
+21.06
+0.47
+44.90
+80
+<0.001
+Model 2
+(Intercept)
+19.79
+0.81
+24.47
+79
+<0.001
+Describe
+Group (yoga vs control)
+0.06
+1.12
+0.06
+79
+0.956
+Time T2
+-0.15
+0.81
+-0.19
+79
+0.850
+Time T3
+-1.08
+0.65
+-1.66
+79
+0.101
+GroupYoga:TimeT2
+10.08
+1.13
+8.95
+79
+<0.001
+GroupYoga:TimeT3
+2.77
+0.90
+3.07
+79
+0.003
+Conditional R2: 0.669; Marginal R2: 0.414
+Comparison of Model Fit:
+X2(5)=128.49, p<0.001
+Baseline
+(Intercept)
+22.96
+0.45
+50.97
+80
+<0.001
+Model 3
+(Intercept)
+20.31
+0.83
+24.47
+79
+<0.001
+Act
+With
+Awareness
+Group (yoga vs control)
+0.86
+1.15
+0.75
+79
+0.458
+Time T2
+2.46
+0.94
+2.61
+79
+0.011
+Time T3
+0.36
+0.63
+0.57
+79
+0.573
+GroupYoga:TimeT2
+6.78
+1.31
+5.18
+79
+<0.001
+GroupYoga:TimeT3
+1.69
+0.88
+1.92
+79
+0.059
+Conditional R2: 0.589; Marginal R2: 0.347
+Comparison of Model Fit:
+X2(5)=96.38, p<0.001
+Baseline
+(Intercept)
+20.88
+0.29
+71.24
+79
+<0.001
+Model 4
+(Intercept)
+20.28
+0.57
+35.70
+78
+<0.001
+Non-Judging
+Group (yoga vs control)
+-0.70
+0.79
+-0.88
+78
+0.383
+Time T2
+0.69
+0.77
+0.90
+78
+0.370
+Time T3
+-0.41
+0.52
+-0.79
+78
+0.429
+GroupYoga:TimeT2
+7.94
+1.07
+7.41
+78
+<0.001
+GroupYoga:TimeT3
+1.68
+0.72
+2.33
+78
+0.023
+Conditional R2: 0.575; Marginal R2: 0.428
+Comparison of Model Fit:
+X2(5)=94.73, p<0.001
+Baseline
+(Intercept)
+18.17
+0.39
+46.51
+80
+<0.001
+Model 5
+(Intercept)
+16.63
+0.70
+23.79
+79
+<0.001
+Continued on next page
+https://www.indjst.org/
+2186
+Rao et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(21):2182–2188
+Table 3 continued
+Value
+Std.Error
+t-value
+DF
+p-value
+Non-Reactivity
+Group (yoga vs control)
+1.13
+0.98
+1.15
+79
+0.253
+Time T2
+1.02
+0.75
+1.36
+79
+0.176
+Time T3
+-0.73
+0.60
+-1.21
+79
+0.231
+GroupYoga:TimeT2
+6.22
+1.06
+5.89
+79
+<0.001
+GroupYoga:TimeT3
+1.92
+0.84
+2.28
+79
+0.026
+Conditional R2: 0.583; Marginal R2: 0.364
+Comparison of Model Fit:
+X2(5)=105.26, p<0.001
+T2 – Time 2, at the end of yoga intervention; T3 –Time 3, at the end of follow-up period
+effect in group (yoga ascompared to controls)can be noted for all thefacets. However,significant interactioneffect (group*time
+interaction) at T2 can be found among all the facets. There was no significant interaction effect (group*time interaction) for all
+the facets at T3 as illustrated in Table 3.
+4 Discussion
+The present study was the first of its kind to explore the efficacy of yoga in facilitating mindfulness among asymptomatic male
+cricket players. In today’s competitive sporting world, the gap between players physical skills as well as the margin of victory
+is narrowing. Every player is in a pursuit of achieving sporting excellence. Adopting yoga as a holistic mind-body intervention
+fosters the development of several personal, sport and performance-relevant psychological skills where goal-oriented behaviour
+and automatic goal-focused processes are facilitated .
+The findings of this study indicate that yoga training had produced no significant effect of time or group, however, significant
+interaction effect at T2 among all the facets except for the facets indicate the impact of yoga on the facets of observe, describe,
+act with awareness, non-judging and non-reactivity. The follow-up study indicates no significant interaction effect (group*time
+interaction) for all the facets at T3. Overall, this study, shows the impact of yoga post the 6 weeks of training and no significant
+impact after 6 months of follow-up, hence this study partially supports the previous study on the effects of a yoga intervention on
+mindfulness and dispositional flow of elite youth swimmers(20), where no significant changes in mindfulness and dispositional
+flow were identified. In the present study, the frequency, intensity and the duration of the yoga sessions might have contributed
+towards significant changes in the outcome measures at T2.
+Hatha yoga practices have previously proven to have been beneficial in improving sport performance(26), facilitating secre-
+tion of melatonin from the pineal gland, which may be acting as a psycho-sensitive hormone, improvements in the autonomic
+balance, respiratory performance and well-being(27). It has also demonstrated to have reduced state anxiety(28), enhancing
+mindfulness and decreasing stress(18,29), greater goal-directed energy(18), upregulating the antioxidant capacity of cells to com-
+bat oxidative stress(30), and also facilitating self-regulation and mindful awareness by cultivating ‘witness consciousness’(31).
+Another study on participants from Vipassana and Zen meditation has shown that the mindfulness components non-judge
+and act-aware were significant predictors of depression. Non-judge is seen as a significant predictor of anxiety and stress(4). In
+line with the earlier studies that validated the advantages of yoga on mental well-being, this study also demonstrated that com-
+prehensive yoga module that encompasses postures, breathing techniques and deep relaxation is likely to increase the cricket
+player’s ability to maintain a state of mindfulness.
+During the follow-up period, not practicing the yoga module in its entirety or being irregular in their yoga practice might
+have resulted in no changes in the facets of mindfulness. This clearly indicates that, long term benefits of yoga on mindfulness
+can be brought about chiefly by internalising the practices by the players into their lives off the mat as well. Continuous and
+sustained practice will be beneficial in adapting to emotional and homeostatic perturbations of their daily life.
+Further investigation on the mechanisms underlying the effect of yoga on mindfulness in performance of the cricket players
+needs to be undertaken. Future studies can delve into, the yoga practices that can be beneficial before an actual match, effect
+of one-on-one yoga training, and also an in-depth qualitative analysis on the benefits of yoga on cricket players that stretch
+beyond the sport.
+5 Conclusions
+The current study was a first step in understanding the holistic yoga approach to mindfulness with equal and immense empha-
+sis on postures, breathing techniques and deep relaxation. The results provide an insight that a regular practice of yoga may
+increase the likelihood to maintain a state of mindfulness among the cricket players. Integrating ancient wisdom of yoga into
+the competitive world of cricket appears to be promising as a holistic approach in enhancing mindfulness.
+https://www.indjst.org/
+2187
+Rao et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2020;13(21):2182–2188
+Acknowledgment
+The authors would like to thank the Karnataka State Cricket Association and the cricket players for lending their support to
+this study.
+References
+1) Coulter TJ, Mallett CJ, Gucciardi DF. Understanding mental toughness in Australian soccer: Perceptions of players, parents, and coaches. Journal of Sports
+Sciences. 2010;28(7):699–716. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640411003734085.
+2) Devonport TJ, Lane AM. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SELF-EFFICACY, COPING AND STUDENT RETENTION. Social Behavior and Personality:
+an international journal. 2006;34:127–138. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2006.34.2.127.
+3) Mahoney MJ, Gabriel TJ, Perkins TS. Psychological Skills and Exceptional Athletic Performance. The Sport Psychologist. 1987;1(3):181–199. Available
+from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.1.3.181. doi:10.1123/tsp.1.3.181.
+4) Cash M, Whittingham K. What Facets of Mindfulness Contribute to Psychological Well-being and Depressive, Anxious, and Stress-related Symptoma-
+tology? Mindfulness. 2010;1(3):177–182. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-010-0023-4.
+5) Birrer D, Röthlin P, Morgan G. Mindfulness to enhance athletic performance: theoretical considerations and possible impact mechanisms. Mindfulness.
+2010;3(3):235–246.
+6) Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Context: Past, Present, and Future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2003;10(2):144–156.
+Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016.
+7) Zinn JK. Wherever You Go There You Are: Mindfulness and meditation in everyday life. and others, editor;New York. Hyperion. 1994.
+8) Kee YH, Wang CKJ. Relationships between mindfulness, flow dispositions and mental skills adoption: A cluster analytic approach. Psychology of Sport
+and Exercise. 2008;9:393–411. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.07.001.
+9) Gardner FL, Moore ZE. Mindfulness and acceptance models in sport psychology: A decade of basic and applied scientific advancements. Canadian
+Psychology/Psychologie canadienne. 2012;53(4):309–318. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030220.
+10) Gardner FL, Moore ZE. A Mindfulness-Acceptance-Commitment. MAC based approach to athletic performance enhancement: Theoretical considera-
+tions. Behavior Therapy. 2004;35:707–723. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80016-9.
+11) Dhyansky YY. The Indus Valley Origin of a Yoga Practice. Artibus Asiae. 1987;48(1):89–108. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3249853.
+12) Krishnananda S. The study and practice of yoga: An Exposition of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. and others, editor;India. The divine life society. 2006.
+13) Feuerstein G. The Yoga tradition - its history, literature, philosophy and practice. and others, editor;Motilal Banarasidass. 2002.
+14) Büssing A, Michalsen A, Singh SB, Khalsa S, Telles KJ, Sherman. Effects of yoga on mental and physical health: a short summary of reviews. Evidence-Based
+Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2012;2012(3):1–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/165410.
+15) Zinn JK. Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your mind and body to face stress, pain, and illness. New York. Delacorte. 1990.
+16) Salmon P, Lush E, Jablonski M, Sephton SE. Yoga and Mindfulness: Clinical Aspects of an Ancient Mind/Body Practice. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice.
+2009;16(1):59–72. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.07.002.
+17) Carmody J, Baer RA. Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a
+mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2008;31(1):23–33. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-
+9130-7.
+18) Goodman FR, Kashdan TB, Mallard TT, Schumann M. A brief mindfulness and yoga intervention with an entire NCAA Division I athletic team: An
+initial investigation. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. 2014;1:339–356. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cns0000022.
+19) Gordon T. Theorizing Yoga as a Mindfulness Skill. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2013;84:1224–1227. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.
+1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.733.
+20) Briegel-Jones RMH, Knowles Z, Eubank MR, Giannoulatos K, Elliot D. A Preliminary Investigation Into the Effect of Yoga Practice on Mindfulness and
+Flow in Elite Youth Swimmers. The Sport Psychologist. 2013;27(4):349–359. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.4.349.
+21) Orchard J, James T, Kountouris A, Portus M. Changes to injury profile (and recommended cricket injury definitions) based on the increased frequency
+of Twenty20 cricket matches. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010;1:63–76. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/oajsm.s9671.
+22) Shafi M. Cricket Injuries: an Orthopaedist’s Perspective. Orthopaedic Surgery. 2014;6(2):90–94. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/os.12104.
+23) Baer RA, Smith GT, Hopkins J, Krietemeyer J, Toney L.
+Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness.
+Assessment.
+2006;13(1):27–45. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191105283504.
+24) Baer RA, Smith GT, Lykins E, Button D, Krietemeyer J, Sauer S, et al. Construct Validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Meditating and
+Nonmeditating Samples. Assessment. 2008;15(3):329–342. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191107313003.
+25) Gueorguieva R, Krystal JH. Move Over ANOVA: Progress in analyzing repeated-measures data and its reflection in papers published in the archives of
+general psychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004;61(3):310–317. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.310.
+26) Sorbie GG, Low C, Richardson AK. Effect of a 6-week yoga intervention on swing mechanics during the golf swing: a feasibility study. International
+Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 2019;19(1):90–101. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2019.1566845.
+27) Harinath K, Malhotra AS, Pal K, Prasad R, Kumar R, Kain TC, et al. Effects of Hatha Yoga and Omkar Meditation on Cardiorespiratory Performance,
+Psychologic Profile, and Melatonin Secretion. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2004;10(2):261–268. Available from: https://dx.
+doi.org/10.1089/107555304323062257.
+28) Telles S, Gaur V, Balkrishna A. Effect of a Yoga Practice Session and a Yoga Theory Session on State Anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2009;109(3):924–
+930. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.109.3.924-930.
+29) Brisbon NM, Glenn A, Lowery. Mindfulness and levels of stress : A comparison of beginner and advanced hatha yoga practitioners. Journal of Religion
+and Health. 2016;50(4):931–941.
+30) Sinha S, Singh SN, Monga YP. Uday Shankar Ray. Improvement of glutathione and total antioxidant status with yoga. Journal of Alternative and Comple-
+mentary Medicine. 2007;13(10):1085–1090. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-009-9305-3.
+31) Gard T, Noggle JJ, Park CL, Vago DR, Wilson A. Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
+2014;8:1–20. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00770.
+https://www.indjst.org/
+2188

subfolder_0/Electrodermal Screening of Asthmatics with AcuGraph.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,865 @@
+RESEARCH ARTICLE
+Electrodermal Screening of Asthmatics with
+AcuGraph 4
+Kuntal Ghosh*, Alex Hankey, Thaiyar M. Srinivasan
+Department of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana
+Samsthana University, Bangalore, India
+Available online - - -
+Received: Jul 4, 2016
+Revised: Oct 26, 2016
+Accepted: Nov 3, 2016
+KEYWORDS
+AcuGraph;
+asthma;
+Jing Well Point;
+meridian conductances
+Abstract
+Traditional Chinese Medicine holds that acupuncture meridian activity is correlated
+with quality of function of specific organs. This study sets out to determine acupunc-
+ture meridian characteristics of subjects with moderate asthma distinguishing them
+from healthy subjects. Fifty asthma patients (age 35.36 
 8.68 years) and fifty similarly
+aged (34.11 
 7.29 years) healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Electrodermal
+conductances at Jing Well points were measured with Acugraph 4 and also Peak Expi-
+ratory Flow Rate (PEFR) for the asthma group. All mean meridian conductances were
+lower for the asthma group, significance differences were in Lung and right Bladder
+meridians. In contrast, all but two of the standard deviations of group meridian con-
+ductances for the Asthma group were higher than those for the Healthy group. Differ-
+ence in mean PEFR values between Asthma and Healthy groups was significant. These
+suggest that group measures of electrical conductance at Jing Well points can distin-
+guish asthma from healthy individuals. The study provides support for the usefulness
+of meridian energy measurements to assess organ related dysfunction and for the idea
+that pathology groups exhibit higher standard deviations i.e. lower quality of
+regulation.
+This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://
+creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any
+medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
+* Corresponding author. Department of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Eknath
+Bhavan, 19 Gavipuram Circle, K.G. Nagar, Bangalore 560019, India.
+E-mail: [email protected] (K. Ghosh).
++ MODEL
+Please cite this article in press as: Ghosh K, et al., Electrodermal Screening of Asthmatics with AcuGraph 4, Journal of Acupuncture and
+Meridian Studies (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2016.11.003
+pISSN 2005-2901
+eISSN 2093-8152
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2016.11.003
+Copyright ª 2016, Medical Association of Pharmacopuncture Institute.
+Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
+Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies
+journal homepage: www.jams-kpi.com
+J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2016;--(-):--e--
+1. Introduction
+All traditional systems of medicine recognize subtle energy
+as a fundamental constituent of nature and its importance
+for human health [1]. According to traditional Chinese
+medicine (TCM) and Indian systems of medicine (ISM),
+health is maintained by a free flow of subtle energy. TCM
+posits the existence of a meridian system, similar to the
+Nadi system in ISM, which carries the subtle form of energy
+known as Qi (or prana in ISM) [2,3]. The meridians form a
+complex, multilevel network connecting various regions of
+the body, including skin surfaces, with internal organs. The
+best known meridians are the 12 regular meridians named
+for specific organs said to be connected to the organ. Each
+of these 12 meridians consists of a bilaterally symmetric
+pair controlling much of the body function, whereas dis-
+turbances in the flow of Qi/prana energy are precursors for
+disease or illness [4].
+Electrodermal screening at acupuncture points (APs) is
+used in complementary medicine in many countries [5].
+Based on the precise work of Nakatani [6], Niboyet [7], and
+Voll [8], skin surface sites corresponding to traditional APs
+are recognized to have lower electrical resistance, i.e.,
+higher conductance, than surrounding areas. Electrical con-
+ductivity measurements at APs thus exhibit unique electrical
+characteristics, and are now generally assumed to provide
+vital information about Qi levels in corresponding organs.
+At present, many commercial machines are available to
+measure electrodermal conductance at APs. Examples
+include AcuGraph from Miridia Technology Inc. (Meridian,
+ID, USA), the computerized testing instrument used in the
+experiment described below; Prognos developed by Med-
+Prevent (Waldershof, Germany) [9]; Dermatron from Pit-
+terling Electronic (Munich, Germany); and three from
+Japan, Apparatus for Meridian Identification from the
+Institute of Life Physics (Tokyo, Japan), Neurometer from
+the Ryodoraku Research Center Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), and
+Hibiki-7 by Asahi Butsuryooki Research Lab (Kita Kyoto,
+Japan) [10,11].
+Several factors may interfere with measurements of
+electrodermal conductance: environmental temperature,
+relative humidity, and various technical issues, all of which
+may cloud physiological and pathological differences being
+investigated [10]. Most devices consist of a single electrode
+shaped like the tip of a pen, which is manually pressed on
+the skin by an operator. Variations in electrode pressure or
+angle, or duration of measurement, are known to signifi-
+cantly influence results [10,12], so that different operators
+with different styles obtain different results [13].
+In a paper dealing with measurement problems in Acu-
+Graph device, it is claimed to have a repeatability of 
2.5
+units for individual measurements [12] but reported stan-
+dard deviations (SDs) referred to groups of 16 patients. For
+this reason, the preferred use of AcuGraph only reports
+studies of groups, so that the effective SD is reduced
+[13,14].
+When body function is healthy, APs exhibit good conduc-
+tivity [15]. By contrast, several studies have found correla-
+tions between variations in electrodermal measurements at
+specific APs and particular pathologies [14,16,17]. Abnormal
+conductance values, high or low, are indicators of dysfunc-
+tion in related organs. Specific patterns of meridian
+conductance may thus be taken as indicators of specific pa-
+thologies, and vice versa.
+A prospective study showed that patients diagnosed with
+ureteral calculus tend to have lower electrical conductance
+values over all acupoints compared with healthy individuals
+[18]. Arthritic pain is caused by pathological changes in the
+joints often because of inflammation. A study of electro-
+dermal
+activity
+compared
+patients
+with
+rheumatoid
+arthritis with pain levels of  3 on a 0e10 visual analogue
+scale with pain-free controls. The Bladder, Gall Bladder,
+and Small Intestine meridians were observed to have
+consistently lower electrodermal conductances in patients
+with rheumatoid arthritis than the controls and were
+identified as pain-sensitive meridiansdall are Yang merid-
+ians corresponding to “hollow” organs [19].
+A survey study comparing children with HIV and healthy
+controls found the HIV group to have lower mean and higher
+SDs for their group AP conductances at all Jing Well points
+than the healthy group [14]. Another survey, studying a
+group of type 2 diabetes patients, identified a character-
+istic pattern of conductances for the pathology, agreeing
+with recognized TCM characteristicsdwith KI (kidney) me-
+ridian being lowest and SP (spleen) second lowest [17].
+Here, we report Jing Well AP conductances for a group
+of patients with bronchial asthma, a noncommunicable
+heterogeneous
+pulmonary
+disorder
+characterized
+by
+recurrent
+episodes
+of
+coughing,
+breathlessness,
+and
+wheezing. Episodes may resolve spontaneously or with the
+help of bronchodilator medication [20]. The global preva-
+lence of asthma is about 4.5%; including all age groups, 334
+million patients suffer from asthma [21] worldwide. Its
+prevalence is increasing with time; a further 100 million
+people worldwide are expected to contract asthma by 2025
+[22]. In India, its estimated prevalence in adults is 17
+million [23], causing an annual loss of some 15 million
+disability-adjusted life years [21].
+Control of asthma by modern medicine causes concern
+over side effects from the long-term use of drugs. Asthma’s
+chronic nature and lack of curative medicines is driving
+many asthma patients to adjunct complementary medicine
+treatment [24] such as yoga [25] or acupuncture [26]. In the
+latter case, patients with bronchial asthma are treated
+according to the interioreexterior relationship of lung (LU)
+and large intestine (LI) meridians, in accordance with TCM’s
+“collateral theory” [27].
+The main hypothesis behind the present study was that
+Lung meridian energy can discriminate individuals with
+asthma from those with normal health in groups of similar
+age and sex. A second aim was to investigate any rela-
+tionship between meridian activity (e.g., lung), peak
+expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and asthma severity through
+the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (MAQLQ).
+PEFR is a tool used in asthma diagnosis and assessment.
+This involves the maximum flow rate generated during
+forceful exhalation reflects lung capacity. It also depends
+on voluntary effort and muscular strength [28].
+The MAQLQ is a shorter and simpler version of the Quality
+of Life Questionnaire for Asthma patients. Fifteen items
+2
+K. Ghosh et al.
++ MODEL
+Please cite this article in press as: Ghosh K, et al., Electrodermal Screening of Asthmatics with AcuGraph 4, Journal of Acupuncture and
+Meridian Studies (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2016.11.003
+measure functional problems (physical, emotional, occu-
+pational, and social) that are most troublesome to adults
+with asthma. It is used extensively throughout the world and
+is available in many languages. MAQLQ is a self-administered
+questionnaire asking patients to recall their experiences
+during the past 2 weeks and to respond to each question on a
+7-point scale (7 Z no impairment, 1 Z severe impairment)
+capable of measuring severity of condition [29].
+Regarding AP measurements, each meridian shows
+diurnal changes in electrodermal conductance [30]. Con-
+ductances for both asthma and control groups were
+therefore measured at similar times of the day, between
+9:00 AM and 12:30 PM. Other disturbing influences such as
+environment temperature and humidity [10] were recor-
+ded (temperature, 23.2e30.5C; humidity, 48e75%) but
+not controlled. Reduction of instrumental variations [10]
+due to probe pressure, location, and position was ach-
+ieved
+through
+using
+a
+single
+operator
+[13]
+for
+all
+measurements.
+2. Materials and methods
+2.1. Study design
+In this study, a two-group cross-sectional design was used.
+2.2. Participants
+Fifty asthmatic patients aged 20e50 (35.36 
 8.68) years
+under treatment in three clinics in West Bengal, and a
+health center in Bengaluru, and a comparison group of 50
+healthy similarly aged (34.11 
 7.29 years) controls from
+the same locations were recruited. The inclusion criteria
+called for participants who were diagnosed with asthma
+and who agreed to participate in the study. The exclusion
+criteria included any serious mental problem; hyperten-
+sion; cuts or mole on, or close to, Jing Well meridian
+endpoints; finger or toe missing; implanted electronic
+devices.
+The Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana
+Institution Ethical Committee, an independent academic
+body gave approval for this study (Bangalore, India). All
+participants signed informed consent forms.
+2.3. Assessments
+AcuGraph4, the Digital Meridian Measuring System (Merid-
+ian Technologies Inc.) was used to measure each Jing Well
+point, i.e., acupuncture meridian endpoints or starting
+points on hands and feet, related to main organs: Lung
+(LU_L, LU_R), Pericardium (PC_L, PC_R), Heart (HT_L,
+HT_R), Small Intestine (SI_L, SI_R), Triple Energizer (TE_L,
+TE_R), Large Intestine (LI_L, LI_R), Spleen (SP_L, SP_R),
+Liver (LR_L, LR_R), Kidney (KI_L, KI_R), Bladder (BL_L,
+BL_R), Gall Bladder (GB_L,GB_R), and Stomach (ST_L,
+ST_R). Twenty-four independent measurements were thus
+taken on each patient, creating effectively 24 independent
+data sets for pairwise comparison between each group.
+PEFR was also used to measure lung function, whereas
+the MAQLQ was administered to assess asthma severity.
+Regarding the measurement procedure for AcuGraph4,
+participants were instructed to sit comfortably on a chair
+with feet on an electrically insulating mat. A damp cotton
+wool is applied to the probe to improve conductivity, and
+the participant holds a “ground bar” in the hand opposite to
+the one on which AcuGraph probe is applied. The moni-
+toring computer records readings at specified points in a
+standard sequence.
+2.4. Data analysis
+Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 19 (SPSS
+Inc.,
+Chicago,
+IL,
+USA)
+and
+GraphPad
+QuickCalcs
+to
+compare the means and SDs of the two groups. Statistical
+tests used were independent samples t test to compare
+group means, and Fisher’s F test to compare variances.
+3. Results
+Experience over several previous published experiments
+has shown that the important results from AcuGraph mea-
+surements on groups of participants are the means of
+AcuGraph measurements for each meridian, and also the
+variance about the mean generated by all the members of
+the group. This is because healthy individuals can generally
+be expected to show “healthier” distributions of acupoints
+skin conductance values, i.e., closer to the healthy young
+person’s values of about 100 units, and, second, because
+smaller variances suggest that the subtle energies in each
+meridian are being more accurately maintained.
+Accordingly, results of the measurements on the two
+groups, “Asthma” and “Healthy,” are presented in Tables 1
+and 2. Table 1 displays the group means and SDs for mea-
+surements of individual meridians, whereas corresponding
+values for the averages of various meridian selections are
+presented in Table 2. In Table 1, all group means of meridian
+conductance levels were higher for the Healthy group, as
+expected, whereas 10 out of 12 SDs were smaller for the
+upper meridians of the Healthy group, and 12 out of 12 SDs for
+the lower meridians of the Healthy group. Although the
+Fisher’s F statistic values were not highly significant, the
+statistical test on the categorical variables of greater than
+(gt) or less than (lt) achieves high significance. It confirms
+that the pathology group seems to exert poorer control over
+the AP conductances (“energies”) than the Healthy group.
+Table 3, therefore, compares SDs for the two groups,
+Asthma and Healthy, for groups of meridians, Upper, Lower
+and Overall. This shows very clearly that variances are
+significantly higher for the unhealthy group, i.e., Asthma.
+Table 4 compares the PEFR data for the two groups,
+showing clearly that values of this variable were much
+higher in the Healthy group. The MAQLQ, given only to the
+Asthma group, showed a mean value of 4.17 
 0.87 (range,
+2.53e5.46), corresponding to average to moderately bad
+asthma severity.
+4. Discussion
+The results show very clearly that measured AP conduc-
+tance values for the two groups are very different, and
+Asthma Screen with AcuGraph4
+3
++ MODEL
+Please cite this article in press as: Ghosh K, et al., Electrodermal Screening of Asthmatics with AcuGraph 4, Journal of Acupuncture and
+Meridian Studies (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2016.11.003
+that they conform to the general principle that healthy
+individuals exhibit better controlled, higher values of
+acupoints conductances/energies. The value of p taken
+to be statistically significant was < 0.05 for all tests.
+Values of means to be compared on all meridian pairs
+were
+generated
+by
+completely
+independent
+sets
+of
+measurements, meaning that they involved independent
+degrees of freedom. Table 1 shows that for individual
+meridians, the Asthma group values were lower in all
+meridians,
+a
+result
+with
+a
+sign
+test
+significance
+(p < 0.0001),
+although
+only
+Lung,
+Bladder,
+and
+Gall
+Bladder pairs of meridians and Stomach Right (ST_R)
+reached significance of p < 0.05 individually. Here, the
+significant difference in Lung Meridian conductances be-
+tween the two groups may be interpreted as attributable
+to impairment of function in lung, bronchioles, and
+bronchi because of the pathology.
+Another significant observation is lower SDs for 22 out of
+24 meridians for the Healthy group, a result with binomial
+test significance, again p < 0.0001. Measurements of vari-
+ables for a group tend to have narrower distributions in
+healthy individuals for whom a given variable is well
+controlled. Loss of health can in general be equated with
+loss of quality of regulation of key variables, e.g., blood
+pressure in hypertension and blood sugar levels in diabetes.
+People with hypertension and diabetic individuals will in
+Table 2
+Comparison of means and standard deviations of
+meridian groups.
+Variable
+Asthma
+Healthy
+t
+p
+LOW
+47.8 
 23.61
+54.90 
 18.56
+1.67
+0.98
+MEDIUM
+56.94 
 24.63
+66.16 
 20.59
+2.03
+0.045
+HIGH
+64.66 
 27.25
+77.22 
 22.12
+2.53
+0.013
+YIN
+57.10 
 24.72
+63.96 
 20.33
+1.515
+0.133
+YANG
+58.28 
 25.06
+69.38 
 21.16
+2.393
+0.019
+FIRE
+57.78 
 22.46
+63.42 
 22.61
+0.86
+0.214
+EARTH
+54.98 
 30.70
+64.08 
 23.75
+0.098
+0.101
+METAL
+65.96 
 27.87
+76.76 
 23.15
+2.108
+0.038
+WATER
+49.28 
 27.32
+63.18 
 24.59
+2.673
+0.009
+WOOD
+58.16 
 32.07
+67.00 
 24.69
+1.544
+0.126
+PIE
+60.78 
 12.01
+63.86 
 10.07
+1.389
+0.168
+E_L
+57.34 
 24.64
+66.16 
 20.39
+1.95
+0.054
+E_S
+75.66 
 11.48
+74.50 
 7.17
+0.606
+0.546
+U_L
+15.78 
 27.65
+7.96 
 24.30
+1.502
+0.136
+L_R
+6.78 
 10.93
+3.78 
 9.14
+1.489
+0.14
+YANG_YIN
+2.40 
 11.74
+7.00 
 9.58
+2.146
+0.34
+PEFR
+273.91 
 90.44
+397 
 84.92
+6.89
+0.0001
+Data are shown as means and standard deviations (SDs) of
+groups of meridians for AcuGraph conductance readings at Jing
+Well points and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) for the Asthma
+and Healthy groups. Furthermore, t and p values are provided
+for the two groups.
+E_L Z overall energy level; E_S Z energy stability; L_R Z left
+to right meridians imbalance; U_L Z upper to lower meridian
+imbalance.
+Table 3
+Comparison of standard deviations for groups of
+meridians.*
+Meridian
+Asthma
+Healthy
+F
+p
+Upper
+61.33 
 28.45
+68.04 
 25.97
+1.20
+0.013
+Lower
+54.30 
 32.75
+65.05 
 27.97
+1.37
+<0.0001
+Overall
+57.8 
 30.85
+66.51 
 27.02
+1.31
+<0.0001
+* F values and corresponding p values for 600 readings in each
+of the Upper and Lower blocks of meridians and for 1200 overall
+meridian readings for each group.
+Table 4
+PEFR means and SDs by sex in Asthma and
+Healthy groups.*
+Sex
+Asthma
+Healthy
+t
+p
+Male
+311.67 
 102.73
+448.33 
 61.14
+6.07
+<0.0001
+Female
+232.73 
 50.63
+320.5 
 50.72
+5.6
+<0.0001
+PEFR Z peak expiratory flow rate; SD Z standard deviation.
+* In the Asthma group, the number of males was 30 and the
+number of females was 20, whereas in the Healthy group, the
+number of males was 24 and the number of females was 22.
+Table 1
+Comparison of group means for the 24 organ
+linked meridians.
+Asthma
+Healthy
+t
+p
+Upper meridians
+LU_L
+69.16 
 34.45
+87.92 
 28.67
+2.96
+0.004
+LU_R
+64.64 
 28.49
+76.00 
 25.36
+2.11
+0.038
+PC_L
+62.88 
 29.59
+63.40 
 23.83
+0.097
+0.923
+PC_R
+57.07 
 23.16
+60.88 
 22.12
+0.827
+0.41
+HT_L
+56.68 
 27.45
+63.04 
 23.26
+1.25
+0.214
+HT_R
+58.92 
 30.97
+62.00 
 24.16
+0.554
+0.581
+SI_L
+66.32 
 26.55
+70.72 
 26.22
+0.834
+0.406
+SI_R
+56.60 
 24.86
+65.56 
 25.88
+1.765
+0.081
+TE_L
+59.04 
 29.03
+64.40 
 26.40
+0.966
+0.337
+TE_R
+53.32 
 23.84
+60.40 
 25.88
+1.423
+0.158
+LI_L
+68.56 
 31.75
+74.44 
 25.50
+1.021
+0.31
+LI_R
+62.84 
 26.77
+67.76 
 21.37
+1.015
+0.312
+Lower meridians
+SP_L
+53.60 
 31.17
+58.48 
 25.61
+0.855
+0.394
+SP_R
+52.20 
 33.92
+58.80 
 27.45
+1.07
+0.287
+LR_L
+62.60 
 33.04
+65.36 
 29.88
+0.438
+0.662
+LR_R
+57.56 
 37.15
+61.24 
 27.27
+0.565
+0.574
+KI_L
+47.40 
 27.59
+57.76 
 25.86
+1.937
+0.056
+KI_R
+44.32 
 26.85
+50.68 
 23.18
+1.268
+0.208
+BL_L
+55.72 
 32.45
+72.64 
 29.83
+2.714
+0.008
+BL_R
+50.76 
 31.07
+72.60 
 29.63
+3.597
+0.001
+GB_L
+58.84 
 37.14
+72.20 
 26.77
+2.063
+0.042
+GB_R
+54.48 
 33.49
+70.84 
 25.94
+2.731
+0.007
+ST_L
+60.80 
 34.83
+69.44 
 26.95
+1.387
+0.169
+ST_R
+53.40 
 31.35
+70.58 
 28.42
+2.87
+0.005
+Data are shown as means and SDs of AcuGraph conductance
+readings at Jing Well points for the Asthma and Healthy groups.
+This table also gives the t and p values for independent t tests
+comparing group means for each meridian. Meridian names
+given in the first column are explained in the Materials and
+methods section, e.g., LU_L and LU_R indicate the left and right
+side branches of the Lung meridian.
+BL Z bladder; GB Z gall bladder; HT Z heart; KI Z kidney;
+L Z left; LI Z large intestine; LU Z lung; PC Z pericardium;
+R Z right; SD Z standard deviation; SP Z spleen; ST Z stom-
+ach; TE Z triple energizer.
+4
+K. Ghosh et al.
++ MODEL
+Please cite this article in press as: Ghosh K, et al., Electrodermal Screening of Asthmatics with AcuGraph 4, Journal of Acupuncture and
+Meridian Studies (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2016.11.003
+general exhibit poorer regulation of such variables, which
+may in turn be taken to correspond to lower quality of
+health of the group. Health can in general be equated with
+optimized regulation [31], and poorer quality of regulation
+in some form will always be found in a pathology group.
+Here, asthma seems to reduce the quality of regulation of
+all 24 variables being measured, resulting in higher vari-
+ances in acupoint conductances at each acupoint for the
+Asthma group. Lower SDs may therefore be taken as an
+indication of better energy regulation for the group as a
+whole, confirming the identification of quality of regulation
+as an indicator of health: better quality of regulation cor-
+responds to better health [31].
+Table 2 shows corresponding results for selected groups
+of meridians, various kinds of imbalance, and PEFR. Again,
+note that for the meridians, the same points hold as for
+Table 1: means for the Asthma group are all lower, whereas
+SDs are all higherdas might be expected because Table 2
+results are mostly derived from Table 1. UppereLower
+(U_L) and LefteRight (L_R) imbalances were both higher for
+the Asthma group. A hypothesis has been suggested that
+such imbalances are a measure of stress [17]; these im-
+balances are consistent with this idea, and the general
+observation that living with asthma is an ongoing cause of
+stress to the sufferer.
+Table 3 shows that the variances of the two groups were
+significantly different according to Fisher’s F test. This was
+applied to blocks of data for the two groups, the blocks of
+(12  50) data points for both upper and lower meridians,
+and 1200 data points for all meridians. In all three cases,
+the Asthma group showed significantly higher variances,
+thus confirming the more informal comparison of SDs in
+Table 1, and the conclusion that lower quality of regulation
+corresponds to lower quality of health.
+Table 4 displays results of PEFR tests by group and sex,
+confirming the results of Table 2. Considering the PEFR
+results by sex is important because mean female PEFR
+values are lower than corresponding male values, and it is
+important to show that differences between Asthma and
+Healthy groups on the PEFR scale are not attributable to sex
+differences.
+Regarding the lower group of meridians, which also
+showed significant differences between normal and healthy
+groups, part of the difference was caused by the 7.82 dif-
+ference in UppereLower imbalances given in Table 2. But
+all the meridians concerned had differences between
+Asthma and Healthy Groups between 14 and 22, so the U_L
+difference only accounts for about half that amount. The
+Bladder meridians are said to be connected to the emotion
+of anxiety [4], and lower values have indeed been observed
+for anxiety groups. The reason for Gall Bladder meridian
+being lower is not clear, nor is the distinction between
+kidney (not significant) and bladder (highly significant).
+TCM identifies both Lung and Large Intestine meridians as
+being compromised in asthma, but this study only identified
+the former as being significantly disturbed.
+The strength of the study is that highly robust, signifi-
+cant results obtained between the two groups and that
+experimental hypotheses were confirmed. It is possible to
+identify characteristics of asthma by the energy values
+displayed in Tables 1 and 2. The limitation of the study
+was the possible inaccuracies introduced by AcuGraph
+measurements
+themselves.
+Because
+any
+such
+in-
+consistencies would have contributed to SDs, they would
+only have degraded the significance of the results, and the
+low p values observed are robust against any such
+interference.
+5. Conclusion
+Data obtained in this study confirmed the research hy-
+potheses, and also the interpretation of lower SDs as a
+significant sign of higher quality of health in the control
+group. It also confirmed that lung meridian activity is
+compromised in asthma, and that the pathology generates
+high
+levels
+of
+imbalances,
+notably
+upperelower
+and
+lefteright imbalances. More surprising were observations of
+significantly lower activity in both Gall Bladder meridians
+and the Stomach right meridian.
+Acknowledgments
+The authors thank all the participating clinics for their help
+in data collection.
+References
+[1] Senzon SA. Subtle energies viewed from four quadrants. J
+Integral Theory Pract. 2007;2:134e146.
+[2] Hankey A. CAM and the penomenology of pain. Evidence-
+Based Complement Altern Med. 2006;3:139e141.
+[3] Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P, Bhatt N. Ayurveda
+and traditional Chinese medicine: a comparative overview.
+Evidence-based Complement Altern Med. 2005;2:465e473.
+[4] Veith I. Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine. Ber-
+keley, CA: University of California Press; 2002.
+[5] Tsuei JJ. The past, present, and future of the electrodermal
+screening system (EDSS). J Adv Med. 1995;8:217e232.
+[6] Nakatani Y. On the nature of the acupuncture points and
+meridians. J Japan Orient Med. 1953;3:33e49.
+[7] Niboyet J. Nouvelle constatations sur les propriete
+´s elec-
+triques des ponts Chinois. Bull Soc Acup. 1958;30:7e13 [in
+French].
+[8] Voll R. Twenty years of electroacupuncture diagnosis in Ger-
+many: a progress report. Am J Acupunct. 1975;3:7e17.
+[9] Colbert AP, Hammerschlag R, Aickin M, Mcnames J. Reliability
+of the Prognos electrodermal device for acupuncture points. J
+Altern Complement Med. 2004;10:610e616.
+[10] Ahn
+AC,
+Martinsen
+ØG.
+Electrical
+characterization
+of
+acupuncture points: technical issues and challenges. J Altern
+Complement Med. 2007;13:817e824.
+[11] Ahn AC, Schnyer R, Conboy L, Laufer MR, Wayne PM. Elec-
+trodermal measures of Jing-Well points and their clinical
+relevance in endometriosis-related chronic pelvic pain. J
+Altern Complement Med. 2009;15:1293e1305.
+[12] Mist SD, Aickin M, Kalnins P, Cleaver J, Batchelor R, Thorne T,
+et al. Reliability of AcuGraph system for measuring skin
+conductance at acupoints. Acupunct Med. 2012;29:221e226.
+[13] Sharma B, Hankey A, Nagendra HR, Meenakshy KB. Inter-
+operator variability of electrodermal measure at Jing Well
+points using AcuGraph 3. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2014;7:
+44e51.
+[14] Meenakshy KB, Sharma B, Hankey A, Nagendra HR. An elec-
+trodermal study comparing HIV infected children with non
+infected children. Res React Resolut. 2013;1:4e8.
+Asthma Screen with AcuGraph4
+5
++ MODEL
+Please cite this article in press as: Ghosh K, et al., Electrodermal Screening of Asthmatics with AcuGraph 4, Journal of Acupuncture and
+Meridian Studies (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2016.11.003
+[15] Lee MS, Jeong SY, Lee YH, Jeong DM, Eo YG, Ko SB. Differ-
+ences in electrical conduction properties between meridians
+and non-meridians. Am J Chin Med. 2005;33:723e728.
+[16] Ahn
+AC,
+Colbert
+AP,
+Anderson
+BJ,
+Martinsen
+ØG,
+Hammerschlag R, Cina S, et al. Electrical properties of
+acupuncture points and meridians: a systematic review. Bio-
+electromagnetics. 2008;29:245e256.
+[17] Sharma B, Meenakshy KB, Hankey A, Nagendra HR. Electro-
+dermal characterization of type 2 diabetes with AcuGraph3. J
+Acup Meridian Stud. 2014;7:44e51.
+[18] Lee C Te, Chang YH, Lin WY, Xu JM, Chen HY, Chou PL, et al.
+Applications of meridian electrical conductance for renal
+colic. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16:861e866.
+[19] Turner L, Linden W, Marshall C. Electrodermal activity at
+acupuncture points differentiates patients with current pain
+from pain-free controls. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback.
+2013;38:71e78.
+[20] Agarwal R, Dhooria S, Aggarwal AN, Maturu VN, Sehgal IS,
+Muthu V. Diagnosis and management of bronchial asthma:
+joint ICS/NCCP (I) recommendations. Lung India. 2015;32:
+33e42.
+[21] To T, Stanojevic S, Moores G, Gershon AS, Bateman ED,
+Cruz AA, et al. Global asthma prevalence in adults: findings
+from the cross-sectional world health survey. BMC Public
+Health. 2012;12:204.
+[22] Network GA. The Global Asthma Report 2014. Auckland: New
+Zealand; 2014.
+[23] Aggarwal AN, Chaudhry K, Chhabra SK, D’Souza G a, Gupta D,
+Jindal SK, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for bronchial
+asthma in Indian adults: a multicentre study. Indian J Chest
+Dis Allied Sci. 2006;48:13e22.
+[24] Hassed C. An integrative approach to asthma. Aust Fam
+Physician. 2005;34:573e576.
+[25] Cramer H, Posadzki P, Dobos G, Langhorst J. Yoga for asthma:
+a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma
+Immunol. 2014;112:503e510.
+[26] Su L, Meng L, Chen R, Wu W, Peng B, Man L. Acupoint appli-
+cation for asthma therapy in adults: a systematic review and
+meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Forsch Kom-
+plementmed. 2016;23:16e21.
+[27] Tan C, Zhang C, Gao D, Bai P, Wang J, Wang P, et al. Im-
+pacts on the life quality of patients with bronchial asthma
+treated with acupuncture in terms of the lung and large
+intestine theory. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2012;32:673e677 [in
+Chinese].
+[28] Hetzel MR, Clark TJH. Comparison of normal and asthmatic
+circadian rhythms in peak expiratory flow rate. Thorax. 1980;
+35:732e738.
+[29] Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Cox FM, Ferrie PJ, King DR. Develop-
+ment and validation of the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Ques-
+tionnaire. Eur Respir J. 1999:32e38.
+[30] Chamberlin S, Colbert AP, Larsen A. Skin conductance at 24
+source (Yuan) acupoints in 8637 patients: influence of age,
+gender and time of day. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011;4:
+14e23.
+[31] Hankey A. A new approach to biology and medicine: an
+expanded role for regulation. J Sci Heal Outcomes. 2015;7:
+13e18.
+6
+K. Ghosh et al.
++ MODEL
+Please cite this article in press as: Ghosh K, et al., Electrodermal Screening of Asthmatics with AcuGraph 4, Journal of Acupuncture and
+Meridian Studies (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2016.11.003

subfolder_0/Electrodermal assessment of SMET program for business executives.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 4, March 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733  |  61
+The opening up of  the Indian economy through
+liberalization, privatization, globalization and natural thrust
+towards information technology has made managers’ lives
+increasingly demanding.1 Challenges are multiplied when
+executives have to work in diverse cultural situations.
+Workforce diversity has not only adversely affected
+executives’ emotional stability, but also leadership behaviour
+and effectiveness. The need for executives who are
+emotionally stable under adverse circumstances is increasing.2
+India’s increasingly recognized systems of  traditional
+knowledge provide a simple, natural remedy for this
+situation. Yoga practices are increasingly popular, and many
+businesses take them seriously as a means of increasing
+employee well being, health and effectiveness, even in
+large corporations. 3 Yoga explains its power to achieve
+these aims in terms of traditional sciences. The Yoga
+perspective is that consciousness has five main coverings
+or ‘sheaths’, the panchakoshas.  The manager’s emotional
+stability is identified as belonging to the third of these, at
+the level of mind, the manomaya kosha, disturbances in
+which can impact lower levels, the pranmayakosha, and the
+physical body, or annamaya kosha. 4 Even a little Yoga
+practice can improve stability in the mind, particularly in
+the emotions that drive thoughts, and create problems for
+health. Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana
+(SVYASA) holds programs to reduce executive tension
+and improve emotional balance in managers. 1 The main
+program, Self-Management of Executive Tension (SMET)
+1, 5 trains executives to eliminate the effects of stress and
+maintain positive emotional balance. Using principles
+derived from the Upanishads6, combined with modern
+and traditional stress management techniques, it trains
+executives to be self-sufficient in handling effects of
+professional stress. The effectiveness of these programs
+has been evaluated using various measures such as
+emotional competence. 1 These measures evaluate program
+efficacy in western terms, but they do not begin to explain
+ELECTRODERMAL ASSESSMENT OF SMET PROGRAM FOR BUSINESS EXECUTIVES
+K. B. Meenakshy
+Research Scholar, SVYAS University, Bangalore
+Alex Hankey
+Professor, Department of Yoga and Physical Sciences,
+SVYAS University, Bangalore
+Hongasandra Ramarao Nagendra
+Chancellor, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bangalore
+Abstract
+Yoga courses are becoming increasingly fashionable for large corporations and their business executives. No study has previously assessed and
+demonstrated Yoga’s specialty, the ability to increase levels of  subtle energy in course participants. This study evaluates the impact of  a 5
+day stress management programme (SMET) for managers as measured by AcuGraph3. Forty five volunteers (both female & male), employees
+from a large Indian corporation, aged between 30 and 50 years were selected for the study. A single group, pre-post assessment was applied
+and the subjects were assessed on day 1 (pre) and day 5 (post) of  the intervention. AcuGraph 3 ‘Digital Meridian Imaging’ system was
+applied to assess. Post energy levels were significantly improved compared to pre values after the SMET program for the subject (p<0.001).
+The 5 days SMET intervention increased overall pranic energy in the main acupuncture meridian channels. The results begin to explain
+why yoga practice is clinically effective.
+Keywords: SMET, IAYT, Acugraph, Jing-Well points, Pranic Energy Level
+why the programs are so effective – how they work.
+Recently, SVYASA has begun to measure the effect of its
+Yoga programs on the pranamayokosha by direct
+measurements of the level of pranic energy7,8, as assessed
+by modern electronic instruments such as AcuGraph39,
+and even Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV). 10 Here we
+report increases in Pranic Energy in SMET program
+participants as assessed by AcuGraph3.
+Self Management of Excessive Tension (Smet): SMET is
+a set of  techniques and Yoga practices developed
+specifically for applications to business by SVYASA. 1,5 It
+includes conceptual inputs in the fields of stress, executive
+growth, group dynamics, and stress physiology, as well as
+Yoga-based practices known as ‘Cyclic Meditation’5: asanas
+and ‘instant relaxation’, ‘quick relaxation’, and ‘deep
+relaxation’ techniques. Cyclic Meditation uses an alternation
+of stimulation and relaxation procedures, where relaxation
+periods last longer than stimulation periods. The practice
+is based upon two principles, depth of perception, and
+expansion of awareness. This study evaluated pre-post
+changes in pranic energy in business managers, participating
+in a SMET program. The experimental hypothesis was
+that the SMET intervention would significantly enhance
+the managers’ pranic energy level.
+Prana and Chi – Electrodermal Assessment of Prana:
+SVYASA has been developing a program to evaluate pranic
+energy by measuring effects on conductivity at the end
+points of the acupuncture meridians.11 Comparison of the
+ancient Chinese and Indian systems indicates that meridians
+in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) correspond to
+‘Nadis’ in the Vedic system, channels through which the
+pranic energy is said to move.8,12 Traditionally, health is
+associated with strong energy and balance of  energy
+between the various acu-meridians; imbalance in Chi energy
+flows is said to be due to blockages in meridians13, and to
+lead to pathology. 13, 14 TCM holds that the solution is to
+bring Chi back into balance.13 Studies have shown that Chi
+ELECTRODERMAL ASSESSMENT OF SMET
+Voice of  Research
+Vol. 2, Issue 4,
+March 2014
+ISSN 2277-7733
+62  |  Voice of  Research, Vol. 2 Issue 4, March 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733
+can be increased strongly and balanced by practicing
+Qigong (China) or pranayama (India). 15
+Electrodermal measurements depend on measuring the
+electrical conductivity of specific acupuncture or energy
+points on the skin. The several hundred such points on
+the human body are generally located along the meridians
+described in TCM, each associated with specific functions
+in the body, and named for a particular organ. Such
+electrical conductivity measurements provide information
+about the balance of Chi between the meridians and are
+used to diagnose the condition of the corresponding
+organs. Treatment correspondingly aims to correct health
+problems by improving the flow and uniformity of
+distribution of Chi. Electrodermal screening has been
+described as an indispensable tool for measuring biologic
+energies that no 21st century physician should be without.
+16 Numerous factors complicate electrodermal readings
+and present challenges to studies of acupuncture point
+and meridian. Commercial electro-diagnostic devices are
+sometimes thought inadequate and that improved methods
+may be needed to pursue this research more rigorously. 17
+Despite this, electrodermal testing of  acupuncture
+meridians has become popular in recent years due to ease
+of  use of  available instruments. One study using
+electrodermal measurements of  weekend course
+participants suggested that the immediate effect of qigong
+practice improves balance of chi energy in the body, and
+correspondingly improves health.18
+Acugraph: This study used the conveniently simple
+Acugraph3 Digital Meridian Imaging system, developed
+by Miridia Technologies in Meridian, Idaho, which has the
+following components: probe, ground bar, connector cable,
+software CD, user manual9, and computer. Readings are
+based on the 0–200 scale of Dr Nakatani’s original system.
+19 It measures impedance with a voltage divider circuit
+comparing a known reference resistance, and gives
+transformed resistance at specific acupuncture points in
+normalized conductance (1/resistance) units; it works on
+very low voltages and currents (0-40 ìA), far below most
+people’s threshold of sensitivity. 9 An AcuGraph operator
+can take about one reading every 3 seconds, or about 10
+measurements per minute. AcuGraph use is precluded for
+those with implanted electronic devices such as pacemakers
+or defibrillators. Its use is also to be avoided near skin
+rashes, lesions, or wounds. Every effort must be made to
+reduce variations. Major sources of variability include: the
+instrument itself  (device, electrodes and skin probe
+interface); operators; and physiological variability of persons
+being measured. Operators must be properly trained to
+reduce errors in readings, but even so high variability
+from this source can remain.20 Physiological variability can
+be reduced, to some extent, by keeping time of
+measurements fixed; averaging readings smoothes out
+fluctuations. With these provisos, Acugraph provides
+information about chi energy level in each meridian of
+potential importance in diagnosis. Chi energy in a particular
+meridian is considered ‘normal’ if conductance values of
+both left and right meridians are within 10 points of the
+overall average for the subject. If both values are more
+than ten points above the average, the meridian is
+considered to have excess energy, ‘High’, while if both
+values are more than ten points below it is considered
+deficient in energy, ‘Low’.9 If Left and Right values of a
+meridian fall on either side of either the High (+15 points),
+or Low (-15 points) energy levels, its energy is considered
+‘split’. Acugraph presents a subject’s meridians as a bar-
+graph, consisting of a pair of bars for each meridian.
+Each pair is coded in one of four colors: ‘normal’ in
+green, ‘high’ in red, ‘low’ in blue, and ‘split’ in pink, as
+these are considered important for individual diagnosis. 9
+The average energy for each subject is depicted by a
+middle line in green with the value given. The Acugraph
+software also calculates derivative variables: overall Yin
+Balance, Yang Balance, Personal Integral Energy (PIE),
+Energy Level (EL), Energy Stability (ES), Left /Right
+Balance (L_R), Upper/Lower Balance (U_L) Yin/Yang
+Balance (Y_Y). Electro-dermal screening of this kind is
+now increasingly popular throughout the world for
+diagnosis and to monitor efficacy of treatments. SVYASA
+selected Acugraph3 as a possible instrument to assess its
+Yoga programs. Reliability testing concluded that meridian
+color readings were not sufficiently reproducible for
+diagnostic accuracy, but that it could be used to assess
+groups. 21 Here, we report changes in pranic energy levels
+in SMET course participants assessed using Acugraph3
+measures on a limited number of acupuncture points –
+the Jing-Well points at the end of each meridian, the
+easiest to locate.
+Methods
+Study Design: was a pre-post, self-as-control study,
+assessed on 1st (pre) and 5th (post) day of the intervention.
+There was no separate control group.
+Subjects: consisted of 45 executives of both sexes (39
+males, 6 females) middle and top class ONGC employees,
+age range from 30 to 50 years.
+Inclusion Criteria
+Taking Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET)
+program at SVYASA
+Willing to participate in the study
+Aged between 30 and 50 years.
+Exclusion Criteria
+Any cut, scar or mole on the surface of Jing well points.
+Pregnancy or menstruation for ladies.
+Chronic, contagious, infectious disease, e.g. active
+tuberculosis, Hepatitis B or C, or HIV.
+Disseminated cancer, severe osteoporosis.
+Missing any finger or toe.
+Intervention: was a 5 day residential SMET program, a
+Yoga lifestyle intervention consisting of intensive anti-
+stress Yoga training from 4:30 am to 9 pm, incorporating
+the following: specified times of rising and going to bed,
+ 
+Pre  
+1st Day 
+Post 
+5th Day 
+5 days  
+SMET (5 AM to 10:00 PM) 
+ 
+ELECTRODERMAL ASSESSMENT OF SMET
+Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 4, March 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733  |  63
+vegetarian diet; group meetings and Yoga practices: yoga
+asana (yoga postures), pranayama (breathing techniques),
+relaxation techniques, stress management techniques,
+meditation, Yoga purification practices (kriyas), bhajans
+(singing), lectures, and yogic games.
+Assessment: was done on 1st day and 5th day of the training
+program using the Acugraph3
+Digital Meridian Imaging system measuring skin
+conductance at acumeridian end points.
+Procedure for AcuGraph measurements: 9 Subjects sit
+comfortably on a chair, feet on a mat, and are first asked
+for personal information, which is entered in Acugraph
+soft: First / Last Name, ID number, age, gender etc. The
+subject’s hands are checked for excessive wetness or
+dryness, which is adjusted using a towel or damp cotton
+ball (used to improve the conductivity of the electrical
+probe) applied to each acupuncture point. The subject
+then holds a ground bar with a medium grip in one hand,
+while successive acupoints on the opposite side (‘Jing Well’
+point at the extremities of acupuncture meridians on the
+hands and feet), are measured in the order which the
+computer specifies, and for which it records readings at
+the specified left and right measuring points on all major
+acupuncture meridians; 6 on each hand and 6 on each
+foot, corresponding to the left and right meridians for the
+12 major organs in the body:  Lung, Pericardium, Heart,
+Small Intestine, Triple Warmer, and Large Intestine, (Hand)
+and Spleen, Liver, Kidney, Bladder, Gall Bladder, and
+Stomach (Foot). Care was taken to collect pre post data
+for each subject at exactly the same time of day from 9:
+30 am to 1:00 pm by a trained and skilled operator not
+involved in design or intervention, who managed pressure
+points, and location and alignment at the Jing-Well points.
+Data Analysis: SPSS 19 statistical software was used to
+analyze the data. One Sample t-tests were used for each
+meridian.
+Results
+Results are given in Table 1. In the pre-data, mean energy
+level was very low, 24.38 ± 8.24, but much of the variance
+was due to upper-lower imbalance of 22.62 ± 14.30. The
+average for the upper meridians was 26.0 ± 11.24, while
+that for the lower meridians was 23.51 ± 12.35. This shows
+that the executives’ normal energy levels were very low.
+Comparing the pre data with the post data showed general
+improvements in the overall values of meridian energy.
+Only two meridians did not improve significantly on
+average, KI_L (p = 0.277) and HT_L (p = 0.090), though
+the latter showed a good trend. All other meridians
+improved in energy with p < 0.05, confirming previous
+findings that low pranic energy levels are rectified by IAYT
+Yoga lifestyle intervention. 7, 22, 23 With regard to the average
+variables, overall energy level EL improved, and its
+components of Yin meridian mean energy and Yang
+meridian mean energy also did so.
+A striking feature of these results is the extremely low
+average energy level of 24.38, EL. The same operator
+ELECTRODERMAL ASSESSMENT OF SMET
+previously obtained a mean energy level of 86.05 for a
+group of 37 diabetics.20 Normally, pathology tends to
+decrease EL values, but here, despite being apparently
+healthy, subjects had overall energy levels only 28% of
+the diabetic patients.  The operator (MKB) also reported
+that, when taking the pre-data, the low energy levels made
+many readings hard to obtain; even achieving initial
+electrical contact at an acupoints presented a challenge.
+The low EL value presented a contrast, however, to the
+number of balanced meridians: The subjects had an average
+of 10.96 out of 12 meridians in balance in the pre data,
+remaining much the same at 10.71 in the post data. In
+contrast, the group of diabetics averaged many more
+meridians out of balance. So in balance out of balance
+appears to be a more reliable estimate of pathology, as the
+manual suggests.
+Table 1 - 5-Day SMET Program Results
+64  |  Voice of  Research, Vol. 2 Issue 4, March 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733
+Table 1: Pre-post changes in Acugraph parameters over a
+5 day SMET program. The program significantly improved
+overall chi energy, but the data show exceptionally low
+readings. Most pre readings are below 30, one below 20.
+Other studies have found low energy levels in people
+working in stressful jobs, as here. Personal Integrated
+Energy (PIE), Chi energy stability (CES), Upper Lower
+Balance (ULB), Left Right Balance (LRB), Yin/Yang
+Balance did not change significantly.
+Discussion
+Low energy levels indicate strain, and suggest susceptibility
+to disease. It is well known that pressurized work
+environments make employees disease prone and this data
+tends to corroborate that idea.  In terms of pranic energy,
+one would say that the prana levels were low and that the
+pranamayakosha lacked resilience i.e. resistance to disease
+was compromised.
+Despite low initial energy levels, the data upheld the
+experimental hypothesis that five days SMET program
+would increase energy levels: average increase was
+8.77±2.72 points, and post readings were correspondingly
+easier to obtain. At the end of the course, however, ‘Energy
+Levels’ in most participants were still far lower than is
+desirable, suggesting that a longer intervention is needed
+for modern executives. The uniform increases observed
+over a range of initial values support this idea. Longer
+interventions might also show significant changes in the
+various combination variables that did not reach significance.
+The strength of the study was that changes in individual
+meridian averages and overall Energy Level attained
+excellent p values. This was also seen in a previous study.9,
+22 we can therefore be certain that these results are reliable,
+and will repeat for similar courses / interventions in future.
+The weakness of the study was the short duration of the
+intervention, which, though usual for business courses, is
+shorter than SVYASA’s normal medical IAYT Yoga life-
+style programs. Dependence of increases in energy level
+on different intervention durations needs to be investigated.
+Similar studies have obtained related results: measures of
+Chinese practices also indicate increased chi energy. Sancier15,
+18 found increased levels of Chi following a weekend Qigong
+workshop. Another study of Tai Chi24, showed greater
+reduction in salivary cortisol and improvement in mood
+than meditation and brisk walking Tai Chi involves slow
+body movements providing moderate aerobic exercise, but
+does not involve supine rest alternated with slow body
+movements as does cyclic meditation used in SMET.
+The natural question is how Yoga achieves the observed
+increases. One hypothesis is that it does so directly, because
+Yoga practices aim to increase levels of pranic energy7, 11
+i.e. chi in the meridians. However, it could also be because
+energy consumption tends to be decreased by Yoga
+practices, and practitioners’ physiology tends to function
+more economically, and should have ‘energy’ to spare.
+This seems to happen in Tai Chi. Lan25 found reduction
+in subjects’ oxygen consumption when breathing through
+an open circuit apparatus while practising Tai Chi.
+A yoga study reported reduction in oxygen consumption
+(25.2%), and sympathetic activity after 10 minute practice
+of yoga-based guided relaxation in a supine posture. 26
+Studies of  Transcendental Meditation (TM) reported
+reductions in metabolic rate (and hence in need for oxygen)
+during TM reflected by an involuntary decrease in
+respiration rate and volume. 27 Greater reductions in oxygen
+consumption, respiratory rate, minute ventilation and tidal
+volume after CM28, may have similar explanations. They
+suggest that the slow cyclic practice of yoga postures
+followed by rest in a supine posture induces deeper relaxation
+than supine rest alone. Indeed, the importance of alternating
+exercise with periods of rest has been independently
+described. 29 The yoga postures practiced in CM are
+physically activating compared to supine rest. One study of
+a guided relaxation technique combined with meditative
+stretching (body-mind training) found 31% reduction in
+electromyogram (EMG) of the frontalis muscle, and 22%
+reduction in state anxiety and fatigue30, suggesting that
+meditative stretching combined with guided relaxation
+induces deeper muscular relaxation. Another showed that
+cyclic meditation5, where slow body movements with
+sustained attention produce ‘calming’ and ‘stimulating’ effects
+with emphasis on awareness, improves performance on the
+six letter cancellation test better than supine rest. 31-33
+A study on effects of three different procedures, relaxation,
+visualization and yoga training, on perception of physical
+and mental energy and mood, demonstrated that relaxation
+and visualization made subjects sleepy and sluggish
+immediately after the practice, whereas the yoga training
+consisting of  yogic stretch and breathing produced
+significantly greater increase in perception of mental and
+physical energy, feelings of alertness and enthusiasm. 34
+Conclusion
+Our findings are consistent with previous studies of
+AcuGraph35, that although Acugraph’s information on
+individuals is not sufficiently accurate, analysis of data
+from groups can reduce variance enough for the
+information generated to be scientifically useful.
+Group results supported the hypothesis that Chi energy
+would increase, both in individual meridians and overall.
+ELECTRODERMAL ASSESSMENT OF SMET
+Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 4, March 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733  |  65
+Persistent low energy levels suggested that employees with
+workplace stress should attend longer Yoga courses,
+however. Failure to achieve significant improvements in
+average variables other than overall Energy Level (EL) i.e.
+Personal Integrated Energy (PIE), Chi energy stability
+(CES), Upper Lower Balance (ULB), Left Right Balance
+(LRB), and Yin/Yang Balance, also support this conclusion.
+Conflict of  Interest Statement: no author has any conflict
+of interest to declare.
+References
+1. Bhalla S. Nauriyal O.K. The Emerging paradigm in
+personnel Dynamics. J Nat Acad Psych, 2004; 49: 97-106.
+2. Goleman D. Working with Emotional Intelligence. Basic
+Books, New York, 1998.
+3. Kumari S. Nath N.C.B. Nagendra H.R. Enhancing
+Emotional Competence among Managers through
+SMET, National Academy of Psychology, India, 2007,
+52(2): 171-173.
+4. Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Integrated approach of
+yoga therapy for positive health (3rd ed.) Swami
+Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana, Bangalore, 2006.
+5. Nagendra.H.R. Nagarathna R. New Perspective in Stress
+Management. Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana,
+Bangalore, 1986.
+6. Chinmayananda S. Mandukya Upanisad, Sachin
+Publishers, Bombay, 1984.
+7. Nagilla N. Hankey A. Nagendra HR. Effects of Yoga
+practice on Acumeridian energies: variance reduction
+implies benefits for regulation. IJOY, 2013,6(1):61-65.
+8. Patwardhan B. Warude D. Pushpangadan P. Bhatt N.
+Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine: A
+Comparative Overview. Evid. Based. Comp. Altern Med.,
+2005; 2(4):465-473.
+9. Meridia Technologies Inc. AcuGraph3 Digital Meridian
+Imaging. Meridian Technologies. Meridian, Idaho, 2008.
+10. Korotkov K. Energy Fields Electrophotonic Analysis
+in Humans and Nature. Korotkov, Miami, 2011.
+11. Meenakshy K.B. Concept of Nadi/Meridian and Prana/
+Chi: a correlation. Master’s Thesis, S-VYASA, 2009.
+12. Hankey A. CAM and the Phenomenology of Pain. Evid.
+Based. Comp. Altern Med., 2006; 3(1):139-141.
+13. Ni M. The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine: a new
+translation of the Neijing Suwen with commentary.
+Shanbhala, Boston, 1995.
+14. Tan KY, Liu AH, Chen YJ, Ding HY, Jin F, Seow-Choen
+F. The role of traditional Chinese medicine in colorectal
+cancer treatment. Tech Coloproctol 2008;12(1):1-6.
+15. Sancier KM. The effect of  qigong on therapeutic
+balancing measured by electroacupuncture according to
+Voll (EAV): A preliminary study. Acupunct Electrother
+Res 1994;19(2-3):119– 127.
+16. Moyer S. High technology meets ancient medicine. Altern
+Med 2002; 46:92-106.
+17. Ahn AC, Martinsen OG. Electrical Characterization of
+Acupuncture Points: Technical Issues and Challenges. J
+Altern Complement Med 2007;13:817–24.
+18. Sancier KM. Electrodermal Measurements for
+Monitoring the effects of a Qigong Workshop. J Altern
+Complementary Medicine, 2003;9(2):235-24.
+19. Nakatani Y. Skin electric resistance and Ryodoraku. J
+Autonomic. Nerve. 1956;6:52.
+20. Sharma B, Hankey A, Meenakshy KB, Nagendra HR.
+Inter-operator variability of electrodermal measure at
+Jing-Well points using Acugraph3. J Acupunct Merid
+Studies, 2013; 6:in press. Online from 18.03.2013.
+21. Meenakshy KB, Hankey A, Nagendra HR. Reliability of
+AcuGraph Digital Meridian Imaging System. Submitted
+for publication.
+22. Sharma B, Hankey A, Meenakshy KB, Nagendra HR.
+Acugraph3 measurements at Jing-Well points to identify
+electrodermal characteristics of Type 2 diabetes patients.
+Submitted for publication.
+23. Singh HR. Prana (Chi Energy) Balance in Diabetics After
+Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) [Msc
+Dissertation]. Bangalore, India: S-VYASA University, 2009.
+24. Jin P, Efficacy of  Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation,
+and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress. J
+Psychosom Res. 1992; 36(4): 361-70.
+25. Lan C. Chrn SY. Lai J. Wong MK. Heart rate responses
+and oxygen consumption during Tai Chi Chuan practice.
+Am J Chin Med, 2001;20(3):400-408.
+26. Vempati RP, Telles S, Yoga based relaxation reduces
+sympathetic activity judged from base line levels.
+Psychological Reports. 2002; 90: 487-94.
+27. Wallace RK, Benson H, Wilson AF, A wakeful hypo-
+metabolic physiological state. Am J Phys. 1971; 227: 795-99.
+28. Telles S. Reddy SK. Nagendra HR. Oxygen consumption
+and respiration following two Yoga relaxation techniques.
+Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2000;25(4):221-7.
+29. Falk B. Effect of continuous and intermittent exercise
+on energy expenditure and on the cardio-respiratory
+response. Percept Mot Skills. 1995; 80 (1): 64-66.
+30. Engel L. Andersen LB. Effects of body-mind training and
+relaxation stretching on persons with chronic toxic
+encephalopathy. Pat Educat Couns. 2000; 39 (2-3):155-61.
+31. Subramanya P, Telles S. Performance on psychomotor
+tasks following two yoga-based relaxation techniques.
+Percept Mot Skills. 2009;109(2):563-76.
+32. Pradhan B. Nagendra HR. Effect of Yoga relaxation
+techniques on performance of digit-letter substitution
+task by teenagers. Int J Yoga. 2009 Jan-Jun; 2(1): 30–34.
+doi:  10.4103/ 0973-6131.43293.
+33. Sarang SP, Telles S. Immediate effect of two yoga-based
+relaxation techniques on performance in a letter-
+cancellation task. Percept Mot Skills. 2007
+Oct;105(2):379-85. PMID: 18065059.
+34. Wood CJ, Mood change and perceptions of vitality: a
+comparison of the effects of relaxation, visualization
+and yoga. Roy Soc Med. 1993; 86(5): 254- 58.
+35. Meenakshy KB, Hankey A, Nagendra HR. Reliability of
+AcuGraph Digital Meridian Imaging System. Submitted
+for publication.
+36. Mist SD, Aickin M, Kalnins E, Cleaver J, Batchelor R,
+Thorne T, Chamberlin S et al. Reliability of AcuGraph
+system for measuring skin conductance at acupoints.
+Acupunct Med 2011; 29(3):221-6.
+ELECTRODERMAL ASSESSMENT OF SMET

subfolder_0/Entrainment and coherence in biology_unlocked.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+1
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 8 • Jan-Jun-2015
+Editorial
+during both prayers and mantras, there was an increase 
+in the synchronicity of cardiovascular rhythms when 
+they were recited 6 times a minute. There was also an 
+increase in baroreflex sensitivity.”[3] Since most tissues 
+in the body are piezoelectric, it is possible to explain that 
+chanting could elicit electrical activity that could drive 
+other physiological signals into entrainment.
+Another example of entrainment is through thinking 
+alone. Heart rate normally varies in a random fashion; 
+heart rate variability (HRV) has come under intense study 
+to determine cardiac response during stress. It is possible 
+to observe sympathetic and parasympathetic activities 
+when we record HRV and its time and frequency domain 
+transforms. Entrainment of HRV and respiratory rhythm 
+is reported during “pleasant and loving thoughts.”[4] The 
+above two examples illustrate ways through which we 
+could intentionally entrain two signals in the body; the 
+physiological advantage of this type of entrainment is not 
+clear yet. It is likely this could be used for management of 
+some abnormal rhythms of the body.
+COHERENCE AND SYNCHRONY
+Coherence is a measure of how close in phase two signals 
+are to each other. If two signals increase and decrease 
+in amplitude in exact phase, then the signals are said to 
+be fully coherent. Any small perturbation and a minute 
+change in temperature will destroy coherence. In a 
+biological system, such coherences are rare. Froehlich in 
+England had suggested that the body makes use of long 
+range coherences for possible energy conservation and 
+control.[5] This well‑received concept is not taken up for 
+discussion in this paper.
+It should be noted that synchrony is not necessarily 
+coherence. Normally many events are taking place in the 
+body – such as respiration, cardiac activity, and stomach 
+motility – that are thought to be independent of each other. 
+These events are not coherent in the strict mathematical 
+sense. However, some neural discharges may follow a time 
+sequence! Example of sequential action is seen in cardiac 
+activity; the sino‑atrial node initiates neural discharges 
+that travel down the conducting fibers of the heart so 
+that cardiac muscles are activated in a time sequence. 
+First, the atria are activated, followed by ventricular 
+depolarization thus letting blood be pumped from atria 
+to ventricles and then to the systemic circulation. Here, 
+a sequence is required. All neurons cannot and should 
+not depolarize at the same time in which case all cardiac 
+muscles will contract at the same time without leaving 
+INTRODUCTION
+Coherence and chaos walk hand in hand in biological 
+systems. Any living system is a complex entity interacting 
+with the environment in many predictable and some 
+unpredictable ways. Unpredictability stems from the 
+fact that we are not able to understand the workings of 
+the system. Thus, there is a need for mathematical and 
+physical models for many functions of the body. For 
+example, seemingly unrelated and chaotic behavior is 
+considered “normal” in the function of neurons of the 
+brain. Any coherent and correlated discharge of the 
+neurons of the brain is considered unusual indicating need 
+for close monitoring and possible intervention. However, 
+for normal functioning of cardiac muscles, coordinated and 
+systematic discharge of the neurons is necessary. Thus, in 
+different parts of the biological system, different types of 
+activities of the neurons are considered “normal.”
+ENTRAINMENT
+Entrainment is a process through which independent 
+systems interact with each other. When two signals are 
+close to each other in frequency, they fall into a single 
+frequency.[1] The “entraining” signal could be from inside 
+the body or from outside. For example, an external signal, 
+optical or acoustic, derived from electroencephalogram 
+could drive the brain rhythms (such as α waves) to optimum 
+values. One of the most common entraining signal sources 
+is the so‑called Schumann resonance (SR). This resonance 
+occurs as electromagnetic waves bouncing back and forth 
+between the surface of the earth and the ionosphere. 
+Ionosphere contains full of charged particles and behaves 
+like a mirror for low‑frequency electromagnetic waves. 
+SR is the result of these oscillations, and the resonance 
+frequency falls within the α range of the brain waves. It is 
+thought that this resonance is essential for normal human 
+activity; it is possible that entrainment of biological signals 
+between humans could be understood on the basis of SR.[2]
+Further, chanting certain mantras seems to entrain some 
+physiological functions in the body. “It was observed that 
+Access this article online
+Website: 
+www.ijoy.org.in
+Quick Response Code
+DOI: 
+10.4103/0973-6131.146040
+Entrainment and coherence in biology
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+Srinivasan: Entrainment and coherence in biology
+International Journal of Yoga • Vol. 8 • Jan-Jun-2015
+2
+time for filling and then pumping the contents. This could 
+lead to fibrillation, the heart pulsating without pumping, 
+and this needs immediate action such as defibrillation 
+of the heart.
+Brain is a more complex system; there could be both 
+chaos and coherence! Let us look into chaos and resulting 
+“normal” functioning of the brain. There are billions of 
+neurons in the brain with complex interconnections, 
+glial cells and inter‑neurons that give brain capacity to 
+learn, imitate (through mirror neurons), and consolidate 
+memory. Buddhi, manas, citta and ahamkhara are all 
+related to the activity of the brain. Normally, the neurons 
+in the brain are acting independently, firing randomly. 
+This randomness  (internal memory consolidation and 
+self‑oscillatory circuits) keeps the brain in a normal mode 
+without large coordinated outputs. If for some reason, 
+the random firing of neurons becomes organized. Then 
+it could result in consorted discharges with the possible 
+epileptic‑like activity resulting in sensory motor outbursts. 
+Hence normally, coordinated and coherent activity of the 
+brain neurons is of clinical interest.
+This, fortunately, is not true of every coherent activity 
+of neurons in the brain. Exceptions are in some yoga 
+related procedures such as in dharana and dhyana. In a 
+review paper, the authors have summarized observations 
+in mindfulness and transcendental meditations wherein 
+cardiac and respiratory synchronization is reported which 
+is not seen during normal relaxation.[6] The paper proposes 
+“a mechanism of neurophysiological changes during 
+meditation at the cellular level based on neurovascular 
+coupling, and at the global brain activity level from the 
+autonomic response generated by cardio‑respiratory 
+synchronization” (p. 3).[6]
+It is further postulated that higher coherence between 
+different sites of the brain may be associated with higher 
+creativity, emotional stability and overall improvement 
+in moral and ethical attitudes.[7] Since higher coherence 
+between two areas of the brain implies these areas are 
+interlinked in activity, such coherence may produce a 
+global effect and could lead one toward higher states of 
+consciousness. In other studies also, it has been observed 
+that executives who had undergone yoga training had 
+better coherence of brain waves than controls.[8]
+CONCLUSION
+Research in meditation has opened doors of our perception 
+to some unusual events taking place in the brain. The 
+consequences of brain coherence reported are difficult 
+to understand fully at this time. It could be involved in 
+improving memory, regulate emotional responses, reduce 
+effects of stress and useful in the management of some 
+geriatric problems.
+TM Srinivasan 
+ 
+Dean of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga 
+Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA Yoga University), #19, 
+Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram, KG Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. 
+E-mail: [email protected]
+REFERENCES
+1. 
+Martin C. What is entrainment? Definition and applications in musical 
+research. Empir Musicol Rev 2012;7:49‑56.
+2. 
+Oschman JL. Energy Medicine: The Scientific Basis. Churchill Livingstone, 
+Edinburgh: Elsevier Ltd.; 2006. p. 107‑19.
+3. 
+Kumar S, Nagendra H, Manjunath N, Naveen K, Telles S. Meditation on 
+OM: Relevance from ancient texts and contemporary science. Int J Yoga 
+2010;3:2‑5.
+4. 
+Tiller WA, McCraty R, Atkinson M. Cardiac coherence: A new, noninvasive 
+measure of autonomic nervous system order. Altern Ther Health Med 
+1996;2:52‑65.
+5. 
+Froehlich H. Long range coherence and energy storage in biological systems. 
+Int J Quantum Chem 1968;II: 641‑9.
+6. 
+Jerath R, Barnes VA, Dillard‑Wright D, Jerath S, Hamilton B. Dynamic 
+change of awareness during meditation techniques: Neural and physiological 
+correlates. Front Hum Neurosci 2012;6:131.
+7. 
+TM website. Available from: http://www.meditationasheville.blogspot.
+in/2009/12/brainwave‑coherence‑during.html. [Downloaded on 2014 Sep 20].
+8. 
+Ganpat TS, Nagendra HR, Muralidhar K. Effects of yoga on brain wave 
+coherence in executives. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2011;55:304‑8.
+How to cite this article: Srinivasan TM. Entrainment and coherence in 
+biology. Int J Yoga 2015;8:1-2.
+Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared
+“Quick Response Code” link for full text articles
+The journal issue has a unique new feature for reaching to the journal’s website without typing a single letter. Each article on its first page has 
+a “Quick Response Code”. Using any mobile or other hand-held device with camera and GPRS/other internet source, one can reach to the full 
+text of that particular article on the journal’s website. Start a QR-code reading software (see list of free applications from http://tinyurl.com/
+yzlh2tc) and point the camera to the QR-code printed in the journal. It will automatically take you to the HTML full text of that article. One can 
+also use a desktop or laptop with web camera for similar functionality. See http://tinyurl.com/2bw7fn3 or http://tinyurl.com/3ysr3me for the free 
+applications.
+[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]

subfolder_0/Evaluation of Impact of Ethics of Yoga in the Psychological Health of College Students A Randomized Control Trial..txt

@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+INDIAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
+RESEARCH ARTICLE
+ 
+ 
+OPEN ACCESS
+Received: 07.11.2020
+Accepted: 06.12.2020
+Published: 14.04.2021
+Citation: Xu W, Itagi R Kumar ,
+Thaiyar M Srinivasan (2021)
+Evaluation of Impact of Ethics of
+Yoga in the Psychological Health of
+College Students: A Randomized
+Control Trial. Indian Journal of
+Science and Technology 14(12):
+999-1005. https://doi.org/
+10.17485/IJST/v14i12.2001
+∗
+Corresponding author.
+Tel: +91 9380403747
+[email protected]
+Funding: None
+Competing Interests: None
+Copyright: © 2021 Xu et al. This is
+an open access article distributed
+under the terms of the Creative
+Commons Attribution License, which
+permits unrestricted use,
+distribution, and reproduction in
+any medium, provided the original
+author and source are credited.
+Published By Indian Society for
+Education and Environment (iSee)
+ISSN
+Print: 0974-6846
+Electronic: 0974-5645
+Evaluation of Impact of Ethics of Yoga in
+the Psychological Health of College
+Students: A Randomized Control Trial
+Wen Xu1∗, Itagi R Kumar2, Thaiyar M Srinivasan3
+1 PhD scholar, Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, S-VYASA Deemed-to-be-University, No.
+19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowdanagar, Bengaluru, 560019, Karnataka,
+India. Tel.: +91 9380403747
+2 Associate Professor, Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, S-VYASA Deemed-to-be-
+University, No. 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowdanagar, Bengaluru, 560019,
+Karnataka, India
+3 Professor, Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, S-VYASA Deemed-to-be-University, No.
+19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowdanagar, Bengaluru, 560019, Karnataka,
+India
+Abstract
+Background/Objectives: The foundational ethical principles of yoga have not
+been of focus and not widely known. This study was to evaluate the yoga ethics
+that could reduce the level of stress in college students. Methods/Statistical
+analysis :A randomized control trial was conducted. One hundred participants
+were randomly assigned to control group and experiment group with a
+duration of three months intervention and one month follow-up. The outcome
+measures of stress level were assessed through Bio-Well instrument. A
+parametric independent sample t-test for the between-group analyses and
+paired sample t-test for within-group analysis compared the means of two
+groups. Findings: There was a statistically significant reduction in the stress
+after the intervention (p<0.001) and follow up (p=0.035) between the group
+comparisons. The within-group comparisons showed high reduced in the level
+of stress after the intervention (p<0.001) and follow-up (p<0.01). Novelty:
+The current study provides preliminary evidence that the practice of ethical
+principles of Yama and Niyama effectively reduces the stress and may improve
+psychological health and well-being.
+Keywords: Yoga ethics; Yama; Niyama; Stress; Psychological wellbeing;
+BioWell
+1 Introduction
+Emotional pressures are common among college students, such disorders were
+first identified in their early 20s, which indicated that the high-risk period for
+adolescent onset persisted into young adulthood(1). Increasingly, epidemiological
+studies consistently find the rising prevalence rate of mental disorders among college
+students around the world, with majority of freshman reported experiencing medium to
+high level of emotional pressures(2). However, only a small minority (16.4%) of students
+with 12-month mental disorders received adequate treatment due to the high prevalence
+https://www.indjst.org/
+999
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(12):999–1005
+and insufficient resource services(3). The common mental problems in this major life transition period is not only associated
+with lower academic performance(4)but also with college attrition, emotional stress and anxiety, suicidal thoughts, behavioural
+and substance addictions as well as general health(2,3,5). It is important to resolve mental disorders early and develop feasible,
+efficient and cost-effective stress interventions to prevent and reduce emotional pressures in college students.
+Many reviews show yoga including meditation and mindfulness interventions demonstrate a reduction in perceived stress,
+depression and anxiety in youth during education(6–10). According to previous findings, yoga is one of the interventions
+increasingly popular with tertiary education students, and positive outcomes were reported in most studies. The studies have
+shown yoga programs facilitated multitude aspects of psychological health and well-being which covered academic performance
+stress(11,12), emotion regulation and different aspects of psychological well-being such as quality of life, perceived stress and self-
+regulation, mindfulness, self-compassion(13–16) as well as cognitive functions and creative ability(17–20). Most studies on yoga
+focus on the combination of postures, breathing exercises and meditation components. However, the ethical principles of yoga
+enunciated in Yama and Niyama are not well known and are not usually presented to students of yoga.
+The traditional ancient science of yoga includes physical, mental and spiritual practices to uplifting mankind. India’s great
+sage Patañjali outlined the eight fold path of yoga in his renowned Yoga Sūtra(21). Among aforesaid eight steps (or limbs), the
+first two fundamental ethical disciplines of yoga path include five Yamās (proscriptive moralities) and Niyamās (prescriptive
+rules) respectively [Table 1]. Thus, the ethics propound in yoga are seen as actions and embodied tremendous positive value that
+helps to calm down the restless mind, improve consciousness, self-regulate emotions and prosocial behaviours(22). Moreover,
+a few empirical studies evaluated the effectiveness of separate limbs of yoga (postures, breathing exercises, and meditation) on
+stress reduction on healthy college students(23–25), and showed the beneficial effects that vary with length of the intervention.
+However, what has been neglected in this field, and until now is the potential effects of Yama and Niyama on psychological and
+emotional well-being have not been investigated.
+Table 1. Yama and Niyama intervention for three month
+Name of the practice
+Duration
+Content information
+Yama-Niyama
+lecture
+15 min
+1. Explain the concept of each Yama and Niyama
+Five Yamās:
+Ahi ˙
+msā - non-violence
+Satya - truthfulness
+Asteya - non-stealing
+Brahmacharya - continence
+Aparigraha - non- covetousness
+Five Niyamās:
+Śauca - cleanliness, purity
+Santos
+.a - contentment
+Tapas - austerity
+Svādhyāya - self-study
+Īśvara pran
+.idhāna - surrender to God
+2. How to apply each discipline in daily life
+Ahi ˙
+msā, e.g., not to hurt any creatures: human
+beings, animals, plants.
+Śauca, e.g., cleanness of body and purity of
+mind.
+Satya,e.g., by honouring the principle of truth in
+thoughts, speech, and actions.
+Santos
+.a, e.g., simple living, high thinking
+Asteya, e.g., develop a consciousness of abun-
+dance
+Tapas, e.g., austerity of the body, speech, mind
+Brahmacharya, e.g., follow the middle path, be
+balanced and moderate in all things
+Svādhyāya,
+e.g.,
+reading
+scriptures
+with
+understanding its meaning and assimilating it
+into life.
+Aparigraha, e.g., purify the heart of envy and
+jealousy
+Īśvara pran
+.idhāna, e.g., cultivate an increased
+trust, faith and devotion in God
+3. Studying ‘how to live’ teachings through the topic ‘ Ridding the consciousness of worry’ and ‘The
+law of success’
+, with a discussion how these teachings manifest the Yama and Niyama disciplines.
+Japa writing
+20 min
+Writing two rounds of the selected śloka from Bhagavad Gītā, chapter 16, verse 1-3.
+Introspection
+5 min
+According to each YN lecture theme, mentally review the different circumstances that one passes
+through. Recall to mind the particular aspects of spiritual living, and ask oneself: ”How did I do?”
+,
+use affirmations to impress on hearts and minds the qualities that one is focusing on.
+Counselling
+5 min
+Clearing of the questions/doubts in the class or related to life problems.
+In addition to access stress score with a combination of questionnaires or scales in most yoga experiments, we observed
+Electro Photonic Imaging (EPI) is another direct and efficacious instrument to evaluate the stress level(26). Several studies have
+demonstrated that EPI technology measures the level of stress in yoga practice(27–29). Hence, in the current study, aimed to
+evaluate the stress level using Bio-Well device, and tested the hypothesis that practice of Yama and Niyama may have potential
+effects in prevention of stress-induced psychological disorders among college students.
+https://www.indjst.org/
+1000
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(12):999–1005
+2 Materials and Methods
+The participants are from a public college in the north-eastern part of India. One hundred college students (71% male, 29%
+female) age ranging from 18 to 26 years (M±SD=19.45±1.20) who meet the inclusion criteria were recruited and randomly
+divided into control (n=50, 78% male, 22% female) and Yama and Niyama (YN) group (n=50, 64% male, 36% female). All
+participants have graduated from high school. Daily record sheet of the ethical disciplines given to YN group was obtained
+from students with the weekly records to understand their attitude and experience through Yama and Niyama practice. All
+the students who are of age between 18-26 years, all novice to yoga practice and knowing basic English were included in the
+study. Students having psychophysical problems, missing fingers and/or have practiced yoga were excluded. The assessments
+were taken three times for all the students (baseline levels, at the end of three months of practice and one-month follow-up).
+The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee and informed consent signed by all the
+participants.
+2.1 Intervention
+The YN group given intervention of six sessions in each week for three months, 45 minutes in each session. The intervention
+comprised of YN lectures, Japa writing, introspection, counselling [Table 1]. The YN lectures are based on Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtras
+and inspired by the teaching of Svāmī Paramaha ˙
+msa Yogānanda, who emphasize ideal education for youth is not only aimed
+at the development of body and intellect but also the need to cultivate the values of ethics and spirituality, through which one
+could attain happiness(30). Yet such an approach is lacking in the formal curriculum in the modern career-oriented education.
+This ideal education of ‘how to live’ teachings in his school attained remarkable success. The control group were arranged to take
+a regular course for 45 minutes, for the same time duration as the experimental group. Attendance was taken by their course
+teacher. In the follow-up, the YN group were assembled for one session for each week to review and discuss the difficulty they
+face in YN practice. The control group followed their college routine.
+2.2 Outcome measure
+The stress level was assessed by Electron Photonic Imaging (EPI) technology known as Bio-Well which has been developed over
+more than 25 years by Russia scientist Dr Konstantin Korotkov and his team. The Bio-Well portable device is a safe, effective and
+non-invasive tool measuring the bio-energy of a person based on the theory of meridians of acupuncture. Finger pads of each of
+10 fingers are placed on a glass plate of the EPI camera, and a burst of high voltage, short pulse (10 KV, 3 millisecond) is applied
+to the finger. This elicits photon emission from fingertips generating EPI images. The readings are processed through Bio-Well
+software(31). The EPI readings reflect the state of physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health of the person. Emotional
+pressure which characterizes stress levels has a 0 to 10 scale score [Figures 1 and 2 ], the lower the score reflects the state of
+inner peace, while the higher scores reveal emotional imbalance – anxiety, as in a stressful situation(26). The scale score has the
+following interpretation:
+0-1: complete inner peace, it may be the states of deep meditation.
+0-2: very calm state and relaxed.
+2-3: normal calm state, the score 2.5 above that may associate with anxiety but not permanent.
+3-4: The state of permanent anxiety, inability to relax.
+4-10: The continually stress state with different degree.
+Three assessments of bioenergy data collection were conducted at the same time (8:30 am - 11:30 am), in the same room,
+and the participants were asked to report with an empty stomach for 3 hours before collecting the data.
+Fig 1. The emotional pressure before the intervention
+Note: Figure 1 is an example from an individual’s stress level changes before and after the intervention
+https://www.indjst.org/
+1001
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(12):999–1005
+Fig 2. The emotional pressure after the intervention
+Note: Figure 2 is an example from an individual’s stress level changes before and after the intervention
+2.3 Data analysis
+The data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 23. Effect Size Calculator was
+used for Cohen’s d effect size. A parametric independent sample t-test for the between-group analyses and paired sample t-test
+for within-group analysis compared the means of two groups. For all analysis, significance was set as p<0.05.
+3 Results and Discussion
+Of the 50 YN participants, 40 participants completed the intervention and gave Bio-Well data before and after the course;
+10 participants dropped out for not following the requirements of attendance above 80%. Of the 50 control participants, 45
+completed both sets; 5 participants dropped out due to insufficient attendance. In all, 31 participants in both groups completed
+one-month follow-up; 9 and 14 participants dropped out in the YN and control group due to missing the date of data collection.
+The current study showed the baseline stress level was not significantly different between two groups (p=0.186, d=0.27). The
+between-group comparisons showed the results were clearly reduced after invention (p<0.001, d=0.84) and follow up (p=0.035,
+d=0.55). The outcome for stress level between the groups are shown in Table 2.
+Table 2. Independent sample t-test after intervention and follow-up.
+Variables
+Timing
+Control group M±SD
+YN group M±SD
+t value
+Cohen’s d
+p value
+Emotional
+pressure
+pretest
+2.78±0.47
+2.91±0.54
+-1.33
+0.27
+0.186
+posttest
+2.95±0.50
+2.62±0.21
+3.81
+0.84
+0.001***
+follow-up
+2.81±0.35
+2.65±0.22
+2.15
+0.55
+0.035*
+Note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, effect size: 0.2 is considered small, 0.5 is medium and 0.8 is large
+The within-group comparisons and the effect size showed a significantly reduced scores of stress level after the intervention
+(p<0.001, d=0.69) and follow-up (p<0.01, d=0.49). The outcomes are shown in Table 3.
+Table 3. Paired sample t-test after intervention and follow-up
+During intervention period
+Variables
+Pretest (M±SD)
+Posttest (M±SD)
+t value
+Cohen’s d
+p value
+Emotional pressure
+3.01±0.55
+2.62±0.21
+4.35
+0.69
+0.001***
+Follow-up
+Emotional pressure
+2.93±0.55
+2.65±0.22
+2.74
+0.49
+0.010**
+Note: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, effect size: 0.2 is considered small, 0.5 is medium and 0.8 is large
+In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of practice of ethical principles of Yama and Niyama (YN) on stress
+reduction in college students. We found that YN intervention resulted in significantly decreased stress level compared to the
+control group in both during experiment and follow-up. The finding demonstrated the feasibility and the value of yoga ethical
+principles practice in the academic environment which aligned with the hypothesis that participation in the YN program
+significantly decreased stress. This study also provided initial experiments of Yama and Niyama could be self-care strategies
+among college groups. With regularity of practice over a duration of time and set into the daily life, it can have a significant
+positive impact on stress reduction, even more, have a profound impact in an individual’s present and future life.
+https://www.indjst.org/
+1002
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(12):999–1005
+Our findings agree with previous studies that the effects of separate limbs of yoga may decrease stress level(23,24).
+Themagnitude of the effect size in the current study was medium to large, while effect sizes found in the previous study with short
+duration have typically been small to medium(9,15,32), which indicated long term of intervention may enhance the more positive
+beneficial effects over time. Multiple studies, through different yoga approaches and durations, propose that the common
+biological mechanisms for yoga practice reduced the stress level by decreasing the sympathetic activity and activating the
+parasympathetic activity(12,33,34), and the increased cortisol level mitigates through yoga practice in the context of stressors(6,35).
+Interestingly, Gard et al(32) suggesting a framework showed the potential self-regulatory emotional mechanisms of the specific
+components of yoga practice, including ethical precepts that seem to improve the self-regulation by top-down regulatory
+processing associated with high-level brain networks (moral cognition network), while inhibiting emotional reactivity and
+negative appraisal. Moreover, previous evidence-based findings indicate the psychological mechanisms, that reduction in
+perceived stress improved in subjective well-being (quality of life and self-satisfaction), self-compassion, mindfulness, cognitive
+abilities(13–16,36). The earlier western experimental studies have reported more female participants, while the present study has
+more male participants. Although only limited literature on the ethics of yoga is available, we assume Yama and Niyama practice
+may share similar mechanisms, the results of reduced the stress level may be associated with improved additional varying
+psychological well-being outcomes. We need further evaluation in future studies.
+The stress and anxiety one often feel are because of violating Yama and Niyama(37). The source of stress among college
+students are mainly from the financial situation, health, love life, relationship with family and friends, academic performance,
+problems experienced by loved ones(38). In this study, the systematic curriculum of yoga ethics may provide effective cognitive
+ability to cope with these stressors. We gave lectures and practical focus on the theme of Yama and Niyama. For example, we
+explain each discipline through the lectures and review the points which were covered and discus how to apply them into
+the varying circumstance of life. Especially, the mindful technique of Japa writing (Bhagavad Gītā, XVI:1-3) along with daily
+introspection might rewire the brain and keep these spiritual principles at the forefront of the mind. This argument was based
+on the previous studies on emotion regulation related to moral development and neuroimaging on moral cognition(39,40).
+We summarize general observations from the daily records and feedbacks from students and teachers, the positive effects of
+Yama and Niyama practices related to psychological changes and behaviours. We quote some frequent comments from students
+of their experiences in emotion and positive attitude such as: ”Yama and Niyama ethics made me a happy person…more
+compassion to all living beings ”; ”I could introspect daily and this made me more satisfy with these moral values, they are
+very important in my life.”; ”
+...It is just like a panacea for me. Yama and Niyama practices changed my life.”; ”All the ethical
+disciplines are very special for me, it helped me to know about my inner energy and sources which can be used to replace
+negative thinking by positive thinking.” Improvements in self-awareness also made with comments such as:” Improved lot in
+my mental status...more calm and relax...improved concentration in the study, creative thinking, more self-discipline and as
+well as will power... I become more serious toward my life.” Some students noted cultivating a good relationship to family and
+friends such as:” I became a good listener... I started caring for others...make more friends and good companies.”; ”I can control
+my anger more easily... Family love gives me strength.” It is important to note that all these comments showed the positive
+impact of YN intervention in line with aforesaid multiple yoga based-evidences.
+4 Limitations and Future Direction
+In the present study, several limitations should be resolved, the small and homogeneity of the present sample limit more
+accurate outcomes, in addition, the single assessment instrument is not able to further examine the biological and psychological
+mechanisms. Future studies should with larger samples, different populations and nations, with rigorous methodology including
+multiple assessment tools to explore yoga ethics for mental and physical health, especially in stress-related disorders. It is
+important to note that integrating Yama and Niyama with other limbs of yoga as a complete practice might result in more
+benefits in general health.
+5 Conclusion
+In summary, this current study is the first randomized control trail of yoga ethics. The results indicate that Yama and Niyama
+intervention might be efficacious on stress reduction and psychological well-being in college students. This finding suggests that
+authorities of higher education institutes adopt this cost-effective self-care strategy into the regular curriculum to modulate the
+high prevalence of common psychological disorders among college students. Furthermore, Yama and Niyama intervention
+could add to alternate and complementary medicine to release the burden of insufficient resource of outpatient mental health
+treatment.
+https://www.indjst.org/
+1003
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(12):999–1005
+Acknowledgements
+We gratefully acknowledge the support from Yogoda Satsanga Mahavidyalaya College and all cooperation from teachers and
+participants.
+References
+1) Patton GC, Coffey C, Romaniuk H, Mackinnon A, Carlin JB, Degenhardt L, et al. The prognosis of common mental disorders in adolescents: a 14-year
+prospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2014;383(9926):1404–1411. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62116-9.
+2) Auerbach RP, Mortier P, Bruffaerts R, Alonso J, Benjet C, Cuijpers P, et al.
+WHO WMH-ICS Collaborators. WHO world mental health surveys
+international college student project: prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of abnormal psychology. 2018;127(7):623–638. Available
+from: https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000362.
+3) Auerbach RP, Alonso J, Axinn WG, Cuijpers P, Ebert DD, Green JG, et al. Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization
+World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological Medicine. 2016;46(14):2955–2970. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716001665.
+4) Bruffaerts R, Mortier P, Kiekens G, Auerbach RP, Cuijpers P, Demyttenaere K, et al. Mental health problems in college freshmen: Prevalence and academic
+functioning. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018;225:97–103. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.044.
+5) Sussman S, Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: developmental period facilitative of the addictions. Evaluation & the Health Professions. 2014;37(2):147–155.
+Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163278714521812.
+6) Li AW, Goldsmith CA. The effects of yoga on anxiety and stress. Alternative Medicine Review: a journal of clinical therapeutic. 2012;17(1):21–35. Available
+from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22502620/.
+7) Stillwell SB, Vermeesch AL, Scott JG. Interventions to Reduce Perceived Stress Among Graduate Students: A Systematic Review With Implications for
+Evidence-Based Practice. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing. 2017;14(6):507–513. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12250.
+8) Chung SC. Yoga and meditation in youth education: a systematic review. The Lancet. 2018;392(18):32052–32052. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/
+s0140-6736(18)32052-x.
+9) Breedvelt JJF, Amanvermez Y, Harrer M, Karyotaki E, Gilbody S, Bockting CLH, et al. The Effects of Meditation, Yoga, and Mindfulness on Depression,
+Anxiety, and Stress in Tertiary Education Students: A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2019;10:193. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/
+fpsyt.2019.00193.
+10) Amanvermez Y, Rahmadiana M, Karyotaki E, Wit L, Ebert DD, Kessler RC. Stress management interventions for college students: A systematic review
+and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice. 2020;(e12342):1–27. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12342.
+11) Malathi A, Damodaran A. Stress due to exams in medical students-role of yoga. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 1999;43(2):218–224.
+Available from: https://www.ijpp.com/IJPParchives/1999_43_2/218-224.pdf.
+12) Gopal A, Mondal S, Gandhi A, Arora S, Bhattacharjee J. Effect of integrated yoga practices on immune responses in examination stress - A preliminary
+study. International Journal of Yoga. 2011;4(1):26–32. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.78178.
+13) Gard T, Brach N, Hölzel BK, Noggle JJ, Conboy LA, Lazar SW. Effects of a yoga-based intervention for young adults on quality of life and perceived
+stress: The potential mediating roles of mindfulness and self-compassion.
+The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2012;7(3):165–175.
+Available from:
+https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2012.667144.
+14) Brems C. A Yoga Stress Reduction Intervention for University Faculty, Staff, and Graduate Students. International Journal of Yoga Therapy. 2015;25(1):61–
+77. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.17761/1531-2054-25.1.61.
+15) Sauer-Zavala SE, Walsh EC, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, Lykins ELB.
+Comparing Mindfulness-Based Intervention Strategies: Differential Effects of Sitting
+Meditation, Body Scan, and Mindful Yoga. Mindfulness. 2013;4(4):383–388. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0139-9.
+16) Bond AR, Mason HF, Lemaster CM, Shaw SE, Mullin CS, Holick E, et al. Embodied health: the effects of a mind–body course for medical students. Medical
+Education Online. 2013;18:1–8. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3402/meo.v18i0.20699.
+17) Nagendra H, Kumar V, Mukherjee S. Cognitive Behavior Evaluation Based on Physiological Parameters among Young Healthy Subjects with Yoga as
+Intervention. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2015;2015:1–13. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/821061.
+18) Saoji A, Mohanty S, Vinchurkar SA.
+Effect of a Single Session of a Yogic Meditation Technique on Cognitive Performance in Medical Students: A
+Randomized Crossover Trial. Journal of Religion and Health. 2017;56(1):141–148. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0195-x.
+19) Sharma S, Nivethitha L, Mooventhan A. Effect of Moola Bandha (Perineum Contraction), A Yogic Lock on Cognitive Functions of College Students: An
+Exploratory Study. Journal of Religion and Health. 2020;59(3):1388–1397. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00856-0.
+20) Bollimbala A, James PS, Ganguli S. The effect of Hatha yoga intervention on students’ creative ability. Acta Psychologica. 2020;209:103–121. Available
+from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103121.
+21) Yogananda P. God Talks with Arjuna - The Bhagavad Gita. Ranchi. 2016.
+22) Cope S. The Wisdom of Yoga. New York; Bantam. 2007.
+23) SharmaVK, Trakroo M, Subramaniam V,Sahai A, Bhavanani A, RajajeyakumarM. Effect of fast andslow pranayamaon perceived stress and cardiovascular
+parameters in young health-care students. International Journal of Yoga. 2013;6(2):104–110. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.113400.
+24) Wheeler EA, Santoro AN, Bembenek AF.
+Separating the ”limbs” of yoga: limited effects on stress and mood.
+Journal of Religion and Health.
+2019;58(6):2277–2287. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0482-1.
+25) Patel NK, Nivethitha L, Mooventhan A. Effect of a Yoga Based Meditation Technique on Emotional Regulation, Self-compassion and Mindfulness in
+College Students. EXPLORE. 2018;14(6):443–447. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2018.06.008.
+26) Korotkov KG. The Energy of Health: Understanding Bio-Well Analysis. and others, editor;CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 2017.
+27) Kushwah KK, Srinivasan TM, Nagendra HR, Ilavarasu JV. Effect of yoga based techniques on stress and health indices using electro photonic imaging
+technique in managers. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2016;7(2):119–123. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2015.05.001.
+28) Deo G, Kumar IR, Srinivasan TM, Kushwah KK.
+Cumulative effect of short-term and long-term meditation practice in men and women on
+psychophysiological parameters of electrophotonic imaging: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2016;13(1):73–82.
+Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2015-0050.
+29) Hegde JR, Melukote SK, Vijayendra K, Singh D.
+A randomized study on the energy difference measured by electro photonic image on caregivers
+practiced Indian aesthetic dance and yoga. International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health. 2020;7(7):2770–2777. Available from:
+https://www.indjst.org/
+1004
+Xu et al. / Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2021;14(12):999–1005
+https://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20203013.
+30) Yogananda P. Autobiography of a Yogi. Ranchi. 2011.
+31) Narayanan CR.
+EPI Reading of Before and After Yoga Session. 2020.
+Available from: http://iumab.club/assets/files/papers/Yoga/2014%20Rajan%
+20Narayanan_EPI_Yoga%20Session%20.PDF.Dateaccessed:10/10/2020.
+32) Gard T, Noggle JJ, Park CL, Vago DR, Wilson A. Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
+2014;8(770):1–20. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00770.
+33) Tang YY. Mechanism of integrative body-mind training. Neuroscience Bulletin. 2011;27(6):383–388. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-011-
+1141-2.
+34) Riley KE, Park CL. How does yoga reduce stress? A systematic review of mechanisms of change and guide to future inquiry. Health Psychology Review.
+2015;9(3):379–396. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2014.981778.
+35) Unger CA, Busse D, Yim IS.
+The effect of guided relaxation on cortisol and affect: Stress reactivity as a moderator.
+Journal of Health Psychology.
+2017;22(1):29–38. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105315595118.
+36) Lemay V, Hoolahan J, Buchanan A.
+Impact of a Yoga and Meditation Intervention on Students’ Stress and Anxiety Levels.
+American Journal of
+Pharmaceutical Education. 2019;83(5):747–752. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7001.
+37) D A. The Yamas & Niyamas: Exploring Yoga’s Ethical Practice. 1st ed. and others, editor;On-Word Bound Books: Minnesota. 2009.
+38) Karyotaki E, Cuijpers P, Albor Y, Alonso J, Auerbach RP, Bantjes J, et al. Sources of stress and their associations with mental disorders among college
+students: results of the world health organization world mental health surveys international college student initiative. Frontiers in Psychology;11(1759):1–
+11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01759.
+39) Eisenberg N. Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology. 2000;51:665–697. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1146/
+annurev.psych.51.1.665.
+40) Bzdok D, Schilbach L, Vogeley K, Schneider K, Laird AR, Langner R, et al. Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality,
+theory of mind, and empathy. Brain Structure and Function. 2012;217(4):783–796. Available from: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0380-y.
+https://www.indjst.org/
+1005

subfolder_0/Forest NB.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+Forest Chemicals Review 
+www.forestchemicalsreview.com 
+ISSN: 1520-0191  
+September-October 2022 Page No. 1344 – 1350 
+Article History: Received: 06 April 2022, Revised: 28 April 2022, Accepted: 04 May 2022, Publication: 15 May 2022 
+ 
+1344 
+Feasibility of Zero Energy Building at Noida, Uttar Pradesh 
+ 
+Dharmendra Kumar Kuswaha1, Anupam Kumar Gautam1*, Prashasti Ashok2, Dharm Singh3, 
+Narayan Behera4,5, Parsanta6, Gaurav Shukla1 
+1Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering & Technology, Maharishi University of 
+Information Technology (MUIT), Lucknow, (India)- 226013 
+2Department of Geology, Institute of Earth Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, (India)-
+284128 
+3Civil Engineering Department, Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha-MP, India-(464001) 
+4Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Otsuka, Kamitanakami-Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-
+2113, Japan 
+5SVYASA University, Jigani, Anekal, Bengaluru, (India)- 560105 
+6Department of Biotechnology, Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies, 
+Surajkund, Faridabad, Haryana (India) –121004 
+Corresponding author: [email protected] 
+ 
+Abstract:  
+Due to advanced technology & modernization, energy requirement is massively increased to fulfill 
+the needs& thereby, Carbon dioxide (CO2) emission into the environment increased day by day. CO2 
+emissions act like a blanket in the air, increasing heat in environment and thereby warming up the 
+earth& changing the climate drastically. CO2 emission layer prevents the Earth from cooling & 
+inviting other issues. We all know that global warming would adversely affects the condition of 
+environment, food and water supplies, health issue and sea levels etc.  According to various 
+estimates, buildings consume 30to 40%i of all energy resources and by energy consumption 
+reduction method, it is possible to reduce CO2 emissions intoatmosphere. With help of renewable 
+energy technologies, energy needs through efficiency gains are greatly reduced.  In this paper I have 
+tried to explore the concept of zero energy in a residential building located at Noida sector 168. It is 
+well understood that maximum people across the globe usually spend maximum time inside 
+homes,hence it becomes important to save energy by suitable means. We have to more develop 
+efficient energy conversion devices with low environmental impacts and using maximum energy, 
+which is produced thro’ renewable energy sources as it has no or low impacts on environment and 
+good for earth & depletion of O3 layer can be minimized.  
+Key Words:Energy Management System, thermal energy; Active &Passive Solar; Zero Energy 
+Building;  
+ 
+1. Introduction 
+Present usage rate of Earth’s resources is highly unsustainable and has started showing alarming 
+signs of global warming and climate change.  This current situation can be attributed to reliance on 
+non-renewable resources for energy generation, non-uniformity of available resources, unsustainable 
+lifestyles and lack of awareness towards life cycle approach.   Sustainable development focusing on 
+Forest Chemicals Review 
+www.forestchemicalsreview.com 
+ISSN: 1520-0191  
+September-October 2022 Page No. 1344 – 1350 
+Article History: Received: 06 April 2022, Revised: 28 April 2022, Accepted: 04 May 2022, Publication: 15 May 2022 
+ 
+1345 
+harmonizing life-styles with renewable sources as well as improving efficiencies in systems is 
+required for current growth trends in India [1-3]. 
+According to Goldman Sachs BRIC Reportii, India will be the second largest economy by 2050. The 
+construction industry in India is currently the second largest industry after agriculture contributing 
+approximately 8-9% to GDP [1,2].  India has recorded the highest construction spending growth 
+driven by growing number of infrastructure projects and a booming real estate sector.  Sustainability 
+in construction through energy efficient fixtures and systems, use of rapidly renewable building 
+materials and efficient resource management through BIM can reduce the carbon footprint and 
+promote an environment friendly growth.  By implementing three principle measures like Building 
+envelop measures, energy efficient measures & Renewable energy Measures, we can achieve good 
+net zero energy building[2,3]. Not only this will be beneficial for environment but also it will be 
+economical and good for nations. I have selected Lotus Zing Building at Sector 168, Noida for 
+suggesting & supporting the builders to incorporate the measures to achieve Zero Energy Building. 
+ 
+1.1 High Performance Buildings: A whole-building design approach that integrates the building 
+performances (energy consumption, acoustics, etc) with occupant comfort (thermal comfort, Indoor 
+Air Quality, lighting, etc.) considering life-cycle impacts of the entire HVAC & R systems can 
+enable high performance green buildings [1,4].  These green buildings can further incorporate 
+Energy Management Systems (EMS) and Building Automation Systems (BAS) to increase energy 
+efficiency performance capabilities, giving facility managers the information to make better 
+decisions during building operations[4,5]. 
+A high performance building considers all the components and subsystems together, along with their 
+potential interactions and impacts on occupants [2-4,6]. This whole building approach crosses 
+disciplines and requires that planning, siting, aesthetic design, equipment and material selection, 
+financing, construction, commissioning, and long- term operation and maintenance be integrated[.  
+Developing a high-performance building requires an integrated design team that fosters close 
+collaboration between owners, architects, engineers, financiers, managers and operators, building 
+trade representatives, contractors, and other key players. 
+In future, such buildings will be dramatically reshaped by research result &product development in 
+various fields— HVAC equipment, energy-efficient building shells; daylighting; lighting; passive 
+and active solar, windows; PV power systems; advanced sensors and controls; fuel cells and 
+combined heating, cooling, and power. These technologies, together with a whole- building design 
+approach, called as systems engineering or integrated design, takes advantage of interactions 
+between components &building systems, will serve their needs and meet goals of environmental 
+protection, economic growth, and sustainable development. 
+ 
+1.2 Net Zero Energy Buildings: Next generation high performance buildings are the Zero Energy 
+buildings or ZEB’s.  A Net Zero Energy Building (ZEB) is designed in such a way that energy 
+efficiency and on-site production convert the building from an energy consumer to an energy 
+producer [6,7].  Waste containers are used in developing the habitat. A concept of NZEB has been 
+illustrated in the given Figure 1 
+Forest Chemicals Review 
+www.forestchemicalsreview.com 
+ISSN: 1520-0191  
+September-October 2022 Page No. 1344 – 1350 
+Article History: Received: 06 April 2022, Revised: 28 April 2022, Accepted: 04 May 2022, Publication: 15 May 2022 
+ 
+1346 
+ 
+Figure:1 A concept of NZEB 
+ 
+2. Methodology:  
+Achieving the ZEB goal depends on four characteristics:  
+1. Number of stories - Single-story buildings are the most likely to achieve net zero energy 
+consumption. 
+2. Plug and process loads - Buildings with lower plug and process loads (for appliances, office 
+equipment, computers, and other electrical and gas equipment) are also better able to achieve net 
+zero status.  
+3. Principal building activity (PBA) - Non-refrigerated warehouses, retail, vacant, religious worship and 
+education are the best chance of achieving zero energy consumption whereas less chance of 
+achieving zero energy consumption are hospitals, food service establishments, and laboratories. We 
+can get below average chance of achieving net zero levels, largely because of plug and process loads 
+and height in office buildings.  
+4. Location – Buildings which are located in hot area with ample sun-light are more likely to achieve 
+the net zero levels. 
+Need to emphasizes the principle of bringing together the best materials, efficient systems, efficient 
+lightings, Lighting Sensors, efficient appliances and use of passive & daylighting strategies [7-9] 
+while constructing a building to suit the climatic conditions at the site [9-11]. These features enable 
+50 percent reduction in electricity requirements as compared to a conventional building space for this 
+region.The electricity for all building end-uses of the Project is produced by Solar Photo Voltaic 
+Cells at the site[12].  
+ 
+2.1 Measures to be followed 
+ Need to be independent on electricity rather utilize the maximum renewable energy (from sun, wind) 
+ Need to emphasis to take essential steps for attaining maximum sustainability by utilizing natural 
+resources.  
+ The designer has to reduce energy demands as low as 1.5 w per sq ft against 8 to 10 w per sq ft and 
+loads, optimize passive strategies and incorporate efficient mechanical strategies. 
+Forest Chemicals Review 
+www.forestchemicalsreview.com 
+ISSN: 1520-0191  
+September-October 2022 Page No. 1344 – 1350 
+Article History: Received: 06 April 2022, Revised: 28 April 2022, Accepted: 04 May 2022, Publication: 15 May 2022 
+ 
+1347 
+ Project is to be constructed by using plenty of waste materials including the building shell, four 
+recycled cargo container. 
+ Building has to be planned and deigned using well recognized energy and daylight simulation tools 
+and with whole-building approach which brings all the building components and subsystems 
+together, along with their potential interactions and impacts on occupants.  
+ 
+Building has also incorporated traditional Indian Architectural features such as courtyard, used for 
+natural ventilation and daylighting and is shades with louvers designed optimally for summer and 
+winter climate.  
+ 
+More than 50% savings in electric energy compare to conventional building of the climate region.  
+Up to 40% savings in Electric energy through passive energy conservation features. The passive 
+measures are high-performance heat insulation, improved protection against sunlight, optimized 
+window wall ration, effective daylight uses and natural ventilation strategies. 
+ 
+All Energy Uses of the building are with electricity generated by 100% solar and thus emission-free 
+energy supply through the use of a 3 kW photovoltaic system with a total surface area of approx. 25 
+m². 
+ 
+Maintains Occupant Thermal and Visual comfortiii. Main living areas are air-conditioned for both 
+cooling heating requirement. The project is completely day-lit with 75% of the living area achieving 
+more than 2% of Daylight factor.  
+ 
+Sensors are installed throughout the house and interconnecting wiring was run to monitoring energy 
+consumption for all End-Uses and the same were displayed on the interaction panel at site. 
+ 
+24 hour autonomous operation of the building, independently of the electrical grid through the use of 
+a battery back-up. 
+ 
+Zero run-off Water.   
+ 
+Graph showing the path towards a Net Zero Energy Building (Net ZEB), with the nearly and plus 
+variantsshown in given Figure 2. 
+ 
+Figure 2: Weighted demand Vs Weighted export 
+3. Result And Discussion  
+3.1 Impact on Green House Gas Emissions: 
+Forest Chemicals Review 
+www.forestchemicalsreview.com 
+ISSN: 1520-0191  
+September-October 2022 Page No. 1344 – 1350 
+Article History: Received: 06 April 2022, Revised: 28 April 2022, Accepted: 04 May 2022, Publication: 15 May 2022 
+ 
+1348 
+In a net zero energy building, the amount of energy generated by on-site renewable energy sources in 
+a year is equal to or more than the amount of energy consumed by the building in that year.  The 
+energy simulation predicts the annual consumption of Project at 4252 KWh and an on-site generation 
+of 4270 kWh. 
+When compared to a convention building, this translates to an emission reduction of about 3.8 tons 
+ofgreenhouse gases.  In terms of sustainability equivalencies, this is same as preventing emissions 
+generated by 3 passenger cars in a year.  This is also the same amount of greenhouse gases that 
+would be sequestered by about 200square meter area of forest thus preserving this much area of 
+forest from deforestation. Comparative analysis given in tabular form (Table 1). 
+Table 1: Comparative Analysis of Conventional Building consumption to Net Zero Building based 
+upon Energy Simulation. 
+ 
+ 
+3.2 Net Zero Building: 
+Got the privileged to work with an architects and sustainability consultants for this project, the new 
+building will retain most of the energy conservation features, additionally some new features will be 
+incorporated in the new building.The energy generation will mainly be through the Solar Tracking 
+PVs ,  in addition the wind energy through Micro Wind Turbines will also contribute in energy 
+generation (Figure 3). Biogas produced at the site through waste organic materials will also 
+contribute to the energy demand of the net zero building. Piezoelectric appliances/floors for generate 
+the electricity for through human motions.    
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Figure 3: Figure showing (a) Solar Tracking PVs, (b) Micro Wind Turbines and (c) Green 
+Wall 
+ 
+Conventiona
+l Building 
+Net Zero Building 
+Annual Energy Consumed (kWh/yr) 
+8562 
+4252 
+Carbon Emitted (Tones/yr) 
+7.6 
+0(All Electricity produced by 
+Solar PVs) 
+Cooling Load (sq.ft./ton) 
+270 
+550 
+Electric Load (W/sq.ft.) 
+4.5 
+1.65 
+Equivalent Cars Kilometers on Road/yr. 
+3 
+0 
+Pollution (Sqmt. of Forest Deforested) 
+200 
+0 
+Micro Wind Turbines 
+Green Wall 
+Forest Chemicals Review 
+www.forestchemicalsreview.com 
+ISSN: 1520-0191  
+September-October 2022 Page No. 1344 – 1350 
+Article History: Received: 06 April 2022, Revised: 28 April 2022, Accepted: 04 May 2022, Publication: 15 May 2022 
+ 
+1349 
+The net zero building will be designed with many passive strategies to minimizes the heat gains, 
+HVAC requirement, artificial lightings and thus building energy requirements. Some of the passive 
+strategies used in the project will be: 
+ High performance Wall, Roof and Window Assembly  
+ Optimized Orientation and Window Wall Ratio 
+ Optimized shading devices/louvers with automatic controls to protect penetration of direct sun 
+radiation and glare 
+ Self-Shading Building form 
+ Smart windows - Photochromic Windows, Thermochromic  
+ Windows, Liquid Crystal Windows, Electrochromic Windows 
+ Green Walliv and Roof, Cool Roofs/Walls, Vacuum Walls,  
+ Water Wall, Water filled windows  
+ Structure frame with light weight and recyclable fiber or recyclable bamboo material   
+ The Indian TraditionalCourtyard, Varandas, Zarokhas etc.  
+ Double skin façade/Trombe wall 
+ Passive down draught evaporative cooling coupled with solar chimney/turbo ventilator 
+ Use of high mass/latent heat storage such as Phase Change BuildingMaterials/Labyrynth which 
+absorbs the heat in day and reject in the night thus resulting in less peak load and lesser HVAC 
+system size. 
+ Fresh air Plants (produces oxygen in abandon quantity during day and night) to maintain proper 
+Indoor Air- Quality.  
+ 
+Figure 4: Water filled windows can both heat & cool buildings 
+ 
+The new building will use solar energy for air-conditioning through solar power vapor absorption 
+machine. The Air-side system will be either energy efficient passive chilled beams or underflow air-
+distribution along with heat recovery wheel. The daylighting will be enhanced through application 
+ofLight tubes/Optical fiber daylight technologies and automated louvers/Shadings.  
+ 
+ 
+ 
+Forest Chemicals Review 
+www.forestchemicalsreview.com 
+ISSN: 1520-0191  
+September-October 2022 Page No. 1344 – 1350 
+Article History: Received: 06 April 2022, Revised: 28 April 2022, Accepted: 04 May 2022, Publication: 15 May 2022 
+ 
+1350 
+4. Conclusion: 
+A series of studies produced in this paper by identifying and practical application of Architectural 
+body and planning solutions to reduce the heat loss through building envelope technique. The 
+suggested techniques to be followed in order to improve the energy efficiency of the designed 
+building, which are the subject of this current study: 
+The advanced lightings controlled with occupancy and daylight sensors will be used in the project. 
+High efficient appliances will be used to further reduce the energy requirement of the building.  
+Building will be planned and deigned using well recognized energy and daylight simulation tools and 
+with an integrated design process; a number of building solutions will be considered and analysis 
+will take place to compare strategies and to determine which ones are appropriate to achieve the 
+desired performance. 
+ 
+Reference:  
+[1] 
+Noguchi M, Athienitis A, Véronique D, Josef A, Bradley B(2017), Net Zero Energy Homes of the 
+Future: A Case Study of the ÉcoTerraTM House in Canada. Renewable Energy Congress. 
+[2] 
+Banerjee R (2015) Importance of Net Zero Energy Building, International Journal of Innovative 
+Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE). 2(5):15-28 
+[3] 
+Hughes B, Cotterell M (2002) Software project management, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill 
+International(UK) Ltd, Berkshire 
+[4] 
+Elena P, Mariia P, Alexandr G, Xenyiya R (2015) Concept Project of Zero Energy Building. 
+Procedia Engineering 100: 1505-1514, 
+[5] 
+Marszal AJ, Heiselberg P, Bourrelle JS, Musall E, Voss K, Sartori I, Napolitano A (2011). Zero 
+Energy Building–A review of definitions and calculation methodologies. Energy and buildings. 
+43(4):971-9. 
+[6] 
+D'Agostino D, Mazzarella L. What is a nearly zero energy building? Overview, implementation and 
+comparison of definitions. Journal of Building Engineering   21:200-12. 
+[7] 
+Perlova E, Platonova M, Gorshkov A, Rakova X (2015) Concept project of zero energy building. 
+Procedia Engineering 100 (1):1505-14. 
+[8] 
+Zeiler W, Boxem G (2013) Net-zero energy building schools. Renewable Energy 49(1):282-6. 
+[9] 
+Taherahmadi J, Noorollahi Y, Panahi M (2021) toward comprehensive zero energy building 
+definitions: a literature review and recommendations. International Journal of Sustainable Energy 
+40(2):120-48. 
+                                                     
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+