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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees; a randomised controlled study.
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+Jyothi Vasu
+Research Scholar, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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+Towards the partial fulfillment of Doctoral degree in Yoga
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+under the guidance of
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+Sony KumariM.A., PhD
+Professor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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+and co-guidance of
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+K. B. AkhileshM.S., PhD
+Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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+H. R. NagendraM.E., PhD
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+Chancellor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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+The Division of Yoga & Management
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (SVYASA- A university established under section 3 of the UGC Act. 1956)
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 203
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Abstract
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+Background :
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+This study seeks to investigate the impact of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) yoga program on changes in Positive and Negative affectivity of the employees.
+Materials and methods: It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group) intervention study with pre and post assessments. SMET yoga program is used as an intervention.A sample of 240 employees (120-Yoga and 120-Control group) consisting of both male and female, working for a BPO office in Bengaluru, India belonging to an age group of 20-45 years participated in the study. PANAS scale was used to administer the study parameters. Data was analysed by using SPSS software.
+Results:A considerable variation in mean values (difference in pre and post data) were observed after SMET intervention for various dimensions ofPositive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Schedule (PANAS). The results were found to be significant with p < 0.05.
+Conclusions: Studyshowed that SMET helped to increase Positive affectivity and to reduce the Negative affectivity of the employees.
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+Key words: Cyclic Meditation, Negative Affectivity,Personality Traits, Positive Affectivity, SMET, Yoga
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+
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+Background:
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+The word "personality" originates from the Latin word persona, which means mask (Stevko, 2014). In French, it is equivalent to personalete. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviours consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes (Srivastava & Mishra, 2016). It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress.
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+Personality affects all aspects of a person's performance, even how he reacts to situations on the job. Not
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+every personality is suited for every job position, so it's important to recognize personality traits and pair
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+employees with the duties that fit their personalities the best. This can lead to increased productivity and job satisfaction, helping your business function more efficiently.
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+Introduction:
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+Positive Affectivity:
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+Positive  Affectivity  (PA)  is  a  personality  characteristic  that  describes  how  humans  experience positive emotions while interacting with others and with their surroundings. Those with high positive
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 204
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+affectivity are typically enthusiastic, energetic, confident, active, and alert. Those having low levels of positive affectivity can be characterized by sadness, lethargy, distress, and un-pleasurable engagement (Watson et al, 1988).
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+Positive affect reflects neither a lack of negative affect, nor the opposite of negative affect, but is a
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+separate,  independent  dimension  of  emotion. Positively  affected  people  are  said  to  be  more  active physically, socially, mentally and emotionally (Watson &Tellegen, 1988a).
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+Positive affectivity is a managerial and organizational behavior tool used to create positive environments
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+in the workplace. Through the use of PA, the manager can induce a positive employee experience and culture. The positive affectivity hypothesis predicts that employees with positive dispositions receive more supervisor support because they are more socially oriented and likable.PA can be measured as both a state and a trait; state affect captures how a person feels at any given time while trait affect is the tendency of a person to experience a particular affective state over time (Watson and Pennebaker, 1989).
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+PA helps individuals to process emotional information accurately and efficiently, to solve problems, to make plans, and to earn achievements. Psychological capital (PsyCap) refers to an individual’s positive psychological  state  of  development  and  is  characterised  by  positive  affectivity,  self-efficacy,  hope, resilience, and optimism.
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+PA may influence to enhance the personal resources which can help to overcome or deal with distressing situations.  These  resources  are  physical  (e.g.,  better  health),  social  (e.g., social  support networks), intellectual and psychological (e.g., resilience, optimism, and creativity). PA provides a psychological break or relief from stress, supporting continued efforts to replenish resources depleted by stress.Its buffering functions provide a useful antidote to the problems associated with negative emotions and ill health due to stress. Likewise, happy people are better at more mature coping efforts than people with negative emotions.
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+Negative Affectivity:
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+Negative Affect (NA) is a dimension of subjective distress that includes a variety of adverse mood states, including anger, contempt, disgust, fear, and nervousness (Watson et al., 1988). NA, like PA, can be measured as both a state and a trait and has been linked to both subjective and objective health indicators. State NA has been linked to increased same-day pain (Gil et al., 2003) and decreases in self-reported health (Benyamini et al., 2000). Evans and Egerton (1992) found that state NA led to a higher incident of
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 205
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+colds.  Burnout  is  a  negative  affective  state  caused  by  recurring  distress  (Shirom,  1989).Negative affectivity is a stable and inherited disposition to experience nonspecific distress or unpleasant emotions (Clark et al. 1994). It is considered by some to be synonymous with the personality factor of neuroticism, which corresponds to individuals’ tendency to experience negative affect states (Costa and McCrae 1980; Watson et al. 1988a).
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+It  is  important  to  an  organisation  that  its  employees  must  be  emotionally  balanced.  The  greatest competitive advantage for an organisation’seconomy is a positive workforce. Therefore it is important for organisations to find ways to enhance their employees’ positive psychological states of mind and decrease their negative emotions i.e. their psychological capital, to achieve desired organisational outcomes.
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+Negative affectivity (NA) is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Watson and Clark (1984) proposed that negative affectivity encompasses a range of constructs including trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, and maladjustment, among others. Negative affectivity roughly corresponds to the dominant personality factor of anxiety/neuroticism that is found within the Big Five personality traits as emotional stability. Neuroticism can plague an individual with severe mood swings, frequent sadness, worry, and being easily disturbed, and predicts the development and onset of all common mental disorders.Research shows that negative affectivity relates to different classes of variables such as, self-reported stress and poor coping skills, health complaints, and frequency of unpleasant events. Weight gain and mental health complaints are often experienced as well.
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+Negative affectivity is considered a general risk factor for a range of physical and mental health problems, which frequently co-occur. For example, someone experiencing one negative mood state (e.g., sadness) is likely to report greater levels of other negative mood states such as fear or anger (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2010). As a trait, negative affectivity is considered a broad predisposition to experience negative emotions  such  as  anxiety,  fear,  and  sadness  (Watson  et  al.  1988b).  Indeed,  negative  affectivity  is associated with a range of psychopathology, including eating disorders (Cook et al. 2014; Stice 2002), substance use disorders (Cook et al. 2014), schizophreniaspectrum disorders (Blanchard et al. 1998), personality disorders (Zeigler-Hill and Abraham 2006), and a variety of health concerns (Watson and Naragon-Gainey  2014).  Additionally,  negative  affectivity  is  theorized  to  play  an  etiological  role accounting for the overlap in negative emotional disorders of anxiety and depression (Clark and Watson 1991).
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 206
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Further,  negative  affect  was  identified  as  one  of  five  “core  elements”  of  personality  along  with detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism (Krueger et al. 2012), emphasizing the role of negative affectivity not only in personality disorders but also personality at a broader level. Notably, negative affectivity is theorized to be a preexisting temperamental disposition, occurring prior to the onset of specific pathology. Prospective studies have found negative affectivity to predict later onset of a range of problems including mental health, hypertension, and substance abuse (Craske et al. 2001; Jonas and Lando 2000; Measelle et al. 2006; Pine et al. 1998). Overall, available works suggest negative affectivity is a consistent marker of distress across a range of presenting problems and plays an etiological role in their onset.
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+Hence employees having more negative affectivity trait cannot use their maximum potential and hence will find it difficult to give their fullest to the organization. Therefore these employees may be assisted to decrease their negative affectivity, so that they would be able to work more efficiently and contribute positively to the growth and success of the organization.
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+Stress   Management   programs   (SMP)   are   conducted   in   organisations   to   help   employees   to overcomephysical and mental imbalances. Though everyone is unique, we all possess certain traits that set us apart from the rest, for many reasons. These traits define who we are and how we respond to situations. We only need to ignite that dormant passion and give a boost to our persona.
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+The Stress  Management  programs assists  individuals  to  effectively manage  the  imbalance in  healthy ways, including - exercising, seeking social support, using pleasant activities and relaxation techniques. The Stress Management training program in the workplace builds on the better Work-Life balance. Studies  on  Stress  Management  programs  suggests  that  these  comprehensive  programs  can  improve mental health, behaviour and well-being of workers.
+Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the imbalances enormously. Self-Management  of  Excessive  Tension(SMET)  is  one  such  holistic  yoga-based  stress  management program  developed  by  Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga  AnusandhanaSamsthana  (S-VYASA)  University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 207
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+YOGA:
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+Yoga is a conscious process of gaining mastery over the mind. It’s a process of elevating oneself through calming of mind.
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+The great sage Patanjali ‘father of yoga’ uses the word ‘Klesha’ in his ‘Yoga Sutras’ for stress and
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+proposes the techniques of yoga for reducing (thinning) stress. It will not be a sudden elimination but gradual systematic process of moving from higher stress levels to lower ones and slowly eliminating.
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+According to ‘Bhagavadgita’ (2 - 62, 63), by using the technique of yoga, we learn to expand our
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+horizons, increase our capacities and manifest our dormant potentialities.
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+Hence yoga is one of the popular ways to reduce physical and mental imbalances to a greater extent. It helps to set right the defects in different koshas. The negative emotions like Negative Affectivity can be minimised which helps to develop confidence, to increase optimism, enthusiasm and other positive characters. An employee with more positivities, tries to improve his performance and in turn strives for the growth of the organisation and also helps to achieve its goals and targets.
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+Benefits of Yoga :
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+Yoga offers man a conscious process to solve menacing problems of unhappiness, restlessness, emotional upset, hyper-activity and so on.
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+It helps to evoke the hidden potentialities of man in a systematic and scientific way by which man becomes a complete individual.   His   physical,   mental, emotional, spiritual and intellectual faculties develop  in  a  harmonious  and  integrated  manner  to  meet  the  all-round  challenges  of  the  modern technological era with its hectic speed.
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+It also helps for muscular relaxation, developing willpower and improving creativity.
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+SMET- Self-Management of Excessive Tension
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+Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) module is a holistic yoga-based stress management program  which  is  developed  by  Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga  AnusandhanaSamsthana  (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. Yoga offers total rehabilitation by integrated module of SMET.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 208
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+SMET is based on MāndukyaUpanishad consisting of Yogic science and Vedic ideology for combating physical and mental imbalances and ensuring all round health of the body and mind combined. It is a series of successive stimulations and relaxations that can solve the complex problems of the mind. It helps to release stress at deeper levels. This technique is interspersed and an aspirant finds it easy in comparison with other practices of yoga.
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+The cardinal principles of Yoga are; “stimulation and relaxation of the body; slow down the breath and calm down the mind”. Crystallizing such principles into practical techniques, S-VYASA has developed highly effective programs of stress management, offered under the following four headings:
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+1. Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT) 2. Quick Relaxation Technique (QRT) 3. Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT)
+4. Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET)
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+Aim and Objectives of SMET: 1.   Stimulate the mind.
+2.   Calm down the distractions. 3.   Recognize the Stagnations.
+4.   Achieve peace and happiness.
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+5.   Enhancing the efficiency of staff involved in management and other stream 6.   Promoting health and wellbeing through yoga
+7.   Recovering and managing various physical and mental aliments through specific yoga techniques.
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+8.   Improving the skills and equipoise in action by developing concentration and absolute focus towards work through various Yoga techniques.
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+Components of SMET :
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+(a) Theory sessions - namely Lectures, Talks, Counselling, Discourses and
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+(b)  Practice  sessions  -  Cyclic  Meditation  (CM)  which  includesÄsanas,  Relaxation  techniques  and Meditation.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 209
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Theory sessions - topics:
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+1.   Concept of Stress
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+2.   Growth of Executives 3.   Group Dynamics
+4.   Introduction to SMET
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+5.   Recognition of problem is half solution 6.   S-VYASA movement
+7.   Researches on SMET
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+8.   Benefits and Advantages of going through SMET program
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+Practice session - Cyclic Meditation - CM:
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+Cyclic Meditation is a practice, built on the principle of alternate Stimulation and Relaxation. This technique was developed by Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru. It is a simple and effective technique to relieve stress and induce deep sleep and relaxation. There are proven results that, CM can reduce the number of hours needed in order to feel rejuvenated.
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+Cyclic Meditation involves the following steps :
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+Step 1.   Lie down in śavāsana and chant Opening Prayer  “Layesambodhayetchittam……….”
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+ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल३-४४॥
+layesaṃbodhayeccittaṃvikṣiptaṃśamayetpunaḥ | sakaṣāyaṃvijānīyātsamaprāptaṃnacālayet ||māndukyopaniśat kārika|| 3-44 ||
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+Meaning: If the mind becomes inactive in a state of oblivion awaken it again. If it is distracted,, bring it
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+back to the state of tranquility. (In the intermediary state) know the mind containing within it desires in potential form. If the mind has attained the state of equilibrium, then do not disturb it again.
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+Stimulate & awaken the sleeping mind, calm down the distractions, recognize the innate stagnations & stay in steadiness without disturbing it.
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+Step 2	(a) Perform IRT - Instant Relaxation Technique
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+(b) Coming up to Tāḍāsanasthiti (standing position) – Linear awareness (c) Relaxation and centering in Tāḍāsana
+Step 3.  Standing asana - Perform Ardhakaṭicakrāsana (first right and then left )
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 210
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+(a)  Coming down tośavāsana from right side Step 4.  Perform QRT - Quick Relaxation Technique
+Step 5.  Sitting āsanas - Sit up and relax in Danḍāsana (sitting with leg stretching) (a)Perform Vajrāsana
+(b)Perform Sasankāsana and return to Vajrāsana (c) Perform Ardha-uśtrāsanaor uśtrāsana
+(d) Relax in leg stretching sitting position (e) Go straight back to śavāsana
+Step 6.  Perform DRT – Deep Relaxation Technique
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+(a) Come up straight and assume any sitting position -preferably Vajrāsana (b) Chant Closing Prayer “ Omsarvebhavantusukhinah…….”
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+ॐललललल लललललल लललललल|ललललल ललललल लललललललल ।
+ललललल ललललललल लललललललल
+|लल लललललललललललललललललललल । ॐललललललल ललललललल ललललललल ॥
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+sarve bhavantu sukhinah, sarve santu nirāmayāh, sarve bhadrāṇi paśyantu, mā kaścit duhkha bhāgbhavet; om ṣāntih ṣāntih ṣāntihi॥
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+Meaning:
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+May	all	become	happy,	May	none	fall	ill;	May	all	see	auspiciousness	everywhere, May none ever feel sorrow, Om peace peacepeace.
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+Need for the study :
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+Physically healthy and mentally sound employees are the assets for an organisation.Improved Positive affectivity and reduced Negative affectivity of employees are considered to be very important factors which are necessary for the growth and success of an organization in achieving its goals.
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+No studies have reported examining the impact of SMET Yoga Program on Positive and Negative
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+affectivity. Hence the need.
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+Study Rationale:
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+There are many reasons for all sorts of physical, mental and emotional imbalances of a person. Hence these imbalances causes hindrances for an employee to work to his maximum potential or to exhibit positive characters.
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+So by reducing theimbalance , one can maximize his potential and work with a healthy and positive state of mind. Keeping this aspect as a rationale, efforts have been made to improve the positive characters of employeesand to minimise theirnegative characters.
+Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the Negative affectivity and improve positivity enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based	stress	management	program	developed	by	Swami	Vivekananda	Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, which has been used as an intervention in our study.
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+Aim:
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+To study the impact of SMET yoga module on positive and negative characteristics of employees.
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+Objective:
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+ To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Positive affectivity of employees.  To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Negative affectivity of employees.
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+Hypothesis:
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+Null Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will not improve Positive affectivity and will not reduce Negative affectivity of the employees.
+Research Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will improve Positive affectivity and will reduce Negative affectivity of the employees.
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+Research Methodology:-
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+Research Design:
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+It is a randomised two group (yoga and  control group), intervention study with pre and post assessments.
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+SMET program is used as an intervention. Yoga group will undergo SMET yoga program and Control group will be engaged in their routine work and they will undergo SMET program after the study. It will be a waitlist control group.
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+Measures:-
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+Dependant variables– Positive affectivity andNegative affectivity
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+Independent variable –Job stress
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 212
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Control Variables – Age, Gender, Qualification, Designation, Job Tenure
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+Research Instruments used:
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+PANAS scale- developed by Watson, D.,Clark, L. A., &Tellengen, A., (1988) - measures 10 specific positive and 10 specific negative affects each at two different levels. It uses a 5-point scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to indicate the extent of generally feeling the respective mood state. The Authors calculated Cronbach á coefficients in different samples range from 0.90 to 0.96 for PA and from 0.84 to 0.87 for NA.
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+Reliability and Validity:
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+Reliability and Validity reported by Watson (1988) was moderately good. For the Positive Affect Scale, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.86 to 0.90; for the Negative Affect Scale, 0.84 to 0.87. Over a 8-week time period, the test-retest correlations were 0.47-0.68 for the PA and 0.39-0.71 for the NA. The PANAS has strong reported validity with such measures as general distress and dysfunction, depression, and state anxiety.
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+Samples :
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+Source – The sampling technique used in this research is simple random sampling. Employees working
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+for Vee-Technologies private Ltd., a BPO organisation at Bengaluru, India were selected randomly for the study. Subjects of the present study were from different departments of the organization like finance, HRM, production etc. and they belonged to the category of managers, non-managers and official staff of the organization.
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+Criteria - Both male and female employees of 20 to 45 years of age group were selected.
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+Size - Total of 240 employees participated in the study, out of which 120 belonged to ‘experimental Yoga group’ and 120 belonged to ‘waitlisted Control group’.
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+Duration of the study :3 months,  weekly 2 days, one hour session per day. Employees were asked to practice the same at home for the remaining 3 days of the week by listening to the instructions which were recorded by them. They self-reported their home practice.
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+Statistical Analysis: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis.
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Results / Findings:
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+The response choices of the scale used, consisted of a Likert type 5 point rating scale.
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+As the data consists of scores given to the response choices, the variables under measurement are not normally distributed. Hence analysis was made using non-parametric tests. The Mann -Whitney U test is used to measure the significance of the data.
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+Table 1 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Yoga group.
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+In this table we can see that there is a significant change in the mean values of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This implies that SMET has a positive impact in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees.
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+Table 2 shows median, mode and percentile values for yoga group of employees.
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+Table 3 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Control group.
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+In this table, there is not much difference in the mean values of the variables of  pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program.
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+Table 4 shows median, mode and percentile values for Control group of employees.
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+Table 5 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Yoga group - employees.
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+In this table we can see that there is a tremendous change in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This proves the positive effect of SMET in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees.
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+Table 6 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Control group - employees.
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+In this table, there is not much difference in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of the variables of  pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program.
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+Table 7 shows the actual significance values of the test for PANAS of employees of Yoga group.
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+This table clearly shows the significance of data of each dimension of PANAS of Yoga group. Since the P value is < 0.05 in each case, it means to say that, Reject Null Hypothesis and Accept Research Hypothesis.
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+The post data of different variables of Control group were not found to be significant for PANAS (p not less than 0.05) as per our observation.
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+SMET has a positive impact on all the variables of PANAS. SMET has helped the employees in improving their Positive (characters) Affectivity and to reduce theirNegative (emotions) Affectivity to a maximum extent.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 214
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Discussions :
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+Previous studies and research findings aboutSMET :
+
+A study on SMET, reported decrease in occupational stress levels and baseline autonomic arousal in managers, showing significant reduction in sympathetic activity (Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S. (2000)). Effectiveness of Self- Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) programme on emotional well-being of managers was studied.. In this study, Emotional Quotient was used as an indicator for emotional well-being. SMET intervention contributed to the betterment of emotional well- being of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study was made to assess the effect of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET), on brain wave coherence. Results of a study showed that participation in a SMET program was associated with improvement in emotional stability and may have implications  for  'Executive  Efficiency'.  On  the  whole,  significant  increase  in  cognitive  flexibility, intelligence and emotional stability were attained by following SMET (Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R.  (2011))  .A study examined  the  possibility of enhancing emotional competence  (EC)  along with emotional  Intelligence  (EI)  through  Self  Management  of  Excessive  Tension  (SMET)  program.  The participating executives reported improvement in efficiency at work. In addition they have experienced other benefits like reduction in blood pressure, sleep decreases in the consumption of the tranquilizers, clarity in thinking, and relaxed feeling in action (Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R. (2013)). In another study, SMET intervention has again proved to contribute to significant enhancement of emotional competence level of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study evaluates the impact of a 5 day stress management programme (SMET) for managers as measured by AcuGraph3  - ‘Digital  Meridian  Imaging’  system.  The  5  days  SMET  intervention  increased  overall ‘Prāṇic’energy in the main acupuncture meridian channels. The program significantly improved overall chi (Chinese term) energy. Chi energy would increase, both in individual meridians and the overall (Meenakshy K. B., Alex Hankey, HongasandraRamarao Nagendra. (2014)). A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 5 days yoga based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) on profile of mood states of managers. The negative moods were significantly reduced following SMET program. Whereas positive moods improved. The intense yoga based SMET program enhanced the profile of mood in managers (Rabindra M.A., Pradhan B. and Nagendra H.R, (2014)). SMET intervention with an insight of group dynamics & executive growth along with the practices proved to bring about a significant trend in scores which suggested that SMET as part of Yoga could be an effective tool for managing stress and hence enhancing managerial leadership (PadmavatiMaharana, DrSanjib Patra , Dr. T M Srinivasan, Dr. H R Nagendra,. (2014)). A study was conducted to examine the effect of Stress Management Programme, Self- Management   of excessive Tension (SMET) on the managers. It was observed that significant improvement in health and personality traits were recorded (Rabindra Acharya, BalramPradhan and H. R.
+
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 215
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+Nagendra (2017)). Effect of SMET Programme showed to improve the attention of top line managers in another study (Shatrughan Singh and Nagendra, H. R. (2012)).
+
+
+Findings from the present study:
+
+In this study, 2 sub-scales were studied with the help of PANAS scale.
+
+It was observed that some positive changes happened in the employees who underwent SMET program as mentioned below for each sub-scale or component.
+
+Negative affectivity :Employees complaining about distress, upset, guilty, scare, hostile, irritability,
+
+ashamed,  nervous,  jittery  or  afraid  became  more  confident,  open  minded,  optimistic  and  also  their participation and involvement increased to a greater extent after going through the SMET programme.
+
+
+Positive  Affectivity:  The  interest,  excitement,  strength,  enthusiasm,  pride,  alertness,  inspiration, determination, attentiveness, activeness and self-motivationof the employees improved noticeably who underwent SMET programme.
+
+
+In total, this study has proved that SMET helps in improving the Positive affectivity of employees to a noticeable extent. It has also showed that the SMET has helped to a large extent in reducing the Negative affectivity of the employees to a minimum level which in turn increased their positivities.
+
+
+Advantages of going through SMET Program :
+
+
+This methodology has been formulated after years of in-depth study and research into actual case histories by highly qualified doctors and yoga experts. Professionals need sensitivity, brilliance and creativity. But in the process of career advancement one’s stress levels rise and this ultimately leads to deteriorating health. Also any activity related to computer leads to Musculoskeletal, Emotional and Visual problems. With SMET all these issues can be avoided or managed if they occur.
+
+
+Over  the  last  25  years,  these  programs  have  been  conducted  at  various  business  houses,  factories, industries, and educational institutions, management development institutions and for the common public in general. Course participants have experienced deep relaxation resulting in great calmness of mind and body during the programs. Preliminary investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of this program in handling stress effectively.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 216
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+The program ushers in a new era in that, it brings about a ‘Turn around’ in the participant’s outlook, both official and personal and propels him along the path of progress towards efficiency, physical & mental equipoise. SMET improves the sharpness of the mind which is the decision making machinery, by inculcating techniques that help one to go to deeper and subtler levels of consciousness and gain mastery over the mind. It helps to provide the much needed - but denied unwittingly - relaxation to the body-mind complex and to break the shackles of baser thoughts besides elevating one to unlimited expansiveness of understanding - Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru ; founder of this module.
+
+
+Importance of Positive and Negative affectivityof an employee for an organisation:
+
+Personality  traits  are  extremely  important  in  today’s  competitive  organisational  setting.  Employees
+
+individually  possess  diverse  personality  traits  that  may  influence  negatively  or  positively  their performance of jobs assigned to them. It is therefore important that managers and organisational members take into account these important individual differences because realising these traits will help managers and colleagues to deal with employees’ job performance.
+
+Personality has received much attention from the research community in many contexts. In recent decades research on personality traits and its exploration in the context of work behavior has been revitalized . Personality trait is relatively stable and enduring individual tendency of reacting emotionally or engaging in a behavior in a certain way. Hence Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Here we study about two most important personality traits  namely Positive affectivity and Negative affectivity of employees in an organisation.
+
+Conclusion:
+
+Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program deals with the employees (human beings as a whole), by approaching them in a holistic way to minimize their problems related to various areas of an organisation. SMET Program is exclusively and extensively developed for those having physical and mental imbalances due to various reasons such as work pressure,job stress and so on in specifically corporate world. The techniques are simple but very much effective if practiced regularly. In a very short span of time, the program helps to acquire the power to perform better, free from stress in a relaxed and balanced way. From this study we can see that SMET program contributes considerably to improve the positive behaviourof the employees and reduce their negativities at the same time. Hence it is suggestive that SMET intervention is a very effective way of enhancing employees’ potential to get the maximum benefit out of them and also to enhance their persona.
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 217
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+Limitations of the study:
+
+Although the study provided interesting insights, the study also has shortcomings.
+
+Firstly, the measures used in the study are self-report measures, whichtypically suffers the problem of a social desirability effect. Many a times, participants choose an ideal alternative instead of the truth.
+
+Secondly, this study is restricted to a private BPO organisation and the findings are provisional and cannot be generalized to other organizations in the same sector as well as to other sectors. Thus, the external validity of the study is low.
+
+Thirdly, the study has been conducted with a sample size of 120 respondents. More appropriate results could have been obtained if sample size would have been increased.
+
+In this study, three months intervention was given. Intervention period can be increased. Only one company /organization was studied. Studies can be conducted at different organisations. This could give stronger findings.
+
+The study would have brought more good results if the comparative analysis would have been made between males and females and between different variables. Some more demographic variables would have been selected to make the study more detailed one.
+
+Scope for future research :
+
+Some moderator and mediator variables like age, experience or gender variables can be considered to study the parameters and their consequences. Other possible negative consequences can also be studied to enrich this field of research.
+
+Future researchers may also wish to develop their own set of questionnaires. Future research can replicate the methodology adopted in the present study to other sectors.  More studies can be carried out to find out the extent to which personality traits influences other perceptions of the organisation. The development of scientific and practical tools and techniques to implement the above findings can be a future initiative.
+
+Conflict of Interest Statement:
+
+The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 218
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+References:
+
+Benyamini, Y., Idler, E. L., Leventhal, H. and Leventhal, E. A. (2000). ‘Positive affect and function as influences on self-assessment of health: expanding our view beyond illness and disability’. Journals of Gerontology, 55B, 107–16.
+
+Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., &Bellack, A. S. (1998).Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(3), 413–424.
+
+Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316–336. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 843X.100.3.316.
+
+Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 103–116. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.103.
+
+Cook, B. J., Wonderlich, S. A., & Lavender, J. M. (2014). The role of negative affect in eating disorders and substance use disorders. In T. D. Brewerton & A. B. Dennis (Eds.), Eating disorders, addictions and substance use disorders (pp. 363–378). Berlin: Springer. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_16.
+
+Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 668–678. http://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668.
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+Craske, M. G., Poulton, R., Tsao, J. C., &Plotkin, D. (2001). Paths to panic disorder/agoraphobia: An exploratory analysis from age 3 to 21 in an unselected birth cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(5), 556–563. http://doi. org/10.1097/00004583-200105000-00015.
+
+Evans, P. D. and Egerton, N. (1992). ‘Mood states and minor illness’. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 65, 177–86.
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+Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R., “Effects of yoga on brain wave coherence in executives.”Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol 55(4), (2011), pp. 8-12.
+
+Gil, K. M., Carson, J. W., Porter, L. S., Ready, J., Valrie, C., Redding-Lallinger, R. and Daeschner, C. (2003).‘Daily stress and mood and their association with pain, health-care use, and school activity in adolescents with sickle cell disease’.Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28, 363–73.
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+Jonas, B. S., &Lando, J. F. (2000).Negative affect as a prospective risk factor for hypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(2), 188–196. http://doi.org/10. 1097/00006842-200003000-00006.
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+Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., &Skodol, A. E. (2012).Initial construction of amaladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879– 1890. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002674.
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R., “Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics of Managers.” Voice of Research, vol 2(1), 2013, pp. 49-52.
+
+Measelle, J. R., Stice, E., & Springer, D. W. (2006). A prospective test of the negative affect model of substance abuse: Moderating effects of social support. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(3), 225– 233. http://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.3.225.
+
+Meenakshy,  K.  B.,  Alex  Hankey,	HongasandraRamarao  Nagendra,  “Electrodermal	Assessment  of SMET Program for business executives.” Voice of Researchvol 2 (4), 2014, ISSN 2277-7733.
+
+PadmavatiMaharana , Dr. Sanjib Patra , Dr. T. M. Srinivasan, Dr. H. R. Nagendra, “Role of Yoga based
+
+stress management program towards leadership development in managers.” IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. vol 16(5) ver II, 2014,  pp. 01-05, www.iosrjournals.org.
+
+Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998).The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(1), 56–64. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56.
+
+Rabindra Acharya, Balram Pradhan and H. R. Nagendra, “Effect of Stress Management Programmes on the Health and Personality Traits of Managers.”Indian Journal of Public Administration, vol 60(2),2017, pp. 350-359.
+
+Rabindra, M.A., Pradhan, B. and Nagendra, H.R., “Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers.” International Journal of Education & Management Studies, vol 4(2), 2014, pp. 150-152 http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/21#list© Indian Asociation of Health, Research and Welfare.
+Shatrughan,  Singh,  and  Nagendra,  H.  R.,  “Effect  of  SMET  Programme  on  attention  of  top  line managers.”Space, vol 3(3), 2012, pp. 20.
+
+Shirom, A. (1989). ‘Burnout in work organizations’.In Cooper, C. L. and Robertson, I. (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New York: John Wiley, 25–48.
+
+Sony Kumari, N. C. B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R., “Enhancing emotional competence among managers – SMET.”Journal  of  the  National  Academy  of  Psychology  (Psychological  Studies),  vol  52(2):  2007. pp.171-173.
+
+Srivastava1, A. & Mishra, A. (2016).A Study on the Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Consciousness. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2), 77 – 83.
+
+Stevko, R. (2014). Neurophysiology.Morrisville:Lulu
+
+
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 220
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 825–848. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.128.5.825.
+
+Stone, A. A., Cox, D. S., Vladimarsdottier, H. and Jandorf, L. (1987). ‘Evidence that secretory IgA antibody is associated with daily mood’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 988–93.
+
+Stone, A. A., Neale, J. M., Cox, D. S. and Napoli, A. (1994). ‘Daily events are associated with a secretory immune response to an oral antigen in men’. Health Psychology, 13, 400–18.
+
+Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S., “Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program.” Journal of Indian Psychology, vol 18(1 & 2), 2000,  pp. 33-37.
+
+Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465–490. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465.
+
+Watson, D., Clark, L. A., &Tellegen, A. (1988a). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
+
+Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988b). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346 .http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.3. 346.
+
+Watson, D. and Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). ‘Health complaints, stress and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 234–54.
+
+Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2010). On the specificity of positive emotional dysfunction in psychopathology: Evidence from the mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/schizotypy. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 839–848. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr. 2009.11.002.
+
+Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2014).Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 422–442. http://doi.org/10. 1177/2167702614536162.
+
+Zeigler-Hill, V., & Abraham, J. (2006). Borderline personality features: Instability of self-esteem and affect. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(6), 668–687. http://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.668.
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+
+TABLES
+
+Table 1 : PANAS – Yoga – Descriptive Statistics
+
+Descriptive Statistics
+
+N	Range
+
+Posit_pre	120	10
+
+Minimum
+
+11
+
+Maximum
+
+21
+
+Mean
+
+15.54	0.162
+
+Std. Deviation 1.777
+
+Variance
+
+3.158
+
+
+
+Posit_post	120	9 Negat_pre	120	9 Negat_post	120	9
+Valid N	120 (listwise)
+
+40                 49                 44.79 40                 49                 44.60
+11	20	15.28
+
+0.168    1.842           3.393 0.162    1.770           3.133
+0.152	1.670	2.789
+
+
+
+*Posit_pre – Positive Affect pre data values,*Posit_post - Positive Affect post data values
+
+*Negat_pre  –Negative Affect pre data values, * Negat_post - Negative Affect post data values
+
+
+
+Table 2 : PANAS – Yoga –Statistics
+
+
+
+
+
+N	Valid
+Missing
+
+
+Posit_pre 120
+0
+
+Statistics Posit_post 120
+0
+
+
+Negat_pre 120
+0
+
+
+Negat_post 120
+0
+
+Std. Error of Mean	0.162	0.168	0.162	0.152 Median	16.00	45.00	44.50	15.00 Mode	16	45	43	16
+
+Percentiles      25 50
+75
+
+14.00             43.00             43.00              14.00 16.00             44.50             44.50              15.00
+17.00	46.00	46.00	16.00
+
+
+
+Table 3 : PANAS –Control – Descriptive Statistics
+
+Descriptive Statistics
+
+N       Rang     Minimu e            m
+Posit_pre	120	10	11
+Posit_post	120	10	11 Negat_pre	120	9	40 Negat_post	120	9	40
+Valid N	120 (listwise)
+
+Maximu	Mean m
+21	15.38	0.166
+21                15.41    0.175 49                44.55    0.162
+49	44.67	0.163
+
+Std. Deviation 1.820
+1.916 1.777
+1.789
+
+Variance
+
+3.312 3.672 3.157
+3.199
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 222
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+Table 4 : PANAS –Control –Statistics
+
+Statistics
+
+
+N	Valid
+Missing
+
+Posit_pre 120
+0
+
+Posit_post 120
+0
+
+Negat_pre 120
+0
+
+Negat_post 120
+0
+
+Std. Error of Mean	0.166	0.175	0.162	0.163 Median	15.00	15.00	44.00	45.00 Mode	16	15	43	43a
+
+Percentiles   25 50
+75
+
+14.00           14.00            43.00            43.00 15.00           15.00            44.00            45.00
+16.00	17.00	46.00	46.00
+
+
+
+Mann Whitney U Test  - Independent samples :
+
+
+
+Table 5 : PANAS – Yoga group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
+
+
+
+Variable
+
+Posit_pre Negat_pre
+
+N	Mean	Sum of rank             Ranks
+120	1.53	183.6 120	3.45	414
+
+Variable	N
+
+Posit_post       120 Negat_post      120
+
+Mean       Sum of rank        Ranks
+3.55	426 1.47	176.4
+
+
+
+Mann Whitney U Test  - Independent samples :
+
+Table 6 : PANAS – Control group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
+
+
+
+Variable
+
+Posit_pre Negat_pre
+
+N	Mean	Sum of rank           Ranks
+120       1.48            177.6 120       3.49            418.8
+
+Variable	N
+
+Posit_post       120 Negat_post      120
+
+Mean       Sum of rank        Ranks
+1.52            182.4 3.51            421.2
+
+
+
+Table 7 : Hypothesis Test statistics summary
+
+
+N = 120
+Degrees of freedom	= 3
+Exact significance   –  2*(1-tailed sig) = 0.00 Variable
+Posit_post Negat_post
+
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020
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+Asymptotic  Significance (2 sided Test) = 0.00 0.00
+0.00
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+
+
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees; a randomised controlled study.
+
+Jyothi Vasu
+Research Scholar, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+
+
+
+Towards the partial fulfillment of Doctoral degree in Yoga
+
+
+under the guidance of
+
+Sony KumariM.A., PhD
+Professor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+
+
+and co-guidance of
+
+K. B. AkhileshM.S., PhD
+Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+
+H. R. NagendraM.E., PhD
+
+Chancellor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+
+The Division of Yoga & Management
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (SVYASA- A university established under section 3 of the UGC Act. 1956)
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 203
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+Abstract
+
+
+Background :
+
+This study seeks to investigate the impact of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) yoga program on changes in Positive and Negative affectivity of the employees.
+Materials and methods: It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group) intervention study with pre and post assessments. SMET yoga program is used as an intervention.A sample of 240 employees (120-Yoga and 120-Control group) consisting of both male and female, working for a BPO office in Bengaluru, India belonging to an age group of 20-45 years participated in the study. PANAS scale was used to administer the study parameters. Data was analysed by using SPSS software.
+Results:A considerable variation in mean values (difference in pre and post data) were observed after SMET intervention for various dimensions ofPositive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Schedule (PANAS). The results were found to be significant with p < 0.05.
+Conclusions: Studyshowed that SMET helped to increase Positive affectivity and to reduce the Negative affectivity of the employees.
+
+Key words: Cyclic Meditation, Negative Affectivity,Personality Traits, Positive Affectivity, SMET, Yoga
+
+
+
+Background:
+
+The word "personality" originates from the Latin word persona, which means mask (Stevko, 2014). In French, it is equivalent to personalete. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviours consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes (Srivastava & Mishra, 2016). It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress.
+
+Personality affects all aspects of a person's performance, even how he reacts to situations on the job. Not
+
+every personality is suited for every job position, so it's important to recognize personality traits and pair
+
+employees with the duties that fit their personalities the best. This can lead to increased productivity and job satisfaction, helping your business function more efficiently.
+
+Introduction:
+
+Positive Affectivity:
+
+Positive  Affectivity  (PA)  is  a  personality  characteristic  that  describes  how  humans  experience positive emotions while interacting with others and with their surroundings. Those with high positive
+
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+affectivity are typically enthusiastic, energetic, confident, active, and alert. Those having low levels of positive affectivity can be characterized by sadness, lethargy, distress, and un-pleasurable engagement (Watson et al, 1988).
+
+
+Positive affect reflects neither a lack of negative affect, nor the opposite of negative affect, but is a
+
+separate,  independent  dimension  of  emotion. Positively  affected  people  are  said  to  be  more  active physically, socially, mentally and emotionally (Watson &Tellegen, 1988a).
+
+
+Positive affectivity is a managerial and organizational behavior tool used to create positive environments
+
+in the workplace. Through the use of PA, the manager can induce a positive employee experience and culture. The positive affectivity hypothesis predicts that employees with positive dispositions receive more supervisor support because they are more socially oriented and likable.PA can be measured as both a state and a trait; state affect captures how a person feels at any given time while trait affect is the tendency of a person to experience a particular affective state over time (Watson and Pennebaker, 1989).
+
+
+PA helps individuals to process emotional information accurately and efficiently, to solve problems, to make plans, and to earn achievements. Psychological capital (PsyCap) refers to an individual’s positive psychological  state  of  development  and  is  characterised  by  positive  affectivity,  self-efficacy,  hope, resilience, and optimism.
+
+
+PA may influence to enhance the personal resources which can help to overcome or deal with distressing situations.  These  resources  are  physical  (e.g.,  better  health),  social  (e.g., social  support networks), intellectual and psychological (e.g., resilience, optimism, and creativity). PA provides a psychological break or relief from stress, supporting continued efforts to replenish resources depleted by stress.Its buffering functions provide a useful antidote to the problems associated with negative emotions and ill health due to stress. Likewise, happy people are better at more mature coping efforts than people with negative emotions.
+
+
+Negative Affectivity:
+
+Negative Affect (NA) is a dimension of subjective distress that includes a variety of adverse mood states, including anger, contempt, disgust, fear, and nervousness (Watson et al., 1988). NA, like PA, can be measured as both a state and a trait and has been linked to both subjective and objective health indicators. State NA has been linked to increased same-day pain (Gil et al., 2003) and decreases in self-reported health (Benyamini et al., 2000). Evans and Egerton (1992) found that state NA led to a higher incident of
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 205
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+colds.  Burnout  is  a  negative  affective  state  caused  by  recurring  distress  (Shirom,  1989).Negative affectivity is a stable and inherited disposition to experience nonspecific distress or unpleasant emotions (Clark et al. 1994). It is considered by some to be synonymous with the personality factor of neuroticism, which corresponds to individuals’ tendency to experience negative affect states (Costa and McCrae 1980; Watson et al. 1988a).
+
+It  is  important  to  an  organisation  that  its  employees  must  be  emotionally  balanced.  The  greatest competitive advantage for an organisation’seconomy is a positive workforce. Therefore it is important for organisations to find ways to enhance their employees’ positive psychological states of mind and decrease their negative emotions i.e. their psychological capital, to achieve desired organisational outcomes.
+
+Negative affectivity (NA) is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Watson and Clark (1984) proposed that negative affectivity encompasses a range of constructs including trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, and maladjustment, among others. Negative affectivity roughly corresponds to the dominant personality factor of anxiety/neuroticism that is found within the Big Five personality traits as emotional stability. Neuroticism can plague an individual with severe mood swings, frequent sadness, worry, and being easily disturbed, and predicts the development and onset of all common mental disorders.Research shows that negative affectivity relates to different classes of variables such as, self-reported stress and poor coping skills, health complaints, and frequency of unpleasant events. Weight gain and mental health complaints are often experienced as well.
+
+
+Negative affectivity is considered a general risk factor for a range of physical and mental health problems, which frequently co-occur. For example, someone experiencing one negative mood state (e.g., sadness) is likely to report greater levels of other negative mood states such as fear or anger (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2010). As a trait, negative affectivity is considered a broad predisposition to experience negative emotions  such  as  anxiety,  fear,  and  sadness  (Watson  et  al.  1988b).  Indeed,  negative  affectivity  is associated with a range of psychopathology, including eating disorders (Cook et al. 2014; Stice 2002), substance use disorders (Cook et al. 2014), schizophreniaspectrum disorders (Blanchard et al. 1998), personality disorders (Zeigler-Hill and Abraham 2006), and a variety of health concerns (Watson and Naragon-Gainey  2014).  Additionally,  negative  affectivity  is  theorized  to  play  an  etiological  role accounting for the overlap in negative emotional disorders of anxiety and depression (Clark and Watson 1991).
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 206
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Further,  negative  affect  was  identified  as  one  of  five  “core  elements”  of  personality  along  with detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism (Krueger et al. 2012), emphasizing the role of negative affectivity not only in personality disorders but also personality at a broader level. Notably, negative affectivity is theorized to be a preexisting temperamental disposition, occurring prior to the onset of specific pathology. Prospective studies have found negative affectivity to predict later onset of a range of problems including mental health, hypertension, and substance abuse (Craske et al. 2001; Jonas and Lando 2000; Measelle et al. 2006; Pine et al. 1998). Overall, available works suggest negative affectivity is a consistent marker of distress across a range of presenting problems and plays an etiological role in their onset.
+
+Hence employees having more negative affectivity trait cannot use their maximum potential and hence will find it difficult to give their fullest to the organization. Therefore these employees may be assisted to decrease their negative affectivity, so that they would be able to work more efficiently and contribute positively to the growth and success of the organization.
+
+
+Stress   Management   programs   (SMP)   are   conducted   in   organisations   to   help   employees   to overcomephysical and mental imbalances. Though everyone is unique, we all possess certain traits that set us apart from the rest, for many reasons. These traits define who we are and how we respond to situations. We only need to ignite that dormant passion and give a boost to our persona.
+
+
+The Stress  Management  programs assists  individuals  to  effectively manage  the  imbalance in  healthy ways, including - exercising, seeking social support, using pleasant activities and relaxation techniques. The Stress Management training program in the workplace builds on the better Work-Life balance. Studies  on  Stress  Management  programs  suggests  that  these  comprehensive  programs  can  improve mental health, behaviour and well-being of workers.
+Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the imbalances enormously. Self-Management  of  Excessive  Tension(SMET)  is  one  such  holistic  yoga-based  stress  management program  developed  by  Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga  AnusandhanaSamsthana  (S-VYASA)  University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 207
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+YOGA:
+
+Yoga is a conscious process of gaining mastery over the mind. It’s a process of elevating oneself through calming of mind.
+
+The great sage Patanjali ‘father of yoga’ uses the word ‘Klesha’ in his ‘Yoga Sutras’ for stress and
+
+proposes the techniques of yoga for reducing (thinning) stress. It will not be a sudden elimination but gradual systematic process of moving from higher stress levels to lower ones and slowly eliminating.
+
+According to ‘Bhagavadgita’ (2 - 62, 63), by using the technique of yoga, we learn to expand our
+
+horizons, increase our capacities and manifest our dormant potentialities.
+
+
+Hence yoga is one of the popular ways to reduce physical and mental imbalances to a greater extent. It helps to set right the defects in different koshas. The negative emotions like Negative Affectivity can be minimised which helps to develop confidence, to increase optimism, enthusiasm and other positive characters. An employee with more positivities, tries to improve his performance and in turn strives for the growth of the organisation and also helps to achieve its goals and targets.
+
+Benefits of Yoga :
+
+Yoga offers man a conscious process to solve menacing problems of unhappiness, restlessness, emotional upset, hyper-activity and so on.
+
+It helps to evoke the hidden potentialities of man in a systematic and scientific way by which man becomes a complete individual.   His   physical,   mental, emotional, spiritual and intellectual faculties develop  in  a  harmonious  and  integrated  manner  to  meet  the  all-round  challenges  of  the  modern technological era with its hectic speed.
+
+It also helps for muscular relaxation, developing willpower and improving creativity.
+
+SMET- Self-Management of Excessive Tension
+
+Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) module is a holistic yoga-based stress management program  which  is  developed  by  Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga  AnusandhanaSamsthana  (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. Yoga offers total rehabilitation by integrated module of SMET.
+
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 208
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+SMET is based on MāndukyaUpanishad consisting of Yogic science and Vedic ideology for combating physical and mental imbalances and ensuring all round health of the body and mind combined. It is a series of successive stimulations and relaxations that can solve the complex problems of the mind. It helps to release stress at deeper levels. This technique is interspersed and an aspirant finds it easy in comparison with other practices of yoga.
+
+
+The cardinal principles of Yoga are; “stimulation and relaxation of the body; slow down the breath and calm down the mind”. Crystallizing such principles into practical techniques, S-VYASA has developed highly effective programs of stress management, offered under the following four headings:
+
+
+1. Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT) 2. Quick Relaxation Technique (QRT) 3. Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT)
+4. Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET)
+
+
+Aim and Objectives of SMET: 1.   Stimulate the mind.
+2.   Calm down the distractions. 3.   Recognize the Stagnations.
+4.   Achieve peace and happiness.
+
+5.   Enhancing the efficiency of staff involved in management and other stream 6.   Promoting health and wellbeing through yoga
+7.   Recovering and managing various physical and mental aliments through specific yoga techniques.
+
+8.   Improving the skills and equipoise in action by developing concentration and absolute focus towards work through various Yoga techniques.
+
+
+Components of SMET :
+
+(a) Theory sessions - namely Lectures, Talks, Counselling, Discourses and
+
+(b)  Practice  sessions  -  Cyclic  Meditation  (CM)  which  includesÄsanas,  Relaxation  techniques  and Meditation.
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 209
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+Theory sessions - topics:
+
+1.   Concept of Stress
+
+2.   Growth of Executives 3.   Group Dynamics
+4.   Introduction to SMET
+
+5.   Recognition of problem is half solution 6.   S-VYASA movement
+7.   Researches on SMET
+
+8.   Benefits and Advantages of going through SMET program
+
+
+
+Practice session - Cyclic Meditation - CM:
+
+Cyclic Meditation is a practice, built on the principle of alternate Stimulation and Relaxation. This technique was developed by Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru. It is a simple and effective technique to relieve stress and induce deep sleep and relaxation. There are proven results that, CM can reduce the number of hours needed in order to feel rejuvenated.
+
+Cyclic Meditation involves the following steps :
+
+Step 1.   Lie down in śavāsana and chant Opening Prayer  “Layesambodhayetchittam……….”
+
+ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल३-४४॥
+layesaṃbodhayeccittaṃvikṣiptaṃśamayetpunaḥ | sakaṣāyaṃvijānīyātsamaprāptaṃnacālayet ||māndukyopaniśat kārika|| 3-44 ||
+
+Meaning: If the mind becomes inactive in a state of oblivion awaken it again. If it is distracted,, bring it
+
+back to the state of tranquility. (In the intermediary state) know the mind containing within it desires in potential form. If the mind has attained the state of equilibrium, then do not disturb it again.
+
+Stimulate & awaken the sleeping mind, calm down the distractions, recognize the innate stagnations & stay in steadiness without disturbing it.
+
+
+Step 2	(a) Perform IRT - Instant Relaxation Technique
+
+(b) Coming up to Tāḍāsanasthiti (standing position) – Linear awareness (c) Relaxation and centering in Tāḍāsana
+Step 3.  Standing asana - Perform Ardhakaṭicakrāsana (first right and then left )
+
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 210
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+(a)  Coming down tośavāsana from right side Step 4.  Perform QRT - Quick Relaxation Technique
+Step 5.  Sitting āsanas - Sit up and relax in Danḍāsana (sitting with leg stretching) (a)Perform Vajrāsana
+(b)Perform Sasankāsana and return to Vajrāsana (c) Perform Ardha-uśtrāsanaor uśtrāsana
+(d) Relax in leg stretching sitting position (e) Go straight back to śavāsana
+Step 6.  Perform DRT – Deep Relaxation Technique
+
+(a) Come up straight and assume any sitting position -preferably Vajrāsana (b) Chant Closing Prayer “ Omsarvebhavantusukhinah…….”
+
+ॐललललल लललललल लललललल|ललललल ललललल लललललललल ।
+ललललल ललललललल लललललललल
+|लल लललललललललललललललललललल । ॐललललललल ललललललल ललललललल ॥
+
+sarve bhavantu sukhinah, sarve santu nirāmayāh, sarve bhadrāṇi paśyantu, mā kaścit duhkha bhāgbhavet; om ṣāntih ṣāntih ṣāntihi॥
+
+Meaning:
+
+
+May	all	become	happy,	May	none	fall	ill;	May	all	see	auspiciousness	everywhere, May none ever feel sorrow, Om peace peacepeace.
+
+
+Need for the study :
+
+Physically healthy and mentally sound employees are the assets for an organisation.Improved Positive affectivity and reduced Negative affectivity of employees are considered to be very important factors which are necessary for the growth and success of an organization in achieving its goals.
+
+No studies have reported examining the impact of SMET Yoga Program on Positive and Negative
+
+affectivity. Hence the need.
+
+Study Rationale:
+
+There are many reasons for all sorts of physical, mental and emotional imbalances of a person. Hence these imbalances causes hindrances for an employee to work to his maximum potential or to exhibit positive characters.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 211
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+So by reducing theimbalance , one can maximize his potential and work with a healthy and positive state of mind. Keeping this aspect as a rationale, efforts have been made to improve the positive characters of employeesand to minimise theirnegative characters.
+Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the Negative affectivity and improve positivity enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based	stress	management	program	developed	by	Swami	Vivekananda	Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, which has been used as an intervention in our study.
+
+
+Aim:
+
+To study the impact of SMET yoga module on positive and negative characteristics of employees.
+
+
+Objective:
+
+ To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Positive affectivity of employees.  To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Negative affectivity of employees.
+
+Hypothesis:
+
+Null Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will not improve Positive affectivity and will not reduce Negative affectivity of the employees.
+Research Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will improve Positive affectivity and will reduce Negative affectivity of the employees.
+
+
+Research Methodology:-
+
+Research Design:
+
+It is a randomised two group (yoga and  control group), intervention study with pre and post assessments.
+
+SMET program is used as an intervention. Yoga group will undergo SMET yoga program and Control group will be engaged in their routine work and they will undergo SMET program after the study. It will be a waitlist control group.
+
+Measures:-
+
+Dependant variables– Positive affectivity andNegative affectivity
+
+Independent variable –Job stress
+
+
+
+
+
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+Control Variables – Age, Gender, Qualification, Designation, Job Tenure
+
+Research Instruments used:
+
+PANAS scale- developed by Watson, D.,Clark, L. A., &Tellengen, A., (1988) - measures 10 specific positive and 10 specific negative affects each at two different levels. It uses a 5-point scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to indicate the extent of generally feeling the respective mood state. The Authors calculated Cronbach á coefficients in different samples range from 0.90 to 0.96 for PA and from 0.84 to 0.87 for NA.
+
+Reliability and Validity:
+
+Reliability and Validity reported by Watson (1988) was moderately good. For the Positive Affect Scale, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.86 to 0.90; for the Negative Affect Scale, 0.84 to 0.87. Over a 8-week time period, the test-retest correlations were 0.47-0.68 for the PA and 0.39-0.71 for the NA. The PANAS has strong reported validity with such measures as general distress and dysfunction, depression, and state anxiety.
+
+
+Samples :
+
+Source – The sampling technique used in this research is simple random sampling. Employees working
+
+for Vee-Technologies private Ltd., a BPO organisation at Bengaluru, India were selected randomly for the study. Subjects of the present study were from different departments of the organization like finance, HRM, production etc. and they belonged to the category of managers, non-managers and official staff of the organization.
+
+Criteria - Both male and female employees of 20 to 45 years of age group were selected.
+
+Size - Total of 240 employees participated in the study, out of which 120 belonged to ‘experimental Yoga group’ and 120 belonged to ‘waitlisted Control group’.
+
+Duration of the study :3 months,  weekly 2 days, one hour session per day. Employees were asked to practice the same at home for the remaining 3 days of the week by listening to the instructions which were recorded by them. They self-reported their home practice.
+
+
+Statistical Analysis: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 213
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+
+
+Results / Findings:
+
+The response choices of the scale used, consisted of a Likert type 5 point rating scale.
+
+As the data consists of scores given to the response choices, the variables under measurement are not normally distributed. Hence analysis was made using non-parametric tests. The Mann -Whitney U test is used to measure the significance of the data.
+
+Table 1 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Yoga group.
+
+In this table we can see that there is a significant change in the mean values of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This implies that SMET has a positive impact in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees.
+
+Table 2 shows median, mode and percentile values for yoga group of employees.
+
+Table 3 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Control group.
+
+In this table, there is not much difference in the mean values of the variables of  pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program.
+
+Table 4 shows median, mode and percentile values for Control group of employees.
+
+Table 5 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Yoga group - employees.
+
+In this table we can see that there is a tremendous change in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This proves the positive effect of SMET in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees.
+
+Table 6 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Control group - employees.
+
+In this table, there is not much difference in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of the variables of  pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program.
+
+Table 7 shows the actual significance values of the test for PANAS of employees of Yoga group.
+
+This table clearly shows the significance of data of each dimension of PANAS of Yoga group. Since the P value is < 0.05 in each case, it means to say that, Reject Null Hypothesis and Accept Research Hypothesis.
+
+The post data of different variables of Control group were not found to be significant for PANAS (p not less than 0.05) as per our observation.
+
+SMET has a positive impact on all the variables of PANAS. SMET has helped the employees in improving their Positive (characters) Affectivity and to reduce theirNegative (emotions) Affectivity to a maximum extent.
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 214
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+Discussions :
+
+Previous studies and research findings aboutSMET :
+
+A study on SMET, reported decrease in occupational stress levels and baseline autonomic arousal in managers, showing significant reduction in sympathetic activity (Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S. (2000)). Effectiveness of Self- Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) programme on emotional well-being of managers was studied.. In this study, Emotional Quotient was used as an indicator for emotional well-being. SMET intervention contributed to the betterment of emotional well- being of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study was made to assess the effect of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET), on brain wave coherence. Results of a study showed that participation in a SMET program was associated with improvement in emotional stability and may have implications  for  'Executive  Efficiency'.  On  the  whole,  significant  increase  in  cognitive  flexibility, intelligence and emotional stability were attained by following SMET (Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R.  (2011))  .A study examined  the  possibility of enhancing emotional competence  (EC)  along with emotional  Intelligence  (EI)  through  Self  Management  of  Excessive  Tension  (SMET)  program.  The participating executives reported improvement in efficiency at work. In addition they have experienced other benefits like reduction in blood pressure, sleep decreases in the consumption of the tranquilizers, clarity in thinking, and relaxed feeling in action (Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R. (2013)). In another study, SMET intervention has again proved to contribute to significant enhancement of emotional competence level of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study evaluates the impact of a 5 day stress management programme (SMET) for managers as measured by AcuGraph3  - ‘Digital  Meridian  Imaging’  system.  The  5  days  SMET  intervention  increased  overall ‘Prāṇic’energy in the main acupuncture meridian channels. The program significantly improved overall chi (Chinese term) energy. Chi energy would increase, both in individual meridians and the overall (Meenakshy K. B., Alex Hankey, HongasandraRamarao Nagendra. (2014)). A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 5 days yoga based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) on profile of mood states of managers. The negative moods were significantly reduced following SMET program. Whereas positive moods improved. The intense yoga based SMET program enhanced the profile of mood in managers (Rabindra M.A., Pradhan B. and Nagendra H.R, (2014)). SMET intervention with an insight of group dynamics & executive growth along with the practices proved to bring about a significant trend in scores which suggested that SMET as part of Yoga could be an effective tool for managing stress and hence enhancing managerial leadership (PadmavatiMaharana, DrSanjib Patra , Dr. T M Srinivasan, Dr. H R Nagendra,. (2014)). A study was conducted to examine the effect of Stress Management Programme, Self- Management   of excessive Tension (SMET) on the managers. It was observed that significant improvement in health and personality traits were recorded (Rabindra Acharya, BalramPradhan and H. R.
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 215
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+Nagendra (2017)). Effect of SMET Programme showed to improve the attention of top line managers in another study (Shatrughan Singh and Nagendra, H. R. (2012)).
+
+
+Findings from the present study:
+
+In this study, 2 sub-scales were studied with the help of PANAS scale.
+
+It was observed that some positive changes happened in the employees who underwent SMET program as mentioned below for each sub-scale or component.
+
+Negative affectivity :Employees complaining about distress, upset, guilty, scare, hostile, irritability,
+
+ashamed,  nervous,  jittery  or  afraid  became  more  confident,  open  minded,  optimistic  and  also  their participation and involvement increased to a greater extent after going through the SMET programme.
+
+
+Positive  Affectivity:  The  interest,  excitement,  strength,  enthusiasm,  pride,  alertness,  inspiration, determination, attentiveness, activeness and self-motivationof the employees improved noticeably who underwent SMET programme.
+
+
+In total, this study has proved that SMET helps in improving the Positive affectivity of employees to a noticeable extent. It has also showed that the SMET has helped to a large extent in reducing the Negative affectivity of the employees to a minimum level which in turn increased their positivities.
+
+
+Advantages of going through SMET Program :
+
+
+This methodology has been formulated after years of in-depth study and research into actual case histories by highly qualified doctors and yoga experts. Professionals need sensitivity, brilliance and creativity. But in the process of career advancement one’s stress levels rise and this ultimately leads to deteriorating health. Also any activity related to computer leads to Musculoskeletal, Emotional and Visual problems. With SMET all these issues can be avoided or managed if they occur.
+
+
+Over  the  last  25  years,  these  programs  have  been  conducted  at  various  business  houses,  factories, industries, and educational institutions, management development institutions and for the common public in general. Course participants have experienced deep relaxation resulting in great calmness of mind and body during the programs. Preliminary investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of this program in handling stress effectively.
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 216
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+The program ushers in a new era in that, it brings about a ‘Turn around’ in the participant’s outlook, both official and personal and propels him along the path of progress towards efficiency, physical & mental equipoise. SMET improves the sharpness of the mind which is the decision making machinery, by inculcating techniques that help one to go to deeper and subtler levels of consciousness and gain mastery over the mind. It helps to provide the much needed - but denied unwittingly - relaxation to the body-mind complex and to break the shackles of baser thoughts besides elevating one to unlimited expansiveness of understanding - Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru ; founder of this module.
+
+
+Importance of Positive and Negative affectivityof an employee for an organisation:
+
+Personality  traits  are  extremely  important  in  today’s  competitive  organisational  setting.  Employees
+
+individually  possess  diverse  personality  traits  that  may  influence  negatively  or  positively  their performance of jobs assigned to them. It is therefore important that managers and organisational members take into account these important individual differences because realising these traits will help managers and colleagues to deal with employees’ job performance.
+
+Personality has received much attention from the research community in many contexts. In recent decades research on personality traits and its exploration in the context of work behavior has been revitalized . Personality trait is relatively stable and enduring individual tendency of reacting emotionally or engaging in a behavior in a certain way. Hence Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Here we study about two most important personality traits  namely Positive affectivity and Negative affectivity of employees in an organisation.
+
+Conclusion:
+
+Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program deals with the employees (human beings as a whole), by approaching them in a holistic way to minimize their problems related to various areas of an organisation. SMET Program is exclusively and extensively developed for those having physical and mental imbalances due to various reasons such as work pressure,job stress and so on in specifically corporate world. The techniques are simple but very much effective if practiced regularly. In a very short span of time, the program helps to acquire the power to perform better, free from stress in a relaxed and balanced way. From this study we can see that SMET program contributes considerably to improve the positive behaviourof the employees and reduce their negativities at the same time. Hence it is suggestive that SMET intervention is a very effective way of enhancing employees’ potential to get the maximum benefit out of them and also to enhance their persona.
+
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+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 217
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+Limitations of the study:
+
+Although the study provided interesting insights, the study also has shortcomings.
+
+Firstly, the measures used in the study are self-report measures, whichtypically suffers the problem of a social desirability effect. Many a times, participants choose an ideal alternative instead of the truth.
+
+Secondly, this study is restricted to a private BPO organisation and the findings are provisional and cannot be generalized to other organizations in the same sector as well as to other sectors. Thus, the external validity of the study is low.
+
+Thirdly, the study has been conducted with a sample size of 120 respondents. More appropriate results could have been obtained if sample size would have been increased.
+
+In this study, three months intervention was given. Intervention period can be increased. Only one company /organization was studied. Studies can be conducted at different organisations. This could give stronger findings.
+
+The study would have brought more good results if the comparative analysis would have been made between males and females and between different variables. Some more demographic variables would have been selected to make the study more detailed one.
+
+Scope for future research :
+
+Some moderator and mediator variables like age, experience or gender variables can be considered to study the parameters and their consequences. Other possible negative consequences can also be studied to enrich this field of research.
+
+Future researchers may also wish to develop their own set of questionnaires. Future research can replicate the methodology adopted in the present study to other sectors.  More studies can be carried out to find out the extent to which personality traits influences other perceptions of the organisation. The development of scientific and practical tools and techniques to implement the above findings can be a future initiative.
+
+Conflict of Interest Statement:
+
+The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 218
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+References:
+
+Benyamini, Y., Idler, E. L., Leventhal, H. and Leventhal, E. A. (2000). ‘Positive affect and function as influences on self-assessment of health: expanding our view beyond illness and disability’. Journals of Gerontology, 55B, 107–16.
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+Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., &Bellack, A. S. (1998).Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(3), 413–424.
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+Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316–336. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 843X.100.3.316.
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+Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 103–116. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.103.
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+Cook, B. J., Wonderlich, S. A., & Lavender, J. M. (2014). The role of negative affect in eating disorders and substance use disorders. In T. D. Brewerton & A. B. Dennis (Eds.), Eating disorders, addictions and substance use disorders (pp. 363–378). Berlin: Springer. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_16.
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+Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 668–678. http://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668.
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+Craske, M. G., Poulton, R., Tsao, J. C., &Plotkin, D. (2001). Paths to panic disorder/agoraphobia: An exploratory analysis from age 3 to 21 in an unselected birth cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(5), 556–563. http://doi. org/10.1097/00004583-200105000-00015.
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+Evans, P. D. and Egerton, N. (1992). ‘Mood states and minor illness’. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 65, 177–86.
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+Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R., “Effects of yoga on brain wave coherence in executives.”Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol 55(4), (2011), pp. 8-12.
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+Gil, K. M., Carson, J. W., Porter, L. S., Ready, J., Valrie, C., Redding-Lallinger, R. and Daeschner, C. (2003).‘Daily stress and mood and their association with pain, health-care use, and school activity in adolescents with sickle cell disease’.Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28, 363–73.
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+Jonas, B. S., &Lando, J. F. (2000).Negative affect as a prospective risk factor for hypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(2), 188–196. http://doi.org/10. 1097/00006842-200003000-00006.
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+Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., &Skodol, A. E. (2012).Initial construction of amaladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879– 1890. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002674.
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+Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R., “Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics of Managers.” Voice of Research, vol 2(1), 2013, pp. 49-52.
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+Measelle, J. R., Stice, E., & Springer, D. W. (2006). A prospective test of the negative affect model of substance abuse: Moderating effects of social support. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(3), 225– 233. http://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.3.225.
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+Meenakshy,  K.  B.,  Alex  Hankey,	HongasandraRamarao  Nagendra,  “Electrodermal	Assessment  of SMET Program for business executives.” Voice of Researchvol 2 (4), 2014, ISSN 2277-7733.
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+PadmavatiMaharana , Dr. Sanjib Patra , Dr. T. M. Srinivasan, Dr. H. R. Nagendra, “Role of Yoga based
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+stress management program towards leadership development in managers.” IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. vol 16(5) ver II, 2014,  pp. 01-05, www.iosrjournals.org.
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+Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998).The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(1), 56–64. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56.
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+Rabindra Acharya, Balram Pradhan and H. R. Nagendra, “Effect of Stress Management Programmes on the Health and Personality Traits of Managers.”Indian Journal of Public Administration, vol 60(2),2017, pp. 350-359.
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+Rabindra, M.A., Pradhan, B. and Nagendra, H.R., “Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers.” International Journal of Education & Management Studies, vol 4(2), 2014, pp. 150-152 http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/21#list© Indian Asociation of Health, Research and Welfare.
+Shatrughan,  Singh,  and  Nagendra,  H.  R.,  “Effect  of  SMET  Programme  on  attention  of  top  line managers.”Space, vol 3(3), 2012, pp. 20.
+
+Shirom, A. (1989). ‘Burnout in work organizations’.In Cooper, C. L. and Robertson, I. (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New York: John Wiley, 25–48.
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+Sony Kumari, N. C. B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R., “Enhancing emotional competence among managers – SMET.”Journal  of  the  National  Academy  of  Psychology  (Psychological  Studies),  vol  52(2):  2007. pp.171-173.
+
+Srivastava1, A. & Mishra, A. (2016).A Study on the Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Consciousness. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2), 77 – 83.
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+Stevko, R. (2014). Neurophysiology.Morrisville:Lulu
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+Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 825–848. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.128.5.825.
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+Stone, A. A., Cox, D. S., Vladimarsdottier, H. and Jandorf, L. (1987). ‘Evidence that secretory IgA antibody is associated with daily mood’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 988–93.
+
+Stone, A. A., Neale, J. M., Cox, D. S. and Napoli, A. (1994). ‘Daily events are associated with a secretory immune response to an oral antigen in men’. Health Psychology, 13, 400–18.
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+Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S., “Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program.” Journal of Indian Psychology, vol 18(1 & 2), 2000,  pp. 33-37.
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+Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465–490. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465.
+
+Watson, D., Clark, L. A., &Tellegen, A. (1988a). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
+
+Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988b). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346 .http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.3. 346.
+
+Watson, D. and Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). ‘Health complaints, stress and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 234–54.
+
+Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2010). On the specificity of positive emotional dysfunction in psychopathology: Evidence from the mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/schizotypy. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 839–848. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr. 2009.11.002.
+
+Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2014).Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 422–442. http://doi.org/10. 1177/2167702614536162.
+
+Zeigler-Hill, V., & Abraham, J. (2006). Borderline personality features: Instability of self-esteem and affect. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(6), 668–687. http://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.668.
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+TABLES
+
+Table 1 : PANAS – Yoga – Descriptive Statistics
+
+Descriptive Statistics
+
+N	Range
+
+Posit_pre	120	10
+
+Minimum
+
+11
+
+Maximum
+
+21
+
+Mean
+
+15.54	0.162
+
+Std. Deviation 1.777
+
+Variance
+
+3.158
+
+
+
+Posit_post	120	9 Negat_pre	120	9 Negat_post	120	9
+Valid N	120 (listwise)
+
+40                 49                 44.79 40                 49                 44.60
+11	20	15.28
+
+0.168    1.842           3.393 0.162    1.770           3.133
+0.152	1.670	2.789
+
+
+
+*Posit_pre – Positive Affect pre data values,*Posit_post - Positive Affect post data values
+
+*Negat_pre  –Negative Affect pre data values, * Negat_post - Negative Affect post data values
+
+
+
+Table 2 : PANAS – Yoga –Statistics
+
+
+
+
+
+N	Valid
+Missing
+
+
+Posit_pre 120
+0
+
+Statistics Posit_post 120
+0
+
+
+Negat_pre 120
+0
+
+
+Negat_post 120
+0
+
+Std. Error of Mean	0.162	0.168	0.162	0.152 Median	16.00	45.00	44.50	15.00 Mode	16	45	43	16
+
+Percentiles      25 50
+75
+
+14.00             43.00             43.00              14.00 16.00             44.50             44.50              15.00
+17.00	46.00	46.00	16.00
+
+
+
+Table 3 : PANAS –Control – Descriptive Statistics
+
+Descriptive Statistics
+
+N       Rang     Minimu e            m
+Posit_pre	120	10	11
+Posit_post	120	10	11 Negat_pre	120	9	40 Negat_post	120	9	40
+Valid N	120 (listwise)
+
+Maximu	Mean m
+21	15.38	0.166
+21                15.41    0.175 49                44.55    0.162
+49	44.67	0.163
+
+Std. Deviation 1.820
+1.916 1.777
+1.789
+
+Variance
+
+3.312 3.672 3.157
+3.199
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 222
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+
+
+Table 4 : PANAS –Control –Statistics
+
+Statistics
+
+
+N	Valid
+Missing
+
+Posit_pre 120
+0
+
+Posit_post 120
+0
+
+Negat_pre 120
+0
+
+Negat_post 120
+0
+
+Std. Error of Mean	0.166	0.175	0.162	0.163 Median	15.00	15.00	44.00	45.00 Mode	16	15	43	43a
+
+Percentiles   25 50
+75
+
+14.00           14.00            43.00            43.00 15.00           15.00            44.00            45.00
+16.00	17.00	46.00	46.00
+
+
+
+Mann Whitney U Test  - Independent samples :
+
+
+
+Table 5 : PANAS – Yoga group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
+
+
+
+Variable
+
+Posit_pre Negat_pre
+
+N	Mean	Sum of rank             Ranks
+120	1.53	183.6 120	3.45	414
+
+Variable	N
+
+Posit_post       120 Negat_post      120
+
+Mean       Sum of rank        Ranks
+3.55	426 1.47	176.4
+
+
+
+Mann Whitney U Test  - Independent samples :
+
+Table 6 : PANAS – Control group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
+
+
+
+Variable
+
+Posit_pre Negat_pre
+
+N	Mean	Sum of rank           Ranks
+120       1.48            177.6 120       3.49            418.8
+
+Variable	N
+
+Posit_post       120 Negat_post      120
+
+Mean       Sum of rank        Ranks
+1.52            182.4 3.51            421.2
+
+
+
+Table 7 : Hypothesis Test statistics summary
+
+
+N = 120
+Degrees of freedom	= 3
+Exact significance   –  2*(1-tailed sig) = 0.00 Variable
+Posit_post Negat_post
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020
+
+
+
+
+Asymptotic  Significance (2 sided Test) = 0.00 0.00
+0.00
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Page No: 223

document/management/A Study on effect of Yoga based practices on Job anxiety in Information technology professionals conv.txt

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+
+Paper Received:  30th June, 2015
+Paper Accepted: 05th July, 2015
+Paper Published: 15th July, 2015
+
+ạ
+Human Resource Reflection
+
+A STUDY ON EFFECT OF YOGA BASED PRACTICES ON JOB ANXIETY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
+PROFESSIONALS
+
+
+ISSN(ONLINE):2348-7518
+
+
+Human Resource Reflection 2(4) 01-09
+July 2015 Impact factor 0.641
+Avanseaza.in
+
+
+
+Pammi Sesha Srinivas SVYASA University, Bangalore
+
+
+Sony Kumari
+SVYASA University, Bangalore
+
+
+Abstract
+Information Technology sector is subjected to large number of job fluctuations as it needs to deal  with  global  market  trends  and  technology  advancements.	Due  to  increasingly adaptation of “short term contracting” by organisations, IT professionals are continuously subjected to regular displacements, layoffs and exceeding job demands.  These uncertainties at workplace are introducing Job anxieties for the professionals. With prolonged periods of Job anxieties, IT professionals are becoming victims of work related stress and depression disorders.  Yoga is the ancient Indian science, said to bring mind fluctuations under control. There is a need to study whether Yoga based practices can help IT professionals on reducing Job anxiety.	Here a  quantitative  study  is  done on  IT professionals from one  of  Multi National company office situated in Bangalore, India to check the impact of Yoga based cyclic meditation practice on Job anxiety levels. It was found in this empirical study that yoga based practices can help to bring down the Job Anxiety levels of IT Professionals. Though findings are done for Indian context, authors strongly feel that, these results may also be applicable to international IT professionals equally. Authors suggest IT professionals and  IT  organisations  to  make  Cyclic  Meditation  as  part  of  health  routines  which  can potentially help reduce job anxiety levels and help increase on-job productivity.
+
+Keywords
+Job Anxiety, Yoga, stress, IT professionals, India.
+
+
+
+
+
+Corresponding author
+Pammi Sesha Srinivas, Research Scholar, SVYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka Email: [email protected]
+1
+
+
+Background
+In the present ―age of anxiety‖ one‘s path to success has been rendered extremely difficult owing  to  both  environmental  variables  and psychological characteristics of the individual ( AK Srivatsava, 1977). Researchers working in the field are in agreement that anxiety is a mental	state	primarily	driven	by apprehensions and vague fear.   Anxiety can either be stimulus related, referred as state anxiety or general in nature referred as trait anxiety    (B.    Muschalla.    et    al,    2013). Grinker(1966)  also pointed out that methods of  producing  anxiety  also  depends  on  the personality  traits  of  the  individual.  For  the woman/man  of  modern  age,  being  in  paid working  positions  is  becoming  increasingly important. People prefer to engage in some job  where  they  generally  end  up  spending more  number  hours  in  day.  Anxiety  which pertains to job life of an employee who gets unnecessarily fearful, apprehensive, pessimistic and   emotional   regarding   components   of his/her own work  may be referred to as ‗job anxiety‘(H.N.Prasad,1994).   Job anxiety could also be understood as general feeling of vague fear   and   apprehensive   mind   set   of   the employee  regarding  various  job-components in relation to his /her frame of reference or his/her psychological make-up (AK Srivastava, 1977).     Job anxiety is also a form of state anxiety, driven by job related stimulus.   The relationship  between  characteristics  of  the workplace   and   health   has   been   primary subject  of  research  interest,  and  it  is  also observed  that  both  work  related  stressors and non-work related stressors effect mental health of the individual independently (Clark C  et  al,  2102).  Workplace  effect  on  the individual can either be positive by helping to provide necessary social support, confidence and  self-esteem,  or  be  negative  with  its excessive demands which in turn can induce anxiety.       Job   anxiety   of   employees   is influenced   by   the   market   trends,   fit   to organisation	culture,           supervisor management/leadership          style,          self-expectations  from  job  and  social  support available  at  work/out-side  work  place.  Job Anxiety   may   effect   the   individual   work relations with supervisor and peers. In turn, job  anxiety  for  employees  may  result  in reduced    productivity	for    organisations. Realizing  this  fact,  Organizations  with  long
+
+term   vision   plan   their   management   and leadership  hierarchy  in  such  a  way  that employees	do	get	time	of	their managers/leaders at regular intervals, to know about  company  current  status  and  future prospects.  This helps employees to be aware of their company future plans.
+Review of Literature
+It is observed that job anxiety may influence perceived stress at workplace. There are few studies done about association of job anxiety with   depression,   perceived   stress,   work phobia   and   job   satisfaction.   It   was   also observed  that  personality  characteristics  of individuals  influence  anxiety  traits  in  the individuals.  Below  is  the  literature  survey done	to	understand	existing	studies performed related to Job Anxiety.
+	AK Srivastava (1977) did a detailed study on  components  influencing  ‗Job-Anxiety‘ and came to an understanding that Job-Anxiety is influenced by both work life and  personal  life.	He  concluded  that components   like   Security,   Recognition, Human   relations   at   work,   Reward   and Punishment,  Self-Esteem,  Future  Prospects and capacity to work are essential ones to assess ‗Job-Anxiety‘.
+	During   a   study   performed   on   pre-registration	house	officers,	it	was observed    that	stress,	anxiety    and depression    scores    were    significantly correlated with neuroticism score in both men  and  women.  It  was also  observed that	personality     characteristics     of neuroticism  were  a  predisposing  factor for stress and anxiety in junior doctors (D Newbury-Birch et al., 2015).
+	 A	study	performed	on	Library employees, revealed that degrees of job anxiety are related to job satisfaction in different  ways.  This  study  also  further confirms  the  theory  that  interpersonal relations are major determinants of job anxiety ( H N Prasad, 1994).
+	A  study  done  on  self-  perceived  Job insecurity,  based  on  representative  data from 17 European countries, reveals that job insecurity is also driven by not only by social	structural	or	institutional differences	,	but    also    by	cultural characteristics (Marcel Erlinghagen, 2007).
+    It is also noticed that Job anxiety can also lead  to  work  related  phobia,  which  is
+2
+a STUDY ON EFFECT OF YOGA BASED PRACTICES ON JOB ANXIETY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS
+
+
+
+panic when approaching or thinking about work.	It  was  observed,  from  a  study performed on primary care patients with chronic   mental   disorders,   that   work-related anxiety may play significant role on work related phobia (Beate Muschalla et al.,2014).
+   A  study  performed  on  Male  Assembly Automotive workers in Malaysia revealed that  depression,  anxiety  and  stress  are important  mental  outcomes  in  stressful working settings.  It was further suggested that  reduced  psychological  job-demand, Job  –  insecurity  and  hazards  conditions factors	may	improve	self-perceived depression, anxiety and stress (Bin Abdin EDIMANSYAH et al., 2007).
+	 A study performed on employees from different professional settings of Germany, revealed that Job anxiety is different from trait anxiety and Job anxiety could lead to work avoidance and sickness absence (B. Muschalla,  2013).  A  quantitative  study performed  on  automotive  workers  in Malaysia, revealed that depression, anxiety and  stress  due  to  work  conditions  has mediating role on perceived quality of life (Bin Nordin Rusli, 2008).
+
+Rational for this Study
+Today‘s  world  economy  fluctuations  have caused a lot of disturbances to organisations offering  both services and products , resulting in  downsizing  the  staff,	displacement  of production   units  to   cheaper   geographical places,  mergers	and  in  some  cases  filing bankruptcies. This is particularly applicable to organisations	pertaining    to	Information technology    based	services/products.	IT organisations	are	increasingly    adopting ―short-term  contracting‖  polices  to  reduce impact of exceeding employees expenses on their  financial  figures.  This  means  regular displacement, facing possible lay off, necessity to accept exceeding job demands, are to be named a few for IT professionals of today‘s world.   This   is   not   coming   free   for   IT professionals  in  their  both  professional  life and  personal  lives.  Though  study  done  by Otago University may not have been done on IT  professionals in  particular,  the  university study has shown that 45 per cent of newly diagnosed cases of depression or generalised
+
+anxiety  disorder  were  directly  related  to workplace stress. (Kumar et al., 2009).
+Job  Anxiety  of  IT  professionals  is  much required topic to be understood, where very little	studies	were	performed.	Sub components of Job anxiety described by A.K. Srivastava  (1977)  do  help  to  understand current Job anxiety levels of IT professionals. As jobs for IT  professionals,  are  bound  to move around geographical locations, it would impact   both   personal   and   job   security. Recognition  at  work  is  essential  for  these professionals as they deal with dynamic job and market conditions, failing which it would be difficult to be innovative in problem solving strategies.  IT  professionals  on  an  average spend more numbers at work place/thinking of Job and hence human relations at work, play significant role for them. Any long term disturbances in human relations at work, may cause sleep disorders and may cause mental health illness.     Rewards in terms of sizable monetary   benefits   are   essential   for   IT professionals   due   to   their   uncertain   job profiles. Any anxiety coming due to possible punishment  by  supervisor  has  far  reaching consequences   on   mental   health   for   the employees.   Any delay in Future prospects at work in terms of promotion/ advancements also  plays  a  role  on  Job  anxiety  of  IT professionals. IT professionals as they put up more service need to continuously work for increasing   their   aptitude   to   solve   bigger problems	of   organisations/market,    failing which   organisations do question the need to issue pay checks to these IT professionals.  All in  all,  all  the  components  of  Job  anxiety described A.K. Srivastava help to understand Job Anxiety of IT professionals.
+As it is increasingly visible in today‘s social media,   Yoga   based   practices   are   gaining popularity  for  improvement  of  self  both  in professional life and personal life. Job anxiety is an important symptom that needs to be understood in IT professionals as it may also possibly end up in aiding work related stress and  depression.  Any  Impact  of  Yoga  based practices  on  Job  anxiety  measured  through scientific  study  would  help  IT  professional community to increase its awareness about yoga based practices. This is a unique scientific study performed to date, on measuring impact of Yoga based practices on job anxiety modification.
+
+
+3
+Pammi Sesha Srinivas & Sony kumari
+
+
+
+Details about Job Anxiety Scale (JAS) used:-Job	Anxiety	Scale	(JAS)	questionnaire developed  by     A.K.Srivatsava  is  used  to measure  the  Job  Anxiety  in  this  study.  It measures   seven   sub   components   of   Job Anxiety as shown in Table1. It is an inventory of 80 items out of which 63 were True-keyed and the remaining 17 has been False-keyed with an a priori weight of one score each. The questionnaire items were designed in such a way that they could be used for measuring the extent  of  job  anxiety  of  all  the  employees irrespective  of  the  nature  of  their  jobs, organizations,  and  machines  or  tools  they used. The score on Sinha W-A Self Analysis Form (Anxiety Scale) was used as one of the validation criteria for the Job Anxiety Scale. The  coefficient  of  correlation  between  the scores on the two tests was found to be 0.54 on a representative sample of 100 semi-skilled personnel.	The	obtained    validity	index indicates  that  the  two  tests  measure  the extent of anxiety, although the JAS basically measures the degree of anxiety manifested in
+
+a particular dimension of life of a specified social  group.  To  ascertain  the  extent  of consistency of the results obtained by the Job Anxiety	Scale,	the	split-half	reliability coefficient by odd-even methods, on a sample of   414   employees,   and   the   test-retest reliability  coefficient  on  the  sample  of  110 employees  were  computed.  The  obtained reliability coefficients indicate that the scale is free from internal defects and possesses a fair amount of accuracy in assessing the extent of Job Anxiety. All Validated and reliability tests were  performed  by  AK  Srivatsava  before releasing to public for usage, and his works were published in Indian journal of Industrial Relations   (IJIR).   Based   on   validity   and reliability of this scale, this scale was chosen as a measurement tool for measuring degrees of Job	anxiety	in    IT	professionals.	Due permission was also obtained from editor of IJIR   to   use   this   scale   for   purpose   of conducting this study.
+
+Table1 :-  Components of Job Anxiety Scale
+
+S.No
+
+1
+
+
+2
+
+
+
+3
+
+
+4
+
+
+5
+
+Component
+
+Security concerns
+
+
+Recognition concerns
+
+
+Human relations at work concerns
+
+Reward and Punishment concerns
+
+Self-esteem concerns
+
+Component details
+
+Job security, personal security
+
+
+Fair evaluation, participation, praise, approval, freedom to show proficiency
+
+
+Interpersonal (intra-cadre and inter-cadre) relationship, cooperation, communication
+
+Financial gains, treatment of supervisors, unjust criticism, blame
+
+Self-image, self-respect, social status of the job
+
+
+
+
+
+6
+
+Future concerns
+
+Prospects   Opportunities	of	promotion	and	advancement, opportunity to learn and increase efficiency
+
+
+
+
+
+7
+
+Capacity	to concerns
+
+work   Shoulder  responsibilities,  Self-confidence,  aptitude  and interest for the job-activities
+
+
+
+
+Details about Cyclic Meditation
+Cyclic meditation was developed by SVYASA (Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana
+
+Samstahana)   University,   Bangalore,   India. Cyclic Meditation could be shortly referred as C.M here after.   C.M is inspired by a verse
+4
+a STUDY ON EFFECT OF YOGA BASED PRACTICES ON JOB ANXIETY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS
+
+
+
+from   Mandukya   Upanishad   (Sanjib   Patra, Shirley Tells.2009). C.M. is a set of stimulation and  relaxation  combine  involving  cycles  of body postures followed by supine rest relax poses.  Body postures are  yoga based  body postures like ardha kati chakrasana, Taadasana , Vajrasana and Ardha vustrasana. Supine rest relax posture followed is shavasana i.e dead corpse pose. Participants going through this intervention   need   to   make   their   body movements very slow  and  continuous. Idea here is by controlling the speed of the body movements, participants can feel the energy impulses flowing throughout the body. While in supine rest position, participants are made aware of their body parts and asked to relax the  tension  if  any.  There  is  a  conscious attempt about breath awareness and slowing down of the thought process in this practice. This is over all 35 minute practice.
+Details of Empirical study performed Sample	chosen	consists	of	―96‖	IT professionals.  All  the  IT  professionals  were selected  from  Bangalore  office  of  a  Multi-National  Information  Technology  company named  Infineon technology  Pvt  Ltd  which  has presence   in   India,   Germany,   Singapore, Austria, UK and U.S.A.   Employees‘ position within   organisation   ranged   from   junior
+
+engineers,  senior  technical  leads  to  people managers. All participants came voluntarily to participate in the study.  Study was performed from 15th  September 2014 to 28th  November 2014.  Total sample size was divided into two groups   namely   Yoga   group   and   Control group.   Yoga group has both men and women employees with an average age of 31.04 years and  with  standard  deviation  of  4.57  years. Control  group  has  both  men  and  women employees with an average age of 32.02 years with a standard deviation of 4.582 years. A, 35 minute ―Cyclic meditation‖ was administered as an intervention for Yoga group. Control group  was  administered  with  walking  or equivalent  physical  exercise  for  35  minute duration   daily   and   maintaining   dairy   as intervention.	The	intervention	was administered  for  2  months  for  both  the groups.   Job Anxiety scale was administered before the intervention period and after the intervention period.
+Inclusion and Exclusion criteria: -	Both Men and women employees, with normal health as declared  by  subjects  were  included  in  the study.  Subjects volunteered for the study do not have any previous experience of any Yoga program as declared by subjects.
+
+
+Table 2 :- Age and Job Experience of Subjects
+
+Control Group	Yoga Group
+
+
+
+
+Age
+
+I.T. Industry Experience
+
+
+Age	I.T. Industry Experience
+
+
+
+
+Mean   32.021   8.208
+S.D	4.307	4.307
+
+31.041   7.395
+4.547	4.281
+
+
+
+
+Procedure
+JAS  questionnaire  were  administered  to  all members participating in the study from both control and yoga groups.   The intervention given  to  Yoga  group  is  a  35  minute,  cyclic meditation	practice,	whose	details	are mentioned   earlier.	Control   group   was administered   with   walking   or   equivalent exercise for 35 minutes and was told to write
+
+a dairy to observe changes taking place. This is a  pre-post  study.	Participants  from  both groups filled up the questionnaires voluntarily before the beginning of the study period and at the end of study period.
+
+Results and Discussion
+Table3 shows Mean and S.D values of various components  of  Job  anxiety  scale  in  Yoga group
+
+
+
+
+5
+
+
+
+Table3 :- Yoga Group
+
+
+Pre
+
+
+
+JAS Component	Mean	S.D Job Security concerns	7.71	1.27 Self-Esteem concerns	7.52	1.32
+Recognition concerns	7.73	1.26 Human   Relations   at   work
+concerns	10.27	1.56 Rewards     &     Punishments
+concerns	10.58	1.44
+Future Prospects concerns	7.56	1.21
+Capacity to work concerns	7.46	1.25 Job Anxiety (overall)	58.85	3.798
+
+
+
+
+
+Mean	S.D 6.04	1.129 5.70	1.57 6.21	1.15
+
+7.77	1.52
+
+8.87       1.52 6.35       1.02
+6.42       1.48 47.37     2.77
+
+Post
+
+
+%	change  in Mean
+21.61 24.11 19.68
+
+24.34
+
+16.13 15.98
+13.96 19.51
+
+
+p	value (Wilcoxon signed      rank test)
+.000 .000 .000
+
+.000
+
+.000 .000
+.000 .000
+
+
+
+As  shown  in  Table3,  mean  value  of  Job security concerns component decreased from 7.71 to 6.04	(21.61% decrease) between pre and   post.   Similarly,   self-esteem   concerns component mean value decreased from 7.52 to 132.4 (24.11% decrease), Human Relations at work concerns mean value decreased from 10.27 to 7.77 (24.34 % decrease). Overall job
+
+anxiety mean value decreased from 58.85 to 47.37   (19.51%)   decrease.   To   see   the significance of change, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used.  It was observed that change is very  significant  in  all  components  of  Job Anxiety Scale (p < .001).
+Table4 shows Mean and S.D values of various components of Job anxiety scale in Control group.
+
+
+Table4 :- Control Group
+
+
+Pre
+
+
+JAS Component	Mean
+
+Job Security concerns	7.79
+
+Self – esteem concerns	7.39
+Recognition concerns	7.81 Human	Relations    at    work concerns                                      10.81 Rewards       &	Punishments concerns                                      10.79 Future Prospects concerns	7.47
+Capacity to work concerns	7.85
+
+
+
+
+S.D   Mean
+
+1.23   7.31
+
+1.25   7.10 1.12   7.27
+
+1.46   10.08
+
+1.67   10.27 1.32   7.17
+1.28   7.46
+
+Post
+
+%   change S.D   in  Mean
+
+1.13   6.18
+
+1.17   4 1.14   6.95
+
+1.38   6.78
+
+1.66   4.84 1.09   4.13
+1.22   5.02
+
+
+p	value (Wilcoxon signed rank test)
+
+.001
+
+.002 .000
+
+.000
+
+.000 .004
+.000
+
+
+
+Job Anxiety (overall)	59.94	3.41
+
+As  shown  in  Table4,  mean  value  of  Job security concerns component decreased from 7.79 to 7.31%	(6.18% decrease) between
+
+56.67	3.35   5.45	.000
+pre and post. Similarly, self-esteem concerns component mean value decreased from 7.39 to 7.10 (4% decrease), Human Relations at work  concerns mean value decreased  from
+6
+a STUDY ON EFFECT OF YOGA BASED PRACTICES ON JOB ANXIETY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS
+
+
+
+10.81 to 10.08 (6.78 % decrease). Overall job anxiety mean value decreased from 59.94 to 56.67 (5.45%) decrease. To see the
+
+significance of change, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used.  It was observed that change is very  significant  in  all  components  of  Job Anxiety Scale (p < .001).
+
+Between groups,	to observe the difference between  pre  post  changes,  Mann  Whitney test was used (Table 5).  There is a significant change in all components of Job Anxiety ( p< .01).
+
+
+Table5 :- Between the Groups (Mann Whitney test)
+
+
+Job Security Recognition
+Human Relations at work Rewards and Punishment Self Esteem
+Future Prospects Capacity to work
+Job Anxiety
+
+Pre	Post .749	.000 .912	.000 .076	.000 .418	.000 .546	.000 .847	.000 0.062	.000
+0.184	.000
+
+
+
+
+Conclusion
+Based on the empirical study performed, it could  be  observed	that  Yoga  group  has performed  well  in  decreasing	Job  Anxiety compared to control group. With the study performed, authors came to conclusion that Yoga	based	practices	can    potentially modify/decrease degrees of Job Anxiety for I.T  professionals.  This  would  be  interesting observation for both IT professionals and IT organisations  as  reduction  in  Job  anxiety would directly help to increase productivity and innovation at work.   I.T organisations can consider	employing    yoga    based	cyclic meditation as part of health programmes for the employees which may aid in reducing Job Anxiety levels.
+
+Limitations of the current study
+This   study   is   done   specific   to   one   I.T organisation,   but   however   extending   this study to multiple organisations and to more number  of  participants  would  give  more generalised   results.   It   also   needs   to   be observed that Job Anxiety for IT Professionals also   depends   on   project   schedule   peak periods   and   performance   review   periods during  the  year.  So  authors  feel  that  to generalize the results observed more number of studies have to be performed on the same number of participants during different time
+
+periods   of   a   year.   Indian   I.T   sector   is witnessing	more	and	more	female professionals year on year, which is healthy for  organisations  as  it  brings  diversity  in organisations thinking. In the current study, not much specific study concerning female and male  professionals  could  be  done.  A  more specific study concerning Female professionals as well as Male professionals could also be carried out in future research studies.
+
+References
+
+A.   K.   Srivastava(1977).   Construction   and Standardization of a Job Anxiety scale. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations.Vol. 13, No. 1 (Jul., 1977), pp. 73-84
+
+Beate Muschalla, DPhil, and Michael Linden, MD  (2014).  Workplace  Phobia,  Workplace Problems, and Work Ability among Primary Care Patients with Chronic Mental Disorders. J Am Board Fam Med 2014;27: 486–494.)
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+B. Muschalla, M. Heldmann and D. Fay(2013). The significance of job-anxiety in a working population. Occupational Medicine ;63:415–421
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+Bin	Abdin	EDIMANSYAH,	Bin	Nordin RUSLI1,	Lin	NAING,     Bin     Abdullah MOHAMED RUSLI, Than WINN and Bin Raja Hussin TENGKU MOHAMED ARIFF (2007).
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+Self-perceived Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Their  Relationships  with  Psychosocial  Job Factors	in	Male	Automotive	Assembly Workers. Industrial Health 2008, 46, 90–100
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+Bin Nordin Rusli, Bin Abdin Edimansyah and Lin Naing (2008).  Working conditions,  self-perceived   stress,   anxiety,   depression   and quality of life: A structural equation modelling approach. BMC Public Health 2008, 8:48
+
+Clark C, Pike C, McManus S et al (2102). The contribution of work and non-work stressors to  common  mental  disorders  in  the  2007 Adult  Psychiatric  Morbidity  Survey.  Psychol Med 2012;42:829–842.
+
+D	Newbury-Birch,	F	Kamali	(2001) Psychological stress, anxiety, depression, job satisfaction, and personality characteristics in preregistration house officers ; published in Postgrad Med J. 2001 Feb; 77(904): 109–111
+
+Erlinghagen, Marcel (2007) : Self-Perceived Job Insecurity  and  Social  Context:  Are  there Different   European   Cultures   of   Anxiety?, DIW-Diskussionspapiere, No. 688
+
+Muschalla B, Linden M, Olbrich D(2010). The relationship  between  job-anxiety  and  trait-anxiety—a  differentialdiagnostic  investigation with  the  Job-Anxiety-Scale  and  the  State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory.	J	Anxiety	Disord 2010;24:366–371.
+
+Grinker,   R.R.   (1966).   The   psychosomatic asects  of  anxiety,  in  C.D.  Spielberger(ed.), anxiety and Behavior, Academic Press, 129-142. H.N.PRASAD  (1994).  JOB  ANXIETY  AND JOB	SATISFACTION	AMONG PROFESSIONAL LIBRARY  EMPLOYEES  :  A STUDY.   Annals   of   Library   Science   and Documentation 41,2;1994;41-54.
+
+Kumar Sunil,  Rooprai K. Y. (2009).   Role of Emotional Intelligence in Managing Stress and Anxiety	at	workplace.	ASBBS	Annual Conference: Las Vegas
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+Sanjib Patra., Shirley Telles(2009). ` Positive impact  of  Cyclic  Meditation  on  subsequent sleep‘. Med Sci Monit; 15(7) :CR375-381
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+Anthony D LaMontagne, Tessa Keegel, Amber M Louie & Aleck Ostry (2010). ` Job stress as a   preventable   upstream   determinant   of common  mental  disorders:  A  review  for practitioners and policy-makers.‘ Advances in Mental  Health:  Promotion,  Prevention  and Early Intervention Volume9, issue1, 2010.
+
+Anthony   D   LaMontagne.,   Tessa   Keegel., Amber   M   Louie.,	Aleck   Ostry&   Paul A.LandSBergis. (2007).  ` A Systematic Review of	Job-stress	Intervention	Evaluation Literature,   1990-2005`.   INT   J   OCCUP ENVIRON HELATH 2007: 13:268-280
+
+BarOn,   R.   (2000)   Emotional   and   social Intelligence:   Insights   from   the   emotional quotient inventory, in R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker   (Eds.)   (2000)   The   Handbook   of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and  in  the  workplace,  (pp.  363-388).  San Francisco,CA: Jossey- Bass.
+
+Cary L. cooper   (2010)― Mental Capital and Well-Being‖, stress and health; 2010.
+
+Ciarrochi,  J.,  Deane,  F.  P.,  &  Anderson,  S. (2002). Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Personality  and  Individual  Differences,  32, 197-209.
+
+Gohm, C. L., Corser, G. C., & Dalsky, D. J. (2005).  Emotional  intelligence  under  stress: Useful, unnecessary, or irrelevant? Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1017-1028.
+
+Goleman, Daniel (1996). Emotional intelligence: Why it can more matter than I.Q., New York: Bantam Books.
+
+Jorfi, H., Jorfi, S., Moghadam, K., (2010) Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Performance of Employees in Postmodern Openings, Year 1, No.4, Vol 4, December, 2010
+
+Mayer,   J.   D.,   Salovey,   P.   (1993)   The intelligence	of	emotional	intelligence. Intelligence, 17,
+433–442.(chapter2)
+
+Nagendra.H.R,  &  Nagarathn.R  (1986).  New Prospective  in  Stress  Management,  SVYASA
+8
+a STUDY ON EFFECT OF YOGA BASED PRACTICES ON JOB ANXIETY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS
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+(Swami	Vivekananda	yoga	Anusandhana Samsthana) Publication.
+
+Nasrin  Zamani  Forushani.,  Mohammad  Ali Besharat.,	(21011)	Relation	between emotional  intelligence  and  perceived  stress among    female	students,              Sciverse scienceDirect, Procedia-social and Behavioral sciences 30(2011)1109-1112.
+
+Sheldon  Cohen,  Tom  Kamarck  and  Robin Mermelstein  (1983).  A  Global  Measure  of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 385-396
+
+Sibia,G.Misra,G.	&	Srivastava,K.A.(2004) Towards	Understanding	Emotional Intelliegnce in Indian context (perspectives of parents,  teachers  and  childrens  )  journal  of National academy of Psychology,vol-49,114-123
+
+Singh, Dalip. (2001) Emotional Intelligence at work (1st ed.). New Delhi: Response Books.
+
+Singh, S. (2004) Development of a Measure of Emotional   intelligence,   Journal   of   National Academy of Psychology, vol-49,136-141
+
+
+Sony  Kumari,  Alex  Hanky,  H.R.  Nagendra (2013) Effect of SMET on Emotional dynamics of Managers , voice of research, Vol2, issue 1, June 2013
+
+Tiwari.,P.S.N.&Srivastava,.N.(2004)   Schooling and Development of Emotional Intelligence , Journal of National Academy of psychology,vol-49,151-154
+
+Vempati R.P. & Telles, Shirley (2000). Baseline occupational  stress  levels  and  physiological responses to a two day stress management program. Journal of Indian Psychology, 18, no 1& 2.
+
+Wall, B. (2008) Working Relationships Using Emotional Intelligence to Enhance your Effectiveness with ther (1st Ed.) USA: Davies Black Publishing.
+
+Yvonne Birks, Jean McKendree and Ian Watt (2009)  Emotional  intelligence  and  perceived stress   in   healthcare   students   :   a   multi-institutional, multi- professional survey. BMC medical Education.
+
+
+Srivastava,K.B.L.&   Bharamamaikar,S.R.,(2004) Emotional	Intelligence	and	Effective Leadership   Behavior   ,   Journal   of   National Academy of Psychology,vol- 49,107-113
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document/management/A quantitative study on Indian IT professionals to validate the integrated model of Job stress conv.txt

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+International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR)	Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2015
+
+AQuantitative Study on Indian IT Professionals to Validate the Integrated Model on Job Stress
+
+
+Pammi Shesha Srinivas[1] Sony Kumari[2]
+Katte Bharathiramanachar Akhilesh[3] Hongsandra Ramarao Nagendra[4]
+
+
+Abstract:
+Impact of mental strain caused by Job stress in workforce, is much researched topic in this   digital age. It is generally accepted that mental strain caused by excessive stress (distress), is one of the main reasons for today’s wide spread nature of non-communicable diseases like hypertension, depression etc., in the knowledge based workforce. Eustress (positive state of stress) brings high alertness and helps to perform beyond the perceived capability of any worker. Most of the western popular models on job stress, considered only distress component while understanding mental state due to job stress leaving behind the Eustress component. In this integrated model on job stress, both Eustress and distress states were duly considered, by making it the unique comprehensive model on defining impact due to Job stress. This model also brings about the significance of psyche nurturing practices which play key role in modifying the impact of job stress. To validate this integrated model on Job stress, a quantitative study was performed on assessing “perceived stress levels” of Indian IT professionals by choosing Yoga based Cyclic Meditation practice as psyche nurturing practice. It was observed that “perceived stress levels” were reduced significantly in Indian IT professionals with regular practice of cyclic meditation.  This quantitative study supports claims of Integrated Job stress model that psyche nurturing practices have modifying effect on impact due to job stress in knowledge based workforce. Stress researchers across the globe, are encouraged to use this unique integrated model under multiple industry/professional setups and come   up with valuable suggestions for mental well –beings of the workforce.
+Key words: Job stress, mental strain, integrated model, Yoga, ITprofessionals
+
+
+I. BACKGROUND
+As per US National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (1998) , [1]Job stress can be defined as the harmful physical  and  emotional  response  that  occurs  when  the requirements  of  the  job  do  not  match  the  capabilities, resources or needs of the worker. Job stress can cause poor mental health and can increase rates of work-related injuries and accidents. Stress and lack of well-being in the workplace cost more than $25.9 billion per annum in terms of sickness absence, presents and labour turn over in UK and Europe.[2] Given the impact and importance of stress at work place, popular western models on mental strain due to job stress were studied with a view of coming up with suggestions to increase  ‘stress  tolerance  levels’  of  knowledge  based workforce.
+1.1 western popular models related to job stress:
+Demand-Control Model (DCM): As per DCM model, if a worker has less control/discretion power at work, while meeting job demands, then the worker would go through mental strain caused by Job stress. [3]Based on job control and Job demand, jobs are classified as Passive jobs, active jobs, low strain jobs and high strain jobs.
+
+
+[1]Svyasa University, India [2]Svyasa University, India [3]Svyasa University, India [4]Svyasa University, India
+
+26
+International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR)	Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2015
+
+
+
+Person –Environment Fit Model (P-E model): The P-E fit model   characterizes   stress   as   misfit   between   person characteristics (e.gabilities, values) and Environment ( E.g Supplies,   Demands).   This   misfit   causes   negative psychological, physiological and behavioural patterns which could be collectively labelled as mental strain.[4]
+High Effort – Low Reward imbalance model:- High effort and  low  reward  model  is  derived  after  reviewing  many studies related to mental strain due to job stress, including Demand Control Model and Person Environment  model . It came to conclusion that reciprocity is the crucial element, which was not considered well in earlier related studies. The model is of the view that the work role in adult life defines a crucial link between self- regulatory functions such as self-esteem, self- efficacy and social opportunity structure. This causes individuals to invest high effort on job to be in a position to expect high rewards, which in turn increases their reciprocity capability. This model argues that any imbalance between efforts spent and rewards gained would cause a state of emotional distress.[5]
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+
+1.2 Quick Analysis of popular models and need for integrated model:
+All  these  popular  models  helped  to  understand  distress causing situations for work force and are outward in nature by looking at environment/ control at work place. These models do not consider ‘Eustress’component at all. It was called up on  stress  researchers  to  include  ‘eustress’  along  with ‘distress’ in the upcoming models on job stress. [6]So any forward looking integrated model on Job stress needs to consider both positive and negative states of work related stress  and  its  impact  on  worker.  Everybody  is  uniquely different in coping up with stressful scenarios faced. Some people may turn these situations into opportunities while others may lose existing opportunities. So any mental strain faced by the individual due to stress related scenario is also conditioned by the psyche-orientation of the individual.  As
+
+these popular models, do not consider psyche- orientation/ self-condition of the individuals, they are not complete in understanding  the  effects  of  Job  stress  on  Individuals. Current Integrated Model looks at the ancient Indian view on stress as well as at principles from western models, in coming up with unique model on defining impact due to job stress.
+The ancient Indian View:There is lot of literature available on  human  body-mind  complex  characteristics  in  ancient Indian  scriptures  .It  is  maintained  in  the  ancient  Indian scriptures that, continued imbalance at mind level could be termed as stress and would manifest as disease at the physical level .It was also discussed on how to train the psyche to overcome   the   state   of   imbalance.   Text   below   from MandukyaUpanishad help son understanding, techniques on achieving mental state of equilibrium.[7]
+
+?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????
+Layesambodhayetcittaàvikñiptaàçamayetpunaù, Sakañäyaàvijïänéyätsamapräptaànacälayet.
+‘In a state of mental inactivity awaken the mind; when agitated, calm it; between these
+two states realize the possible abilities of the mind. If the mind has reached the state of
+perfect equilibrium then do not disturb it again’(Mandukya Upanishad Karika: 3.44)
+
+II.  INTEGRATED MODEL ON JOB STRESS
+In today’s modern medicalworld, it is well accepted that mental  well-being  is  a  major  vector  in  drivingphysical health.[8,9]    This is in accordance with literature from ancient Indian view.  So, by being able to condition the psyche, the response to stressful situation could also be modified, which could potentially alter impact of mental strain due to job stress on the individual. This principle is grossly missed in the existing models while describing impact of mental strain due to Job stress. Any stimulus external or internal, which can cause ‘stress’is called ‘stressor’in stress research. So in this integrated model, along with work related stressors and Person related stressors, due consideration was also given to the effect of psyche nurturing practices.Existing psyche deposits due to impact of previous stressful situations faced, also plays a significant role in responding to current and future stress stimulus situations.
+Work related stressors:   Work related stressors could be further categorized as environment stressor and organisation stressors. Work related stress variables which are governed by changing customer needs, government policies, market fluctuations,  vendor  costs,  competitive  pricing  demands, back  to  school  schedules  etc.,  come  under  environment stressors. There is a little control for employers as well as employees  of  a  business  enterprise  on  the  environment stressors.   Stressors controlled by inter department and/or intra department practices followed with in the organisation come under organisation stressors. Organisation culture in terms of setting ambitious targets, openness to employee
+
+
+27
+International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR)	Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2015
+
+
+
+concerns,   cross   cultural   sensitivity,   organised   project management, Risk management	etc., also contribute to modify organisation stress variables.
+Person related stressors:   These are the stressors which arise from home as well as from work settings. Stressors like ill-health  of  family  members/friends,  financial  loss  of self/family   members/friends,growing   needs   of   family, necessity of support to family member education/health etc. come under personal related stressors arising from home. Stressors like lack of skills for current job, lack of decision making authority at work by virtue of position, over work demanded by the organisation, demanding schedules etc. come  under  person  related  stressors  arising  from  work settings.
+
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+
+Theory of operation explaining flow ofJob stress stimulus and  its  impact:  Job  stress  stimulus  for  any  worker  is generated  by  work  related  stressors.  This  stimulus  is influenced by both person related stressors as well as psyche history variable. This Job stress stimulus traverses through virtual  stress  perception  channel  in  the  psyche.  Psyche nurturing  practices  followed  by  the  worker  would  have modifying effect on the perception of job stress stimulus. Healthy psyche nurturing practices like regular practice of Yoga  etc.  may  reduce  the  agitation  of  the  mind  while perceiving the stress situations faced.[10]Un-healthy psyche nurturing practices like taking drugs/excessive alcohol etc., may   increase the agitation of the mind while perceiving the stress situations faced.  Every individual has stress tolerance capacity (TC)i.e. he /she can with stand the impact of stress situations  faced  by  being  able  to  return  to  homeostasis condition soon. If the actual perceived Job stress (JS) is less than the Tolerance capacity (TC) , then one would end up in positive stress sphere else in negative stress sphere. In the positive stress (Eustress) sphere, one would adopt positive coping  skills  like  listening,  focusing  on  solution  based approaches etc. Positive stress sphere would help to find new opportunities which in turn increases the self-esteem of the
+
+worker resulting in positive health. In the Negative stress (Distress) sphere, one would use negative coping techniques like running away from problem, unable to listen to others etc., which would result in uncertainty to solve problem at hand. One under the negative stress sphere may lose existing opportunities causing ill health effects like depression. The net impact of previous Eustress /distress experiences would be stored as deposited psyche variable in the person.  This psyche variable plays a role in influencing the next stress stimulus faced as well as stress tolerance capacity. A well nurtured psyche would be able to expand its ‘stress tolerance limits’.  .By  increasing  the  positive  effects  of  psyche nurturing practices, one can land up in eustress sphere, even if challenging  situationswere  created  due  towork  related stressors.
+
+III. VALIDATION OFTHE INTEGRATED MODEL
+IT professionals in India represent knowledge based work force as they mainly work with their mental capital. Indian IT professionals are always under constant pressure to deliver services efficiently along with being cost efficient. This requires to plan for ever changing customer requirements and forecast  market  demands  in  advance  ,  so  as  to  deliver services/products in “first time right” approach. In this web-connected world, time is the most precious thing for all the customers round the globe for IT professionals. All these factors   cause   Job   stress   for   IT  professionals.   In   a studyperformed  on  professional  stress,  depression  and alcohol use among Indian software professionalswith support of a sample size of 1071 subjects working in Bengaluru, it was observed that the software employees are professionally stressed due to job conditions and are at ten times higher risk for developing depression and also there is a significant increase in the incidence of psychiatric disorders.[11]Asurvey performed  on  call  centre  workers  from  IT  based  BPO industry  based  in  Pune  &Mumbai  indicates  that,a  high proportion   of   workers   faced   sleep   disturbances   and associated mental stress and anxiety as a result of work related  stressors.[12]     In  a  study  performed  on  200  IT professionals based out of Delhi, common problems seen among the study subjects were musculoskeletal (77.5%) and visual (76%) followed by stress (35%).[13]For these reasons, IT professionals   working in Bengaluruwere selected for validating this integrated model using quantitative methods.
+Cyclic Meditation: Cyclic Meditation(C.M) practice was chosen as psyche nurturing practice. C.M is inspired by a verse from Mandukya Upanishad .Cyclic meditation was developed by Swami Yoga Anusansandhana Samstahana, a world class Yoga university based in Bangalore, India. In a day to day life we relax, though unconsciously, by stretching and  relaxing.  In  Cyclic  Meditation  we  not  only  stretch consciously and systematically, but also relax consciously. Yoga  body  postures  (asana)  like  PadaHastasana, Ardha Chakrasana, Ardhakati  Chakrasana,  Shashankasana  and Ushtrasana are used for stretching where as Shavasana is used   for   relaxing.  Various   relaxation   techniques   are employed during Shavasana like Instant Relaxation, Quick relaxation and Deep Relaxation. This provides stimulation
+
+
+
+28
+International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR)	Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2015
+
+
+
+followed by relaxation at muscular level as well as psyche Level.  [14]In  a  study  done  at  Swami  VivekanandYoga Anusandhan Samsthan, Bengaluru,   it was also that found Cyclic  Meditation  Technique,  to  be  more  effective  in achieving voluntary heart rate variability as compared with another  yogic  technique  of  Supine  Rest  (Savasan).[15]
+Materials   and   Methods:   Sample   sizechosen   forthis quantitative study consisted of “96” ITprofessionals. All the IT professionals were selected from Bangalore office of an Information  Technology  based  Multi-National  company, which has presence in India, Germany, Singapore, Austria, UK and U.S.A. Participants position within organisation ranged from junior engineers, senior technical leads to people managers. All participants came voluntarily to participate in the study.  Study also got permission from institution Ethical committee. Total sample size was divided into two groups, namely Yoga group and Control group.  Yoga group has both men and women employees with an average age of 31.04 years and with standard deviation of 4.57 years. Control group has both men and women employees with an average age of 32.02 years with a standard deviation of 4.582 years. Study was performed for an average duration of 2 months excluding weekends in the selected office premises. Both Men and women employees, with normal health as declared by subjects were included in the study. Subjects volunteered for the study do not have any previous experience of Yoga program as declared by subjects.   Employees who age is below 24 years or above 50 years are excluded from the study. All participants have education qualification of graduation and above. Perceived stress is measured through Perceived stress  scale  (PSS)  questionnaire  developed  by  Sheldon Cohen.	PSS  questionnaire  was  designed  to  tap  how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. The scale also includes a number ofdirect queries about current levels of experienced stress.
+
+
+V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
+Table   2:   indicates   response   on   Perceived   Stress(PS) component of Yoga Group, at the starting and at the end of study period.
+Table 2 :  Yoga Group
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Yoga group has shown reduction of 34.77 % in the mean value  from  pre  to  post.  The  improvement  observed  in reduction  of  perceived  stress  is  very  significant  as  p  < .01.Table 3 indicates responses on PS components of Control group, at the starting and at the end of study period.
+Table 3 : Control Group
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Control group has shown a reduction of 2.33 % in the mean value  of  perceived  stress  between  pre  and  post.	The improvement observed in reduction of perceived stress is not much significant as p > 0.01.
+The significance of change in PS component between Yoga and control group is measured with Mann Whitneytest.
+Table 4 : Between the Groups (Mann Whitney test)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The baseline between yoga and control group is matched and the post value has shown highly significant result ( p< 0.01).
+
+
+
+
+IV. PROCEDURE
+PSS  questionnaires  were  administered  to  all  members participating in the study from both control and yoga groups. The intervention given to Yoga group is a 35 minute, cyclic meditation practice, whose details are mentioned earlier. Control group was administered with walking or equivalent exercise for 35 minutes and was told to write a dairy to observe  changes  taking  place.  This  is  a  pre-post  study. Participants from both groups filled up the questionnaires voluntarily before the beginning of the study period and at the end of study period.
+
+VI. CONCLUSION
+Based	on the quantitative study performed, it could be observed   that   psyche   nurturing   practices   like   cyclic meditation have  significant positive effect in reducing the perceived stress levels in Indian ITprofessionals. This study validates the integrated model on Job stress by supporting the claim that regular psyche nurturing practices would have modifying effect on perceived stress at work place.
+
+VII. LIMITATIONS
+Though psyche nurturing practices could have modifying effect  on  perceivedJob  stress  as  per  discussed  model, organizational changes would also have effect in altering Job stressors.   Certain   variables   like   Role   conflict,
+
+
+
+29
+International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR)	Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2015
+
+
+
+Role ambiguity could also cause Job stress to employees. Organisational changes which address these concerns would also bring down the Job stress perceived by the workforce. Current study is done specific to one ITcompany , however it could  be	expanded  to  multiple  industry  domains  like nursing,  police  offers  etc.,  to  validate  this  model  more robustly.
+
+VIII. STRENGTH OFTHE STUDY
+This is the unique model in explaining the effect of psyche nurturing practices in altering job stress effects in physically healthy work force.This also brings out the positive effect of psyche nurturing practices in coping with job stress.
+
+IX. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
+Authors call up on stress researchers across the globe to use this model in all stress research by employing it under various industry set ups like police officers, nursing etc. Findings from the future data using the model would help to robustly validate this model.
+Acknowledgement-  I  would  like  to  acknowledge  my hearty thanks to S-VYASA university for their financial and technical support.
+
+12.  P   BhuyarA,   BanerjeeH,PandveP,PadmnabhanA, PatilS.Mental, physical and social health problems of call  centre  workers.	Industrial  Psychiatry  Journal 2008;17:21-25.
+13.  Sharma A K, Khera S, Khandekar J. Computer related health   problems   among   information   technology professionals  in  Delhi.  Indian  J  Community  Med 2006;31:36-38
+14.  Patil, Sarang and Telles, Shirley 2006. “Effects of Two Yoga  Based  Relaxation  Techniques  on  Heart  Rate Variability  (HRV).  International  Journal  of  Stress Management 2006;13(4): 460-475.
+15.  Patra S, Telles S. Positive impact of cyclic meditation on sleep. Med SciMonit 2009;15:CR375-81.
+
+
+X. REFERENCES
+1.	 US National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH). Stress at work1998.
+2.	 Cary L Cooper. Mental Capital and Well-Being. Stress and health2010.
+3.	 Robert  A  Karasek  Jr,Job  Demands.  Job  Decision Latitude  and  Mental  Strain:  Implications  for  Job Redesign.Administrative Science Quarterly 1990; 2:42.
+4.	 Jeffrey   R   Edwards,Cary   L  Cooper.  The   person-environment fit approach to stress: Recurring problems and some suggested solutions. Journal of Organizational behaviour 1990; 11: 293-307.
+5.	 Johannes  Siegrist. Adverse  Health  Effects  of  High-Effort/Low-reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 1996;1:27-41:
+6.	 Debra  Nilson,  Cary  Cooper.  Stress  and  health:  A positive direction. Stress and health 2005; 21: 2.
+7.	 Chinmayananda	S.   Mandukya   Upanisat.Sachin Publishers;1984.
+8.	 Karasek   R,   Theorell   T.   Healthy   work-stress, productivity and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books;1990.
+9.	 Luthans,  F.  The  need  for  and  meaning  of  positive organizational  behaviour.  Journal  of  organizational behaviour 2002; 23: 695-706.
+10.  Sony  Kumari,  Effect  of  SMET  Yoga  Module  on Emotional dynamics of Managers. AIMS international journal of management2014;Volume8.
+11.   Darshan et al. Astudy on professional stress, depression and alcohol use among Indian software professionals. Indian Journal ofPsychiatry2013;Vol 55.
+
+
+30

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+Siddhant
+Volume15,Issue3,July-September,2015,pp-236-242
+
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+IndianJournals.com A product of Diva Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.
+DOI:10.5958/2231-0657.2015.00026.9
+
+
+
+
+AnEmpiricalStudytoImprovePerformanceOrientedPersonality DimensionsthroughYogaIntervention
+
+P.S. Chokkalingam1, Sony Kumari2*, K.B. Akhilesh3  and H.R.Nagendra4
+
+
+ABSTRACT
+
+Improving employee performance is an important concern for employee, employer and society at large. The performanceofemployeedependsonthepersonalityofemployee.Inmoderntimes,studiesonBigFivePersonality concepts suggest that Conscientiousness is the most important dimension affecting performance of employee. Ancient Indian knowledge envisages the Guna Traya model of understanding personality. The description of Sattva Guna indicates that it improves the performance of a person. The present action research study aims to assess if the Conscientiousness and Sattva Guna can be improved through practice of Yoga by employees and to find the relationshipbetweenSattvaGunaandConscientiousness.Fiftyoneemployees whoaregivenintervention for 4 months and another 51 employees forming Control group without any intervention participated in the study. Vedic Personality Inventory was used to assess the changes in Sattva Guna and Big Five Personality inventory was used to assess changes in Conscientiousness. The data analysis showed that there is significant increase in Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness in Intervention group but no significant changes are found in Control group implying that practice of Integrated Yoga improves the performance oriented personality dimensions.
+
+KEYWORDS: EmployeePersonality,Performance, Conscientiousness,SattvaGuna,Yoga Intervention
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+In the present knowledge-based society, human resources are the most important resource for the development. Personalities of employees shape the behaviours  in  the  workplace  and  thus  their performance. Development of the personalities to suit thechangingrequirementsoftheorganisationand also societyisanimportantneedofthepresentfastchanging society.
+
+In modern times, in the West, a Big Five Personality Modelismostwidelyusedinidentifyingandclassifying personality dimensions. The Big Five Personality dimensions	are	Openness	to	Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. Chakraborty (1998) notes that Indian
+
+
+traditional knowledge is robustly empirical meant for application in all fields including organisation and management. Ancient Indian knowledgedescribesthe GunaTrayamodelofPersonality.Thismodelidentifies Sattva, Rajas and Tamas as the three personality dimensions.
+
+This paper aims at studying concept of personality dimensions which affect employee performance from modern western perspective (Conscientiousness) and traditionalIndianperspective(SattvaGuna),therelation between thesetwo andhowpracticeofIntegrated Yoga by employees can improve these two personality dimensionsthroughempiricalstudy.Reviewofliterature identifies Conscientiousness from the Big Five Personality model and Sattva from the Guna Traya
+
+
+1Researcher, 2Associate Professor, 4Chancellor, SVyasa University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 3Professor, IndianInstitute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
+*Correspondingauthore-mail id: [email protected]
+
+
+Siddhant	236
+
+
+
+An Empirical Study to Improve Performance Oriented PersonalityDimensions throughYoga Intervention
+
+
+
+model as the most important dimensionswhich affect the performance of employee.
+
+AccordingtoWiktionarydictionaryConscientiousness impliesbeingthorough, careful, vigilant, desireto doa task well, efficient, organised, self discipline, act dutifully, aimforachievement, displayplanned rather than spontaneous behaviour, generally organised, systematicand dependable.According to Wolf(1998) Sattva Guna is characterised by qualities such as cleanliness,  truthfulness, gravity,  dutifulness, detachment,discipline, mentalequilibrium,respectfor superiors,contentment,sharpintelligence,sensecontrol, and staunch determination. Sattvic action isfreefrom attachment and vanity and absolutely unruffled in success and failure.
+
+Review   of   Literature   –   Importance   of Conscientiousness in Job Performance
+
+Performance of companies correlated with the Conscientiousness of CEOs (Robbins, 1994), shows high selfefficacy, developsgreaterjob knowledgeand producesmoreandbetterqualityoutput,developsmore positive beliefs about their capabilities to accomplish particulartasks(Casperetal.,1999),givesextraeffort andleadership,personaldiscipline,physicalfitnessand military bearing (McHenry et al., 1990), better task performance(Rothmann and Coetzer, 2003), negative correlation withanindividual’spropensitytowithdraw fromthejob(BarrickandMount,1991),highcorrelation witheffortexerted,affectingtaskperformancethrough increased time on task (Mount and Barrick, 1995), Conscientioussales representativesaremorelikely to set goals autonomously and to be more committed to theirgoal(Barricketal.,1993),lesscounter-productive behaviour at work, high integrity (Ones et al., 1993), high  customer  service  orientation  (Ones  and Viswesvaran, 1996; Frei and McDaniel, 1998), high job satisfaction (Judge et al., 1999), high job and life satisfaction (McCraeand Costa, 1991), moresatisfied because they achieve a heightened sense of control and competencethroughtheirdiligentand responsible behaviour(Schmutte and Ryff, 1997).
+
+Siddhant
+
+Review of Literature– Importanceof Sattva Guna in Job Performance
+
+DaftuarandAnjali(1997)empiricallydemonstratedthe usefulnessoftheconceptofGunaTrayain thearea of worklife.Mathew(2010)foundthatSattvicpersonality performsbetterthanotherpersonalities. Biswas(2010) foundthatinservicemanagement,Sattvikpeoplewould be effective.
+
+Many studies found that Sattva Guna enhances transformational leadership (Kejriwal and Krishnan, 2004; Ammineedu, 2009; Kumar and Thomas, 2013; Narayanan et al., 2003). Sattva works at self-actualisation level(Daftuarand Sharma, 1997),Sattva enhances the cognitive abilities of employee which is an important performance indicator of a knowledge worker (Das, 1991), Sattvik employees are featured high in Job Involvement (Elankumaran, 2004), Sattva positively correlated with psychological well-being (Rastogi, 2004), Chakraborty (1987) found that managers and students taking a course to improve quality of work life following Vedantic perspective could viewamanagerialproblemorconflict– episode in an illuminatedperspectivewith greaterdetachment and objectiveclarityofSattva. Kaurand Sinha(1992) found thatSattvaaidsthemindforatrueunderstanding of facts and events.
+
+Personality Development – Integrated Yoga as the facilitator
+
+Yogaisbecoming popularinall partsoftheworld and recognising the importance of it the United Nations declared June 21st as World Yoga Day. However only a little research has been done on Yoga and most of it is related to application of Yoga to improve physical health ofpeople. Very littleresearch hasbeen doneon the application of Yoga to managerial issues. To fill this gap, an effort has been made in the present study.
+
+Patanjali, defines Yoga as Yogah Cittavritti Nirodhah – Yoga is a technique used to still the fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of the true self. According to Yoga Vashishta  (3.9.32)  Manah Prasamanopayah Yoga ityabhidhiyate – Yoga is a
+
+
+237
+
+
+
+P.S.Chokkalingam,SonyKumari,K.B.AkhileshandH.R.Nagendra
+
+
+
+skillful and subtle process to calm down the mind. According to Swamy Vivekananda, everyone can become divine by Psychic control (Raja Yoga), Devotion (Bhakti Yoga), Knowledge of self (Jnana Yoga), Selfless action (Karma Yoga). Yoga practice which aims at the integral development of the personality by a fine combination of the above four methods of yoga viz., Karma Yoga, Bhakthi Yoga, JnanaYogaand RajaYogaiscalled asIntegrated Yoga. Practicing this knowledge may bring out complete transformationofone’spersonalityonphysical,mental, emotionalandspirituallevelswhich,amongotherthings, strengthen his performance levels.
+
+DESIGNOFTHE EMPIRICAL STUDY
+
+Objectives of Study
+
+1.   To study the effect of practice of Integrated Yoga by employees on Conscientiousness and Sattva Guna.
+2.   To	study	the	relationship	between Conscientiousness and Sattva Guna.
+
+Details of Participants
+
+The participants for the study were 102 employees (afterconsideringdropoutsfromthestudy),51ofthem practicing Integrated Yoga (Intervention Group) and theremaining51ofthemnotpracticingIntegratedYoga (Control group). The average age of participants in intervention group is34.7 yearwith standarddeviation of 6.6, whereas the average age of participants in Controlgroupis32.21withstandard deviationof4.77. Theaverageexperienceofparticipantsin intervention group is 10.6 years with standard deviation of 6.17, whereas the average experience of participants in Control group is 7.21 year with standard deviation of 4.2 year. Theindustryprofileoftheparticipantsisthat inIntervention group – 21areinITand related sectors, 14 are in finance and related sectors, 16 are in other sectors. In Control group – 20 are in IT and related sectors, 18 are in Finance and related sectors and 13 are  in  other  sectors.  Thus  the background  of participantsin termsofageand experience and nature
+
+
+238
+
+ofindustryin Control group and intervention group is similar.
+
+Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
+
+Employees – men and women, with normal health as declared by the participants are included in the study. Thosewho haveanypreviousexperienceofanyYoga program or presently following any type of Yoga programortaking anymedication forpsycho somatic problems are excluded from the study.
+
+Source of Participants
+
+TheparticipantsforIntervention group areemployees who practice Integrated Yoga in Andhra Pradesh YogadhyanaParishad,astategovernmentorganisation inHyderabad.ParticipantsforControlgrouparepeople who volunteered to participate in the study.
+
+Time Period of Study
+
+The period of study is four months i.e., from 1st October2014 to31st January2015.Datawascollected for both the groups before the study i.e., on October 1st  2014 (Pre), in the middle of the study i.e., on December 1st 2014 (Mid), at the end of the study i.e., on 31st January 2015 (End).
+
+Intervention
+
+The participants in the intervention group practiced IntegratedYogafor4months(100days,afterdeducting holidays, absents etc.) for 1.5 h a day. The daily program of intervention contains Surya Namaskaras (Sun salutations), Asanas (bodypostures), Pranayama (breath  regulation  exercises),  Self-awareness Meditation and 10 min lecture on application of traditional Indian knowledge to modern work and personallives. Everymonth alectureviz., JnanaYoga class for 1 h on application of traditional Indian knowledge is conducted by the first author on the followingtopics, either through oral lectures or audio visual presentations: (1)Yogah Karmasu Koushalam-Integrated Yoga; (2) Six Dimensions of Karma Yoga; (3)Axioms of meaningful work, (4) Lord Krishna as
+
+
+Volume 15, Issue 3, July-September, 2015
+
+
+
+An Empirical Study to Improve Performance Oriented PersonalityDimensions throughYoga Intervention
+
+
+
+modernmanager.TheparticipantsintheControlgroup werenot given anyintervention.
+
+Instruments
+
+consistency and reliability with Cronbach alpha ranging from 0.850 for Sattva.
+
+RESULTS
+
+
+
+1.   To assess Conscientiousness, The Big Five Inventory(BFI)developed byJohn and Srivastava (1999) was used. The BFI contains 44 questions and 9 of them are related to Conscientiousness. It isafivepointLikerttypescaleandhasaCronbach Alphareliabilityof.82 and validityof.92.
+2.   To assess Sattva Guna, the Vedic Personality Inventory (VPI) developed by David Wolf was used. The VPI contains 56 questions and 15 of themare related to SattvaGuna. Itisaseven point Likert-type scale and VPI has good internal
+
+Total number of subjects
+
+Table   1   shows   how   the   Sattva   Guna   and Conscientiousnesschanged duringthestudyperiod in participants of Intervention group and Control group. During thestudy period, in intervention group, Sattva was75.6 beforethestudy, which increased to 80.22 in themiddleofthestudyperiod showing6.1%increase. Then it increased to 85.9 showing overall increase of 13.6% in Sattva during the study period. In Control group Sattva was 79.1 before the study, which increased to 81.34 in the middle of the study period showing 1.88% increase. Then it decreased to 81.3 showing overall increase of 2.78 % only during the study period. Thus the change in the Sattva of Intervention group is 2.2 times more compared to Control group during the middle of the study and 4.9 times in the entirestudyperiod.
+
+
+
+Intervention Group	Control Group
+51	51
+
+
+Pre                 Mid           End                         Pre               Mid            End study              study         study                      study             study          study
+
+Figure1:Aschematicrepresentationofthestudyplan
+
+
+During the study period, in Intervention group, Conscientiousness was 28.5 before the study, which increased to 31.25 in the middle of the study period showing 9.6% increase. Then it increased to 33.6 showingoverallincreaseof18%inConscientiousness during  the  study  period.  In  Control  group
+
+
+Table1:MeanchangesinSattvaGunaandConscientiousnessinInterventionandcontrol groups InterventionGroup	Controlgroup
+
+Maxscore	Sattva
+105
+
+Conscientiousness	Sattva
+45	105
+
+Conscientiousness
+45
+
+
+
+Studyperiod	Pre Mean	75.6 Std. dev.	7.02
+Percentage change
+
+Mid      End 80.22      85.9 7.4        7.9
+6.1	13.6
+
+Pre	Mid	End 28.5      31.25	33.6 3.83	3.93	4.46
+9.6	18
+
+Pre	Mid 79.1      81.34 8.47	8.32
+2.83
+
+End      Pre      Mid      End 81.3      28.17      28.7      28.96 9.00       4.20       4.08       4.90
+2.78	1.88	2.78
+
+NotestoTables1–3
+ Pre, Mid and End means the study before Intervention, study in the middle of Intervention, study after Intervention, respectively.
+ Maximum scores are derived by multiplying number of questions with points in scale.
+ Y1,Y2 andY3 meansYoga Intervention Group before study, middle of study, after study, respectively.  C1, C2 and C3 means Control group before study, middle of study, after study, respectively.
+ **Indicates that the values are significant. When p value is less than .01(p<.01) it is considered as significant.  ‘r’ Indicates the correlation between Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness.
+
+
+Siddhant	239
+
+
+
+P.S.Chokkalingam,SonyKumari,K.B.AkhileshandH.R.Nagendra
+
+
+
+Conscientiousness was 28.17 before the study which increased to 28.7 in the middle of the study period showing 1.88% increase. Then it increased to 28.96 showingoverallincreaseof2.78%onlyduringthestudy period. Thus the change in the Conscientiousness of Intervention group is 5.10 times more compared to Control group duringthemiddleofthe studyand 6.47 times in the entire studyperiod.
+
+Table 3:Changes inSattva GunaandConscientiousness withinInterventionandcontrolgroups
+Group	Timefactor	Sattva	Conscienti-ousness
+Yoga	Pre vs Mid	0.000**	0.000** Pre vs End	0.000**	0.000** Mid vs End	0.000**	0.000**
+Control	Pre vs Mid	0.012**	0.275
+
+
+
+Table 2:Changes inSattva GunaandConscientiousness betweenInterventionandcontrolgroups
+
+Pre vs End	0.201	0.327
+Mid vs End	1.000	1.000
+
+
+
+Time	Group	Sattva	Conscientiousness Pre             Y1vsC1         0.930                     0.056
+Mid           Y2vsC2         0.286                    0.000** End           Y3vsC3       0.001**                  0.000**
+Note: In table 2 and 3 *indicates that the values are significant and **indicates that the values are very significant(p<.01).
+
+Table2showsthatthedifferenceinSattvaGunaamong participants in intervention group and Control group before the study, i.e., baseline data is not significant (p>0.05). It shows that the score of Sattva Guna is relativelysameintheparticipantsofbothgroupsbefore study. Mid data i.e., data in the middle of the study showthat thereisno significant increasein the Sattva Gunaininterventiongroupcomparedto Controlgroup (p<.001). End data i.e., data at the end of the study shows that there is significant increase in the Sattva Gunaininterventiongroupcomparedto Controlgroup (p<.001). Similarly Table 2 shows that the difference inConscientiousnessamongparticipantsinintervention group and Control groupbeforethestudyi.e., baseline dataisnot significant(p>0.05). Itshowsthatthescore of Conscientiousness is relatively same in the participants of both groups before study. Post 1 data i.e., data in the middle of the study show that there is significant increase in the Conscientiousness in intervention group compared to Control group (p<0.001). Post 2 study i.e., data at the end of the study shows that there is significant increase in the Conscientiousness in intervention group compared to Controlgroup (p<0.001).
+
+240
+
+
+Table 3 shows changes in Sattva Guna with in Intervention group and Controlgroup duringthestudy. It shows a continuous increase in Sattva Guna from beginningtomiddle(p<0.001),middletoend(p<0.001) and beginning to end (p<0.001) in participants of intervention group. There is significant increase in Sattva Guna from beginning to middle (p>0.05), but thereisnosignificantchangein middletoend(p>0.05) andbeginningtoend(p<0.05)inparticipantsofControl group.	Table	3	also	shows	changes	in Conscientiousness with in Intervention group and Control group duringthe study. It shows a continuous increaseinConscientiousnessfrombeginningtomiddle (p<0.001), middle to end (p<0.001) and beginning to end (p<0.001) in participants of intervention group. There is no significant increase in Conscientiousness from beginning to middle (p>0.05), middle to end (p>0.05)and beginningto end (p<0.05)in participants ofControl group.
+
+Table  4:  Correlation  between  Sattva  Guna  and Conscientiousness
+Studyperiod	Correlation(r)	Significance (p) Pre study                     0.237*                                       0.017
+Mid study                   0.463**                                      0.000 End study                    0.666**                                      0.000
+Note: **Indicates correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
+*Indicatescorrelationissignificantatthe0.05level(2-tailed).
+
+Pre study, Mid study, End study represent data at the beginning of, middle of and at the end of the study
+
+
+Volume 15, Issue 3, July-September, 2015
+
+
+
+An Empirical Study to Improve Performance Oriented PersonalityDimensions throughYoga Intervention
+
+
+
+period, respectively. One objective of this research is to study the relationship between Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness. Table 4 shows the correlation between Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness. In pre studyitshowed significantpositivecorrelation,andthe in Mid and End studies it showed very significant positivecorrelation.
+
+CONCLUSION
+
+Thefollowingconclusionscanbedrawnfromthestudy:
+
+1.   Earlier studies showed that Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness  has  an  impact  on  the performance of employee.
+
+Limitations of the study and recommendations
+
+1.   The participants are from different organisations and sectors. The changes in environment of their respective organisations and sectors during the studyperiodmayaffecttheirresponses.Forfurther research, it is recommended to have participants from the same organisation.
+2.   The Control group is not given any intervention, which mayaffect theirinterestto giveresponseto the questionnaires and affect its accuracy. For further research, it is recommended to give some interventionto Controlgroup.
+
+Importance of the Study
+
+
+
+2.   This study shows that practice ofIntegrated Yoga improves Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness.
+3.   Theimplicationoftheabovepointsisthatpractice of Integrated Yoga can improve the performance ofemployee.
+4.   Thestudyshowed significantpositivecorrelation between Conscientiousness,awesternpersonality concept and Sattva Guna, an Indian personality concept. This is a remarkable to study in the directionofshowingfurtherinterestinresearching ancientIndian conceptsforapplication in modern managerial issues. HRmanagersusing modern or western personality assessment scales can now use the Guna Traya model as well.
+
+
+To the best of the knowledge of the authors this is the first study to assess the impact of Integrated Yoga practice  on western  personality concepts  like Conscientiousness. Sincethefastchangingknowledge based societyneedsConscientiousand Sattvikpeople fortheprogress, it isrecommended that organisations can implement Yoga programs for its people so that they can perform better. The knowledge of dynamics of Gunas will result in a better understanding of the workenvironmentand, theissuesoftheorganisational behaviourcan bedealtmoreeffectively.Managements can take initiatives to transform Tamasic and Rajasic work culture to Sattvic work culture through practice ofYogabypeople, which will result in theprogressof the organisation and the nation as a whole.
+
+REFERENCES
+
+Ammineedu V, 2009. Leadership effectiveness and style in relation to personality characteristics: an exploratory study synopsis. Dharana Bhavan’s International Journal of Business, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 65–81.
+Barrick MR and Mount MK, 1991. The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology,Vol.44,No.1,pp.1–26.doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x.
+Barrick MR, Mount MK and Strauss JP, 1993. Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: test of the mediatingeffects of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology,Vol. 78,pp. 715–722.
+Biswas M, 2010. Insearchofpersonalityinventoryfor Indianmanagement: anapplicationofstructural equationmodeling. Journal of ServicesResearch,Vol.10,No.1,pp.101–123.
+Casper WJ, Chen G and Cortina JM, 1999. Meta-analytic examination of the relationships among cognitive ability, conscientiousness, self-efficacy, and task performance. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society of Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Atlanta.
+ChakrabortySK,1987. Managerial effectivenessandqualityofworklife.NewDelhi: TataMcGrawHill, pp. 45-47.
+
+
+Siddhant	241
+
+
+
+P.S.Chokkalingam,SonyKumari,K.B.AkhileshandH.R.Nagendra
+
+
+ChakrabortySK,1998.Foundations of managerial work– contributionfrom Indianthought.HimalayanPublishingHouse, pp.83-87.
+Daftuar CN andSharma R, 1997. Beyond maslow–anIndianpsycho philosophical viewonneedhierarchy. Proceedingsof the 84th Indian Science Congress (Part IV). Delhi.
+Daftuar NC and Anjuli, 1997. Organisational stress, organisational commitment and job involvement in sattva, rajas and tamas personalitytypes. Journal of Indian Psychology, Vol. 15, Nos. 1–2, pp. 44–52.
+Das, 1991.PsychologyinIndia revisited–developments inthediscipline. PersonalityandHealthPsychology,Vol.2.New Delhi: SagePublicationsIndiaPvt.Ltd.,pp.54-58
+ElankumaranS,2004.Personality,organisational climateandjobinvolvement: anempirical study.Journal ofHumanValues, Vol.10,No.2,pp.117–130.
+Frei RL and McDaniel MA, 1998. Validity of customer service measures in personnel selection: a review of criterion and construct evidence.HumanPerformance,Vol.11,No. 1,pp.1–27.
+http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conscientious.
+JohnOPandSrivastavaS,1999.TheBig-Fivetrait taxonomy: history,measurement,andtheoretical perspectives.In: Pervin LAand John OP, eds., Handbook of personality: Theory and research. Guilford Press, NewYork.
+JudgeTJ,HigginsCA,ThoresenCJandBarrickMR,1999.TheBigFivepersonalitytraits,general mental ability,andcareer success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 621–652.
+Kaur PandSinhaAK, 1992.Dimensions ofGunainorganisational setting, Vikalpa,Vol.17, No. 3,pp. 27–32.
+KejriwalAandKrishnanVR, 2004. Impact ofvedicworldviewand Gunas ontransformational leadership. Vikalpa.Vol.29, No1,p.29.
+KumarKCTLandThomasTM,2013.CreativityandTriGunapersonalityofmanagers.Journal of OrganisationandHuman Behavior,Vol.2,No.1,pp.1–16.
+MathewT,2010. Identifyingmanagement trainingneedsforcharteredaccountant usingTriGunas. Proceedingsof theAIMs International Conference on value Based Management. Haridwar, India.
+McCrae RR and Costa PT, 1991. The neo personality-inventory – using the 5-factor model in counseling. Journal of CounselingDevelopment,Vol.69,pp.367–372.
+McHenryJJ,HoughLM,ToquamJL,HansonMAandAshworthS, 1990.Project Avalidityresults:therelationshipbetween predictorandcriteriondomains.Personnel Psychology,Vol.43,pp.335–354.
+Mount MK and Barrick MR, 1995. The Big Five personality dimensions: implications for research and practice in human resource management. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management,Vol. 13,pp. 153–200.
+Narayanan J and Krishnan VR, 2003. Impact of Sattva and Rajas Gunas on transformational leadership and Karma Yoga. Journal of Indian Psychology,Vol.21,No. 2,pp. 1–11.
+OnesDSandViswesvaranC,1996.Bandwidth-fidelitydilemmainpersonalitymeasurement forpersonnelselection.Journal of Organizational Behavior,Vol.17,No.6,pp.609–626.
+Ones DS, 1993. The construct validity of integrity tests. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa. RastogiA, 2004. TriGuna and psychological well-being, Ph.D. thesis, Lucknow University, Lucknow. RobbinsSP,1994.Organizational behavior:concepts, controversiesandapplication.Prentice-Hall.EnglewoodCliffs, NJ.
+Rothmann S and Coetzer E, 2003. The big five personality dimensions and job performance. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology,Vol.29,No1,pp.68–74.doi:10.4102/sajip.v29i1.88.
+Schmutte PS and Ryff CD, 1997. Personality and well-being: reexamining methods and meanings. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology,Vol.73,No.3,pp.549–559.
+Wolf D, 1998. The vedic personalityinventory: a studyofthe Gunas. Journal of Indian Psychology, Vol. 16, pp. 26–43.
+
+242	Volume 15, Issue 3, July-September, 2015

document/management/An action research study on effect of Integrated Yoga on personality and performance of employees with reference to Openness to experience conv.txt

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+International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR)	Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2015
+
+An Action Research Study on Effect of Integrated Yoga on Personality of Employees with reference to Openness to Experience
+
+
+Chokkalingam[1] Dr. Sony Kumari[2] K. B. Akhilesh[3] H. R. Nagendra[4]
+
+
+Abstract:
+Aim: The purpose of writing the paper is to evaluate the impact of practice of Integrated Yoga on a personality trait of employees namely Openness to experience by using Big Five Personality Inventory.
+Literature review:Earlier studies proved the validity of Big Five Personality measures to evaluate the performance of employee
+Study Design: An empirical study is made to assess the effect of practicing Integrated Yoga on personality traits, including Openness to experience. 51 employees are given Integrated Yoga Intervention for four months and another 51 are not given any intervention. Using Big Five Personality Inventory, data is collected before the study, in the middle of the study and at the end of the study.
+Results and Conclusion:The analysis of data using SPSS showed that Openness to Experience in Integrated Yoga Intervention group improved significantly (p<.01)
+Keywords:Personality, Performance, Openness to Experience, Integrated Yoga
+
+
+
+I. INTRODUCTION
+In the present knowledge based society, human resources are the   most   important   resource   for   the   development. Personalities  of  employees  shape  the  behaviours  in  the workplace and thus their performance. Development of the personalities  to  suit  the  changing  requirements  of  the organization and also society is an important need of the present fast changing society. The present research studies how  practice  of  Integrated  Yoga  can  bring  changes  in employee’s  personality  with  reference  to  Openness  to experience, a Big Five Personality trait.
+According   to  American   Psychological  Association, Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. Many efforts are made to identify the primary traits that govern behaviour and out of these Big Five Personality Model is most widely used in identifying and classifying traits. The Big Five Personality traits  are  Openness  to  Experience,  Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. Among these, Openness  to  experience,  it’s  importance  and  impact  of practice of Integrated Yoga on it are studied in the present research. The facets of openness are Active imagination (fantasy),  Aesthetic   sensitivity,  Attentiveness   to   inner feelings, Preference for variety, and Intellectual curiosity. According to ancient Indian literature, Yoga is a technique to mind control and personality development. The present study wants  to  assess  the impact of Yoga  Intervention on  the
+
+
+personality of employees with special reference to Openness to Experience.
+
+II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
+According to previous studies, Openness to experience is important in following aspects:
+Training proficiency(Jesus F. Salgado (1997),Broad minded and imaginative ( Dollinger, Leoung, and Ulicni ,1996), Predicted unique variance in job performance (Mark N.Bing, John  W.Lounsbury  ,  2000),  Positive  attitudes  towards learning experiences in general(McCrae and Costa, 1986), Task performance and Creativity(S Rothmann et al, 2003), in high complexity jobs (Gouri Mohan & Zubin R.Mulla), Skill acquisition  (Oakes  et  al,  2001),  Better  performance  in unfamiliar environments (Bing &Lounsbury, 2000),  higher levels of creativity when the ends and means to their task are ill-defined  (George  &  Zhou,  2001),  More  cued  in  to environment and will be attentive to multiple influences while taking decisions (McElroy & Dowd, 2007), Divergent thinking (McCrae, 1987)
+Personality  Development-  Integrated  Yoga  as  the facilitator:
+Yoga is becoming popular in all parts of the world and recognising the importance of it the United Nations declared June 21st as World Yoga Day. However only a little research
+
+
+
+[1]Researcher, SVyasa University, Bangalore
+[2]Associate Professor, SVyasa University, Bangalore,    Mob.:09742060024,    Email: [email protected] [3]Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
+[4]Chancellor, SVyasa University, Bangalore
+
+37
+International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR)	Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2015
+
+
+
+has been done on Yoga and most of it is related to application of Yoga to improve physical health   of people. Very little research  has  been  done  on  the  application  of  Yoga  to personality development of employees. To fill this gap, an effort   has   been   made   in   the   present   study.
+Patanjali, defines Yoga as Yogah Cittavritti Nirodhah –Yoga is a   technique used to still the fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of the true self . According to Yoga Vashishta(3.9.32)   Manah   Prasamanopayah   Yoga ityabhidhiyate- Yoga is a skillful and subtle process to calm down the mind. According to Swamy Vivekananda,  every one  can  become  divine  by  Psychic  control(Raja  Yoga), Devotion(Bhakti   Yoga),Knowledge   of   self   (Jnana Yoga),Selfless action(Karma Yoga). Yoga practice which aim at the integral development of the personality by a fine combination of  the above four methods of yoga viz., Karma Yoga, Bhakthi Yoga, Jnana Yoga and Raja Yoga is called as Integrated Yoga. Practicing this knowledge may bring out complete transformation of one’s   personality on physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels which, among other things, strengthen his performance levels.
+
+
+•	 The   subjects   in   the   intervention   group   practiced Integrated Yoga for  4 months( 100 days, after deducting holidays, absents etc) for 1.5 hours a day. The daily program of intervention contains Surya Namaskaras(Sun salutations), Asanas (Body postures),Pranayama(Breath regulation exercises), Self Awareness Meditation and 10 minutes  lecture  on  application  of  traditional  Indian knowledge to modern work and personal lives. Every month a lecture viz., Jnana yoga class for 1 hour on application of traditional Indian knowledge is conducted by the first author on the following topics, either through oral  lectures  or  audio  visual  presentations.1)  Yogah Karmasu Koushalam-Integrated Yoga 2) Six Dimensions of Karma Yoga 3) Axioms of meaningful work 4) Lord Krishna as modern manager. The subjects in the control group were not given any intervention.
+•	 The period of study is four months i.e from 1st October 2014 to 31st January 2015. Data was collected for both the groups before the study i.e, on October 1st 2014( Pre ), in the middle of the study i.,e on December 1st 2014(Mid ), at the end of the study i.e., on 31st January 2015 (End )
+
+
+
+
+III. DETAILS OF STUDY DESIGN
+The salient features of the   of this study is summarized as below:
+•	 The aim of the study is to see if Openness to experience is improved by practice of Integrated Yoga
+
+•	 The Big Five Inventory developed by Oliver P.John was used. It contains 44 questions  and 10 of them are related to Openness to Experience. It is a five point Likert scale and has a Cronbach Alpha reliability of .82 and validity of .92.
+Figure 1: Aschematic representation of the study plan
+
+
+
+•	 The subjects for the study were 102 employees (after considering  drop  outs  from  the  study),  51  of  them practicing Integrated Yoga (Intervention Group) and the remaining   51   of   them   not   practicing   Integrated Yoga(Control group)
+•	 Employees-men and women,	with normal health as declared by the subjects are included in the study. Those who have any previous experience of any Yoga program or presently following any type of Yoga program or taking any   medication   for   psycho   somatic   problems   are excluded from the study
+•	 The average age of subjects in intervention group is 34.7 years with standard deviation of 6.6 where as the average age of subjects in control group is 32.21 with standard deviation of 4.77. The average experience of subjects in intervention group is 10.6 years with standard deviation of 6.17 where as the average experience of subjects in control group is 7.21 years with standard deviation of 4.2 years.
+•	 The participants are working in different industries as follows.  In  intervention  group-  21  in  IT and  related sectors, 14 in Finance and related sectors, 16 in other sectors. In Control group- 20 in ITand related sectors, 18 in Finance and related sectors and 13 in other sectors. Thus the   background of subjects in terms of age   and experience and nature of industry  in control group and intervention group is similar.
+•	 The subjects for intervention group are employees who practice Integrated Yoga in Andhra Pradesh Yogadhyana Parishad, a state government organization in Hyderabad. Subjects for control group are people who volunteered to participate in the study.
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
+
+
+IV. RESULTS
+Table- 1: Change in scores of  Openness in Intervention and Control group during the study
+
+
+38
+International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR)	Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2015
+
+
+
+Table 1 represents the average changes in the openness among the subjects in Intervention group and Control group. Since the total number of items in Openness to Experience are ten and scales are five, the maximum score is 50. The pre study   i.e., base line data shows that score of Openness is 29.61  with  standard  deviation  of  5.67  in  subjects  of Intervention group where as the same for Control group is 29.9 and 5.02 respectively which shows that the subjects have similar traits before the study. The mid study  i.e., data in the middle of the study shows that there is 7.4% increase in openness in intervention group ,but only 1.66% increase in openness in control group. Similarly the End study i.e., data at the end of the study compared to beginning of study shows there is 14.8% increase in openness in intervention group where as it is only 2% in control group.
+Since the design of the study requires repetitive studies of the same subjects, Repetitive Measures ANOVAi.e RMANOVA test  was used to analyse the data which are collected before the study, in the middle of the study and at the end of the study both for intervention group and control group. The results are shown in the table 2
+Table – 2:Changes Within group in Openness to Experience
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+Table 2 shows changes in Openness with in Intervention group  and  control  group  during  the  study.  It  shows  a continuous increase in openness from Pre Study to Mid Study(p<.001), Mid Study to End Study(p<.001) and Pre Study to End Study (p<.001) in subjects of Intervention group . There is no significant increase in Openness to Experience from beginning to middle(p>0.05), middle to end(p>.05) and beginning to end (p>.05) in subjects of control group
+
+Notes:
+** indicates that the values are significant
+Pre, Mid / Mid Study, End/ End Study means the   Study before intervention (baseline data), study in the middle of intervention, study at the end of intervention respectively
+Y1,Y2,Y3   means Yoga group(Intervention group) at the time of before study, middle of study, after study
+C1,C2,C3 means Control group at the time of before study, middle of study, after study
+
+V. LIMITATIONS OFTHE STUDYAND RECOMMENDATIONS
+The control group is not given any intervention, which may affect their interest to give response to the questionnaires and affect it’s accuracy. For further research, it is recommended to give   some   non   yoga   intervention   to   control   group.
+
+The participants are working in different industries. The changes in work environment in these different industries may   affect   their   responses.   For   further   study   it   is recommended to study employees from one organization or industry only.
+
+VI.  CONCLUSIONS
+The following conclusions can be drawn from the study
+1.  Personality traits of employees especially Openness to Experience has an impact on the their performance which is established through literature survey
+2.  Practice   of   Integrated  Yoga   improves   employees Openness to Experience
+3.  The above two conclusions may imply that practice of Integrated  Yoga   can   improve   the   performance   of employee.
+
+VII. STRENGTH AND IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
+To the best of authors’ knowledge this is the first study to assess impact of Yoga intervention on Employees Openness to Experience. Since the study proves effectiveness of Yoga intervention, it is recommended that all employees to practice Yoga to improve their performance in work.
+
+VIII. REFERENCES 1.  http://www.apa.org/topics/personality
+2.  Jesus  F.  Salgado  (1997).  The  five  factor  model  of personality  and  job  performance  in  the  European community. Journal of Applied Psychology. Vol.82, No.1, 30-43
+3.  Dollinger, S. J, Leong, F.T.L,   Ulicni S.K. (1996). On traits and values: With special reference to openness to experience. Journal of Research in personality. 30,23-41.
+4.  Mark N. Bing, John W.Lounsbury (2000). Openness and Job Performance in U.S. – based Japanese Manufacturing Companies. Journal of Business and Psychology. Vol.14, No.3, Spring. p515-521
+5.  McCrae  ,  Costa Jr. (1986). ‘Openness to experience.’ Perspectives in Personality, 1, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 145-172
+6.  S  Rothmann  E  P.  Coetzer,  The  big  five  personality dimensions and job performance, SAJournal of industrial psychology, 2003, 29 (1), 68-74
+7.  Gouri Mohan & Zubin R.Mulla , Openness To Experience And Work Outcomes: Exploring The Moderating Effects Of Conscientiousness And Job Complexity,	Great Lakes Herald, Vol 7, No 2, September 2013
+8.  Oakes, D.W., Ferris, G.R., Martocchio, J.J., Buckley, M.R.,  &  Broach,  D.  (2001).  Cognitive  ability  and personality   predictors   of   training   program   skill acquisition and job performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 15(4), 523-548.
+9.  Bing, M. N., &Lounsbury, J. W. (2000).Openness and job performance  in  U.S.-based  Japanese  manufacturing companies. Journal of Business and Psychology, 14(3), 515-522.
+
+39
+International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR)	Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2015
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+
+10.De  Jong,  R.D.,  Velde,  M.E.G,  &  Jansen,  P.G.W. (2001).Openness to experience and growth need strength as   moderators   between   job   characteristics   and satisfaction.  International  Journal  of  Selection  and Assessment, 9 (4).
+11. George,  J.M.,  &  Zhou,  J.  (2001).When  openness  to experience and conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: An interactional approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 513-524.
+12.McElroy, T& Dowd, E(2007), Susceptibility to anchoring effects:   How   openness   to   experience   influences responses to anchoring cues. Judgment and Decision Making, 2(1),48-53
+13.McCrae, R. R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1258– 1265.
+14.John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy:   History,   measurement,   and   theoretical perspectives.  In  L.  A.  Pervin  &  O.  P.  John  (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 102–138). New York: Guilford Press.
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document/management/Ancient science of yogic life for academic excellence in university students conv.txt

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+8/11/2014	Ancient scienceof yogic lifefor academic excellenceinuniversitystudents
+
+
+Ancient science of yogic life for academic excellence in university students
+
+Sham Ganpat Tikhe, H. R. Nagendra, and Neeraj Tripathi
+
+
+Abstract
+
+Background:
+
+Academic excellence is essential to provide opportunities for students to work together to improve their understanding of
+concepts in their academic core. Academic excellence helps students to teach problem-solving and collaborative learning
+strategies.
+
+
+Objective:
+
+The objective of this study was to assess Guna (personality traits) in students undergoing Yoga Instructor's Course (YIC).
+
+
+Materials and Methods:
+
+In all, 68 YIC students with a mean age of 28.03 ± 9.38 years participated in this single group pre–post study. The Personality
+Inventory data were collected before (pre) and after (post) the YIC.
+
+
+Statistical Analysis:
+
+Means, standard deviations, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for analyzing the data with the
+help of SPSS16.
+
+
+Results:
+
+The data analysis showed 11.33% decrease (P < 0.01) in Tamas Guna (dull personality trait), 0.68% decrease (P =0.819) in
+Rajas Guna (violent personality trait), and 10.34% increase (P <0.01) in Sattva Guna (balanced personality trait) scores.
+
+
+Conclusion:
+
+This study suggests that YIC can result in the improvement of Sattva Guna (balance personality trait) among students, thus
+paving the way for their academic excellence.
+
+KEYWORDS: Academic excellence, ancient science of yogic life, university students
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Indian philosophy provides Guna theory, a composite framework of Tri-dimensional Personality Inventory to aid the
+understanding of the mental make-up of a person. This theory is based on Samkhya Philosophy's concept of Guna.[1,2] In an
+ideal situation of perfect health, an individual has the complete freedom to use any of these three Gunas with dominance of
+Sattva Guna in his personality. Ill health or limited health occurs if Rajas or Tamas Guna becomes dominant, as one loses
+freedom and gets habituated to either of these Guna. Hence, the degree of positive health can be measured by a tool that can
+grade these three personality traits or Guna.[3]
+
+The philosophy of yoga believes that somatic problems are nothing but a manifestation of an imbalance between three Gunas
+(Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas) that go to constitute the body–mind complex of the individual.[4] Further, in the famous scriptural
+text, the Gita, a guna, indicates a specific behavior style. Sattva is symbolized by purity, wisdom, bliss, serenity, love of
+knowledge, spiritual excellence, and other noble and sublime qualities. Rajas is symbolized by egoism, activity, restlessness, and
+hankering after mundane things such as wealth, power, valor, and comforts. Tamas is related to qualities such as bias, heedlessness
+
+http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530342/	1/5
+8/11/2014	Ancient scienceof yogic lifefor academic excellenceinuniversitystudents
+
+and inertia, perversion in taste, thought, and action.[5]
+
+However, the personality changes that characterize the efficacy of Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) for students
+have not been reported adequately. Hence, we have designed this study to assess the efficacy of Yoga Instructor's Course (YIC)
+for academic performance in university students using Personality (Guna) Inventory (PI).
+
+
+Objective
+
+The objective was to assess PI in university students undergoing YIC.
+
+
+MATERIALS AND METHODS
+
+Subjects
+
+In all, 68 YIC students (27 males and 41 females) with a mean age of 28.03 ± 9.38 years participated in this study.
+
+
+Inclusion criteria
+
+Age range 18 and 37 years
+Both males and females
+
+
+Exclusion criteria
+
+Students with serious medical conditions
+Students taking medication
+Using any other wellness strategy
+Students using psychiatric drugs, alcohol, or tobacco in any form
+
+
+Design
+
+A single group pre–post study
+
+
+Source
+
+The subjects for this study were selected from Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University,
+Bangalore, undergoing a 21-day YIC program.
+
+
+Informed consent
+
+An informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
+
+
+The institutional review board (IRB) approval
+
+The study was approved by the IRB of S-VYASA University.
+
+
+Assessments
+
+In this study, we have used PI developed by Pathak, Bhatt and Sharma.[6] It has 24 items for Sattva Guna (balanced, gentle, and
+controlled personality trait), 34 items for Rajas Guna (violent and uncontrolled personality trait), and 30 items for Tamas Guna
+(dull and uncontrolled personality trait). It has good internal consistency and reliability and in terms of validity, all the three
+traits showed lowcorrelation with each other indicating that these three traits are independent.
+
+PI is based on Samkhya Philosophy's concept of Guna.[1] In an ideal situation of perfect health, an individual has the complete
+freedom to use any of these three Gunas with dominance of Sattva Guna in his personality. Ill health or limited health occurs if
+
+http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530342/	2/5
+8/11/2014	Ancient scienceof yogic lifefor academic excellenceinuniversitystudents
+
+Rajas or Tamas Guna becomes dominant, as one loses freedom and gets habituated to either of these Guna. Hence, the degree of
+positive health can be measured by a tool that can grade these three personality traits or Guna.[3]
+
+
+Intervention
+
+All the subjects participated in the YIC of 21 days duration [Table 1]. The program was conducted in a serene and peaceful
+atmosphere of the S-VYASA University in a residential setup with a schedule starting from 5 AM to 10 PM. Sattvic diet (high-
+fiber low-fat vegetarian and balanced diet), devotional sessions, cultural programs, and discourses from experts were the key
+essence of this program. The program was based on IAYT leading to the holistic development of the personality.
+
+
+Table 1
+Schedule ofthe YIC program
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Data collection
+
+The PI data were collected before (pre) and after (post) the 21-day YIC program.
+
+Data analysis
+
+Tables 2, 3, and 4 showthe items in their respective Guna (personality) with their interpretation and test–retest reliability co-
+efficient. Responses to inventory items are received in terms of choices between very much, much, moderate, little, or not at all.
+These rawanswers are then converted to numerical values from 5 to 1, respectively. Answers to all items on all three scales are
+converted to 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1, as above. Addition of scores on all items on a particular scale gives the individual's total score on
+that scale. In this way, each individual receives a score on each of the three scales. Percentage of each was calculated by dividing
+the score of each Guna with total score and multiplying by 100.
+
+
+Table 2
+Interpretation ofGuna (Personality) inventory scores
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Table 3
+Test–retest reliability co-efficient ofGuna
+
+
+
+
+Table 4
+Interpretation ofGuna scores
+
+
+
+
+Statistical analysis was done with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences [SPSS]-16. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test
+showed that the data were not normally distributed. We used the Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare means of the data
+collected before (pre) and after (post) the YIC program.
+
+
+RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
+
+The data analysis showed 11.33% significant decrease (P < 0.001) in Tamas Guna (dull personality trait), 0.68% decrease (P =
+
+http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530342/	3/5
+8/11/2014	Ancient scienceof yogic lifefor academic excellenceinuniversitystudents
+
+0.819) in Rajas Guna (violent personality trait), and 10.34% significant increase (P < 0.001) in Sattva Guna (balanced
+personality trait) scores [Table 5].
+
+
+Table 5
+Data analysis
+
+
+
+
+The behavior of a human being is an expression of a combination of different Gunas. Tamas (meaning darkness) is the grossest
+aspect of our personality characterized by excessive sleep, innocence, laziness, depression, procrastination, a feeling of
+helplessness, impulsivity, anger, and arrogance (packed up with vital energy). When we reduce Tamas through mastery over the
+mind, we become dynamic, sensitive, and sharp to move toward Rajas (the shining one) characterized by intense activity,
+ambitiousness, competitiveness, high sense of self importance, desire for sense gratification, little interest in spiritual elevation,
+dissatisfaction with one's position, envy of others, and a materialistic cleverness.[7]
+
+With further growth and mastery, one moves into Sattva—a dominance that includes the qualities of truthfulness, stability,
+discipline, sense of control, sharp intelligence, preference for vegetarianism, truthfulness, gravity, dutifulness, detachment,
+respect for superiors, staunch determination,[8] and stability in the face of adversity and also conscious action. Thus, we can see
+that although both Rajas and Tamas have both positive and negative qualities, they are the manifestation of a violent state of
+mind in which a person lacks mastery over upsurges of emotions and impulsive behavior.[7] Most of the qualities of Sattva which
+are manifestation of a calm state of mind are achievable by different yoga techniques (physical postures, pranayama, and/or
+meditation) meant for mastery over the mind–body complex.[9] Several earlier studies have independently corroborated these
+notions. It has been shown that self-esteem as well as the sense of control and determination improved after meditation.[10]
+Reduction in crime rate after transcendental meditation (TM) supported the effect of a calm state of mind on social health.[11]
+These positive effects also showup as better perception and memory as well as better motor performance (dexterity and
+coordination tests).[12]
+
+The mechanism of howyoga may reduce Rajas and Tamas and howit may increase Sattva may be understood by three cardinal
+principles of yoga: relax the body, slowdown the breath, and calm down the mind.[13] Recent research has shown a positive
+relationship between personality trait and academic performance. A previous study on yoga reported enhanced PI as a result of
+the practice of yoga way of life. The result indicates the importance of yoga to improve academic performance.[14,15] This
+study is consistent with these findings, indicating that a systematic practice of the yoga in the form of YIC can result in better
+academic excellence.
+
+
+CONCLUSION
+
+This study suggests that YIC can result in the improvement of Sattva Guna (balance personality trait) among students, thus
+paving the way for their academic excellence.
+
+
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
+
+The authors acknowledge S-VYASA University for granting permission to carry out this work.
+
+
+Footnotes
+
+Source of Support: Nil.
+
+Conflict of Interest: None declared.
+
+Article information
+
+Anc Sci Life.2012 Jan-Mar;31(3):80–83.
+
+
+http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530342/	4/5
+8/11/2014
+
+doi: 10.4103/0257-7941.103179
+
+Ancient scienceof yogic lifefor academic excellenceinuniversitystudents
+
+
+PMCID:PMC3530342
+
+
+Sham GanpatTikhe,H.R.Nagendra,1 and Neeraj Tripathi2
+
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University,Bangalore,India
+1ChiefEditor,International Journal ofYoga (Indexed with Pubmed) and Vice Chancellor,S-VYASAUniversity,Bangalore,India 2ResidentMedical Officer,S-VYASAUniversity,Bangalore,India
+Address for correspondence: Dr.Sham GanpatTikhe,Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University (Prashanti Kutiram),19,Eknath Bhavan,Gavipuram Circle,Kempegowda Nagar,Bangalore – 560 019,Karnataka,India.Email:[email protected]
+
+Copyright:© AncientScience ofLife
+This is an open-access article distributed under the terms ofthe Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported,which permits unrestricted use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited.
+
+This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
+
+Articles from AncientScience ofLife are provided here courtesy ofMedknowPublications
+
+REFERENCES
+
+1. Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N. A randomized control trial ofthe effect ofYoga on Gunas (personality) and Selfesteem in normal
+healthy volunteers. Int J Yoga. 2009;2:13–21. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
+
+2. Woodroofe SJ. Madras: Ganesh and Company; 1972. Shakti and Shakta.
+
+3. Goyanka J. Gorakhpur: Gita Press; 1999. Srimadbhagavadgita Tattvavivecani, Govind Bhavan Karyalaya.
+
+4. Goyandka J. 15th ed. Gorakhpur, Govind Bhavan Karyalaya: Gita Press; 1999. Srimadbhagavad gita Tattvavivecani.
+
+5. Das RC. Standardization ofthe Gita inventory ofpersonality. J Indian Psychol. 1991;09:47–54.
+
+6. Pathak NS, Bhatt ID, Sharma R. Manual for Classifying Personality on Tridimensions ofGunas- An Indian Approach. Indian J Behav.
+1992;16:4.
+
+7. Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N. A randomized control trial ofthe effect ofYoga on Gunas (personality) and Health in normal healthy
+volunteers. Int J Yoga. 2008;1:2–10. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
+
+8. WolfDB. The vedic personality inventory: A study ofthe Gunas. J Indian Psychol. 1998;16:26–43.
+
+9. Holt WR, Caruso JL, Riley JB. Transcendental Meditation vs pseudo-meditation on visual choice reaction time. Percept Motor Skills.
+1978;46:726. [PubMed]
+
+10. Alexander CN, Robinson P, Rainforth M. Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine and drug abuse through transcendental meditation: A
+review and statistical meta-analysis. (13-87).Alcohol Treat Q. 1994;11:1–2.
+
+11. Abrams AI. Transcendental meditation and rehabilitation at Folsom prison: Response to a critique. Criminal Justice Behav. 1979;6:13–21.
+
+12. Dillbeck MC, Orme-Johnson DW. Physiological differences between transcendental meditation and rest. Am Psychol. 1987;42:879–81.
+
+13. Murthy SR. From local to global - Contributions ofIndian psychiatry to international psychiatry. Indian J Psychiatry. 2010;52:30–7.
+[PMC free article] [PubMed]
+
+14. Kember P. The Transcendental Meditation technique and postgraduate academic performance. Br J Educ Psychol. 1985;55:164–6.
+
+15. Ganpat TS, Nagendra HR. Yoga therapy for developing emotional intelligence in mid-life managers. J Mid-life Health. 2011;2:28–30.
+[PMC free article] [PubMed]
+
+
+
+http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530342/	5/5

document/management/Can The Cyclic Meditation Intervention Help To Manage Job Stress Effectively A Qualitative Study on Indian Information Technology Professionals conv.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
+Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
+
+Can The Cyclic Meditation Intervention Help To Manage Job Stress Effectively? A Qualitative Study on Indian Information Technology Professionals
+
+Pammi Sesha Srinivas1, K. B. Akhilesh2, Sony Kumari3
+
+
+Abstract: Enormous increase in opportunities in Information Technology industry in India also resulted in increase of job stress among its professionals. Coping techniques employed by professionals is of paramount importance as job stress caused by informational technology industry sector has enormous health complications starting from musculoskeletal disorders to cardio-vascular diseases. In-effective management of job stress by professionals would impact their employability as well as personal lives. Yoga is an ancient science which can give comfort to body/mind complex of human being in any context of life with a disciplined practice. Here a study was done to pursue the effect ofyoga based cyclic meditation practice to cope up with job stress for Indian information technology professionals. A qualitative research method was employed to gain deep insights into effects of the practice. A, 8 work week duration intervention was administered to the participants. Based on the findings derived from written experience from participants, Cyclic Meditation has potential to be chosen as one of the coping techniques for Job stress management among Indian Information Technology Professionals. Though  these  findings  are  derived  for  Indian  context,  the  results  are  worth  pursuing  for  international  information  technology professionals as well.
+
+Keywords: Cyclic Meditation, Yoga, Job stress, Information Technology Professional, Qualitative
+
+
+1. Background
+
+Post 1991 economic reforms, India attracted lot of private and  foreign  investment  in  business.  The  impact  of  the economic reforms were started to be seen in big way in late 90s  where  more  number  of  foreign  industries  set  up  its development  and  manufacturing  units  in  India,  creating thousands   of   jobs   for   Indian   nationals.   India,   having advantage of premier educational institutes of research as well   as   considerable   percentage   of   English   speaking population, attracted investments in information technology business sector from both Indian business firms as well as foreign  business   firms.   In   this   web   connected   world, information technology (IT) based companies need to cater to the needs of the global market trends to stay competitive. Global Competitive markets demand IT professionals to be innovative, cost effective as well as deliver ―customer liked‖ products on time, all the time. It all boils down to‖ do more with less every time on time ―.This creates lot of stressful situations for IT Professionals like ever changing customer expectations,  squeezed  project  schedules,  availability  of skilled professionals, availability of talented leadership pool etc.  As  Robbins  (2001)  mentioned,  an  individual  goes through stressful condition when he/she needs to deliver on any opportunity where the perceived outcome is essential and un-predictable. Research also shown that excessive job stress  can  cause  enormous  health  complications  ranging from musculoskeletal disorders to cardio-vascular diseases. Indian IT professionals are more prone to Job stress related health complication due to the nature of the job they have to perform.
+
+Though  job  stress is  mainly governed  by  work-overload, role conflict and role ambiguity, any professional’s ability to withstand job related stress also depends on physical well-being, psychological wellbeing and personal life well-being. An individual who can with stand job related stress, can also turn areas of problems in the organization/industry into areas of opportunity for success. Yoga based practices are gaining
+
+popularity in India and abroad among IT professionals. This study investigates the effects of cyclic meditation (A yoga practice	based	meditation	technique)	on   Indian	IT professionals. Qualitative method was used to find out the experiences from the participants` perspective.
+
+2. Cyclic Meditation
+
+Cyclic Meditation (C.M.) was used as an intervention for this qualitative study. Cyclic meditation was developed by SVYASA	(Swami	Vivekananda	Yoga	Anusandhana Samstahana), Bangalore, India. Cyclic Meditation could be shortly referred as C.M here after. C.M is inspired by a verse from	Mandukya     Upanishad     (SanjibPatra,	Shirley Tells.2009).  C.M.is  a  set  of  stimulation  and  relaxation combine  involving  cycles  of  body  postures  followed  by supine rest relax poses. Body postures are yoga based body postures  like  ardhakatichakrasana,  Taadasana  ,  Vajrasana and Ardhavustrasana. Supine rest relax posture followed is shavasana i.e dead corpse pose. Participants going through this intervention need to make their body movements very slow and continuous. Idea here is by controlling the speed of the  body  movements,  participants  can  feel  the  energy impulses flowing in the body. While in supine rest position, participants are made aware of their body parts and asked to relax the tension if any. This is over all 40 minute practice.
+
+3. Research Design and Methods
+
+Qualitative methodologies could be considered to be used in cases where large range of unknown variables effect an area (Creswell,  1998). There  are large  range  of variables  like organisational	variables,	environment	variables	and individual variables which play significant role in job stress perceived  by  IT  professionals.  Hence  qualitative  design method  was  adopted  for  this  study.  Key  advantage  with qualitative case study is that it helps to get deeper insight into  participant  experiences  without  any  prior  hypothesis (Patton, 1990). Participants were selected from Bengaluru,
+
+
+
+
+
+Paper ID: SUB15941
+
+Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015 www.ijsr.net
+Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
+
+
+
+2518
+International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
+Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
+
+
+India office of one of the leading Multinational European Company  (MNC).  This  MNC  has  its  headquarters  in Germany  and  has  research  and  development  office  in Bengaluru since 1999. This company also has research and development   centres	in	Munich   (Germany),	Villach (Austria), Bristol (U.K) and in Singapore. Along with that, this company has marketing presence in all continents of the world.
+
+A,8   work   week  intervention   was   administered   to   the participants during working days. Participants were mix of both  male  and  female  employees.  45  employees  of  the selected company participated in the study which ended in Nov 2014. All the participants were not having any serious illness  or  were  not  under  medical  treatment  during  the intervention period. The age range of employees varied from 24 years to 42 years. This is a post only study. At the end of intervention period, participants were encouraged to provide their experience which they believed happened due to C.M. practice  honestly.  Participants  were  requested  to  provide their experience in a written format honestly without any bias  or  apprehension.15  participants  volunteered  to  share their  experience  in a  written  format.  Average  age  of the experience sharing volunteers is about 28.9 years. A written format was provided to the volunteering participants to share their experiences.
+
+The  written  format  provided,  has  guiding  questions  like ―describe the impact of cyclic meditation at physical level, if any‖. Written format provided also left room to share any remarkswhich  participants  wanted  to  express  freely  and honestly.
+
+4. Data Analysis
+
+As Denzin and Lincoln (1994) explain, data analysis begins after collecting the data from the participants in qualitative research. Written experiences from participants were studied carefully by the researcher. By looking into the obtained data, researcher looked into pattern of experiences so that the experiences could be grouped into conceptual categories. Written  data  provided  by  volunteered  participants,  was grouped into four major categories of information. First one was effect of Cyclic Meditation (C.M.) on physical well-being, second one was effect of C.M. on psychological well-being, and third one was effect of C.M. on personal life and the last one being effect of C.M. on work place. As part of last   category  of  effect   on   workplace,   responses   from participants were also carefully examined to see the effect of C.M on job stress for IT professionals.
+
+Effect of C.M. practice on physical well-being
+
+Due to the nature of the Job, IT professionals need to be seated in chairs before the monitors for long hours in a day. Most of the times, IT professionals might not adapt most healthy pose for the backbone which can potentially cause back bone problems. Due to regular use of mouse and key board with the computer, IT professionals are more prone to wrist  pains,  shoulder  joint  pains  etc.  Also  due  to  less physical nature of the job,IT professionals are also prone to obesity   issues   as   well   body   laziness   issues.   As   IT professionals work under cool air conditions constantly, IT
+
+professionals might also get exposed to breathing issues. As the job requires more of mind share than body share, I.T professionals might be exposed to sleep issues as there is a possibility of imbalance in effort done between body and mind in a day. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants.
+
+“Usually, I do not get proper sleep in the night. Also if I sleep longer hours by chance, I use to feel tired and sleepy all the time following wakeup. C.M. sessions helped me to get proper and continuous sleep for 6 hours, which is good enough for the body to relax. (Participant#7).”
+
+“I  often used  to get  head-aches  (sinus  problem) at  least thrice a week which got drastically reduced after practicing cyclic meditation. (Participant#10). “
+
+“I use to have back pain on daily basis. When I use to get up in the morning, I use to feel the pain a lot. After I practice cyclic meditation, I have no more back pain and feeling relaxed. (Participant#12). “
+
+“Conscious breathing as part of the meditation practice is helping to cure nasal related discomfort (Participant#5)”
+
+Effect of C.M. practice on psychological well-being:-
+
+As IT jobs demand more of professionals’ mind share, it is possible for IT professionals to experience un-comfortness at  psychological  level  due  to  demands  from  work-place. Challenging  projects  and  ambitious  targets  also  add  to impact  the  psychological  well-being.  Psychological  well-being can be felt by self-awareness, self- confidence and listening capabilities. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants.
+
+“I feel confident about self being and feel easy in decision making. (Participant#10)”.
+
+“I have become aware of my thoughts and body movements post Cyclic Meditation practice. (Participant#1). “
+
+“I am able to take decisions well after analysing all the pre &   post   actions   of   decisions   post   Cyclic   Meditation practice(Participant#2).”
+“I	became	more	patient	in	listening	to	others. (Participant#12).”
+
+Effect of the C.M. practice on personal life:-
+
+With ever increasing demands of I.T jobs, I.T professionals are spending much more time at workplace than at home. It would not be un-natural to say that working professionals are  becoming  weekend  partners  and/or  weekend  parents .This could potentially also be one of the reasons for the rise in  the  family  outings  as  well  as  family  shopping  in  the weekends in India, compared to earlier times. Many a jobs, demand  professionals  to  work  for  the  tasks  even  after reaching  home  in  working  days,  if  not  in  weekends.  As quality time spent at home for professionals is decreasing day by day, any disturbance at home/family would disturb the   work   efficiency   of   professionals   and   make   those
+
+
+
+
+
+Paper ID: SUB15941
+
+Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015 www.ijsr.net
+Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
+
+
+
+2519
+International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
+Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
+
+
+professional more prone to job stress situation. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants.
+
+“I am able to manage multiple tasks without feeling anxiety and stress. (Participant #9). “
+“Cyclic  Meditation  practice  has  obviously  increased  the patience and it helped to handle the
+situations and relations effectively with family and friends ( Participant#3).”
+“Also I must say, I am able to spend quality time with my family every evening. (Participant #15). “
+
+Effect of C.M. practice at workplace
+
+Some  of  the  common  challenges  for  Indian  Information Technology sector projects are, lack of sufficiently skilled resources  availability,  need  to  execute  multiple  projects simultaneously, ambitious project timelines, role ambiguity for   employees,   ever   demanding   customer   expectations (which   can   also   result   in   canning   of   projects),   non-availability of sufficiently experienced leadership and cross cultural communicational challenges. Due to the challenges listed,  I.T  professionals  may  have  challenging  times  in handling	work	related	discussions/risk	management/ schedules  which  can  potentially  impact  work  efficiency, resulting in job related stress. Support from sub-ordinates/ peers as well as supervisors, is also crucial for performing assigned   tasks   efficiently.   Responses   from   Participant experience sharing document were also examined to assess the impact of Cyclic Meditation at workplace. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants.
+
+“I feel relaxed and able to solve problems in a better way without getting tensed. (Participant #1).”
+“I am able to focus on work with greater intensity and am able to manage work schedules more effectively (Participant #7)”
+“I  feel  effectiveness  in  my  way  of  approach  in  handling discussions   which   helped   to   increase   my   productivity (Participant#3). “
+
+Effect of C.M on Job related stress management Participants’  responses  were  also  carefully  examined  to assess the effect of C.M. in handling job related stressful situations. Ability to work with cool mind is the key for stressful  job  situations.  It  is  also  important  to  respond appropriately for work place discussions else it would have negative spiral effect on Job stress. Ability to complete tasks even  under  stressful  situations  is  key  for  professional’s success. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants.
+
+“Compared to before, Under stress situations, I can work easily  with  cool  mind  and  complete  the  tasksuccessfully without errors. (Participant #10). “
+
+“It  helped  to  reduce  tensions  at  work  place  and  I  feel relaxed in taking decisions compared to before. (Participant #12). “
+
+“Earlier due to more stress, sometimes I tend to react to situations hastily. With a relaxed body and mind, I am able
+
+to  appropriately  respond  to  situations  at  work  place.( Participant #15). “
+
+5. Result Discussion
+
+Results due to C.M. practice are encouraging as expressed by participants. Participants experienced positive effects at physical well-being as well as psychological well-being due to C.M. practice. Practice helped some participants to reduce uncomfortness due to body ailments like sinus problem and back  pain  issues.  All  participants  who  had  quality  sleep issues, experienced a good quality sleep due to practice of Cyclic Meditation. C.M. practice also helped to reduce the nasal   related   discomfort   for   some   participants.   Some Participants  reported  more  of  self-  awareness  and  self-confidence as expressed in written experience. C.M practice also has positive effect  on  decision making capability as well   as   on   listening   capability   as   expressed   by   few participants. Some participants experienced positive effect in personal lives in terms of handling situations and relations effectively. A quality time spent in personal time helps to tackle work related issues as well as job stress effectively. Most of the participants experienced positive effect at work place in terms handling discussions, risk forecasting and in adopting   systematic   problem   solving.   Some   of   the participants  also  experienced  ability  to  handle  job  stress effectively and able to deliver on the tasks without errors under stressful conditions. Some participants also expressed enhancement  in  their  ability  to  respond  appropriately  in work related situations.
+
+6. Limitations
+
+The  average  age  of  the  participants  under  this  study  is around  29  years.  Also  to  generalize  these  finding  more number of participants to be covered bringing the average age  of  the  participant  close  to  40  years.  This  study  is currently done in one I.T , M.N.C company. Doing similar study  in  more  I.T,  M.N.C  companies  would  give  more promising outcomes which might support existing findings more robustly or modify some of the findings. Triangulation might  be  helpful  to  generalize  these  current  findings  by using a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods. However  present  study  gives  a  solid  platform  for  future studies on job stress management in I.T professionals using yoga based interventions like Cyclic Meditation. To enrich this study, future research can also consider women specific job stress as well as, study on IT enabling sector like B.P.O industry
+
+7. Conclusions
+
+Cyclic  Meditation  practice  helped  IT  professionals  for enhancing  their  physical  and  psychological  well-being. Cyclic  Meditation  also  helped  to  spend  quality  time  in personal  lives  of  IT  professionals.  This  intervention  also helped  to  manage  work related  tasks effectively .Though organization and environment variables play significant role in impacting job stress for Indian IT professionals, a well thought through and relaxed attitude from individual also plays positive effect in alleviating the Job stress for Indian IT professionals to greater extent. Cyclic Meditation practice
+
+
+
+
+
+Paper ID: SUB15941
+
+Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015 www.ijsr.net
+Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
+
+
+
+2520
+International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
+Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438
+
+
+would help modify IT professional response to job stress so that , not only he/she would not become scape-goat to health complications due to job stress, but it also enables the IT professional to perform efficiently at work place despite of stressful work conditions.
+
+References
+
+[1]  Anthony  D  LaMontagne,  Tessa  Keegel,  Amber  M Louie   &   Aleck   Ostry  (2010).   `  Job   stress   as   a preventable  upstream determinant of common mental disorders:   A   review   for   practitioners   and   policy-makers.’   Advances   in   Mental   Health:   Promotion, Prevention  and  Early  Intervention  Volume9,  issue1, 2010.
+[2]  Anthony  D  LaMontagne.,  Tessa  Keegel.,  Amber  M Louie., AleckOstry& Paul A.LandSBergis. (2007). ` A Systematic	Review	of	Job-stress	Intervention Evaluation   Literature,   1990-2005`.   INT   J   OCCUP ENVIRON HELATH 2007: 13:268-280
+[3]  Belkic,K.,  P.Landsbergis  et  al.(2004).`Is  job  strain  a major source of cardiovascular  disease  risk?`Scand  J Work Environ Health 30(2):85-128.
+[4]  Cano, C. R., Sams, D., & Schwartz, J. (2009). The job stress—Job   performance   relationship   in   the   social serviceencounter. International Journal of Nonprofit& Voluntary Sector Marketing, 14(1), 83–93.
+[5]  Creswell,   J.   W.   (1998).   Qualitative   inquiry   and research   design:   Choosing   among   five   traditions. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage Publications.
+[6]  Denzin,  N.  K.,  &  Lincoln,  Y.  S.  (Eds.).  (1994). Handbook   of   qualitative   research.   London:   Sage Publications.
+[7]  Folman,S., &Lazarus,R.S.(1988). `Coping as a mediator of   emotion`.   Journal   of   Personality   and   Social Psychology, 54(3), 466-475.
+[8]  Ivancevich,  J.,  Napier,  H.,  &Wetherbe,   J.  (1983). Occupational stress, attitudes and health problems in the informationsystems professional.Communications of the ACM, October.
+[9]  Karasek, R., &Teorell, T. (1990).Healthy work: Stress, productivity,  and  the  reconstruction  of  working  life. NewYork: Basic Books.
+[10]LaMontagne,A.D.   and   T.G.Keegel   (2009).   `Work environments	as	a	determinant	of	health,	In`: Understanding   health   :   A   determinant   approach, 2ndednH.Kelecher   and   C.MacDougall   eds.   Oxford, Oxford unoveristy Press 201:217
+[11]Marmot,M.G.,H.Bosma,et  al.(1997).  `Contribution  of Job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence.`The Lancet 360:235-239.
+[12]Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive   approach.   Thousand   Oaks,   CA:   Sage Publications.
+[13]Moddie,R. and I.Verins(2002).`To whom does mental health	belong?’	Australian	e-journal	for	the Advancement of Mental Health1(2): 68-73.
+[14]Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda	Yoga	Publications;	2007.	New perspectives in stress management.
+
+[15]Patton,   M.   Q.   (2002).   Qualitative   research   and evaluations	methods	(3rd	ed.).	London:	Sage Publications.
+[16]Perreweˇı, P. L., &Zellars, K. L. (1999).An examination of   attributions   and   emotions   in   the   transactional approachto the organizational stress process.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(5), 739–752.
+[17]RajibLochanDhar.  andMahuaDhar  (2010).`Job  stress, coping  process  and  intentions  to  leave:  A  study  of information technology professionals working in India’. The Social Science Journal 47 (2010) 560–577
+[18]Ramesh	Manocha.,DeborahBalck.	And	Leiwilson (2012).`Quality of Life and Functional Health Status of Long-Term	Meditators’.             Evidence-Based Complementary        and	Alternative        Medicine Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 350674, 9 pages
+[19]SanjibPatra., Shirley Telles(2009). ` Positive impact of Cyclic Meditation on subsequent sleep’. Med SciMonit; 15(7) :CR375-381
+[20]Sleep  Matters:  The  Impact  of  Sleep  On  health  and Wellbeing  (2011).Mental  Health  foundation.  ISBN: 978-1-906162-65-8
+[21]Somerfield, M. P.,&McGrae, R.R. (Eds.) (2000). Stress and	coping	research:	Methodological	challenges, theoreticaladvances,	and    clinical	applications.	In Psychology in the Public Forum.American Psychologist, 55(6), 620–673.
+[22]Stansfeld,S.A.  and  B.Candy.  (2006).  `  Psychological work environment and mental health – a meta-analytic review.’Scand J Work Environ Health 32(6): 443-462
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Paper ID: SUB15941
+
+Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015 www.ijsr.net
+Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
+
+
+
+2521

document/management/Development and validation of Yoga Module for Anger Management in adolescents conv.txt

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+Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772
+
+Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
+
+Complementary Therapies in Medicine
+
+journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ctim
+
+
+
+Development and validation of Yoga Module for Anger Management in adolescents
+
+Alaka Mani TLa,*, Omkar SNb,1, Manoj K. Sharmac, Astha Chouksed, Nagendra HRe,2
+
+a Yoga and Counselling Professional, Life Skills Trainer, Life-Style Couch, Adolescent Health Couch, India b Dept of Aerospace Eng., Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
+c Dept of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, India d Yoga Professional, India
+e Founder and Chancellor of a World Renowned Yoga University, India
+
+
+
+A  R  T  I  C  L  E   I  N  F  O
+
+Keywords: Yoga Module
+Anger management Adolescent
+School
+
+A  B  S  T  R  A  C  T
+
+Background: Development of anger management programs and in particular, yoga module for anger management has  not  been  well  researched.  Being  a  complex  emotion,  anger  poses  serious  challenges  in  developing  a comprehensive anger management program. While various theories of anger are dealt in modern psychology, several anger management techniques are set forth in Indian traditional texts. Yoga, which is considered as a holistic and integrated approach is explored in this study to develop and validate a school-based yoga program for anger management in adolescence.
+Materials and methods: Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) principles and literary review formed the basis  for  deriving  the  concepts  of  anger  management.  The  methodology  includes  construction  of  the  yoga module, validation of the module by 22 experts followed by a pilot non-randomised control study (n-50) to assess feasibility and initial effectiveness. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and paired t-test were employed to analyse the experts’ rating and pilot-study data respectively.
+Results: Emergence of IAYT based yoga program for anger management. Based on CVR ratio, 16 out of 18 yogic techniques qualified for the final module. The pilot study revealed viability of the module and its recognition as an anger management program. Significant reduction of anger scores in yoga group substantiates initial effec-tiveness of the module.
+Conclusion: The developed and validated yoga module for anger management is recognised as a well-accepted and effective yoga program for anger management in adolescents.
+
+
+
+
+1.  Introduction
+
+Anger and its manifestations among adolescents have drawn global
+concern.  Anger  is  a  difficult  construct  to  understand,  assess  and  to conceive coping strategies.1,2  Furthermore, anger issues and conduct disorders among adolescents and youth are on rise in India.3
+Anger  is  marked  by  a  profound  chemical  and  electrical  activity
+simultaneously occurring at the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.4 Arousal of anger is marked by release of noradrenaline (nor-epi-
+nephrine)  hormone  that  results  in  a  sudden  surge  of  energy  and increased   sympathetic   activity.   Anger   arousal   is   counteracted   by
+
+activation  of  parasympathetic  activity  with  release  of  acetylcholine neurotransmitter.5
+Considering the adverse effects and the long-term consequences of anger, researchers and clinicians have prescribed a variety of interven-tion programs for anger management. Cognitive-behavioural and skills-
+based approaches are widely studied and empirically validated treat-ments for anger in adolescents.2,6 Recent years have witnessed the use of
+mindfulness, yoga, and other healing techniques to manage emotional dyscontrol or affective states.7–9  School-based yoga programs that has
+gathered special interest among researchers, promote healthy behav-iours at societal level by focusing on prevention of negative patterns
+
+
+
+*  Corresponding author.
+E-mail addresses: [email protected] (A.M. TL), [email protected] (O. SN), [email protected] (M.K. Sharma), [email protected] (A. Choukse), [email protected] (N. HR).
+1   www.yogaomkar.com. 2   www.svyasa.org.
+
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102772
+Received 3 September 2020; Received in revised form 20 August 2021; Accepted 25 August 2021 Available online 8 September 2021
+0965-2299/©    2021    The    Authors.	Published    by    Elsevier    Ltd.	This    is    an    open    access    article    under    the    CC    BY-NC-ND    license
+(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
+A.M. TL et al.
+
+during adolescent transition.10–14
+Yoga is an umbrella term used for any physical, psychological and spiritual activity that originated from ancient texts to enhance quality of life. Yoga is broadly classified as Bhakti Yoga (Yoga of devotion), Jnana
+Yoga (Yoga of knowledge), Raja Yoga (Yoga of mental mastery) and Karma Yoga (Yoga of action).15  Among these, Raja Yoga or Patanjali
+Yoga is more popular and researched. This form of yoga comprises of 8 limbs called Yama (social conducts), Niyama (individual adherences), Asana (postures), Pranayama (breathing techniques), Pratyahara (con-trol of senses), Dharana (focusing), Dhyana (meditation) and Samadhi (contemplation). Adherence to first two limbs (Yama and Niyama) is essential to tread the path of yogic way of life. Yama comprises of five essential social conducts called ahimsa (non-violence), satya (truthful-ness), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (living in moderation) and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). Niyama also comprises of five essential qualities such as shoucha (purity), santosha (contentment), tapas (aus-terity), swadhyaya (self-awareness) and Iswara pranidhana (let go of ego). Both Yama and Niyama play a vital role in establishing self-control of emotions and judicial use of intellect.
+The tenets of yoga emphasise on establishing harmony between the physical body, breath and mind.16,17 In yogic parlance, human existence
+is  an  amalgamation  of  five  sheaths  described  as  the  physical  body, breath, emotions, intellect, and blissfulness. This theory of human ex-istence is called pancha-kosha model and is explained in detail in the ancient text called Taittiriya Upanishad. The Brahmananda Valli and Brugu  Valli  sections  of  this  text,  also  define  human  existence  as  a composition  of  5  koshas  (sheaths)  called  Annamaya  kosha  (gross sheath),    Pranamaya    kosha    (energy    sheath),    Manomaya    kosha
+(emotional sheath), Vijnanamaya kosha (intellectual sheath) & Anan-damaya kosha (bliss sheath).18
+Holistic and integrated approach is to consider suitable yogic prac-tices from different forms of yoga to establish health and wellbeing at all the five sheaths. This approach is also well correlated with the definition of health declared by World Health Organisation (WHO). According to WHO, health is the state of complete wellbeing at physical, psycholog-ical, social and spiritual domains and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity.
+Considering the vastness of the Yogic science, experts have derived a comprehensive approach called Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) or Integrated Yoga Module (IYM). Anchored in the concept of pancha-kosha, IYM is a prescription of yogic techniques derived from all major forms of yoga, to address specific health conditions. A study based
+on qualitative evidence, decoded IAYT module to prescribe a framework of yogic practices for different koshas as detailed below.19,20
+
+1) Annamaya Kosha – Asanas (Yogic Postures), Loosening Exercises, Kriyas (cleansing techniques) and Yogic Diet predominantly work on Annamaya Kosha. A stable and comfortable asana engages musculo-skeletal system in a systematic way. Asanas also provide stimulation and  deep  relaxation  to  internal  organs  by  thoroughly  massaging them. Sage Patanjali states that the mind becomes tranquilled and expanded in a natural effortless way by practicing Asanas. He further claims that the dualities of the mind cease to exist by practicing Asanas. Loosening exercises strengthens the muscles, reduces joint stiffness and increases physical stamina. Kriyas have many hidden benefits in addition to purifying the body. Balanced diet helps to maintain internal harmony in the body and mind.
+2) Pranamaya Kosha – Breathing exercises increases bodily awareness, corrects breathing pattern, clears the lungs and increases lung ca-pacity.  Pranayamas  help  to  slow  down  breath  rate  and  restore autonomic balance thereby calming the mind. It promotes free flow of  energy  in  the  body  thereby  makes  the  mind  ready  for  higher practices.
+3) Manomaya  Kosha  –  Meditations,  Devotional  Sessions  and  Bhakti Yoga   engage   the   mind   to   promote   emotional   regulation   and emotional culture.
+
+
+Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772
+
+4) Vijnanamaya Kosha – Lectures, Counselling, Satsang (company of good people) and Jnana Yoga (in-depth study of a subject) sharpens the intellect. All these provide right knowledge and eradicate igno-rance. Helps to understand realities of life.
+5) Anandamaya Kosha - Karma Yoga (selfless service) leads to a state of blissful silence with awareness, perfect poise, and freedom of choice where the mind is not troubled by stressful thoughts and fears.
+
+Anchored in this theory, an attempt is made to develop an integrated and holistic yoga module for anger management by deriving the concept of anger management from the traditional texts as detailed below.
+According to ancient texts, anger is an innate emotion and has its origin in manomaya kosha. It is experienced throughout the body and causes disruption in all dimensions of existence (koshas). Anger triggers sympathetic arousal causing various physiological changes in the body (annamaya kosha). It alters the breathing pattern (pranamaya kosha) and leads to momentary memory loss (manomaya kosha). Further it destroys the power of discrimination (vijnanamaya kosha) and distances one from being at bliss (anandamaya kosha).
+Among  the  several  traditional  texts,  Patanjali  Yoga  Sutras  (PYS), Yoga  Vasista,  Bhagavad-Gita  (BG)  and  Upanishads  have  illustrated many anger management techniques. Yama –Niyama concepts of PYS provide a strong base to overcome anger. Yoga Vasista offers evidences for mind–body inter-connectedness in defining, diagnosing and treating illnesses of all kinds. BG explains the origin of anger, its consequences, and management techniques spread across in various verses. To mention a  few,  Yoga  Vasista  talks  about  sublimation  of  thoughts  (mana  pra-shamana),  PYS  suggests  distraction  (pratipaksha  bhavana),  physical activity (asanas), regulating the breath (pranayama) etc. BG promotes developing virtues such as ahimsa, forgiveness, and patience as a rem-edy for anger.
+Although it is seen that yoga is effective in schools for nurturing mental   health,   available   studies   suffer   from   several   limitations regarding  study  design,  methodology,  standardization  yoga  module,
+sample size, absence of control group, etc. Review studies on yoga in schools calls for standardisation of yoga module.12,21
+Considering the dearth in studies pertaining to yoga modules for anger management, this study aims at developing an integrated and holistic yoga program for anger management suitable to school envi-ronment. Holistic and integrative approach is established by considering the yogic practices suited to all layers of existence and also considering major forms of yoga such as Raja Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnana Yoga.
+
+2.  Material and methods
+
+The purpose of the study is to develop a yoga module  for anger management for secondary school children. The scope of the study in-cludes a) construction of the module based on IAYT principle and lit-erary review, b) validation of the module by experts, and c) through the pilot study, assessing the feasibility of the module and also check its initial effectiveness. It is a school-based yoga program designed to be taught in secondary schools. This study was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee of S-VYASA Yoga University. Clinical trial registry was not done as it was not mandatory at the time of study and the scope of the work was more theoretical.
+The study relies on scriptural evidences for deriving various anger management  techniques  and  contemporary  yoga  books  for  selecting relevant  yogic  practices  for  anger  management.  Strict  adherence  to modern scientific module development procedures and processes was ensured during construction and validation of the module.
+The  study  methodology  comprises  of  three  processes.  They  are construction of a yoga module, validation of the module by experts, and a pilot study administering the module in a non-randomised control trial.
+Initially a framework of 18 yogic techniques was prepared providing justification for each technique. Evidences for justification of the yogic
+
+
+2
+A.M. TL et al.
+
+techniques were drawn from the contemporary books on yoga.22–30  In general, yogic techniques that activate parasympathetic activities and promote balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities were chosen. These include asanas that promote concentration, attention, and balance; pranayamas that promote calmness and tranquillity; medita-tion that promotes emotional mastery. Under the premise of Jnana yoga, a few aspects of Yama, Niyama, Pratyahara and also physiology and psychology of anger are discussed.
+This framework was prepared in a tabular form providing columns for validation using Likert scale of 0–4 with 0 being necessary, 1 a little useful, 2 moderately useful, 3 essential 4 extremely essential. Provision were made to provide overall comments, suggestions and also to review the module in terms of it’s
+
+a) relevance - whether the technique significantly works for anger b) specificity - whether the technique is precise for anger;
+c) sensitivity - whether the technique is sensitive enough to be prac-ticed by children (both girls and boys) in school setting; and
+d) evidence - whether the justification provided is adequate for its use.
+
+The  framework  was sent  to 26  experts (6  yoga  practitioners and therapists, 4 yoga professors, 4 yoga research scholars, 10 psychologists, and 2 adolescent counselling experts). A detailed note on the purpose of this study was also sent along with the framework in printed form for local experts and in electronic form for outstation and overseas experts. Experts were requested to respond immediately but not later than 30 days. Most of the experts were Ph.D. holders with more than 10–15 years of experience and are veterans in their field.
+Content  rationality  of  the  module  was  calculated  using  Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio (CVR), which is a method for measuring the level of agreement of an item among experts in the panel. The more the ex-
+perts agree on an item, the greater the level of content validity for that item.31
+A yoga module was constructed using techniques that were qualified in  expert  validation.  It  was  broadly  classified  into  1)  Opening  and closing prayers 2) Postures and breathing techniques 3) Meditations 4) Knowledge points, and 5) Home practice.
+The developed module was administered in a non-randomised con-trol study (pilot study) carried out in a secondary school. The school had two sections (divisions/ classrooms/groups) of 8th grade students i.e. Section A and Section B with around 30 children in each section. Among them, 28 children in Section A and 22 children in Section B consented for the  study  and  met  inclusion  and  exclusion  criterion.  Using  lottery method, one section was considered as the yoga group and the other section as the waitlist control group. Randomisation at the children level could not be done as it was disturbing the school’s internal set-up. Yoga sessions were conducted during the academic hours in the slots (free periods) allotted by the school. Control group students attended regular classes. Yoga sessions were conducted for four months with two sessions of 30 min each per week.
+Anger  assessment  was  done  using  a  validated  Adolescent  Anger Assessment  Scale.  This  23-item  self-reporting  scale  assesses  anger  at behavioural, verbal, and mental domains in adolescents and enjoys high reliability scores with Alpha coefficient (α-0.804) and test-retest reli-ability (r-0.835). Anger scales tend to have limitations of culture spec-
+ificity and sensitivity as the words used to describe anger have variety of meanings in different cultures.32,33 This is the first of its kind anger scale developed in India34  and is found to be in par with the popular and
+widely  used  STAXI-2A  anger  assessment  Scale  which  is  of  western origin.
+
+
+Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772
+
+psychologists)   partially   filled   the   forms   excluding   the   asana   and breathing part as they stated that they don’t have expertise in these aspects. Remaining eight experts did not provide their rating item-wise but  responded  saying  that  everything  is  OK  and  it  is  an  excellent attempt. For the purpose of calculation, only technique-wise provided responses were considered.
+Out of 18 practices in the framework, 12 practices were validated by 8  experts  and  6  practices  were  validated  by  14  experts.  As  per  the Lawshe’s CVR ratio, the minimum value (qualifying value) for 8 experts is 0.75, and for 14 experts is 0.51. CVR was calculated for all the prac-tices which are presented in Table 1 below.
+Seven techniques have scored CVR 1.0 indicating total agreement. 11 techniques with CVR ³ 0.75 reviewed by 8 experts, and 5 techniques with CVR ³ 0.51 reviewed by 14 experts, qualified for inclusion in the module. Techniques (with asterisk mark in Table 1) namely krida yoga (CVR = 0.50)  and  screening  of  movies  (CVR = 0.14)  were  excluded. Experts have expressed their apprehension about screening of movies and conducting krida yoga in the class room in the 30-minutes slot.
+Even though experts who gave an overall OK comment and did not provide item-wise rating were excluded, it is worth mentioning that they have validated all the techniques in total agreement. In general, these responses were excellent.
+The pre and post data of pilot study is anlysed using paired t-test to examine the effectiveness of the yoga module. For the purpose of sta-tistical testing, α level was set at 5 %. Normality test was not carried out as it was a pilot work and randomisation at children level was not done. Results are tabulated in Table 2 below.
+Results indicate significant reduction of anger  scores in the yoga group. An increase, though not significant is observed in control group. Table 2 also reveal a big difference in baseline data which renders the results non conclusive. However, p value 0.000 of yoga group moder-ately substantiates the initial effectiveness.
+Subjective feedback from the students during practice was excellent. The module was well accepted and children found it very convenient and comfortable to practice. Oral feedback from the teachers was that
+
+
+Table 1
+Yogic Techniques with CVR as per Lawshe formula.
+Yogic techniques	ne	N	N/	ne	CVR 2	-N/2
+Techniques reviewed by 8 experts
+1	Dynamic practice of asanas in sequence -	7	8	4	3	0.75 Shashankasana, Bhujangasana,
+Adhomukha swanasana
+2	Triyak Tadasana	7	8	4	3	0.75 3	Ostrich Pose	7	8	4	3	0.75 4	Vrikshasana, veerabhadrasana-3,	7	8	4	3	0.75
+Natarajasana
+5	Paschimottanasana	7	8	4	3	0.75 6	Suryanamaskara	8	8	4	4	1.0 7	Conscious Breathing	8	8	4	4	1.0 8	Abdominal breathing	8	8	4	4	1.0 9	Alternate Nostril Breathing	7	8	4	3	0.75 10	Brahmari	7	8	4	3	0.75 11	Yogic Concepts (Ahimsa, Brahmacharya,	8	8	4	4	1.0
+Santosha, Swadhyaya, Iswara Pranidhana, Pratyahara)
+12	Krida Yoga	6	8	4	2	0.5* Techniques reviewed by 14 experts
+13	Meditation	12	14	7	5	0.71 14	Physiology & Psychology of Anger	14	14	7	7	1.0 15	Screening of Movies	7	14	7	0	0.14
+*
+
+
+
+16 2.1.  Analysis and results	17
+18
+
+Food and Anger Stories on Anger
+Home work
+
+14        14        7            7               1.0 14        14        7            7               1.0
+13	14	7	6	0.88
+
+
+
+The framework that was sent to experts for their rating is placed as Appendix A. Out of twenty-six, four experts did not respond. Eight ex-perts  provided  their  ratings  for  all  the  items.  Six  experts  (mostly
+
+
+ne = number of experts indicating ‘essential and extremely essential’ (3 or 4 in 0–4 Likert scale), N = Total number of experts, CVR = Content validity ratio.
+*   Excluded in final module.
+
+
+3
+A.M. TL et al.
+
+Table 2
+Results of intervention study.
+
+
+Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772
+
+3.  Discussion
+
+
+
+Category	Groups	pre-mean	post-mean	p-value
+Yoga Group (n = 28)              51.50                 45.07                   .000 Control Group (n = 22)         46.82                 47.23                   .585
+School (n = 50)
+
+children were active, energetic and attentive in the class after the yoga sessions. As a part of homework, children were asked to practice 12 surya namaskaras every day at home which led the students’ family members also to start practicing yoga.
+The  conclusive  result  of  the  study  is  the  emergence  of  the  Yoga module after expert validation and pilot study. The framework of the module is detailed below in Table 3.
+
+Table 3
+Summarised Integrated Yoga Module for Anger Management.
+Sl	Technique	Description No
+Opening Prayer, sitting	Bhagavad-Gita Chapter 2 verse 62 and 63. position, (2 min)	The verses are "dhyayato vishayaanpumsaha
+sangasteshoopajaayate| sangaat sanjaayate kaamaha kaamaat krodhobhijaayate|| krodhaadbhavati sammohah sammohaat smritivibhramaha| smritibhramshaad
+1	Prayer should be chanted	buddinaasho buddhinaashaat pranashyati||”, followed by explaining the	Meaning: Looking at something, an interest meaning.	develops, which leads to attachment then the
+desire to have it. From the desire, anger arises. Anger leads to mesmerisation which leads to loss of memory which leads to loss of decision making ability. With that, one ruins. Surya namaskar 6–12 rounds + any 2 prescribed asanas practice in each session (Shashankasana, Bhujangasana, Adhomukha swanasana, Ostrich Pose Vrikshasana,
+Asanas, standing position,
+(10 min)
+2	veerabhadrasana-3, Natarajasana, Triyak Tadasana, Paschimottanasana); each asana should be done twice. Repetition of asanas in subsequent sessions one after the other depending on their learning
+Any one of the prescribed breathing Breathing practice, sitting	technique each session (Conscious Breathing, position, (5 min)	Abdominal breathing, Alternate Nostril
+3
+Breathing, Brahmari)
+Any one of the prescribed four guided short Meditation, sitting position	meditations in each session Meditations
+4
+(8 min)	include Awareness, Sublimation, Distraction to opposite emotion, Developing Virtues Any one concept is driven in each session either through story or lecture. Concepts include Ahimsa (non-violence), Brahmacharya (moderation), Santosha (contentment), Swadhyaya (Self-awareness), Iswara Pranidhana (dropping of ego), Mindful eating, Pratyahara (controlling the senses). Story telling on anger and its management. Basic physiology and psychology of anger.
+Jana Yoga (knowledge
+5	points), sitting position,
+(3 min)
+Bhagavad-Gita, Chapter 3, verse 37 - "Kaama esha krodha esha rajoguna samudhbhavaha| mahaashano mahaapaapmaa viddhyenamiha
+Closing Prayer, sitting
+position (2 min)
+6	vairinam ||" Meaning: Desire and Anger are same. It arises from the Rajasic nature. Anger is most sinful and heinous character. It is said to be biggest enemy of man.
+Children are asked to practice minimum 12 rounds of Surya Namaskara everyday morning. Children can be asked to maintain a log book of the following: 1) wake up time &
+7	Home Practice	going to bed time; 2) No. of times got angry, brief about the situation, with whom; 3) Screen time (TV watching time); 4) foods eaten details; 5) No. of Surya Namaskara
+done on that day
+
+The study documented development and validation of an integrative yoga module for anger management among healthy students in a school setting. Anchored in IAYT concept, the module was very well received by the students. Excellent CVR scores, pilot study results and feedback from the subjects confirm the validity and feasibility of the yoga module. The pilot study also records significant reduction of anger scores in the yoga group which provides reasonable evidences for initial effectiveness of the module.
+The current study is considered as a maiden step to develop a holistic and  integrative  module  based  on  IAYT  for  anger  management.  The strength of the module is  that it comprises of specific techniques to address the issues of anger at physical, psychological, and social do-mains. Utmost care was taken while designing the module to aptly suit to the school environment.
+The  novelty  of  this  study  is  in  developing  the  framework  by providing justification and seeking both subjective and objective vali-dation of experts. The framework developed was validated by multi-disciplinary  experts,  which  is  first  of  its  kind.  The  experts  included experienced  and  veteran  Yoga  Practitioners,  Yoga  Scientists,  Yoga Therapists, Psychologist, and Counselling Professionals. Sixteen out of 18 yogic techniques suggested in the framework received high scores of CVR in expert validation confirming high content validity of the module. Uniqueness of the study also lies in emphasising on Yama–Niyama concept  as  well  as  considering  physiology  and  psychology  of  anger under  the  premise  of  Jnana  Yoga  and  incorporating  it  in  a  planned manner. Novelty of the program also lies in driving the yogic concepts through stories and lectures immediately after asana and pranayama practice. An observation is that the dynamic practice of 10–15 min of Asanas helped children to counter their fatigue and burn a few calories. They seemed to be in a calm state of mind after practicing Asanas and Pranayamas. Children were more attentive and focused throughout the session. The concept driven through lectures and stories were very well understood by the students. It also helped them to internalise the con-
+cepts better.
+In the current study, the framework that was prepared for expert validation appeared to be having too many dimensions to evaluate. The fragmentation of sensitivity, relevance, significance, evidence etc. also did not receive good response. The response was almost same for all the features. This may be due to many of the experts resorting to providing an overall comment. This complexity could be considered as a limitation and future studies may consider simplifying the aspects for validation. Secondly, the significant reduction in the anger scores in the yoga group failed  to  provide  strong  evidences  for  effectiveness  of  the  module because  of  weak  methodology.  As  it  was  a  pilot  study,  sample  size calculation,  normality,  and  significance  tests  were  not  done  a  priori which could be considered as a limitation. Further, subject wise ran-domisation was not done and hence could not explain the baseline dif-
+ference observed. However, testing of baseline difference is debated in a couple of studies.35,36
+The developed module has been used in a separate study to assess anger among 187 children. The design of this non-randomised control study is similar to the pilot study of current research work. The study was conducted in two schools and each school had a yoga and control group. Yoga intervention was provided for 4 months with two sessions
+per week. Yoga group had 114 (71+ 43) children and control group had 73 (38+ 35) children.37The study showed significant reduction of anger
+scores in yoga group. In addition to confirming efficacy of the module, the	study	also	substantiates	module’s	standardisation	and generalisation.
+Very few studies on developing and validating yoga modules are available. Common aspects followed in these studies are 1) reviewing yoga  texts  (Literary  review),  2)  validation  by  yoga  experts  and  3) administration of the module in a small sample size.
+A study developing yoga module for depression reports validation of
+
+
+4
+A.M. TL et al.
+
+the module by 9 experts and pilot intervention study with 7 patients.38 Another yoga module developed for Parkinson disease carried out only
+validation  by  20  experts.  Twenty  one  out  of  28  techniques  scored required CVR ratio in this study.39  A study developing an IAYT Yoga
+module for obesity in adolescents developed the module based on lit-
+erary review and was validated by 16 yoga experts. This module consists of 43 techniques.40 Another study developing yoga module for children
+with visual impairment developed the module based on traditional texts,
+followed by validation by 25 yoga experts and pilot administration with 9 children.41
+The highlights of the current study are 1) detailed literary review of Indian traditional texts for deriving concepts of anger management, 2) yoga books referred for selection of yogic practices are placed as refer-ences 3) provided justification and evidences for each of the techniques chosen  in  the  module,  4)  inter-disciplinary  experts  were  chosen  for validation of the module, 5) field study was conducted with a reasonably good sample size, and 6) an attempt to combine the best of East (Indian traditional  concepts  of  anger  management)  with  the  best  of  West (modern scientific research processes and practices).
+There are a couple of yoga studies that assessed anger along with
+other parameters in adolescents. These studies have used yoga modules based on Kripalu Yoga,42 Yoga Ed program,11 and IAYT.43 Though they
+have found effectiveness of yoga in reduction of anger scores, there is no mention of validation of the yoga module in any of these studies.
+A few studies have reported benefits of specific yogic techniques. Studies on Suryanamaskara report multiple benefits such as activation of 80  %  of  the  musculoskeletal  system,  enhanced  executive  functions,
+improved attention and concentration and also inducement of peace and calmness44,45 Brahmari pranayama helps in activating the higher limbic activities and harmonizing the hypothalamic functions.46  The medita-
+tions are known to produce changes in the limbic lobes of brain and influence the expression of anger and also produce calmness.47
+The waitlist control group in the pilot study did not perform any specific activity during the period of study which could also be consid-ered as a limitation. Secondly, a data sheet (dairy) was provided to all the children to fill. Children did not respond well for this and most of the
+
+
+Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772
+
+children in the control group did not return the data sheets.
+Sample size calculation could not be done for considering the num-ber of experts. Number of expert in previous studies varied from 5 to 26 and had experts only from yoga field. The current study considered 26 experts in total from interdisciplinary fields like yoga, psychology, ed-ucation etc. Four of the experts did not respond and eight experts did not provide  item-wise  rating.  Hence,  only  responses  of  14  experts  were considered for calculation. Further, out of 18 practices in the frame-work, 12 practices were validated by 8 experts and 6 practices were validated by 14 experts. Future studies may consider streamlining this process in a more effective way.
+
+4.  Conclusion
+
+Holistic and integrative approach employed by considering Pancha Kosha concept and IAYT principle in developing yoga module for anger management provided adequate basis to achieve content validity.
+Validation  from  multi-disciplinary  experts  greatly  supported  the integrative approach. The pilot study provided satisfactory evidence for standardisation of the module.
+Yoga program for anger management is feasible in school environ-ment and the techniques were very well accepted by students.
+The developed yoga module is recognized as a very useful program for anger management among adolescents.
+
+Declaration of Competing Interest
+
+The authors report no declarations of interest.
+
+Acknowledgement
+
+The current study is part of a project on anger in adolescents for which financial assistance is provided by Sri. Venkateswara Vedic Uni-versity, Tirupati. The authors acknowledge the support of the funding institution.
+
+
+
+Appendix A.  Framework of yogic techniques – sent to experts for validation
+
+
+Sl no
+
+
+
+
+1
+
+
+
+2
+
+3
+
+
+4
+
+
+5
+
+
+6
+
+
+7
+
+Yogic Technique
+
+
+Dynamic practice of these asanas in sequence
+
+Shashankasana, Bhujangasana, Adhomukha swanasana,
+
+
+Triyak Tadasana
+
+Ostrich Pose
+
+Vrikshasana, veerabhadrasana-3, Natarajasana
+
+Paschimottanasana
+
+
+Suryanamaskara
+
+
+Conscious Breathing
+
+Details and Justification	1	2	3	4	5
+
+1-relevance, 2-specificity, 3-sensitivity, 4-evidence, 5-overall comments
+
+Provides gentle movement, flexion and extension to all major joints - head to toe
+Enhanced blood flow throughout the body Induces cycle of relaxation and activation
+Bhujangasana – has balancing effect on some hormones, keep the spine supple Shashankasana – regulates the functioning of adrenal glands and good for anger Strengthens the nerves and muscles of arms and legs.
+(ref : book ‘Yoga Education for children’ by Bihar School of Yoga) Lateral bending and lateral balancing posture.
+Simple movement in coronal plane as opposed to sagittal plane movements in the previous step (ref : book ‘Yoga Education for children’ by Bihar School of Yoga)
+Develops balance, attention and concentration balancing postures
+Enhance focusing, strengthen the lower extremities, Awareness of sensory input perception
+Balancing enhances concentration / attention. (anger is associated with restlessness or lack of attention and concentration)
+Good for strengthening lower extremities, Thymus gland activation Mind-body-breath coordination;
+80 % of the musculoskeletal system gets activation, sub maximum pressure on joints (Ref: SNO paper)
+Positive outlook; improved memory, concentration and attention; induces peace and calmness; promotes well-being; enhances depth of perception
+(Ref: Book - Dynamic Suryanamaskar-Krzysztof Stec)
+Awareness of breathing
+
+(continued on next page)
+
+
+5
+A.M. TL et al.	Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772
+
+(continued)
+
+Sl	Yogic Technique no
+
+
+
+8	Abdominal breathing
+
+
+
+9	Alternate Nostril Breathing
+
+
+10	Brahmari
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+11	Meditation
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+12	Physiology & Psychology of Anger
+
+
+
+13	Screening of Movies
+
+
+
+
+
+
+14	Yogic Concepts
+
+Details and Justification	1	2	3	4	5
+
+Helps to calm down.
+Easy and simple way to practice – be in the present
+Upper Chest breathing is observed with anger abdominal breathing is the natural breathing pattern
+Requires less energy than chest or upper lunch breathing
+Oxygen/Carbon dioxide exchange is greater during this type of breathing (Ref: Yoga Education for Children, Bihar School of Yoga; page 265, vol 1) Balances the sympathetic and parasympathetic tone ;
+Flow of prana in Ida and Pingala nadis is equalized
+Regulating breathing helps in calming down the mind. Mind stabilises when breath is steady (Ref: Hata Yoga Pradeepika 2-2)
+Activates the higher limbic activities – anger is generated at lower limbic but coping is done at higher limbic region
+Harmonises the hypothalamic functions by which entire mind-body complex gets benefits (Ref: book Power of Pranayama, Dr. Renu Mahtani)
+Short guided-meditations comprised of three parts a) Preparation b) One of the four Anger Management Techniques and c) Conclusion.
+Preparation process includes adopting a sitting meditative posture, bringing the mind-body-breath awareness by observing the posture and breathing. The concluding process includes observing silence, making a resolve. The middle part includes one of the four anger management techniques as detailed below:
+Prajna (awareness) – Thinking and feeling of anger by evoking, intensifying and defusing the anger emotion. This helps children to become aware of their anger emotion, physiological and psychological changes that occur during anger.
+Manaprashamana (sublimation) – Art of sublimation of anger thoughts. The process involves evoking anger emotion and then reducing the speed by slowing down the thought process.
+Pratipaksha Bhavana (shifting of emotions) – It is a process of experiencing opposite emotions one after the other. This helps in swiftly shifting the mind to an opposite emotion.
+Sadguna (developing positive virtue): Forgiveness is one of the positive virtues that turn away the anger emotion. This process involves calling or re-living an instance once with anger driven response and recalling it again with forgiveness driven response
+Definition of anger
+Stimulus and Response theory SNS and PSNS
+What happens when you are angry Manifestations
+Anger consequences Anger Management
+Philosophers who emphasised Non-violence (Krishna, Gandhi, Vivekananda etc.) Health consequences of Anger
+Ahimsa (Nonviolence)
+Do not cause physical or mental suffering to anyone Do not hurt others for whatsoever reason
+Do not blame anything and hate anybody
+Be gentle in your speech - speak good and pleasant things Be polite in your behaviour
+Be kind to everyone Brahmacharya (moderation)
+Do not do anything in excess – watching TV, sleeping, playing, eating etc. Do not get addicted to electronic gadgets
+Do not get into bad habits – smoking, alcohol, drugs etc. Judge what is good for you and do only that
+Know your limits Live in moderation
+Santosha (Contentment)
+Be satisfied with what you have Love yourself
+Enjoy doing things without focusing too much on the results Do not feel bad for what you don’t have
+Don’t feel jealous
+Do not get attracted towards crafty advertisements Swadhyaya (Self Awareness)
+Know your strengths and weaknesses Be self-motivated
+Have an inclination to understand the mind, consciousness, our existence and the whole creation Do not get fooled by false information / wrong knowledge
+Do not learn anything that brings down your personality Iswara Pranidana (Giving up the Ego)
+Develop humility
+Treat everyone as equal Learn to surrender
+Do good and forget it Do not argue
+Don’t have rigid thoughts
+Do not boast
+
+(continued on next page)
+
+6
+A.M. TL et al.	Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772
+
+(continued)
+
+Sl	Yogic Technique no
+
+
+
+
+
+15	Food and Anger
+
+
+
+16	Stories on Anger
+
+
+
+17	Krida Yoga
+
+
+18	Home Work
+
+Details and Justification	1	2	3	4	5
+
+Pratyahara (withdrawal of senses) Controlling the sensory inputs Focus on what you are doing
+Do not get disturbed /distracted by other things (Ref : Book – SURYA by Dr. SN Omkar,)
+Food types (rajasic, tamasic and satvic) What, when, how, how much, where to eat MINDFUL EATING
+Stories on anger can be narrated to students to make them understand the concept of anger. Briefing and debriefing the moral of story is essential to reinforce the concept. 3 stories are listed below:
+Story of a boy hitting the nail on a tree every time when he got angry. Moral : Anger comes and goes leaving a permanent scar
+Story of smashed fingers: Enraged father punishing his son for making a scratch on the car. Moral: Anger has no limits. Anger leads to inappropriate and harmful actions. Anger leads to temporary memory loss. Story of Vivekananda as a student in Law College in UK. Interaction between him and Mr. Peters. Moral -Anger is not a solution to any problem. Keeping mind calm helps one to take better decisions.
+A computer game on anger management will be developed and used if time permits.
+Asana Practice : Daily practice of Surya Namaskara – minimum 12 rounds
+Dairy writing – Children can be asked to maintain a log book of the following: 1) wake up time & going to
+bed time; 2) No. of times got angry, brief about the situation, with whom; 3) Screen time (TV watching time); 4) foods eaten details; 5) Good thing of the day & Bad thing of the day and 6) No. of Surya
+Namaskara done on that day
+
+
+
+
+
+References
+
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+2  Novaco RW. Chapter 35 - Anger. In: G. B. T.-S. C, ed. Fink cognition, emotion, and behavior. Academic Press; 2016:285–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800951-2.00035-2.
+3  Sharma MK, Marimuthu P. Prevalence and psychosocial factors of aggression among youth. Indian J Psychol Med. 2014;36:48–53.
+4  Garfinkel SN, et al. Anger in brain and body: the neural and physiological perturbation of decision-making by emotion. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016;11: 150–158.
+5  Hendricks L, Aslinia D. The effects of anger on the brain and body. Natl. Forum J. Couns. Addict. 2013;2:1–12.
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+17  Bhavanani A. Understanding the science of yoga. SENSE. 2011;1:334–344. 18  Sethumadhavan. Taittiriya Upanishad. Nagpur: Esamskriti.com; 2011.
+19  Villacres MDC, Jagannathan A, Nagarathna R, Ramakrsihna J. Decoding the integrated approach to yoga therapy: qualitative evidence based conceptual framework. Int J Yoga. 2014;7:22–31.
+20  Jagannathan A, Bishenchandra Y. Decoding the integrated approach to yoga therapy. Int J Yoga. 2014;7:166–167.
+21  Butzer B, Ebert M, Telles S, Khalsa SBS. School-based Yoga programs in the United States: a survey. Adv Mind Body Med. 2015;29:18–26.
+22  AYUSH. Yoga for children. Dept of AYUSH, Govt of Karnataka and National Rural Health Mission; 2011.
+23  Nagaratna R, N. H. Integrated approach of yoga therapy for positive health. Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana; 2008.
+
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+24  Omkar S. Student Upliftment and Rejuvenation through YogA (SURYA). Bangalore: Yoga Mandir Trust; 2007.
+25  RIMMI Teachers. Yoga Shastra TOME 1-4. Mumbai-13: YOG; 2012. 26  SVYASA. Yoga – the science of holistic living. 1988.
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+31  Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Pers Psychol. 2006;28: 563–575.
+32  Barchard KA, Grob KE, Roe MJ. Is sadness blue? The problem of using figurative language for emotions on psychological tests. Behav Res Methods. 2017;49:443–456.
+33  Matsumoto D, Yoo SH, Chung J. International handbook of anger. Int. Handb. Anger. 2010:125–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89676-2.
+34  Alaka Mani TL, Sharma MK, Omkar SN, Nagendra HR. Holistic assessment of anger in adolescents – development of a rating scale. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2018;9:195–200.
+35  de Boer MR, Waterlander WE, Kuijper LDJ, Steenhuis IHM, Twisk JWR. Testing for baseline differences in randomized controlled trials: an unhealthy research behavior that is hard to eradicate. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2015;12:1–8.
+36  Roberts C, Torgerson DJ. Understanding controlled trials: baseline imbalance in randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 1999;319:185.
+37  Alaka Mani, Sharma MK, Omkar SN, Marimuttu P, H. N. Yogic management of anger in high school children T.L. Int J Curr Res Acad Rev. 2016;4.
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+41  Mohanty S, Venkataramanujam S, Pradhan B, Hankey A. Development and validation of a yoga module for children with visual impairment: a feasibility study. Br J Vis Impair. 2018;37:64–73.
+42  Khalsa SBS, Hickey-Schultz L, Cohen D, Steiner N, Cope S. Evaluation of the mental health benefits of yoga in a secondary school: a preliminary randomized controlled trial. J. Behav. Heal. Serv. Res. 2012;39:80–90.
+43  Choukse A, Ram A, Nagendra HR. Effect of residential yoga camp on psychological fitness of adolescents: a cohort study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2018;12:VC07–VC11.
+44  Bhutkar MV, Bhutkar PM, Taware GB, Surdi AD. How effective is sun salutation in improving muscle strength, general body endurance and body composition? Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2:259–266.
+45  Omkar SN. An analysis of sun salutation. 2008:81–86. https://doi.org/10.1201/ 9781439828427.ch11.
+46  Sahu KP, Kishore K. The effect of Bhramari Pranayama and Jyoti Dhyan effect on alpha EEG and Hemoglobin of college going students. Int J Phys Educ Sport Heal IJPESH. 2015;1:40–44.
+47  Jindal V, Gupta S, Das R. Molecular mechanisms of meditation. Mol Neurobiol. 2013; 48:808–811.
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document/management/Development, validation, and feasibility of a school-based short duration integrated classroom yoga module A pilot study design conv.txt

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+Original Article
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+Access this article online
+Quick Response Code:
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+Website: www.jehp.net
+
+DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_674_20
+
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+Department of Yoga and Humanities, Swami Vivekananda Yoga
+Anusandhana Samsthana,
+Bengaluru, Karnataka,
+
+Development, validation, and feasibility of a school‑based short duration integrated classroom yoga module: A pilot study design
+
+Atul Sinha, Sony Kumari, Mollika Ganguly
+
+
+Abstract:
+BACKGROUND: The practice of yoga is proven to have physical, cognitive and emotional benefits for school children. Despite this many schools do not include yoga in their daily schedule. The reasons cited are lack of time and resources. To overcome these problems the present study aimed to develop and validate a short duration Integrated classroom yoga module. The design guidelines were that it should be possible to practice in the classroom environment and that it could be led by the class teacher. In this way the module would overcome the problem of both time and resource.
+MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study had two main phases. In the first phase, selected ICYM practices based on the literature review were validated by 21 subject matter experts using Lawhse’s content validity ratio (CVR) formula. In the second phase, a pilot study using a paired sample prepost measurement design was carried out on 49 high  school children. The study was conducted in June 2019. The intervention period was 1 month, and the test variables were physical fitness, cognitive performance, self‑esteem, emotional well‑being, and personality characteristic. Pairedsamplet‑test was the analysis tool and the software used was the Statistical Package for the Social Science version 26.
+RESULTS: In the Lawshe’s CVR analysis, 17 out of the 24 practices tested were rated by experts as essential as was the overall module(CVR score≥0.429). In the pilot study, there were significant differences in the postmean scores compared to premean scores, for all the 4 EUROFIT physical fitness testing battery tests (P < 0.02), all the three scores of the Stroop color‑word naming task (P < 0.001) and the Rosenberg self‑esteem scale (P < 0.008).
+CONCLUSION: ICYM was validated and found feasible by the present study. It was found to have a statistically significant impact on physical fitness, cognitive performance, and self‑esteem variables. However, a randomized control trial with a longer intervention period is needed to strengthen the present study.
+Keywords:
+Children’s cognitive function, children’s physical fitness, children’s psychosocial well‑being, classroom yoga, school‑based yoga
+
+
+
+India
+
+Address for correspondence: Dr. Sony Kumari, Department of Yoga
+and Humanities, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 19 Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle,
+Kempe Gowda Nagar, Bengaluru - 560 019, Karnataka, India.
+E-mail: sonykarmanidhi@ gmail.com
+Received: 17-06-2020 Accepted: 02-10-2020 Published: 20-05-2021
+
+
+Introduction
+
+espite awareness of the benefits of school‑based  yoga,  most  schools either have not incorporated the practice of yoga in the school curriculum or have done  so  sub‑optimally,  usually  one class a week. The reasons range from
+D
+
+This  is  an  open  access  journal,  and  articles  are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as appropriate credit is givenand the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
+
+For reprints contact: [email protected]
+
+
+lack of time, a packed curricular and co‑curricular schedule and the need for resources such as yoga rooms, yoga mats, and trained yoga instructors. If a solution can be found to overcome the problems associated with including yoga in the daily school schedule, it will benefit children immensely.
+
+The yogic vision of education is to lay the foundations of character and personality
+
+How to cite this article: Sinha A, Kumari S, Ganguly M. Development, validation, and feasibility of a school-based short duration integrated classroom yoga module: A pilot study design. J Edu Health Promot 2021;10:148.
+
+
+© 2021 Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow	1
+Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module
+
+
+based on self‑transformation.[1]  Yoga is a system of disciplines for furthering an integrated development of multiple aspects of the individual’s personality. Through asanas (physical postures) the body is maintained in a steady and supple state. By the practice of pranayama (breathing exercises) emotional stability, self‑confidence and self‑control are developed. Through dhyana (meditation) the turbulent mind is stilled. The practice of yoga creates a balance in the personality.[2]
+
+Over the last three decades, modern research has demonstrated positive results of yoga on children. Serwacki and Cook‑Cottone[3] reviewed 12 preliminary studies of yoga in schools and found that yoga had a positive effect on cognitive performance, emotional well‑being, anxiety and negative behavior. Physical fitnesswasshown tobe positively associatedwith yoga.[4]
+
+Another factor for considering school‑based yoga is its possible role in promoting health literacy. Studies have found a correlation between health literacy and health promotion. A study by Karimi et al., 2019[5]  defined health literacy as the degree to which people are able to choose, understand, process, communicate, and get information for their health. They hypothesized that health literacy aids correct decision making regarding disease prevention, health promotion and for improving quality of life. The authors conducted a randomized controlled study with adolescents where the intervention comprised the dissemination of the PBL health literacy program. They found that the average level of health literacy in the intervention group increased significantly, specifically in the self‑efficacy dimension. Another study with adolescents by Bayati et al., 2018[6]  found a direct significant correlation of health literacy with all the dimensions of health‑promotion. Astudy with students foundasignificant relationship betweenadopting health promoting lifestyle and aspects of spiritual growth, stress management and general quality of life.[7]  An aspect of school‑based yoga is the dissemination of self‑care knowledge. Hyde, 2012[8]  says that school‑based yoga as critical‑emancipatory pedagogy, effectively uses national standards for physical education, health and safety and social‑emotional learning to provide self‑care knowledge and skills to students and teachers. Hence, yoga may be considered beneficial from the perspective of health literacy too.
+
+The problems of the packed school schedule, time and resources come in the way of incorporating yoga in the daily school schedule. We hypothesize that a short duration integrated classroom yoga module (ICYM) can potentially overcome the problem of time and resources. The short  duration would make it possible to be practiced in the first period of the day without impinging materially on the time for academic lessons.
+
+2
+
+Further, the class‑teacher can lead the practice in the limited spaces of the classroom environment. This ensures that no additional resources will be required. Traditional texts of yoga too support its practice in the classroom. Yogabhakti Saraswati says that children enter the class with different states of mind. Yoga in the classroom helps to harmonize their minds and create the right balance between excitement and alertness.[2]  The objective of this study was to develop a validated short duration ICYM and confirm its feasibility and efficacy with a pilot study design.
+
+Materials and Methods
+
+The present study adopted a phased methodology to develop, validate and confirm the feasibility and efficacy of the school‑based short duration ICYM. In the first phase, yoga practices were selected based on a review of ancient and contemporary literature on yoga. In the second phase, the content validity of the selected practices was assessed by a panel of 21 subject matter experts. The content validity was calculated using Lawshe’s content validity ratio (CVR) formula.[9] In the third phase, the validated ICYM was developed. In the fourth phase a pilot study was conducted to confirm the feasibility and ascertain the efficacy of the module. Figure 1 shows the four phases adopted in the study. The study was approved by the Institutional ethics committee of S‑VYASA  University (reference number: RES/IEC‑SVYASA/145/2019).
+
+Designing integrated classroom yoga module based on literature review
+Ancient and contemporary texts of yoga were reviewed to develop the content of the module. The ancient texts reviewed were Patanjali yoga sutra,[10]   Hatha yoga pradipika,[11]   Gheranda Samhita,[12]   Siva Samhita,[13] Svetasvatara  Upanishad,[14]   and  Brhdaranyaka
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 1: Phases in developing a validated school‑based integrated classroom yoga module
+
+Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021
+Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module
+
+
+Upansidhad.[15] The contemporary texts reviewed were Light on Yoga,[16]  Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha[17] and Integrated yoga therapy for positive health.[18] At an overall level, these texts make out a compelling case for making yoga integral to children’s education.
+
+According to Niranjanananda[1] the purpose of education is to develop a fully integrated personality by laying the foundations of character and personality. He elaborates on this theme by stating that there are two main ingredients to achieve this objective. The first is the development of discrimination between what is worthy and what is not and the second is the development of a spiritual attitude in order to face life with courage and fortitude. Being self‑transformative, yoga aids in the development of discrimination and a spiritual attitude. Satyananda[2]  says that yoga has immense benefits for children. It gently massages the endocrine glands whose proper functioning is critical for growing bodies. Regular practice of yoga brings about emotional stability and enhancesself‑confidence, self‑awareness and self‑control.
+
+Patanjali yoga sutra says that only a still mind is capable of concentration and higher perception. It advises constant practice and an attitude of nonattachment to bring the mind under control. Asanas (physical postures) make the body firm and still. It lessens the natural restlessness of the body making it easier for the mind to concentrate. Pranayama (breathing exercises) removes rajas (uncontrolled restless activity) and tamas (uncontrolled dullness) to make the mind sattvic (controlled gentle steadiness). This in turn makes the mind fit for concentration. Dharana (concentration) and Dhyana (meditation) trains the mind to focus on one subject effortlessly.[10]  Hatha yoga pradipika states that asanas (physical postures) steadies the body, makes it supple, induces relaxation and facilitates free low of prana (vital energy). The practice of pranayama (breathing exercises) increases pranic force and balances the mind. The left and right hemispheres of the brain are balanced to allow both the logical and intuitive faculties to function.[11] Gheranda Samhita says yoga calms the mind and brings the whole personality under control, moderation and balance.[12]  According to Siva samhita yoga helps to develop an attitude of cheerfulness, enthusiasm and courage.[13]
+
+Modern  research  has  corroborated  many  of  the claims made by ancient texts of yoga. Studies have shown that yoga had a beneficial effect on physical fitness.[19]   It improved musculoskeletal health.[20]   It impacted cardiopulmonary health positively,[21‑23]  and improved neuromuscular health.[23‑25]   Studies have associated yoga with significant improvements in memory, attention and executive function.[26‑28]  Yoga enhanced self‑esteem,[29,30]  and improved self‑efficacy,
+
+Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021
+
+self‑regulation and self‑adjustment.[31‑33]  Yoga helped improve moodstate, depression, anger and anxiety.[34‑36] Ferreira‑Vorkapic et al.[37]  reviewed nine randomized control trial studies and found positive effects of yoga on mood indicators, tension, anxiety, self‑esteem and memory. Yoga had a positive impact on three types of response patterns called gunas. A study showed an increase in sattva (controlled gentle steadiness) and reduction in rajas (uncontrolled restless activity) and tamas (uncontrolled dullness).[38]   Om chanting has been shown to activate the neural region, increase oxygenation, give psychological relaxation, relieve stress and provide vigor.[39,40]  Pradhan and Derle[41]  reported that chanting Gayatri mantra improved attention.
+
+The ancient and contemporary literature on yoga were scanned to identify and evaluate practices beneficial for physical fitness, cognitive performance and emotional well‑being of children. Only practices that could be performed in the confined spaces of the classroom environment were evaluated. Table 1 lists the selected practices of asanas (physical postures), Table 2 lists the selected practices of pranayama (breathing exercises), and Table 3 lists the selected dhyana (meditation) and mantra(chanting) practices and summarizes their benefits as referred in yoga texts. The literature review found that all 14 asanas selected impacted physical fitness, 11 asanas were associated with cognitive performance and 6 with emotional wellbeing. Of the 7 pranayama practices(breathing exercises) selected, 5 had a positive effect on physical fitness and all 7 were beneficial for cognitive and emotional well‑being. The 3 dhyana(meditation) and mantra(chanting) practices were found to promote cognitive performance and emotional well‑being.
+
+Validation of Integrated classroom yoga module by subject matter experts
+The 24 practices selected from literature review were incorporated in 4 alternate sets of yoga module. These sets were meant to be rotated from 1 day to the next. A questionnaire was prepared for yoga experts. They were required to validate the practices on a three‑point scale:
+1.  Not essential: Has no role in improving physical fitness, cognitive performance, emotional wellbeing or personality characteristics of school children
+2.  Useful but not essential: Useful but not important in improving physical fitness, cognitive performance, emotional well‑being or personality characteristics of school children
+3.  Essential: Very important for improving physical fitness, cognitive performance, emotional wellbeing or personality characteristics of school children.
+
+The questionnaire further required them to rate the yoga module as a whole on its ability to achieve the objectives
+
+3
+Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module
+
+Table 1: Asanas (physical postures) selected from literature review
+
+Asanas (physical postures) Sideways bending/twisting
+Katichakrasana TirikayaTadasana ArdhakatiChakrasana Parsvakonnasana
+Forward and backward bending
+Prasarita Padohastasana + Ardhachakrasana
+Padahastasana + Ardhachakrasana
+
+Padahastasana + Hastauthanasana
+
+Stretching Tadasana
+
+ParivrittaTrikonasana
+
+Gaumukhasana
+
+
+
+Ardhachandrasana
+
+
+Balancing Vrkshasana
+
+Garudasana
+
+
+Veerbhadrasana Pose III
+
+Benefits
+
+Tones upper body; corrects posture; relieves stress Exercises and balances side muscles
+Stimulates sides and spine; improves liver function Tones lower body; increases peristaltic activity
+
+Develops lower body muscles; improves flexibility, increase blood flow to head region
+Tones abdomen; improves digestive health; improves metabolism, improves concentration
+
+Tones abdomen; improves digestive health; improves metabolism, improves concentration
+
+
+Lightness; mental agility; physical and mental balance; tones nerves
+Tones lower body; invigorates abdominal organs; stimulates nervous system
+Tones upper body; regulates endocrine system; regulates prana flow; steadies body and calms mind, increases energy and awareness
+
+Strengthens lower body and abdomen; improves digestion; improves balance
+
+
+Improves balance; strengthens lower body; promotes kidney health
+Strengthens and loosens body; tones nerves, develops concentration
+
+Creates harmony and balance; tones abdomen; gives vigour; improves concentration
+
+Textual references
+
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+
+Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+
+Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009)
+
+Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012)
+Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012)
+Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009)
+
+Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009)
+
+
+
+of impacting physical fitness, cognitive performance, emotional wellbeing and personality characteristics of school children. The rating was on a three‑point scale. 1.  Not at all
+2.  Moderately 3.  Very much.
+
+Open ended suggestions for improvement of the module were also solicited in the questions.
+
+The experts were selected based on convenience sampling. 21 yoga experts responded to the questionnaire. Lawshe’s CVR formula was the statistical tool employed to analyze the data.[9]
+
+Designing a validated integrated classroom yoga
+module
+Definition of Integrated classroom yoga module
+The premise worked on was that a short duration yoga module, amenable to be led by the class teacher
+
+4
+
+and possible to practice in the limited spaces of the classroom environment would encourage schools to incorporate yoga in their daily schedule. ICYM was thus conceived as a 12‑min integrated yoga module to be practiced in the limited spaces of the classroom environment. It could be led by the class teacher after a 1‑week training in the practice and a working theory of yoga.
+
+The integrated module included different limbs of yoga namely asanas(physical postures), pranayama(breathing exercises), dhyana (meditation) and mantra (chanting). The design was based on three predefined criteria:
+1.  It should be an integrated yoga module
+2.  It should be possible to practice the module in the limited spaces of the classroom environment
+3.  The choice of practices should have the ability to impact physical fitness, cognitive performance, emotional well‑being and personality characteristics of school children.
+
+Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021
+Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module
+
+Table 2: Pranayama (Breathing exercises) selected from literature review
+
+Pranayama (breathing exercises) Bhastrika
+
+
+
+Ujjai
+
+
+
+Yogic breathing (abdominal)
+
+Nadi Shudhi
+
+
+
+
+Sheetali and Sadanta
+
+
+
+
+Bhramari
+
+Benefits
+Stimulates cerebral region; strengthens nervous system; oxygenates blood; stimulates heart; detoxification; unblocks prana movement; stimulates metabolism; lowers stress; induces clarity of thought and improves concentration
+Relaxes; develops psychic sensitivity; internalises the senses; calms the mind; promotes cardio and digestive health
+
+Relaxed and comfortable breathing; gives vitality and calmness; clarity of thought
+Purifies nadis; increases prana capacity; eliminates bodily disorders; makes breathing rhythmic; soothes nerves; stills the mind; balances brain hemispheres; improves concentration
+
+Cools the body and mind; keeps teeth and gums healthy; harmonises the endocrine system; reduces BP; encourages flow of prana; gives vigour; gives inner tranquillity
+
+
+Awakens psychic sensitivity; relieves anxiety; alleviates anger; reduces BP; helps in throat ailments; creates healing capacity
+
+Textual reference
+Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012)
+Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009)
+
+Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012)
+Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012)
+Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012)
+Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012)
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012)
+Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009)
+Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011)
+
+
+Table 3: Dhyana (meditation) and mantra (chanting) practices shortlisted from literature review
+
+Meditation/Chanting Dhyana (meditation)
+Mauna
+
+
+
+Mantra (chanting)
+OM and Gayatri Mantras
+
+Benefits
+
+Control over mind; stillness, one pointedness, continuous awareness; deep relaxation; reduced metabolic rate; light and expansive feeling
+
+
+Steadies the senses and quietens the mind; balances the emotions; purifies the mind
+
+Textual reference
+
+Patanjali Yoga Sutra. Vivekananda (1986) Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012)
+Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011)
+
+Svetasvatara Upanishad. Tejomayananda (2011) Brhadaranyaka Upanishad. Madhavananda (1934)
+Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011)
+
+
+
+Designing a validated Integrated classroom yoga module The validated practices were incorporated in the ICYM. From the open‑ended suggestions given by experts we thought it useful to include a positive affirmation practice. Another suggestion incorporated was to slow down the pace of the practice to ensure that children were not tired. The parameters followed to design the module were:
+1.  The module duration was 12 min
+2.  Two sets were to be made meant to be practiced on alternate days to provide variety and derive more benefits
+3.  The practice was to start with dhyana (meditative silence) to harmonize the mental state of the cohort
+4.  The asanas (physical postures) that followed would comprise side bending or twisting, forward and backward bending, stretching and balancing to ensure that the whole body was exercised
+
+Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021
+
+
+5.  The asanas were tobe followed by pranayama(breathing exercises)
+6.  At the tail end, there was dhyana(meditative silence) and OM chanting to relax the body and mind. The module ended  with a positive affirmation.
+
+The ICYM module is presented in Table 4.
+
+Pilot study to confirm the feasibility of integrated
+classroom yoga module
+Design
+The aim of the pilot study was to test the feasibility and efficacy of the validated ICYM in a school setting. The design was a paired sample prepost measurement of means of physical fitness, cognitive performance, self‑esteem, emotional well‑being, and personality characteristic variables.
+
+5
+Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module
+
+Table 4: Integrated classroom yoga module: Set 1 and Set 2 practiced on alternate days
+
+
+Yoga practice
+Dhyana (Meditative silence)
+
+
+Asanas
+Katichakrasana
+
+Set 1
+Time    Description
+1 min    Sit straight with eyes closed. Attention on breathing. Watch your thoughts flowing
+
+1 min    20 rounds
+
+
+Yoga practice
+Dhyana (Meditative silence)
+
+
+Asanas
+Ardhakatichakrasana
+
+Set 2
+Time	Description
+1 min    Sit straight with eyes closed. Attention on breathing. Watch your thoughts flowing
+
+1 min    Hold for7 counts on each side
+
+
+
+Hastauthanasana/ Padahastasana
+
+
+Tadasana
+
+1 min    3 rounds backward‑forward	Ardhachakrasana/ bending. On 4th round hold for   Padahastasana
+7 counts on backward bend and then on forward bend
+1 min    3 rounds of up and down	Gaumukhasana (standing) followed by 1 round of holding
+for 10 counts
+
+1 min    3 rounds of backward‑forward bending. On 4th round hold
+for 7 counts on back bend and then
+1 min    Hold on each side to the count of 10
+
+
+
+Vrkhsasana
+
+Pranayama
+Yogic breathing (abdominal) Nadi Shudhi
+Bhramari OM chanting Dhyana
+
+Affirmation
+
+1 min    Hold on each side for 10 counts
+
+1 min    10 rounds 2 min    6 rounds 1 min    6 rounds 1 min    6 rounds
+1 min    Mentally recap the practices. Attention on breathing
+
+Garudasana
+
+Pranayama
+Yogic breathing (abdominal) Nadi Shudhi
+Bhramari OM chanting Dhyana
+
+Affirmation
+
+1 min    Hold on each side for 10 counts
+
+1 min    10 rounds 2 min    6 rounds 1 min    6 rounds 1 min    6 rounds
+1 min    Mentally recap the practices. Attention on breathing
+
+
+
+I am a powerful soul
+Closing
+
+0.5 min  3 rounds
+0.5 min  Rub palms, massage eyes, face, neck. With a few blinks open eyes
+
+I am a loveful soul
+Closing
+
+0.5 min  3 rounds
+0.5 min  Rub palms, massage eyes, face, neck. With a few blinks open eyes
+
+Total timing	12 min   Total timing	12 min
+
+
+Participants
+The participants for the present study were selected from an urban campus of the multi‑campus Samsidh Mount Litera Zee School group in Bengaluru, India. The participants were selected randomly from Grades 7–10. A grade‑wise quota was predecided, and equal gender ratio was fixed. The selection of participants was made blindly and randomly by drawing from paper slips. The inclusion criteria were: (i) participants must be from Grades 7–10 and (ii) of both genders. The exclusion criteria were: (i) any history of major physical illness or surgery in the past 2 months, (ii) any mental illness and (iii) any condition where physical activity was contraindicated.
+
+Intervention
+The intervention period was 1 month, with 5 days a week of practice in the beginning of the first period of the school day. The class teachers were trained by qualified yoga instructors over daily 1 h sessions for 7 days. The training included an overview of the discipline of yoga and its various limbs. The benefits of each practice were conveyed to them. Each yoga exercise was demonstrated and practiced. Teachers had to lead mock sessions. A video of the module was also given to the teachers. Every 2 weeks, there was a top‑up training session conducted for the teachers.
+
+6
+
+Ethics
+The study was approved by the Institutional ethics committee of S‑VYASA University (reference number: RES/IEC‑SVYASA/145/2019). The school administration was briefed in writing and verbally on the details of the study and the intervention. Informed consent was obtained from the school administration.
+
+Assessment
+The participants were assessed for physical fitness, cognitive performance, self‑esteem, emotional well‑being and personality characteristic. Four tests from EUROFIT physical fitness testing battery were conducted.[42]  The Stroop color‑word naming task was used to measure cognitive performance.[43] Rosenberg self‑esteem scale[44] and WHO‑5 well‑being index[45]  were utilized to measure emotional well‑being. Sushruta child personality inventory (SCPI)[46] was employed to measure child personality characteristic.
+
+EUROFIT physical fitness testing battery
+Flamingo balance test
+Participants balanced on a narrow wooden bar on their preferred leg. The free leg was flexed at the knee. Number of falls in 60 s was recorded.
+
+Sit and reach flexibility test
+Participants were made to sit on the floor with both legs stretched, touching the base of a measuring table with
+
+Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021
+Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module
+
+
+their spine erect. The table had a measuring scale. The initial reading on the measuring scale was taken at the point where the tip of the longest finger touched. They were then asked to stretch fully without bending their legs. The final reading where the tip of the longest finger reached was taken and the distance of stretch calculated by subtracting the initial (non stretch reading) from the final (full stretch) reading.
+
+Sit ups trunk strength
+Participants were required to lie on their back with knees bent; thighs kept at right angle to the torso and feet flat on the ground. Their hands were kept behind their head. Participants performed sit‑ups from this position and returned to the initial position. The number of sit‑ups in 30 s was recorded. Incomplete sit‑ups were not counted.
+
+10 × 5‑m shuttle run agility test
+Cones were kept at a distance of 10 m. At the word ‘Go’ the participants ran to the cone 10 m away and back five times without stopping. At the end of the fifth round, the timing was recorded using a stopwatch.
+
+Stroop color‑word naming task
+The Stroop color‑word task measures the executive function involving word, color and an interference naming response. The test consists of three pages. The first page tests how fast the participant can read out words (correct number of words read in 45 s). The second page tests how fast the participant can call out the colors(correct number of colors called in 45 s). The third page tests the speed with which the participant can name the color of the ink and disregard the word printed in that color ink (correct number of ink colors called in 45 s). The test in effect measures the participant’s control over neuropsychological functions involved in color and word naming responses.[39] The test extracts three scores, namely Stroop word score, Stroop color score and Stroop color‑word score.
+
+Rosenberg self‑esteem scale
+The Rosenberg self‑esteem scale is a self‑report scale. It is a 10‑item scale measuring both positive and negative feelings associated with global self‑esteem. The instrument uses a 4‑point Likert scale.
+
+WHO‑5 well‑being index
+The WHO‑5 well‑being index is a self‑report scale. It has 5 items measuring positive feelings associated with emotional well‑being. The instrument uses a 6‑point Likert scale.
+
+of response patterns called gunas. The three patterns are Sattva(controlled gentle steadiness), Rajas(uncontrolled restless activity) and Tamas (uncontrolled dullness).[47] Well‑being is disturbed when Rajas and Tamas become dominant.
+
+The raw data were analyzed using theStatistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 26, IBM, USA.
+
+Results
+
+Results of validation of Integrated classroom yoga module by subject matter experts
+The ICYM was evaluated by subject matter experts(n=21). The qualification of the experts was Ph.D., (Yoga) 13, MD (Yoga Therapy) 1, M.Sc., (Yoga) 2, Yoga instructors certification course 5. The mean number of years’ experience in teaching yoga was M = 19.9 (8.57) and the range was 4–40. The characteristics of the expert panel are given in Table5. To test content validity of subject matter expert ratings, Lawshe’s CVR analysis was undertaken. Tables 6‑9 gives the results of content validity for the 24 yoga practices proposed. For a panel size of 21 the CVR	was calculated at 0.429. A CVR score ≥CVR would constitute sufficient evidence to validate that practice. Conversely a CVR score<CVR   would indicate insufficient evidence tovalidatethat practice.Out of the 14 asanas (physical postures) 12 had a CVR score ≥CVR Out of the 7 pranayama practices(breathing exercises), 3 cleared the content validity test with CVR score≥CVR   . 1 dhyana (meditation) and 1 mantra (chanting) practice cleared the content validity test with a CVR score≥CVR   . The overall module also cleared the content validity test with a CVR score ≥CVR	indicating that the overall module was rated by experts as capable of achieving its objectives.
+crit	crit
+crit
+crit.
+crit
+crit
+crit
+
+Results of pilot study to confirm feasibility and efficacy of Integrated classroom yoga module Participants for the pilot study were selected randomly from grades 7–10. The sample size achieved was N = 49. The mean age was M = 13.63 (1.014), range = 12–16 years and gender ratio B:G = 23:26 [Table 5]. A paired sample t‑test was conducted to test the hypothesis that yoga
+
+Table 5: Characteristics of subject matter experts (n=21)
+Characteristic	Number Qualification
+Ph.D. (Yoga)	13
+M.Sc. (Yoga)	2
+
+
+
+Sushruta child personality inventory
+The SCPI is a self‑report scale measuring personality characteristic. It has 54 items and uses a binomial Yes/ No scale. The scale is based on the concept that the mind is always in a dynamic equilibrium between three types
+
+Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021
+
+MD (Yoga)
+Yoga instructors certification Experience
+Mean (SD) Range
+SD=Standard deviation
+
+1 5
+
+19.90 (8.57) 4‑40 years
+
+7
+Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module
+
+Table 6: Validated asanas (physical postures) using Lawshe’s CVR (n=21)
+
+Asana (physical posture)                                               ne Katichakrasana                                                                15
+TirikayaTadasana	13 ArdhakatiChakrasana	17 Parsvakonnasana	15 PrasaritaPadohastasana + ardhachakrasana	14 Padahastasana + ardhachakrasana	16 Padahastasana + hastauthanasana	18 Tadasana	17 ParivrittaTrikonasana	16 Gaumukhasana	16 Ardhachandrasana	14 Vrkshasana	19 Garudasana	16
+Veerbhadrasana Pose III	16
+
+N/2	CVR (ne‑N/2)/N/2 10.5                          0.810
+10.5	0.429 10.5	0.619 10.5	0.429 10.5	0.333 10.5	0.524 10.5	0.714 10.5	0.619 10.5	0.524 10.5	0.524 10.5	0.333 10.5	0.810 10.5	0.524
+10.5	0.524
+
+CVRcrit 0.429
+0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429
+0.429
+
+Select/reject Select
+Select Select Select Reject Select Select Select Select Select Reject Select Select
+Select
+
+n=Total number of panellists, ne=Total number of essentials (2) for each practice, CVR=Content validity ratio, CVRcrit=Minimum value for acceptance based on
+binomial probabilities for panel size
+
+Table 7: Validated pranayama practices (breathing exercises) using Lawshe’s content validity ratio (n=21)
+
+Asana (physical posture) Bhastrika
+Ujjai
+Yogic breathing (abdominal) Nadi Shudhi
+Sheetali Sadanta
+Bhramari
+
+ne	N/2	CVR (ne‑N/2)/N/2 11                     10.5                              0.048
+9	10.5	−0.143 18	10.5                              0.714 19	10.5                              0.810 12	10.5                              0.143 10	10.5	−0.048
+19	10.5	0.810
+
+CVRcrit 0.429
+0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429 0.429
+0.429
+
+Select/Reject Reject
+Reject Select Select Reject Reject
+Select
+
+n=Total number of panellists, ne=Total number of essentials (2) for each practice, CVR=Content validity ratio, CVRcrit=Minimum value for acceptance based on
+binomial probabilities for panel size
+
+Table 8: Validated meditation and chanting practices using Lawshe’s content validity ratio (n=21)
+
+Dhyana (Meditation) and Mantra (chanting)                ne Mauna                                                                              19
+OM mantra	19
+Gayatri mantra	12
+
+N/2	CVR (ne‑N/2)/N/2 10.5                         0.810
+10.5	0.810
+10.5	0.143
+
+CVRcrit 0.429
+0.429
+0.429
+
+Select/reject Select
+Select
+Reject
+
+n=Total number of panellists, ne=Total number of essentials (2) for each practice, CVR=Content validity ratio, CVRcrit=Minimum value for acceptance based on
+binomial probabilities for panel size
+
+Table 9: Validation of overall integrated classroom yoga module module (n=21)
+
+Overall rating of Yoga module
+Can achieve objective
+
+ne	N/2	CVR (ne‑N/2)/N/2 16             10.5                      0.524
+
+CVRcrit 0.429
+
+Will Yoga module achieve objective
+Yes
+
+n=Total number of panelists, ne=Total number of essentials (2) for each practice, CVR=Content validity ratio, CVRcrit=Minimum value for acceptance based on
+binomial probabilities for panel size
+
+
+intervention with the validated ICYM would result in statistically significant differences in postintervention means compared to preintervention means for physical fitness, cognitive performance, self‑esteem, emotional well‑being, and personality characteristic variables. The intervention period was 1 month, with 5 days a week of practice. The preassessment was done in the middle of July 2019 and the postassessment in the middle of August 2019.
+
+EUROFIT physical fitness testing battery
+The  paired  sample  t‑test  was  associated  with statistically significant differences in postintervention means compared to preintervention means with
+
+8
+
+small‑to‑medium effect sizes for all four tests, namely balance, flexibility, strength, and agility.
+
+Flamingo  balance  test:  T  (48)  =  3.03,  P  =  0.004, Cohen’s d = 0.43.
+
+Sit and reach flexibility test: T (48) = 2.52, P = 0.015, Cohen’s d = 0.36.
+
+Sit ups trunk strength test: T (48) = 2.55, P = 0.014, Cohen’s d = 0.36.
+
+10 × 5 m shuttle run agility test: T (48) = 2.61, P = 0.012, Cohen’s d = 0.37.
+
+Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021
+Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module
+
+
+Stroop color‑word naming task
+The  paired  sample  t‑test  was  associated  with statistically significant differences in postintervention means compared to preintervention means with medium‑to‑large effect sizes for all three scores namely word, color and color‑word.
+•   Word score: T (48) = 5.41, P = 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.77
+•   Color score: T (48) = 4.24, P = 0.001, Cohen’s d = 0.61 •   Color‑word score: T (48) = 4.39, P = 0.001, Cohen’s
+d = 0.63.
+
+Rosenberg self‑esteem scale
+The  paired  sample  t‑test  was  associated  with  a statistically significant difference in postintervention mean compared to preintervention mean with small effect size.
+
+t (48) = 2.75, P = 0.008, Cohen’s d = 0.39.
+
+The paired sample t‑test was associated with statistically insignificant effect for the following variables:
+
+WHO‑5 well‑being index
+•   t (48) = 0.63, P = . 532, Cohen’s d = 0.09.
+
+SCPI:
+•   Sattva score: T (48) = 0.07, P = 0.947., Cohen’s d = 0.01 •   Rajas score: T (48) = 1.92, P = 0.061, Cohen’s d = 0.27 •   Tamas score: T(48) = 1.88, P= 0.067, Cohen’s d=0.27.
+
+Table 10: Age and gender of pilot sample (n=49) Characteristic	Number Age (years)                                                                    13.63 (1.014) Age range                                                                            12‑16 Gender ratio (B:G)                                                               23:26
+Age is group mean (SD). SD: Standard deviation
+
+Summary of results of the pilot study
+The yoga intervention with ICYM gave statistically significant differences in means for physical fitness, cognitive performance and self‑esteem variables. The effect sizes ranged from small to medium in physical fitness measures, medium to large in the cognitive performance measure and small in the measure of self‑esteem. The differences in means for emotional well‑being and child personality characteristic variables were insignificant. It can be concluded that ICYM is feasible in improving physical fitness, cognitive performance, and self‑esteem [Tables 10 and 11].
+
+Discussion
+
+Traditional literature on yoga makes a compelling case for its inclusion in education. It is seen as self‑transformational impacting every facet of the personality to build intelligence, personality, and character. Modern research lends support to the claims made by traditional texts. Despite mounting evidence, yoga finds it difficult to get included in the school curriculum in any meaningful manner. The stated barriers are a paucity of time and need for resources. The aim of this study was to develop a validated short duration (12 min) ICYM for benefiting school children in physical fitness, cognitive performance, self‑esteem, emotional well‑being and personality characteristic variables. It was hypothesized that a short duration ICYM would solve the problem of time and resource and could potentially be included in the daily school schedule. Current studies on classroom yoga have tested mostly nonstandard yoga module designs, provided limited details of the intervention or suffered from sub‑optimal days per week of practice. An uncontrolled pilot study by Butzer et al.[48] used a 30‑min classroom yoga module practiced once a week. A study by Chen and Pauwels[49]
+
+
+Table 11: Variables of scales tested: Paired sample t‑test
+
+Variable
+Pre
+EUROFIT physicalfitness testing battery
+
+n=49
+Post	t	P	Cohen’s d
+
+
+
+Flamingo balance test
+Sit and reach flexibility test Sit ups trunk strength test
+10 × 5 m shuttle run agility test Stroop color ‑ word naming task
+Word score Color score
+Color ‑ word score Rosenberg self‑ esteem scale WHO‑5 well‑being index
+Sushruta child personality inventory Sattva Score
+Rajas Score
+Tamas Score
+
+7.37 (6.366) 13.08 (4.983) 19.18 (4.777) 15.79 (1.964)
+
+92.92 (13.156) 58.53 (11.616) 32.14 (10.454) 27.78 (3,454) 16.59 (4.286)
+
+13.63 (2.118) 8.82 (2.297)
+6.94 (2.025
+
+5.12 (5.270)	3.03	0.004	0.43 14.94 (6.105)	2.52	0.015	0.36 21.12 (5.540)	2.55	0.014	0.36 16.33 (1.527)	2.61	0.012	0.37
+
+98.59 (13.233)	5.41	0.001	0.77 65.82 (9.901)	4.24	0.001	0.61 37.51 (9.520)	4.39	0.001	0.63 29.10 (3.435)	2.75	0.008	0.39 17.00 (3.953)	0.63	0.532	0.09
+
+13.65 (1.877)                 0.07                0.947                     0.01 8.29 (2.000)                  1.92                0.061                     0.27
+6.35 (1.964)	1.88	0.067	0.27
+
+Pre‑ and Post are Group Means (SD). SD=Standard deviation
+
+Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021	9
+Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module
+
+
+used a 5‑15 min yoga‑based activity module. Mische Lawson, Cox and Blackwell studied a 10‑min yoga‑based reflex integration module.[50]  The current research on short‑duration classroom yoga is clearly inadequate. There is a need for a methodologically sound study with a validated short duration classroom yoga module.
+
+ICYM was designed based on a thorough review of traditional yoga literature. The module integrated asanas (physical postures), pranayama (breathing exercises),  dhyana  (meditative  practice),  and mantra (chanting). The module was validated by yoga experts. The analysis tool used was Lawshe’s CVR formula. Only practices rated essential were included in the final module. The entire module was also rated essential by the experts. The methodology used in the module validation phase of this study was consistent with earlier researches on yoga module development and validation. Isha et al.,[51]  developed and validated a yoga module for heart disease. A study by Kakde etal.,[52] validated a yoga module on Parkinson’s disease. Patil etal.[53] developed and validated a yoga module for chronic lower back pain. A yoga module for children with intellectual disabilities was validated by Piseetal.,[54]
+
+The pilot study was conducted in an urban campus of the multi‑campus Samsidh Mount Litera Zee School group in Bengaluru, India (n = 49). It found that the module was well accepted by both teachers and students. There was no problem in practicing the module in the limited spaces of the classroom environment. A paired sample t‑test showed that the differences in postintervention means compared to preintervention means were significant for physical fitness, cognitive performance and self‑ esteemvariables but insignificant for emotional well‑being and child personality variables. The effect sizes ranged from small to medium in physical fitness measures, medium to large in the cognitive performance measure and smallin the measure of self‑esteem. It was concluded thatICYM has a statisticallysignificantimpact on physical fitness, cognitive performance and self‑esteem measures of school children. These findings corroborate earlier researches on the effect of yoga on physical fitness, cognitive performance and self‑esteem although with longer duration yoga modules. Two randomized controlled Indian studies conducted on school children found that integrated yoga practice improved physical fitness as measured by the EUROFIT testing battery. Improved BMI, speed, balance and strength were reported in one study.[4]  Improved balance, reaction time, flexibility, strength, and agility were reported in the other study.[14] Two Indian studies with school children reported improvement in executive function as a result of yoga intervention. Purohit and Pradhan[55]  reported significant differences in the yoga group for Stroop Color‑Word Task, Digit Span Test and part‑A of TMT.
+
+10
+
+A study by Telles et al.,[4]  found that yoga intervention improved executive function as measured by the Stroop Color‑Word task. Bhardwaj and Agrawal[29] assessed the effect of yoga on the level of self‑esteem in preadolescents school‑going children in a randomized controlled study. The scale used was the Indian adaptation of Battle’s self‑esteem inventory for children. The yoga group showed a significant increase in the level of overall, general and social self‑esteem. In another study with school children, Sethi et al.,[56]  showed a significant increase in self‑esteem scores.
+
+The methodology used in the pilot phase of the study was consistent with earlier researches that tested feasibility of customized yoga modules. Bhat et al.,[57]  conducted a pilot study for a yoga module to treat Obsessive compulsive disorder with 17patients. Patil etal.[53] tested the feasibility of a module for chronic lower back pain with 12 patients. A module for depression was tested with 7 patients.[58] Hariprasad et al.[59] conducted a pilot study on a module for the elderly with 10 elders.
+
+The present study is unique since it has developed a validated school‑based short duration classroom yoga module. The interventions used in earlier studies were nonstandard. The strengths of the study are (i) the ICYM was developed methodically based on ancient and contemporary yoga literature; (ii) it was an integrated module incorporating physical postures, breathing practices, meditative practices, chanting and affirmation; (iii) The selected practices were validated by a sufficient number of subject matter experts and the responses were analyzed using a sound statistical tool; (iv) and importantly the validated module was subjected to a pilot study using a paired sample pre–post measurement design. The pilot study found that the module was efficacious in impacting physical fitness, cognitive performance, and self‑esteem variables. The weaknesses of the study were: (i) the sample size of the pilot study was small (n = 49); (ii) the period of intervention was 1 month, which is short; (iii) No follow‑up study was conducted to ascertain long‑term benefits and (iv) the module was tested only with high school children. Its effect on smaller children is thus unknown. Future studies could be undertaken using a randomized control trial design with larger sample size and a longer period of intervention. The module could be tested with smaller children to understand its efficacy across age groups.
+
+Acknowledgments
+This study was a part of one of the author’s Ph.D., thesis. The study was self‑funded and there was no  conflict of  interest.  We  would  like  to  acknowledge  the willing cooperation of the Samsidh Mount Litera Zee School management, principal, teachers, staff, and
+
+Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021
+Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module
+
+
+the enthusiastic students. Without their cooperation, this study would not have been possible.
+
+Financial support and sponsorship Nil.
+
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+
+References
+
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+Development and validation of a yoga module for Parkinson disease. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2017;14.
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+59.    Hariprasad VR, Varambally S, Varambally PT, Thirthalli J, Basavaraddi IV, Gangadhar BN. Designing, validation and feasibility of a yoga‑based intervention for elderly. Indian J Psychiatry 2013;55:S344‑9.
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+12	Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021

document/management/Effect Of Cyclic Meditation On Job Related Stress In It Professionals conv.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+CYCLIC MEDITATION ON JOB RELATED STRESS
+
+EFFECT  OF  CYCLIC  MEDITATION  ON  JOB  RELATED  STRESS  IN  IT PROFESSIONALS
+
+
+Pammi Sesha Srinivas
+Research Scholar, S-VYASA University, Bangalore Sony Kumari
+Associate Professor, S-VYASA University, Bangalore
+
+Voice of  Research Volume 4, Issue 1 June 2015
+ISSN 2277-7733
+
+
+Abstract
+Information  Technology  industry  in  India  resulted  in  increase  of  job  stress  and  its  management  by  professionals  would  impact  their employability as well as personal lives. Yoga is an ancient science which can give comfort to body/mind complex of  human being in any context of life with a disciplined practice. Present study was design   toassess the effect ofyoga technique- cyclic meditation on job stress on Indian information technology professionals.   A qualitative research method was used to collect data and results are worth pursuing.
+Keywords:Yoga,Meditation, Job stress,Cyclic meditation, Stress management&IT professionals
+
+
+Global Competitive markets demand IT professionals to be innovative, cost effective as well as deliver “customer liked” products on time, all the time. It all boils down to” do more with  less  every  time  on  time “.This  creates  lot  of  stressful situations for IT Professionals like ever changing customer expectations, squeezed project schedules, availability of skilled professionals, availability of talented leadership pool etc. As Robbins  (2001)  mentioned,  an  individual  goes  through stressful  condition  when  he/she  needs  to  deliver  on anyopportunity.Research  has  also  shown  Indian  IT professionals  are  more  prone  to  Job  stress  related complication due to the nature of the job they have to perform.Job stress is mainly governed by work-overload, role conflictand role ambiguityany professional’s ability to withstand job related stress also depends on physical well-being, psychological wellbeing and personal life well-being. An individual who can with stand job related stress can also turn areas of problems in the organization/industry into areas of opportunityfor success. Yoga based practices are gaining  popularity  in  India  and  abroad  among  IT professionals.Thepresent study investigates the effects of cyclic  meditation  on  Indian  IT  professionals  using Qualitative method.
+Intervention-Cyclic Meditation: C.M is inspired by a verse from Mandukya Upanishad (SanjibPatra, Shirley Tells.2009). C.M.is a set of stimulation and relaxation poses. There are two principles of this practice- depth of perception and expansion of awareness. The complete cycle of this practice consists of 35 minutes.Cyclic meditation was developed by SVYASA  (Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga  Anusandhana Samstahana),   Bangalore, India. Cyclic Meditation could be shortly referred as C.M here after.
+Material  and  Methods:  In  this  study  qualitative methodology was used.Qualitative methodologies could be considered to be used in cases wherelarge range of unknown variables effects an area (Creswell, 1998). Key advantage with
+qualitative case study is that it helps to get deeper insight
+
+into participant experiences without any prior hypothesis (Patton,  1990).Subjects-Participants  were  selected  from Bengaluru, India office from one of the leading Multinational European  Company  (MNC).Sixty  days  intervention  was administered  to  45  employees  of  the  selected  company participated in the study. All the participants were not having any serious illness or were not under medical treatment during the intervention period. The age range of employees varied from 24 years to 42 years.Participants were requested to provide their experience in a written format honestly without  any  bias  or  apprehension.  The  written  format provided, has guiding questions like “describe the impact of cyclic meditation at physical level.
+Data Analysis:As Denzin and Lincoln (1994) explain, data analysis begins after collecting the data from the participants in qualitative research.Written data provided by volunteered participants, was grouped into four major categories of information. First one was effect of Cyclic Meditation (C.M.) onphysical well-being, second one was effectof C.M. on psychological well-being, and third one was effect of C.M.on personal life and the last one beingeffect of C.M. on work place.  As  part  of  last  category  of  effect  on  workplace, responses from participants were also carefully examined to see the effect of C.M on job stress for IT professionals.
+On physical well-being:Regular use of mouse and key board with the computer, IT professionals are more prone to wrist pains, shoulder joint pain, obesity issues as well body laziness issues. As IT professionals work under cool air conditions constantly, IT professionals might also get exposed  to  breathing  issue,  seep  issues  as  there  is  a possibility of imbalance in effort done between body and mind in a day.
+On  psychological  well-being:Challenging  projects  and ambitious targets also add to impact the psychological well-being. Psychological well-being can be felt by self-awareness,
+self- confidence and listening capabilities. Below are experiences
+
+
+46 | Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 1, June 2015, ISSN 2277-7733
+CYCLIC MEDITATION ON JOB RELATED STRESS
+
+
+as expressed by some of the participants.
+On personal life: I.T professionals are spending much
+
+“Also I must say, I am able to spend quality time with my
+family every evening.”
+
+more time at workplace than at home.   As quality time	“Earlier due to more stress, sometimes I tend to react to
+
+spent at home for professionals is decreasing day by day, any disturbance at home/family would disturb the work efficiency of professionals and make those professional more prone to job stress situation. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants.
+At workplace:I.T professionals may have challenging times in  handling  work  related  discussions/risk  management/ schedules  which  can  potentially  impact  work  efficiency, resulting in job related stress. Support from sub-ordinates/ peers as well as supervisors, is also crucial for performing assigned  tasks  efficiently.  Responses  from  Participant experience sharing document were also examined to assess the impact of Cyclic Meditation at the workplace. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants.
+On Job related stress management: Participants’ responses were also carefully examined to assess the effect of C.M. in handling job related stressful situations. Ability to work with cool mindedness is key in stressful job situations. It is also important to respond appropriately for work place discussions else it would have negative spiral effect on Job stress.  Ability  to  complete  tasks  even  under  stressful situations  is  key  for  professional’s  success.  Below  are experiences as expressed by some of the participants.Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants.
+“I am able to focus on work with greater intensity and am able to manage work schedules more effectively.”
+“I feel effectiveness in my way of approach in handling discussions which helped to increase my productivity.”
+“It helped to reduce tensions at work place and I feel relaxed in taking decisions compared to before.”
+“Usually, I do not get proper sleep in the night. Also if I sleep longer hours by chance, I use to feel tired and sleepy
+all the time following wakeup. C.M. sessions helped me to
+
+situations hastily. With a relaxed body and mind, I am able to appropriately respond to situations at work place.
+“Last few months, my workplace environment had turned from bad to worst. I had to cope with schedule challenges, not  so  supportive  management  during  this  time.  This affected me both physically and emotionally. Because of these changes, I used to get angry with my kids/wife even for a small mistake and also couldn’t get sleep well in the night. After started practicing cyclic meditation, I am more relaxed both physically and mentally. It definitely helped me to let out my stress. This in turn helped me in finding a new career opportunity as well.”
+Results&Discussion
+Participants experienced positive effects at physical well-being as well as psychological well-beingafter practicing Cyclic Meditation. Participantsreported more of self- awareness,self-confidence ,decision making capability as well as on listening capability as expressed by few participants. Participants also experienced ability to respond appropriately in work related situations,positive effect in personal lives in termsof handling situations and relations effectively. Most of the participants experienced positive effect at work place in terms handling discussions,  risk  forecasting  and  in  adopting  systematic problem solving. In addition to a quality time spent in personal time helps to tackle work related issues as well as job stress effectively.
+Limitations: Adding more I.T, M.N.C companies would give more promising outcomes which might support existing findings more robustly ormodify some of the findings. To enrich this study, future research can also consider women specific job stress as well as, study on IT enabling sector like B.P.O industry
+Conclusions
+
+get proper and continuous sleep for 6 hours, which is good	Cyclic  Meditation  practice  helped  IT  professionals	for
+
+enough for the body to relax.”
+“I use to have back pain on daily basis. When I use to get up in the morning, I use to feel the pain a lot. After I practice cyclic meditation, I have no more back pain and feeling relaxed.”
+“I have become aware of my thoughts and body movements post Cyclic Meditation  practice.”
+“I am able to take decisions well after analysing all the pre & post actions of decisions  post Cyclic Meditation practice
+“Cyclic Meditation practice has obviously increased the patience and it helped to handle the situations and relations effectively
+with family and friends.”
+
+enhancing  their  physical  and  psychological  well-being including ability to manage work related tasks effectively . Organization and environment   plays significant role in impacting job stress for Indian IT professionals. Cyclic Meditation practice would help to reduce job stress and it also enables the IT professional to perform efficiently at work place despite of stressful work conditions.
+References
+Anthony D LaMontagne, Tessa Keegel, Amber M Louie & Aleck  Ostry  (2010).  ‘  Job  stress  as  a  preventable upstream determinant of common mental disorders: A review for practitioners and policy-makers.’ Advances in  Mental  Health:  Promotion,  Prevention  and  Early
+Intervention Volume9, issue1, 2010.
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 1, June 2015, ISSN 2277-7733 | 47
+CYCLIC MEDITATION ON JOB RELATED STRESS
+
+
+Anthony D LaMontagne., Tessa Keegel., Amber M Louie., AleckOstry& Paul A.LandSBergis. (2007). ‘ A Systematic Review of Job-stress Intervention Evaluation Literatu
+re, 1990-2005‘. INT J OCCUP ENVIRON HELATH 2007: 13:268-280
+Belkic,K., P.Landsbergis et al.(2004).‘Is job strain a major source  of  cardiovascular  disease  risk?‘Scand  J  Work Environ Health 30(2):85-128.
+Cano, C. R., Sams, D., & Schwartz, J. (2009).The job stress—
+
+Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
+Moddie,R. and I.Verins(2002).‘To whom does mental health belong?’ Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental Health1(2): 68-73.
+Nagendra  HR,  Nagarathna  R.  Bangalore,  India:  Swami Vivekananda Yoga Publications; 2007. New perspectives in stress management.
+Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluations methods
+
+Job   performance   relationship   in   the   social	(3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications.
+
+serviceencounter.  International  Journal  of   Nonprofit&
+Voluntary Sector Marketing, 14(1), 83–93.
+
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+Perrewe¡ý, P. L., &Zellars, K. L. (1999).An examination of
+attributions  and  emotions  in  the  transactional
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+Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage Publications.
+Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. London: Sage Publications.
+Folman,S., &Lazarus,R.S.(1988). ‘Coping as a mediator of
+
+approachto the organizational stress process.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(5), 739–752.
+RajibLochanDhar.andMahuaDhar (2010).‘Job stress, coping process and intentions to leave: A study of information technology professionals working in India’. The Social
+Science Journal 47 (2010) 560–577
+
+emotion‘.  Journal  of  Personality  and  Social  Psychology,	Ramesh   Manocha.,DeborahBalck.   And   Leiwilson
+
+54(3), 466-475.
+Ivancevich, J., Napier, H., &Wetherbe, J. (1983). Occupational stress,  attitudes  and  health  problems  in  the informationsystemsprofessional.Communications  of  the ACM, October.
+Karasek,  R.,  &Teorell,  T.  (1990).Healthy  work:  Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. NewYork:
+Basic Books.
+
+(2012).‘Quality of Life and Functional Health Status of Long-Term Meditators’. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
+Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 350674, 9 pages
+SanjibPatra., Shirley Telles(2009). ‘ Positive impact of Cyclic Meditation on subsequent sleep’. Med SciMonit; 15(7) :CR375-381
+Sleep Matters: The Impact of Sleep On health and Wellbeing (2011).
+
+LaMontagne,A.D.   and   T.G.Keegel   (2009).   ‘Work	Mental Health foundation. ISBN: 978-1-906162-65-8
+
+environments  as  a  determinant  of  health,  In‘: Understanding  health  :  A  determinant  approach, 2ndednH.Kelecher  and  C.MacDougall  eds.  Oxford, Oxford unoveristy Press 201:217
+Marmot,M.G.,H.Bosma,et  al.(1997).  ‘Contribution  of Job control and other risk factors to social variations in  coronary  heart  disease  incidence.‘The  Lancet
+360:235-239.
+
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+Somerfield, M. P.,&McGrae, R.R. (Eds.) (2000). Stress and coping   research:   Methodological   challenges, theoreticaladvances,  and  clinical  applications.  In Psychology in the Public Forum.American Psychologist, 55(6), 620–673.
+Stansfeld,S.A. and B.Candy. (2006). ‘ Psychological work environment  and  mental  health  –  a  meta-analytic
+review.’Scand J Work Environ Health 32(6): 443-462.
+
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+48 | Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 1, June 2015, ISSN 2277-7733

document/management/Effect Of Integrated Yoga On Agreeableness And Performance Of Employees conv.txt

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+INTEGRATED YOGA AND PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES
+
+EFFECT  OF  INTEGRATED  YOGA  ON  AGREEABLENESS  AND PERFORMANCE  OF  EMPLOYEES
+
+
+Chokkalingam
+Researcher, SVYASA University, Bangalore Sony Kumari
+Associate Professor, SVYASA University, Bangalore K.B. Akhilesh
+Professor, Indian Institute of Studies, Bangalore H.R. Nagendra
+Chancellor, SVYASA University, Bangalore
+
+Voice of  Research Volume 4, Issue 1 June 2015
+ISSN 2277-7733
+
+
+Abstract
+The personality of employees determine the performance of employee. Agreeableness is one of the Big Five Personality traits which affects the performance of  employee. An empirical study is made to assess the effect of  practicing Integrated Yoga on personality traits,including agreeableness of  employee. 51 employees are given Yoga Intervention for four months and another 51 employees are not given any intervention. Using Big Five Personality Inventory, data is collected before, in the middle, and at the end of  the study. The analysis of  data using SPSS showed that agreeableness among employees in Integrated Yoga Intervention group improved significantly (p<.01)
+Key words: Personality, Performance of  Employee, Agreeableness, Integrated Yoga
+
+
+In the present knowledge based society, human resources are the most important resource for the progress.Personalities of employees shape the behaviours in the workplace and thus their performance.Development of the personalities to suit  the  changing  requirements  of  the  organization  has become an important duty of the management.
+What is personality:According to Murray R.Barrick and Michael K.Mount “Personality is an individual’s relatively stable  and  enduring  pattern  of  thoughts,  feelings  and actions”1.  The  term  personality  trait  refers  to  enduring personal characteristics that are revealed in a particular pattern of behaviour in a variety of situations.Many efforts are made to identify the primary traits that govern behaviour and these efforts resulted in long lists. Out of these Big Five Personality Modelis most widely used in identifying and  classifying  traits.  The  Big  Five  Personality  Model, supported by an impressive amount of  research suggests that the five basis of dimensions underlie all others and encompasses most of the significant variation in human personality 2.   The Big Five Personality traits are Openness, Conscientiousness,Extraversion,Agreeableness  and Neuroticism. Among these, Agreeableness,it’s importance in job performance and impact of practice of Integrated Yoga on agreeableness are studied in the present research. The facets of agreeableness are Trust (forgiving), Straight forwardness (not demanding), Altruism(warm), Compliance (not stubborn), Modesty (not show off), tender mindedness (sympathetic).
+Importance  of  agreeableness  in  job  performance: Agreeableness is relevant because they are better liked and they are more compliant and confirming. In jobs requiring significant teamwork or frequent interpersonal interactions, higher performance and lower levels of deviant behavioris
+
+very  important3   Conscientiousness,  extraversion,  and agreeableness are positively correlated with job satisfaction (Judge, Heller, & Mount, 2002)4 Workplace deviance was more likely to be endorsed with respect to an individual when both the perception of the workplace was negative and emotional stability, conscientiousness, or agreeableness was low 5  Witt et al. (2002) argued that the interaction between conscientiousness and agreeableness is most relevant for  ‘jobs  requiring  substantial  cooperative  interaction6 Employees  with  high  levels  of  conscientiousness  and agreeableness are more likely to possess the resources required to excel in bank teller jobs requiring speed, accuracy, and customer service. It is critical for positions with frequent interpersonal interactions to be filled by employees who have  high  levels  of  both  conscientiousness  and agreeableness7  Elisa  Ilardaetc  found  that  the  strongest correlations  with  team  work  are  found  to  be  with extraversion, total emotional intelligence, agreeableness8 Cooper  (1997),  Vakola,  Tsaousis,  and  Nikolaou  (2003) found that the relationship between extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness and attitude were all found to  be  linked  to  being  adoptable  to  change  in  an organization9  Agreeableness  was  significantly  related  to interpersonal teamwork behavior, collective efficacy also was found to moderate the relationship between agreeableness and interpersonal teamwork behavior. Agreeableness and interpersonal teamwork behavior relationship is stronger for those in high collective efficacy groups10 Agreeableness, and  Emotional  Stability  are  positively  related  to differentaspects  of  contextual  performance11  Agreeable individuals are better able to resolve conflict orfacilitate its resolution when it arises (Frederick p. Morgeson, Matthew h. Reider , Michael a. Campion, 2005)12
+
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 1, June 2015, ISSN 2277-7733 | 49
+INTEGRATED YOGA AND PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES
+
+
+Is  personality  changeable?  Whether  personality  is changeable is an issue of long debate. According to Allport, one of the pioneers in research on personality, personalities are  stable  dispositions  of  an  individual  13.  This  is  well known as the theory of Personality Trait Consistency. Mischel (1968) introduced what has been called Situationalism. It suggests that human behaviour is largely dependent on situations.  He  made  two  empirical  arguments  1)  that personality traits only have a correlation of about 0.30 with personal behaviour in any given situation and 2) the cross sectional behaviour is also only around 0.20-0.30.14 The study of both personality trait theory and situationalism is called Interactionism. Rather than saying that situations determine behaviour (which ignores differences in individual reactions) or that personality determines behavior(which is misleading because of low cross situational consistency of behavior) Interactionism  expresses  it  differently.15  In  some  studies empirical data show that personality traits change throughout the life time. Mean level changes in personality traits have been  demonstrated  in  young  adulthood(Helson& Moane,1987) 16, midlife(Dudek& Hall 1991) 17  and old age (Field & Millsap 1991) 18. Interactionist approach allows us to assume that the person is free because his personality is not genetically determined and that some of his personality traits may vary because of his own decisions(Jose Hernandez and Ricardo Mateo 2012)19 From the above discussion it is clear that personality can be changed by environment and environment  can  act  as  the  facilitator  for  personality development.
+Personality  Development-  Integrated  Yoga  as  the facilitator: Yoga is becoming popular in all parts of  the world  and  recognising  the  importance  of  it  the  United Nations declared June 21st  as World Yoga Day. However only a little research has been done on yoga and most of it is related to application of yoga to improve health of people. Very little research has been done on the application of yoga to human resource management or to improve organizational performance. To fill this gap, an effort has been made in the present study.An analysis of  the term Yoga, as given by different scriptures and gurus in different contexts is as follows.Patanjali, an ancient Yoga sage, defines Yoga as YogahCittavrittiNirodhah –Yoga is a technique used to still the fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of  the true self  (Iyengar, 1966) 20. Patanjali’sYoga Sutras outline  a  skillful  way  of  conducting  life  that  fosters moderation and harmony (Becker, 2000) 21   According to Yoga  Vashishta(3.9.32)  ManahPrasamanopayah  Yoga ityabhidhiyate- Yoga is a skillful and subtle process to calm down  the  mind.Mahadevan(2008)  made  important conceptual  analysis  of  application  of  Bhagavadgitato organizational  management  and  how  it  envisages  the importance of one being agreeable and cooperative for team work22. Bhagavadgitais an important scripture on Yoga. It
+
+discusses  about  importance  of  being  agreeable  and cooperative for the progress of society and self. The spirit of  sharing and unconditional giving (the virtue of Yajna) is the basis on which everything in the world sustains. The Gods bless the living beings with this virtue and in turn the living begins give back to the Gods using this principle.The concept of mutual dependence is the corner stone behind ancient  Indian  living.Yajna  way  of  living  about  sharing, giving back to the system and not organizing life in a pure “selfish” or “what is in it for me to enjoy” mode.These three together play the central role of ensuring sustainability in the long run.If we take such an approach to work we will indeed be free of several layers of bondage that we ourselves have inflicted on us. Such an approach to work will take us to the pinnacle of what we need to achieve in life. It essentially means that the peace of mind and happiness for which we are struggling hard will indeed be ours.According to Swamy Vivekananda,  every  one  can  become  divine  by  psychic control(Raja Yoga), devotion(Bhakti Yoga), Knowledge of self (Jnana Yoga), Selfless action(Karma Yoga). According to him it is possible to bring perfection in a person. He suggests four ways for it viz., by Work (Karma Yoga), by Worship (Bhakti Yoga), by Philosophy (Jnana Yoga), by Psychic control (Raja Yoga). Yoga practice which aim at the integral  development  of  the  personality  by  a  fine combination of the above four methods of yoga viz., Karma Yoga, Bhakthi Yoga, Jnana Yoga and Raja Yoga is called as Integrated  Yoga.  Based  on  the  above  principles  Swamy Vivekananda  Yoga  Anusandhana  Samsthan  (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, developed a Holistic and Integrated Yoga Module. It encompasses the philosophy of Raja yoga (Asanas,  pranayama,  dhyanaetc),  Karma  Yoga  (path  of detached actions), Jnana Yoga (knowledge of self), Bhakthi Yoga (trust in the supreme order). Practicing this knowledge may bring out complete transformation of one’s personality on physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels which, among other things, strengthen his performance levels.In modern times, some research has been done on application of  Yoga for personality development which as such the concept of Karma Yoga emphasizes on being agreeable to results of  the work, while performing one’s duties with excellence. It emphasizes the importance of being agreeable to performing one’s duties, Svadharma, even such a duty is menial or not rewarding.(Pandey and naidu) 23. According to Srinivas (1994), a series of techniques collectively known under the general label, ‘Yoga,’ way of management of human resources is better than western methods.He further states that Yoga is a well formulated approach to planned change.24 Aditi Kejriwal and VenkatR.Krishnan (2004) made a study on  what  the  organizations  can  do  for  enhancing transformational leadership by using the Guna ( Sanskrit word for ‘personality’) framework and by reinforcing the Vedic worldview and made recommendations for: Designing
+
+
+50 | Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 1, June 2015, ISSN 2277-7733
+INTEGRATED YOGA AND PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES
+
+
+training programmes to develop Sattva and reduce Tamas, Building team-orientation and self-sacrifice for directing energies towards super ordinate goals, Base organizational policies on a competency framework built around Sattva and a Vedic orientation25. In a study by Sony Kumari (2008) it is  proved  that  practice  of  yoga  improves  Emotional Intelligence and Emotional Competence26. Sudhir Deshpande (2009) in a randamised control trail of the effect of yoga on personalities of 226 people stated that practice of yoga develops Sattva Guna(balanced personality)27. According to Tikheshyam Ganpath et al(2012) practice of Yoga can improve Emotional Quotient in employees and can enable them to excel in execution28. Agreeableness dimension of personality was  significantly  positively  correlated  with  all  the  five
+
+by the first author on the following topics, either thru oral lectures or audio visual presentations. 1) Yogah Karmasu Koushalam 2) Six Dimensions of Karma Yoga 3) Axioms of meaningful work 4) Lord Krishna as modern manager; The subjects in the control group were not given any intervention; In order to prove or disprove the hypothesis, data was collected for both the groups before the study i.e, on October 1st   2014, in the middle of the study i.,e on December 1st  2014, at the end of the study i.e., on 31st January 2015; and The Big Five Inventory developed by Oliver P.John and Sanjaya Srivastava was used 61. It contains 44 questions and 9 of them are related to agreeableness. It is a five point Likert scale and has a Cronbach Alpha reliability of .82 and validity of .92 30
+
+dimensions	of	Organisational	Citizenship
+
+Behaviour.29HasmukhAdhia(2009)  conducted an important study  relating  to  Improving  Organisational  Citizenship Behaviour by practice of Integrated Yoga by employees 30. It is established in the study that by practice of Integrated Yoga that Emotional Intelligence can be enhanced and Job Burnout or Stress can be reduced and improveOrganisational Citizenship Behaviour.
+Empirical  study  details:  The  salient  features  of  the method of this study are The aim of the study is to see if Agreeableness is improved by practice of Integrated Yoga; The subjects for the study were 102 employees (after considering  drop  outs  from  the  study),  51  of  them practicing Integrated Yoga (Intervention Group) and the remaining  51  of  them  not  practicing  Integrated Yoga(Control group); Employees-men and women,  with normal health as declared by the subjects are included in the study; Those who have any previous experience of any Yoga program or presently following any type of  Yoga program  or  taking  any  medication  for  psycho  somatic problems or self occupied people or retired people are excluded from the study; The subjects for intervention group are taken from people who come voluntarily to learn  and  practice  Integrated Yoga  in  Andhra  Pradesh YogadhyanaParishad a state government organization in Hyderabad.  Subjects for control group were taken from employees in different organizations in Hyderabad, who volunteered  to  participate  in  the  study;  The  period  of study is four months i.e from 1st   October 2014 to 31st January  2015;  The  subjects  in  the  intervention  group practiced Integrated Yoga for  4 months( 100 days, after deducting holidays, absents etc) for 1.5 hours a day; The daily program of intervention contains Surya Namaskaras (Sun  salutations),  Asanas  (Body  postures),  Pranayama (Breath regulation exercises), Self Awareness Meditation and 10 minutes lecture on application of traditional Indian knowledge  to  modern  work  and  personal  lives;  Every month  a  lecture  viz.,  Jnana  yoga  class  for  1  hour  on application of traditional Indian knowledge is conducted
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure  1:  A  schematic  representation  of  the  study  plan
+
+Table  1:  Age  and  job  experience  of  Intervention  group  and Control  subjects
+Age of	Experience	Age of	Experience I. G.	of I. G.	C. G.	of C. G.
+Mean	34.784	10.627	32.21	7.2157 std dev	6.6677	6.1722	4.7744	4.265
+Table  2:  Sector  wise  distribution  of  subjects
+Sectors	Intervention group	Control group
+IT and related	21	20 Finance and related	14	13 Others	16	18
+Table 1 represents age and experience of subjects. The average age of  subjects in intervention group is 34.7 years with standard deviation of 6.6 where as the average age of subjects in control group is 32.21 with standard deviation of 4.77. The average experience of subjects in intervention group is 10.6 years with standard deviation of 6.17 where as the average experience of subjects in control group is 7.21 years with standard deviation of 4.2 years. The average experience of subjects of intervention group is about 3.4 years more than that of  control group. Average age of  subjects in intervention group is more by only 2.5 years than that of control  group.	Table  1  shows  that  the  background  of subjects in terms of age  and experience in control group and intervention group is similar.
+Table 2 represents the industries in which the subjects are employed. For the sake of study, the industries are divided as 1) Information Technology and related services like BPO, electronics 2) Finance and related services include banking, insurance, mutual funds, accounting services 3) those who
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 1, June 2015, ISSN 2277-7733 | 51
+INTEGRATED YOGA AND PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES
+
+
+do not fall under the above  two are categorized as ‘others’. The table shows the similarity in distribution of the subjects in both control group and intervention group.
+Table  3:  Agreeableness  in  Intervention  and  Control  group during  the  study
+Intervention Group	Control Group
+Pre	Post1	Post2	Pre	Post1	Post2 Mean	28.22	29.7	31.1	28.51	28.2	28.47 SD	4.51	4.86	5.50	4.21	5.23	5.42 Change                      4.44	11.1                         0.74	0.01
+Table 3 represents the average changes in the agreeableness among the subjects in intervention group and control group. Since the total number of items in agreeableness are nine and scales are five, the maximum score is 45. The pre study i.e., base line data shows that score of agreeableness is 28.22 with standard deviation of 4.51 in subjects of intervention group whereas the same for control group is 28.51 and 4.21 respectively which show that the subjects have similar traits before the study. The post 1 study  i.e., data in the middle of  the  study  shows  that  there  is  4.4%  increase  in agreeableness in intervention group ,but only 0.74% increase in agreeableness in control group. Similarly post 2 study i.e., data at the end of the study compared to beginning of study shows there is 11.1% increase in agreeableness in intervention group where as it is only 0.01% in control group.
+Since the design of the study requires repetitive studies of the  same  subjects,  Repetitive  Measures	ANOVA  i.e. RMANOVA test  was used to analyse the data which are collected before  the study(pre study), in the middle of the study(post1 study) and at the end of the study(post2 study) both for intervention group and control group. The results are shown in the table 4.
+Table  4:  Agreeableness  between  groups
+Time factor	Group	Significance (p value)
+
+
+Table 5 shows changes in agreeableness with in Intervention group  and  control  group  during  the  study.  It  shows  a continuous  increase  in  agreeableness  from  beginning  to middle(p<.001), middle to end(p<.001) and beginning to end (p<.001) in subjects of intervention group . There is no significant increase in agreeableness from beginning to middle(p>0.05), middle to end(p>.05) and beginning to end (p>.05) in subjects of control group
+Notes:**  indicates  that  the  values  are  significant; Pre,post1,post2 means the Study before intervention (baseline data), study in the middle of intervention, study at the end of	intervention  respectively;  Y1,Y2,Y3	means  yoga group(intervention group) at the time of before study, middle of study, after study; and C1,C2,C3 means control group at the time of before study, middle of  study, after study
+Limitations  of  the  study  and  recommendations:The subjects are from different organizations and sectors. The changes in environment of their respective organizations and  sectors  during  the  study  period  may  affect  their responses. For further research, It is recommended to have subjects from the same organization.The control group is not given any intervention, which may affect their interest to give response to the questionnaires and affect it’s accuracy. Considering the ethical issues it is difficult for an outsider to insist on interest of subjects of control group while giving responses.  For further research, it is recommended to give some non yoga intervention to control group.It is recommended for further research that if the intervention for both groups is given with in the organization, the same physical and office environment for all subjects in both
+groups can ensure better accuracy, unbiased responses.
+
+
+
+Pre                      Y1 vs c1                                 .315 Post 1                   Y2 vs c2                               .012** Post 2                   Y3 vs c3                               .001**
+
+
+Conclusions
+The following conclusions can be drawn from the study -
+
+
+
+Table 4 shows that the difference in agreeableness among subjects in intervention group and control group before the study i.e, baseline data is not significant (p>.05). It shows that   the score of agreeableness is relatively same in the subjects of both groups before study. Post 1 data i.e data in the middle of the study show that there is significant increase in the agreeableness in intervention group compared to control group (p < .001).Post 2 study i.,e data at the end of the study shows that there is significant increase in the agreeableness in intervention group compared to control group (p < .001).
+Table  5:  Agreeableness  with  in  groups
+
+
+Personality traits of employee especially agreeableness has an impact  on  the  performance  of  employee;  Personality  is changeable by suitable environment and training; Practice of Integrated Yoga brings a positive transformation in the personality traits especially Agreeableness and the implication of the above points is that practice of Integrated Yoga can improve the performance of employee.
+References
+M.R.Barrick, The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Job Performance:Ameta analysis,” Personnel Psychology,
+Spring 1991, pp 1-26
+
+
+
+Group Yoga
+
+
+Control
+
+Time factor Pre  vs post 1 Pre  vs post 2
+Post 1  vs post  2 Pre  vs post 1 Pre  vs post 2 Post 1  vs post  2
+
+Significance (p value) .000**
+.000** .000** 1.000 1.000 1.000
+
+
+Stephen  P.Robbins,  Timothy  A.Judge,  Neharika  Vohra, Organisational Behavior, Pearson Education: Prentice
+hall, 2011), p.128
+
+
+52 | Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 1, June 2015, ISSN 2277-7733
+INTEGRATED YOGA AND PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES
+
+
+Stephen  P.Robbins,  Timothy  A.Judge,Neharika  Vohra, Organisational Behavior, Pearson Education:Prentice hall, 2011), p.131
+Timothy A. Judge, Daniel Heller and Michael K. Mount, Five-Factor Model of Personality and Job Satisfaction: A Meta-Analysis Journal of Applied Psychology 2002, Vol. 87, No. 3,
+Colbert, Mount, Harter, Witt, & Barrick, Interactive Effects of Personality and Perceptions of the Work Situation on Workplace Deviance ,Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 89, No. 4
+L.A.Witt, Lisa A.Burke, Murray R.Barrick, Michael K.Mount, Interactive  Effects  of  conscientiousness  and Agreeableness on Job performance, Journal of Applied Psychology,2002, Vol 87, No 1
+Russell P. Guay, In-Sue Oh, Daejeong Choi, Marie S. Mitchell, Michael K. Mount andKanghyun Shin, The Interactive Effect of Conscientiousness and Agreeableness on Job Performance Dimensions in South Korea, International Journal  of  Selection  and  Assessment  Volume  21 Number 2 June 2013
+Ilarda, Frindley,  Emotional Intelligence and Propensity to be a team player, E-Journal of Applied Psychology :Emotional Intelligence, 2 (2), 19 -29 (2006)
+Cooper  R.K(1997),Applying  Emotional  Intelligence  in Workplace, Training and Development, 51, 31-38
+Kevin tasa1, Sears and H. Schat , Personality and teamwork behavior in context: The cross-level moderating role of collective efficacy, Journal of Organizational Behavior 32, 65–85 (2011), Published online 2 February 2010 in Wiley Online Library, DOI: 10.1002/job.680
+Hogan, J. & Holland, B. 2003, “Using theory to evaluate personality and job performance relations: A socio analytic perspective”, Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 88, pp.100-112.
+Frederick, Matthew,Michael, selecting individuals in team settings: the importance of social skills, personality characteristics, and teamwork knowledge, Personnel psychology 2005, 58, 583–611
+G.W.Allport, Personality:A psychological Interpretation (New York:Holt,Rinehart&Winston,1937)
+Mischel, W.1968.Personality and assessment.Newyork:Wiley
+Cloninger, S.C.1996. Theories of Personality: Understanding Persons.Eaglewood Cliffs,NJ:Prentice Hall
+Helsen, R.andMoane, G.1987.’ Personality change in women from college to midlife’. Journal of Personality and
+Social Psychology, 53:176-186
+
+Dudek, S.Z and Hall, W.B 1991. ‘Personality consistency: eminent architects 25 years later’. Creativity Research Journal,4:3,213-231
+Field,D.and Millsap,R.E.1991. ‘Personality in Advanced Old Age: Continuity or Change?’ Journals of Gerontology, 46:6,299-308
+Jose Hernandez and Ricardo Mateo ‘Indications of virtues in  Conscientiousness  and  its  practice  through continuous improvement’, Business Ethics:A European review, Vol 21,number 2,April 2012
+Iyengar BK. Light on yoga. New York: Schocken Books; 1966.
+Becker TE. Foci and bases of commitment: Are they distinctions worth making! Acad Manage J 1992;35:232-44.
+Mahadevan,  B.  (2008). ”Management  Lessons  from  the Bhagavad Gita”,Vedanta Kesari,December 2008, pp 558-561.
+Pande N, Naidu RK. Anasakti and health: A study of non-attachment. Psychol Dev Soc J 1992;4:89-104.
+Srinivas KM. Organization development: Maya moksha. In: Kanunga RN, Manuel M, editors. Work Motivation Models  for  Developing  Country.  New  Delhi:  Sage Publications; 1994.
+Aditi Kejriwal and Venkat R Krishnan, Impact of  Vedic Worldview and Gunas on Transformational Leadership, Vikalpa,Volume 29 , No 1 , January - March 2004
+Sony Kumari, Alex Hankey, H.R. Nagendra, Effect Of Smet On  Emotional  Dynamics  Of  Managers,  Voice  Of Research, vol. 2 issue 1, June 2013, issn no. 2277-7733
+Sudheer Deshpande et al.,A Randomized Control Trial Of The Effect Of Yoga On Gunas (Personality) And Health In Normal Healthy Volunteers, International Journal of Yoga, January 06,2009
+Tikhe Sham Ganpat et al., Yoga Therapy for developing Emotional Intelligence in mid-life managers, Journal of Midlife Health, Vol2,issue1,Jan-Jun 2011,issn 0976-7800
+Akhilendra K. et al., Does Personality Predict Organisational Citizenship Behaviour among Managerial Personnel, Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology July 2009, Vol. 35, No. 2, 291-298.
+HasmukhAdhia, HR Nagendra1, B Mahadevan ,	Impact Of Yoga Way Of Life On Organizational Performance, International Journal of  Yoga, DOI: 10.4103/0973-6131.72631
+John,  O.  P.,  &  Srivastava,  S.  (1999).  The  Big-Five  trait taxonomy:  History,  measurement,  and  theoretical perspectives.  In  L.  A.  Pervin&  O.  P.  John  (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (Vol. 2,
+pp. 102–138). New York: Guilford Press.
+
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 1, June 2015, ISSN 2277-7733 | 53

document/management/Effect Of Yoga Practice On Acceptance And Mindfulness On Adolescence_ A Randomized Control Study conv.txt

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+YOGA FOR ACCEPTANCE AND MINDFULNESS
+
+EFFECT  OF  YOGA  PRACTICE  ON  ACCEPTANCE  AND  MINDFULNESS  ON ADOLESCENCE:  A  RANDOMIZED  CONTROL  STUDY
+
+
+Rakesh Shirsat & Sony Kumari
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhäna Samsthana-SVYASA University, Bangalore
+
+Abstract
+
+Voice of  Research Volume 4, Issue 4 March 2016
+ISSN 2277-7733
+
+The present study is assessing the effect yoga of acceptance and mindfulness on adolescence. The participants were divided into two groups – yoga (30) & Control (30). Yoga group has introduced 15 days yoga intervention program. The result has shown no significant changes in yoga group. Though mean value of yoga group has shown slight changes than control group.
+
+Keywords: acceptance, mindfulness, adolescence
+
+With 356 million 10-24 year-olds, India has the world’s largest youth population. This emerging power needs to navigate to the right direction. Present generation of children are undergoing a phase of intense competition. Acceptance and mindfulness is an important tool. The absence of ability to unconditionally accept oneself can lead to a variety of emotional difficulties, including uncontrolled anger and depression. The person who is caught up in self-evaluation rather than self-acceptance may also be very needy and may devote special care to self-aggrandizement in order to compensate for perceived personal deficits for healthy development of adolescence. (Langer, E. 1989).Self-acceptance enhancement has become an essential ingredient to comprehensive programs for dealing with a variety of mental health issues that arise with children and adolescents, parenting, relationship difficulties, women’s issues, chronic illness, and aging. It has been successfully taught in life skills, social and emotional learning, rational-emotive education, and psycho-educational curriculam to young people as part of school based prevention and promotion of mental health programs. (e.g., Bernard, 2007; Knaus, 1974; Vernon, 2006).
+Adolescence is term apply to those group of people who are undergoing the transition. It is a developmental transition between childhood and adulthood consider the major physical, cognitive, emotional and psychological changes. Adolescence
+has been described as transitional stage with uncertain
+
+
+
+intentional practice of mindfulness improves the immune system – as well as increases gray matter in the brain involved with memory processes, emotional regulation, empathy and perspective taking. While scientific research related to mindfulness and youth development is a newer area of study, practices of mindfulness are grounded in ancient wisdom and approaches to mental and spiritual health and wellbeing.
+Methods
+60 students from Jawaharlal Neharukendriyavidhyalaya, Dharawad were selected for the study and are divided into two groups Yoga (n=30) and control( n=30).Age group of the children in between 12 to 14.subjects educational qualification was eight and nine.
+Measure
+Child Acceptance and mindfulness measure (CAMM) test was originally develop by LauriA. Greco, S. E. Dew & S. Baer used for collecting data. It consists of 25 questions. . Higher scores indicate higher levels of acceptance and mindfulness.The CAMM is a 25-item measure of mindfulness and assesses the degree to which children and adolescents observe internal experiences, act with awareness, and accept internal experiences without judging them.Participants are asked to indicate how true each item reflects their experience using a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (Never true) to 4 (Always true).
+Methodology
+
+boundaries. In Adolescence, self- image develops gradually	Sixty   students from Jawaharlal Neharukendriyavidyalaya,
+
+on the basic of social norms. For holistic development of adolescents, It’s an important for them to accept themselves
+as it is. Self-acceptance involves a realistic, subjective, awareness
+
+
+Dharawad were selected for the study and are divided into two groups. Yoga (n=30) and control (n=30). Yoga group
+performed physical postures (Asanas), breathing practices
+
+of one’s strengths and weaknesses. Self-acceptance can be	(Pranayam) and yoga based relaxation and  listening  to
+
+achieved by stopping criticizing and solving the defects of one’s self, and then accepting them to be existing within one’s self; that is, tolerating oneself to be imperfect in some parts.
+Term of mindfulness is apt term to handle the hustle of the adolescence. Mindfulness is a process of active, open, nonjudgmental awareness. It is paying attention in the present moment with openness, curiosity, kindness and flexibility.
+Neuroscience and psychological research suggest that the
+
+
+moral stories for 60 mins, whereas control group follows daily routine. Age group was carefully selected in between 12 to 14 years .There were no significant differences in socioeconomic state. CAMM test was used to measure the different pre and post changes in subjects in duration of 15 days. We compared the data within group Wilcoxon signed ranked Test and between the Group Mann Whitney Test
+for getting the final result.
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 4, March 2016, ISSN 2277-7733 | 31
+YOGA FOR ACCEPTANCE AND MINDFULNESS
+
+
+Result
+Data was not normally distributed. Hence, we have conducted non parametric test, Data was analysis by Wilcoxon signed ranked Test was conducted to see the pre post changes within group and between the group Mann Whitney test. Result shows no significant changes with and between the group but mean value of yoga group has shown increase in yoga group from 55.03 to 57.67 where as in control group it decreased 55.53 to 55.10.In future, study would have been conducted with larger sample group and more variable study may show significance result.
+Table 1 - Within group Wilcoxon signed ranked Test
+Variable	Pre	Post	% mean	P value value	(with
+group Mean ±	Mean ±
+SD	SD
+Yoga	55.03 ±	57.60	4.68	.057 CAMM	7.13	±6.49
+Control	55.53 ±	55.10	0.77	.180 CAMM	7.71	±7.94
+
+Adolescence with ADHDA Feasibility study suggested the promising result. ADHD is a childhood onset psychiatric condition that often continues into adulthood. Stimulated medications are the mainstay of treatment; however additional approaches are frequently desired. In recent years, mindfulness meditation has been proposed to improve attention, to reduce stress, and improve mood. This study tests feasibility of an 8 week mindfulness training program for Adult and Adolescents with ADHD.  Twenty four adult and eight adolescents with ADHD enrolled in feasibility study of an eight week training program. The majority of participants completed the training and reported high satisfaction with training. Pre-post improvements in self–reported ADHD symptoms and test performance on tasks measuring attention and cognitive inhabitation were noted. Improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms also observed.
+Based on previous literature, the current study has been done to assess the effect of acceptance and mindfulness in
+adolescence. This data was not normally distributed and we
+
+
+
+
+
+Variable CAMM PRE CAMM POST
+
+
+Table 2 - Between Group Test-
+P value .912 .216
+
+have conducted non parametric test. Within Group Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Between- Group-Mann Whitney Test. This is a first attempt trial study to measure the  effeof yoga
+practice on adolescence.it showed the partial changes in variable,
+
+
+
+The current study has been done to assess the effect of acceptance and mindfulness in adolescence. This is a first attempt trial study to measure the effect of yoga practice on adolescence.it showed the partial changes in variable, which proves that yoga has an important role to play in assessing acceptance and mindfulness level of adolescence.
+Discussion and Conclusion
+This study reported the results of a pilot trial of learning to breathe, a mindfulness curriculum for adolescents created for a class room setting by P.C. Broderick and S. Metz. The primary goal of the program is to support the development of the emotional regulation skills through the practice mindfulness, which has been described as intentional, nonjudgmental awareness of present moment experience. The total class of 120 seniors (average age 17.4) from a private girl’s school participants reported decreased negative affect and increased the feeling of calmness relaxation, and self-acceptance. Improvements in emotion regulation and decreases in tiredness, aches and pains were significant in the treatment
+group at the conclusion of the program satisfaction. The results
+
+which proves that yoga has an important role to play in assessing acceptance and mindfulness level of adolescence.
+Yoga practice has trend to be leverage the level of acceptance & mindfulness in adolescence. It is attempt to use yoga intervention in acceptance and mindfulness level in children by using CAMM.
+References
+Kroger,1993:  Ego Identity, An overview, In J. Kroger(Ed), Discussion on Ego.
+Langer, E. (1989).Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesleyerence
+Karen Pace Mindfulness in adolescence,Posted on February 2, 2015 , Michigan State University Extension.
+Michael E. Bernard .prevention and promotion of mental health programs (e.g., Bernard, 2007; Knaus, 1974; Vernon, 2006
+Butler, J. and Ciarrochi, J (2007).Psychological Acceptance and Quality of Life in the Elderly. Quality of Life Research,
+16, 607-615.
+
+
+
+suggest that mindfulness is a potentially promising method for enhancing adolescents’ emotion regulation and wellbeing.
+Another study was conducted by L Zylowska, DL Ackerman,
+MH Yang. Mindfulness Meditation training in Adults And
+
+Sheerer , E. T. (1949). An analysis of   J. consult. Psychol.,
+1949, 13, 169-175.
+
+
+
+
+
+32 | Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 4, March 2016, ISSN 2277-7733

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+Shatrughan Singh Naruka, M.Sc., Rabindramohan Acharya, M.Sc., Balaram Pradhan, Ph.D., Nagendra HR. Ph.D.
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+Division of Yoga and Mangaement, S-VYASA, Bengaluru
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+All correspondence related to this article ha sto be addressed to
+Dr. Balaram Pradha, Eknath Bhavan,# 19, Gavipuram Circle, Bangalore- 560 01, Tele Phone- 080 2263 9961, E-mail address- : [email protected]
+
+ABSTRACT
+
+Background: Top-line managers have to work with production or sales targets to meet their challenges in a specific time frame which naturally generate stresses, tensions, and gradually place them into frustration, insomnia, and cognitive deficits and decrease their efficacy. In a long run this can lead them to one or more life-style disorders.
+Objective:   To assess intentional task performance using Six Letter Cancellation Test (SLCT) in managers who participated in a 5 days Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) residential workshop.
+Material  and  Method:	The  study  consisted  of  78  managers  of  ONGC  company undergoing a single arm per-post design.  SLCT was assessed at the beginning and end of the 5 days SMET program.
+Result: The net score of SLCT showed highly significant (P<0.001) increase of 17.17%. Conclusion: The result suggests that cognitive task needing selective attention enhanced after SMET program based life style is enhanced which may bring greater efficiency among managers.
+
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+Key word: Attention, managers, self-management of excessive tension.
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+1
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+INTRODUCTION
+
+Organizational growth depends on their managers who work for its all-round growth. Organizational performance can be enhanced by improving quality of work attitude of executives, which can be measured through five indicators such as job satisfaction, job involvement, goal orientation, effective organizational commitment and team building behavior. Scientific investigation showed that Yoga Way of Life by managers had a significant  positive  impact  on  four  out  of  five  of  these  indicators  of  organizational performance indicators (Adhia, Nagendra, and Mahadevan, 2010). There are few other studies which has shown improvements in EQ (Sony, Nagendra, and Nath, 2007), EI (Adhia and Nagendra, 2009; Ganapath and Nagendra, 2010) on the managers whereas yoga student found improvement in cognitive capabilities (Sarang  and Telles, 2006 ) and improved the sleep status ( Patra and Telles, 2008).
+Fatigue,  best  defined  as  the  difficulty in  initiating  or  sustaining  voluntary activities (Chaudhuri  A,  Behan  PO,  2004)  which  falls  under  physical  and  mental  catagoires. Physical fatigue caused due to repeated muscular activity. In contrast, mental fatigue due to failure in complete mental tasks that require self-motivation and internal cues in the absence of demonstrable cognitive failure or motor weakness (Chaudhuri A, Behan PO, 2000). Thus, mental fatigue decreases sufferers' work or study efficiency in daily life. Sympathetic hyperactivity based on decreased parasympathetic activity is associated with mental fatigue induced by prolonged cognitive load (Mizuno K, Tanaka M, Yamaguti K, Kajimoto O, Kuratsune H, Watanabe Y, 2011).
+Hence the present study was attempted to measure the attention task of the manager undergoing 5 days of SMET program was taken up.
+
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+2
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+MATERIAL AND METHODS
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+The sample size was calculated based on an effect size (0.82) obtained from a previous study of changes in Cyclic Meditation (Pradhan & Nagendra, 2010). It was calculated using G*Power software, Version 3.0.10 (Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, and Buchner, 2007), where the level of α = 0.05, power β = 0.95 and the recommended sample size was 22 participants. The present study consisted of 78 Managers (including12 Females) with the age range of (37 to 62 years) with a Mean±SD of (53.46±4.57). All participants were from  Oil  and  Natural  Gas  Corporation  Limited.  They  were  free  from  cognitive impairment but had mild form of physical illness. The signed informed consent forms were obtained from them after explaining them about detailed study design. The pre-post design was adopted in the present study.
+
+Interventions
+
+All participants followed 5 days of SMET based lifestyle modification by following schedule given in the Table 1 and Table 2.
+
+Table 1: The schedule of the Self –Management of Excessive Tension Program
+
+
+Time	Activity
+
+5.00 AM	Ablution
+5.30 AM	Prayer (Prathasmaran)
+
+
+6.00 AM	Asana / Special yoga technique
+
+Time	Activity
+
+3.00 PM       SMET lecture session 2 4.00 PM       SMET practice (Cyclic
+Meditation)
+5.00 PM	Tuning to nature
+
+7.15 AM	Friendship  meet  (Maitri  Milan)-   6.00 PM	Devotional Gita	sloka	chanting	and	session(Bhajan)
+
+
+8.00 AM
+
+
+9.30 AM 10.30 AM
+
+
+
+11.30 AM
+
+
+12.05 PM
+1.00 PM
+
+discourse(Satsang) Breakfast
+
+SMET lecture session-1 SMET practice (Cyclic Meditation)
+
+Milk or Ayurvedic Tea (Malt)
+
+
+Special yoga techniques
+Lunch and rest
+
+
+6.45 PM
+
+
+7.30 PM 8.30 PM
+
+
+
+9.15 PM
+
+
+10.00 PM
+
+
+MSRT(Mind Sound Resonance technique) Dinner
+Happy assembly (Yogagame session)/ Cultural program Group discussion/ Self practice
+Lights off
+
+
+
+
+
+3
+
+Table 2: Lecture sessions during Self –Management of Excessive Tension Program.
+
+
+Sl.No	Session 1
+
+1	Concept of stress
+
+Session 2
+
+Stress-induced problem and management
+
+2	Stimulation- Relaxations	Stress  and  its  management  according  to yoga
+
+3	Stress levels and its release 4	Executive growth
+5	Group awareness
+
+Recognition of stress is half the solution Depth of perception and awareness
+Progress in tune with nature
+
+
+
+Cyclic Meditation
+
+The SMET program consisted of the practical sessions called cyclic Mediation which was developed at VYASA (Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation) to combat the stress of excessive tension (Nagendra and Nagarathna, 1997). Cyclic meditation is repetition in a cyclic order stimulation and relaxation as postulated in mandukya karika stimulations to break open the stagnations and drowsiness while relaxation featured by slow movements in asanas as meant to calm down the distractions of mind. These components trained the practitioner  to  develop  mental  wakefulness,  vigilance,  concentration  without  getting disturbed by stress, eustress and distracted thoughts; they were able to reach to a state of mental equilibrium.
+
+Throughout the Cyclic Meditation practice subjects kept their eyes closed, and followed the instructions given by the instructor. The instructions emphasized carrying out the practice slowly, with awareness and relaxation. The practice  began by repeating a verse from  the  yoga  text,  the  Mandukya  Upanisat  (Chinmayananda,  1984);  followed  by isometric contraction of the muscles of the body ending with supine rest in a supine position,  slowly coming up from the left side and standing at ease (called tadasana) and ‘balancing’  the  weight  on  both  feet,  called  centering;  then  the  first  actual  posture, bending  to  the  right  (ardhakaöicakräsana);  a  gap  of  few  min  in  täòäsana  with instructions about relaxation and awareness; bending to the left (ardhakaöicakräsana); a gap as before for few min; forward bending (pädahastäsana; another gap similarly as given  earlier; backward  bending  (ardhacakräsana); and slowly coming down in  the supine posture with instructions to relax different parts of the body in sequence. The postures were practiced slowly, with awareness of all the sensations that are felt. The key
+
+
+4
+
+features of cyclic meditation are (i) postures interspersed with relaxation, (ii) slowness of movements, (iii) continuity, (iv) inner awareness, (v) feeling of heart beat, changes in blood  flow  and  sound  resonance,  and  (vi)  recognition  of  linear,  surface,  three-dimensional and all pervasive awareness.
+
+Assessments: Six letter cancellation test (SLCT)
+
+The participants of the SMET group were assessed before and after 5 days of SMET
+
+program on SLCT.
+
+Cancellation tests require visual selectivity and a repetitive motor response. A six letter
+
+cancellation test was administered to assess functions such as selective and focused attention, visual scanning, and the activation and inhibition of rapid responses. The six letter cancellation test has been used in Indian population (Natu and Agarawal, 1997).
+The six letter cancellation task work sheet consists of an array of random alphabets, A-Z,
+
+in 14 rows and 22 columns. Participants are seated with the worksheet turned over until the start of the test. All participants tested in one group are also given a instruction sheet (coding sheet) indicating the six target letters to be cancelled. The instructions are given asking them to cancel as many target letters as possible in the specified time of 90 seconds.  They  are  given  the  choice  of  cancellation  strategy  to  do  it  horizontally, vertically, or selecting a particular letter one at a time randomly in the array. Finally, after ensuring that  they have  understood  the  test  by answering all  their  queries  they are instructed to turn over the worksheet and start the test. Each test was timed for 90 seconds on a standard stopwatch.
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+5
+
+DATA EXTRACTION
+
+SLCT:  The  total  number  of  cancellations  attempted,  and  the  number  of  wrongly cancelled were counted. Then net score is obtained by deducting the latter from the former (Natu and Agarwal, 1997). The answer sheets were coded and scoring was done by the researcher who was not involved in the study. It was cross checked by another researcher. Then entry was done in computer checking was done.
+DATA ANALYSIS
+
+The data were analyzed using SPSS 16. The Komologorov- Smirnove test found total and net score normally distributed while wrong scenes were not normally distributed. Hence both paired ‘t’ test for net total and net score and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for wrong scores. Six participants were excluded from the final analysis because they were not given the post assessment.
+
+
+RESULTS
+
+The  paired‘t’  test  found  that  there  were  significant  improvement  in  total  (p<0.001, 16.79%)  and  net  score  (p<0.001,  17.17%)  when  post  scores  compared  with  their respective pre scores as shown in Table 3.
+Table 3 Total Scores, Net Scores and Scores for Wrong Cancellation in a Six-letter Cancellation Task pre and post 5 days of SMET program. Values are Group Mean and Standard Deviations.
+
+Variables
+
+
+Total Score
+
+
+Wrong Score
+
+
+
+Net Score
+
+
+
+Assessments
+
+Pre
+
+Post
+
+Pre
+
+Post
+
+Pre
+
+Post
+
+
+
+Score (n=78)
+
+30.18 ±9.85
+
+35.21±10.71***
+
+0.18±0.5
+
+0.27±0.78
+
+29.86±10.01
+
+34.95±10.83***
+
+Percentage changes
+
+16.79%
+
+
+50%
+
+
+17.17%
+
+
+
+p-values
+
+
+P< 0.001
+
+
+P= 0.389
+
+
+P< 0.001
+
+
+*** P < 0.001, pre compared with post using paired‘t’ test.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+6
+
+DISCUSSIONS
+
+The performance in the letter cancellation task improved after 5 days of SMET program and life style by 17% significantly.
+
+Comparision with the previous study:
+
+Previously there were two studies using SLCT which had investigated (i) The effect of integrated yoga module University students and (ii) school students having immediate effect of CM.  Both these studies had similar trend of results (Sarang and Telles, 2007; Pradhan  and  Nagendra,  2010)  24.9%  and  11.6%  respectively.  These  differences  of finding could be due to the fact that the subjects in the previous studies were from different population, used different study design and their training periods might be influened the scored of SLCT.
+
+Mechanisms
+
+Alone immediate effect of CM has produced significant improvement at physiological level (Sarang and Telles, 2006), neurophysiology level (Subramanyam and Telles, 2008), sleep quality (Patra and Telles, 2010), cognitive performance (Subramanyam and Telles, 2008,  Pradhan  and  Nagendra,  2008,  2010).  The  results  suggest  that  CM  brings improvements  in  Physiological   and  psychological  level.  These  scientific  finding indiacting that subjectes mental state might be heightened which may be contributing the improvement in the SLCT score of Managers of the present study.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+7
+
+REFERENCES
+
+Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., and Mahadevan, B. (2010). Impact of Adoption of
+
+Yoga  Way  of   Life  on  the  Emotional   Intelligence  of  Managers.   IIMB
+
+Management Review, 22:32-41.
+
+Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., and Mahadevan, B. (2010). Impact of Adoption of
+
+Yoga Way of Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers. Vikalpa, IIMA Journal, 35(2):21-33.
+Chaudhuri,  A., & Behan, P.O. (2000).  Fatigue and basal ganglia. J Neurol Sci. 179(1-2):34–42.
+Chaudhuri,	A.,  &  Behan,  P.O.  (2004).	Fatigue  in  neurological  disorders. Lancet.. 363(9413):978–988.
+Kumar, S., Telles. S. (2009). Meditative states based on yoga texts and their effects on performance of a letter-cancellation task. Percept Mot Skills. 109(3), 679-689.
+Kumari, S., Nath, N. C. B., & Nagendra H, R. (2007). Enhancing emotional competence among managers SMET. Jour Nat Acad Psych (India), 52,171-173. Mizuno,  K.,  Tanaka,  M.,  Yamaguti,  K.,  Kajimoto,  O.,  Kuratsune,  H.,  & Watanabe,  Y.  (2011).  Mental  fatigue  caused  by  prolonged  cognitive  load associated with sympathetic hyperactivity. Behav Brain Funct. 23;7:17. Nagendra,  H.  R.,  &  Nagarathna,  R.  (1997).  New  perspectives  in  stress management. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Publications.
+Natu, M. V., & Agarawal, A. K. (1997). Testing of stimulant effects of coffee on the  psychomotor  performance:  an  exercise  in  clinical  pharmacology.  Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 29, 11-14.
+Patra,  S.,  &  Telles,  S.  (2009).  Positive  impact  of  cyclic  meditation  on subsequent sleep. Med Sci Monit, 15(7):375-381.
+Pradhan  B.,  &  Nagendra  H.R.  (2010).Immediate  effect  of  two  yoga-based relaxation techniques on attention in children. International Journal of Yoga, 3, 2; 67-69.
+
+
+
+
+
+8
+
+Sarang S. P. & Telles, S. (2006). Change in P300 following two yoga-based
+
+relaxation techniques, Int J Neurosci, 116(12), 1419-1430.
+
+Sarang S. P. & Telles, S. (2006). Oxygen consumption and respiration during
+
+and  after  two  yoga  relaxation  techniques.  Applied  Psychophysiology  and Biofeedback, 31(2), 143-153.
+Sarang,  S.P.,  &  Telles,  S.  (2007).  Immediate  effect  of  two  yoga-  based relaxation techniques on performance in a letter-cancellation task. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 105, 379-385.
+Sony Kumari, N. C. B. Nath, H. R. Nagendra, and Subhasha Sharma. (2008). An exploration of relationship between E.Q. & Guna typology and H.Q.Q. Journal of Indira IManagement Review, 1(1): 72-81.
+Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and H. R. Nagendra. (2007). Effectiveness of SMET program with respect to emotional well being among managers-An Empirical Study, XIMB Journal of Management (Vilakshan), 4(1): 165-173.
+Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and H. R. Nagendra. (2007). Enhancing emotional competence  among  managers  SMET,  Journal  of  the  National  Academy  of Psychology (Psychological Studies), 52(2): 171-173.
+Subramanya,  P.,  &  Telles,  S.  (2009).  Performance  on  psychomotor  tasks following two yoga-based relaxation techniques. Percept Mot Skills, 109(2):563-576.
+Subramanya,  P.,  &  Telles,  S.  (2009).  Performance  on  psychomotor  tasks following two yoga-based relaxation techniques. Percept Mot Skills. 109(2), 563-576.
+Tikhe,  S.  G.,  &  Nagendra,  H.  R..  Yoga  therapy  for  developing  emotional intelligence in mid-life managers. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol,under print.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+9

document/management/Effect of SMET of emotions and self-esteem conv.txt

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+
+Effect of SMET on Emotions and Self-esteem -A Study of Managers in a Large PSU in India
+Rabindra Acharya*, Balaram Pradhan** and HR Nagendra***
+
+Abstract
+
+Stress and strain is an integral part of modern-day managers in corporations; more so, in the
+
+current globalised world. It adversely affects their health, productivity and well-being. Managing
+
+stress in the workplace of the managers appears to be a huge challenge for many corporations. Many  previous  studies  on  Self-Management  of  Excessive  Tension  (SMET)  have  indicated how SMET has led to a reduction of stress in managers. A pre-post study was conducted to investigate the effect of the five days residential SMET program for the managers of a large public sector energy Organisation in India. Two psychometric instruments; Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Scale (PANAS) and Self-esteem Scale were administered before and after the SMET workshop. The study showed a significant increase, in PA scores as well as self-esteem scores and NA significant decrease in NA scores of the managers. The paper concludes how the SMET workshop enhanced emotional well-being and self-esteem of the managers in the Organisation. The author also indicates a few areas of further research.
+
+Key Word: Yoga, Manager, Positive and negative affect, Self-esteem, SMET, PANAS, ONGC
+
+Introduction
+
+Economic liberalization: India had played an important role in global trade over the earlier centuries. Though it had closed the borders over last few decades, the change seems to have been initiated through the process of liberalization. The economic liberalisation in India refers to ongoing economic reforms in India that started on 24 July 1991. After Independence in 1947, India adhered to socialist policies. Attempts were made to liberalise the economy in 1966 and 1985.   In 1991, after India faced a balance of payments crisis, the IMF required India to undertake a series of structural economic reforms. The new neo-liberal policies included opening for international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation of privatisation, tax reforms, and inflation-controlling measures (Wikipedia, 2014).
+
+
+Further,  India’s  growth  miracle  has  attracted  worldwide  attention,  particularly,  because
+
+this growth has been pursued to the wide ranging economic reforms introduced in the early
+
+
+1
+
+1990s. Many other developing countries intensified linearization during this period, but were
+
+unable  to  experience  a  similar  spurt  in  their  economic  growth.  One  distinctive  feature  of
+
+India Liberalization experience is the gradual and calibrated manner in which reforms were
+
+introduced, especially with respect to external Liberalization, be it in the financial, agricultural or
+
+manufacturing sector (UNCTAD, 2012).
+
+
+
+In other words, Indian economy has gone through liberalization since 1990s, leading to rapid
+
+globalisation. This pace of globalisation has been picking up, leading to economic growth,
+
+infrastructure development, and employment generation.  On the other side, while meeting the
+
+high targets and the rapid  pace of growth under constraints, the managers of large corporations
+
+have been facing many challenges; time management, stress, health issues of non-communicable
+
+diseases (Shah, &  Patnaik, 2011).
+
+
+
+Stress at work place: In the corporate organisations, the managers are expected to meet the
+
+challenges  of  profitability,  growth,  customer  satisfaction,  employee  attrition  and  statutory
+
+compliance along with deadlines to achieve the above objectives. These challenges create stress
+
+at workplace.
+
+The relationship between work stress and well-being has flourished over the past 20 years. One of the major advances in this literature has been the emergence of the Allostatic Load model as a central organizing theory for understanding the physiology of stress. This has considered as health outcomes that are associated with exposure to psychosocial stressors at work and provide insight into how workplace experiences affect well-being. Within an Allostatic Load framework, with a focus on primary (e.g., stress hormones, anxiety and tension) and secondary (e.g., resting blood pressure, cholesterol, body mass index) mediators, as well as tertiary disease end points (e.g., cardiovascular disease, depression, mortality). Recommendations are provided for how future research can offer deeper insight into primary Allostatic Load processes that explain the effects of workplace experiences on mental and physical well-being (Daniel, & Christopher,
+
+2
+
+2013).
+
+
+Stress, according to Robbins (2003) is an opportunity, demand, constraint, threat or challenge
+
+can create stress for an individual when the effect of the event is uncertain and important. Factors
+
+relating to the environment, the organization, and the individual can also trigger stress (Robbins
+
+& Judge, 2007). This happens especially when s/he is unable to deal with the demands or
+
+constraints encountered. While stress at work as a concept has been in existence since long and
+
+has been widely studied, both the antecedents and consequences of stress in modern day are very
+
+different and have strong implications in ones’ personal and professional lives too.
+
+
+
+Further, if the stress   continues for long duration, it affects the growth and potential development
+
+of the individual and which starts declining at both personal and professional levels. This is more
+
+so, as an individual goes against his or her own true nature of self. Eventually, the emotional
+
+upsurges take over his/her discrimination faculties and lead him towards destruction. All these
+
+leads to stress; leading to ill-health, lower the productivity, and other related issues.
+
+
+As  the  business  environments  become  more  competitive,  businesses  more  dynamic  and
+
+organizational roles become more complex, the potential for organizational role stress increases.
+
+Varied sources of work stress have been identified by researchers. Five categories of stressors
+
+were identified by Landy and Trumbo (1976) such as excessive competition, hazardous working
+
+conditions, job insecurity, task demands and long or unusual working hours. Marshall and
+
+Cooper (1976) classified stress as intrinsic to a job or role, career growth, relationship with
+
+colleagues and Organisational climate and structure as five main clusters of work stress.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+3
+
+Srivastava (2009) found that the role of an employee in the organization may create conditions
+
+that cause stress for employees at work effecting the quality of work life. Such Organizational
+
+role stress has been found to be negatively related to managerial effectiveness.   Nelson and
+
+Burke (2000) suggest that a number of factors such as role ambiguity, lack of power and role
+
+conflict can also be stressful. Sharma and Devi (2008) further add that role overload, lack of
+
+senior level support, lack of group cohesiveness, inequity at workplace, role stagnation, resource
+
+inadequacy in the role, constraints on change contribute to the stress of employee.
+
+
+
+Role of yoga in stress:  Patanjali suggests a solution, that the above can be overcome by
+
+adopting “Yoga as a way of life” (Taimni, 1961). According to him, Yoga is all about controlling
+
+the thought processes of human beings (Taimni, 1961). In other words, Patanjali, many other
+
+spiritual and Yogic leaders have recommended Yoga for overcoming stress and taking care
+
+of the physical, emotional and psychological well-being of individuals. This has become an
+
+imperative the modern day life.
+
+Pattanjali defines yoga is a technique used to calm down mental thoughts to reach the true Self
+
+(Iyenger, 1996) and skills to manage life that fosters moderation and harmony is the message of
+
+Patanjali’s yoga sutra (Becker, 2000). Yoga harnesses our will, emotions, expands our power
+
+of insight, vision and analysis. Yoga is a science to harness the will, calm the mind and steady
+
+the emotions, without losing the sharpness of intellect is the key to human progress (Nagendra
+
+& Nagarathna, 1997).   The integrated Yogic technique is able to accommodate and bring a
+
+harmonious work culture without expecting any return (Chakraborty, 1978).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+4
+
+Yoga  offers  us  a  holistic  lifestyle  of  bliss,  efficiency,  emotional  equipoise,  mental  clarity,
+
+intellectual sharpness and physical well-being. It is towards the holistic lifestyle that we should
+
+move through SMET (Nagendra & Nagarathna, 1997).
+
+Emotional Intelligence: To meet various opportunities and challenges in a corporate setup,
+
+more so, in a globalized world,   manager is expected to have high levels of their emotional
+
+intelligence  (EI)  and  positive  emotion  that  helps  them  in  the  execution  of  work  without
+
+hampering their well-being. If not adequate, there can be an opportunity to develop this EI.
+
+Emotional Intelligence has evolved as an area in the last three decades. This has gained further
+
+significance in the context of globalization. “Emotional Intelligence is the ability to perceive
+
+emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and
+
+emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and
+
+intellectual growth” (Mayer & Salovey, 1997).
+
+While  elaborating  what  makes  a  leader,  Goldman  (1998),  the  thought  leader  of  EI  states
+
+“effective leaders possess high degrees of emotional intelligence. Along with IQ and technical
+
+skills, emotional capabilities are the entry-level requirements for executive positions. Emotional
+
+intelligence is playing an important role at the highest levels of the company, and is often linked
+
+to exceptional performance. Social skill is another key component to successful management”.
+
+
+
+Review of literature on stress management: Few previous studies on executives had shown
+
+significant improvement in EI. Specifically, an integrated yoga practice program of one month
+
+has  shown  significant  improvement  of  the  EI  level  of  Managers  in  (Adhia,  Nagendra,  &
+
+Mahadevan, 2010).   In another study, managers undergoing one-hours of SMET program for
+
+one month period reported significant improvement in EI (Kumari, Nath, Nagendra, & Sharma,
+
+
+
+5
+
+2007) and EC (Kumari, Nanth, & Nagendra, 2007). In another study, the five days SMET
+
+program also showed significant improvement in EI (Ganpat & Nagendra, 2011) as well as
+
+in executive functions based on Brain wave coherence (Ganpat & Nagendra, & Muralidhar,
+
+2011). In a recent study of managers in ONGC, a large public sector energy corporation found
+
+a significant increase in the scores of cognitive abilities, anxiety scores and in lowering the
+
+symptoms of distress in ONGC managers (Singh, Pradhan, & Nagendra, 2013).
+
+Effect of Yoga on Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS): An emotion is defined
+
+as a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts, and
+
+behaviors. It is a prime determinant of the sense of subjective well-being and appears to play
+
+a central role in many human activities as quoted by (Narasimhan, Nagendra, & Nagarathna,
+
+2011).  These  emotions  were  grouped  under  positive  and  negative  effect.  Positive  Affect
+
+Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) is a tool to measure the person both positive and negative
+
+emotion aspect which is very essential for anybody irrespective of professions (Watson, Clark &
+
+Tellegen, 1988). In a randomized control study design on prisoners in 7-British jail participated
+
+in either yoga program (1 class per week) or a control group for 10-week. Yoga group had
+
+increased self-reported a positive effect, and reduced stress and psychological distress compared
+
+to  control  group  (Bilderbeck,  Farias,  Brazil,  Jakobowitz,  &  Wikholm,  2013).  Similarly,  an
+
+open-arm  pre-post  study  having  450  participants  were  undergoing  integrated  yoga  module
+
+that consisted of asanas, pranayama, relaxation, notional correction and devotional sessions.
+
+Three hundred and twelve pre-post sets of data showed an increase in Positive Affect by 13%
+
+and Negative Affect reduced by 47% after a week long Yoga program. Even short term open
+
+armed study can bring a significant positive change in individuals positive and negative effect
+
+(Narasimhan, Nagendra, & Nagarathna, 2011).
+
+
+
+6
+
+Effect of Yoga on self-esteem: In a Randomized Control Trial study, which consisted of 226
+
+normal,  healthy  participants  were  undergoing  a  set  of  integrated  yoga  module  that  include
+
+asanas, pranayama, meditation, notional correction, and devotional sessions. The control group
+
+took part in physical exercises (PE). Both groups had under supervision for 6-day/week, for eight
+
+weeks, 1-hour/day. The effect size for self esteem in the Yoga group was higher than control
+
+group in three domains of self-esteem. The results suggested that both groups had an influence of
+
+self esteem in different magnitude of changes (Deshpande, Nagendra, & Nagarathna, 2009).
+
+
+
+The  research  gap  of  present  study:  The  author  found  the  research  gap  in  India  and  the
+
+significance of exploring the impact of SMET training on ONGC participant’s on their emotional
+
+health benefits. Hence the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of SMET training on
+
+Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and self-esteem.
+
+
+METHODOLOGY
+
+Keeping  the  above  objectives  in  mind,  the  researcher  selected  ONGC,  where  the  research
+
+objectives can be met fruitfully. Purposive sampling was adopted for conducting the study.
+
+ONGC is a large scale public sector undertaking in the energy sector.
+
+Participants
+
+In this research study, the sample size was calculated using the G*Power (a general power
+
+analysis program) 3.1 (Faul, Erdfelder, Buchner, & Lang, 2009). The minimum sample size
+
+need for this study was (no = 65) calculated based on previous study, i.e. The effect size was
+
+calculated as 0.456, fixing alpha = 0.05, power = 0.95 (Narasimhan, Nagarathna & Nagendra,
+
+2011) and But present current study consisted of seventy participants. All the participants were
+
+recruited from ONGC executive undergoing Self-Management of excessive tension (SMET)
+
+
+7
+
+workshop at S-VYASA. Both male and female participants with the age ranging from 25 to 60
+
+years were included in this study. Participants having multiple ailments and health related issues
+
+and women during menstruation were excluded based on general routine health check up by
+
+resident doctors. The current study was approved by the Institutional ethics committee and an
+
+informed consent form was obtained from all the participants after explaining them regarding the
+
+trial of the research.
+
+
+Limitations of the study: This study was confined to ONGC; only one large PSU managers
+
+over a period of one year. Such studies could be done in other sectors with similar growth pattern
+
+such as aviation, Hospitality, education, etc. to map and mitigate stress levels among employees.
+
+Further, there was no control group and only subjective variables were measured, short term in a
+
+residential setup.
+
+Assessment
+
+
+Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): All subjects were recorded before the start
+
+and end of the SMET workshop. Positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS). The PANAS
+
+is comprised of a total 20-item with two sub-scales 10-item each measure to assess positive and
+
+negative affect. Participants were asked to rate themselves on the scale over past 5-day using a
+
+Likert scale from 1 (“very slightly or not at all”) to 5 (“extremely”). The PANAS alpha internal
+
+consistency reliabilities are high, ranging from 0.86–0.90 for positive affect and from 0.84–0.87
+
+
+for negative affect (Watson, 1988; Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988).
+
+Rosenberg  Self-esteem  Scale:  This  is  a  self-reported  scale  consisted  10-item  evaluates
+
+individual global feeling of self worth. The rating scale ranges from 1 (strongly agree) to 4
+
+strongly disagrees). It is validated and reliable for self-esteem measures (Rosenberg, 1965).
+
+
+8
+
+Study Design: The current study was designed as a single armed pre-post study, wherein the subjects
+
+were interviewed on the record both before and after the 5 days SMET intervention.
+
+Intervention Adopted
+SMET Intervention: SMET comprises of a set of theory. The practices (Cyclic Meditation)
+
+based on the principle of ‘stimulation followed by relaxation’ derived from Mandukyakarika.
+
+Cyclic Meditation (CM), consisting of a set of eight techniques practiced cyclically, is a key process
+
+in SMET, and was practiced for 30 minutes every day. CM is very different from any other form of
+
+meditation. It comprises of a set of physiological stimulations (Yogic postures) followed by relaxation
+
+techniques, i.e. The Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT), the Quick relaxation Technique (QRT) and
+
+the Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT). The CM process is given below in a pictorial format and more
+
+details about the structure of the SMET program are given in Table-1. As explained above, the SMET has
+
+multiple component/dimensions. The details of SMET are provided in Figure-1.
+
+
+Table 1: SMET Program details
+
+
+SMET  THEORY Theory
+1. Introduction to  SMET
+2. Concept and Physiology  of Stress 3. Stress and it’s Release
+4. Executive Growth 5. Group Dynamic
+6. SMET and Yoga Therapy Research 7. Integrated Approach of Yoga therapy 8. Pranayama and Health
+9. Yoga for Mastery over Emotion (Bhakti Yoga) 10. Action in Relaxation (Karma Yoga)
+11. Concept and Basis of Yoga  (Happiness Analysis)
+
+SMET Practices Practice session Cyclic Meditation
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure-1: Schematic diagram of Cyclic Meditation
+
+
+9
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+10
+
+
+
+
+
+Results
+Data were analyzed using paired ‘t’ test to assess the effect of SMET intervention for five days.
+
+
+PANAS
+
+
+It was observed that the scores of negative affect were lower (p<0.001) and positive scores
+
+were found to be higher (p<0.01) following the SMET intervention of five days. The significant
+
+change in the scores is quoted in Table-2.
+
+
+Self-esteem
+
+
+It was evident that the self esteem scores was higher (p<0.001) following the SMET intervention.
+
+The significant changes in Self-esteem scores were reflected in Table-2.
+
+
+Table-2: The Pre & Post scores of positive & negative effect, self reported self esteem is given in the form of Mean±SD.
+
+
+n=70
+
+Positive affect
+Negative affect Difference of (Positive-Negative) affect Self-esteem
+
+
+PRE 37.4±6.35
+14.13±6.09 23.27±9.10
+
+
+21.79±4.05
+
+
+POST 40.31±5.97***
+12.54±4.26** 27.22±8.21
+
+
+23.3±4.52***
+
+Percentage changes
+-7.78
+11.25 -19.34
+
+
+-6.93
+
+P values
+
+P<0.001
+P=0.004 P<0.001
+
+
+P<0.001
+
+Legend: ***p< 0.001, **p<0.01, comparing Pre & Post scores of the above mentioned variables by using paired ‘t’-test.
+
+
+Discussions
+
+The present study found there were improvements in positive  affect, self-esteem score and
+
+decrement negative affect scores after SMET training program.
+
+
+
+
+
+11
+
+Our findings are supported by the previous scientific finding on the beneficial effects of yoga on
+
+emotional effect measured using PANAS (Bilderbeck, Farias, Brazil, Jakobowitz, & Wikholm,
+
+2013; Narasimhan, Nagendra, & Nagarathna, 2011) and self-esteem (Deshpande, Nagendra,
+
+& Nagarathna, 2009). The current findings also substantiate the a few studies conducted in
+
+targeted ONGC managers, where SMET has been shown positive improvements in EI (Adhia,
+
+2010, Kumari, Nath, Nagendra, & Sharma, 2007), recent mental status symptoms somatisation,
+
+anxiety, social dysfunction, and depression (Ganpat & Nagendra, 2011).
+
+Mechanisms: The component of SMET consisted of cyclic meditation, lecture sessions, and
+
+talks on Indian Psychology of Gita. The effect of Cyclic meditation immediately after a single
+
+session  found  a  reduction  in  oxygen  consumption  (Sarang  &  Telles,  2006),  increase  high
+
+frequency component of HRV (Patra & Telles, 2010); improve the cognitive domains measured
+
+by memory (Subramanya & Telles, 2009), attention task (Sarang & Telles, 2007; Subramanya &
+
+Telles, 2009), P300 auditory oddball task (Sarang & Telles, 2006). Further quality of sleep was
+
+enhanced in subsequent night on day practice day of CM (Patra & Telles, 2009). This suggests
+
+that CM which is a key practice of SMET practice could bring about change not only at the level
+
+of gross level but also at the tissue level.
+
+Major Findings and Conclusions: SMET program had enhanced the psychological well-being
+
+of ONGC participants in a residential setup where in they were not exposed to any work related
+
+stress. SMET appears to be a very powerful tool, with lesser investments (time, money, and
+
+resources) resulting in high impact outcomes of positive affect, lower negative affect, higher
+
+self-esteem. This study was first of its kind where in the strong psychological tools like PANAS,
+
+self-esteem was studied in a considerably good sample size.
+
+
+
+
+
+12
+
+Applications of the study: This study has a wide range of applied value. SMET practice can be
+
+introduced in an industrial setup to ensure better health and to remain unfected with stress at the
+
+workplace.
+
+Suggestions for future: In the future a large sample size with a follow up and assessment of
+
+objective variables needs to be studied to explore the effectiveness of SMET in the industrial set
+
+up where the managers really face the challenge of work and targets.
+
+In summary five days SMET program had a positive influence on positive affect scores, reducing
+
+negative affect scores and enhancing self-esteem scores of ONGC participants.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+13
+
+
+
+Reference
+Adhia, H., Nagendra, H.R., & Mahadevan, B. (2010). Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers. IIMB Managment Review, 22, 32-41.
+Shah, A., & Patnaik, I,. (2011). India's financial globalisation. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ ft/wp/2011/wp1107.pdf. India's financial globalisation.
+Becker,  I.  (2000).  Uses  of  yoga  in  psychiatry  and  medicine.  In:  Muskin  PR,  editor. Complementary and alternative medicine and psychiatry. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Press, pp. 107–45.
+Bilderbeck, A. C., Farias, M., Brazil, I. A., Jakobowitz, S., & Wikholm, C. (2013). Participation in a 10-week course of yoga improves behavioural control and decreases psychological distress in a prison population. J Psychiatr Res, 47(10), 1438-1445.
+Chakraborty, S. K. (1987). Managerial effectiveness and quality of work life: Indian insights, New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill.
+Daniel,   C.,   G.   &   Christopher,   C.R.   (2013).   Work   Stress   and   Employee   Health:   A Multidisciplinary Review. Journal of Management. 39: 1085-1122.
+Deshpande, S., Nagendra, H. R., & Nagarathna, R. (2009). A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on Gunas (personality) and Self esteem in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Yoga, 2(1), 13-21.
+Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160.
+Ganpat, T. S., & Nagendra, H. R. (2011). Integrated yoga therapy for improving mental health in managers. Industrial Phychiatric journal. 20(1), 45-48.
+Ganpat, T. S., & Nagendra, H. R. (2011). Yoga therapy for developing emotional intelligence in mid-life managers. J Midlife Health, 2(1), 28-30.
+Ganpat,  T.  S.,  Nagendra,  H.  R.  &  Muralidhar,  K.  (2011).  Effect  of  Yoga  on  brain  wave coherence in executive. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 55(4), 304-308.
+Goleman, D. (1998). What makes a leader, Harvard Business Review, pp. 82-91. as seen on the http//www.unpd.org/content /dam/Samoa/docs/UNPD_WS_TLDP2_ What makes a leader_PDF.
+Iyengar,  B. K. (1996). Light on yoga. (1996). New York: Schocken Books.
+Kumari, S., N., Nath, N. .C. B., Nagendra, H.R., & Sharma, S. (2007). Effectiveness   of SMET programme with Respect to Emotional Well-being of Managers -An Empirical Study. Vilakshan, XIMB Journal of Management. 4:165-173.
+Kumari, S., N., Nath., N. C. B., & Nagendra, H.R.(2007). Enhancing Emotional Competence among Managers through SMET. National Academy of Psychology, India. , 52(2), 171-173.
+Landy, F.J. & Trumbo, D.A. (1976). Psychology of Work Behaviour. USA, Dorsey Press.
+
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+14
+
+Marshall, J. & Cooper, C. L. (1979). Executive under pressure: A psychological study. New York: Praeger Publishers.
+Mayer, J., & Salovey, P. (1997). ‘Ability Model of Emotional Intelligence’, available on-line: http//emotionaliq.com/ (accessed 17 November 2003).
+Nagendra, H. R., &  Nagarathna, R. (1997). New perspectives in stress management. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Publications. , 61(5), 386-391.
+Narasimhan, L., Nagarathna, R., & Nagendra, H.R. (2011). Effect of integrated yogic practices on positive and negative emotions in healthy adults. Int J Yoga, 4(1), 13-19.
+Nelson, D. L. & Burke, R. J. (2000). Women Executives: Health, Stress and Success, Academy of Management Executive, 14, pp.107–21. on-line: http//emotionaliq.com/ (accessed 17 November 2003).
+Patra, S., & Telles, S. (2009). Positive impact of cyclic meditation on subsequent sleep. MED Sci Monit, 15 (7), 375-381.
+Patra, S., & Telles, S. (2010). Heart rate variability during sleep following the practice of cyclic meditation and supine rest. 35(2): 135-104.
+Robbins, S. P., and Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational behavior. 12th edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education.
+Robbins, S.P. (2003). Organisational Behavior, 10th ed., Prentice Hall, New Delhi 47. Rosenberg, M. & Princeton, N.J. (1965): Princeton University Press; 1965. Society and the
+adolescent self-image.
+Sarang, P. S., & Telles, S. (2006). Oxygen consumption and respiration during and after two yoga relaxation techniques. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 31(2), 143-153.
+Sarang,  S.  P.,  &  Telles,  S.  (2006).  Changes  in  p300  following  two  yoga-based  relaxation techniques. Int J Neurosci, 116(12), 1419-1430.
+Sarang, S. P., & Telles, S. (2007). Immediate effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on performance in a letter-cancellation task. Percept Mot Skills, 105(2), 379-385.
+Sharma, J. & Devi, A. (2011). Role stress among employees: An empirical study of commercial banks, Gurukul Business Review Vol. 7, pp. 53-61.
+Singh,S.N., Pradhan, B.,  & Nagendra, H.R. (2013). Effect of five days of self management of excessive (SMET) residential workshop on top line days. Ph D. Thesis.
+Srivastava, A.K. (2006). Role stress in the public sector: An empirical study, Managment and Change, 10 (1) pp. 1-10.
+Subramanya,  P.,  &  Telles,  S.  (2009a).  Effect  of  two  yoga-based  relaxation  techniques  on memory scores and state anxiety. Biopsychosoc Med, 3, 8.
+Subramanya, P., & Telles, S. (2009b). Performance on psychomotor tasks following two yoga-based relaxation techniques. Percept Mot Skills, 109(2), 563-576.
+Taimni, I. K. (1961). The Science of Yoga. The Theosophical Publishing House, India: Madras UNCTAD. (2012). Annual report.  pp.22. http//www.unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/
+dom2013d1_en.pdf.
+
+
+
+15
+
+Watson, D. (1988). Intra-individual and inter-individual analyses of positive and negative affect: their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54(6), 1020-1030.
+Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54(6), 1063-1070.
+Wikipedia (2014), “The free encyclopedia, Economic liberalisation in India”, as seen on the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India.
+
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+16

document/management/Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics of Managers conv.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+EMOTIONAL   DYNAMICS   OF   MANAGERS
+
+EFFECT  OF  SMET  ON EMOTIONAL  DYNAMICS  OF MANAGERS
+
+Sony Kumari Assistant  Professor
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA) , Bangalore Alex Hankey
+Associate  Professor
+SVYASA University, Bangalore H.R.Nagendra
+Chancellor
+SWASA University, Bangalore
+Abstract
+
+
+Voice  of  Research Vol. 2 Issue 1,
+June 2013
+ISSN No. 2277-7733
+
+The opening up of the Indian economy through liberalization, privatization, globalization and natural thrust towards information technology has made the task of managers increasingly more demanding. The challenges get multiplied when the executives have to work in diversified cultures.  The workforce diversity has not only affected the emotional stability of the executives but has also come on the  way of leadership behavior and effectiveness. The need for executives who are emotionally stable even in adverse circumstances is increasing. The present study examined the possibility of enhancing emotional competence (EC) through self management of excessive tension (SMET) program. Keywords : Executives, Emotional stability, Emotional competence & SMET
+
+The current upsurge of interest in emotions at the work place owes largely to the ideas of Goleman (1996, 1998) who observed that getting others to respond in a desired way is the heart of EC. At the heart of EC are two abilities-empathy, which involves reading the feeling of others, and social skills, which allow handling those feelings artfully. Our emotional intelligence (EI) determines our potential for learning the practical skills that are based on its following five elements i.e. self awareness, self regulation, empathy, adeptness in relationships, and motivation. EC shows how much of that potential we have translated into on the job capabilities. For instance, being good at serving customers is an EC based on empathy, likewise, trustworthiness is a competence based on self regulation or handling impulses and	emotions	well.	Both	customer	service	and trustworthiness are competencies that can make people outstanding in their work. Simplybeing high in EI doesn’t guarantee a person will have learned the EC that matters for work; it means only that they have excellent potential to learn  them. EC clusters into groups, each  based on common  underlying  EI  capacity  The  EC  framework basically  measures  the  two  types  of  competencies  self competence consisting  involving	self awareness,  self regulation,   and   motivation   and   social   competence consisting two dimensions i.e. empathy and social skills. The use of psychological measurement has always been somewhat controversial. Chadha (1998) observed that EC is a personal trait or a set of habits that leads to more effective or superior job performance. In other words, it is an ability that adds economic value to the efforts of a person  at  the  workplace.  The  data  documenting  the importance  of  each  of  the  20  emotional  intelligence competencies  have  been  building  for  more  than  two decades.  McClelland  (1975)  was  perhaps  the  first  to propose  the  concept   of  competence  as  a   basis  for identifying what differentiates outstanding from average
+
+performers at work. McClelland (1998) reviewed data from more than 30 different organizations and for executive’s positions   in   many   professions,   from   banking   and managing to mining, geology, sales and health care. He showed that a wide range of emotional competencies (and a  narrow  range  of  cognitive  ones)  distinguished  top performers from average ones. EC is not crying openly in the workplace. It is not talking about your personal life to detriment of your job. It is not permitting managers to lash out at employees. It is not “letting it all hang out”. The first model of EI was developed by Bar-On (1980). The basic research in this area was conducted by Salovey and Mayer (1995) who concluded that EI meets the traditional standards for being separate from “intelligence”. Concept of Emotional Intelligence in IndianContext Several  Indian  studies  have  been  done  on  emotional intelligence but still some of the issues have not clear. A study has been done to see the relevance of the concept of E.I in handling the problems in organizations. As Sinha & Jain (2004) have indicted the power of E.I. as a predictor of organizationallyrelevant outcomes in limited. There is a need to make the net larger by covering a wider spectrum of emotionally intelligent behaviors and as well as E.I. concepts  need  to  be  broadened  to  encompass  cultural specifies. E.I. has found increased acceptance as a factor that is potentially useful in understanding and practicing individual  performance  at  work.  The  role  of  E.I.  in leadership development process and many organizations has   been   analysed.Bhalla   &   Nauriyal   (2004)   have addressed   the   implications   of   E.I.   for   leadership, management and business education.
+Study done by Srivastava and Bharamanaikar (2004) on Indian   army  officers   showed   that   E.I.   significantly correlated with transformational leadership and success, but not with job satisfaction .E.I. also differed across rank
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 1, June 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733	...49...
+EMOTIONAL   DYNAMICS   OF   MANAGERS
+
+or  length  of  service. Another  related  objective  was  to examine the impact of E.I. on leadership effectiveness, success and job satisfaction. In the paper by Sibia, Misra & Srivastava (2004) they have analyzed the notion of E.I. in the context of temporary development in the field of intelligence and growing cultural sensitivityin the domain of self and emotions. Based on interacting with parents, childrens  and  teachers  they  have  come  up  with  an extended view of E.I comprising of prosocial values, action tendencies  and  affective  states.  As  is  evident  front  e results  of  the  study  and  in  view  of  the  distinctive characteristic of the Indian culture context, a culturally appropriate model of E.I. must take into cognizance the following  factors:  prosocial  values,  social  sensitivity, action tendencies & affective states. Sharma and Sharma (2004)   have   used   qualitative   method   to   evolve   an understanding of emotional competence as shared by the children. They have illustrated the interplay of thoughts and feeling as a part of self- narratives. Pant and prakash (2004)  have  tried  to  replicate  the  findings  using  a standardized measure of E.I.They report low reliabilities and mixed relationships of E.I. with key variables. They tried to empiricallyexamine the relevance of the concept of E.I.  and  its  assessment  in  Indian  context.  This  study assesses  the psychometric  properties  of  the MEIS  and whether it correlated with measures that are theoretically related  to  E.I.another  study done by Shailendra  Singh (2004) in the field of development of a self report measure of E.I is a modest attempt in Indian setting, based on the views of Goleman and has reported five factors of E.I. .He found encouraging results in the terms of the structure of E.I.  and  its  value  in  organizational  setting.  Similarly Bhattacharya, Dutt & Mandal (2004) have tried developed a five factor measure of E.I. the result suggested that the construct  of  E.I.  involve  appraisal  and  experience  of emotion  for  self and  interpersonal situation  in  valence specific term (positive-negative).E.I. largely depends on the acceptability of an individuals emotional experience and behavior in the particular socio-cultural context, which is not  emphasize in  other  scales.  Pandey and  Tripathi (2004) have reported developmental change in perception, recognition and identification of emotions in children from five age group developing a new measure of E.I. focusing on understanding emotions. Results indicated that there was increase in  E.I.  with  age and  females were more proficient in mangling and handling their emotions as well as of others. Results are discussed in the light of Indian socialization process. Tiwari and Srivastava, s (2004) work showed interesting linkages between E.I. and medium of instruction.  it  was  noted  that  the  children  attending English medium schools scored higher followed by Hindi and  mixed medium  schools children,respectively.it  was found that perceived environmental quality of home as well as school were positivelyrelated to E.I. scores. Lastly
+
+Nutan Thingujam (2004) has provided a completed and methodological  overview  of  the  present  scenario.  He critically  evaluates  the  diverse  proposals  for  ability, personalityand mixed models of E.I.He notes the strengths of  the  construct  and  reminds  the	readers  about  the various	problems	encountered    at    conceptual	and methodological  levels  .he  also  noted  the  need  of  an awareness of the cultural context in conceptualizing and assessing E.I. development of an ability measure of E.I. in India should be done carefully with special reference to the	diverse	cultural	context	in    which	there    is predominantly collectivistic culture values.
+Further  other  research  has  been  done  in  the  field  of emotions in the relation of disaster, care of Schizophrenic members in the familyand in the field of treatment, healing and rehabilitation.
+On the basis of earlier researches in Indian context here in this paper effort has been made to see the effect of certain set of yogic practice on enhancing the level of emotional competence.
+SMET
+SMET  is  a  set  of  techniques  developed  by  SVYASA (Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 1986) Bangalore. It consists of theoretical as well as the practical inputs.  The  conceptual  inputs  are in  areas like  stress, executive growth, group dynamics, and stress physiology. The practical part consists of practices related to Cyclic Meditation and asanas including instant relaxation and deep relaxation. Cyclic Meditation is a combination  of stimulation  and  relaxation,  where  relaxation  period  is longer than stimulation. This practice is based upon two principles  i.e.  depth  of  perception,  and  expansion  of awareness. This study focused on measuring the level of emotional  competence  by using  SMET  program  as an instrument to change. It was hypothesized that the SMET intervention would significantly enhance the EC among managers.
+Methods
+The sample consisted of 163 middle and top class and middle class employees from “Salora” company, the age range were between 25 to 50 years with mean and S.D (35.97 ± 5.40 ).   The rank structure for the respondents varied from engineer to deputy managers, and length of service ranged between 5 to 20 years. Total sample size (163) was divided into two groups-Yoga group (81) and Control group (82). E.Q (Emotional Quotient) has been measured by using the emotional quotient questionnaire where 15 questions are asked for 15 situations developed by N.K.Chadha.  E.C (Emotional Competence) A Scale developed by Sharma and Bhardwaj (1995) was used. It has 30 items to measure 5 emotional competencies i.e. adequate depth  of feeling (ADF), adequate expressions
+and control of emotions (AEC), ability to function with
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 1, June 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733	...50...
+EMOTIONAL   DYNAMICS   OF   MANAGERS
+
+emotions (AFE), ability to cope with problem emotions (ACPE) and encouragement of positive emotions (EPE). The  retest  reliabilities  of  the  five  subscales  ranged between  .74to  .90.  The  internal  consistency  estimates ranged between .71to .82.
+Procedure
+The E.I & E.C. Scale was administered to all the members participating  in  this study, before the intervention  and after the intervention. The intervention which was given to yoga group was SMET programme, which consists of six lecture sessions as well as practical training for one hour everyday for one month, whereas control group was given only half an hour walking everyday in the evening and was told to write diaryabout their improvement. Theory:  – Six lecture session based on Indian philosophy, name of lectures   are   as   follows-Introduction   to  SMET   (Self Management of Excessive Tension), Introduction to Stress Executive growth, Group dynamics, Stress research and stress physiology, SVYASA (Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana ) research. Practical: Starting prayer , Instant Relaxation Technique (I.R.T), adasana, Bhramari	(Makara	chanting),	Centering, Ardhakatichakrasana, Quick Relaxation Technique (Q.R.T), Shasankasana  with  Makara  chanting,  Ustrasana  with Aakara chanting,Deep Relaxation Technique (D.R.T),and Closing prayer.
+Results and Discussion
+The performances of the control and yoga intervention groups
+on themeasureofE.I&ECareshown inTable1,2,3&4.
+
+
+Table 1 : Test of Normality for E.I Pre EI Scores	Kolmogorov-Smirnov (Sig.)
+Yoga	.200
+Control	.200
+
+Table 2 : Tests of Normality for E.C
+Subscale of	Group	Kolmogorov-	Shapiro-E.C                                     Smirnov (sig.)	Wilk (Sig.)
+ECPREA	Yoga	.090
+Control	.492 ECPREB	Yoga          .017
+Control	.334 ECPREC	Yoga          .001
+Control	.400 ECPRED	Yoga          .001
+Control	.010 ECPREE	Yoga          .048
+Control	.286
+Table 3 : Within and between group changes of EI Scores Group	Pre-E.IScore	Post-E.IScore	pValue	Yoga vs.control
+Mean     S.D	Mean	S.D	Withingroup    Betweengroup
+Pairedttest	Indep.ttest
+YogaGroup	213.04    41.42    239.07	43.92    0.001	Pre-pre.867
+12.20%
+ControlGroup    211.93    36.54    193.50	39.68    0.001	Post-Post.001
+8.70%
+
+The EI score increased by 12.20% points in yoga group while decreased by 8.70% in Control, significance of p < 0.001. Both changes were significant at (p<0.001).
+
+
+Table 4 : Within and between group changes of EC Subscales
+
+GROUP
+
+Yoga
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Control
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Between
+
+Groups
+Yvs. C
+
+
+Pre (Mean±sd)
+
+Post(Mean±sd)
+
+
+Change of mean
+
+P Value
+
+(WithinGroup)
+
+Pre (Mean±sd)
+
+Post(Mean±sd)
+
+Change of mean
+
+P Value
+
+(Within Group)
+
+Pre-pre
+
+Post-post
+
+ECA
+
+53.97±8.06
+
+64.71±10.43
+
+
+18.04%
+
+0.001
+
+
+54.97±7.75
+
+54.48 ±9.45
+
+.89 %
+
+0.921
+
+
+0.594
+
+0.001
+
+ECB
+
+56.57±6.92
+
+60.57±8.52
+
+
+7.07%
+
+0.001
+
+
+56.70±5.62
+
+52.76±8.42
+
+6.95%
+
+0.005
+
+
+0.935
+
+0.001
+
+ECC
+
+56.88±7.41
+
+59.78±8.28
+
+
+5.10%
+
+0.005
+
+
+57.85±5.96
+
+51.34±8.77
+
+11.25%
+
+0.001
+
+
+0.836
+
+0.001
+
+ECD
+
+57.47±5.95
+
+62.20±7.81
+
+
+8.23%
+
+0.001
+
+
+57.89±5.95
+
+53.14±9.01
+
+8.21%
+
+0.002
+
+
+0.658
+
+0.001
+
+ECE
+
+58.82±6.80
+
+61.85±7.68
+
+
+5.16%
+
+0.001
+
+
+59.19±7.71
+
+50.14±9.11
+
+15.29%
+
+0.001
+
+
+0.760
+
+0.001
+
+TOTAL
+
+283.74±25.11
+
+309.13±38.04
+
+
+8.94%
+
+0.001
+
+
+192.44±136.58
+
+175.84±127.51
+
+8.62%
+
+0.001
+
+
+0.002
+
+0.001
+
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 1, June 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733	...51...
+EMOTIONAL   DYNAMICS   OF   MANAGERS
+
+The E.C Subscale scores increased by 5 to 18 % in yoga group  while  decreased  by 1  to  15%  in  Control.  Both changes were significant at (p<0.001) (Within groups – Wilcoxon signed rank  test).
+Highly Significant increase in EC Subscale scores in Yoga group  compared  to  Control  group  (p<0.001)  (Between groups Mann-Whitney U test)
+Conclusion:  The  present  study  clearly  indicates  that SMET intervention  contributed to better  E.I & EC. In general the participating executives reported improvement in efficiency at work. In addition they have experienced other  benefits  like  reduction  in  blood  pressure,  sleep decreases in the consumption of the tranquilizers, clarityin thinking, and relaxed feeling in action. Earlier research on occupational  stress  level  and  physiological  responses (Vempati & Telles, 2000) and level of oxygen consumption and respiration following SMET program (Telles, Reddy& Nagendra, 2000) have indicated positive benefits of the SMET program. This study lends further support to the supposed linkages between SMET and its health related psychological consequences. However, there is need for a more  detailed  study  to  spell  out  the  processes  and mechanisms of SMET intervention.
+References
+Bhalla,S.& Nauriyal,D.K., (2004) The Emergingparadigm in personnel Dynamics,   journal of National Academy of Psychology,vol-49,97-106
+Bhattacharya,M.,   Dutta,K.A.,&   Mandal.,K.M.   (2004) Factor   Structure   of   Emotional   Intelligence   in India,Journal	of	National	academy	of psychology,vol-49,142-146
+Chadha,N.K.(1998).Indian  Prime  Ministers  and  Their E.Q.(Unpublished)
+Goleman, Daniel (1996). Emotional intelligence: Why it can more matter than I.Q., NewYork: Bantam Books. Goleman   Daniel   (1998).   Working   with   Emotional
+Intelligence, NewYork: Basic Books.
+Mc. Clelland, D.C. (1975).  Power: The inner experience. NewYork: Irvington Press
+Mc Clelland, D. C. (1998). Identifying competencies with behavioral –event interview, Psychological Science, 9(5), 331-340
+Nagendra.H.R, & Nagarathn.R (1986). New Prospective in Stress Management, SVYASA (Swami Vivekananda yoga Anusandhana Samsthana) Publication.
+Pandey,.R   &Tripathi,.N.A.   (2004)	Development	of
+
+Emotional	Intelligence	:Some	Preliminary observations   Journal   of   National   Academy   of psychology,,vol-49,147-150
+Pant,  N.   &  Prakash,A.(2004)  Multifactor  Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS) in India: An Evaluation , Journal  of  National  Academy  of  Psychology,vol-49,128-135
+Salovey Peter & Mayer John (1995). E.I. Consortium at www.eiconsortium.com.
+Sharma,B.& Sharma,N.(2004) Emotional Competence in children: a Qualitative Approach, Journalof National academy of Psychology, vol-49,124-127
+Sharma.H.C. & Bhardwaj, B.L. (1995). Manual for the scale of emotional competency. Agra: Mapan.
+Sibia,G.Misra,G.	&	Srivastava,K.A.(2004)	Towards Understanding  Emotional   Intelliegnce  in   Indian context   (perspectives   of   parents,   teachers   and childrens   )   journal   of   National   academy   of Psychology,vol-49,114-123
+Singh Dalip (2001).  Emotional intelligence at work. New Delhi: Sage.
+Singh, S. (2004) Development of a Measure of Emotional intelligence,   Journal   of   Naational   Academy   of Psychology, vol-49,136-141
+Sinha ,A.K.,Jain & Jain, A.K.(2004) imperative for the organizationally  relevant   outcomes,	journal   of National Academy of  Psychology, vol-49,81-96
+Srivastava,K.B.L.& Bharamamaikar,S.R.,(2004) Emotional Intelligence  and  Effective  Leadership  Behavior  , Journal  of  National  Academy  of  Psychology,vol-49,107-113
+Telles, Shirley , Redddy, S.K.  & Nagendra, H.R. (2000). Oxygen consumption and respiration following two days	yoga	relaxation	techniques.	Applied Psychology and Biofeedback, 25, no24
+Thingujam.,N.S.,	(2004)	Current	Trend	&Future Perspective on E.I.,Journal of National Academy of Psychology,vol-49,155-166
+Tiwari.,P.S.N.&Srivastava,.N.(2004)	Schooling	and Development of Emotional Intelligence , Journal of National Academy of psychology,vol-49,151-154
+Vempati R.P. & Telles, Shirley(2000). Baseline occupational stress levels and  physiological responses to a  two day stress management program. Journal of Indian
+Psychology, 18, no 1& 2.
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+Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 1, June 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733	...52...

document/management/Effect of SMET program base lifestyle on state anxiety on managers conv.txt

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+EFFECT OF SMET PROGRAM BASE LIFESTYLE ON STATE ANXIETY ON MANAGERS
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+Shatrughan Singh, M.Sc.,Balram Pradhan, Ph.D.,Nagendra HR. Ph.D.
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+Division of Yoga and Management, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bengaluru
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+All correspondence related to this article has to be addressed to:
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+Dr. H. R. Nagendra, Eknath Bhavan, #19, Gavipuram Circle, Bangalore 560 019, Phone numbers 080 2263 9961, E-mail address: [email protected]
+
+ABSTRACT
+
+Objective
+To determine the short term effect of SMET programed on top executive managers. Design
+73 managers were participated in a five days Yoga based stress management program. The session was comprised of lecture on stress, mediation techniques, devotional sessions, discorses on Bhagavadgita, and practical seesions SMET.
+Main outcome measures
+The pre- and post SMET effects were mesured using the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results
+Thre were significant reduction in state anxiety after five days, Changes from pre to post-session assessments suggested improvement in anxiety score (10.45%, p<0.001)
+Conclusion
+The reduction anxiety score may have contributed due to impact of different yoga techniques and well-structured lifestyle intervention supervised program.
+Key word: Anxiety, managers, STAI, self-management of excessive tension.
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+INTRODUCTION
+Yoga is an ancient Indian science which helps to improve physical, mental, social and spiritual
+
+health. To achiev the state of health various  yoga techchniques have been used as  a tool. Patanjali has precribed eight limbs of yoga but  most of the people very often used asana, pranayams, and mediation. Apart from conventional treatment many choose yoga as an atlenatve excecise. A article on yoga program reported combines meditation and regulated breathing (pranayamas) as a program called Siddha Samadhi Yoga, reduced scores of anxiety (state and trait), depression, and feelings of tension were reported [1]. Also some similar scientific studies on different study found improvement in stai including other measures immediate effect of relaxation responces, Deep Relaxation techniques [2]; cyclic meditation [3] showed reduction in State Anxiety.  In a clinical randomize study Integrated approach of yoga therapy had positive effect  on  reducing pain, morning stiffness, state and trait anxiety, blood pressure and pulse rate in patients with OA knees[4].
+
+Japan study showed the irrespective of age difference, yoga shown positive effect on different
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+age group. Senior group (65 to 75 years) and Younger group (20 to 30 years) found reduction salivary amylase activity, State and Trait anxiety score following on month of Yoga practices of 90 minutes ones or twice for a month [5].
+
+The pre and post Tai chi/yoga effects were found increase relaxation including decrease anxiety and a trend for increased EEG theta activity [6].Yoga program is helping to achieve relaxation and reduce stress which performs in a daily as their routine activities, and increases the quality of life in cancer patients measure by state and trait anxiety inventory [7].
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+Sahaja  Yoga  meditation  is  a  safe  and  effective  strategy  for  dealing  with  work  stress  and depressive feelings. The findings suggest that "thought reduction" or "mental silence" may have specific effects relevant to work stress and hence occupational health [8].
+
+Job satisfaction, job involvement, goal orientation, effective organizational commitment and team building behavior are the five indicatore to measure the work attitude to improve the organizatioanl performance. This depends on the manager who works for its developments. Scientific investigation showed that Yoga Way of Life by managers had a significant positive impact on four out of five of these indicators of organizational performance indicators [9]. A
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+2
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+study had shown improvements in Emotion intelligence [10] on the managers. Since, there is no study which evaluates the anxiety. Hence this study was attempted to investigate the State anxiety of the manager undergoing 5 days of SMET program was taken up.
+
+Material and Methods
+
+The present study consisted of 73 Managers (58 male; 15 Female) with the age range of (37 to 62 years)  with  a  mean±SD  of  (52.38±5.02).  All  participants  were  from  Oil  and  Natural  Gas Corporation  Limited.  They  were  free  from  cognitive  impairment  but  having  mild  form  of physical illness. The signed informed consent forms were obtained from them after explaining them about detailed study design. The pre-post design for the present study due to fact that the participant staed over in a residential setup and all of them were sent by the ONGC to join this SMET  program.  Hence  any kind  of  control  group  design  was  quite  impractical  in  present conditions.
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+Interventions
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+All participants followed 5 days of a SMET based lifestyle modification based on the following
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+schedule given in the Table 1 and Table 2.
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+Table 1: The schedule of the Self –Management of Excessive Tension Program
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+Time	Activity
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+5.00 AM	Ablution
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+5.30 AM	Prayer (Prathasmaran)
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+6.00 AM	Asana / Special yoga technique
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+Time	Activity
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+3.00 PM	SMET lecture session 2
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+4.00 PM	SMET practice (Cyclic Meditation)
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+5.00 PM	Tuning to nature
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+7.15 AM	Friendship  meet  (Maitri  Milan)-   6.00 PM	Devotional session(Bhajan)
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+Gita	sloka	chanting	and discourse(Satsang)
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+8.00 AM
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+9.30 AM
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+10.30
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+AM
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+11.30 AM
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+12.05 PM
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+Breakfast
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+SMET lecture session-1
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+SMET practice (Cyclic
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+Meditation)
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+Milk or Ayurvedic Tea (Malt)
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+Special yoga techniques
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+6.45 PM
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+7.30 PM
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+8.30 PM
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+9.15 PM
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+10.00 PM
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+MSRT(Mind Sound
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+Resonance technique)
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+Dinner
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+Happy assembly (Yogagame
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+session)/ Cultural program
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+Group discussion/ Self practice
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+Lights off
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+1.00 PM	Lunch and rest
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+Table 2: Lecture sessions during Self –Management of Excessive Tension Program.
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+Sl.No	Session 1
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+1	Concept of stress
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+2	Stimulation- Relaxations
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+3	Stress levels and its release
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+4	Executive growth
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+5	Group awareness
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+Session 2
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+Stress-induced problem and management
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+Stress and its management according to yoga
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+Recognition of stress is half the solution
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+Depth of perception and awareness
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+Progress in tune with nature
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+Cyclic Meditation
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+The  SMET  program  is  based  on  the  cyclic  Mediation  which  was  developed  at  Swami Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation to combat the stress of excessive tension [11]. Cyclic meditation is repetition of cyclic order of dharana and dhyana phase of yoga component. These components trained the practitioner to develop mental wakefulness, vigilance, concentration without getting disturbed by stress and distracted thoughts; they were able to reach to a state of mental equilibrium. The practitioner trained himself to recognize distracted thought (stress and tension) and gradually converted it into the focused or attentive thought (Relaxation).
+
+Throughout the Cyclic Meditation practice subjects kept their eyes closed, and followed the instructions  given  by  the  instructor.  The  instructions  emphasized  carrying  out  the  practice slowly, with awareness and relaxation. The practice  began by repeating a verse from the yoga text, the Mandukya Upanishat [12]; followed by isometric contraction of the muscles of the body ending with supine rest; slowly coming up from the left side and standing at ease (called tadasana) and ‘balancing’ the weight on both feet, called centering; then the first actual posture, bending to the right (ardhakatichakrasana); a gap of few min in täòäsana with instructions about relaxation and awareness; bending to the left (ardhakatichakrasana); a gap as before for few min; forward bending (padahastasana; another gap similarly as given earlier; backward bending (ardhacakrasana); and slowly coming down in the supine posture with instructions to relax
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+5
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+different parts of the body in sequence. The postures were practiced slowly, with awareness of all the sensations that are felt. The key features of cyclic meditation are (i) postures interspersed with relaxation, (ii) slowness of movements, (iii) continuity, (iv) inner awareness, (v) feeling of heart beat, changes in blood flow and sound resonance, and (vi) recognition of linear, surface, three-dimensional and all pervasive awareness.
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+Assessments
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+State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was given before and after 5 days of SMET programm to
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+assess change in State anxiety. The State anxiety evaluates how respondents feel right now which consisted 20 questions and each question is rated 1 to 4. In responding to the STAI S-Anxiety scale, partiipants rated on the standard test form to the right of each item statement, which describes their feeling 1) not at all, 2) somewhat, 3) moderately so, 4) very much so. The questionnairs consisted of both anxiety questions and anxiety absent questions. The score of the anxiety present items are the same as the respondent rated in the test form i.e. 1,2,3, and 4 whereas items are reversed for the anxiety absent items scored as 4,3,2,1 for 1,2,3,4 respectively. Scores for the STAI scales ranges from 20 to 80 [13].
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+DATA ANALYSIS
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+The data were analyzed using SPSS 16. Twelve participants were excluded from  the final analysis because they were not given the post assessment. The paired‘t’ test used to compared the pre and post of state anxiety score.
+
+RESULTS
+
+There was a significant different in state anxiety score (P<0.001, 10.45%) compared to its base
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+line.
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+Table 3 State anxiety score pre and post 5 days of SMET program. Values are Group Mean and Standard Deviations.
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+Variables
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+Total Score
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+Assessments
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+Pre
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+Post
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+Score (n=73)
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+33.0 ±9.59
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+29.55±6.29***
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+Percentage
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+changes
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+10.45%
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+p-values
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+P< 0.001
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+*** P < 0.001, pre compared with post using paired‘t’ test.
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+DISCUSSIONS
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+The present study showed an imoprovement of 10.45% in anxiety reduction following 5 days an integrated yoga-based SMET programed attended by top-executive managers. In the previous study, there was a 6% reduction was seen followigng immmediate effect a combined form of 20-minute of tai chi/yoga [6], 13.88% reduction in state anxiety followong yoga based lifestyle intervention [14].
+
+Scientific investigation  had showed reduction in  anxiety through relaxaion  techniques  [15], systemic review on yoga [16], with six session of yoga programed on dementia caregiver [17], and a week yoga program amonge flood surviors [18], 20 yoga sessions programe in participant diagnosed with anger and anxiety symptoms [19]. These reports and the present study results suggested the followed 5 days of a SMET based lifestyle modification training programed may improved anxiety score.
+
+The limitaion of the present study were (i) with short duration of intevetion (ii) simple pre-post
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+design where it is difficult to identify the exact effect of perticular intervention. Further study need to be done with ramdomize control with an exteded time dutration on intervention with objective measure such as cotisol level and other stress indicator vriable which will give insight to understand machanism.
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+REFFERENCES
+
+1.	Kozasa, E.H., et al., Evaluation of Siddha Samadhi Yoga for anxiety and depression symptoms: a preliminary study. Psychol Rep, 2008. 103(1): p. 271-4.
+2.	Khemka,  S.S.,  N.H.  Rao,  and  R.  Nagarathna,  Immediate  effects  of  two  relaxation techniques on healthy volunteers. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 2009. 53(1): p. 67-72.
+3.	Subramanya, P. and S. Telles, Effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on memory scores and state anxiety. Biopsychosoc Med, 2009. 3: p. 8.
+4.	Ebnezar, J., et al., Effect of integrated yoga therapy on pain, morning stiffness  and anxiety in osteoarthritis of the knee joint: A randomized control study. Int J Yoga, 2012. 5(1): p. 28-36.
+5.	Gururaja, D., et al., Effect of yoga on mental health: Comparative study between young and senior subjects in Japan. Int J Yoga, 2011. 4(1): p. 7-12.
+6.        Field, T., M. Diego, and M. Hernandez-Reif, Tai chi/yoga effects on anxiety, heartrate, EEG and math computations. Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2010. 16(4): p. 235-8.
+7.	Ulger, O. and N.V. Yagli, Effects of yoga on the quality of life in cancer patients. Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2010. 16(2): p. 60-3.
+8.	Manocha, R., et al., A randomized, controlled trial of meditation for work stress, anxiety and depressed mood in full-time workers. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2011. 2011: p. 960583.
+9.	Adhia, H., H. Nagendra, and B. Mahadevan, Impact of yoga way of life on organizational performance. Int J Yoga, 2010. 3(2): p. 55-66.
+10.	Ganpat, T.S. and H.R. Nagendra, Yoga therapy for developing emotional intelligence in mid-life managers. J Midlife Health, 2011. 2(1): p. 28-30.
+11.	Nagendra, H.R. and R. Nagarathna, New perspectives in stress management. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Publications. , 1997.
+12.	Chinmayananda, S., Mandukya Upanisad. Sachin publishers, Bombay. Sachin publishers, Bombay., 1984. 1(5): p. 386-91.
+13.	Spielberger, C.D., R.L. Gorsuch, and R.E. Lushene, Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. . Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
+14.	Gupta, N., et al., Effect of yoga based lifestyle intervention on state and trait anxiety. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 2006. 50(1): p. 41-7.
+
+
+9
+
+15.	Smith, C., et al., A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complement Ther Med, 2007. 15(2): p. 77-83.
+16.	Kirkwood, G., et al., Yoga for anxiety: a systematic review of the research evidence. Br J Sports Med, 2005. 39(12): p. 884-91; discussion 891.
+17.	Waelde, L.C., L. Thompson, and D. Gallagher-Thompson, A pilot study of a yoga and meditation intervention for dementia caregiver stress. J Clin Psychol, 2004. 60(6): p. 677-87.
+18.	Telles, S., et al., Post traumatic stress symptoms and heart rate variability in Bihar flood survivors following yoga: a randomized controlled study. BMC Psychiatry, 2010. 10: p. 18.
+19.	Shapiro, D., et al., Yoga as a Complementary Treatment of Depression: Effects of Traits and Moods on Treatment Outcome. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2007. 4(4): p. 493-502.
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees; a randomised controlled study.
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+Jyothi Vasu
+Research Scholar, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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+Towards the partial fulfillment of Doctoral degree in Yoga
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+under the guidance of
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+Sony KumariM.A., PhD
+Professor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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+
+and co-guidance of
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+K. B. AkhileshM.S., PhD
+Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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+H. R. NagendraM.E., PhD
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+Chancellor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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+The Division of Yoga & Management
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (SVYASA- A university established under section 3 of the UGC Act. 1956)
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 203
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+Abstract
+
+
+Background :
+
+This study seeks to investigate the impact of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) yoga program on changes in Positive and Negative affectivity of the employees.
+Materials and methods: It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group) intervention study with pre and post assessments. SMET yoga program is used as an intervention.A sample of 240 employees (120-Yoga and 120-Control group) consisting of both male and female, working for a BPO office in Bengaluru, India belonging to an age group of 20-45 years participated in the study. PANAS scale was used to administer the study parameters. Data was analysed by using SPSS software.
+Results:A considerable variation in mean values (difference in pre and post data) were observed after SMET intervention for various dimensions ofPositive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Schedule (PANAS). The results were found to be significant with p < 0.05.
+Conclusions: Studyshowed that SMET helped to increase Positive affectivity and to reduce the Negative affectivity of the employees.
+
+Key words: Cyclic Meditation, Negative Affectivity,Personality Traits, Positive Affectivity, SMET, Yoga
+
+
+
+Background:
+
+The word "personality" originates from the Latin word persona, which means mask (Stevko, 2014). In French, it is equivalent to personalete. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviours consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes (Srivastava & Mishra, 2016). It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress.
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+Personality affects all aspects of a person's performance, even how he reacts to situations on the job. Not
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+every personality is suited for every job position, so it's important to recognize personality traits and pair
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+employees with the duties that fit their personalities the best. This can lead to increased productivity and job satisfaction, helping your business function more efficiently.
+
+Introduction:
+
+Positive Affectivity:
+
+Positive  Affectivity  (PA)  is  a  personality  characteristic  that  describes  how  humans  experience positive emotions while interacting with others and with their surroundings. Those with high positive
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 204
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+affectivity are typically enthusiastic, energetic, confident, active, and alert. Those having low levels of positive affectivity can be characterized by sadness, lethargy, distress, and un-pleasurable engagement (Watson et al, 1988).
+
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+Positive affect reflects neither a lack of negative affect, nor the opposite of negative affect, but is a
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+separate,  independent  dimension  of  emotion. Positively  affected  people  are  said  to  be  more  active physically, socially, mentally and emotionally (Watson &Tellegen, 1988a).
+
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+Positive affectivity is a managerial and organizational behavior tool used to create positive environments
+
+in the workplace. Through the use of PA, the manager can induce a positive employee experience and culture. The positive affectivity hypothesis predicts that employees with positive dispositions receive more supervisor support because they are more socially oriented and likable.PA can be measured as both a state and a trait; state affect captures how a person feels at any given time while trait affect is the tendency of a person to experience a particular affective state over time (Watson and Pennebaker, 1989).
+
+
+PA helps individuals to process emotional information accurately and efficiently, to solve problems, to make plans, and to earn achievements. Psychological capital (PsyCap) refers to an individual’s positive psychological  state  of  development  and  is  characterised  by  positive  affectivity,  self-efficacy,  hope, resilience, and optimism.
+
+
+PA may influence to enhance the personal resources which can help to overcome or deal with distressing situations.  These  resources  are  physical  (e.g.,  better  health),  social  (e.g., social  support networks), intellectual and psychological (e.g., resilience, optimism, and creativity). PA provides a psychological break or relief from stress, supporting continued efforts to replenish resources depleted by stress.Its buffering functions provide a useful antidote to the problems associated with negative emotions and ill health due to stress. Likewise, happy people are better at more mature coping efforts than people with negative emotions.
+
+
+Negative Affectivity:
+
+Negative Affect (NA) is a dimension of subjective distress that includes a variety of adverse mood states, including anger, contempt, disgust, fear, and nervousness (Watson et al., 1988). NA, like PA, can be measured as both a state and a trait and has been linked to both subjective and objective health indicators. State NA has been linked to increased same-day pain (Gil et al., 2003) and decreases in self-reported health (Benyamini et al., 2000). Evans and Egerton (1992) found that state NA led to a higher incident of
+
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+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 205
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+colds.  Burnout  is  a  negative  affective  state  caused  by  recurring  distress  (Shirom,  1989).Negative affectivity is a stable and inherited disposition to experience nonspecific distress or unpleasant emotions (Clark et al. 1994). It is considered by some to be synonymous with the personality factor of neuroticism, which corresponds to individuals’ tendency to experience negative affect states (Costa and McCrae 1980; Watson et al. 1988a).
+
+It  is  important  to  an  organisation  that  its  employees  must  be  emotionally  balanced.  The  greatest competitive advantage for an organisation’seconomy is a positive workforce. Therefore it is important for organisations to find ways to enhance their employees’ positive psychological states of mind and decrease their negative emotions i.e. their psychological capital, to achieve desired organisational outcomes.
+
+Negative affectivity (NA) is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Watson and Clark (1984) proposed that negative affectivity encompasses a range of constructs including trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, and maladjustment, among others. Negative affectivity roughly corresponds to the dominant personality factor of anxiety/neuroticism that is found within the Big Five personality traits as emotional stability. Neuroticism can plague an individual with severe mood swings, frequent sadness, worry, and being easily disturbed, and predicts the development and onset of all common mental disorders.Research shows that negative affectivity relates to different classes of variables such as, self-reported stress and poor coping skills, health complaints, and frequency of unpleasant events. Weight gain and mental health complaints are often experienced as well.
+
+
+Negative affectivity is considered a general risk factor for a range of physical and mental health problems, which frequently co-occur. For example, someone experiencing one negative mood state (e.g., sadness) is likely to report greater levels of other negative mood states such as fear or anger (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2010). As a trait, negative affectivity is considered a broad predisposition to experience negative emotions  such  as  anxiety,  fear,  and  sadness  (Watson  et  al.  1988b).  Indeed,  negative  affectivity  is associated with a range of psychopathology, including eating disorders (Cook et al. 2014; Stice 2002), substance use disorders (Cook et al. 2014), schizophreniaspectrum disorders (Blanchard et al. 1998), personality disorders (Zeigler-Hill and Abraham 2006), and a variety of health concerns (Watson and Naragon-Gainey  2014).  Additionally,  negative  affectivity  is  theorized  to  play  an  etiological  role accounting for the overlap in negative emotional disorders of anxiety and depression (Clark and Watson 1991).
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 206
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Further,  negative  affect  was  identified  as  one  of  five  “core  elements”  of  personality  along  with detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism (Krueger et al. 2012), emphasizing the role of negative affectivity not only in personality disorders but also personality at a broader level. Notably, negative affectivity is theorized to be a preexisting temperamental disposition, occurring prior to the onset of specific pathology. Prospective studies have found negative affectivity to predict later onset of a range of problems including mental health, hypertension, and substance abuse (Craske et al. 2001; Jonas and Lando 2000; Measelle et al. 2006; Pine et al. 1998). Overall, available works suggest negative affectivity is a consistent marker of distress across a range of presenting problems and plays an etiological role in their onset.
+
+Hence employees having more negative affectivity trait cannot use their maximum potential and hence will find it difficult to give their fullest to the organization. Therefore these employees may be assisted to decrease their negative affectivity, so that they would be able to work more efficiently and contribute positively to the growth and success of the organization.
+
+
+Stress   Management   programs   (SMP)   are   conducted   in   organisations   to   help   employees   to overcomephysical and mental imbalances. Though everyone is unique, we all possess certain traits that set us apart from the rest, for many reasons. These traits define who we are and how we respond to situations. We only need to ignite that dormant passion and give a boost to our persona.
+
+
+The Stress  Management  programs assists  individuals  to  effectively manage  the  imbalance in  healthy ways, including - exercising, seeking social support, using pleasant activities and relaxation techniques. The Stress Management training program in the workplace builds on the better Work-Life balance. Studies  on  Stress  Management  programs  suggests  that  these  comprehensive  programs  can  improve mental health, behaviour and well-being of workers.
+Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the imbalances enormously. Self-Management  of  Excessive  Tension(SMET)  is  one  such  holistic  yoga-based  stress  management program  developed  by  Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga  AnusandhanaSamsthana  (S-VYASA)  University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 207
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+YOGA:
+
+Yoga is a conscious process of gaining mastery over the mind. It’s a process of elevating oneself through calming of mind.
+
+The great sage Patanjali ‘father of yoga’ uses the word ‘Klesha’ in his ‘Yoga Sutras’ for stress and
+
+proposes the techniques of yoga for reducing (thinning) stress. It will not be a sudden elimination but gradual systematic process of moving from higher stress levels to lower ones and slowly eliminating.
+
+According to ‘Bhagavadgita’ (2 - 62, 63), by using the technique of yoga, we learn to expand our
+
+horizons, increase our capacities and manifest our dormant potentialities.
+
+
+Hence yoga is one of the popular ways to reduce physical and mental imbalances to a greater extent. It helps to set right the defects in different koshas. The negative emotions like Negative Affectivity can be minimised which helps to develop confidence, to increase optimism, enthusiasm and other positive characters. An employee with more positivities, tries to improve his performance and in turn strives for the growth of the organisation and also helps to achieve its goals and targets.
+
+Benefits of Yoga :
+
+Yoga offers man a conscious process to solve menacing problems of unhappiness, restlessness, emotional upset, hyper-activity and so on.
+
+It helps to evoke the hidden potentialities of man in a systematic and scientific way by which man becomes a complete individual.   His   physical,   mental, emotional, spiritual and intellectual faculties develop  in  a  harmonious  and  integrated  manner  to  meet  the  all-round  challenges  of  the  modern technological era with its hectic speed.
+
+It also helps for muscular relaxation, developing willpower and improving creativity.
+
+SMET- Self-Management of Excessive Tension
+
+Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) module is a holistic yoga-based stress management program  which  is  developed  by  Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga  AnusandhanaSamsthana  (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. Yoga offers total rehabilitation by integrated module of SMET.
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 208
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+SMET is based on MāndukyaUpanishad consisting of Yogic science and Vedic ideology for combating physical and mental imbalances and ensuring all round health of the body and mind combined. It is a series of successive stimulations and relaxations that can solve the complex problems of the mind. It helps to release stress at deeper levels. This technique is interspersed and an aspirant finds it easy in comparison with other practices of yoga.
+
+
+The cardinal principles of Yoga are; “stimulation and relaxation of the body; slow down the breath and calm down the mind”. Crystallizing such principles into practical techniques, S-VYASA has developed highly effective programs of stress management, offered under the following four headings:
+
+
+1. Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT) 2. Quick Relaxation Technique (QRT) 3. Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT)
+4. Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET)
+
+
+Aim and Objectives of SMET: 1.   Stimulate the mind.
+2.   Calm down the distractions. 3.   Recognize the Stagnations.
+4.   Achieve peace and happiness.
+
+5.   Enhancing the efficiency of staff involved in management and other stream 6.   Promoting health and wellbeing through yoga
+7.   Recovering and managing various physical and mental aliments through specific yoga techniques.
+
+8.   Improving the skills and equipoise in action by developing concentration and absolute focus towards work through various Yoga techniques.
+
+
+Components of SMET :
+
+(a) Theory sessions - namely Lectures, Talks, Counselling, Discourses and
+
+(b)  Practice  sessions  -  Cyclic  Meditation  (CM)  which  includesÄsanas,  Relaxation  techniques  and Meditation.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 209
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+Theory sessions - topics:
+
+1.   Concept of Stress
+
+2.   Growth of Executives 3.   Group Dynamics
+4.   Introduction to SMET
+
+5.   Recognition of problem is half solution 6.   S-VYASA movement
+7.   Researches on SMET
+
+8.   Benefits and Advantages of going through SMET program
+
+
+
+Practice session - Cyclic Meditation - CM:
+
+Cyclic Meditation is a practice, built on the principle of alternate Stimulation and Relaxation. This technique was developed by Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru. It is a simple and effective technique to relieve stress and induce deep sleep and relaxation. There are proven results that, CM can reduce the number of hours needed in order to feel rejuvenated.
+
+Cyclic Meditation involves the following steps :
+
+Step 1.   Lie down in śavāsana and chant Opening Prayer  “Layesambodhayetchittam……….”
+
+ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल३-४४॥
+layesaṃbodhayeccittaṃvikṣiptaṃśamayetpunaḥ | sakaṣāyaṃvijānīyātsamaprāptaṃnacālayet ||māndukyopaniśat kārika|| 3-44 ||
+
+Meaning: If the mind becomes inactive in a state of oblivion awaken it again. If it is distracted,, bring it
+
+back to the state of tranquility. (In the intermediary state) know the mind containing within it desires in potential form. If the mind has attained the state of equilibrium, then do not disturb it again.
+
+Stimulate & awaken the sleeping mind, calm down the distractions, recognize the innate stagnations & stay in steadiness without disturbing it.
+
+
+Step 2	(a) Perform IRT - Instant Relaxation Technique
+
+(b) Coming up to Tāḍāsanasthiti (standing position) – Linear awareness (c) Relaxation and centering in Tāḍāsana
+Step 3.  Standing asana - Perform Ardhakaṭicakrāsana (first right and then left )
+
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 210
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+(a)  Coming down tośavāsana from right side Step 4.  Perform QRT - Quick Relaxation Technique
+Step 5.  Sitting āsanas - Sit up and relax in Danḍāsana (sitting with leg stretching) (a)Perform Vajrāsana
+(b)Perform Sasankāsana and return to Vajrāsana (c) Perform Ardha-uśtrāsanaor uśtrāsana
+(d) Relax in leg stretching sitting position (e) Go straight back to śavāsana
+Step 6.  Perform DRT – Deep Relaxation Technique
+
+(a) Come up straight and assume any sitting position -preferably Vajrāsana (b) Chant Closing Prayer “ Omsarvebhavantusukhinah…….”
+
+ॐललललल लललललल लललललल|ललललल ललललल लललललललल ।
+ललललल ललललललल लललललललल
+|लल लललललललललललललललललललल । ॐललललललल ललललललल ललललललल ॥
+
+sarve bhavantu sukhinah, sarve santu nirāmayāh, sarve bhadrāṇi paśyantu, mā kaścit duhkha bhāgbhavet; om ṣāntih ṣāntih ṣāntihi॥
+
+Meaning:
+
+
+May	all	become	happy,	May	none	fall	ill;	May	all	see	auspiciousness	everywhere, May none ever feel sorrow, Om peace peacepeace.
+
+
+Need for the study :
+
+Physically healthy and mentally sound employees are the assets for an organisation.Improved Positive affectivity and reduced Negative affectivity of employees are considered to be very important factors which are necessary for the growth and success of an organization in achieving its goals.
+
+No studies have reported examining the impact of SMET Yoga Program on Positive and Negative
+
+affectivity. Hence the need.
+
+Study Rationale:
+
+There are many reasons for all sorts of physical, mental and emotional imbalances of a person. Hence these imbalances causes hindrances for an employee to work to his maximum potential or to exhibit positive characters.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 211
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+So by reducing theimbalance , one can maximize his potential and work with a healthy and positive state of mind. Keeping this aspect as a rationale, efforts have been made to improve the positive characters of employeesand to minimise theirnegative characters.
+Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the Negative affectivity and improve positivity enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based	stress	management	program	developed	by	Swami	Vivekananda	Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, which has been used as an intervention in our study.
+
+
+Aim:
+
+To study the impact of SMET yoga module on positive and negative characteristics of employees.
+
+
+Objective:
+
+ To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Positive affectivity of employees.  To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Negative affectivity of employees.
+
+Hypothesis:
+
+Null Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will not improve Positive affectivity and will not reduce Negative affectivity of the employees.
+Research Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will improve Positive affectivity and will reduce Negative affectivity of the employees.
+
+
+Research Methodology:-
+
+Research Design:
+
+It is a randomised two group (yoga and  control group), intervention study with pre and post assessments.
+
+SMET program is used as an intervention. Yoga group will undergo SMET yoga program and Control group will be engaged in their routine work and they will undergo SMET program after the study. It will be a waitlist control group.
+
+Measures:-
+
+Dependant variables– Positive affectivity andNegative affectivity
+
+Independent variable –Job stress
+
+
+
+
+
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+Control Variables – Age, Gender, Qualification, Designation, Job Tenure
+
+Research Instruments used:
+
+PANAS scale- developed by Watson, D.,Clark, L. A., &Tellengen, A., (1988) - measures 10 specific positive and 10 specific negative affects each at two different levels. It uses a 5-point scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to indicate the extent of generally feeling the respective mood state. The Authors calculated Cronbach á coefficients in different samples range from 0.90 to 0.96 for PA and from 0.84 to 0.87 for NA.
+
+Reliability and Validity:
+
+Reliability and Validity reported by Watson (1988) was moderately good. For the Positive Affect Scale, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.86 to 0.90; for the Negative Affect Scale, 0.84 to 0.87. Over a 8-week time period, the test-retest correlations were 0.47-0.68 for the PA and 0.39-0.71 for the NA. The PANAS has strong reported validity with such measures as general distress and dysfunction, depression, and state anxiety.
+
+
+Samples :
+
+Source – The sampling technique used in this research is simple random sampling. Employees working
+
+for Vee-Technologies private Ltd., a BPO organisation at Bengaluru, India were selected randomly for the study. Subjects of the present study were from different departments of the organization like finance, HRM, production etc. and they belonged to the category of managers, non-managers and official staff of the organization.
+
+Criteria - Both male and female employees of 20 to 45 years of age group were selected.
+
+Size - Total of 240 employees participated in the study, out of which 120 belonged to ‘experimental Yoga group’ and 120 belonged to ‘waitlisted Control group’.
+
+Duration of the study :3 months,  weekly 2 days, one hour session per day. Employees were asked to practice the same at home for the remaining 3 days of the week by listening to the instructions which were recorded by them. They self-reported their home practice.
+
+
+Statistical Analysis: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 213
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+
+
+Results / Findings:
+
+The response choices of the scale used, consisted of a Likert type 5 point rating scale.
+
+As the data consists of scores given to the response choices, the variables under measurement are not normally distributed. Hence analysis was made using non-parametric tests. The Mann -Whitney U test is used to measure the significance of the data.
+
+Table 1 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Yoga group.
+
+In this table we can see that there is a significant change in the mean values of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This implies that SMET has a positive impact in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees.
+
+Table 2 shows median, mode and percentile values for yoga group of employees.
+
+Table 3 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Control group.
+
+In this table, there is not much difference in the mean values of the variables of  pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program.
+
+Table 4 shows median, mode and percentile values for Control group of employees.
+
+Table 5 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Yoga group - employees.
+
+In this table we can see that there is a tremendous change in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This proves the positive effect of SMET in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees.
+
+Table 6 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Control group - employees.
+
+In this table, there is not much difference in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of the variables of  pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program.
+
+Table 7 shows the actual significance values of the test for PANAS of employees of Yoga group.
+
+This table clearly shows the significance of data of each dimension of PANAS of Yoga group. Since the P value is < 0.05 in each case, it means to say that, Reject Null Hypothesis and Accept Research Hypothesis.
+
+The post data of different variables of Control group were not found to be significant for PANAS (p not less than 0.05) as per our observation.
+
+SMET has a positive impact on all the variables of PANAS. SMET has helped the employees in improving their Positive (characters) Affectivity and to reduce theirNegative (emotions) Affectivity to a maximum extent.
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 214
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+Discussions :
+
+Previous studies and research findings aboutSMET :
+
+A study on SMET, reported decrease in occupational stress levels and baseline autonomic arousal in managers, showing significant reduction in sympathetic activity (Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S. (2000)). Effectiveness of Self- Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) programme on emotional well-being of managers was studied.. In this study, Emotional Quotient was used as an indicator for emotional well-being. SMET intervention contributed to the betterment of emotional well- being of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study was made to assess the effect of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET), on brain wave coherence. Results of a study showed that participation in a SMET program was associated with improvement in emotional stability and may have implications  for  'Executive  Efficiency'.  On  the  whole,  significant  increase  in  cognitive  flexibility, intelligence and emotional stability were attained by following SMET (Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R.  (2011))  .A study examined  the  possibility of enhancing emotional competence  (EC)  along with emotional  Intelligence  (EI)  through  Self  Management  of  Excessive  Tension  (SMET)  program.  The participating executives reported improvement in efficiency at work. In addition they have experienced other benefits like reduction in blood pressure, sleep decreases in the consumption of the tranquilizers, clarity in thinking, and relaxed feeling in action (Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R. (2013)). In another study, SMET intervention has again proved to contribute to significant enhancement of emotional competence level of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study evaluates the impact of a 5 day stress management programme (SMET) for managers as measured by AcuGraph3  - ‘Digital  Meridian  Imaging’  system.  The  5  days  SMET  intervention  increased  overall ‘Prāṇic’energy in the main acupuncture meridian channels. The program significantly improved overall chi (Chinese term) energy. Chi energy would increase, both in individual meridians and the overall (Meenakshy K. B., Alex Hankey, HongasandraRamarao Nagendra. (2014)). A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 5 days yoga based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) on profile of mood states of managers. The negative moods were significantly reduced following SMET program. Whereas positive moods improved. The intense yoga based SMET program enhanced the profile of mood in managers (Rabindra M.A., Pradhan B. and Nagendra H.R, (2014)). SMET intervention with an insight of group dynamics & executive growth along with the practices proved to bring about a significant trend in scores which suggested that SMET as part of Yoga could be an effective tool for managing stress and hence enhancing managerial leadership (PadmavatiMaharana, DrSanjib Patra , Dr. T M Srinivasan, Dr. H R Nagendra,. (2014)). A study was conducted to examine the effect of Stress Management Programme, Self- Management   of excessive Tension (SMET) on the managers. It was observed that significant improvement in health and personality traits were recorded (Rabindra Acharya, BalramPradhan and H. R.
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 215
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+Nagendra (2017)). Effect of SMET Programme showed to improve the attention of top line managers in another study (Shatrughan Singh and Nagendra, H. R. (2012)).
+
+
+Findings from the present study:
+
+In this study, 2 sub-scales were studied with the help of PANAS scale.
+
+It was observed that some positive changes happened in the employees who underwent SMET program as mentioned below for each sub-scale or component.
+
+Negative affectivity :Employees complaining about distress, upset, guilty, scare, hostile, irritability,
+
+ashamed,  nervous,  jittery  or  afraid  became  more  confident,  open  minded,  optimistic  and  also  their participation and involvement increased to a greater extent after going through the SMET programme.
+
+
+Positive  Affectivity:  The  interest,  excitement,  strength,  enthusiasm,  pride,  alertness,  inspiration, determination, attentiveness, activeness and self-motivationof the employees improved noticeably who underwent SMET programme.
+
+
+In total, this study has proved that SMET helps in improving the Positive affectivity of employees to a noticeable extent. It has also showed that the SMET has helped to a large extent in reducing the Negative affectivity of the employees to a minimum level which in turn increased their positivities.
+
+
+Advantages of going through SMET Program :
+
+
+This methodology has been formulated after years of in-depth study and research into actual case histories by highly qualified doctors and yoga experts. Professionals need sensitivity, brilliance and creativity. But in the process of career advancement one’s stress levels rise and this ultimately leads to deteriorating health. Also any activity related to computer leads to Musculoskeletal, Emotional and Visual problems. With SMET all these issues can be avoided or managed if they occur.
+
+
+Over  the  last  25  years,  these  programs  have  been  conducted  at  various  business  houses,  factories, industries, and educational institutions, management development institutions and for the common public in general. Course participants have experienced deep relaxation resulting in great calmness of mind and body during the programs. Preliminary investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of this program in handling stress effectively.
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 216
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+The program ushers in a new era in that, it brings about a ‘Turn around’ in the participant’s outlook, both official and personal and propels him along the path of progress towards efficiency, physical & mental equipoise. SMET improves the sharpness of the mind which is the decision making machinery, by inculcating techniques that help one to go to deeper and subtler levels of consciousness and gain mastery over the mind. It helps to provide the much needed - but denied unwittingly - relaxation to the body-mind complex and to break the shackles of baser thoughts besides elevating one to unlimited expansiveness of understanding - Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru ; founder of this module.
+
+
+Importance of Positive and Negative affectivityof an employee for an organisation:
+
+Personality  traits  are  extremely  important  in  today’s  competitive  organisational  setting.  Employees
+
+individually  possess  diverse  personality  traits  that  may  influence  negatively  or  positively  their performance of jobs assigned to them. It is therefore important that managers and organisational members take into account these important individual differences because realising these traits will help managers and colleagues to deal with employees’ job performance.
+
+Personality has received much attention from the research community in many contexts. In recent decades research on personality traits and its exploration in the context of work behavior has been revitalized . Personality trait is relatively stable and enduring individual tendency of reacting emotionally or engaging in a behavior in a certain way. Hence Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Here we study about two most important personality traits  namely Positive affectivity and Negative affectivity of employees in an organisation.
+
+Conclusion:
+
+Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program deals with the employees (human beings as a whole), by approaching them in a holistic way to minimize their problems related to various areas of an organisation. SMET Program is exclusively and extensively developed for those having physical and mental imbalances due to various reasons such as work pressure,job stress and so on in specifically corporate world. The techniques are simple but very much effective if practiced regularly. In a very short span of time, the program helps to acquire the power to perform better, free from stress in a relaxed and balanced way. From this study we can see that SMET program contributes considerably to improve the positive behaviourof the employees and reduce their negativities at the same time. Hence it is suggestive that SMET intervention is a very effective way of enhancing employees’ potential to get the maximum benefit out of them and also to enhance their persona.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 217
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+Limitations of the study:
+
+Although the study provided interesting insights, the study also has shortcomings.
+
+Firstly, the measures used in the study are self-report measures, whichtypically suffers the problem of a social desirability effect. Many a times, participants choose an ideal alternative instead of the truth.
+
+Secondly, this study is restricted to a private BPO organisation and the findings are provisional and cannot be generalized to other organizations in the same sector as well as to other sectors. Thus, the external validity of the study is low.
+
+Thirdly, the study has been conducted with a sample size of 120 respondents. More appropriate results could have been obtained if sample size would have been increased.
+
+In this study, three months intervention was given. Intervention period can be increased. Only one company /organization was studied. Studies can be conducted at different organisations. This could give stronger findings.
+
+The study would have brought more good results if the comparative analysis would have been made between males and females and between different variables. Some more demographic variables would have been selected to make the study more detailed one.
+
+Scope for future research :
+
+Some moderator and mediator variables like age, experience or gender variables can be considered to study the parameters and their consequences. Other possible negative consequences can also be studied to enrich this field of research.
+
+Future researchers may also wish to develop their own set of questionnaires. Future research can replicate the methodology adopted in the present study to other sectors.  More studies can be carried out to find out the extent to which personality traits influences other perceptions of the organisation. The development of scientific and practical tools and techniques to implement the above findings can be a future initiative.
+
+Conflict of Interest Statement:
+
+The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 218
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+References:
+
+Benyamini, Y., Idler, E. L., Leventhal, H. and Leventhal, E. A. (2000). ‘Positive affect and function as influences on self-assessment of health: expanding our view beyond illness and disability’. Journals of Gerontology, 55B, 107–16.
+
+Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., &Bellack, A. S. (1998).Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(3), 413–424.
+
+Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316–336. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 843X.100.3.316.
+
+Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 103–116. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.103.
+
+Cook, B. J., Wonderlich, S. A., & Lavender, J. M. (2014). The role of negative affect in eating disorders and substance use disorders. In T. D. Brewerton & A. B. Dennis (Eds.), Eating disorders, addictions and substance use disorders (pp. 363–378). Berlin: Springer. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_16.
+
+Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 668–678. http://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668.
+
+Craske, M. G., Poulton, R., Tsao, J. C., &Plotkin, D. (2001). Paths to panic disorder/agoraphobia: An exploratory analysis from age 3 to 21 in an unselected birth cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(5), 556–563. http://doi. org/10.1097/00004583-200105000-00015.
+
+Evans, P. D. and Egerton, N. (1992). ‘Mood states and minor illness’. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 65, 177–86.
+
+Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R., “Effects of yoga on brain wave coherence in executives.”Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol 55(4), (2011), pp. 8-12.
+
+Gil, K. M., Carson, J. W., Porter, L. S., Ready, J., Valrie, C., Redding-Lallinger, R. and Daeschner, C. (2003).‘Daily stress and mood and their association with pain, health-care use, and school activity in adolescents with sickle cell disease’.Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28, 363–73.
+
+Jonas, B. S., &Lando, J. F. (2000).Negative affect as a prospective risk factor for hypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(2), 188–196. http://doi.org/10. 1097/00006842-200003000-00006.
+
+Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., &Skodol, A. E. (2012).Initial construction of amaladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879– 1890. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002674.
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 219
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R., “Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics of Managers.” Voice of Research, vol 2(1), 2013, pp. 49-52.
+
+Measelle, J. R., Stice, E., & Springer, D. W. (2006). A prospective test of the negative affect model of substance abuse: Moderating effects of social support. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(3), 225– 233. http://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.3.225.
+
+Meenakshy,  K.  B.,  Alex  Hankey,	HongasandraRamarao  Nagendra,  “Electrodermal	Assessment  of SMET Program for business executives.” Voice of Researchvol 2 (4), 2014, ISSN 2277-7733.
+
+PadmavatiMaharana , Dr. Sanjib Patra , Dr. T. M. Srinivasan, Dr. H. R. Nagendra, “Role of Yoga based
+
+stress management program towards leadership development in managers.” IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. vol 16(5) ver II, 2014,  pp. 01-05, www.iosrjournals.org.
+
+Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998).The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(1), 56–64. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56.
+
+Rabindra Acharya, Balram Pradhan and H. R. Nagendra, “Effect of Stress Management Programmes on the Health and Personality Traits of Managers.”Indian Journal of Public Administration, vol 60(2),2017, pp. 350-359.
+
+Rabindra, M.A., Pradhan, B. and Nagendra, H.R., “Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers.” International Journal of Education & Management Studies, vol 4(2), 2014, pp. 150-152 http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/21#list© Indian Asociation of Health, Research and Welfare.
+Shatrughan,  Singh,  and  Nagendra,  H.  R.,  “Effect  of  SMET  Programme  on  attention  of  top  line managers.”Space, vol 3(3), 2012, pp. 20.
+
+Shirom, A. (1989). ‘Burnout in work organizations’.In Cooper, C. L. and Robertson, I. (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New York: John Wiley, 25–48.
+
+Sony Kumari, N. C. B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R., “Enhancing emotional competence among managers – SMET.”Journal  of  the  National  Academy  of  Psychology  (Psychological  Studies),  vol  52(2):  2007. pp.171-173.
+
+Srivastava1, A. & Mishra, A. (2016).A Study on the Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Consciousness. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2), 77 – 83.
+
+Stevko, R. (2014). Neurophysiology.Morrisville:Lulu
+
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+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 220
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
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+Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 825–848. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.128.5.825.
+
+Stone, A. A., Cox, D. S., Vladimarsdottier, H. and Jandorf, L. (1987). ‘Evidence that secretory IgA antibody is associated with daily mood’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 988–93.
+
+Stone, A. A., Neale, J. M., Cox, D. S. and Napoli, A. (1994). ‘Daily events are associated with a secretory immune response to an oral antigen in men’. Health Psychology, 13, 400–18.
+
+Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S., “Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program.” Journal of Indian Psychology, vol 18(1 & 2), 2000,  pp. 33-37.
+
+Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465–490. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465.
+
+Watson, D., Clark, L. A., &Tellegen, A. (1988a). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
+
+Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988b). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346 .http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.3. 346.
+
+Watson, D. and Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). ‘Health complaints, stress and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 234–54.
+
+Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2010). On the specificity of positive emotional dysfunction in psychopathology: Evidence from the mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/schizotypy. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 839–848. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr. 2009.11.002.
+
+Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2014).Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 422–442. http://doi.org/10. 1177/2167702614536162.
+
+Zeigler-Hill, V., & Abraham, J. (2006). Borderline personality features: Instability of self-esteem and affect. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(6), 668–687. http://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.668.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 221
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+TABLES
+
+Table 1 : PANAS – Yoga – Descriptive Statistics
+
+Descriptive Statistics
+
+N	Range
+
+Posit_pre	120	10
+
+Minimum
+
+11
+
+Maximum
+
+21
+
+Mean
+
+15.54	0.162
+
+Std. Deviation 1.777
+
+Variance
+
+3.158
+
+
+
+Posit_post	120	9 Negat_pre	120	9 Negat_post	120	9
+Valid N	120 (listwise)
+
+40                 49                 44.79 40                 49                 44.60
+11	20	15.28
+
+0.168    1.842           3.393 0.162    1.770           3.133
+0.152	1.670	2.789
+
+
+
+*Posit_pre – Positive Affect pre data values,*Posit_post - Positive Affect post data values
+
+*Negat_pre  –Negative Affect pre data values, * Negat_post - Negative Affect post data values
+
+
+
+Table 2 : PANAS – Yoga –Statistics
+
+
+
+
+
+N	Valid
+Missing
+
+
+Posit_pre 120
+0
+
+Statistics Posit_post 120
+0
+
+
+Negat_pre 120
+0
+
+
+Negat_post 120
+0
+
+Std. Error of Mean	0.162	0.168	0.162	0.152 Median	16.00	45.00	44.50	15.00 Mode	16	45	43	16
+
+Percentiles      25 50
+75
+
+14.00             43.00             43.00              14.00 16.00             44.50             44.50              15.00
+17.00	46.00	46.00	16.00
+
+
+
+Table 3 : PANAS –Control – Descriptive Statistics
+
+Descriptive Statistics
+
+N       Rang     Minimu e            m
+Posit_pre	120	10	11
+Posit_post	120	10	11 Negat_pre	120	9	40 Negat_post	120	9	40
+Valid N	120 (listwise)
+
+Maximu	Mean m
+21	15.38	0.166
+21                15.41    0.175 49                44.55    0.162
+49	44.67	0.163
+
+Std. Deviation 1.820
+1.916 1.777
+1.789
+
+Variance
+
+3.312 3.672 3.157
+3.199
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 222
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+
+Table 4 : PANAS –Control –Statistics
+
+Statistics
+
+
+N	Valid
+Missing
+
+Posit_pre 120
+0
+
+Posit_post 120
+0
+
+Negat_pre 120
+0
+
+Negat_post 120
+0
+
+Std. Error of Mean	0.166	0.175	0.162	0.163 Median	15.00	15.00	44.00	45.00 Mode	16	15	43	43a
+
+Percentiles   25 50
+75
+
+14.00           14.00            43.00            43.00 15.00           15.00            44.00            45.00
+16.00	17.00	46.00	46.00
+
+
+
+Mann Whitney U Test  - Independent samples :
+
+
+
+Table 5 : PANAS – Yoga group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
+
+
+
+Variable
+
+Posit_pre Negat_pre
+
+N	Mean	Sum of rank             Ranks
+120	1.53	183.6 120	3.45	414
+
+Variable	N
+
+Posit_post       120 Negat_post      120
+
+Mean       Sum of rank        Ranks
+3.55	426 1.47	176.4
+
+
+
+Mann Whitney U Test  - Independent samples :
+
+Table 6 : PANAS – Control group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
+
+
+
+Variable
+
+Posit_pre Negat_pre
+
+N	Mean	Sum of rank           Ranks
+120       1.48            177.6 120       3.49            418.8
+
+Variable	N
+
+Posit_post       120 Negat_post      120
+
+Mean       Sum of rank        Ranks
+1.52            182.4 3.51            421.2
+
+
+
+Table 7 : Hypothesis Test statistics summary
+
+
+N = 120
+Degrees of freedom	= 3
+Exact significance   –  2*(1-tailed sig) = 0.00 Variable
+Posit_post Negat_post
+
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020
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+Asymptotic  Significance (2 sided Test) = 0.00 0.00
+0.00
+
+
+
+
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees; a randomised controlled study.
+
+Jyothi Vasu
+Research Scholar, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+
+
+
+Towards the partial fulfillment of Doctoral degree in Yoga
+
+
+under the guidance of
+
+Sony KumariM.A., PhD
+Professor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+
+
+and co-guidance of
+
+K. B. AkhileshM.S., PhD
+Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+
+H. R. NagendraM.E., PhD
+
+Chancellor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+
+The Division of Yoga & Management
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (SVYASA- A university established under section 3 of the UGC Act. 1956)
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 203
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+Abstract
+
+
+Background :
+
+This study seeks to investigate the impact of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) yoga program on changes in Positive and Negative affectivity of the employees.
+Materials and methods: It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group) intervention study with pre and post assessments. SMET yoga program is used as an intervention.A sample of 240 employees (120-Yoga and 120-Control group) consisting of both male and female, working for a BPO office in Bengaluru, India belonging to an age group of 20-45 years participated in the study. PANAS scale was used to administer the study parameters. Data was analysed by using SPSS software.
+Results:A considerable variation in mean values (difference in pre and post data) were observed after SMET intervention for various dimensions ofPositive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Schedule (PANAS). The results were found to be significant with p < 0.05.
+Conclusions: Studyshowed that SMET helped to increase Positive affectivity and to reduce the Negative affectivity of the employees.
+
+Key words: Cyclic Meditation, Negative Affectivity,Personality Traits, Positive Affectivity, SMET, Yoga
+
+
+
+Background:
+
+The word "personality" originates from the Latin word persona, which means mask (Stevko, 2014). In French, it is equivalent to personalete. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviours consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes (Srivastava & Mishra, 2016). It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress.
+
+Personality affects all aspects of a person's performance, even how he reacts to situations on the job. Not
+
+every personality is suited for every job position, so it's important to recognize personality traits and pair
+
+employees with the duties that fit their personalities the best. This can lead to increased productivity and job satisfaction, helping your business function more efficiently.
+
+Introduction:
+
+Positive Affectivity:
+
+Positive  Affectivity  (PA)  is  a  personality  characteristic  that  describes  how  humans  experience positive emotions while interacting with others and with their surroundings. Those with high positive
+
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+affectivity are typically enthusiastic, energetic, confident, active, and alert. Those having low levels of positive affectivity can be characterized by sadness, lethargy, distress, and un-pleasurable engagement (Watson et al, 1988).
+
+
+Positive affect reflects neither a lack of negative affect, nor the opposite of negative affect, but is a
+
+separate,  independent  dimension  of  emotion. Positively  affected  people  are  said  to  be  more  active physically, socially, mentally and emotionally (Watson &Tellegen, 1988a).
+
+
+Positive affectivity is a managerial and organizational behavior tool used to create positive environments
+
+in the workplace. Through the use of PA, the manager can induce a positive employee experience and culture. The positive affectivity hypothesis predicts that employees with positive dispositions receive more supervisor support because they are more socially oriented and likable.PA can be measured as both a state and a trait; state affect captures how a person feels at any given time while trait affect is the tendency of a person to experience a particular affective state over time (Watson and Pennebaker, 1989).
+
+
+PA helps individuals to process emotional information accurately and efficiently, to solve problems, to make plans, and to earn achievements. Psychological capital (PsyCap) refers to an individual’s positive psychological  state  of  development  and  is  characterised  by  positive  affectivity,  self-efficacy,  hope, resilience, and optimism.
+
+
+PA may influence to enhance the personal resources which can help to overcome or deal with distressing situations.  These  resources  are  physical  (e.g.,  better  health),  social  (e.g., social  support networks), intellectual and psychological (e.g., resilience, optimism, and creativity). PA provides a psychological break or relief from stress, supporting continued efforts to replenish resources depleted by stress.Its buffering functions provide a useful antidote to the problems associated with negative emotions and ill health due to stress. Likewise, happy people are better at more mature coping efforts than people with negative emotions.
+
+
+Negative Affectivity:
+
+Negative Affect (NA) is a dimension of subjective distress that includes a variety of adverse mood states, including anger, contempt, disgust, fear, and nervousness (Watson et al., 1988). NA, like PA, can be measured as both a state and a trait and has been linked to both subjective and objective health indicators. State NA has been linked to increased same-day pain (Gil et al., 2003) and decreases in self-reported health (Benyamini et al., 2000). Evans and Egerton (1992) found that state NA led to a higher incident of
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 205
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+colds.  Burnout  is  a  negative  affective  state  caused  by  recurring  distress  (Shirom,  1989).Negative affectivity is a stable and inherited disposition to experience nonspecific distress or unpleasant emotions (Clark et al. 1994). It is considered by some to be synonymous with the personality factor of neuroticism, which corresponds to individuals’ tendency to experience negative affect states (Costa and McCrae 1980; Watson et al. 1988a).
+
+It  is  important  to  an  organisation  that  its  employees  must  be  emotionally  balanced.  The  greatest competitive advantage for an organisation’seconomy is a positive workforce. Therefore it is important for organisations to find ways to enhance their employees’ positive psychological states of mind and decrease their negative emotions i.e. their psychological capital, to achieve desired organisational outcomes.
+
+Negative affectivity (NA) is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Watson and Clark (1984) proposed that negative affectivity encompasses a range of constructs including trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, and maladjustment, among others. Negative affectivity roughly corresponds to the dominant personality factor of anxiety/neuroticism that is found within the Big Five personality traits as emotional stability. Neuroticism can plague an individual with severe mood swings, frequent sadness, worry, and being easily disturbed, and predicts the development and onset of all common mental disorders.Research shows that negative affectivity relates to different classes of variables such as, self-reported stress and poor coping skills, health complaints, and frequency of unpleasant events. Weight gain and mental health complaints are often experienced as well.
+
+
+Negative affectivity is considered a general risk factor for a range of physical and mental health problems, which frequently co-occur. For example, someone experiencing one negative mood state (e.g., sadness) is likely to report greater levels of other negative mood states such as fear or anger (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2010). As a trait, negative affectivity is considered a broad predisposition to experience negative emotions  such  as  anxiety,  fear,  and  sadness  (Watson  et  al.  1988b).  Indeed,  negative  affectivity  is associated with a range of psychopathology, including eating disorders (Cook et al. 2014; Stice 2002), substance use disorders (Cook et al. 2014), schizophreniaspectrum disorders (Blanchard et al. 1998), personality disorders (Zeigler-Hill and Abraham 2006), and a variety of health concerns (Watson and Naragon-Gainey  2014).  Additionally,  negative  affectivity  is  theorized  to  play  an  etiological  role accounting for the overlap in negative emotional disorders of anxiety and depression (Clark and Watson 1991).
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+Further,  negative  affect  was  identified  as  one  of  five  “core  elements”  of  personality  along  with detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism (Krueger et al. 2012), emphasizing the role of negative affectivity not only in personality disorders but also personality at a broader level. Notably, negative affectivity is theorized to be a preexisting temperamental disposition, occurring prior to the onset of specific pathology. Prospective studies have found negative affectivity to predict later onset of a range of problems including mental health, hypertension, and substance abuse (Craske et al. 2001; Jonas and Lando 2000; Measelle et al. 2006; Pine et al. 1998). Overall, available works suggest negative affectivity is a consistent marker of distress across a range of presenting problems and plays an etiological role in their onset.
+
+Hence employees having more negative affectivity trait cannot use their maximum potential and hence will find it difficult to give their fullest to the organization. Therefore these employees may be assisted to decrease their negative affectivity, so that they would be able to work more efficiently and contribute positively to the growth and success of the organization.
+
+
+Stress   Management   programs   (SMP)   are   conducted   in   organisations   to   help   employees   to overcomephysical and mental imbalances. Though everyone is unique, we all possess certain traits that set us apart from the rest, for many reasons. These traits define who we are and how we respond to situations. We only need to ignite that dormant passion and give a boost to our persona.
+
+
+The Stress  Management  programs assists  individuals  to  effectively manage  the  imbalance in  healthy ways, including - exercising, seeking social support, using pleasant activities and relaxation techniques. The Stress Management training program in the workplace builds on the better Work-Life balance. Studies  on  Stress  Management  programs  suggests  that  these  comprehensive  programs  can  improve mental health, behaviour and well-being of workers.
+Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the imbalances enormously. Self-Management  of  Excessive  Tension(SMET)  is  one  such  holistic  yoga-based  stress  management program  developed  by  Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga  AnusandhanaSamsthana  (S-VYASA)  University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others.
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+YOGA:
+
+Yoga is a conscious process of gaining mastery over the mind. It’s a process of elevating oneself through calming of mind.
+
+The great sage Patanjali ‘father of yoga’ uses the word ‘Klesha’ in his ‘Yoga Sutras’ for stress and
+
+proposes the techniques of yoga for reducing (thinning) stress. It will not be a sudden elimination but gradual systematic process of moving from higher stress levels to lower ones and slowly eliminating.
+
+According to ‘Bhagavadgita’ (2 - 62, 63), by using the technique of yoga, we learn to expand our
+
+horizons, increase our capacities and manifest our dormant potentialities.
+
+
+Hence yoga is one of the popular ways to reduce physical and mental imbalances to a greater extent. It helps to set right the defects in different koshas. The negative emotions like Negative Affectivity can be minimised which helps to develop confidence, to increase optimism, enthusiasm and other positive characters. An employee with more positivities, tries to improve his performance and in turn strives for the growth of the organisation and also helps to achieve its goals and targets.
+
+Benefits of Yoga :
+
+Yoga offers man a conscious process to solve menacing problems of unhappiness, restlessness, emotional upset, hyper-activity and so on.
+
+It helps to evoke the hidden potentialities of man in a systematic and scientific way by which man becomes a complete individual.   His   physical,   mental, emotional, spiritual and intellectual faculties develop  in  a  harmonious  and  integrated  manner  to  meet  the  all-round  challenges  of  the  modern technological era with its hectic speed.
+
+It also helps for muscular relaxation, developing willpower and improving creativity.
+
+SMET- Self-Management of Excessive Tension
+
+Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) module is a holistic yoga-based stress management program  which  is  developed  by  Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga  AnusandhanaSamsthana  (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. Yoga offers total rehabilitation by integrated module of SMET.
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 208
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+SMET is based on MāndukyaUpanishad consisting of Yogic science and Vedic ideology for combating physical and mental imbalances and ensuring all round health of the body and mind combined. It is a series of successive stimulations and relaxations that can solve the complex problems of the mind. It helps to release stress at deeper levels. This technique is interspersed and an aspirant finds it easy in comparison with other practices of yoga.
+
+
+The cardinal principles of Yoga are; “stimulation and relaxation of the body; slow down the breath and calm down the mind”. Crystallizing such principles into practical techniques, S-VYASA has developed highly effective programs of stress management, offered under the following four headings:
+
+
+1. Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT) 2. Quick Relaxation Technique (QRT) 3. Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT)
+4. Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET)
+
+
+Aim and Objectives of SMET: 1.   Stimulate the mind.
+2.   Calm down the distractions. 3.   Recognize the Stagnations.
+4.   Achieve peace and happiness.
+
+5.   Enhancing the efficiency of staff involved in management and other stream 6.   Promoting health and wellbeing through yoga
+7.   Recovering and managing various physical and mental aliments through specific yoga techniques.
+
+8.   Improving the skills and equipoise in action by developing concentration and absolute focus towards work through various Yoga techniques.
+
+
+Components of SMET :
+
+(a) Theory sessions - namely Lectures, Talks, Counselling, Discourses and
+
+(b)  Practice  sessions  -  Cyclic  Meditation  (CM)  which  includesÄsanas,  Relaxation  techniques  and Meditation.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 209
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+Theory sessions - topics:
+
+1.   Concept of Stress
+
+2.   Growth of Executives 3.   Group Dynamics
+4.   Introduction to SMET
+
+5.   Recognition of problem is half solution 6.   S-VYASA movement
+7.   Researches on SMET
+
+8.   Benefits and Advantages of going through SMET program
+
+
+
+Practice session - Cyclic Meditation - CM:
+
+Cyclic Meditation is a practice, built on the principle of alternate Stimulation and Relaxation. This technique was developed by Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru. It is a simple and effective technique to relieve stress and induce deep sleep and relaxation. There are proven results that, CM can reduce the number of hours needed in order to feel rejuvenated.
+
+Cyclic Meditation involves the following steps :
+
+Step 1.   Lie down in śavāsana and chant Opening Prayer  “Layesambodhayetchittam……….”
+
+ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल३-४४॥
+layesaṃbodhayeccittaṃvikṣiptaṃśamayetpunaḥ | sakaṣāyaṃvijānīyātsamaprāptaṃnacālayet ||māndukyopaniśat kārika|| 3-44 ||
+
+Meaning: If the mind becomes inactive in a state of oblivion awaken it again. If it is distracted,, bring it
+
+back to the state of tranquility. (In the intermediary state) know the mind containing within it desires in potential form. If the mind has attained the state of equilibrium, then do not disturb it again.
+
+Stimulate & awaken the sleeping mind, calm down the distractions, recognize the innate stagnations & stay in steadiness without disturbing it.
+
+
+Step 2	(a) Perform IRT - Instant Relaxation Technique
+
+(b) Coming up to Tāḍāsanasthiti (standing position) – Linear awareness (c) Relaxation and centering in Tāḍāsana
+Step 3.  Standing asana - Perform Ardhakaṭicakrāsana (first right and then left )
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 210
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+(a)  Coming down tośavāsana from right side Step 4.  Perform QRT - Quick Relaxation Technique
+Step 5.  Sitting āsanas - Sit up and relax in Danḍāsana (sitting with leg stretching) (a)Perform Vajrāsana
+(b)Perform Sasankāsana and return to Vajrāsana (c) Perform Ardha-uśtrāsanaor uśtrāsana
+(d) Relax in leg stretching sitting position (e) Go straight back to śavāsana
+Step 6.  Perform DRT – Deep Relaxation Technique
+
+(a) Come up straight and assume any sitting position -preferably Vajrāsana (b) Chant Closing Prayer “ Omsarvebhavantusukhinah…….”
+
+ॐललललल लललललल लललललल|ललललल ललललल लललललललल ।
+ललललल ललललललल लललललललल
+|लल लललललललललललललललललललल । ॐललललललल ललललललल ललललललल ॥
+
+sarve bhavantu sukhinah, sarve santu nirāmayāh, sarve bhadrāṇi paśyantu, mā kaścit duhkha bhāgbhavet; om ṣāntih ṣāntih ṣāntihi॥
+
+Meaning:
+
+
+May	all	become	happy,	May	none	fall	ill;	May	all	see	auspiciousness	everywhere, May none ever feel sorrow, Om peace peacepeace.
+
+
+Need for the study :
+
+Physically healthy and mentally sound employees are the assets for an organisation.Improved Positive affectivity and reduced Negative affectivity of employees are considered to be very important factors which are necessary for the growth and success of an organization in achieving its goals.
+
+No studies have reported examining the impact of SMET Yoga Program on Positive and Negative
+
+affectivity. Hence the need.
+
+Study Rationale:
+
+There are many reasons for all sorts of physical, mental and emotional imbalances of a person. Hence these imbalances causes hindrances for an employee to work to his maximum potential or to exhibit positive characters.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 211
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+So by reducing theimbalance , one can maximize his potential and work with a healthy and positive state of mind. Keeping this aspect as a rationale, efforts have been made to improve the positive characters of employeesand to minimise theirnegative characters.
+Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the Negative affectivity and improve positivity enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based	stress	management	program	developed	by	Swami	Vivekananda	Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, which has been used as an intervention in our study.
+
+
+Aim:
+
+To study the impact of SMET yoga module on positive and negative characteristics of employees.
+
+
+Objective:
+
+ To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Positive affectivity of employees.  To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Negative affectivity of employees.
+
+Hypothesis:
+
+Null Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will not improve Positive affectivity and will not reduce Negative affectivity of the employees.
+Research Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will improve Positive affectivity and will reduce Negative affectivity of the employees.
+
+
+Research Methodology:-
+
+Research Design:
+
+It is a randomised two group (yoga and  control group), intervention study with pre and post assessments.
+
+SMET program is used as an intervention. Yoga group will undergo SMET yoga program and Control group will be engaged in their routine work and they will undergo SMET program after the study. It will be a waitlist control group.
+
+Measures:-
+
+Dependant variables– Positive affectivity andNegative affectivity
+
+Independent variable –Job stress
+
+
+
+
+
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+Control Variables – Age, Gender, Qualification, Designation, Job Tenure
+
+Research Instruments used:
+
+PANAS scale- developed by Watson, D.,Clark, L. A., &Tellengen, A., (1988) - measures 10 specific positive and 10 specific negative affects each at two different levels. It uses a 5-point scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to indicate the extent of generally feeling the respective mood state. The Authors calculated Cronbach á coefficients in different samples range from 0.90 to 0.96 for PA and from 0.84 to 0.87 for NA.
+
+Reliability and Validity:
+
+Reliability and Validity reported by Watson (1988) was moderately good. For the Positive Affect Scale, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.86 to 0.90; for the Negative Affect Scale, 0.84 to 0.87. Over a 8-week time period, the test-retest correlations were 0.47-0.68 for the PA and 0.39-0.71 for the NA. The PANAS has strong reported validity with such measures as general distress and dysfunction, depression, and state anxiety.
+
+
+Samples :
+
+Source – The sampling technique used in this research is simple random sampling. Employees working
+
+for Vee-Technologies private Ltd., a BPO organisation at Bengaluru, India were selected randomly for the study. Subjects of the present study were from different departments of the organization like finance, HRM, production etc. and they belonged to the category of managers, non-managers and official staff of the organization.
+
+Criteria - Both male and female employees of 20 to 45 years of age group were selected.
+
+Size - Total of 240 employees participated in the study, out of which 120 belonged to ‘experimental Yoga group’ and 120 belonged to ‘waitlisted Control group’.
+
+Duration of the study :3 months,  weekly 2 days, one hour session per day. Employees were asked to practice the same at home for the remaining 3 days of the week by listening to the instructions which were recorded by them. They self-reported their home practice.
+
+
+Statistical Analysis: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 213
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+
+
+Results / Findings:
+
+The response choices of the scale used, consisted of a Likert type 5 point rating scale.
+
+As the data consists of scores given to the response choices, the variables under measurement are not normally distributed. Hence analysis was made using non-parametric tests. The Mann -Whitney U test is used to measure the significance of the data.
+
+Table 1 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Yoga group.
+
+In this table we can see that there is a significant change in the mean values of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This implies that SMET has a positive impact in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees.
+
+Table 2 shows median, mode and percentile values for yoga group of employees.
+
+Table 3 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Control group.
+
+In this table, there is not much difference in the mean values of the variables of  pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program.
+
+Table 4 shows median, mode and percentile values for Control group of employees.
+
+Table 5 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Yoga group - employees.
+
+In this table we can see that there is a tremendous change in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This proves the positive effect of SMET in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees.
+
+Table 6 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Control group - employees.
+
+In this table, there is not much difference in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of the variables of  pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program.
+
+Table 7 shows the actual significance values of the test for PANAS of employees of Yoga group.
+
+This table clearly shows the significance of data of each dimension of PANAS of Yoga group. Since the P value is < 0.05 in each case, it means to say that, Reject Null Hypothesis and Accept Research Hypothesis.
+
+The post data of different variables of Control group were not found to be significant for PANAS (p not less than 0.05) as per our observation.
+
+SMET has a positive impact on all the variables of PANAS. SMET has helped the employees in improving their Positive (characters) Affectivity and to reduce theirNegative (emotions) Affectivity to a maximum extent.
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 214
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+Discussions :
+
+Previous studies and research findings aboutSMET :
+
+A study on SMET, reported decrease in occupational stress levels and baseline autonomic arousal in managers, showing significant reduction in sympathetic activity (Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S. (2000)). Effectiveness of Self- Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) programme on emotional well-being of managers was studied.. In this study, Emotional Quotient was used as an indicator for emotional well-being. SMET intervention contributed to the betterment of emotional well- being of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study was made to assess the effect of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET), on brain wave coherence. Results of a study showed that participation in a SMET program was associated with improvement in emotional stability and may have implications  for  'Executive  Efficiency'.  On  the  whole,  significant  increase  in  cognitive  flexibility, intelligence and emotional stability were attained by following SMET (Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R.  (2011))  .A study examined  the  possibility of enhancing emotional competence  (EC)  along with emotional  Intelligence  (EI)  through  Self  Management  of  Excessive  Tension  (SMET)  program.  The participating executives reported improvement in efficiency at work. In addition they have experienced other benefits like reduction in blood pressure, sleep decreases in the consumption of the tranquilizers, clarity in thinking, and relaxed feeling in action (Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R. (2013)). In another study, SMET intervention has again proved to contribute to significant enhancement of emotional competence level of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study evaluates the impact of a 5 day stress management programme (SMET) for managers as measured by AcuGraph3  - ‘Digital  Meridian  Imaging’  system.  The  5  days  SMET  intervention  increased  overall ‘Prāṇic’energy in the main acupuncture meridian channels. The program significantly improved overall chi (Chinese term) energy. Chi energy would increase, both in individual meridians and the overall (Meenakshy K. B., Alex Hankey, HongasandraRamarao Nagendra. (2014)). A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 5 days yoga based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) on profile of mood states of managers. The negative moods were significantly reduced following SMET program. Whereas positive moods improved. The intense yoga based SMET program enhanced the profile of mood in managers (Rabindra M.A., Pradhan B. and Nagendra H.R, (2014)). SMET intervention with an insight of group dynamics & executive growth along with the practices proved to bring about a significant trend in scores which suggested that SMET as part of Yoga could be an effective tool for managing stress and hence enhancing managerial leadership (PadmavatiMaharana, DrSanjib Patra , Dr. T M Srinivasan, Dr. H R Nagendra,. (2014)). A study was conducted to examine the effect of Stress Management Programme, Self- Management   of excessive Tension (SMET) on the managers. It was observed that significant improvement in health and personality traits were recorded (Rabindra Acharya, BalramPradhan and H. R.
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 215
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+Nagendra (2017)). Effect of SMET Programme showed to improve the attention of top line managers in another study (Shatrughan Singh and Nagendra, H. R. (2012)).
+
+
+Findings from the present study:
+
+In this study, 2 sub-scales were studied with the help of PANAS scale.
+
+It was observed that some positive changes happened in the employees who underwent SMET program as mentioned below for each sub-scale or component.
+
+Negative affectivity :Employees complaining about distress, upset, guilty, scare, hostile, irritability,
+
+ashamed,  nervous,  jittery  or  afraid  became  more  confident,  open  minded,  optimistic  and  also  their participation and involvement increased to a greater extent after going through the SMET programme.
+
+
+Positive  Affectivity:  The  interest,  excitement,  strength,  enthusiasm,  pride,  alertness,  inspiration, determination, attentiveness, activeness and self-motivationof the employees improved noticeably who underwent SMET programme.
+
+
+In total, this study has proved that SMET helps in improving the Positive affectivity of employees to a noticeable extent. It has also showed that the SMET has helped to a large extent in reducing the Negative affectivity of the employees to a minimum level which in turn increased their positivities.
+
+
+Advantages of going through SMET Program :
+
+
+This methodology has been formulated after years of in-depth study and research into actual case histories by highly qualified doctors and yoga experts. Professionals need sensitivity, brilliance and creativity. But in the process of career advancement one’s stress levels rise and this ultimately leads to deteriorating health. Also any activity related to computer leads to Musculoskeletal, Emotional and Visual problems. With SMET all these issues can be avoided or managed if they occur.
+
+
+Over  the  last  25  years,  these  programs  have  been  conducted  at  various  business  houses,  factories, industries, and educational institutions, management development institutions and for the common public in general. Course participants have experienced deep relaxation resulting in great calmness of mind and body during the programs. Preliminary investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of this program in handling stress effectively.
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 216
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+The program ushers in a new era in that, it brings about a ‘Turn around’ in the participant’s outlook, both official and personal and propels him along the path of progress towards efficiency, physical & mental equipoise. SMET improves the sharpness of the mind which is the decision making machinery, by inculcating techniques that help one to go to deeper and subtler levels of consciousness and gain mastery over the mind. It helps to provide the much needed - but denied unwittingly - relaxation to the body-mind complex and to break the shackles of baser thoughts besides elevating one to unlimited expansiveness of understanding - Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru ; founder of this module.
+
+
+Importance of Positive and Negative affectivityof an employee for an organisation:
+
+Personality  traits  are  extremely  important  in  today’s  competitive  organisational  setting.  Employees
+
+individually  possess  diverse  personality  traits  that  may  influence  negatively  or  positively  their performance of jobs assigned to them. It is therefore important that managers and organisational members take into account these important individual differences because realising these traits will help managers and colleagues to deal with employees’ job performance.
+
+Personality has received much attention from the research community in many contexts. In recent decades research on personality traits and its exploration in the context of work behavior has been revitalized . Personality trait is relatively stable and enduring individual tendency of reacting emotionally or engaging in a behavior in a certain way. Hence Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Here we study about two most important personality traits  namely Positive affectivity and Negative affectivity of employees in an organisation.
+
+Conclusion:
+
+Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program deals with the employees (human beings as a whole), by approaching them in a holistic way to minimize their problems related to various areas of an organisation. SMET Program is exclusively and extensively developed for those having physical and mental imbalances due to various reasons such as work pressure,job stress and so on in specifically corporate world. The techniques are simple but very much effective if practiced regularly. In a very short span of time, the program helps to acquire the power to perform better, free from stress in a relaxed and balanced way. From this study we can see that SMET program contributes considerably to improve the positive behaviourof the employees and reduce their negativities at the same time. Hence it is suggestive that SMET intervention is a very effective way of enhancing employees’ potential to get the maximum benefit out of them and also to enhance their persona.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 217
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+Limitations of the study:
+
+Although the study provided interesting insights, the study also has shortcomings.
+
+Firstly, the measures used in the study are self-report measures, whichtypically suffers the problem of a social desirability effect. Many a times, participants choose an ideal alternative instead of the truth.
+
+Secondly, this study is restricted to a private BPO organisation and the findings are provisional and cannot be generalized to other organizations in the same sector as well as to other sectors. Thus, the external validity of the study is low.
+
+Thirdly, the study has been conducted with a sample size of 120 respondents. More appropriate results could have been obtained if sample size would have been increased.
+
+In this study, three months intervention was given. Intervention period can be increased. Only one company /organization was studied. Studies can be conducted at different organisations. This could give stronger findings.
+
+The study would have brought more good results if the comparative analysis would have been made between males and females and between different variables. Some more demographic variables would have been selected to make the study more detailed one.
+
+Scope for future research :
+
+Some moderator and mediator variables like age, experience or gender variables can be considered to study the parameters and their consequences. Other possible negative consequences can also be studied to enrich this field of research.
+
+Future researchers may also wish to develop their own set of questionnaires. Future research can replicate the methodology adopted in the present study to other sectors.  More studies can be carried out to find out the extent to which personality traits influences other perceptions of the organisation. The development of scientific and practical tools and techniques to implement the above findings can be a future initiative.
+
+Conflict of Interest Statement:
+
+The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 218
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
+
+References:
+
+Benyamini, Y., Idler, E. L., Leventhal, H. and Leventhal, E. A. (2000). ‘Positive affect and function as influences on self-assessment of health: expanding our view beyond illness and disability’. Journals of Gerontology, 55B, 107–16.
+
+Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., &Bellack, A. S. (1998).Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(3), 413–424.
+
+Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316–336. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 843X.100.3.316.
+
+Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 103–116. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.103.
+
+Cook, B. J., Wonderlich, S. A., & Lavender, J. M. (2014). The role of negative affect in eating disorders and substance use disorders. In T. D. Brewerton & A. B. Dennis (Eds.), Eating disorders, addictions and substance use disorders (pp. 363–378). Berlin: Springer. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_16.
+
+Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 668–678. http://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668.
+
+Craske, M. G., Poulton, R., Tsao, J. C., &Plotkin, D. (2001). Paths to panic disorder/agoraphobia: An exploratory analysis from age 3 to 21 in an unselected birth cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(5), 556–563. http://doi. org/10.1097/00004583-200105000-00015.
+
+Evans, P. D. and Egerton, N. (1992). ‘Mood states and minor illness’. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 65, 177–86.
+
+Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R., “Effects of yoga on brain wave coherence in executives.”Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol 55(4), (2011), pp. 8-12.
+
+Gil, K. M., Carson, J. W., Porter, L. S., Ready, J., Valrie, C., Redding-Lallinger, R. and Daeschner, C. (2003).‘Daily stress and mood and their association with pain, health-care use, and school activity in adolescents with sickle cell disease’.Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28, 363–73.
+
+Jonas, B. S., &Lando, J. F. (2000).Negative affect as a prospective risk factor for hypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(2), 188–196. http://doi.org/10. 1097/00006842-200003000-00006.
+
+Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., &Skodol, A. E. (2012).Initial construction of amaladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879– 1890. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002674.
+
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 219
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+
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+Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R., “Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics of Managers.” Voice of Research, vol 2(1), 2013, pp. 49-52.
+
+Measelle, J. R., Stice, E., & Springer, D. W. (2006). A prospective test of the negative affect model of substance abuse: Moderating effects of social support. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(3), 225– 233. http://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.3.225.
+
+Meenakshy,  K.  B.,  Alex  Hankey,	HongasandraRamarao  Nagendra,  “Electrodermal	Assessment  of SMET Program for business executives.” Voice of Researchvol 2 (4), 2014, ISSN 2277-7733.
+
+PadmavatiMaharana , Dr. Sanjib Patra , Dr. T. M. Srinivasan, Dr. H. R. Nagendra, “Role of Yoga based
+
+stress management program towards leadership development in managers.” IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. vol 16(5) ver II, 2014,  pp. 01-05, www.iosrjournals.org.
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+Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998).The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(1), 56–64. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56.
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+Rabindra Acharya, Balram Pradhan and H. R. Nagendra, “Effect of Stress Management Programmes on the Health and Personality Traits of Managers.”Indian Journal of Public Administration, vol 60(2),2017, pp. 350-359.
+
+Rabindra, M.A., Pradhan, B. and Nagendra, H.R., “Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers.” International Journal of Education & Management Studies, vol 4(2), 2014, pp. 150-152 http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/21#list© Indian Asociation of Health, Research and Welfare.
+Shatrughan,  Singh,  and  Nagendra,  H.  R.,  “Effect  of  SMET  Programme  on  attention  of  top  line managers.”Space, vol 3(3), 2012, pp. 20.
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+Shirom, A. (1989). ‘Burnout in work organizations’.In Cooper, C. L. and Robertson, I. (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New York: John Wiley, 25–48.
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+Sony Kumari, N. C. B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R., “Enhancing emotional competence among managers – SMET.”Journal  of  the  National  Academy  of  Psychology  (Psychological  Studies),  vol  52(2):  2007. pp.171-173.
+
+Srivastava1, A. & Mishra, A. (2016).A Study on the Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Consciousness. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2), 77 – 83.
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+Stevko, R. (2014). Neurophysiology.Morrisville:Lulu
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 825–848. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.128.5.825.
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+Stone, A. A., Cox, D. S., Vladimarsdottier, H. and Jandorf, L. (1987). ‘Evidence that secretory IgA antibody is associated with daily mood’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 988–93.
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+Stone, A. A., Neale, J. M., Cox, D. S. and Napoli, A. (1994). ‘Daily events are associated with a secretory immune response to an oral antigen in men’. Health Psychology, 13, 400–18.
+
+Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S., “Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program.” Journal of Indian Psychology, vol 18(1 & 2), 2000,  pp. 33-37.
+
+Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465–490. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465.
+
+Watson, D., Clark, L. A., &Tellegen, A. (1988a). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063.
+
+Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988b). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346 .http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.3. 346.
+
+Watson, D. and Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). ‘Health complaints, stress and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 234–54.
+
+Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2010). On the specificity of positive emotional dysfunction in psychopathology: Evidence from the mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/schizotypy. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 839–848. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr. 2009.11.002.
+
+Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2014).Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 422–442. http://doi.org/10. 1177/2167702614536162.
+
+Zeigler-Hill, V., & Abraham, J. (2006). Borderline personality features: Instability of self-esteem and affect. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(6), 668–687. http://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.668.
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+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 221
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+TABLES
+
+Table 1 : PANAS – Yoga – Descriptive Statistics
+
+Descriptive Statistics
+
+N	Range
+
+Posit_pre	120	10
+
+Minimum
+
+11
+
+Maximum
+
+21
+
+Mean
+
+15.54	0.162
+
+Std. Deviation 1.777
+
+Variance
+
+3.158
+
+
+
+Posit_post	120	9 Negat_pre	120	9 Negat_post	120	9
+Valid N	120 (listwise)
+
+40                 49                 44.79 40                 49                 44.60
+11	20	15.28
+
+0.168    1.842           3.393 0.162    1.770           3.133
+0.152	1.670	2.789
+
+
+
+*Posit_pre – Positive Affect pre data values,*Posit_post - Positive Affect post data values
+
+*Negat_pre  –Negative Affect pre data values, * Negat_post - Negative Affect post data values
+
+
+
+Table 2 : PANAS – Yoga –Statistics
+
+
+
+
+
+N	Valid
+Missing
+
+
+Posit_pre 120
+0
+
+Statistics Posit_post 120
+0
+
+
+Negat_pre 120
+0
+
+
+Negat_post 120
+0
+
+Std. Error of Mean	0.162	0.168	0.162	0.152 Median	16.00	45.00	44.50	15.00 Mode	16	45	43	16
+
+Percentiles      25 50
+75
+
+14.00             43.00             43.00              14.00 16.00             44.50             44.50              15.00
+17.00	46.00	46.00	16.00
+
+
+
+Table 3 : PANAS –Control – Descriptive Statistics
+
+Descriptive Statistics
+
+N       Rang     Minimu e            m
+Posit_pre	120	10	11
+Posit_post	120	10	11 Negat_pre	120	9	40 Negat_post	120	9	40
+Valid N	120 (listwise)
+
+Maximu	Mean m
+21	15.38	0.166
+21                15.41    0.175 49                44.55    0.162
+49	44.67	0.163
+
+Std. Deviation 1.820
+1.916 1.777
+1.789
+
+Variance
+
+3.312 3.672 3.157
+3.199
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020	Page No: 222
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+
+
+Table 4 : PANAS –Control –Statistics
+
+Statistics
+
+
+N	Valid
+Missing
+
+Posit_pre 120
+0
+
+Posit_post 120
+0
+
+Negat_pre 120
+0
+
+Negat_post 120
+0
+
+Std. Error of Mean	0.166	0.175	0.162	0.163 Median	15.00	15.00	44.00	45.00 Mode	16	15	43	43a
+
+Percentiles   25 50
+75
+
+14.00           14.00            43.00            43.00 15.00           15.00            44.00            45.00
+16.00	17.00	46.00	46.00
+
+
+
+Mann Whitney U Test  - Independent samples :
+
+
+
+Table 5 : PANAS – Yoga group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
+
+
+
+Variable
+
+Posit_pre Negat_pre
+
+N	Mean	Sum of rank             Ranks
+120	1.53	183.6 120	3.45	414
+
+Variable	N
+
+Posit_post       120 Negat_post      120
+
+Mean       Sum of rank        Ranks
+3.55	426 1.47	176.4
+
+
+
+Mann Whitney U Test  - Independent samples :
+
+Table 6 : PANAS – Control group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
+
+
+
+Variable
+
+Posit_pre Negat_pre
+
+N	Mean	Sum of rank           Ranks
+120       1.48            177.6 120       3.49            418.8
+
+Variable	N
+
+Posit_post       120 Negat_post      120
+
+Mean       Sum of rank        Ranks
+1.52            182.4 3.51            421.2
+
+
+
+Table 7 : Hypothesis Test statistics summary
+
+
+N = 120
+Degrees of freedom	= 3
+Exact significance   –  2*(1-tailed sig) = 0.00 Variable
+Posit_post Negat_post
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020
+
+
+
+
+Asymptotic  Significance (2 sided Test) = 0.00 0.00
+0.00
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Page No: 223

document/management/Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees An Action Research Study conv.txt

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+Innovative Journal of Business and Management 4: 3 May – June (2015) 45 – 51.
+
+Contents lists available at www.innovativejournal.in
+
+INNOVATIVE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
+
+Journal homepage: http://www.innovativejournal.in/ijbm/index.php/ijbm
+
+EFFECT OF YOGA ON CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AND PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES: AN ACTION RESEARCH STUDY
+
+Chokkalingam, Sony Kumari, K.B.Akhilesh, H.R.Nagendra
+
+S. Vyasa University, Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+
+
+
+ARTICLE INFO
+
+Corresponding Author:
+Dr.Sony Kumari,
+Associate Professor,SVyasa University,#19, ‘Eknath Bhavan’, Gavipuram Circle, Kempe Gowda Nagar,, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560019 Email: [email protected]
+
+Key	Words	Personality	and performance of employee, Integrated Yoga, Conscientiousness
+
+
+
+
+DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijb m.vol4.iss3.22.pp45-51
+
+ABSTRACT
+
+Development   of   performance   of   employee   is   an   important concern for employee, employer and society at large. In this study an important personality trait viz., conscientiousness, it’s importance in the performance of employee and impact of practice of integrated yoga on personality and performance of employee are studied. 51 employees are given  Integrated  Yoga  intervention  and  another  51  employees,  who comprise  control  group  are  not  given  any  intervention  for  4  months. Using	the	Big	Five	Personality	Questionnaire,	data	about Conscientiousness is collected from Yoga intervention group and control group before the study, in the middle of the study and at the end of the study. The data is analysed using SPSS and significant increase (p value <0.001) in conscientiousness among subjects in Yoga intervention group is  found  and  not  in  Control  group.  So  it  is  concluded  that  practice  of Integrated Yoga improves the Conscientiousness and thus performance of employee.
+
+
+©2015, IJBM, All Right Reserved
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+Improving  the  performance  of  employee  is  an important  issue  for  employee,  employer  and  society  at large.   The   Big   Five   Personality   Model   identifies   five personality	dimensions	namely	Conscientiousness, Openness to experience, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism     which	influence	the     performance	of employee(Stephen  Robbins  et  al,2011)  .  Among  these, Conscientiousness and it’s improvement through practice of Integrated Yoga is discussed in this article. In the first part different facets of conscientiousness, it’s importance in job   performance   and   different   methods   in   vogue   to improve  the  conscientiousness  are  discussed.  In  second part, different aspects of Integrated Yoga are discussed. The third  part  discusses  the  details  of  empirical  study.  The fourth part discusses the results of the study, limitations and suggestions.
+Conscientiousness and Job Performance:
+According  to  John  O.P.  and  Srivatsava  S(1999) facets	(and	correlated	trait	adjectives)	of Conscientiousness              are              Competence(efficient), Order(organized),  dutifulness(  not  careless),achievement striving(thorough),self   discipline(   not   lazy),deliberation (not impulsive).
+The   pioneering   studies	on   the   relationship between  personality  and  job  performance  are  done  by Barrick   and   Mount.   They   studied   the   importance   of Emotional Stability on the following aspects of employee performance  viz.,  Citizenship  and  non  counterproductive work behavior, Low turnover and absenteeism, Leadership
+
+
+and entrepreneurship, Expatriate success, Earnings, safety, Compliance, Healthy behaviors and longevity, Motivation, Job    satisfaction,    commitment,    Life    satisfaction(Edwin A.Locke,2009)
+Most of the studies of Barrick and Mount show that conscientiousness is the most important trait among all the five   traits,   which   contribute   to   the   performance   of employee.	Eight	meta-analyses	reported	that conscientiousness and emotional stability predicted overall job performance with an average true score validity of .24 and  .15,  respectively.  Conscientiousness  and  emotional stability   have   been   found   to   consistently   (negatively) predict  an  individual’s  propensity  to  withdraw  from  the job.  Barrick  and  Mount  showed  that  voluntary  turnover was  predicted  by  both  personality  traits  .   Mount  and Barrick  (1995)  found  that  conscientiousness  correlates highly    with    amount    of    effort    exerted.    This    strong relationship  indicates  that  conscientiousness  affects  task performance through increased time on task, which in turn affects performance through its effect on other mediating variables.    Mount    and	Barrick	(1995)	found	that conscientiousness   is   strongly   correlated   with   quality  . Another    study  by  Barrick,  Mount,  and  Strauss  (1993) showed that highly conscientious sales representatives are more  likely  to  set  goals  autonomously  and  to  be  more committed  to  their  goal,  which,  in  turn,  led  to  higher performance . A study of the personality scores of 313 CEO candidates in private companies(of whom 225 were hired, and  their  companies’  performance  later  correlated  with
+
+
+45
+Soni et. al/ Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees: An Action Research Study
+
+
+their   personality   scores)   found   conscientiousness   was more important  than other traits .
+Employers   are   very   interested   in   eliminating counterproductive or antisocial behavior at work. Research demonstrates integrity tests are valid predictors of these behaviors (Ones, Viswesvaran & Schmidt, 1993), and also predict supervisory ratings of performance . In addition, they	identified	more	than	100	studies	reporting correlations   between   integrity   tests   and   temperament measures.   It   found   that   integrity   tests   were   related primarily   to   conscientiousness   and   emotional   stability (along with agreeableness).  Ones and Viswesvaran (1996) found  that  emotional  stability  emerged  as  the  strongest personality based predictor of customer service orientation followed by conscientiousness. Thus, a major component of what is measured by integrity tests and customer service tests is conscientiousness and emotional stability.   Hurtz and Donovan ( 2000 ) found   that conscientiousness and emotional stability influence citizenship behaviors at work through	their    relationship    to	job    dedication	and interpersonal facilitation. Berry et al. (2007) clarified how emotional     stability	and	conscientiousness     predict counterproductive  behavior.  They  stated  that  the  more conscientious  and  emotionally  stable  a  firm’s  employees are, the less likely they are to engage in counterproductive behaviors at work.
+Frei and McDaniel (1998) reported that customer service	measures	were	strongly	related	to conscientiousness  and  emotional  stability  ,  along  with agreeableness.  Selecting  employees  on  conscientiousness and   emotional   stability   is   also   important   from   the viewpoint of conforming to laws on anti discrimination. In a meta-analysis reported by Hough (1995), when selection of   employees   are   made   based   on   personality   tests differences in selections between different races were very small . Similar non-significant differences have also been found for gender. Feingold (1994) found  only small gender differences were found on measures of conscientiousness and  emotional  stability.  Thus,  from  a  legal  perspective, selecting on conscientiousness and emotional stability (and other personality dimensions) is advantageous.
+Conscientiousness   and   emotional   stability   are positively  related  to  job  satisfaction.  Judge  et  al  (1999) found   that   conscientiousness   and   emotional   stability assessed at an early age (12-14) were strong predictors of overall    job    satisfaction    in    late    adulthood    and    job satisfaction  motives  employees  to  perform  well  in  their jobs  Conscientiousness plays a major role in both job and life	satisfaction	because	conscientious	behavior	is instrumental in attaining outcomes such as career success that achievement-oriented people value (McCrae & Costa, 1991).	Schmutte and Ryff (1997) concluded that those high in conscientiousness are more satisfied because they achieve  a  heightened  sense  of  control  and  competence through     their     diligent     and	responsible	behavior. Conscientious people develop greater job knowledge and produce more and better quality output, they develop more positive   beliefs   about   their   capabilities   to   accomplish particular   tasks.   Chen   et   al   (1999)   have   shown   that employees  with  high  scores  of  conscientiousness  have scores  of  self  efficacy  and  people  with  high  self  efficacy perform well in their tasks.
+During  the  1980’s,  the  U.S.  Army  conducted  the Selection   and   Classification   Project   (Project   A).   The findings from this large-scale project were that intelligence
+
+
+tests   provided  the  best  prediction  of  job-specific  and general  task  proficiency  (core  technical  proficiency  and general  soldiering  proficiency),  whereas  the  personality composites,	particularly	those	traits	measuring conscientiousness  and  emotional  stability,  were  the  best predictors of giving extra effort and leadership, exhibiting personal  discipline  ,  and  physical  fitness  and  military bearing(McHenry et al, 1990).
+In a cross sectional survey with a study population of  159  employees  of  a  pharmaceutical  company  showed that among others Conscientiousness is directly related to task performance(S.Rothman and E.P.Coetzer). The highest validity (PV=0.20) was found for Conscientiousness among the  all  the  Big  Five.  For  all  four  of  the  occupational categories under the study, conscientiousness exhibited the highest estimated true validity ranging from 0.15 to 0.26 across occupations.
+Changeability of Conscientiousness
+As  has  been  discussed,  Conscientiousness  is  a personality dimension. Whether personality is changeable is an issue of long debate. According to Allport, one of the pioneers   in   research   on   personality,   personalities   are stable dispositions of an individual . But, Mischel (1968) suggests  that  human  behaviour  is  largely  dependent  on situations . The study of both of the above theories is called Interactionism.	Rather	than	saying	that	situations determine    behaviour    (which    ignores    differences    in individual   reactions)   or   that   personality   determines behavior(which   is   misleading   because   of   low   cross situational	consistency     of     behavior)     interactionism expresses  it  differently.       This  Interactionist  approach allows  us to  assume  that  the  person  is free  because his personality is not genetically determined and that some of his   personality   traits   may   vary   because   of   his   own decisions(Jose Hernandez and Ricardo Mateo 2012). Brent W.Roberts  et  al(2012)  stated  that  it  is  only  a  common misperception that personality traits are highly heritable. They   have provided an alternative vision of personality traits that expands on the structure, the developmental, as well  as  the  contextual  nature  of  traits    (Roberts,  2009; Roberts  &  Jackson,  2008).  Although  conscientiousness  is heritable,    the    best    estimate    of    the    heritability    of conscientiousness-related traits is between 40% and 50% (Krueger & Johnson, 2008) . Thus, like almost all constructs studied   in   psychology,   the   majority   of   variance   in conscientiousness	is     attributable	to     environmental influences . Empirical evidence has repeatedly shown that conscientiousness,  and  the  related  constructs  that  fall within  the  conscientiousness  spectrum,  such  as  impulse control, are both changeable and continue to develop and change well into adulthood (Roberts et al, 2006). Though changeability     should     not     be     taken     as     meaning inconsistency,  it  is  clear  that  personality  traits  retain robust  rank-order  consistency  over  time  while  showing slow, incremental changes from year to year (Roberts & Mroczek, 2008). From the above discussion it is clear that environment  can  act  as  the  facilitator  for  personality development .
+Conscientiousness can be improved, among other things,   through   employee   empowerment,   training,   job enrichment and trust (Roberts,B.W.,& Mroczek,D, 2008). To the best of the knowledge of the authors, no study has been made  so  far  to  assess  if  practice  of  yoga  can  enhance conscientiousness.  In  this  article,  we  want  to  study  if
+
+
+46
+Soni et. al/ Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees: An Action Research Study
+
+
+Integral Yoga can facilitate a change in personality of the employees to develop conscientiousness in them.
+Integrated	Yoga	as	the	facilitator	to	improve conscientiousness
+Yoga is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy and  it  is  practiced  by  many  people  from  ancient  times (Feuerstein, 1998) An analysis of the term Yoga, as given by different scriptures and gurus in different contexts is as follows.
+“Yujyate  anena  iti  yogah”  –Yoga  is  that  which joins.It implies that Yoga elevates a narrow minded person who is constricted in false ego(Ahamkara) to higher levels of consciousness where he identifies himself with his real ego(Aham) or the universe. Patanjali, an ancient Yoga sage, defines  Yoga  as  Yogah  Cittavritti  Nirodhah  –Yoga  is  a technique used to still the fluctuations of the mind to reach the   central   reality   of   the   true   self   (Iyengar,   1966)   . Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras outline a skillful way of conducting life that fosters moderation and harmony (Becker, 2000). According	to	Yoga	Vashishta(3.9.32)	Manah Prasamanopayah Yoga ityabhidhiyate- Yoga is a skillful and subtle process to calm down the mind
+The  most  important  definition  relevant  for  the present study is given by Bhagavadgita as “Yogah Karmasu Koushalam”(Bhagavagita chapetr 2, shloka 50).
+There  is  no  synonym  in  English  language  for  the word  ‘Karma’  as  used  in  the  context  of  Bhagavadgita. However taking the spirit of Bhagavadgita to understand the word Karma and Koushalam the above definition can be interpreted as follows (Mahadevan,2014)
+Yoga is working with mastery over knowledge of means  and  goals  of  work,Yoga  is  dexterity  and  skill  in action, Yoga is working with proper order and industry, Yoga is working with focus on present activity rather than future results which depend many external factors,Yoga is to    work    in    a    sustainable    way    of    life    and    social order(Dharma),Yoga    is    work    without    stress,Yoga    is working your way to contentment, Yoga is to work with excellence in execution.   Yoga is work the knowledge and abilities of - how to react to real time events, of change management, there is no state of ‘no work’, work is the only means for evolution of one self, engaging in work is always superior to no work, other than the work itself, we have no locus  of  control  on  other  aspects  of  work,work  without attachment (what is in it for me) is bound to be always superior & fulfilling
+According to Swamy Vivekananda each soul is potentially divine. According to him every one can become divine by psychic	control(Raja	Yoga),	devotion(Bhakti Yoga),Knowledge of self (Jnana Yoga),Selfless action(Karma Yoga). It is quite clear from the above statement that he brushed   aside   the   notion   that   personality   cannot   be changed. According to him it is possible to bring perfection in   a   person.   He   suggests   four   ways   for   it   viz.,   by Work(Karma     Yoga),	by    Worship(Bhakti	Yoga),	by Philosophy    (Jnana    Yoga),    by    Psychic    control    (Raja Yoga).Yoga practice which aim at the integral development of the personality by a fine combination of  the above four methods  of  yoga  viz.,  Karma  Yoga,  Bhakthi  Yoga,  Jnana Yoga and Raja Yoga is called as Integrated Yoga.
+Based  on  the  above  principles  Swamy  Vivekananda Yoga	Anusandhana	Samsthan(S-Vyasa)University, Bengaluru, India  developed a Holistic and Integrated Yoga Module.     It	encompasses     the	philosophy	of	Raja yoga(Asanas,pranayama,dhyana etc), Karma Yoga(path of
+
+
+detached  actions),Jnana  Yoga(knowledge  of  self),Bhakthi Yoga(trust	in	the	supreme	order).	Practicing	this knowledge may bring out complete transformation of one’s personality  on  physical,  mental,  emotional  and  spiritual levels	which,	among	other	things,	strengthen    his performance levels.
+In modern times, some research has been done on application of Yoga for personality development which are summarised below:
+Bhole (1977), in his conceptual paper, explained different aspects of Yoga. The Yoga way of life encompasses the philosophy of Karma Yoga (path of detached action), Jnana Yoga (knowledge of self), Bhakti Yoga (trust in the supreme   order)   and   Raja   Yoga   (asana,   pranayama, meditation,  etc.).	Practising  this  knowledge  may  bring about a complete transformation of one’s personality, on physical,  a  mental,  emotional,  and  spiritual  level  which strengthens his stress-coping skills.
+Pandey and Naidu (1986) studied the effort and outcome  orientations  as  moderators  of  the  stress-strain relationship. They noted that the concept of ‘detachment’ is highly valued in Indian culture. The doctrine of detached action  calls  upon  the  individual  to  serve  the  society  by scrupulous performance of one’s duties with utmost skill but without desiring the fruits of actions so performed. It is one of the ways in which an altered super-conscious state or   self-realization   can   be   attained.   Effort   orientation, according to this doctrine, is the ‘individual’s focus on task at hand’ and ‘advice of not to focus on or to be concerned about the outcomes of that activity.’ Further, the doctrine emphasizes  that  an  effort  should  be  made  to  maintain emotional stability regardless of the outcome of the effort, be it success or failure. They theorized that the effort and outcome   orientations   may   moderate   the   stress-strain relationship   for   three   reasons.    First,    the   individual practicing the ideal of detached action would concentrate on most of the activities in which he engages which, in turn, would lead to the attainment of a higher degree of skills. Second, the practice of being mentally less concerned about the  outcomes  may  help  in  conserving  the  physical  and psychic  energies  and  hence,  the  subject  would  be  less affected by mental distracters such as anxiety and fear of failure (which lead to energy dissipation). Third, it is likely that   the   person   practising   these   ideals   cognizes   the stressful events in relatively more positive terms. In the light of these reasons, the authors hypothesized that in the case  of  subjects  with  a  high  degree  of  effort  orientation compared to those with a high outcome orientation: (a) the correlation  between  stress  and  strain  events  would  be smaller; and (c) the means of different strain scores would be smaller.
+Misra (1989) found that effort orientation rather than   concerns   for   outcome   leads   to   greater   intrinsic satisfaction    .	Chakraborty    (1987,    1993)    provides experimental  evidence  that  practising  Yoga,  can  enable workers and managers to control their turbulent mind and develop their self to include others around them and work without false ego.
+Palsane et al (1993) have observed that modern Western psychological literature focusing on ideas related to   the   strength   of   motives   and   frustration   and   their behavioural	consequences,	the	frustration-aggression hypothesis,    ego    involvement,    mind-body    interactions (psychosomatics), and locus of control have their parallels in the ancient Indian thought.
+
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+According    to    Srinivas    (1994),    a    series    of      practicing  Integrated  Yoga  (Intervention  Group)  and  the techniques  collectively  known  under  the  general  label,      remaining     51     of     them     not     practicing     Integrated ‘Yoga,’ way of management of human resources is better      Yoga(Control  group).The  subjects  for  intervention  group than western methods. He further states that  Yoga is a well      are taken from people who come voluntarily to learn and formulated approach to planned change.”                                          practice Integrated Yoga in Andhra Pradesh Yogadhyayana Sripriya  Krishnan(2006)  in  an  empirical  study      Parishad, a state government establishment in Hyderabad.
+proved  that  yoga  can  develop  personality  and  academic	Subjects for control group were taken from employees in excellence among students. R.Rangan et al(2010) made a	different organizations in Hyderabad, who volunteered to study on the students’ planning ability, visual and verbal	participate in the study.
+memory, sustained attention and proved that Yoga system      Inclusion  and  Exclusion:  Employees-men  and  women, of  education  improves  the  planning  ability.  These  three      with normal health as declared by the subject are included abilities  which  are  important  for  students  performance      in the study. Those who have any previous experience of which  also  are  required  for  employee  performance  are      any Yoga program or presently following any type of Yoga similar to aspects of conscientiousness.                                              program  or  taking  any  medication  for  psycho  somatic Aditi Kejriwal and Venkat R.Krishnan (2004) made      problems or self occupied people or retired people     are
+a study on what the organizations can do for enhancing	excluded from the study
+transformational  leadership  by  using  the  Guna(  Sanskrit	Data  collection:  The  data  for  the  study  was  collected word for ‘personality’) framework and by reinforcing the	before the study i.e., before giving intervention(pre study), Vedic	worldview	and	made	recommendations	for:	in  the  middle  of  the  study  i.e,  two  months  after  the Designing  training  programmes  to  develop  Sattva  and	intervention(post1)  and  at  the  end  of  the  study.ie.,  four reduce Tamas, Building team-orientation and self-sacrifice	months of the study(post2).
+for directing energies towards super ordinate goals, Base	The  period  of  study  is  four  months  i.e  from  1st organizational policies on a competency framework built      October 2014 to 31st January 2015.
+around Sattva and a Vedic orientation.                                                                In order to prove or disprove the hypothesis, data In  a  study  by  Sony  Kumari(  2008)  it  is  proved  that      was collected for both the groups before the study i.e, on practice   of   yoga   improves   Emotional   Intelligence   and      October  1st    2014,  in  the  middle  of  the  study  i.,e  on Emotional  Competence.  Sudhir  Deshpande  (2009)  in  a      December  1st   2014,  at  the  end  of  the  study  i.e.,  on  31st
+randamised   control   trail   of   the   effect   of   yoga   on	January 2015
+personalities  of  226  people  stated  that  practice  of  yoga	Intervention:  The  subjects  in  the  intervention develops Sattva Guna(balanced personality) . According to      group practiced Integrated Yoga for   4 months( 100 days, Tikheshyam  Ganpath  et  al(2012)  practice  of    Yoga    can      after deducting holidays, absents etc) for 1.5 hours a day. improve Emotional Quotient in employees and can enable	The	daily	program	contains	Surya them to excel in execution .                                                                     Namaskaras(Sun           salutations),           Asanas           (Body
+Hasmukh Adhia(2009)  conducted an important study	postures),Pranayama(Breath   regulation   exercises),   Self relating   to   Improving   Organisational   Performance   by	Awareness    Meditation    and    10    minutes    lecture    on practice of Integrated Yoga by employees . This study deals	application  of  traditional  Indian  knowledge  to  modern with   impact   of   adoption  of   yoga   way   of   life   on  the	work and personal lives.
+organizational   factors   responsible   for   success   of   the	Every month a lecture viz., Jnana yoga class for 1 organization. It is established in the study that by practice      hour  on  application  of  traditional  Indian  knowledge  is of Integrated Yoga Module , Emotional Intelligence can be      conducted by the first author on the following topics, either enhanced  and  Job  Burnout  can  be  reduced.  Emotional      thru oral lectures or audio visual presentations.1) Yogah Intelligence is positively correlated with Job Satisfaction,      Karmasu Koushalam 2) Six Dimensions of Karma Yoga 3) Goal Orientation, Affective Organisational Commitment and      Axioms  of  meaningful  work  4)  Lord  Krishna  as  modern Organisational   Citizenship   Behaviour.   Thus   the   study      manager
+concluded that practice of Integrated Yoga can bring better	The  subjects  in  the  control  group  were  not  given  any organizational   climate   which   can   bring   organizational	intervention.
+success.	Assessments:
+Details of study design:	The Big Five Inventory developed by  Oliver P.John Aim: The aim of the study is to see if conscientiousness is           and Sanjaya Srivastava was used to assess the changes in improved by practice of Integrated Yoga                                            conscientiousness . It is a five point likert scale , contains 44 Subjects: The subjects for the study were 102 employees      questions  , and 9 of them are related to Conscientiousness. (after  considering  drop  outs     the  study),  51  of  them      It has a reliability of .82 and validity of .92
+Figure 1: A schematic representation of the study plan
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+Table 1: Age and job experience of subjects	Table 2: Sector wise distribution of subjects
+Age of	Experience	Age of	Experience	Sectors	Intervention	Control Intervention	Of	Control	Of Control                                                       group	group group	intervention	group	group	IT and related	21	20
+group	Finance and	14	13
+Mean	34.784	10.627	32.21	7.2157	related
+std	6.6677	6.1722	4.7744	4.265	Others	16	18 dev
+Table 1 represents age and experience of subjects.	shows that the background of subjects in terms of age  and The average age of subjects in intervention group is 34.7	experience  in  control  group  and  intervention  group  is years with standard deviation of 6.6 where as the average	similar.
+age  of  subjects  in  control  group  is  32.21  with  standard	Table  2  represents  the  industries  in  which  the deviation  of  4.77.  The  average  experience  of  subjects  in      subjects are employed. For the sake of study, the industries intervention group is 10.6 years with standard deviation of      are  divided  as  1)  Information  Technology  and  related 6.17 where as the average experience of subjects in control      services   like   BPO,   electronics   2)   Finance   and   related group is 7.21 years with standard deviation of 4.2 years.      services    include	banking,	insurance,	mutual	funds, The average experience of subjects of intervention group is      accounting  services  3)  those  who  do  not  fall  under  the about 3.4 years more than that of control group. This is in      above  two are categorized as ‘others’.   The table shows the line with the average age of subjects, where average age of      similarity  in  distribution  of  the  subjects  in  both  control subjects in intervention group is more by 2.5 years.  Table 1      group and intervention group.
+
+
+Table 3: Mean Change in scores of Conscientiousness in Intervention group during the study Pre	Pre	Post1	Post1	Post2
+(Yoga group)	(control group)	(yoga group)	(control group)	(yoga group) Mean	28.549                   28.176	31.2549	28.705	33.65
+SD	3.8367	4.2056	3.931246	4.0843	4.46 Change                                                                              9.6  %	1.88%	18 %
+
+
+Post 2
+(control group) 28.96
+4.9 2.78%
+
+
+
+Table  3  represents  the  average  changes  in  the conscientiousness   among   the   subjects   in   intervention group and control group. Since the total number of items in conscientious are nine and scales are five, the maximum score is 45. The pre study   i.e., base line data shows that score of conscientiousness is 28.54 with standard deviation of 3.8 in subjects of intervention group whereas the same for control group is 28.17 and 4.2 respectively which show that the subjects have similar traits before the study. The post 1 study  i.e., data in the middle of the study shows that there is 9.6% increase in conscientiousness in intervention group  ,but  only  1.88%  increase  in  conscientiousness  in control group. Similarly post 2 study i.e., data at the end of the study compared to beginning of study shows there is 18%  increase  in  conscientiousness  where  as  it  is  only 2.78% in control group. These clearly indicate the increase of conscientiousness by 6.5 times more  from beginning of study to the end of the study, in intervention group than in control group.
+Since the design of the study requires repetitive studies of the same subjects, Repetitive Measures ANOVA i.e. RMANOVA test  was used to analyse the data which are collected before  the study(pre study), in the middle of the study(post1  study)  and  at  the  end  of  the  study(post2 study) both for intervention group and control group. The results of the shown in the table 4
+Table 4: Change in Conscientiousness- between groups Time factor	Group	Significance (p value)
+Pre	Y1 vs c1	.056 Post 1	Y2 vs c2	.000** Post 2	Y3 vs c3	.000**
+Table	5	shows	that	the	difference	in conscientiousness  among  subjects  in  intervention  group and control group before the study i.e, baseline data is not significant    (p>.05).    It	shows    that	the    score    of conscientiousness is relatively same in the subjects of both groups before study. Post 1 data i.e data in the middle of
+
+the  study  show  that  there  is  significant  increase  in  the conscientiousness   in   intervention   group   compared   to control group (p < .001).Post 2 study i.,e data at the end of the  study  shows  that  there  is  significant  increase  in  the conscientiousness   in   intervention   group   compared   to control group (p < .001).
+Table 5: Changes in Conscientiousness- Within group Group	Time factor	Significance (p value) Yoga	Pre  vs post 1	.000**
+Pre  vs post 2              .000** Post 1 vs post  2       .000**
+Control	Pre  vs post 1	.275 Pre  vs post 2	.327 Post 1 vs post  2	1.000
+Table 5 shows changes in Conscientiousness with in Intervention group and control group during the study. It shows a continuous increase in conscientiousness from beginning to middle(p<.001), middle to end(p<.001) and beginning to end (p<.001) in subjects of intervention group . There is no significant increase in conscientiousness from beginning  to  middle(p>0.05),  middle  to  end(p>.05)  and beginning to end (p>.05) in subjects of control group Notes:
+• ** indicates that the values are significant
+• Pre,post1,post2 means the Study before intervention (baseline data), study in the middle of intervention, study at the end of  intervention respectively
+• Y1,Y2,Y3  means yoga group(intervention group) at the time of before study, middle of study, after study
+• C1,C2,C3 means control group at the time of before study, middle of study, after study
+Limitations of the study and recommendations:
+1.	The  subjects  are  from  different  organizations  and sectors. The changes in environment of their respective organizations and sectors during the study period may affect   their   responses.   For   further   research,   It   is
+
+
+49
+Soni et. al/ Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees: An Action Research Study
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+recommended    to    have    subjects    from    the    same organization.
+2.	 The control group is not given any intervention, which may  affect  their  interest   to  give  response  to   the questionnaires and affect its accuracy. Considering the ethical issues it is difficult for an outsider to insist on interest  of  subjects  of  control  group  while  giving responses.  For further research, it is recommended to give some non yoga intervention to control group.
+3.	It  is  recommended  for  further  research  that  if  the intervention   for   both   groups   is   given   within   the organization, the same physical and office environment for  all  subjects  in  both  groups  can  ensure  better accuracy, unbiased responses.
+CONCLUSIONS
+The following conclusions can be drawn  from the study
+1.  Personality of employee especially consciousness has an impact on the performance of employee
+2.  Personality is changeable by suitable environment and training
+3.  Practice	of	Integrated	Yoga	brings	a	positive transformation   in   the   personality   traits   especially Conscientiousness
+4.  The implication of the above points is that practice of Integrated   Yoga   can   improve   the   performance   of employee.
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+How to cite this article: K.B.AKHILESH, H.R.NAGENDRA, Chokkalingam Sony Kumari. Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees: An Action Research Study. Innovative Journal of Business and Management, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 3, p. 45-51, jun. 2015. ISSN 2277-4947.
+Available at: <http://innovativejournal.in/ijbm/index.php/ijbm/article/view/22>. Date accessed: 27 Jun. 2015. doi:10.15520/ijbm.vol4.iss3.22.pp45-51.
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+Original Article
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+Effect of cyclic meditation on quality of life and perceived stress in female adolescence
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+Sony Kumari, Sumitabha Ghosh Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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+Address for Correspondence: Dr. Sony Kumari,
+c/o, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, No. 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar,
+Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, Karnataka, India. E‑mail: [email protected]
+
+ABSTRACT
+Aim: Effect of cyclic meditation (CM) on quality of life (QOL) and perceive stress in female adolescence.MaterialsandMethods:Thisstudy wascarriedout in school students(58 adolescence girl). Participants age ranged from 14 to 17 years with a mean age of (mean ± standard deviation = 16.41 ± 0.56). All subjects were recruited from Bongo Sishu Balika Vidhalaya Bali Hawra (West Bengal) India.The variables (perceive stress scale and QOL enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire) were assessed before the CM practices.All the student underwent CM practices daily for 30 min afternoon 3 pm to 3:30 pm, 5 days a week for 1‑month under the guidance of a trainer yoga therapist.These CMs consisted of eight steps.The eight‑step CM is the same, which is following in SVYASA Yoga University.After 30 days of intervention, the parameters were repeated. Results:The dataanalysis showed significant improvement in QOL(P<0.05) and significant changes in perceive stress (P < 0.05) and there is no significant change in quality of satisfaction.The result shows significant value in both the variables month of CM one.Conclusion:These findings suggest that practice 1‑month of CM showed that there is a significant impact on QOL and perceived stress in an adolescent girl.
+
+Key words:Adolescence, perceived stress, quality of life cyclic meditation, yoga
+
+
+
+Introduction
+Quality of life (QOL) reflects an individual’s subjective perceptions of overall satisfaction with life and general well‑being. It is recognized as a multidimensional concept and, therefore, can be described in terms of fulfillment and functioning in physical, psychological, emotional, social and vocational/educational domains. The cognitive, behavioral, and social problems in adolescents girl with epilepsy results from multiple interacting causes, including socioeconomic‑family, psychological, biological, medication factors, and QOL.
+
+Perceived stress is one of the common problem in adolescent girl compared with boys, girl’s showed a higher amount of perceived interpersonal stress and prone for social support. There is a research, whichdetects that the female
+
+
+Access this article online
+Quick Response Code:
+Website: www.ijeprjournal.org
+
+
+DOI:
+10.4103/2395-2296.158348
+
+
+adolescent has more problem‑focused and emotion‑focused coping were negatively related to emotional and behavioral problems, whereas perceived stress and maladaptive coping was positively associated with adjustment problems. These relations were stronger in female than in male adolescents.[1] Most of the girl feel distress and perceive stress because the phase changes between early childhood to full adolescent they faced so many changes on her family, society, and in school. These changes create differences in their moods, behaviors, and psychological aspects.[2]
+
+Yoga is an ancient Indian science, which includes the practice of loosening exercises (sithilikaranavyayama) specific postures (asana), cleansing practices (kriyas), voluntarily regulated breathing (pranayama), yoga‑based guided relaxation and meditation (dhyana). Yoga an ancient Indian culture and way of life, which gives the practitioner a healthy body and sound mind is known to alleviate stress and produce relaxation. Many branches of yoga have been described, such as “Hatha” yoga, “Karma” yoga, “Bhakti” yoga and others. Yoga includes postural exercises (asana’), breath control (Pranayama’) and at a higher state aims to “yoke’ or Join” the individual soul to the universal soul. Sahaja yoga is reported to help in the prevention of stress disorders.
+
+
+238	International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches / Vol 1 / Issue 3 / July-September 2015
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijeprjournal.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+
+Kumari and Ghosh: Meditation on quality of life
+
+
+A randomized control trial study on adolescent psychiatric outpatient’s age range between 14 and 18 years they were given 5 month mind‑body intervention and the results showed reduction in symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatic distress, and perceived stress.[3]
+
+The previous study investigated the effects of a 10‑week mindfulness‑based  intervention  on  self‑reported mindfulness,  impulsiveness,  perceived  stress,  and healthy self‑regulation in a group of 32 incarcerated youth. Thirty‑two participants completed questionnaires pre‑ and post‑intervention. In addition, 23 participants were interviewed on completion of the intervention where the results suggest that mindfulness‑based intervention for incarcerated youth may mitigate the numerous psychological stressors associated with incarcerated living. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.[4]
+
+An observational, transversal study was carried out to examine cross‑cultural differences in perceived QOL and health‑related behaviors on adolescents from southern Portugal and southern Spain. Sample consists in 319 adolescents. The Kidscreen‑27 child self‑report, a short version of health behavior in school‑aged children questionnaire, and a Sociodemographic questionnaire were used. Results suggest significant differences between Portuguese and Spanish adolescents health behaviors. Portuguese adolescents experiment more legal drugs and consume more wine and beer. More Spanish adolescents smoke. No differences were found between countries on hashish use, liquor consumption, inebriation, Spanish adolescents perceived themselves with better QOL. Gender differences were found on several dimensions of QOL. Results are discussed with previous research on this topic and might be considered by nurses when promoting adolescent health.
+
+Cyclic meditation (CM) is the meditation technique named as moving meditation taken from Mandukiya Upanishad, which is a combination of the yoga postures and relaxation techniques. It is based on the principles of stimulation and relaxation. There are three relaxation techniques included in this meditation practice, which are instant relaxation technique, quick relaxation technique, and deep relaxation technique.
+
+Materials and Methods
+Subjects  were  recruited  from  Bongo  Sishu  Balika Vidhalaya Bali Hawra (West Bengal) India all subjects were 10th‑12th  standard pass out. Participants are school students (58 adolescence girl) participants age ranged were
+
+from 14 to 17 years with a mean age of (mean ± standard deviation = 16.41 ± 0.56). Subjects age range was between 14 and 17 years. All subjects were female and subjects were 10th–12th  standard pass out. The study protocol will be explained to the subjects, and their signed consent will be obtained. The design of this study was single group pre‑and post‑design and the sampling were convenient sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 version (Armonk, NY: IBM Company) using nonparametric test. In the present study, QOL and perceived stress scale (PSS) variables were used.
+
+Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire The scoring of the QOL enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire (Q‑LES‑Q‑SF) involves summing only the first 14 items to yield a raw total score. The last two items are not included in the total score, but are standalone items. The raw total score ranges from 14 to 70.[5]  For assessing the validity of the Q‑LES‑Q‑SF – short form research was done in adults, and the research found with Internal consistency of the Q‑LES‑Q‑SF items was 88, and the correlation between the Q‑LES‑Q‑SF total score and the SAS total T‑score was 72. After these results, it can be supported that the Q‑LES‑Q‑SF is valid to measure the QOL.[6]
+
+Perceived stress scale
+The PSS measures a global perception of the stress response on a continuum from mild to severe. PSS is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. The questions in the PSS are of general nature, relatively free of content specific to any sub‑population group and enquire about feelings and thoughts to measure the “degree to which situations in one’s life is appraised as stressful” especially, over last 1‑month. The items are easy to understand, and response alternatives are simple to grasp. Items are designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. It comprises of 10 items, four of which are reverse‑scored, measured on a 5‑point scale from 0 to 4. PSS scores are obtained by reversing responses (e.g., 0 = 4, 1 = 3, 2 = 2, 3 = 1 and 4 = 0) to the four positively stated items (items 4, 5, 7, and 8) and then summing across all scale items. The total score ranges from 0 to 40. The measure has good reliability, validity and internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha of 88. It has been widely used, is general in nature, and brief.
+
+Intervention Cyclic meditation
+Cyclic meditation is the meditation technique named as moving meditation taken from Mandukiya Upanishad which is a combination of the yoga postures. This
+
+
+
+International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches / Vol 1 / Issue 3 / July-September 2015	239
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ijeprjournal.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+
+Kumari and Ghosh: Meditation on quality of life
+
+
+Table 1: Pre‑ and post‑changes of perceive stress, QOL and quality of satisfaction after 1‑month of CM
+Assessment		Pre	Post	Percentage	P (mean±SD)   (mean±SD)    of change
+Perceive stress	18.58±3.5	20.0±3.3	+7.1	0.020* QOL                           46.6±9.5        49.01±10.2	+4.9	0.023* Quality of	3.43±0.94        3.41±1.05	−0.2             0.661 satisfaction
+
+Paired t‑tests revealed a significant decrease (P < .05) in perceived stress and a significant increase (P < .001) in healthy self‑regulation. No significant differences were found on self‑reported mindfulness. Results suggest that
+mindfulness‑based interventions are feasible for incarcerated adolescents
+
+technique of yoga postures with guided meditation was given by H. R. Nagendra, Ph. D, called CM, which has its’ origin in an ancient Indian text, Mandukiya Upanishad.[7] It is interesting that CM does induce a quiet state of mind, which is compatible with the description of meditation (dhyana or effortless expansion), according to Patanjali the description states Tatra pratyayaikatanata dhyanam’ (Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, chapter 3: verse 2). This means that the uninterrupted flow of the mind towards the object chosen for meditation is dhyana.[8] In CM the period of practicing yoga postures is a combination of alternate stimulation and followed by relaxation’. Stimulation is done by stretching part by part and relaxation by savasana or relaxation technique. An essential part of the practice of CM is being aware of sensations arising in the body.[9]
+
+Results
+Data  were  not  normally  distributed,  and  we  have conducted a nonparametric test to see the within group result. Result showed significant improvement in QOL+4.9%(P>0.05) and significant changes in perceive stress + 7.1% (P > 0.05) and there is changes in the mean value of postquality of satisfaction − 0.2%. Thus, the results of the study concluded that the significant value of both variables is highly significant [Table 1].
+
+The mechanism behind the find could be because, the practice of CM leads to deeper physical and mental relaxation, which could be cause for improved positive attitude and approach towards life. Previous study investigated the effects of a 10‑week mindfulness‑based intervention on self‑reported mindfulness, impulsiveness, perceived stress, and healthy self‑regulation in a group of  32  incarcerated  youth.  Thirty‑two  participants completed questionnaires pre‑ and post‑intervention. In addition, 23 participants were interviewed upon completion of the intervention where the results suggest
+
+that mindfulness‑based intervention for incarcerated youth may mitigate the numerous psychological stressors associated with incarcerated living. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
+
+The present study was aimed to see the effect of 1‑month CM practice on perceive stress and QOL in an adolescent girl. End of the study we observed significant improvement in QOL and changes in perceive stress. The result shows that there is significant result in both variables.
+
+Conclusion
+This study has the strength with large sample size and success to show the preliminary step in determining the effect of CM on QOL and perceive stress in female adolescence. In future, we can examine the effect of CM on QOL and perceive stress in other generation, and we have to expand our sample size.
+
+References
+
+1.	HampelP, PetermannF. Perceived stress, coping, and adjustment in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2006;38:409-15.
+2.	Pierrehumbert B, Torrisi R, Glatz N, Dimitrova N, Heinrichs M, Halfon O. The influence of attachment on perceived stress and cortisol response to acute stress in women sexually abused in  childhood  or  adolescence.  Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009;34:924-38.
+3.	Biegel   GM,   Brown   KW,   Shapiro   SL,   Schubert   CM. Mindfulness-based  stress  reduction  for  the  treatment  of adolescent psychiatric outpatients: A randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009;77:855-66.
+4.	Himelstein S. A mixed method study of a mindfulness-based intervention on incarcerated youth. Diss Abstr Int B Sci Eng 2010;59:151-6.
+5.	Endicott J, Nee J, Harrison W, Blumenthal R. Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire: A new measure. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993;29:321-6.
+6.	Mick  E,  Faraone  SV,  Spencer  T,  Zhang  HF,  Biederman  J. Assessing the validity of the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2008;11:504-9.
+7.	Swami  C.  Mandukya  Upanishad.  Bombay,  India:  Sachin Publishers; 1984.
+8.	TaiminiIK. The Science of Yoga. Madras, India: The Theosophical Publishing House; 1986.
+9.	Nagendra  HR,  Nagarathna  R.  New  Perspectives  in  Stress Management.  Bangalore,  India:  Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga Prakashan; 1997.
+
+How to cite this article: Kumari S, Ghosh S. Effect of cyclic meditation on quality of life and perceived stress in female adolescence. Int J Educ Psychol Res 2015;1:238-40.
+Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+240	International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches / Vol 1 / Issue 3 / July-September 2015

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+YOGA AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS VIOLENCE
+
+EFFECT OF SHORT TERM YOGA PRACTICES ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS VIOLENCE IN SCHOOL CHILDREN- A RANDOMIZED
+CONTROL STUDY
+
+
+G.K. Reddy
+Research Scholar, SVYAS University, Bangalore. Sony Kumari
+Assistant Professor, SVYAS University, Bangalore.
+
+
+Voice of  Research Volume 3, Issue 4 March 2015
+ISSN 2277-7733
+
+
+Abstract
+The effectiveness of short term yoga practice on cognitive function and attitude towards violence in school children (n = 100) was examined. The participants were divided into two groups -Yoga and Control group. Yoga group was given 10 days yoga intervention programme for one hour every day. Results indicated that yoga intervention contributed significant result in cognitive function and no significant result in ATV (attitude towards violence) in school children.
+Keywords: School children, cognitive function, attitude towards violence, yoga
+
+
+Cognition: A term psychologists use to refer to the activity of knowing and the mental processes by which human beings acquire and use knowledge to solve problems, the cognitive  processes  that  help  us  to  understand  and  to adopt to the environment include such activity as attending, perceiving, learning, thinking and remembering in short, the unobservable events and undertaking that characterize the  human  mind.  Cognition  is  a  term  referring  to  the mental  processes  involved  in  gaining  knowledge  and comprehension.  These  processes  include  thinking, knowing,  remembering,  judging,  and  problem-solving. These  are  higher-level  functions  of  the  brain  and encompass  language,  imagination,  perception,  and planning.
+Cognition and its development: The activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired. Change that occur in mental activities such as attending, perceiving, learning, thinking and remembering.
+Cognitive equilibrium & Meta cognition: Piaget’s term for the  state  of  affairs  in  which  there  is  a  balanced  or harmonious, relationship between one’s thought processes and the environment. One’s knowledge about cognition and about the regulation of cognitive activities.
+Cognitive  function  in  school  children:  Developing  an understanding  of  the  world  around  you  is  a  lifetime process that begins at birth. Knowing about the regularity and  predictability  of  the  universe  is  important.  This knowledge,  called  cognitive  development,  is  learned through mental processes and sensory perceptions. Warm, supportive interactions with others, as well as the ability to use  all  five  of  the  sensory  modes—seeing,  hearing, touching,  tasting,  and  smelling—are  required  for maximum  development  of  the  mental  or  cognitive processes.  High-quality  child  development  centers  have always placed priority on children’s intellectual learning.
+Today  the  emphasis  is  greater  than  ever,  because  new
+
+research  is  being  reported  that  helps  teachers  better understand the mental or cognitive processes that are at work in the child.
+Violence: The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal development, or deprivation.
+Effect of violence in school children: High profile acts of violence, particularly in schools, can confuse and frighten children who may feel in danger or worry that their friends or loved-ones are at risk. They will look to adults for information and guidance on how to react. Parents and school personnel can help children feel safe by establishing a sense of normalcy and security and talking with them about their fears.
+Attitude: Attitude is a readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude is an evaluation of  an attitude object  to  vary  from  extremely  negative  to  extremely positive, but also admits that people can also be conflicted or ambivalent toward an object meaning that they might at different times express both positive and negative attitude toward the same object. This has led to some discussion of whether individual can hold multiple attitudes toward the same object.
+Violence attitude in school children: Children who exhibit explosive or noncompliant behaviour can be a difficult challenge to school personnel and parents. These children are chronically violent or aggressive and may be defiant, start fights, push, kick, hit or grab, throw things, verbally threaten  classmates  or  staff,  or  destroy  property.  Some children respond to verbal prompts to interrupt and stop this  type  of  behaviour.  Others  melt  down  with  little obvious provocation and, once they “lose it,” cannot be reached until they have exhausted their rage. Typically, these
+children do not handle transitions or unexpected change
+
+
+
+14 | Voice of Research,Vol. 3 Issue 4, March 2015, ISSN 2277-7733
+YOGA AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS VIOLENCE
+
+
+well and have low tolerance for frustration. This is different from violent behaviour that is “episodic” (i.e., out of the norm for the child and perhaps the result of an isolated event at school or home) or “goal oriented” (i.e., employed to achieve a specific desire or targeted at a specific person). Aggression is usually defined by behavioural scientists as behaviour  that  is  intended  to  harm  another  person. Common forms of  aggression are physical (for example, punching), verbal (for example, saying or writing hurtful things  to  another  person),  and  relational  (for  example, intentionally and publicly not inviting someone to a party to  harm  his  social  relationships).  Violence  usually  is conceived as more extreme forms of physical aggression that are likely to result in physical injury. The most extreme form of violence is homicide, but any form of aggressive behaviour that is likely to result in an injury serious enough to warrant medical attention is considered violence. Thus, fights involving weapons as well as fistfights by adolescents old  enough  to  be  able  to  inflict  serious  injuries  are considered acts of violence.
+Literature Review
+Faculties’ beliefs in their collective instructional efficacy contribute significantly to their schools’ level of academic achievement. Findings shows there are diverse ways in which  perceived  self-efficacy  contributes  to  cognitive development  and  functioning.  Faculties’ beliefs  in  their collective instructional efficacy contribute significantly to their schools’ level of academic achievement.
+Progressive behavior both in Grades 1 through 3 (ages 5– 8) and Grades 4 through 6 (ages 9–12), the effects on social cognition  were  only  evident  in  the  later  grades. Furthermore, the effect of violence exposure on aggression in the later grades was partially mediated by its effect on social cognition. These findings suggest that witnessing community violence has an effect on children’s aggressive behavior  through  both  imitation  of  violence  and  the development of associated cognitions as children get older.
+The yoga intervention produced improvements in physical measures (e.g., timed 1-legged standing, forward flexibility) as well as a number of quality-of-life measures related to sense of well-being and energy and fatigue compared to controls.  Those  in  the  yoga  group  showed  significant improvement  in  quality-of-life  and  physical  measures compared to exercise and wait-list control groups.
+Three  hundred  and  twelve  sets  of  pre–post  data  were analysed. There was an increase in PA of PANAS by 13% and OPA by 17%. The NA reduced by 47% and ONA by 48% It is feasible and safe to conduct a weeklong yoga camp in an urban setting, and integrated yoga practices can reduce the negative affect and increase the positive affect
+within one week.
+
+Method
+Sample: The sample consisted  of  100  school  students, Chaitanya Vidyanikethan Educational Society, Hyderabad. The school is situated in rural area. The age ranges were between 13 to 15 years. 8th  & 9th  standard from both sex (boys and girls) Total sample size 100 was divided into two  groups.  Experimental  group  50  No.  and  control group 50 No.
+Measure: DLST (Digit Letter Substitution Test), scale is developed by Natu MV, Agarwal AK. (1997). was used to measure  the  cognitive  function  (perception,  thinking, memory,  recollect,  analyze,  judgment,  fast  dissension). ATV (Attitude towards Violence) scale is used to measure the attitude towards violence in school children.
+Procedure: The DLST and ATV scales were administered to all the members participating in this study, before and after the intervention. The intervention which was given to yoga group  was  short  term  yoga  practices  which  consist  of Starting prayer (Om sahanavavatu…..) loosening exercise, breathing exercise, relaxation techniques like QRT, DRT, asana ( physical postures), pranayama ( breathing practices ).Meditation and closing prayer (Sarve bhavanthu…..) daily 1  hr  and  15  minutes  for  10  days.  Loosening  exercise: condition exercise from toe to head. Breathing exercise: hands in & out, hands stretch, ankle stretch. Relaxation techniques: like QRT (quick relaxation technique), DRT (deep	relaxation	technique).	Asana:	Standing-Ardhachakration,  padahasthsan,  Ardhakati  chakrasan, Pariorutha,  Trikonasan.  Sitting-  vajrasan,  shasankasan, ustrasan, bharadvajasan. Pranayama: Kapalabathi, bastrika, bhramari,  Nadisuddi  pranayama.  Meditation:  silence. Whereas the control group was given PE (physical exercise) daily 45 minutes for 10 days.
+Results and Discussion: Intense short term yoga practice in school children lead to significant improvement in cognitive function  and  no  significant  result  shown  in  attitude towards violence.
+Table  1  -  DLST  (within  group  result)  Paired  Sample  T  test
+Scale/Gro       Pre/po      MEA      Percent          Std.          Sig{2-up                        st             N         age of         Deviatio      tailed
+Mean	n	test} DLST(Y)	PRE	45.22	42%            8.09            0.000
+POST	64.30	11.69
+DLST(C)	 PRE	49.5	24%	6.84	0.000 POST	61.4                             7.87
+
+Table 2 - ATV (within group result) wilcoxon signed rank test
+Scale/Gro       Pre/po       MEA       Percent          Std.             Sig{2-up                  st              N           age of        Deviatio          tailed
+Mean	n	test} ATV(Y)	Pre	16.3	3.0%             4.2	.572
+Post	15.8	4.1
+ATV(C)	 Pre	17.9	12.8%	3.3	.003 Post	15.6                                3.4
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 4, March 2015, ISSN 2277-7733 | 15
+YOGA AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS VIOLENCE
+
+Table  3  -  DLST  &  ATV  (Between  Groups)  Independent  t              Wertsch, James V., and Peeter Tulviste. “LS Vygotsky and Test  Mann  Whitney  test                                                        contemporary     developmental     psychology.”
+
+scale	Pre/post Pre
+DLST                              Post ATV                               Pre
+Post
+
+
+Sig{2-tailed test}
+
+0.003 .654
+
+Developmental psychology 28.4 (1992): 548.
+
+Lewis,  Marc  D.  “The  promise  of  dynamic  systems approaches  for  an  integrated  account  of  human
+development.” Child Development 71.1 (2000): 36-43.
+
+
+
+In  table-1,  the  data  was  normally  distributed  therefore parametric test (Paired sample T test) within group was conducted . In yoga group the percentage mean is increased by 42% (p> .05) and the control group is increased by 24% (p>.05).; In table -2, Data was not normally distributed therefore Non-Parametric test (Wilcoxon signed rank test) within group was conducted . Here there is 3.0% percentage change in yoga group (p< .05) and there is 12.8% change in ATV in control group (p>.05).; In table -3, Betweens group DLST & ATV (Independent t test & Mann Whitney test) was administered and result showed significant result (p> .05) in DLST and no significant result in ATV.; In addition they have experienced other benefits like physical flexibility digestion, sleep, mental relaxation and stress free and they are very cooperative with teachers and parents. This  study  lends  further  support  to  supposed  linkages between yoga and personality development at physical and mental level in school children. However, there is need for a  more  detailed  study  to  spell  out  the  processes  and mechanisms of yoga intervention in school children.
+Conclusion
+
+This study was conducted with aim to see the effect of short term yoga intervention on cognitive function and attitude towards violence in school children at the end of the  study  we  observed  significant  improvement  in cognitive function and mean percentage change is high in yoga (42%) compare to control (24%) and, no significant result shown in attitude towards violence but there is a sign of  improvement  in  ATV  in  terms  of  mean  percentage change by 3 % in Experimental group. This is an first attempt to measure ATV ( Attitude towards Violence) in school children’s.
+References
+Uhlén,  Mathias,  and  et  al.  “A  human  protein  atlas  for normal  and  cancer  tissues  based  on  antibody proteomics.”  Molecular  &  Cellular  Proteomics  4.12 (2005): 1920-1932.
+Cherry, Kendra. The Everything Psychology Book: Explore the human psyche and understand why we do the things we do.
+Everything Books, 2010.
+
+
+By P.F. Hearron|V. Hildebrand — Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall Updated on  Jul 20, 2010
+WHO-2014, global campaign for violence prevention
+NASP  has  additional  information  for  parents  and educators  on  school  safety,  violence  Prevention, children’s  trauma  reactions,  and  crisis  response  at www.nasponline.org. ©2006, National Association of School Psychologists, 4340 East West Highway #402, Bethesda, MD 20814
+Main, R. (2004). The rupture of  time: Synchronicity and Jung’s critique of modern western culture. Routledge.
+Wood, W. (2000). “Attitude Change: Persuasion and Social Influence”. Annual Review of Psychology51: 539–570.
+By Diane Smallwood, PsyD, NCSP,South Brunswick (NJ) School District
+Journal Issue: Children and Electronic Media, Volume 18 Number 1 Spring 2008
+Educational Psychologist,Albert Bandura,Volume 28, Issue 2, 1993,pages 117-148
+Child  Development,Nancy  G.  Guerra,  L.  Rowell Huesmann,
+and Anja Spindler,Volume 74,Issue 5, pages 1561–1576, October 2003,Sample: 4458.
+Accpted for publication in a peer reviewed journal, Barry S. Oken, Daniel Zajdel, Shirley Kishiyama, Kristin Flegal, Cathleen Dehen, Mitchell Haas, Dale F. Kraemer, PhD, Julie Lawrence, and Joanne Leyva, 2006; 12(1): pp.40– 47.Sample : 135
+International  journal  of  yoga,  Lakshmi  Narasimhan,  R Nagarathna, and HR Nagendra, v.4(1); Jan-Jun 2011, Int J Yoga. 2011 Jan-Jun; 4(1): 13–19. pp. 312 sets of samples
+Natu MV, Agarwal AK. Testing of  stimulant effects of coffee on the psychomotor performance: An exercise in  clinical  pharmacology.  Indian  J  Physiology
+Pharmacol. 1997;  9:11–4.
+
+
+16 | Voice of Research,Vol. 3 Issue 4, March 2015, ISSN 2277-7733

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+
+
+International Journal of Education & Management Studies, 2014, 4(2), 150-152
+http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/21#list
+
+
+© 2014 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare
+
+
+Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers
+
+Rabindra M.A., Pradhan B. and Nagendra H.R. Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore
+
+The manager's come across challenging situations in there day to day working environment. The demanding conditions produces lot of variations in their mood profile, which in turn leads to stress and strain and end up in physical illness. Solution to tackle the mood fluctuation is a need of hour. To evaluate the effect of 5 days yoga based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) on profile of mood states of managers. A single pre-post pilot study was conducted on seventy seven managers recruited from Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). The negative moods sub-scale of POMS was significantly reduced following SMET program. Whereas positive mood sub-scale improved but there was non-significant. Intense five days yoga based SMETprogram shown enhanced of profile of mood in manages.
+
+Keywords: yoga managers POMS SMET
+
+
+Organizational performance depends on multi-factors. In corporate sectors major components of human recourses development are entrepreneur, managers, and workers. They play a measure role in the developments of organization/industry/corporate/business worlds. They were commonly met with targets to achieve their goal in deadlines. In the long run unconsciously psychological strain were accumulated which led to hamper individuals' and professional growth. There were many programs which deal with management stress at various institutions using life-style modification, mind-body training, yoga, meditation, Tai-chi, and Qigong technique.
+Current  study  explored  the  effect  of  Self-Management  of Excessive  Tension  a  yoga  based  Stress  management  program developed by Swami Vivekanada Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA). The SMETconsists of two major component theory and practical sessions. Detail description of the program is presented in the Table 1.  Previous studies on SMET has shown improvement in emotional well-being (Kumari, Nath, Nagendra, & Sharma, 2007), and general health (Ganpat & Nagendra, 2011). The core practical component of SMET is Cyclic Meditation (CM). CM has been scientifically explored extensively. A review on Cyclic Meditation suggested that single sessions of CM provide deep rest to individual physiological   arousal   measured   through   metabolic   cost   and autonomic arousal (HRV). Further, studies has shown enhancement of attention and memory. Furthermore, CM has shown significant improvement in the quality of sleep (Subramanya & Telles, 2009). Hence, a single armed pre-post study has evaluated the effect of SMETprogram on ONGC managers' profile of mood.
+Method
+
+Participants
+
+
+participation. Calculated sample for current study was fifty four based on previous study. The sample size was calculated based on previous study setting effect size (0.45), alpha = 0.05 and power = 0.95  using  the  G*Power  (a  general  power  analysis  program) 3.1(Faul, Erdfelder, Buchner, & Lang, 2009). The sample size of present  study  was  seventy  seven  managers.  Both  the  gender included based on general medical routine health check up by residential doctors. Further those who were unwilling to volunteer for  the  study  were  excluded. The  informed  consent  form  was obtained from them with prior information regarding the study. Each participant read and signed an informed consent document. All procedures  were  reviewed  and  accepted  by  the  appropriate institutional review board. Participants were given questionnaire packets including demographic details and profile of mood state. After participants completed the packet of questionnaires, they were debriefed about the study. Masking has been implemented through not involving researcher in the part of intervention, assessment, scoring and analysis of data.
+Interventions
+Cyclic Meditation: Cyclic Meditation is vital part of SMET is a 30 minute practice which is very different from any other form of meditation. It comprises of a set of asanas (yogic postures) followed by  relaxation  techniques;  Instant  Relaxation  Technique  (IRT), Quick relaxation Technique (QRT) and Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT). The  key  features  of  cyclic  meditation  are  (i)  postures interspersed  with  relaxation,  (ii)  slowness  in  movements,  (iii) continuity, (iv) inner watchful awareness, (v) feeling of changes in breathing, heartbeat, blood flow and the resonance of sound, and (vi) recognition of linear, surface, three-dimensional and all pervasive awareness.
+
+
+
+Seventy  seven  managers  affiliated  to  Oil  and  Natural  Gas Corporation (ONGC), India were recruited for this study. Sample consisted of 10 females and 67 males. Participants age ranged from 29  to  61  years  with  a  mean  age  of  52.25  years  (SD=5.94). Participants  were  not  provided  with  any  incentives  for  their
+
+Correspondence should be sent to Rabindra M.A.
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore
+
+
+Table 1: SMETProgram details
+
+SMETTheory
+
+Theory
+1.   Introduction to Yoga 2.   Introduction to SMET
+2. Concept & Physiology of Stress
+3. Stress & it's Release
+
+
+
+SMETPractices
+
+
+Practice session: Cyclic Meditation Instant Relaxation Technique Täòäsana (Tree posture)
+Centering in Täòäsana
+
+151	International Journal of Education & Management Studies, 2014, 4(2), 150-152
+
+
+3. Stress & it's Release 4. Executive Growth 5. Group Dynamic
+6. SMET& Yoga Therapy Research 7. Integrated Approach of Yoga
+therapy
+8. Pranayama and Health
+9. Yoga for Mastery over Emotion (Bhakti Yoga)
+10. Action in Relaxation (Karma Yoga)
+11.Concept and Basis of Yoga
+(Happiness Analysis)
+
+
+Ardhakaöicakräsana (Half wheel posture)
+Pädahastäsana( Forward bending posture)
+Ardhacakräsana (Backward bending posture)
+QRT Ustrasana Shashankasana
+Deep Relaxation Technique
+(DRT)
+
+activity sub-scale (Shacham, 1983; Spinella, 2007).
+Data analysis
+All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 16.0).Data were analyzed using paired 't' test for evaluating the effect of SMET intervention within the group. The results are summarized in Table 2.
+Results
+
+Profile   of   Mood   State   (POMS):   There   were   significant improvements in the sub-scale profile of mood state in post anger (8.09±3.38) compared to pre anger (9.64±4.24), p<0.001, ES = 0.39, 16.08%); post confusion (6.4±2.86) compared to pre confusion
+
+Variables studied
+Profile of Mood State: Profile of Mood States (POMS) test, which has been used extensively to measure mood states in a variety of situations. The POMS test consists of 37 adjectives describing mood, rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The POMS is divided into 6 factors describing six mood dimensions  that  include:  tension,  depression,  anger,  fatigue, confusion, and vigor. Following standard procedure, general distress was calculated by summing scores on the tension, depression, anger,
+fatigue, and confusion subscales and subtracting scores on the vigor-
+
+(8±3.62), p<0.001, ES = 0.45, 20%); post depression (9.23±3.61) compared to pre depression (10.71±3.98), p<0.001, ES = 0.33, 13.82%); post fatigue (6.31±2.87) compared to pre fatigue (8±3.69), p = 0.005, ES = 0.46, 21.13%); post tension (8±3.37) compared to pre tension (10.25±4.16), p<0.001, ES = 0.46, 21.95%); post vigor (20.42±6.69) compared to pre vigor (18.91±5.6), p=0.133, ES = -0.21,  -7.99%);  post  Tmp  (38.04±14.6)  compared  to  pre  Tmp (46.6±17.1), p<0.001, ES = 0.48, 18.37%); post Tem variation (17.62±14.52)  compared  to  pre  Tem  Variation  (27.69±17.29), p<0.001, ES = 0.61, 36.37%).
+
+
+Table 2: Mean±SD of pre and post Profile of Mood State
+Variable	PRE	POST	n	ES	Percentage   p value
+
+
+Anger Confusion Depression Fatigue Tension Vigor
+Tmp
+Tem variation
+
+9.64±4.24 8±3.62 10.71±3.98 8±3.69 10.25±4.16 18.91±5.6 46.6±17.1
+27.69±17.29
+
+8.09±3.38***         77             0.39 6.4±2.86***           77             0.45 9.23±3.61**           77             0.33 6.31±2.87***         77             0.46 8±3.37***              77             0.46 20.42±6.69             77             -0.21 38.04±14.6***       77             0.48
+17.62±14.52***	77	0.61
+
+16.08	<0.001 20.00	<0.001 13.82              0.005 21.13	<0.001 21.95	<0.001 -7.99             0.067 18.37	<0.001
+36.37	<0.001
+
+Legend: Profile of Mood State (POMS).
+***p< 0.001, paired t-test; post score compared with respective pre score.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Fig. 2. Comparison of six scales of the POMS Pre and post SMET program. Blue bar, five negative moods and one positive mood pre SMET program; red bar, five negative moods post SMET program; green bar, one positive mood post SMETprogram. Significance was found in POMS scales of anger (A), confusion (C), depression (D), fatigue  (F),  tension  (T)  post  SMET  program.  No  significant difference was found in POMS scale V(vigor) post SMETprogram.
+
+Discussion
+Few   published   studies   have   explored   the   effect   of   Stress management and Integrated yoga technique in executive (Adhia, Nagendra, & Mahadevan, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c). The present study shown that a short duration intense yoga based self-management of excessive tension has enhanced the mood state of ONGC manager. The study found significant reduction in five negative mood sub-scale measures of POMS. Current study was in line with previous study evaluated the effect of short duration of meditation training program, Forty Chinese students had participated in a 5 days of meditation practice with the integrative body-mind training for 20-min(Tang, et al., 2007) shown enhancement of mood. Further, four training sessions of meditation has showed improvement on the POMS scale (Zeidan, Johnson, Diamond, David, & Goolkasian, 2010).
+The implications of these findings will help for policy making. Hence with support of scientific investigation on effect of SMETon profile  of  mood  state  give  better  understating  and  to  manage
+excessive stress of a managers.
+
+RABINDRA ETAL./ EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM YOGA BASED STRESS	152
+
+
+There are some limitations to this study that need to be considered. The sample consisting entirely ONGC managers only from a large public sector unit may limit the generalization. Further, there was no control group and only subjective variables were measured, short term in a residential set-up. Future research should examine our findings in more diverse populations. Further self-report measures may  be  compromised  by  response  biases.  Future  work  should explore on large sample size with a follow up and the use of comprehensive behavioral and physiological measures of mood. Despite these limitations, the present study confirmed our primary hypothesis; five days of intense SMET program enhances profile of Mood. Future exploration is necessary to reconnoiter the outcome of SMETprogram with randomized control trial.
+
+References
+Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., & Mahadevan, B. (2010a). Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers. IIMB Managment Review, 22, 32-41.
+Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., & Mahadevan, B. (2010b). Impact of adoption of yoga way
+of life on the reduction of job burnout of managers. Vikalpa, 35(2), 21-33.
+
+
+Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., & Mahadevan, B. (2010c). Impact of yoga way of life on organizational performance. International Journal of Yoga, 3(2), 55-66.
+Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160.
+Ganpat, T. S., & Nagendra, H. R. (2011). Integrated yoga therapy for improving mental health in managers. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 20(1), 45-48.
+Kumari, S., Nath, N. C. B., Nagendra, H. R., & Sharma, S. (2007). Effectiveness of SMETprogramme with pespect to emotional well-being of managers -An Empirical Study. Vilakshan, XIMB Journal of Management, 4,172.
+Shacham, S. (1983). A Shortened Version of the Profile of Mood States. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 305.
+Spinella, M. (2007). Measuring the executive regulation of emotion with self-rating scales in a nonclinical population. The Journal of General Psychology, 134(1), 101-111.
+Subramanya, P., & Telles, S. (2009). A review of the scientific studies on cyclic meditation. International Journal of Yoga, 2(2), 46-48.
+Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., et al. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(43), 17152-17156.
+Zeidan, F., Johnson, S. K., Diamond, B. J., David, Z., & Goolkasian, P. (2010). Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training.
+Consciousness and Cognition, 19(2), 597-605.

document/management/Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress, emotion regulation and affect a study on senior managers in an Indian multinational corporate conv.txt

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+Int. J. Indian Culture and Business Management, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2021	37
+
+Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress, emotion regulation and affect: a study on senior managers in an Indian multinational corporate
+
+
+T.S. Sreekumar
+
+Division of Yoga and Management Studies,
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle,
+KG Nagar, Bangalore 560019, India Email: [email protected]
+
+H.R. Nagendra
+
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle,
+KG Nagar, Bangalore 560019, India Email: [email protected]
+
+Judu V. Ilavarasu*
+
+Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences,
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle,
+KG Nagar, Bangalore 560019, India Email: [email protected] *Corresponding author
+
+Abstract:   Psychological   distress   is   highly   prevalent   among   leadership professionals.   Workplace   yoga   interventions   to   enhance   psychological wellbeing and further follow-up studies are limited. We studied the effect of a residential five days yoga intervention and later follow-up after three months of home  practice  on  102  senior  level  managers  of  Oil  and  Natural  Gas Corporation (ONGC). They were assessed for various psychological constructs like   mindfulness,   emotion   regulation,   positive   and   negative   affect   and perceived stress. Results of linear mixed effects model showed that all the variables had significantly influenced the perceived stress, except for emotion regulation. Findings suggest that intervention is effective in addressing the stress of senior managers by improving mindfulness, positive affect, and better emotion regulation strategy, but due to lack of supervised guidance after the program, there is a high chance of further relapse, which needs further attention to maintain an environment of sustained wellbeing.
+
+Keywords: yoga; stress; leaders; mindfulness; emotion regulation.
+Reference  to  this  paper  should  be  made  as  follows:  Sreekumar,  T.S., Nagendra,  H.R. and Ilavarasu,  J.V. (2021) ‘Effect  of yoga  intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress, emotion regulation and affect: a study on senior managers  in an Indian multinational corporate’, Int.  J.  Indian Culture  and Business Management, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp.37–52.
+
+Copyright © 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
+38	T.S. Sreekumar et al.
+
+Biographical notes: T.S. Sreekumar is a PhD scholar in the Division of Yoga and Management Studies, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore. He is a leadership and talent development professional with over 20 years  of  experience  in  the  corporate  world.  He  also  has  IT  consulting experience in a global context. He has worked in leadership roles in Infosys and Deloitte and as Director-HR at UST Global.
+
+H.R. Nagendra is the Chancellor of Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, a deemed to be university based at Bangalore. He has authored 35 books, and over 100 research articles in scientific journals. He was also honoured with Padma Shri for his contributions to promote yoga.
+
+Judu  V.  Ilavarasu  is  an  Associate  Professor  at  the  Division  of  Yoga  and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana. His area of research interest includes yoga, psychology, and human bioenergy field, and consciousness studies.
+
+
+
+
+1	Introduction
+
+Stress  in  an  organisational  setup  is  common,  and  also  among  people  who  are  at managerial positions, who have the responsibility of fulfilling organisational goals and also delegating work among employees, seeking their cooperation and support. Placed in such critical positions, their jobs demand them to maintain a delicate workplace balance. Situation can become more challenging when the nature of a company’s work involves high  risk  operations.  Oil  and  Natural  Gas  Corporation  (ONGC)  is  one  such  Indian multinational corporate, where the senior level managers encounter various challenging workplace  situations  and  experience  stress.  Even  though  there  are  many  stress management programs offered in corporate sectors, there are limited scientific works on effectiveness of stress management program in such challenging work place setups.
+Exploring new techniques, such as mindfulness, can lead to the development of novel methods for enhancing employee wellbeing at work (Schultz et al., 2015). Mindfulness studies have grown exponentially over the past three decades. However, investigation into the beneficial effects of mindfulness interventions at workplace is still in infancy stage (Jamieson and Tuckey, 2017). Research suggests that mindfulness could be a trait that buffers against burnout (Taylor et al., 2016). Mindfulness meditation can be an on the spot intervention which can be used in specific work situations (Hafenbrack, 2017). One key mechanism by which mindfulness has its beneficial effects is by promoting effective emotion regulation (Roemer et al., 2015). Mindfulness can facilitate emotion regulation  at  both  explicit  and  implicit  levels  (Remmers  et  al.,  2016).  Emotional intelligence is known to affect the leadership skills (Pooja and Kumar, 2019).
+Like  mindfulness  based  interventions  yoga  is  also  another  popular  method  of addressing stress in workplace setups. Yoga is shown to have a positive effect on health in  the  workplace,  particularly  in  reducing  stress  (Puerto  Valencia  et  al.,  2019). Meditation-based intervention for executives in a large public sector company showed a reduction in perceived stress and also  improvements in physical indicators of  stress (Mulla et al., 2017). However, studies explaining the effect of yoga in various workplace setups are still limited.
+Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress	39
+
+In this study, we tried to study the effect of yoga based intervention on mindfulness, stress, emotion regulation and affect on the senior managers of the ONGC, a large multinational public sector undertaking in India.
+
+
+2	Literature review
+
+Estimates suggest that working adults, on an average, spend about one third of their waking life at work (Harter et al., 2002). Previous studies have shown psychological distress as highly prevalent among working adults (Hilton et al., 2010; Larsen et al., 2010).  Physical  manifestations  of  stress  include  musculoskeletal  pain,  headaches, constant fatigue, sleep disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular illnesses, and substance  use,  while  its  psychological  manifestations  include  lack  of  concentration, negative affect, low self-esteem, aggression among others (Constantino et al., 2013).
+Managers consider the most important sources of work stress to be lack of control and work life balance. Work relationships, control, nature of job and communications were found to be significantly related with work engagement and job satisfaction (Gupta and Tyagi, 2009).
+Work related factors are shown to have significant and differential relationship with perception of quality of work life among employees of public and private sectors and entrepreneur’s groups (Sinha and Subramanian, 2013). Moment demand is identified as a major factor contributing to job stress among officers and supervisors (Sidhu et al., 2019).
+Stress is experienced in response to a range of physical, occupational and emotional stimuli. Within manageable parameters one’s sense of well-being is maintained, but if these stimuli go beyond normal limits, they become stressors.
+There are many interventions available to handle workplace stress. Since stress is more appraised in the mind, even though it may have its sources at physical or mental levels, many mindfulness based interventions are used to handle workplace stress. It has been recognised that mindfulness can be used for enhancing employee wellbeing at work (Schultz et al., 2015). Preliminary research in embedding mindfulness interventions into the workplace appears to show promising results – few examples are stress reduction and increasing job satisfaction among workers (for a review, see Good et al., 2015). Few studies  have  provided  theoretical  accounts  of  how  mindfulness  might  improve  task performance, physical health, and psychological health (Dane, 2011; Glomb et al., 2011). Mindfulness  is  shown  to  act  as  a  protective  factor  even  in  non-optimal  work environments and appears to provide a potential pathway to wellness at the workplace (Schultz et al., 2015). One of the main areas of interest is the use of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) to reduce the effects of stress and distress in working adults who are at risk of higher stress due to the nature of their occupation or work situation (Irving et al., 2009; Jacobs and Blustein, 2010).
+Yoga  based  interventions  have  mindfulness  as  an  inherent  component.  Cyclic meditation (CM) is one such practice which requires mindfulness throughout the practice session. It involves a combination of a set of ‘stimulation’ and ‘relaxation’ practices, based on the knowledge from the ancient yoga texts that suggests that such a combination may be especially helpful to reach a state of mental equilibrium (Sarang and Telles, 2006). The current evidence base on CM shows that the practice of CM significantly
+40	T.S. Sreekumar et al.
+
+reduces oxygen consumption and energy expenditure to a greater degree (32.1%) than a comparable period of supine rest (Sarang and Telles, 2006). The CM practice has also been  shown  to  decrease  occupational  stress  levels  and  baseline  autonomic  arousal (Vempati and Telles, 2000). Practice of CM has shown a significant reduction in stress levels, significant improvement in two positive subscales and reduction in two negative subscales on PANAS (Hankey, 2013). A 5-day intervention of CM practice found a significant reduction in five negative mood subscale measures of POMS. The study found there were improvements in positive affect, self-esteem score and decrement in negative affect scores after the self management of excessive tension (SMET) training program (Rabindra et al., 2014). Following the practice of CM, all the domains of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were improved (Maharana et al., 2014). A controlled study on the immediate effect of a single session of CM suggested higher levels of state mindfulness following the practice (Vinchurkar et al., 2014).
+
+2.1   Purpose of the study
+
+In this current study, CM was used an intervention in a five days residential stress management program. There was also a follow-up after three months. Studies on the effect of such yoga-based interventions on corporate leaders are limited and hence this study was conducted, to evaluate the effect of a yoga-based intervention on mindfulness for working adults, more specifically for corporate leadership professionals. The study examines the effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, emotion regulation, perceived stress, positive affect and negative effect in leadership professionals. The aims of the study were:
+
+1	 Examine the effect of yoga based intervention on mindfulness in working professionals.
+
+2	 Examine the effect of yoga based intervention on perceived stress, positive and negative affect and emotion regulation in working professionals.
+
+3	 Examine the follow-up effect of the residential intervention, after three months of home practice.
+
+2.2   Rationale of the study
+
+Mindfulness  intervention  studies  in  workplace  are  burgeoning  area of  research  with significant  practical  implications.  Studies  focusing  on  yoga  based  interventions  to promote mindfulness are limited. In one of the mindfulness intervention studies, an unexpected finding was the strong association between the mindful yoga form of practice and changes in other variables, including increased mindfulness skills, reduced symptoms and improved wellbeing. Given that mindful yoga was practiced on fewer days and for fewer total hours than the other formal practices, these results are striking and bear further investigation (Carmody and Baer, 2008). In the field of mindfulness research, mind or thought control is emphasised, but the role of body regulation has often been underemphasised. In practices like integrated body mind technique or yoga, mind-body interaction facilitates the mindfulness process and outcomes (Tang and Tang, 2015). Cyclic meditation (CM), which is a yoga based intervention, involves awareness over various bodily movements. This has an advantage of having an anchor at the physical
+Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress	41
+
+body, which makes it possible to keep the mind focused on the bodily changes, and avoid distractions. CM has been reported to enhance mindfulness (Vinchurkar et al., 2014) and mindfulness  is  known  to  have  an  impact  on  emotion  regulation,  stress,  and  affect variables. In this study, we hypothesise that cyclic meditation intervention will influence psychological  constructs  like  mindfulness,  perceived  stress,  emotion  regulation,  and positive and negative affect scores.
+
+
+3	Method
+
+3.1   Participants
+
+3.1.1  Source of participants
+
+Participants were recruited from a large multinational public sector undertaking, ONGC. We adopted a convenience sampling procedure. Program details were shared with senior level leadership professionals in the organisation and the sample was drawn from senior executives who voluntary opted for the program. However, the sample had representation from  various states  across  India,  like Andhra  Pradesh,  Assam, Delhi,  Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra,  Tamil  Nadu,  Tripura,  and  Uttarakhand.  Participants  were  sent  in  four consecutive batches, spanning across two months.
+
+3.1.2  Sample size
+
+105 participants reported for the residential program located in a Yoga university setup at Bengaluru.  There  were  three  dropouts  due  to  personal  exigencies  during  the  study. 102 senior level leadership professionals with a mean age of 53.85 years and ranging from  30  to  60  years  participated  in  the  study  and  were  given  five  days  residential yoga-based stress reduction program. Both males and females who volunteered for the program were included in the study. Later they were asked to continue the practices at home and assessments were made at the baseline, after the residential program and following three months home practice. Out of the 102 participants who attended the full 5-day residential intervention, 83 participants provided follow-up data after three months.
+
+3.2   Design
+
+Repeated measures design with a single group followed at three time points, baseline, after the intervention, and after the follow-up for three months.
+
+3.3   Assessments
+
+They were assessed for mindfulness, emotion regulation, positive and negative affect, and perceived stress, apart from the demographic details. Mindfulness was measured using the mindfulness attention awareness scale (MAAS). MAAS is a 15‑item self‑reported single‑factor  scale  that  is  exclusively  focused  on  attention/awareness  component  of mindfulness construct (Brown and Ryan, 2003). The items are answered on a six‑point scale (1 = almost always; 6 = almost never) on which higher scores are an indication of a
+42	T.S. Sreekumar et al.
+
+higher trait mindfulness. The MAAS has been validated in various samples of students (alpha = 0.82) and adults from the general community (alpha = 0.87).
+Emotion regulation was measured using the emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ). ERQ is designed to assess individual differences in the habitual use of two emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression (Gross and John, 2003).  The  questions  involve  two  distinct  aspects  on  emotional  life.  One  is  on  the emotional experience, or what you feel like inside. The other is on emotional expression, or how you show your emotions in the way you talk, gesture, or behave. ERQ has ten items and is self-reported on a 7-point scale (1= strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree).
+Positive  affect  and  negative  affect  were  measured  using  the  positive  affect  and negative affect schedule (PANAS). PANAS consists of 20 items with two sub-scales and 10-items each measure to assess positive and negative affect. This is measured using a 5-point  scale  that  ranges  from  very  slightly  (1)  to  extremely  (5).  It  can  show  the relationship between positive and negative affect with personality states and traits. The internal consistency, alpha reported for PANAS ranges from 0.86–0.90 for positive affect and from 0.84–0.87 for negative affect (Watson et al., 1988).
+Perceived stress was measured using the perceived stress scale (PSS). PSS is a widely used and well-validated 10-item scale that measures the degree to which the situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful (Cohen, et al.; 1983). A higher score indicates a greater degree of perceived stress. 10-item version of PSS showed adequate internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.67 (Leung et al., 2010).
+The assessments were conducted at three different time points. First assessment was done  as  the  baseline  on  day1  before  commencement  of  the  intervention.  Second assessment was done on day 5, on the last day of the residential intervention program. Both these assessments were conducted in a computer lab in supervised settings. The third assessment was done after three months of home practice, following the residential intervention. The same was administered online through a confidential Google form link where in the participants duly submitted their responses on the various questionnaires.
+
+3.4   Intervention
+
+The  residential  program  was  termed  as  SMET  and  it  covered  theory  sessions  that provided conceptual understanding of yoga, stress and its release, concept of executive growth and group dynamics. Theory sessions were followed up with practice sessions on cyclic meditation (CM) technique. Interaction sessions were conducted to address any participant queries. In addition, the program had components on yogasanas (postures), kriyas (cleansing techniques), pranayama (breathing practices) and bhajan (devotional sessions). Simple, healthy nutrient rich vegetarian diet was served.
+Following the residential program, participants were expected to continue their daily practice of 35 minutes of cyclic meditation on their own for an additional period of three months. Standardised guided instructions in audio format were provided to facilitate the individual practice.
+
+3.5   Ethical considerations
+
+Signed informed consent form was obtained from participants before beginning of the study, after explaining in detail about the study. Subjects were explained about their
+Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress	43
+
+rights to withdraw from the study at any point of time. The current study was approved by the Institute Ethics committee, before commencing the study.
+
+
+4	Results
+
+4.1   Data extraction and analysis
+
+Data were extracted from the Google form where the responses were originally recorded. Data were cleaned by checking for outliers and missing values. Outliers were checked using boxplot and the Grubbs tests. There were no outliers and all the values fell in the acceptable range. There were no missing data at T1 (baseline) and T2 (after residential intervention) however, after the home practice follow-up, there were 19 drop outs and at T3 only 83 were left for analysis. Various assumption tests were checked for suitability of running parametric tests. We used linear mixed effects models for analysis of repeated measures data, as we found this to be an unbalanced repeated measures design due to dropouts  at  T3.  Linear  mixed  effects  model  are  considered  to  be  a  better  method whenever there is an unbalanced repeated measures design (Locker et al., 2007). We used R statistical software for analysis (R Development Core Team, 2018) and its packages nlme for mixed effect modelling (Pinheiro et al., 2012). The raw data, and analysis code used in this study are shared through Open Science Framework (link provided in the acknowledgement section).
+
+4.2   Baseline characteristics
+
+Table 1 contains the descriptive statistics of all the measured dependent variables across T1, T2, and T3. The n was 102 at T1, except for two of the sub domains in the variable emotion  regulation  questionnaire,  where  due  to  some  technical  reason,  we  failed  to collect the data. The general trend that can be observed is almost all the variables have shown improved in scores after the residential intervention at T2 and tend to diminish after  3-months  of  follow-up.  Table  2  shows  the  correlation  between  the  measured variables at the baseline.
+Table 1	 Mean and standard deviations of dependent variables at baseline (T1), after residential intervention (T2), and after three months follow-up (T3)
+
+Variable	T1 (n = 102*)	T2 (n = 102*)	T3 (n = 83)
+
+M	SD 1	Mindfulness	4.27           0.75 2	Reappraisal               29.22          6.18 3	Suppression              15.65          5.67 4	PosAffect                  34.02          6.47 5	NegAffect                 19.53          7.00
+6	Perceived stress	15.71	5.33
+
+M            SD 4.62         0.77
+30.71        5.94 15.69        6.07 38.3          5.1 14.52        4.93
+13.36	5.52
+
+M              SD 4.58           0.88
+28.43          7.72 16.52          5.69 35.43          6.72 15.6           5.25
+13.48	6.56
+
+Note: *For two sub domains of emotion regulation questionnaire, the n were 86 and 85 at T1 and T2 for reappraisal, and 86 and 86 at T1 and T2 for suppression.
+44	T.S. Sreekumar et al.
+
+The internal consistencies, Cronbach’s alpha for various questionnaires used in this study were: 0.84 for MAAS, 0.87 for negative affect of PANAS, 0.86 for positive affect of PANAS scale, 0.77 for PSS, 0.69 for ERQ reappraisal, and 0.77 for ERQ suppression.
+Table 2	Correlations with 95% confidence intervals of all the variables at baseline
+
+Variable	1	2	3	4	5
+
+1    Mindfulness_T1 2    Reappraisal_T1
+
+3	Suppression_T1
+
+4	PosAffect_T1
+
+5	NegAffect_T1
+
+6	PSS_T1
+
+
+.04
+[–.17, .25] –.17
+[–.37, .05] .30** [.11, .47] –.40**
+[–.55, –.23] –.49**
+[–.62, –.32]
+
+
+
+
+
+.18
+[–.03, .38] .10
+[–.11, .31] –.11
+[–.32, .10] –.05
+[–.26, .17]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+–.08
+[–.29, .13] .01
+[–.20, .22] .01
+[–.20, .23]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+–.24*
+[–.41, –.04] –.38**
+[–.53, –.20]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+.60**
+[.46, .71]
+
+
+Note: *Indicates p < 0.05 and ** indicates p < 0.01.
+
+It shows that mindfulness has a significant positive correlation with positive affect, and a significant  negative  correlation  with  negative  affect  and  perceived  stress.  Similarly, negative and positive affect were significantly correlated with perceived stress. Emotion regulation strategies were not found to be correlated with any of the variables.
+
+4.3   Linear mixed effects model
+
+Linear  mixed  effects  model  was  used  as  our  design  had  some  missing  values  and therefore,  we  had  unbalanced  repeated  measures  data.  We  performed  the  one-way repeated measures analysis using linear mixed effect model with time (T1, T2, and T3) and the fixed factor and each of the measured variables as dependent variables one at a time. We used subject as a random factor in all these models. The results are presented in Table 3. Planned contrasts were done using the paired sample t-test to test if the means have changed at T2 and T3 compared to the baseline T1. 0.05 was fixed as the level of statistical  significance.  The  mindfulness  score  has  changed  significantly  over  three assessment points. The change after the residential program compared to baseline was significant, t(101) = 5.35, p < 0.001, d = 0.53, and the increase in the MAAS scores after the follow-up compared to the baseline was significant, t(82) = 2.93, p = .004, d = 0.32, where t is the t-statistic from paired samples t-test, p is the p-value of the statistic, and d is the Cohen’s effect size. The perceived stress scores (PSS) have reduced significantly after residential orientation compared to the baseline, t(101) = –5.81, p < .001, d = –0.58, and  there  was  a  significant  decrease  after  the  follow-up  compared  to  the  baseline, t(82)  =  –3.39,  p  =  .001,  d  =  –0.37.  The  ERQ-reappraisal  scores  have  improved significantly after residential orientation compared to baseline, t(83) = 2.35, p =.021, d = 0.26, and there was no significant decrease after the follow-up compared to the baseline, t(68) = –1.54, p = .128, d = –0.19.
+Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress	45
+
+Table 3	Repeated measures results using linear mixed effects model
+
+
+
+Baseline Model 2
+(MAAS)
+
+
+(Intercept) (Intercept) MAAS_T2
+MAAS_T3
+
+Estimate 4.47 4.27 0.35
+0.26
+
+Std. error 0.07 0.08 0.07
+0.08
+
+df	t-value 185      66.17 183      54.47 183       4.97
+183	3.49
+
+p-value < .001 < .001 < .001
+0.001
+
+Comparison of model fit:	χ2(2) = 25.07, p < .001
+
+Baseline Model 2
+(PSS)
+
+(Intercept) (Intercept) PSS_T2
+PSS_T3
+
+14.23	0.48 15.71	0.57 –2.34	0.56
+–2.26	0.60
+
+185	29.92	< .001 183	27.45	< .001 183	–4.20	< .001
+183	–3.77	< .001
+
+Comparison of model fit:	χ2(2) = 20.86, p < .001
+
+Baseline Model 2
+(ERQ-reappraisal)
+
+(Intercept)	29.57 (Intercept)	29.44 ERQreappraisal_T2          1.51
+ERQreappraisal_T3	–1.04
+
+0.51	154	57.55	< .001 0.71	152	41.51	< .001 0.83	152       1.83         0.069
+0.85	152	–1.22	0.224
+
+Comparison of model fit:	χ2(2) = 8.82, p = .012
+
+Baseline Model 2
+(ERQ-suppression)
+
+(Intercept)	15.97 (Intercept)	15.68 ERQsuppression_T2	–0.01
+ERQsuppression_T3	0.85
+
+0.48	154	32.98	< .001 0.61	152	25.64	< .001 0.63	152	–0.02        0.982
+0.66	152	1.29	0.200
+
+Comparison of model fit:	χ2(2) = 2.19, p = .334
+
+Baseline Model 2
+(PANAS-positive)
+
+(Intercept) (Intercept) Posaffect_T2
+Posaffect_T3
+
+35.91           0.48 34.02           0.61 4.28            0.64
+1.20	0.69
+
+185	74.43	< .001 183	56.08	< .001 183       6.69	< .001
+183	1.74	0.083
+
+Comparison of model fit:	χ2(2) = 42.27, p < .001
+
+Baseline Model 2
+(PANAS-negative)
+
+(Intercept) (Intercept) Negaffect_T2
+Negaffect_T3
+
+16.65	0.44 19.53	0.58 –5.01	0.65
+–3.79	0.70
+
+185	37.44	< .001 183	33.78	< .001 183	–7.68	< .001
+183	–5.43	< .001
+
+Comparison of model fit:	χ2(2) = 55.14, p < .001
+
+Note: MAAS = mindfulness attention awareness scale, ERQ = emotion regulation questionnaire and PANAS= positive and negative affect scale.
+
+The ERQ-suppression scores have increased after residential program compared to the baseline, but the change was not statistically significant, t(83) = 0.18, p =.86, d = 0.02, and  the  scores  increased  after  the  follow-up  compared  to  the  baseline,  but  again statistically non-significant, t(68) = 1.00, p = .32, d = 0.12. The PANAS positive affect scores have increased significantly after residential orientation compared to the baseline t(101) = 6.95, p <.001, d = 0.69, and there was an increase after the follow-up compared to the baseline which was not statistically significant, t(82) = 1.42, p = .141, d = 0.16.
+46	T.S. Sreekumar et al.
+
+The negative affect scores decreased significantly after residential orientation compared to the baseline, t(101) = –7.00, p <.001, d = –0.69, and there was a significant decrease after the follow-up compared to the baseline, b = –0.86, t(82) = –4.92, p = .04, d = –0.54.
+
+
+5	Discussion
+
+The  main  aims  of  the  study  were  to  evaluate  effect  of  yoga-based  intervention  on mindfulness, perceived stress, positive and negative affect and emotion regulation in working professionals and also to check the stability of the effect after three months of home   practice.   Most   of   the   variables   showed   improvement   during   the   5-day interventional program, however perceived stress, and negative affect showed statistically significant  improved  even  after  the  follow-up  period.  ERQ-reappraisal  increased significantly and later it decreased during the follow-up period; ERQ-suppression scores however, remained almost similar.
+The results show that the 5-day yoga based residential intervention was helpful in managing the stress levels. Better change in various measures after the five days program can be attributed to the intense residential nature of the intervention. However, except mindfulness, and positive affect and emotional suppression strategy, all others domains showed  promising  improvement  even  after  the  self-motivated  home  practice.  This suggests  that  trait-mindfulness  requires  more  than  three  months  bringing  in  and sustaining changes and mindfulness helps to promote reappraisal strategy more than suppression. The overall adherence rate was found to be good as in the follow-up data, 33 (32%) reported practicing at least 1–2 times a week and 26 (26%) reported practicing 3–4 times a week.
+Mindfulness interventions and its effect on reducing psychological distress is known. Mindfulness  is  related  to  effective  emotion  regulation  (Hill  and  Updegraff,  2012). Emotion regulation refers to the process by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them (Gross, 1998). Cognitive reappraisal and suppression are the two major strategies of emotion regulation. Mindfulness practice appears to develop and strengthen cognitive reappraisal as it enables an individual to create an inner space and respond rather than just react to various situations and events. In our study this aspect has been strengthened considerably especially  after  the  residential  intervention.  Mindfulness  practice  is  known  to  be associated with both top down and bottom up emotion regulation strategies (Chiesa et al., 2013).  Insights  regarding  the  unique  and  shared  consequences  of  specific  types  of emotion regulation are promising area for future research (Gross, 2015).
+Mindfulness is known to have an inverse relationship with negative affect and a stronger positive relationship with positive affect (Giluk, 2009). Similar results are also found in our study. Reduced positive affect after the home practice in our case may indicate  presence  of  constant  work  pressure  and  an  associated  tendency  of  reduced positive thinking. This situation is likely to improve with longer duration of practice as  higher  mindfulness  practice  time  corresponds  to  lower  levels  of  negative  affect and higher levels of positive affect (Jha et al., 2010). Similar results were also reproduced with respect to perceived stress. Overall, our results reinforce the reported idea that MBIs can be used in organisational settings for the reduction of psychological distress (Virgili, 2015).
+Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress	47
+
+As a means of providing a unified body mind experience, yoga has few  equals (Salmon et al., 2009). Yoga is one of the six foundations of Indian philosophy and has been used for millennia to study, explain, and experience the complexities of the mind and human existence (Feuerstein, 1998). Yoga is universal, and the postures a reflection of the extraordinary range of the human body’s capacity for movement and balance and stillness (Kabat-Zinn, 2017). Yoga interventions foster psychological wellbeing (Conboy et al., 2010; Gard et al., 2012; Hartfiel et al., 2012). Practice of yoga increase levels of trait mindfulness in healthy population, who had no prior yoga experience (Shelov et al., 2009). Advanced practitioners of yoga are reported to have higher levels of mindfulness and  lower  levels  of  stress  (Brisbon  and  Lowery,  2011).  Highly  involved  yoga practitioners  had  a  significant  increase  in  levels  of  mindfulness  and  psychological wellbeing (Gaiswinkler and Unterrainer, 2016).
+However, MBIs that have been developed for use in work-places or for specific occupational groups differ from those developed for the clinical context in terms of course  content  and  structure  [e.g.,  session  length,  overall  duration  (Virgili,  2015)]. Typically, truncated versions of well-validated programs (e.g., MBSR) are deployed in workplace settings. These adaptations are made without drawing on specific knowledge of  how  and  why  these  programs  work  (Good  et  al.,  2015).  Moreover,  duration  of mindfulness  intervention  and  the  time  needed  to  experience  benefits  is  a  common question   among   potential   participants   (Creswell,   2017).   Most   participants   have competing time demands, expectation of lengthy out-of-class practice may act as a barrier to participating for some (Carmody and Baer, 2008). Research also needs to examine whether there is a dose response relationship between amount of intervention exposure and amount of psychological benefits (Keng et al., 2011). The practicality of mindfulness training may hinge on the “dose” required for effects. Research on minimum effective doses is promising; yet the sustainability of these effects and their generalisability to the workplace is unknown and their merits need further investigation (Good et al., 2015).
+Testing for intervention effects at follow-up time points is an important area that needs research attention. Very few studies have reported on the follow-up daily practice that  participants  do  in  the  weeks,  months,  and  years  post  completion  of  formal mindfulness intervention programs (Creswell, 2017). The current study also tested for the intervention effect after three months of individual practice following the residential intervention. In the current study, following the residential program, participants were expected to continue their daily practice of 35 minutes of cyclic meditation on their own for an additional period of three months. Standardised guided instructions in audio format were provided to facilitate the individual practice. A common trend that a score improves considerably after the residential intervention and later it diminishes a bit during the home practice indicate that a supervised interventional at workplace is necessary in order to harness the best interventional affect.
+Mindfulness interventions are multidimensional in nature and involve multiple active components. Future research should examine how individual components of mindfulness intervention contribute to overall treatment effects (Keng et al., 2011). Little work has been done to identify the active ingredients in these programs. Which specific ‘active ingredient’ of the intervention produces what effect is still not known (Chiesa et al., 2013). If different components of mindfulness training have differential effects, then organisations  may  tailor  interventions  based  on  program  goals  (Carmody  and  Baer, 2008). Sitting meditation and mindful yoga are found to produce greater differential
+48	T.S. Sreekumar et al.
+
+effects   in   psychological   wellbeing   (Sauer-Zavala   et   al.,   2013).   Most   often previous  studies  have  usually  evaluated  mindfulness  meditation  in  the  context  of  a mindfulness-based  program  such  as  MBSR.  MBSR  uses  meditation  as  one  element among others (e.g., psycho education). Hence, the observed effects are not singularly attributable to the meditation component (Eberth and Sedlmeier, 2012). Future studies may also focus on how proven interventions can be incorporated into the workplace practice so that wellness becomes an integral part of work life.
+
+5.1   Limitation and future scope
+
+In our current study, we could not have a control group because all the participants were participating in the program as a part of their institutional wellbeing promotion program, and  therefore  we  focused  on  follow-up  study  design.  In  order  to  evaluate  the generalisability of the results, the study can be conducted in different work settings and also with a control group added. Different methods of incorporating this intervention into the daily or weekly activities of the organisation can also be one potential area to focus on in the future.
+
+
+6	Conclusions
+
+Yoga-based  intervention  is  effective  in  addressing  the  stress  of  senior  leadership professionals by improving mindfulness, positive affect, and better emotion regulation strategy. Our study introduces cyclic meditation, as a unique yoga based intervention, and is shown to enhance mindfulness and overall psychological wellbeing. The intervention can easily be implemented and adopted in a workplace context. The time duration for daily practice is only 30 minutes and addresses the minimum ‘dosage’ considerations needed for practical implementation in a workplace. Organisations can implement such tailored interventions producing differential effects in workplace setups where the luxury of a full fledged time consuming interventions is practically limited. Our study also examined the follow-up effect after three months. Management development programs in corporate can include yoga based interventions as a continuous process for fostering employee wellbeing at workplace.
+Our study was done on a very large resource based company in India and the same can be replicated in different organisational contexts for generalisability of results. Also, we did not have a control group in the current study and this can be added in future studies. In our current study we observed that due to lack of supervised guidance after the program, there is a high chance of further relapse, which needs further attention to maintain an environment of sustained wellbeing. The underlying pathway mechanisms producing the change could also be a future area of research.
+
+
+Acknowledgements
+
+We thank and acknowledge the ONGC participants and also S-VYASA yoga university to provide the necessary support to conduct this research.
+The  raw  data,  and  analysis  code  used  in  this  study  are  shared  through  OSF (https://osf.io/mdhrk/).
+Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress	49
+
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+Locker, L., Hoffman, L. and Bovaird, J.A. (2007) ‘On the use of multilevel modeling as an alternative  to  items  analysis  in  psycholinguistic  research’,  Behavior  Research  Methods, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp.723–730.
+Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress	51
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+Maharana, P., Patra, S., Srinivasan, T.M. and Nagendra, H.R. (2014) ‘General health of mid-career leaders :  an  objective  and  subjective  observation  through  yoga’,  International  Journal  of Education and Management Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp.236–239.
+Mulla, Z.R., Govindaraj, K., Polisetti, S.R., George, E. and More, N.R.S. (2017) ‘Mindfulness-based stress reduction for executives: results from a field experiment’, Business Perspectives and Research, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.113–123, https://doi.org/10.1177/2278533717692906.
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+Puerto Valencia, L.M., Weber, A., Spegel, H., Bögle, R., Selmani, A., Heinze, S. and Herr, C. (2019) ‘Yoga in the workplace and health outcomes: a systematic review’, Occupational Medicine, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp.195–203, https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqz033.
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+Remmers, C., Topolinski, S. and Koole, S.L. (2016) ‘Why being mindful may have more benefits than  you  realize:  mindfulness  improves  both  explicit  and  implicit  mood  regulation’, Mindfulness, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp.829–837, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0520-1.
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+Salmon, P., Lush, E., Jablonski, M. and Sephton, S.E. (2009) ‘Yoga and mindfulness: clinical aspects of an ancient mind/body practice’, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.59–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.07.002
+Sarang, P.S. and Telles, S. (2006) ‘Oxygen consumption and respiration during and after two yoga relaxation techniques’, Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp.143–153, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-006-9012-8.
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document/management/Effect of yoga module on low back pain in information technology professionals conv.txt

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+3/1/2017  Effect of yogamoduleonlow back painininformationtechnology professionals :ParimalaSunil, Sony Kumari, International Journal of Educational and...
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+ORIGINAL ARTICLE
+Year : 2016 | Volume : 2 | Issue : 4 | Page : 234­­237
+
+Effect   of   yoga   module   on   low   back   pain   in   information   technology professionals
+
+Parimala Sunil, Sony Kumari
+Department of Yoga and Management Studies, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhäna Samsthana University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+
+Correspondence Address: Sony Kumari
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhäna Samsthana University, Bengaluru, Karnataka India
+
+Abstract
+
+Introduction: The prevalence of back pain is on the rise. “ Throughout the medical profession, we are finding a shocking increase in both the frequency and severity of back problems,” writes Alfred O. Bonati, MD, Director of Orthopedic Center Institute and Shirley Linde, Ph.D., in their No more back pain (Pharos, 1991). A modern computer professional is a typical example of back pain. He has all three problems such as sedentary life, wrong posture and the pressure of targets. All these lead to chronic back pain. Design: Two group pre­post design is used. On first day, before giving the yoga module, Pre STAI(X1), Pre STAI(X2) and Pre BDI is measured. After giving yoga module for 10 days, Post STAI(X1), X2 and BDI is measured. Result: The data was not normally distributed hence we are using non parametric test Wilcoxon test within group and Mann Whitney test between groups. The results show that there was significant change in STAI(X1) and BDI variables between groups and no significant change in STAI(X2). Conclusion: The present study has shown significant result in STAI(X1) and BDI when compared with previous studies. There was 80% decrease in backpain using RMDI based on collective feedback report. With this, we can conclude that yoga module was effective in reducing chronic low back pain, anxiety and depression levels.
+
+
+How to cite this article:
+Sunil P, Kumari S. Effect of yoga module on low back pain in information technology professionals.Int J Educ Psychol Res 2016;2:234­237
+
+
+
+How to cite this URL:
+Sunil P, Kumari S. Effect of yoga module on low back pain in information technology professionals. Int J Educ Psychol Res [serial online] 2016 [cited 2017 Mar 1 ];2:234­237
+Available from: http://www.ijeprjournal.org/text.asp?2016/2/4/234/189663
+
+
+Full Text
+
+
+Introduction
+
+
+
+”Anyone who lives an average life span without suffering from backache belongs to a privileged minority,” says Hamilton Hall, an orthopedic surgeon in his book “The back doctor.”[1] Eighty percent of us suffer from some form of back pain in our lifetime. Recent studies and surveys report that approximately half of us who are of working age will suffer from backache in the coming year, and on any given day, whooping 6.5 million people are too incapacitated by back pain is now the number­one reason people see their primary care doctors, and other research shows that it is now second only to the common cold at causing us to miss work.[2] The prevalence of back pain in on raise.[3] It has an overall prevalence of 60–80% in industrialized countries. [4]
+
+http://www.ijeprjournal.org/printarticle.asp?issn=2395­2296;year=2016;volume=2;issue=4;spage=234;epage=237;aulast=Sunil	1/4
+3/1/2017  Effect of yogamoduleonlow back painininformationtechnology professionals :ParimalaSunil, Sony Kumari, International Journal of Educational and...
+
+A modern computer professional is a typical example of back pain. He has all three problems such as sedentary life, wrong posture, and the pressure of targets. The rapid pace of life demands long hours of work. A young, energetic, enthusiastic engineer in his twenties who is attracted by the big money that his job offer enters the company, he pushes himself into long working hours ignoring his sleep, food, and entertainment leaving alone his emotional needs. He starts feeling oppressed and suppressed by the seniors. The suppressed reactions along with the speed of competitiveness persist as uncontrollable speed in the manomaya kosha. Not well trained in handling this speed he drains out his energies just to manage the demands of the situation. This results in increased irritability, frustration, indecisiveness, etc. Over the next few months or years, he starts getting low back pains which may pass off with rest in bed for a few days. However, this may come back and lead to chronic back pain.[5]
+
+He experiences physical and mental tension because of the continual effort to deal with the pressures of work and with the demands that are made upon him.[6] To have a physical, emotional, and mental balance, it is important to harness our will power and aim at the growth of right side of the brain. This balance is only possible through yoga. Yoga, far from being a mere physical or breathing acrobatics, is a science of future with a holistic vision relevant to a progressive society. Yoga is a conscious process helping us to rise from our animal instincts to a level of normal discrimination.[5]
+
+Four main streams of yoga techniques could be identified. They utilize the four major faculties in man – intellect, emotion, will­ power, and the executive capacities through the sensory and motor apparatus. They are called Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Raja Yoga, and Karma Yoga, respectively. The path of wisdom – Jnana Yoga uses the intellect. In this path of study, the most basic questions, regarding reality, goal of life, happiness and misery, life beyond death, etc., are posed. The techniques in Bhakti yoga, the science of emotions culture, are becoming more relevant in the modern era. This yoga harnesses the inherent qualities of the right side of the brain. Bhakti yoga teaches the art of invoking the emotions, intensifying them, and diffusing them at will. It also helps us to gain control over our emotions and thus leads us to a life full of love, harmony, and bliss. Harnessing the “will” and the capacity to do, undo or do it in a different way is the technique of Raja Yoga. In karma yoga, we learn the art of “working in relaxation” with total “Awareness in action.” The regular release of stress and tension helps to spread that insight throughout the action phase. Applications of karma yoga techniques help to reduce the accumulation of tension and stress and thus make the possibility of a tension­free life, a reality.
+
+The  concept of Pancha  kosha  is  described  in  Taittiriya  Upanishad. There  are  five  koshas  namely  Annamaya  kosha, Pranayama kosha, Vijnanamaya kosha, Manomaya kosha, and Anandamaya kosha. The disturbances in the manomaya kosha  percolate  into  the  physical  layer (Annamaya  kosha) through  the  Pranamaya  kosha. Hence, in  the  treatment of psychosomatic ailments, it becomes mandatory to work at all these levels of our existence to bring about the quickest results. [5]
+
+Yoga module is developed by S­Vyasa works. It consists of yogasanas that helps to mobilize and activate particularly affected parts of the body and strengthen the spine as well as muscles. By practices of pranayama, greater control over the vital life force is achieved. Bad and poor health is due to the imbalance in prana. Hence, when this prana is regulated, the body is resolved   back   to   its   healthy   condition.  Yoga   meditation   is   the   very   process   of  recovering   and   retrieving   our psychophysiological and psychological intervention that, otherwise, almost always remains under constant demand from our psychophysiological, social, and bioecological phenomena.[5]
+
+
+Methods
+
+
+
+A study was conducted by Dr. Padmini Tekur titled “Effect of Yoga Therapy on chronic low back pain (CLBP) – A randomized control study.” The design was crossover randomized control study in a residential health center in Bangalore, South India. The sample size taken was eighty, out of which forty were in control group and other forty were in experimental group. The control group was given physical exercises whereas experimental group were administered with yoga practices with an intervention of 2 weeks intensive residential program. Results suggested that there is a significant reduction in Oswestry Disability Index scores in the yoga group compared to control group (P = 0.01, effect size = 1.06). The spinal flexibility measures improved significantly in both the groups but yoga group showed significant improvement as compared to control (P = 0.01, effect size = 1.26). There was a better reduction (P = 0.001, repeated measures n ANOVA) in pain in yoga (P = 0.01, effect size 1.26) than control group on Pain Analog Scale (PAS).[7]
+
+Another study titled conducted by Bhatta, Jalandhar titled “Effect of IAYT on Back pain as measured by Rolland Morris Disability Index,” State­Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) 1 and STAI 2 revealed that there was 40.10%, 38.82% decrease in STAI and STA2 score (P < 0.001) after the practice of integrated approach to yoga therapy for 7 days. In trait anxiety tests, subjects are asked to indicate how they felt “most of the time” during the preceding week, i.e., before they came for the intervention on the 1st day and on the 7th day after the yoga practice. And in back depression inventory (BDI) there was 69.90% decrease in BDI score (P < 0.001).[8]
+
+The role of add­on yogic relaxation technique to standard physiotherapy in the management of acute low back pain was
+
+http://www.ijeprjournal.org/printarticle.asp?issn=2395­2296;year=2016;volume=2;issue=4;spage=234;epage=237;aulast=Sunil	2/4
+3/1/2017  Effect of yogamoduleonlow back painininformationtechnology professionals :ParimalaSunil, Sony Kumari, International Journal of Educational and...
+studied by Anuprita with a sample size of 60 patients undergoing traction therapy for CLBP for 10 days in a Physiotherapy Department of an Orthopedic Hospital were randomized into yoga and control groups. The yoga group had mind sound resonance technique for 10 days through prerecorded audio instructions that was heard by the patient through a headphone while undergoing traction treatment. The control group had nonguided supine rest. Results showed significant improvement in forward bending, back bending, sit and reach and PAS. Autonomic means including systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were found significant improvement.[9]
+
+Design of study
+
+The sample size was 46, both men and women, age range was between 24 and 50 included. All were information technology professionals working in different companies residing in Pashan­sus road area, Pune. Age group was 24–50 years. Total sample size (n = 46) was conveniently divided into two groups, yoga group (n = 23) and control group (n = 23).
+
+Measure
+
+The data are being measured by using 24­point BDI, STAI (X1 and X2). This 21­item inventory was devised by Beck et al. (1961) that measures cognitive, affective and vegetative symptoms of depression. It assesses the severity of both symptoms and attitudes specific to depressed individuals. The score of each item ranges from 0 to 3, and the range of total score is 0–63.
+
+STAI developed by Spiel Berger et al., (1970)[10] consists of X1 and X2 each comprising on 20­items rated on a4 point scale. Form X1 assess state anxiety defined as “transitory emotional state that varies in intensity, fluctuates over time and is characterized  by  feelings  of  tension  and  apprehension  and  by  heightened  activity  of  the  autonomic  nervous  system (Spielberg, 1970). It evaluates how the respondent feels right now at this moment. Form X2 evaluates trait anxiety, which is a relatively stable individual predisposition to respond to situations perceived as threatening (Spielberg, 1970).
+
+Procedure
+
+Two groups such as pre­ and post­design were used for the study. BDI, STAI (X1), STAI (X2) were used to measure the depression and anxiety levels in information technology professionals. The data were collected on the 1st day and on the 10th day for both yoga and control group. The intervention was given for 10 days consisting of asanas, pranayamas, meditation, and relaxation techniques for 1 h. The control group did not receive any intervention during 10 days and continued with normal daily routine work.
+
+
+Results
+
+
+
+[Table 1] represents the Mean, SD, percentage change and P value of STAI1, STAI2 and BDI of Yoga group. To see the within group pre and post changes in STAI 1, nonparametric test Wilcoxon signed ranked test was used and result shows there is significant change 0.038 (P< 0.05). In STAI 2, there was no significant change 0.676 (P > 0.05) and in BDI, result shows the change is significant 0.002 (P< 0.01). The mean value of STAI 1 has decreased from 50.18 to 35.10 (42.96%) change, whereas in STAI 2, it is increased from 47 to 47.36 (0.76%) change. BDI mean value is significantly decreased from 9.54 to 2.5 (73.79%) change.{Table 1}
+
+[Table 2] represents the Mean, SD, percentage change and P value of STAI1, STAI2 and BDI of Control group Variables. To see the within group pre and post changes in STAI 1, nonparametric test Wilcoxen Signed Test was used and result shows there is no significant change 0.271 (P > 0.05). In STAI 2, there was no significant change 0.729 (P > 0.05) and in BDI also, results show the change is not significant 0.713 (P > 0.05). The mean value of STAI 1 has decreased from 47.46 to 47.19 (0.56%) change whereas in STAI 2, it is decreased from 45 to 45.73 (0.23%) change. BDI mean value is decreased from 9.80 to 9.73 (0.71%) change.{Table 2}
+
+[Table 3] represents the between group P value of STAI1, STAI2 and BDI. To see the between group pre and post changes in STAI 1, nonparametric test – Mann–Whitney Test was used and result shows there is significant change 0.007 (P< 0.05). In STAI 2, there was no significant change, i.e. 0.345 (P > 0.05) and in BDI, the result shows the change is highly significant 0.000 (P< 0.01).{Table 3}
+
+
+Discussion
+
+
+
+The current study was done for 10 days to assess the effect of yoga module on low back pain in information technology professionals. The data were not normally distributed using Wilcoxon Signed Test within the group and Mann–Whitney test between group. When STAI 1 and BDI scores of the previous study and this study was compared, the percentage of decrease is more in this study compared to the previous study. The percentage of decrease in STAI 1 and BDI is 40.10%, 69.90,
+http://www.ijeprjournal.org/printarticle.asp?issn=2395­2296;year=2016;volume=2;issue=4;spage=234;epage=237;aulast=Sunil	3/4
+3/1/2017  Effect of yogamoduleonlow back painininformationtechnology professionals :ParimalaSunil, Sony Kumari, International Journal of Educational and...
+respectively, in previous study, whereas in our study, it is 42.96% and 73.79%. Based on the collective feedback report, there was 80% decrease in CLBP using Roland­Morris Disability Index scores.
+
+The above two studies has been done in a residential setup, whereas the present study was done in a nonresidential set up among information technology people. Based on the BDI and STAI1 result, we can assume that if we had larger sample with extended intervention, we can expect to get good results in STAI 2 in terms of other studies in same area.
+
+
+Conclusion
+
+
+
+The current study was done for 10 days with yoga module on sample size of 23 to assess the effect of yoga on chronic low back pain in IT professionals. When STAI(X1) and BDI scores of previous study and this study are compared, the percentage of decrease is more in this study. Hence, we conclude that yoga module was effective in reducing chronic low back pain, anxiety and depression levels.
+
+Financial support and sponsorship
+
+Nil.
+
+Conflicts of interest
+
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+
+References
+
+1	McClelland & Stewart. The Back Doctor. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart; 1987.
+2	Inlander BC, Shimer P. Backache 51 Ways to Relieve the Pain. New York: Walker Publishing Company, Inc.; 1997. 3	Bonati AO, Linde S. No More Back Pain. New York: St. Martins Publishers; 1991.
+4	Borenstein DG. Epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of low back pain. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001;13:128­34.
+5	Nagaratna R, Nagendra HR. Yoga for Back Pain. Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana publishers; 2001. 6	Julie Friedberger. Office Yoga Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas Publishers; 2000.
+7	Tekur P, Chametcha S, Hongasandra RN, Raghuram N. Effect of yoga on quality of life of CLBP patients: A randomized control study. Int J Yoga 2010;3:10­7.
+8	Bhatta, Jalandhar. Effect of integrated approach of yoga therapy on back pain as measured by Rolland Morris Disability Index. Bangalore: SVYASA Publishers; 2015.
+9	Bali Yogita, R Nagaratna, Ebnezer John, H R Nagendra. The role of add­on yogic relaxation technique to standard physiotherapy in management of acute low back pain. Bangalore: SVYASA Publishers; 2007.
+10	Spiel Berger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Manual for the Strait Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting psychologists press; 1970
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document/management/Effect of yoga on positive–Negative affect and self-esteem on tribal male adolescents-A randomized control study conv.txt

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+[Downloaded free from http://www.indjsp.org on Friday, January 29, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+
+
+Original Article
+
+Effect of Yoga on Positive–Negative Affect and Self‑Esteem on Tribal Male Adolescents‑ A Randomized Control Study
+
+
+Abstract
+Aim:	Effect	of	yoga	on	positive–negative	affectivity	and	self‑esteem	in	tribal adolescents. Material and Methods: This is a pilot randomized control study. Several chits were made  in  which  the  name  of  all  the  available  students  was  written. The  youngest  boy  from  the group selected 30 chits for yoga group and the remaining students were included in the control group. The yoga group included 30 male adolescents between the age of 10 years and 18 years (M = 14.4, SD = 3.51). Control group included 25 male adolescents between the age of 10 years and 18 years (M = 13.3, SD = 1.90). PANAS‑C and Rosenberg self‑esteem scales were used to measure the positive–negative affectivity and self‑esteem, respectively. Data was collected before and after interventions. Results: Study shows significant increase in positive affect (P = 0.008) and negative affect (P = 0.047) in experimental group as compared to control group’s positive affect (P = 0.468) and negative affect (P = 0.156). Self‑esteem in experimental group slightly reduced (P = 0.927). Similarly, self‑esteem in control group reduced (P = 0.019). Conclusion: Study suggests that two weeks of yoga practice has a significant impact on positive‑negative affect in tribal adolescents.
+
+Keywords: Positive–negative affect, self‑esteem, tribal adolescents, yoga practice
+
+
+Rema Mohan, Sony Kumari
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
+
+
+
+Introduction
+Adolescence  is  a  period  of  physical  and psychological	development	which	is overruled   by   emotions.  The   adolescents may  have  been  suffering  from  emotional, behavioral   and   developmental   disorders. Previous   studies   have   shown   increase in  rates  of  suicide,  leaving  home  at  an early  age,  vulnerability  to  addiction  and psychological  illness.[1]     Youth  who  have been victims of high impact trauma, chronic abuse and neglect are especially vulnerable and  may  impair  the  ability  of  the  youth during their developmental period.[2]  Tribes are one of the most exploited populations in  Indian  society  (UNICEF).  Being  the earliest  inhabitants  of  the  country,  they have	maintained	a	distinct    style    for centuries. The isolation has kept them out of  mainstream  and  made  them  easy  prey to  exploitation.[3]    Lack  of  education  and deprivation  that  these  tribes  face  due  to poverty  may  result  in  frustration  both  in personal  and  social  relations.  Further,  the tribal  children  are  subject  to  acculturation pressures   that   do   not   exist   for   other populations, which create unique problems
+
+This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative   Commons   Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike   3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
+For reprints contact: [email protected]
+
+
+during	their	transition	to	adulthood.[4] Tribal students are emotionally immature,[5] show  poor  emotional  intelligence,[3]    high prevalence  of  anxiety/depression,  somatic, withdrawn/depressed	thought     problems and     attention     problems,[6]         aggression regardless of age and gender ,[7]   and poor self‑esteem.[8]
+The term yoga comes from Sanskrit word Yuj which means union. Traditionally, yoga is a method of joining individual self with the divine. Yoga is the art and science of living.  It  is  concerned  with  the  evolution of  the  mind  and  body.  Yoga  incorporates all  aspects  of  an  individual.  First  aspect of  personality  is  physical  body  and  we begin with disciplining the body by asana or   physical   postures.  Asana   makes   the spine,   muscles,   and   joints   healthy   and flexible.  Internal  organs  are  getting  subtle massage and they balance the physiological abnormalities,	faulty	insulin	secretions and  hormonal  imbalances.  Pranayama  or breathing  techniques  strengthen  the  lungs, increase  the  supply  of  fresh  oxygen  and have a direct effect on brain and emotions. By emotional stability, mental and creative energies are directed in a constructive way
+
+
+How to cite this article:Mohan R, Kumari S. Effect of yoga on positive–Negative affect and self-esteem on tribal male adolescents- A randomized control study. Indian J Soc Psychiatry 2018;34:48-51.
+
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+Address for correspondence: Dr. Sony Kumari,
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA University), Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda nagar,
+Bangalore, Karnataka, India. E‑mail: sonykarmanidhi@gmail. com
+
+
+Access this article online
+
+Website: www.indjsp.org
+DOI: 10.4103/0971-9962.228795
+Quick Response Code:
+
+
+
+48	© 2018 Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
+[Downloaded free from http://www.indjsp.org on Friday, January 29, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+
+Mohan and Kumari: Effect of Yoga on tribal students
+
+
+and child become more self‑confident, self‑aware and self‑ control.[9]
+There  is  growing  empirical  support  for  positive  health effects,[10]    psychological  and  physiological  improvement after yoga intervention,[11]  and thus may be an ideal practice to  introduce  to  children  and  adolescents.  Present  study is  trying  to  explore  the  construct  positive  and  negative affectivity and self‑esteem on tribal adolescents.
+Positive   affect   is   the   state   where   the   person   feels enthusiastic,   active,   and   alert.   Negative   affect   is   a dimension   of   subjective   distress   and   un‑pleasurable engagement.  It  includes  variety  of  aversive  mood  states, including anger, contempt, disgust, fear and nervousness. Low  PA is  described  by  sadness  and  lethargy.  Low  NA (positive affect) is described by calmness and serenity.[12] Further  low  PA (positive  affect)  and  high  NA (negative affect)  are  major  distinguishing  features  of  depression, and   anxiety,   respectively,[13]     as   well   as   its   ability   to identify  individuals  with  mood  problems.[14]   PA ‘‘buffer’’ the negative effect of NA on job performance.[15]   PA was consistently   related   negatively   only   to   symptoms   and diagnoses of depression.[12]   Character strengths appears to be crucial for students to experience school‑related positive affect,  which  in  turn  supports  students’  positive  school functioning  and  their  overall  school  achievement.[16]   The happiness–success  link  exists  not  only  because  success makes people happy, but also because positive affect brings about success.[17]  Frequent positive emotions during school were associated with higher levels of student engagement and negative emotions with lower levels of engagement.[18]
+Self‑esteem	is	the	totality	of	self‑confidence	and self‑respect. It is the capability of being skillful to cope with  the  basic  challenge  of  life  and  being  worthy  of happiness.[19]    Self‑esteem  includes  feeling  of  worthiness and pride.[20]  It is a significant element affecting their mode of life and well‑being. With good self‑esteem, people do constructive  things  for  themselves  and  due  to  poor  self‑ esteem, avoid doing such things.[21]  Stigma associated with mental  illness  harms  the  self‑esteem  of  many  people.[22] Self‑esteem changes in middle school years.[23]
+Self‑esteem   has   a   positive   role   in   association   with adolescent’s life and this relationship is equally strong for both  genders  and  across  age.[24]   Self‑esteem  is  relatively a  stable  trait  and  reflects  life  satisfaction  and  affective symptoms rather than functional status.[25]
+Yoga   improves   adolescents’  mood   and   affect   and   is highly   beneficial   for   students.[26,27]      In   a   mindfulness based  intervention  for  at‑risk  adolescents,  positive  affect increased  significantly  and  mindfulness  increased.[28]    A one‑month  residential  yoga  program  showed  significant change in reducing negative attitude and improvement in positive  attitude  in  healthy  volunteers.[29]    A  randomized control study on the effect of yoga for a month for school
+
+children showed significant improvement in positive affect and attitude towards violence. Yoga intervention increased self‑esteem,  life  satisfaction,  and  enthusiasm  for  a  better life,  scores  of  interpersonal  anxiety  and  perfectionism dropped.[30]    Review  articles  suggest  that  yoga  can  be  a beneficial   adjunctive   treatment.[11]     Yoga   enhances   self‑ esteem and attention abilities of high school children.[31]
+The present study
+
+The  purpose  of  the  present  study  was  to  measure  the positive–negative  affect  and  self‑esteem  in  tribal  male adolescents	using	PANAS‑C	scale	and	Rosenberg self‑esteem   scale,   respectively.  Although   many   studies have   been   conducted   using   yoga   as   intervention,   no study   is   available   where   positive–negative   affectivity and  self‑esteem  is  measured  on  tribal  adolescents.  We hypothesized   that   yoga   may   have   effect   on   positive affectivity and self‑esteem in tribal adolescents.
+
+Materials and Methods
+
+Patients	were	taken	from	Arshavidya	Kendra, Palakkad‑Kerala.  N  =  54  under  the  age  group  of  10 years  to  18years.  Patients  were  men  and  they  were randomly divided into two groups. Thirty of them were in the experimental group and 24 in the waitlist control group.  Mean  age  of  patients  in  experimental  group was (M = 14.4 years, SD = 3.51) and of control group was  (M  =  13.3  years,  SD  =  1.90).  Informed  consent was  signed  by  the  head  of  the  organization.  Data  was analyzed using SPSS‑version 16.
+PANAS‑C
+
+The  Positive  and  Negative  Affect  Schedule  scale  for children,[32]  is a 27 item youth self‑report measure used in child and adolescent population to measure positive and negative affectivity. It is used to measure the respondent’s emotions  during  the  past  few  weeks.  The  respondent  is asked to read several words which describe feelings and emotions and enter a number that corresponds to the value on a scale. The five‑item scale ranges from not much or not at all, with a value of 1, to a lot with a value of 5.The PANAS‑C has been used successfully on large studies of children and exhibits high reliability and good convergent and discriminant validity. Study revealed that 12‑item PA and  15‑item  NA  scale  scores  demonstrated  support  for convergent  and  divergent  validity  and  yielded  internal consistency (PA 0.89, NA 0.92).[32]  Laurent et al. (1999)[32] reported alpha coefficients of 0.94 for NA, and 0.90 for PA in the scale development sample.[33]
+
+Rosenberg Self‑Esteem Scale
+
+A  10‑item  scales  that  measures  global  self‑worth  by measuring  both  positive  and  negative  feelings  about  the self.  The  scale  is  believed  to  be  uni‑dimensional.  All items are answered using a four‑point Likert scale format
+
+
+Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry  |  Volume 34  |  Issue 1  |  January-March 2018	49
+[Downloaded free from http://www.indjsp.org on Friday, January 29, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+
+Mohan and Kumari: Effect of Yoga on tribal students
+
+
+Table 1: Yoga and control group‑Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (Within Group)
+
+
+Variables
+
+
+PA
+
+NA
+
+SE
+
+
+Yoga Pre M±SD
+Post M±SD 36.50±8.1 41.10±8.7 36.90±8.4 34.03±9.5 23.70±3.0
+23.47±3.1
+
+
+P ‑Value
+
+
+0.008
+
+0.047
+
+0.927
+
+
+% Change
+
+
+12.60
+
+7.77
+
+0.97
+
+
+Control Pre M ± SD Post M ±SD
+37.58±9.6 39.0±9.5 35.75±11.11 38.04±8.77 23.21±4.6
+21.67±4.3
+
+
+P‑Value
+
+
+0.468
+
+0.156
+
+0.019
+
+% CHANGE % Change
+
+
+3.77
+
+6.40
+
+6.63
+
+PA = Positive Affect, NA = Negative Affect, SE = Self Esteem
+
+
+Table 2: Between group ‑ Mann Whitney Test
+
+Variables
+
+
+PA
+
+NA
+
+SE
+
+Yoga Pre M ± SD
+Post M ± SD 36.50 ± 8.1 41.10 ± 8.7 36.90 ± 8.4 34.03 ± 9.5 23.70 ± 3.0
+23.47 ± 3.1
+
+Control Pre M ± SD Post M± SD 37.58 ± 9.6
+39.0 ± 9.5 35.75 ± 11.11 38.04 ± 8.77 23.21 ± 4.6
+21.67 ± 4.3
+
+P‑value (pre)
+
+
+0.571
+
+0.787
+
+0.587
+
+P‑value (post)
+
+
+0.497
+
+0.086
+
+0.094
+
+
+
+ranging  from  strongly  agree  to  strongly  disagree.  Items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9 are reverse scored. Give “Strongly Disagree” 1   point,   “Disagree”   2   points,“Agree”   3   points,   and “Strongly Agree” 4 points. Higher scores indicate higher self‑esteem.[34]    RSE  scale  is  of  high  internal  reliability (alpha 0.92). Reliability is high in all age groups and in diverse   population.   Convergent   validity   is   proven   by research studies.[35]
+Intervention
+
+Intervention  was  given  for  two  weeks  (14  days)  for experimental group, in two sessions in a day. Sixty minutes in the morning and 30 minutes in the evening. Program included  breathing,  loosening  practices,  sun  salutation, asanas,  pranayama,  japa,  and  trataka.  Pre  and  post  data was  collected  from  both  the  groups  before  and  after intervention.
+
+Results
+The  data  was  not  normally  distributed,  hence  we  have conducted   non‑parametric   test,   in   within   group   and between   groups.   Wilcoxon   Signed   Rank   Test   shows highly significant improvement in positive affect in yoga group  12.60%  (P  <  0.01)  and  significant  reduction  in negative affect 7.77% (P < 0.05) and self‑esteem in not significant  0.97%  (P  >  0.05).  In  control  group  positive affect increased 3.77% (P > 0.05), negative affect increased 6.40% (P > 0.05), and of self‑esteem 0.019% (P < 0.05) [Table 1]. In between group analysis using Mann–Whitney test showed no significant result in positive–negative affect and self‑esteem [Table 2].
+
+The mechanism behind the result could be because of the pranayama,  japa  and  trataka  practices.  Previous  studies shows  on  adolescents  shows  there  is  a  sharp  decline in  self‑esteem  during  middle  school  years.[36]    A  study conducted by[37]   on ninth grades students by giving yoga as an intervention found no change in yoga group as well as  in  control  group.  Directions  for  the  future  study  are discussed.
+
+Conclusion
+
+This  study  is  a  pilot  randomized  control  study  on  tribal adolescents measuring positive–negative affect and self‑esteem after   giving   yoga   practices.   Experimental   group   shows significant  improvement  in  the  variables  positive–negative affect. Between groups analysis did not give any significant result. In future effect of yoga can be examined with larger sample size and longer duration of intervention.
+Financial support and sponsorship
+
+Nil
+
+Conflict of interest
+
+There are no conflicts of interest
+
+References
+1.	Kumar  V,  Talwar  R,  Roy  N,  Raut  D,  Singh  S.  Psychosocial determinants of tobacco use among school going adolescents in Delhi, India. Journal of addiction, 2014.:170941
+2.     Ashwini HR, Kumari S. Effect of One Month Residential Yoga Program  On  Measuring  The  Positive  And  Negative  Attitude
+(No. 2015‑03‑04). 2015.
+
+
+50	Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry  |  Volume 34  |  Issue 1  |  January-March 2018
+[Downloaded free from http://www.indjsp.org on Friday, January 29, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+
+Mohan and Kumari: Effect of Yoga on tribal students
+
+
+3.	Ahmed  R,  Haque  ME.  A  comparative  study  in  aggression between  adolescent  boys  and  girls  of  tribal  and  non‑tribal students in Chitagong Hill Tracts. J Life Earth Sci 2007;2:79‑84.
+4.	Adams  SK,  Kuhn  J,  Rhodes  J.  Self‑Esteem  Changes  in  the Middle School Years: A Study of Ethnic and Gender Groups. RMLE Online: Research in middle level education 2006;29:1‑9.
+5.	Branden N. The psychology of self‑esteem: a new concept of Man's psychology. 1969.
+6.	Büssing  A,  Khalsa  SBS,  Michalsen  A,  Sherman  KJ,  Telles S.    Yoga    as    a    therapeutic    intervention.    Evidence‑Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012;[174291]. DOI: 10.1155/2012/174291.
+7.	DuBois  DL,  Burk‑Braxton  C,  Swenson  LP,  Tevendale  HD, Hardesty JL. Race and gender influences on adjustment in early adolescence:  Investigation  of  an  integrative  model.  Child  Dev 2002;73:1573‑592.
+8.	Ebesutani  C,  Regan  J,  Smith  A,  Reise  S,  Higa‑McMillan  C, Chorpita BF. The 10‑item positive and negative affect schedule for  children,  child  and  parent  shortened  versions:  application of  Item  Response  Theory  for  more  efficient  assessment.  J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2012;34:191‑203.
+9.	Büssing    A,    Khalsa    SBS,    Michalsen    A,    Sherman    KJ, Telles  S.  Yoga  as  a  therapeutic  intervention.  Evidence‑based Complementary  and  Alternative  Medicine,  2012,2012;174291. DOI: 10.1155/2012/174291.
+10.   Gopal  DV, Ashok A.  Prevalence  of  emotional  and  behavioral problems among tribal and non‑tribal adolescents. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol 2012;38:63‑67.
+11.   Ghosh D. Self‑esteem and depression of the tribal and non‑tribal students: It's role on academic achievement need. Indian J Health Wellbeing 2013;4:1042‑48.
+12.   Hall CA. Differential relationships of pleasure and distress with depression  and  anxiety  over  a  past,  present,  and  future  time framework  (Doctoral  dissertation,  ProQuest  Information  and Learning). 1978.
+13.   Kumar S, Dixit V, Chaudhury S, Kenswar DK. Racial differences in  suicidal  ideation  among  school  going  adolescents.  Indus Psychiatry journal 2013;22:118‑24.
+14.   Kundu M. Tribal education in India: Some problems. J Indian Educ 1984;10:1‑7.
+15.  Kokinakis LH. Yoga and adolescents: what do we know? the effects of yoga on adolescents’cognition and social‑emotional development   (Doctoral   dissertation,   Harvard   University). 2011.
+16.   Kaley‑Isley LC, Peterson J, Fischer C, Peterson E. Yoga as a complementary therapy for children and adolescents: a guide for clinicians. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2010;7:20‑32.
+17.   Winawer  SJ,  Zauber AG,  Ho  MN,  O'Brien  MJ,  Gottlieb  LS, Sternberg   SS,   et   al.   Prevention   of   colorectal   cancer   by colonoscopic	polypectomy.	The	National	Polyp	Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med, 1193;329:1977‑1981.
+18.   Laurent J, Catanzaro SJ, Joiner TE, Jr Rudolph KD, Potter KI, Lambert S, et al. A measure of positive and negative affect for children: scale development and preliminary validation. Psychol Assess 1999;11:326.
+19.   Lyubomirsky  S,  King  L,  Diener  E.  The  benefits  of  frequent positive  affect:  does  happiness  lead  to  success?  Psychological
+bulletin 2005;131:803‑55.
+
+20.   Link BG, Struening EL, Neese‑Todd S, Asmussen S, Phelan JC. Stigma  as  a  barrier  to  recovery:  The  consequences  of  stigma for the self‑esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatric services 2001.
+21.   Moksnes UK, Espnes GA. Self‑esteem and life satisfaction in adolescents‑gender and age as potential moderators. Qual Life Res 2013;22:2921‑2928.
+22.   Nandwana S, Joshi K. Assessment of emotional intelligence of tribal adolescents of Udaipur: an exploratory study. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 2010;8:37‑40.
+23.   PV  P,  Premsingh  JG.  Self‑esteem‑its  influence  and  structural changes in the lives of tribal students of Kannur district, Kerala.
+24.   Rhodes J, Roffman J, Reddy R, Fredriksen K. Changes in self‑ esteem during the middle school years: A latent growth curve study of individual and contextual influences. J School Psychol 2004;42:243‑261.
+25.   Reschly   AL,   Huebner   ES,   Appleton   JJ,   Antaramian   S. Engagement as flourishing: the contribution of positive emotions and  coping  to  adolescents'  engagement  at  school  and  with learning. Psychol Schools 2008;45:419‑431.
+26.   Selbo‑Bruns,  Nakamura  BJ,  Higa‑McMillan  CK,  Hayashi  K, Chorpita BF. A multi‑informant multi‑measure approach to the two factor model of emotion with youth. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2012;34:520‑530.
+27.   Sinha VK. A Study of Emotional Maturity Among Tribal and Non‑Tribal Adolescent Girls. RMLE Online:Research in middle level education. 2014;393‑95.
+28.   Sw. Satyananda S. Yoga Education for Children. 1990;299.
+29.   Sethi  JK,  Nagendra  HR,  Ganpat TS. Yoga  improves  attention and self‑esteem in underprivileged girl student. J Educ Health Promot 2013;2.
+30.   Tellegen  A.  Structures  of  mood  and  personality  and  their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self‑report. 1985.
+31.   Van Yperen NW. On the link between different combinations of negative affectivity (NA) and positive affectivity (PA) and job performance. Personality Indiv Diff 2003;35:1873‑1881.
+32.   Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Personality Soc Psychol 1988;54:1063‑70.
+33.   Wekerle C, Waechter RL, Leung E, Leonard M. Adolescence: A window of opportunity for positive change in mental health. First People Child Fam Rev 2007;3:8‑16.
+34.   Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self‑image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1965.
+35.   Swenson, P. L. A psychometric study of the Rosenberg self‑esteem scale:  An  investigation  of  gender  dif.  Doctoral  dissertation, University of British Columbia; 2003.
+36.   Weber M, Wagner L, Ruch W. Positive feelings at school: on the relationships between students’ character strengths, school‑related affect,  and  school  functioning.  Journal  of  Happiness  Studies, 2016;17:341‑55.
+37.   Yadav   UN,   Parsekar   S,   Prabhu   V,   Patil   DS,   Kumar   S, Singh   MM,   et   al.   A   comparative   study   on   self‑esteem among tribal and non‑tribal students in Udupi Taluk, Karnataka,
+India.
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry  |  Volume 34  |  Issue 1  |  January-March 2018	51

document/management/Effect of yoga practices in reducing counterproductive work behavior and its predictors conv.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+3/1/2017	Effect of yogapractices inreducingcounterproductivework behavior andits predictors
+
+
+Effect of yoga practices in reducing counterproductive work behavior and its predictors
+
+Umesh Dwivedi, Sony Kumari, and H. R. Nagendra
+
+Abstract
+
+Context:
+
+Aggression and negative affectivity (NA) are known for moderating relationship between job stressors and counterproductive work behavior. Yoga has been demonstrated earlier to reduce the parameters of aggression and negative emotions.
+
+Aim:
+
+The present study examined the effectiveness of yoga practices in reducing counterproductive work behavior and its predictors such as aggression and NA.
+
+Settings and Design:
+
+A pretest–posttest randomized controlled design.
+
+Materials and Methods:
+
+The study sample included yoga group (n = 80) and control group (n = 80). Yoga module that included asanas, pranayama, meditation, and yogic theory were taught to the yoga group. Mild to moderate physical exercises and management theories were taught to the control group. Both groups received intervention for 10 weeks, covering 1 h daily, 5 days a week. Measurements of self­reported counterproductive work behaviors, aggression, and NA were taken as baseline and postintervention for assessment.
+
+Results:
+
+Yoga group reported significant reductions in aggression, NA, and counterproductive work behavior in comparison with the control group after 10 weeks.
+
+Conclusions:
+
+This study contributes by introducing a cost­effective way to prevent the heavy losses organizations are incurring due to counterproductive work behavior and its predictors. The findings support that yoga at workplace may result in positive psychological empowerment of the employees as well.
+
+Keywords:Aggression, counterproductive work behavior, negative affectivity, yoga
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in a generic sense is any intentional behavior committed by any member of the organization that harms organization or its members.[1] Personality traits of individuals also influence CWB because these individuals make conscious choices to decide whether to involve in these behaviors.[2] Anger is the connection between both physical and verbal aggression and hostility.[3] Interpersonal aggression has been linked with psychological outcome such as depression, anxiety, frustration, and stress.[4] If these behaviors are not controlled, they can lead to social, physical, mental, and occupational damages. Aggression is also related to somatic issues and poor health.[5] Negative affectivity (NA) is defined as the level to which individuals experience aversive emotional states.[6] NA as a personality variable at work is important for the individual who experiences it and might also be problematic for his or her co­workers. High NA can include feelings of anger, contempt, guilt, fear, nervousness, and negative emotions with higher tendency to moral disengagement that have been found to commit more CWB.[7]
+
+Yoga is known for its effect on body and psyche. Yoga sessions are known for its positive effects on the quality of life and psychosomatic disorders.[8] Yoga sessions have proven to be beneficial in enhancing positive affectivity and decreasing NA.[9] Yoga improved psychological well­being and mood among prisoners and resulted in positive effect on their impulsive behaviors.[10] In comparison to the normal people, prisoners usually have higher rates of mental health problems and aggression, personal grief, drug and alcohol abuse, and antisocial behavior. These are common characteristics of psychological issues.
+
+In short, yoga gives both physiological and psychological benefits including lowered mental distress, perceived stress and enhanced well­being; enhanced function on measures of attention; enhanced cognitive functions; enhanced quality of life; increased positive moods and decreased
+
+
+https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919969/	1/4
+3/1/2017	Effect of yogapractices inreducingcounterproductivework behavior andits predictors
+
+negative moods. In the present research, role of yoga in reducing aggression, NA, and CWB has been studied. This may play a key role that organizations can implement as a preventive measure to reduce CWB.
+
+MATERIALS AND METHODS
+
+Participants
+
+Subjects were recruited from a private enterprise. Subjects were allowed to participate after they signed written informed consent form, providing adequate information about the nature of the study. In total, 160 employees (total males = 88, total females = 72) were randomly selected and allocated into two groups (yoga and control) having 80 participants per group using a random number generator for allocation of each group by an independent researcher who was not involved in the study assessments.
+
+The inclusion criteria were (1) working professionals (male/female) involved intentionally in CWB, (2) <60 years of age and (3) mentally and physically normal.
+
+Measures
+
+Counterproductive work behavior  The CWB checklist (CWB­C)[1] was used that contains 45 item CWB­C, covering CWBs of an individual. For this study, the internal consistency with the present sample was 0.868.
+
+Aggression  Buss and Perry's [3] Aggression questionnaire was used to measure trait aggressiveness. Sub­scales are physical and verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. Alpha for the aggression scale in this study was 0.866.
+
+Negative affectivity  The 10­item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) from Watson et al. was used to measure NA.[6] Positive and negative affect schedule was used to measure NA. High scores indicate high levels of NA. The internal consistency for the NA scale in this study was 0.951.
+
+Procedure
+
+Only individuals currently working and employed were permitted to take part in this intervention. The respondents were administered the questionnaires with the help of an investigator. Participants who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria and who willingly consented to participate in the study were allocated randomly into yoga group and control group. After the baseline assessments, subjects who were randomized to yoga group received the yogic theory lecture followed by yoga­based intervention [Appendix 1]. The control group participants received management lectures followed by mild to moderate physical exercises and normal breathing practices. Subjects received intervention by a trained instructor. Venue of practice was arranged within the organization's campus so that maximum attendance can be ensured. Demonstration was given by the instructor to make sure that subjects understand the subtleties of the practices. Both groups practiced their sessions for 1 h daily, 5 days a week for 10 weeks. The confidentiality of the information found from the respondents was assured, and informed consents of the participants were obtained.
+
+Statistical analysis
+
+Data analysis was performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) by IBM, version 21. Change score comparisons of aggression, NA, and CWB over the assessment sessions in the two groups were tested using repeated measure analysis of variance (RMANOVA). Statistical significance was fixed at P < 0.05.
+
+RESULTS
+
+Table 1 shows the sociodemographic profiles of yoga and control group. Yoga group subjects were more educated compared to the control group (P = 0.045).
+
+Table 1
+Sociodemographic data of the study subjects
+
+
+
+
+
+Pre­ to post­test comparisons in the current study revealed that there was no significant difference in the variable scores between the yoga and control groups at baseline. This showed that the sample in both the groups were comparable at the same variable score level at the start of the study. RMANOVA was conducted to assess variable scores across the groups over the period of time. The results of the RMANOVA showed that there was a statistically significant (P < 0.001) reduction in aggression, NA, and CWB among the participants in the yoga group as compared with the control group following post evaluation [Table 2].
+
+https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919969/	2/4
+3/1/2017	Effect of yogapractices inreducingcounterproductivework behavior andits predictors
+
+Table 2
+Comparisons of pre and posttest scores of aggression,negative affectivity,and counterproductive work behavior between the yoga and control group
+
+
+
+
+DISCUSSION
+
+The present study evaluated the effect of yoga in reducing CWBs and its predictors among working professionals. The results showed that 10­ week intervention of yoga resulted into significant reductions in aggression, NA, and counterproductive work behavior among a randomized group of working professionals.
+
+In comparison to the control group, subjects in the yoga group showed a significant improvement from the baseline performance in aggression and results of the present study are consistent with earlier researches on yoga to reduce aggression.[10]
+
+Narasimhan et al.[9] reported that integrated yoga practices can decrease the NA and increase the positive affectivity within 1 week of yoga intervention. The present study supported similar effect of yoga in the reduction of NA by yoga practice.
+
+Moreover, the present study also highlighted the effect of yoga in reducing CWB in working professionals which other empirical studies have never been reported before.
+
+Limitations and directions for future research
+
+The current study contained several notable limitations that may have affected the results. This study was limited in that data with self­reported dependent measures were used. Practice sessions were conducted in the office premises which may have caused psychological impact on the dedication of employees and also may have impacted in self­reported attention problem. Few people take longer time to respond to true benefits of yoga and these differences would likely have been reduced if the duration of entire intervention would have been longer. Despite these limitations, the present study findings suggest that yoga may offer a safe and beneficial intervention for employees toward psychological and physical health.
+
+More research is needed to establish the true directionality of the relationships between the variables explored in this study. Future studies could implement longitudinal type of research to get detailed and refined conclusions on the benefits of yoga. It should be noted that most of the studies related to CWB have been undertaken by Western scholars. Only few studies on CWB were conducted by Asian researchers. Therefore, further investigations, especially in the Asian context are required for more empirical evidence on the effect of yoga on CWB.
+
+CONCLUSION
+
+Organizations can utilize the potential of yoga to create a foundation for larger cost­effective preventive measures in combating and controlling CWB and its predictors at the workplace assertively. Strength of yoga is that it can be used as a self­management technique where an individual can practice it anywhere. In summary, the present study has shown the effectiveness of yoga in reducing CWB and its predictors. Constant monitoring and mentoring in this direction shall lead to stronger synergy among working professionals which will lead to much higher productivity.
+
+Financial support and sponsorship
+
+Nil.
+
+Conflicts of interest
+
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+
+Acknowledgment
+
+The authors acknowledge the support of SVYASA, Bengaluru, for allowing us to conduct the present study.
+
+Appendix 1: The authors acknowledge the support of SVYASA, Bengaluru, for allowing us to conduct the present study
+
+
+
+
+
+
+https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919969/	3/4
+3/1/2017	Effect of yogapractices inreducingcounterproductivework behavior andits predictors
+
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+Article information
+
+Indian J Psychiatry. 2016 Apr-Jun; 58(2): 216–219. doi:  10.4103/0019-5545.183778
+PMCID: PMC4919969
+
+Umesh Dwivedi, Sony Kumari, and H. R. Nagendra
+
+Department of Yoga and Management Studies, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+Address for correspondence: Mr. Umesh Dwivedi, Department of Yoga and Management Studies, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bengaluru - 560 019, Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected]
+
+Copyright : © Indian Journal of Psychiatry
+This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
+
+Articles from Indian Journal of Psychiatry are provided here courtesy of Medknow Publications
+
+REFERENCES
+
+1. Spector P, Fox S, Penney L, Bruursema K, Goh A, Kessler S. The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created
+equal? J Vocat Behav. 2006;68:446–60.
+
+2. Mount M, Mlies M, Mohnson E. Relationship of personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors: The mediating effects of job satisfaction.
+Pers Psychol. 2006;59:591–622.
+
+3. Buss AH, Perry M. The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;63:452–9. [PubMed]
+
+4. Ashforth B. Petty tyranny in organizations. Hum Relat. 1994;47:755–78.
+
+5. Cortina LM, Magley VJ, Williams JH, Langhout RD. Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. J Occup Health Psychol. 2001;6:64–80.
+[PubMed]
+
+6. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. J Pers Soc
+Psychol. 1988;54:1063–70. [PubMed]
+
+7. Samnani A, Salamon S, Singh P. Negative affect and counterproductive workplace behavior: The moderating role of moral disengagement and gender.
+J Bus Ethics. 2013;119:235–44.
+
+8. Garg S, Ramya CS, Shankar V, Kutty K. Efficacy of short­term yoga therapy program on quality of life in patients with psychosomatic ailments.
+Indian J Psychiatry. 2015;57:78–80. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
+
+9. Narasimhan L, Nagarathna R, Nagendra H. Effect of integrated yogic practices on positive and negative emotions in healthy adults. Int J Yoga.
+2011;4:13–9. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
+
+10. Bilderbeck AC, Farias M, Brazil IA, Jakobowitz S, Wikholm C. Participation in a 10­week course of yoga improves behavioural control and
+decreases psychological distress in a prison population. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:1438–45. [PubMed]
+
+
+
+
+https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919969/	4/4

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document/management/Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university students_unlocked conv.txt

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+[Downloaded free from http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+
+
+
+OriGinAL ArTiCLe
+
+
+Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university students
+
+tikhe sham Ganpat, hongasandra ramarao nagendra, v. selvi
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University (Prashanti Kutiram), 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
+
+
+
+AbSTrACT
+
+
+
+background: With growing scientific evidence, yoga is emerging as an important health behavior‑lifestyle modifying module to achieve holistic health at physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual levels. Brain wave coherence(BWC) recordings from the surface of the skull are associated with different cognitive processes and plays both critical and useful roles in yoga with wide range of functional significance. The psycho‑physiological changes that characterize the efficacy of yoga for better mental performance in university students have not been studied adequately.
+objective: The study was designed to assess the mental performance through BWC analysis in university students undergoing Integrated Yoga Module (IYM).
+Materials and Methods: The IYM subjects (n=30) with 25.77±4.85 years of mean age participated in this single group pre-post study. The BWC data was collected before (pre) and after (post) the 21 days IYM using Brain Master (Model: 2E Part # 390-001), Michigan, USA.
+statistical analysis: Means, standard deviations, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for analyzing data with the help of SPSS-16.
+results: A complete statistical and spectral analysis showed 43.24% increase(P<0.001) in Delta, 9.13% increase(P=0.289) in Theta, 57.85% increase (P<0.001) in Alpha, 17.65% decrease (P=0.136) in Beta and 9.19% increase (P=0.586) in Gamma BWC between pre and post intervention measurements.
+Conclusion: BWC study showed significant increase in both Delta and Alpha wave coherence suggesting that IYM can result in improvement of coherent and integrated brain functioning among students, thus paving the way for their better mental performance. Although this preliminary research is promising, more well-designed studies are needed before a strong recommendation can be made.
+
+Key words: Brain wave coherence, mental performance, yoga
+
+
+
+introduCtion
+
+Stress certainly seems to be an inescapable element of the modern life of a student. Stress management is required for students to decrease depression and anxiety, and to improve sensitivity toward themselves, peers, and parents. Brain wave coherence (BWC) is a measure of correlation or synchrony of the electroencephalograph (EEG) waves recorded at two points on the scalp. Mathematically, it is the absolute value
+
+of the cross-correlation function in the frequency domain of two electrical signals.[1]  Coherence reflects the number and strength of connections between two brain areas.[2]  Higher coherence indicates that these two points of the brain are working more closely together. Similarly, higher coherence is associated with more integrated and effective thinking and behavior, including greater intelligence, creativity, learning ability,  emotional  stability,  ethical  and  moral  reasoning, self-confidence, and reduced anxiety.[3]
+
+
+
+Address for correspondence: Dr. Tikhe Sham Ganpat,
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University (Prashanti Kutiram), 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram
+Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected]
+
+How   to   cite   this   article:   Ganpat   TS,   Nagendra   HR,   Selvi V.   Efficacy   of   yoga   for   mental   performance   in   university students.  Indian  J  Psychiatry  2013;55:349-52.
+
+
+Access this article online
+Quick Response Code Website:
+www.indianjpsychiatry.org
+
+
+DOI:
+10.4103/0019-5545.120550
+
+
+Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013	349
+[Downloaded free from http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+
+Ganpat, et al.: Yoga for mental performance in university students
+
+
+With growing scientific evidence, yoga is emerging as an important health behavior-modifying practice to achieve states of health, both at physical and mental levels.[4] Previous study of yoga on BWC in managers reported significant increase in Delta BWC showing efficacy of yoga for managerial effectiveness.[5] A study by Aftanas LI and Golocheikine SA[6] on Sahaja Yoga Mediation reported that subjective scores of emotionally positive “blissful” experience significantly correlated  with  theta,  whereas  scores  of  internalized attention with both theta and alpha lower synchronization. Previous study of EEG coherence on Zen Mediation showed an increase in slow alpha interhemispheric EEG coherence in the frontal region induces meditation with a predominance of internalized attention.[7] High degree of cardio respiratory synchronization during yoga was demonstrated by Cysarz and Bussing suggesting a state of restful alertness.[8]  The EEG alpha activity occurred predominantly in the anterior half,  and  occurred  silently  in  the  posterior  half  of  the brain during Qi Gong meditation.[9]  Moreover, a study by Travis[10]  revealed that Transcendental Meditation practice was  marked  by  significantly  lower  breath  rate,  higher respiratory sinus arrhythmia amplitudes, higher EEG alpha amplitude  and  higher  alpha  coherence.  However,  the psycho-physiological changes that characterize the efficacy of  yoga  for  better  mental  performance  have  not  been studied adequately. Hence, the present study was designed to assess the efficacy of Integrated Yoga Module (IYM) for mental performance in university students.
+
+obJeCtive
+
+The study was designed to assess the mental performance through BWC analysis in university students undergoing IYM.
+
+MateriaLs and Methods
+
+Subjects
+Students of both sexes (n=30) undergoing IYM at Swami Vivekananda   Yoga   Anusandhana   Samsthana   (S-VYASA) University,   Bangalore   between   the   ages   of   18   and 37 years (mean±SD=25.77±4.85 years) participated in this
+
+single group pre-post study. Students with serious medical conditions, those using any other form of wellness strategy as well as those using any form of prescribed or abused drugs were excluded. The BWC data was collected before (pre) and after (post) the IYM using Brain Master (Model: 2E Part # 390-001), Michigan, USA.
+
+Consent
+The study was approved by the IRB of S-VYASA University. An informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
+
+Design was single group pre-post study.
+
+Assessments Intervention
+All the subjects participated in the 21 days IYM which was based  on  Integrated  Approach  of  Yoga  Therapy  (IAYT) designed and developed at S-VYASA University [Table 1].
+
+Data collection
+In this study we have used Brain Master two-Channel EEG version  2.0  from  Bio-Medical  Instruments,  Inc.,  Warren, Michigan for BWC recording[11,12]   which records the brain waves and through an inbuilt software gives the coherence values  of  Delta  (d),  Theta  (q),  Alpha  (a),  Beta  (b)  and Gamma (g) waves. We collected BWC data using electrode locations C3 and C4referenced to linked earlobes, with the ground at the forehead. We kept the electrode impedances below 10KΩ to ensure noise‑free, accurate, and good brain wave recordings.[11,12]  The sampling frequency was256 Hz. Protocol of setting file was brain wave Pro 2 Channel Alpha Synchrony. Run of length was 10.0minutes. We studied BWC for same subject at the same time of the day for pre and post data. During BWC recording, each subject was resting on the chair with the eyes closed for 10 minutes in Bio-Field Energy Laboratory of S-VYASA University in a silent room.
+
+Data scoring
+Brain Master calculates and displays coherence for different components as Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. In addition, we can set a threshold between 0.01 and 0.99 for training. The operator can select any or all of the components
+
+
+
+table 1: schedule of the iyM
+
+time
+05.00 AM 05.30 AM 06.00 AM 07.15 AM
+
+08.00 AM 09.30 AM 10.30 AM 11.30 AM 12.05 PM 01.00 PM
+
+activity
+Ablution
+Prayer (Prathasmaran) Asana/special yoga technique
+Friendship meet (Maitri Milan)-Gita sloka chanting and discourse (Satsanga)
+Breakfast Karma Yoga
+Lecture session 1
+Milk or ayurvedic tea (Malt) Special yoga techniques Lunch and rest
+
+time
+03.00 PM 04.00 PM
+
+05.00 PM 06.00 PM 06.45 PM 07.30 PM 08.30 PM 09.15 PM 10.00 PM
+
+activity
+Lecture session 2 Cyclic meditation
+
+Tuning to nature
+Devotional session (Bhajan) Lecture session 3/Trataka Dinner
+Happy assembly (yoga game session)/cultural program Group discussion/self practice
+Lights off
+
+IYM – Integrated yoga module
+
+350	Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013
+[Downloaded free from http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+
+Ganpat, et al.: Yoga for mental performance in university students
+
+
+for sound feedback; hence coherence training was easy. In addition, we can show the coherence on the summary screen, and read it from the Excel spreadsheet containing the   minute-by-minute   statistics.   Coherence   between 0.0 and 0.4 in brain wave is not significant, because random signals can have a small amount of coherence. However, coherent values above 0.5 and especially exceeding 0.6 are significant for brain wave training.[13]
+
+Data analysis
+All statistical analysis was carried out using the version 16.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data was not normally distributed. We therefore used Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare means of the data.
+
+resuLts
+
+A  complete  statistical  and  spectral  analysis  of  the  data showed  43.24%  increase  (P  <  0.001)  in  Delta,  9.13% increase (P=0.289) in Theta, 57.85% increase (P < 0.001) in Alpha,  17.65%  decrease  (P=0.136)  in  Beta  and  9.19% increase (P=0.586) in Gamma BWC between pre and post intervention measurements [Table 2].
+
+disCussion
+
+Everything good about the brain depends on its coherent, orderly functioning. Recent studies in neuroscience have found that world-class athletes have higher EEG coherence than controls, and higher-performing CEO’s display greater coherence than other executives.[14] During ordinary waking consciousness,   EEG   patterns   are   generally   scattered, disorderly, and rapidly changing.[15] By contrast, as the mind settles into the practice of yoga, brainwaves tend to become rhythmic and orderly.[16]
+
+In the present study it was observed that twenty one days of IYM significantly increase Delta and Alpha BWC and a high level of coherence between two EEG signals indicates a   co-activation   of   neuronal   populations   and   provides information on functional coupling between these areas.[17] Significant increase in Delta EEG coherence may be associated with  heightened  efficiency  of  brain  functioning  and  may improve mental performance and overall health.[18] Similarly,
+
+
+table 2: data analysis
+
+significant increase in Alpha EEG coherence is associated with wakefulness and vigilance and is the essential requirement for ‘student efficiency.[19-23] Findings from earlier studies suggest that  percentage  of  Alpha  waves  were  higher  in  persons performing meditation with good coherence which suggests good homogeneity, uniformity, and increased orderliness of brain functioning.[24]  Arambula et al., have reported that subjects  who  practiced  Kundalini  Yoga  Meditation  could achieve balance in lateralization of cerebral functions with an increase in alpha EEG activity.[25]   Similarly, Cahn et al., have  shown  that  TM  increases  frontal  alpha  coherence, which reflects an enhancement of frontal lobe integration, as increased cognitive flexibility, intelligence, and emotional stability.[26] Furthermore, activation in Alpha wave coherence can  produce  a  state  of  well-poised  readiness,  and  deep relaxation. It may be associated with improved creativity, sense of well-being, and ability to perform effectively.[11,12]
+
+The   mechanism   by   which   IYM   may   improve   mental performance   in   university   students,   while   increasing Delta and Alpha EEG coherence, may be related to the notion  that  during  IYM,  the  ordinary  thinking  process settles down. This settling down is due to integration and synchronization of the left hemisphere (logical capacity) and the right hemisphere (intuitive capacity) of the brain. In addition, students gain a distinctive psycho-physiological state of ‘restful alertness’.
+
+The factors that indicate the ‘restful alertness’ and may be  the  mechanisms  of  improved  mental  performance and overall health are: decreased respiration, decreased skin conductance, decreased plasma lactate and cortisol, increased  cerebral  blood  flow,  faster  H-reflex  recovery, shorter latency of auditory-evoked potentials, decrease in autonomic arousal (sympathetic activation), psychological factors and mind and body integration.[1,27-30]
+
+ConCLusion
+
+The present study showed significant increase in both Delta and Alpha wave coherence suggesting that IYM can result in improvement of coherent and integrated brain functioning among students, thus paving the way for their better mental performance. Additional well-designed studies are needed before a strong recommendation can be made.
+
+aCKnowLedGeMent
+
+
+
+brain waves                Mean±standard deviation   Percentage coherence                    before yiC     after yiC     increase (↑)
+(pre)	(post)
+Delta (d) 1-3 Hz          46.38±20.51   66.43±20.13       ↑43.24 Theta (q) 4-7 Hz          63.64±23.79   69.45±28.55        ↑9.13 Alpha (a) 8-12 Hz       46.97±21.47   74.15±21.68       ↑57.85 Beta (b) 13-39 Hz        40.58±18.41   47.74±22.30       ↑17.65 Gamma (g) 40-45 Hz   42.65±18.46   46.56±26.54        ↑9.19
+*Significant at 0.001 level; IYM – Integrated yoga module
+
+P
+
+
+<0.001* 0.289 <0.001* 0.136
+0.586
+
+
+Authors  acknowledge  Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga  Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University for granting permission to carry out this work.
+
+referenCes
+
+1.	Dillbeck  MC,  Bronson  EC.  Short-term  longitudinal   effects  of  the transcendental meditation technique on EEG power and coherence. Int J Neurosci 1981;14:147-51.
+
+
+Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013	351
+[Downloaded free from http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+
+Ganpat, et al.: Yoga for mental performance in university students
+
+
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+3.	Travis F, Wallace RK. Autonomic and EEG patterns during eyes-closed rest and transcendental meditation (TM) practice: The basis for a neural model of TM practice. Conscious Cogn 1999;8:302-18.
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+6.	Aftanas LI, Golocheikine SA. Human anterior and frontal midline theta and  lower  alpha  reflect  emotionally  positive  state  and  internalized attention: High-resolution EEG investigation of meditation. Neurosci Lett 2001;310:57-60.
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+
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+28.   Badawi K, Wallace RK, Orme-Johnson D, Rouzere AM. Electrophysiologic characteristics of respiratory suspension periods occurring during the practice  of  the Transcendental  Meditation  Program.  Psychosom  Med 1984;46:267-76.
+29.   Jevning R, Wallace RK, Biedebach M. The physiology of meditation: A  review.  A  wakeful  hypometabolic  integrated  response.  Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992;16:415-24.
+30.   Wallace RK, Benson H, Wilson AF. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. Am J Physiol 1971;221:795-9.
+
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+Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared
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+352	Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013

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+modern statistical tools like serial correlation, ljung-box-q statistics and quantiles it can be concluded that the price movement  of these ten indices  are random in nature and the market was in ‘ weak form’. It is also inferred from this study that the distribution appears to be more peaked than the normal distribution. Therefore the trend of ten indices yield forms a leptokurtic which means flatter tails , greater risk of extreme outcomes and higher volatility in Indian share market. If we focus on figure 1 and 2,the trend are in downward sloping in 2008 due to subprime crisis which cause global meltdown in Indian economy. Owing to concerns about the financial crisis of the world economy, markets across the globe witnessed a steep fall in S&P, Nasdaq , Niffty Junior and Dow Jones index dipped  4-5 percent on fears about the health of the US economy, and Indian stock markets like the BSE Sensex and Nifty were not too far behind . References
+Abeysekera, S. P. 2001, “Efficient Markets Hypothesis and the Emerging Capital market in Sri Lanka: Evidence from the Colombo Stock Exchange – A Note”, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting. vol.28, no. 1, pp. 249-261.
+Abraham, A.Fazal J. S. &Alsakran S. A. 2002,“Testing the Random Walk Behaviour and Efficiency of the Gulf Stock Markets”, The Financial Review, vol. 37, pp. 469-480. Abdmoulah,  Walid.  2010,“Testing  the  evolving  efficiency  of  Arab   stock  markets”, International
+Review of Financial Analysis, vol.19, pp.25–34.
+
+Alexeev, Vitali. &Tapon, Francis. 2011, “Testing weak form efficiency on the Toronto Stock Exchange”, Journal of Empirical Finance, vol.18, pp. 661–691.
+Bachellier,  L.  1900,  “  The  Random  Character  of  Stock  Market  Prices”,  M.I.T.  Press, Cambridge.
+
+
+EFFICACY OF YOGA IN EXECUTIVE STRESS
+
+Dr. Sony Kumari*	Saurabh Chaudhary**
+
+
+Abstract
+
+Executives today suffer from high stress levels reducing both quality of life and life expectancy. Identification of reliable means of executive stress reduction is of utmost importance. This study assessed effects on executive stress of the widely-used Yoga technique, Cyclic Meditation. The protocol was yoga and control groups with 20 days
+
+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013	Page 96
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+Cyclic Meditation intervention. Pre-and-post assessments used the Perceived Stress Scale and Positive Affect and
+Negative Effect Schedule.
+
+Introduction
+
+Stress using this principle SMET has been evolved to use gross āsanas to stimulate the system through muscular stretches and then relax all groups of muscles one after other: stimulate-relax, stimulate-relax, stimulate-relax, again and again. Then we proceed to use subtler stimulations such as blood flow, pulse, nerve impulses, etc before we start working with mind, emotions and intellect  with  the  same  stimulate-relax  principle.  In  addition  to  these  practices,  SMET participants are given insights into these subtle aspects of stimulate-relax dimensions through lectures before they start the practice. This combination of theory and practice used in SMET is unique among all Yoga practices, which often people miss. A short form of practice called Cyclic  Meditation,  taking  only  20  minutes,  has  also  been  developed,  and  investigated extensively by many researchers.
+A number of studies have been done to evaluate the physiological and psychological effects of SMET. Those studies show that the SMET program produces physiological and psychological changes, which reduce stress levels. It is beneficial in bringing emotional stability throughout the personality to deal more effectively with critical circumstances in life.
+
+SMET Research
+
+The concept of SMET (an acronym of Self-Management of Excessive Tension) was evolved over a number of years from 1976, and developed into a standard procedure by Nagendra (1986). The basis for SMET is derived from Gaudapada’sMāükyaKārikā (Commentary on Māükya Upaniat ), which gives the essence of all Sadhana as
+*Assistant Professor, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana-SVYASA University,
+*Student of SVYASA University, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana-SVYASA University,
+
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+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013	Page 97
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+In a state of mental inactivity awaken the mind; when agitated, calm it; between these two states realize the possible abilities of the mind. If the mind has reached that state of perfect equilibrium then do not disturb it again.’
+
+The  major  hurdles  for  growth  in  any  training  are  two-fold:  Tamas  resulting  from
+
+ignorance,  laziness,  and  lethargy  or  in  general  resistance  to  action,  which  is  our  grossest personality trait. This, according to the Kārikā, needs stimulation. In subtle levels of  yoga practices,  Tamas  shows  up as  stagnations, which also have to be addressed.  A method  of breaking such stagnations is to use very subtle stimulations in the form of perceptions at all these levels; to achieve this, going deeper into Yoga practices is essential.
+The second hurdle is Rajas, which means shining featured by dynamism, brilliance, intelligence, active all the time, etc. However excessive Rajas will cause hypersensitivity leading to anxieties, tensions, and all the hazards seen in modern life. The remedy lies in calming of the mind, slowing the breath, relaxation of all muscle groups, and general moderation, all tools used extensively in Yoga practice.
+So we need to address these two hurdles effectively to bring deeper and more effective growth  in  the  personality  traits.	The  Kārikā  gives  a  solution  by  saying  that  we  use  the techniques of stimulation and relaxation successively one after another. As we use it in cycles of Stimulation-relaxation combined, we will be able to release stress and stagnations on one hand, and  calm  down  distractions,  and  reduce  hypersensitivity  or  over  reactions  on  the  other, facilitating the journey towards reaching higher sensitivity levels.
+Current  interest  in  emotional  intelligence  has  raised  questions  of  whether  it  is  possible  to improve  the  social  and  emotional  competence  of  adult  workers.  Research  in  training  and development, sports psychology, and behavior change suggests that it is possible, but typical approaches used in corporate training programmes are usually flawed. Social and emotional learning is different from cognitive and technical learning, and requires a different approach to training and development.
+Opinions about trainability have two distinct poles: first, that such qualities are developed early in life and nothing can be done thereafter; second, that emotional intelligence of groups of
+
+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013	Page 98
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+
+employees can be raised in a single day or less. Both are untrue. Cognitive learning involves fitting new data and insights into existing frameworks of association and understanding. This requires extending and enriching corresponding neural circuitry. Emotional learning, however, involving that  and more. It also requires that we engage the neural circuitry where our repertoire social  and  emotional  behavior  is  stored.  It  is  more  challenging  than  simply  adding  new information to the old. For the learner, it usually means a long and sometimes difficult process involving much practice.
+Cherniss   and   Goleman   (1998)   present   22   guidelines   for   developing   emotional intelligence in organizations, based on best knowledge available of how to promote social and emotional learning. Some of the most interesting developments in emotional intelligence involve use of physiological and cardiac feedback to learn to control and manage emotions, such as those developed	by	HeartMath.	One	study	observed	strong	personal	and	professional differencesfollowing a one-day Inner Quality Management workshop. Here we compare the SMET program, a yoga business intervention used in SVYASA, with institutional emotional training practice.We also evaluate possible further improvements for it to becomean accepted method of EI training.
+The  quality of  work  and  productivityin  today's  corporate  world  is  compromised  by professional  pressures  producing  worry,  anxiety  and  stress,  too  much  of  which  remains unresolved in day-to-day life. Business life involves cut-throat competition and concomitant stress, resulting in strain in family and social relationships. Within ourselves, we may find disintegration. Such stress and strain is experienced as anxiety, worry, fear or frustration. How do we overcome such stresses? Some people resort to smoking or drinking. Others seek change, vacations. They adopt various temporary escapes from tension. How do we know whether it is an escape? If, after the retreat, we are afraid of facing life's challenges again, it was only an escape, a diversion, which did not solve our problem. On the other hand, if we gain a new vision on a retreat, we become more dynamic and fearless, ready to face all challenges.
+Vivekananda’s  four  types  of  yoga  practice,  rajayoga,  karmayoga,  jnanayoga  and bhaktiyoga, all result in improve conscious control of mind and body.
+Praxis of Indian thought throughout the centuries has pioneered practical techniques of Self-Management  that  reduce  stress,  increase  productivity,  and  develop  essential  qualities  of leadership. The story of Emperor Askokā exemplifies this. As a great leader he embodied great
+
+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013	Page 99
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+leadership qualities, but after the terrible battles of the Kalinga war in which most of his close associates were maimed or killed be suffered the world’s first recorded case of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. He was famously cured of this, and his superior leadership qualities made useful again by the application of Buddhist meditation techniques
+Self-Management in the spiritual sense used in the Bhagavad Gita is the key to gaining the elusive combination of efficiency at work on the outside , and mental equanimity within. In this context, SMET offers a potentially ideal means of introducing into the corporate world a yoga-based EI training i.e. One with a spiritual dimension. Here ‘spirituality’ means performing actionswith a skill that keeps heart and mind in states of balanced integration. It is not an emotional attitude, nor does it involve any specific activity, like worship or practice of rituals. It involves with the world, ratherthan running away from it.
+SMET   training   aims   to   accomplish   this   in   a   series   of   easily   learned   steps. Looking at a small baby one knows what spirituality is. A baby does nothing, yet keeps everyone around happy. A child radiates happiness, innocently and without doing anything for gain. The law of the materialist jungle is “kill or be killed", whereas that of the spiritual world is "live and let live." When people look at life, they respect values, but they want to see them in others, not in themselves. When a person sees values as more important than valuables, and is ready to make sacrifices, such a person is said to be spiritual.
+Spiritual, yoga-based training develops intellectual strength and clarity, enabling a person to handle challenges and function with both efficiency and equanimity in life. Human beings broadly  lack  this  essential  skill,  resulting  in  an  alarming  rise  in  stress  and  deteriorating productivity levels. Yoga is a method of developing self-awareness, raising us from the animal level to a higher level, and helping us understand the spiritual dimension of life. With regard to education and training in emotional intelligence, yoga theory and practice provide methodologies that are more holistic and longer lasting in their effects.
+Methodology- Two group design (Yoga and Control group) were assessed using questionnaires before and after giving 20 days of CM practice on 60 male age range from 5 to 50 years, executives from Indian textile industry, New Delhi.
+Intervention-
+
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+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013   Page 100
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+Cyclic  Meditation-The  practice  of  cyclic  meditation  begins  by  repeating  a  verse  from  the Muëòükya Upaniñat, while participants are laying in the supine posture. As participents chant the verse they are asked to feel the resonance throughout  the body
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+In a state of mental inactivity awaken the mind; when agitated, calm it; between these two states realize the possible abilities of the mind. If the mind has reached the state of perfect equilibrium then do not disturb it again’
+(Muëòükya Upaniñat Kärikä: 3.44; Chinmayananda, 1984). There are few steps involved in this practice-
+
+·	Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT): ·	Täòäsana (Tree posture):
+·	Centering in  Täòäsana:
+
+·	Ardhakaöicakräsana (Half wheel posture): ·     Q.R.T (Quick Relaxation Technique):
+·	Vajrāsana (Sitting Posture):
+
+·	shasankäsana (Forward bending posture):
+
+·	Ardha uñörasana (Backward bending posture): ·	Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT):
+
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+Closing Prayer:
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+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013   Page 101
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+Sarve bhavantu sukhinaù sarve santu nirämayäù.
+
+Sarve bhadräëi paçyantu mä kaçcid duùkha bhägbhaveta.
+
+Let everybody be happy, let everybody be healthy, let everybody be able to see the auspicious truth, let no one suffer from any illness
+Assessment tools- In present study, two assessment tools were used, which are perceived stress scale (PSS) and Positive affect and negative affect scales (PANAS)
+Perceived stress scale (PSS)
+
+It is a 10 items self report questionnaire designed for use with community sample with at least a junior high school education to measure persons’ evaluation of the stressfulness of the situations in their lives.
+There are many different aspects of stress, including – a.   Actual environment experience
+b.   Subjective evaluation of the stressfulness of a situation
+
+c.   The  affective  behavioral  &  biological  responses  to  environmental  experience  of  their subjective evaluations.
+“The PSS measure the degree to which situations in One’s life are appraised as stressful.” (Cohen, et al; 1983)
+Positive affect and negative affect scales (PANAS)
+
+PANAS respond to 29  items test using 5 point scale that ranges from very slightly (1) to extremely  (5).  It  measures  positive  &  negative  affect  schedule  (PANAS).  It  can  show relationship between positive and negative affect with personality states and traits.
+
+
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+Result-
+Yoga group has showed significant reduction in the stress level in respect to control group.
+
+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013   Page 102
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+Variable PSS PANAS PANAS-PA PANAS-NA
+Other positive Other negative
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+Variable PSS PANAS PANAS-PA PANAS-NA
+Other positive Other negative
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+Variable PSS PANAS PANAS -PA PANAS-NA
+Other Positive Other Negative
+
+Discussion-
+
+Table 1- Yoga Group (RMANOVA test within group) Pre	Post
+Mean	Mean	% Change 16.73                      12.73                      -23.90
+
+22.93	25.33	10.46 9.37                        5.53                       -40.98 9.63	11.07	14.95 4.17                        2.30                       -44.84
+
+Table 2- Control Group (RMANOVA test within group) Pre	Post
+Mean	Mean	% Change 16.57                      16.73                       0.96
+
+23.23	24.57	5.76 8.93                        5.81                        -4.47 9.13                        9.83	7.66 4.17                        4.40	5.51
+
+Table-3- RMANOVA Test (Between Groups)
+
+
+
+P- value 0.001
+
+0.005 0.001 0.001 0.001
+
+
+
+
+P- value NS**
+
+NS NS NS NS
+
+
+Post Vs Post 0.001
+
+NS 0.032 0.035 0.014
+
+
+The obtained result shows that there is significant reduction in the level of stress in experimental group  compare  to  control  group.  The  result  suggests  that  CM  practice  reduces  stress, considerably an essential requirement for personal health maintenance and improvement.
+In the yoga group the mean of PSS reduced from 16.73 to 12.73, indicating 23.9% decrease in the stress level (p> 0.001), no changes in control group. In respect of PANAS, yoga group has showed the significant improvement in two positive subscales from 22.93to 25.33(p>0.005)  and reduction in two negative subscales from 9.37 to 5.53 (p> 0.001).
+
+
+
+Limitations-
+
+
+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013   Page 103
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+
+Intervention period was too short to get the more realistic results. Including women as a subject would have given more significant results. Subjects can be drawn from different sources of population.
+Reference
+
+1.   Cherniss  &  Goleman  (1998)  “Bringing  emotional  intelligence  to  the  workplace  “.New
+
+Brunswick, NJ: Consortium for research on emotional intelligence in organizations, Rutgers University
+2.   Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983).  A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386-396
+3.   Feldman Robert S, Understanding Psychology, Delhi, Tata Mc Graw –Hill,2004
+
+4.   Hartfiel N, Havenhand J, Khalsa SB , Clarke G, Krayer A. Dru Education Centre, Snowdonia Mountain  Lodge, Bethesda LL57 3LX,united Kingdom, Scand J Work Environ Health.
+5.   Kumari,  S.,  Nath,  N.C.B.,  Nagendra,  .H.R.&  Sharma,  S.(2007)  Effectiveness  of  SMET program  on  emotional  intelligence an  empirical  study .  Xavier  institute of  management (vilakshan),4(1): 165-173
+6.   Kumari, S., Hankey. A & Nagendra,.H.R  (2013) Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics Of Managers, Voice of Research | Vol 2|issue 2|June 2013 (Published)
+7.   Review| Vol 3|issue 2|June 2013 (Accepted & will be Published in the month of June)
+
+8.   Nagendra.H. R,&Nagaratna.R (1986). New Prospective in Stress Management, SVYASA (Swami Vivekananda yoga Anusandhana Samsthana) Publication.
+9.   Ross and Wilson, Anatomy & Physiology, Ninth Edition, London,Elsevier,2001 10. Udupa KN,Stress and its Management By Yoga, Delhi, Motilal Banarasidass,2007.
+
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+EQ: AN EDGE ON ACADEMICS FOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT
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+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013   Page 104
+
+
+Prof. Meerababu* Abstract
+Today  it  necessitates  to  identify  factors  that  are  important  for  the  success	in  life  has  been  a  challenge  to researchers since long. It is revealed that adaptability, leadership, self-confidence and interpersonal skills from the poor performance and that have no direct relationship with the academic performance .Emotional intelligence along with the cognitive intelligence ,propels one to succeed in life. Emotional intelligence is not opposite to traditional intelligence it is the complement each other ; how ones ability to handle stress, for instance, affects the ability to concentrate and put intelligence in use. This study concentrates on how the academic performance and EQ level of the college students are interrelated.
+INTRODUCTION
+
+People are nowadays judged by a new yardstick; how well they are able to handle themselves and not merely in terms of their academic performance and expertise. Emotional intelligence is a set of abilities to perceive accurately , appraise, and express emotion ;the ability to access and generate feelings when they facilitate thought; the ability to understand emotion to promote emotional and intellectual growth. It is an aggregate of individuals cognition of own and others emotions , feeling, interpretation and action as per environmental demand to manipulate the consequence which intern result  in superior performance and better human relationships. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
+This purpose of this study was to ascertain whether there is a significant statistical correlation between academic success students’ total emotional intelligence assessment scores as measured by a well documented instrument with good validity and reliability estimates: the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) developed by BEIS-in. Certainly managing  interpersonal relationships, setbacks, anxiety, and impulses, as well as other aspects of emotional intelligence, are all part of college life, yet very little has been studied about its correlation to persistence and academic success. The strongest predictor of academic success is prior academic success, but there is still much unexplained variance in academic success in these studies (Astin, 1993; Bar-On & Parker, 2000; Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005; Strauss & Volkwein, 2002; Zeidner et al., 2009).  Correlating  measures  of  academic  success  college  with  an  assessment  emotional intelligence formed the basis for this study. It was hypothesized that greater academic success would be positively correlated with higher emotional intelligence.
+*Head of Department Sri Jagadguru Renukacharya College of Science Arts and Commerce, Bangalore. MODELS OF EQ
+
+
+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013   Page 105
+
+
+Ability model of Emotional Intelligence (Mayer and Salovey,1997)
+
+This model of EQ emphasizes on the cognitive components of EQ and conceptualizes emotional Intelligence in terms of potential for intellectual and emotional growth. Four sets of mental abilities ranging from basic to more complex psychological processes were proposed in this model. The first , Perception, appraisal, and expression of emotion allows an individual to identify and express emotions in self and others. The second set is assimilating emotion in thought. It allows an individual to use emotions to facilitate thinking and to recognize respective consequences of different emotional responses and to justify the appropriate one. The third is reflective regulation of emotion  and understanding and analyzing  emotions.
+BAR-ON’s Model of Emotional Intelligence
+
+
+EQ	Intra-personal skills
+
+
+
+Inter-personal skills
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+
+
+Adaptability
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+
+Stress management
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+
+
+General mood
+
+Goleman’s EQ Model
+
+
+EQ
+
+
+
+
+
+Personal competence
+
+
+
+Self awareness
+Self-regulation Motivation
+
+
+Social competence
+
+
+
+Empathy Social skills
+
+
+BHATTACHARYA MODEL OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
+
+
+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013   Page 106
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+EQ
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+SELF SKILLS	INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
+
+
+
+
+
+APPRAISAL OF
+EMOTIONS
+
+
+EMOTIONAL
+FACILITATION
+
+
+
+
+
+NEGATIVE EMOTIONS	POSITIVE EMOTIONS
+
+
+LITERATURE REVIEW
+
+
+INTER PERSONAL
+CONFLICT
+
+
+INTERPERSONAL
+SKILL
+
+
+Research  in  the  area  of  academic  success  has  shown  that  students  with  higher  emotional intelligence scores also tend to be more successful academically (Parker et al.,2005; Vela, 2004; Walker, 2006). There has been much research done regarding the student’s GPA as a predictor for retention in the freshman year (Debarard, Spelmans, &Julka, 2004). Although academics may occupy a central role in preparing students for college, there are other less-studied factors, which might also contribute to student success, retention, and ultimately, graduation rates. High school preparatory programs  are often solely focused on the student’s GPA and SAT scores and may fail to recognize the possible impact that emotional intelligence has on students once they have reached Only in recent years have there been various publications on the impact of emotional intelligence on college students (Bellack, 1999; Elder, 1997; Jaeger, 2003,Liptak, 2005; Ramos-Sanchez & Nichols, 2007), including doctoral studies (Feldman,2003; Holt, 2007; Vela, 2004, Walker, 2006; Westphal, 2007), showing a positive correlation between academic success and higher emotional intelligence. There are,
+however, very few studies of emotional intelligence in community college students. Onesmall study examined emotional intelligence related to at-risk students (La Civita, 2003). Another study (Izaguirre, 2008) found that the research did not support the existence of our relationship
+
+
+
+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013   Page 107
+
+
+between overall emotional intelligence and GPA, but some aspects of emotional intelligence did bear a significant relationship with higher academic achievement.
+“Emotional intelligence is a relatively new and growing area of behavioral investigation; having matured recently with aid of lavish international media attention” (Matthews,Zeidner, & Roberts, 2002, p. 3). There is tone of suspicion in this quote as these authors’ critical eye explore whether or not emotional intelligence is indeed a science or amyth, a science that can be validated by outside measurements and existing research or amyth that allows many to feel better about themselves, their children and their colleagues.
+The research that Matthews et al. present is extensive, balanced, and fair. The authors provide a crucial objective third party validation of the research, measurements, and publications on this new field of emotional intelligence.
+METHODS
+
+The  study:  The  study  is  exploratory  in  nature  and  attempts  to  analyze  and  examine  the effectiveness of EQ competencies in an individual. Analyses include five areas a) Appraisal of negative emotions (factor I) b)Appraisal of positive emotions (factor II) c) Interpersonal conflict and difficulty(factor III) d)Interpersonal skill and flexibility(factor IV) e) Emotional facilitation and goal orientation(factor V)
+The  Sample:  A  sample  consisted  of  165  students  of  post  graduation  and  their  academic performance are recorded.
+Tools for Data Collection: A questionnaire was administered with a set of 40 questions. Results and Findings
+Table-1 showing EQ score and Average academic percentage
+
+
+EQ score/AAP	50-60 % 110-120  Average                             -
+120-130  above Average	15 130-140	high	20 140-150	above high	15 150-160extremely high                    5
+
+60-70%	70-80% 5                        10
+-                          5 -                         15 10                       30 10                       15
+
+80 %above ---
+10 -
+
+
+The above table interprets that the students those who are above 70%  has high EQ score of  140-150  .  This  shows  that  emotional  stability in  students  supports	them  for  academic excellence. Students those are secured 50-60% got less EQ score when compare to 70-80% students.
+
+
+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013   Page 108
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+
+
+Table.2 Showing correlation between EQ score and academic percentage.
+
+
+
+Above 150 140-150 130-140 120-130 110-120
+The  above
+
+EQ score
+
+
+
+
+
+
+table  shows  that  positive  correlation  between
+
+Correlation 0.160 0.020 0.56 -0.40 0.99
+EQ  score  and  academic
+
+
+performance. Except in EQ score 120-130 it shows negative correlation.
+
+Table.3 showing standard deviation for the various factors
+
+
+S.No	Factors/academic percentage 1          Appraisal of Negative emotions
+2	Appraisal of positive emotions
+3	Interpersonal conflict and difficulty 4	Interpersonal skill and flexibility
+5	Emotional facilitation and goal orientedness
+
+50-60     60-70 4             4
+6.06	6.08 2.9	2.46 2.9	4.47
+3.16	3.5
+
+70-80	80&above 8.9              4
+5.89            00 4.06            00 2.8              3 3.02            00
+
+
+The above table shows that SD for 70-80 in negative emotions is more when compare to
+
+other percentages.SD for positive emotions deviate less for 70-80 percentage when compare to other percentages.SD for Interpersonal conflict and difficulty deviates more for the 70-80% when compare to other percentages. Interpersonal skill and flexibility deviates for the 60-70 % students.  Emotional  facilitation  and  goal  orientation  doesn’t  deviate  for  all  percentage  of students.
+The analysis highlights on the following points:
+
+1. Excellent academic performance requires high EQ score.
+
+2. Those who got less than 60% also got high EQ score (i:e 15 students) but 50% of the high academic scorers.
+3. Correlation relates much the high scorer reveals that academic performance relates with EQ level.
+4. Distribution deviates in 70-80% scorers when compare to other percentages. Conclusion
+In reality, people possess academic and emotional intelligence both, and provides edge on academic performance. Thus, this study has revealed that for an academic performance it is
+
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+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013   Page 109
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+necessary to develop EQ.EQ will invariably play an overriding role in making the business more competitive and challenging.
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+Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013   Page 110

document/management/General health of mid-career leaders an objective and subjective observation through Yoga conv.txt

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+
+
+International Journal of Education & Management Studies, 2014, 4(3), 187-190
+http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/21#list
+
+
+© 2014 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare
+ISSN-p-2231-5632-e-2321-3671
+
+
+General health of mid-career leaders: An objective and subjective observation through yoga
+
+Padmavati Maharana, Sanjib Patra, T. M. Srinivasan and H. R. Nagendra Division of Yoga and Management, SVYASA University, Bangalore
+
+Role and responsibility of a leader is vital in every industrial sector. For the sake of responsibilities, they compromise with their physical and mental health. The study is aimed at assessing the general health of mid-life leaders in addition to conventional physiological parameters. Eighty four leaders (mean age 52.01±5.73) underwent Self-management of Excessive Tension (SMET) intervention for 5 days and were assessed with General Health Questionnaires and medical parameters. GHQ change was found to be significant at p<0.001. Similarly, the trend in other clinical variables such as SBP(expand all these) (p<0.001), PR (p<0.001), RR (p<0.001) and weight (p<0.05) were lower whereas DBP(p>0.05) was higher. The general health was significantly improved for top level leaders and is suggestive of better leadership development through SMETintervention.
+
+Keywords: general health, mid-life leaders, yoga, SMET
+
+
+Role and responsibility of a leader is vital in every industrial sector. For the sake of responsibilities, they compromise with their physical and mental health. It is quite evident that stress occurs in leaders when the targets are not achieved and issues are not addressed. Fifty percent of the employees of an organization are exposed to adverse psychosocial work environment (Kivima, Virtanen & Eloyainio, Et. al (2006), and these psychosocial stressors at work are relatively common (Allvin & Aronsson, 2001). Leadership is often viewed as highly stressful. Stress burn-out has been a major threat to the leaders across the world and more so in a country like India as they need to show higher outputs with minimum inputs (Sharma, 2007). Over time their psychological stress becomes either acute or chronic and invites many health related issues. Chronic stress is associated with enhanced vulnerability to diet-related metabolic risk viz., abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress (Aschbacher et al., 2014). Obesity is associated with job-associated stress viz., tension and anxiety, and these stress related disorders have been found to lead to an increased risk of Cardio Vascular Disorder (CVD) and mortality (Nishitani & Sakakibara, 2006; Valtonen et al., 2012). Recent studies have reported that 77% overweight and obesity rates in high-stress professionals who respond to the customer instantly for resolving their issues (Franke et al., 2002; Hsu et al., 2007; Tsismenakis et al., 2009; Ramey et al., 2009). Importantly, obesity has been shown to disturb cardiovascular responsivity to acute mental stress (Hamer et al., 2010), which may associate with stress-related endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, in response to acute mental stress, Ghiadoni et al. (2000) have also shown that diabetic patients have a lower impairment of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) compared to control subjects. Psychological stress can also interfere with carbohydrate metabolism, especially in the liver and skeletal muscle, and can lead to insulin resistance (Depke et al. 2008). Stress is also an environmental factor that has been associated with several immunological diseases, e.g. inflammatory bowel  disease  (Mawdsley  &  Rampton,  2005),  allergic  disease (Montoro et al., 2009), and atopic dermatitis. Psychological stress has a direct effect on a variety of immunological mechanisms,
+
+Correspondence should be sent to Padmavati Maharana, Division of Yoga and Management, SVYASA University, Bangalore
+
+
+including the functional profile of T-cells and several immune-inflammatory  markers  (Marshal  et  al.,  1998).  These  findings suggest that the challenges of the stress experienced by high-stress occupations  may  lead  to  an  increased  risk  of  wide  range  of psychosomatic  ailments.  Acute  stress  has  an  impact  on  high cognitive functions viz., working memory, attention and learning. It is quite evident that stress impairs subsequent attention and memory. Studies carried out largely over the past two decades have supported idea that stress and stress induced hormones impair hippocampal dependent forms of memory (Sapolsky, 1992). Stress hormones are known to influence the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region that controls high level "executive" functions such as working memory and decision making. Previous work has shown that chronic stress impairs  PFC-mediated  behaviors,  like  mental  flexibility  and attention (Eunice et al., 2012).
+Yoga, with its holistic approach to improve overall quality of life, offers several self-regulatory practices that aim at correcting these psychological factors that contribute to low QOL(Quality of Life). Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) conceptualized at Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, that includes practices at physical, breathing, mental, intellectual and emotional levels is found to be beneficial in improving the health in several chronic conditions such as asthma (Singh et al., 2012), diabetes mellitus (Shantakumari, Sequeira, EI deeb, 2013), fibromyalgia (da Silva, Lorenzi-Filho & Lage, 2012), rheumatoid arthritis (Haslock et al., 1994) and cancer (Raghavendra et al., 2008). Health based stress management practices being a key component of Yoga has been found to be effective on emotional stability (Kumari, 2010).
+General health is an individual's physical and mental health which includes a collection of physical signs, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, and depression (Ansari, 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as physical, mental, social welfare and not just lack of diseases and disability. SMET (Self Management of Excessive Tension) practice is found beneficial in improving the scores of general health (Tikhe & Nagendra, 2011). Since the sample size was small and study was limited to mangers the current study is aimed at assessing the general health of mid life
+leaders in addition with conventional physiological parameters.

document/management/GunaTraya Model An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and Organisational Development conv.txt

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+
+
+GunaTraya Model: An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and
+Organisational Development
+
+Chokkalingam Researcher, SVYAS University, Bangalore
+
+Sony Kumari
+Associate Professor, SVYAS University, Bangalore
+
+K. B. Akhilesh
+Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
+
+H. R. Nagendra Chancellor, SVYAS University, Bangalore
+
+Abstract
+
+Ancient Indian Knowledge is a rich source of psychology and philosophy which can be effectively used for the contemporary organisational issues. Guna Traya model of personality concept envisaged in Sankhya Philosophy and other scriptures explain the different personalities, their developments and their effects. In modern times, some studies were done on application of this concept for personality development of individuals as well as institutional development. This paper makes a systematic analysis of description of Gunas,  factors  affecting  their  formation,  twelve  dimensions  of  gunas,  relationship  of  gunas  with demographic features of people, dynamics of team combinations with different types of personalities of people and Sans    reinforcement model of human quality development. At the end, the paper makes suggestionson how to createSattvikenvironmentfororganisationaldevelopment.
+
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+Important school of Vedic knowledge is      
+ 
+
+D    . An important doctrine of this school   is Guṇa(GuṇaTraya/Triguṇa) and offersagreathelp to understand conceptsof personality and itstypes. While the antecedents of this doctrine is found in   Upaniṣat,  the  names  of  the	Guṇas 'Sattva', 'Rajas' and 'Tamas' appear together for the
+
+first time in	     Upaniṣat (Keith, 1949).
+
+These  were  fully  developed  and  described  in  
+Bha	and
+
+
+  
+ 
+"
+ 
+ !  # $ 
+      
+
+
+their   several   commentaries.   Based   on   the description in these texts, different authors have described theGuṇas.
+
+Wolf   (1998)   states   that   Sattva   Guṇa   is characterized  by  qualities  such  as  cleanliness, truthfulness,   gravity,   dutifulness,   detachment,
+
+discipline,   mental   equilibrium,   respect   for superiors, contentment, sharp intelligence, sense control, and staunch determination. Attributes of Rajo Guṇa includes intense activity, desire for sense   gratification,   little   interest   in   spiritual elevation, dissatisfaction with one's position, envy of others, and a materialistic mentality. Qualities associated with Tamas include mental imbalance, anger, ignorance, arrogance, depression, laziness, procrastination, and afeeling of helplessness.
+
+Theword Sattvaisderived from'Sat'or thatwhich is real or existent. 'Sat' also means perfection and therefore, Sattva element is that which produces goodness  and  pleasure  (Radhakrishnan,  1948). Rajasis the principleof motion.  %  &   accounts for thecausation of theuniverseon thebasisof this Guṇa  of  motion.  Sattva  and  Tamas  Guṇas  in themselvesareimmobile. They arerendered active
+
+
+
+Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016
+72
+
+
+because of the energizing influence of Rajas. All work comes from Rajas, the principle of energy, which  overcomes  the  resistance  of  matter  and supplieseven intelligencewith theenergy which is required for its own work of conscious regulation and adaptation (Seal, 1915).
+
+The three Guṇas- Sattva, Rajas and Tamas- also promote different kinds of temperament based on the dominance of one or the other Guṇas. No personality  is  exclusively  Sattvic,  Rajasic  or Tamasic. In wordsof YogiAurobindo, allmen have in them in whatever degree the Rajasic impulse of desireand activity and theSattvicboon of lightand happiness, somebalance, someadjustmentof mind to itself and its surroundings and objects, and all have  their  share  of  Tamasic  incapacity  and ignorance.  Individuals  are  born  with  certain personality patterns that gradually change as a result of interaction with the environment. Das (1991) found support for the claim that the three
+    are exclusive of each other. The    might   initially   vary   in   their   dominance   in determining the personality of an individual but gradually   the   individual's   personality   mostly settles on one (Das, 1991). Aperson could thus be Sattvic, Rajasic, or Tamasicdepending on which of thethree    isdominant. Thebalanceof Guṇas of everything and everyone can change and does. Change needs internal or external influence or reinforcement,   as   knowledge   and   force   to transform. The force to change comes from Rajas Guṇa,   while   Sattva   Guṇa   empower   towards harmonious and constructive change, whileTamas Guṇachecksor retardstheprocess.
+
+Thatisto say, thesefactorspromotethatvery Guṇa with which they areassociated.
+
+Radhakrishnan  (1948)  states  that  the  dominant Guṇa  could  be  identified  along  12  different dimensions.   One   could   be   Sattvic   on   one dimension, Rajasicon another, and Tamasicon yet another. The 12 dimensions and the characteristics of each Guṇa along each of those dimensions are explained in thebox.
+
+Table1: TwelveDimensionsof Guṇas
+
+Dimensions	Type of Guna
+Sattva	Rajas	Tamas
+Faith	Worships divine, value all	Worships power and	Worships ghostly spirits divine tendencies	wealth
+Food	Likes food that increases	Prefer food that is	Take pleasure in food that their vital force, energy,	violently bitter, sour, salty,	is stale, tasteless, cold, strength, appetite, and	hot, pungent, acidic, and	insipid, putrid, rotten, and
+health. Such food is juicy,	burning.	impure. soothing, savoury, fresh,
+and agreeable
+Sacrifice	Sacrifice willingly as a	Sacrifice that is performed	Sacrifice that is performed duty without desire for	for outward show, in the	without faith and with fruits thereof	hope of divine reward	complete disregard to
+Dharma
+Austerity	Austerity of body, of	Practiced for ostentation	Practiced with foolish mind, and of speech	and for gaining praise and	obsessions of torturing
+honour,  fleeting and	oneself or hurting others
+unstable.
+Gift	Gift given as a matter of	Gift  that is given either	Gift that is given to an duty, without expectation	with the hope of receiving	unworthy person at the of any return, at a suitable	in return or with a view of	wrong time and place
+place and time, and to the	winning merit or	disdainfully, without deserving person	grudgingly	regard to the feelings of
+the person who receives it.
+Obligatory Work	Does obligatory work with        Shirk from difficult work	Total abandonment of
+a sense of duty,	from fear of pain or bodily	one’s allotted task due to abandoning attachment to	trouble	delusion.
+the outcomes
+Knowledge	Enables one to see the	Makes one see various	Shrouds all knowledge, underlying oneness in all	entities of distinct kinds	rendering one incapable of things despite the	and many souls in	seeing either the different
+superficial diversities	different beings.	souls or the underlying oneness.
+Action	Act with non -attachment	 Act with self-conceit for	Act in delusion without want of fruits thereof.	assessing one’s capabilities Such action involves much        to perform the same and be
+dissipation of energy	heedless of harm to others.
+
+Agent	An agent who is free from	Passionate, greedy,	Unsteady, vulgar, arrogant, attachment, non -egoistic,	malignant, impure, and	dishonest, malicious, endued with fortitude and	easily elated or dejected	indolent, despondent, and
+enthusiasm, and unaffected	procrastinating.
+by success or failure
+
+
+
+Factorswhichinfluencetheformationof Guṇas
+
+r mat   Bh gavata   (11.8.10)   mentions   the
+
+
+following ten factorsasconduciveto thegrowth of Guṇas:
+
+
+Intellect
+
+
+
+Determination
+
+
+Happiness
+
+
+Know the path of work and renunciation, right and wrong action, fear and
+fearlessness, and bondage and liberation
+Never wavers; gain control over their mind, vital energies, and senses
+
+Experienced through
+
+
+Decides erroneously between right and wrong
+
+
+Seek wealth or do duty looking for reward and personal advantage.
+
+Arises from the contact of
+
+
+Mistakes wrong for right and sees everything distorted,
+
+Obstinacy; makes a person stubbornly refuse to shake off dullness, fear, grief,
+low spirits or vanity
+Brutish contentment in
+
+
+
+“The  sacred  lore,  water,  progeny,  place,  time, occupation, birth, thought, mystic formulas and purificatory rites- theseten factorsareconduciveto theGuṇasi.e., to their growth”.
+
+realization of the ultimate          objects with senses and is          stupor and sloth and reality.                                           short -lived, ultimately               obstinate error. Such
+graduating into pain	happiness begins and results in self-delusion
+
+In modern times, afewstudiesweremadeon some
+
+
+
+Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016
+GunaTraya Model:An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and Organisational Development	73
+
+
+aspects  of  Guṇa Trayas  and  it's  application  to organisationalbehavior.
+
+Kewalramani (2013) made an empirical study on the  relationship  of	with  certain  demographic variablesof managers- managementlevel, modeof recruitment, number of years in service, type of organization, age, education, type of family and wife's  working  position.  The  findings  are  as follows.
+
+Table  2:  Relationship  of  Gunas  and  Demographic Variablesof Managers
+
+Management level	Lower   level   managers   have more  Rajas  and   Tamas   than higher level managers
+Type of organization	Service   sector   managers   are found   higher  on   Rajas   than manufacturing sector managers
+Experience	With experience Rajas acquires significance
+Mode of recruitment	Mode   of  recruitment   (direct/ through   promotion)   does  not have  any  significant  effect  on Gu?as
+Age	Age  has  no  significant  effect on dominance ofGu?a
+Education	Graduate  managers are  higher on both Rajas and Tamas than Post Graduate managers
+Wife’s working position	It  has  no significant  effect  on Gu?as
+Family system	Managers  from  joint  families are    higher   on    Sattva	than managers	from	nuclear families.  The  managers   from nuclear  families are higher  on Tamas    than   managers   from joint families
+
+Kumar and Thomas (2013) made a study on effect of Guṇas on creativity of managers. They found that  Sattvic  mangers  can  handle  any  kind  of situation  and  can  be  productive  in  their  work. These  individuals  can  achieve  the  goals  with planning, effectiveutilization of theresources, and can  perform  well.  Rajasic  managers  have  the ability  to  be  creative  but  are  unable  to  have divergentthinking. Thesemanagersneed direction
+
+and planning to execute their ideas. They have knack for excelling in service oriented jobs where communication  and  high  energy  are  important characteristics.  Sattwic-Rajasic  managers  need guidancein directing their energy, thereisaneed to bring  awareness  in  the  managers  about  their personality to perform effectively. They can work in sales, executive, and HR profiles, where they can bring change with effective utilization of their qualities of passion and reasonability. Narayanan and Krishnan (2003) studied relationship between Guṇas,   Karma   -  Yoga   and   transformational leadership. Results demonstrated that three Sattva dimensions (sympathy, motivation to work and accepting   pain)   enhance   transformational leadership and two Rajas dimensions (attribution, and rightand wrong) reduceKarmaYoga.
+
+Rastogi (2004) made an attempt to relate TriGuṇa to seven constructs of psychological well-being from western perspective. The seven constructs included  self-acceptance,  positive  relation  with others, autonomy, environmentalmastery, purpose in life, satisfaction with lifeand personalgrowth. A revealing  observation  of  the  research  was  that Tamas was found to be negatively and Sattva to be positively correlated with all the seven constructs of psychological well-being. The relationship of Rajas with the constructs, vacillate from negative to  positive.  Zaidi  and  Singh  (2001)  reported significant effect of Sattva and Rajas Guṇa on depression, the former leading to low depression and latter to high depression. Rao and Harigopal (1979)  found  a  significant  negative  correlation between  memory  scores  and Tamas.  Kaur  and Sinha (1992) showed that three Sattva dimensions (sympathy,  motivation  to  work,  and  accepting pain) enhanced transformational leadership and two Rajas dimensions (attribution and right and wrong)   reduced   Karma-Yoga.   Sebastian   and Mathew   (2002)   found   that   PSI   experience (freedom from compulsive action patterns) was positively related to Sattva and Rajas for females. Sattva and Rajasmightcombineto exertbeneficial effects.
+
+
+
+Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016
+74
+
+
+Kejriwal and Krishnan (2004) conducted a study on  Impact  of  vedic  worldview  and  Guṇas  on transformational leadership and found that Sattva and   Vedic   worldview   separately   enhance transformational   leadership   whereas   Tamas reducesit. Sattva-Rajascombination also enhances transformational leadership but the effect is not more than the effect of Sattva alone. Sattva and Vedic   worldview   together   do   not   enhance transformational leadership more than what Sattva alone does. They recommended that organizations can enhance transformational leadership by using the Guṇa framework and by reinforcing the vedic worldview  by  design  training  programmes  to develop  Sattva  and  reduce Tamas,  build  team-orientation and self-sacrificefor directing energies towards   superordinate   goals   and   base organizational   policies   on   a   competency framework  built  around  Sattva  and  a  vedic orientation.
+
+Thedynamicsof Guna Theory
+
+Sharma  (2008)  developed  the  theory  of  'Total Quality of Mind' based on the philosophy of Guṇa Traya. This model is a very potential model to develop Sattva in the minds of all stakeholders in organization and thus ensure enduring progress in performance  of  the  organization.	The  salient featuresof themodelare:
+
+Every person is a combination of all Guṇas, with different   proportions   and   when   one   Guṇa dominates, the other subdues. As a result of this Guṇa  dynamics,  four  dominant  combinations emergeas:
+
+1.The dominance of harmony seeking behavior or SattvaGuṇa
+
+2.Intense   activity   with   harmony   seeking orientation or theRajaswith Sattvacombination
+
+3.Intenseactivity with some inertialcontent, or the Rajaswith Tamascombination
+
+4.Completeinertiaor Tamas
+
+Table 3: Description of Four Dominant Combinations of Gunas
+
+Personality	Dominant Self	Driving Force	Illustration Type	Orientation
+Sattva (r)	Self- realization(r)	Welfare of all	 Intuitive, holistic, visionaries
+Rajas -Sattva(s)	Self –sacrificing(s)	 Social/	Social collective	activists, interest	social
+reformers Rajas -Tamas(a)    Self actualization(a)	Self Interest	Typical
+Professional Manager
+Tamas(i)	Self indulgence(i)	 Minimum	Managers critical effort	with	low
+drive
+Source: Sharma (2008) Based on their mental orientation different types of persons are named as 'r', 's', 'a' , 'i' .
+
+1. Sattva /Self Realization( 'r' ) Types: Persons in whom the Sattva Guṇa completely dominates over the  Rajas  and TamasGuṇas. These  persons  are driven by theideaof 'Welfarefor All'. They display a high degree of ethical and spiritual perfection. They  are  the  leaders  of  the  moral  growth  of organizations.
+
+2. Rajas-Sattva / Self Sacrificing ('s') Types: Are persons in whom the Rajas Guṇa dominates and Sattva Guṇa appears as back up. These people are driven by the selfless desire to improve the living conditions of people. Most social activists, social reformers, administrators and managers driven by the desire to undertake activities for the larger social concern. Thus, they have a high degree of 'eco- orientation'or concern for others.
+
+3. Rajas-Tamas/ Self Actualization('a') Types:Are peoplewith ahigh drivefor thepursuitof their self interest. Such peopletend to manipulateresources, including peopleto their personaladvantage. They arelikely to display high degreesof administrative and   calculative   modes   of   thinking.   The accumulative instinct is the prime mover. These
+
+
+
+Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016
+GunaTraya Model:An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and Organisational Development	75
+
+
+people have a high degree of 'ego- orientation' i.e., self centeredness. They are characterized by lust for power,zeal for achievement at any cost and greed for controlover resources.
+
+4. Tamas/Self Indulgence ('i') Types :They display neither  the  drive  of  the  Rajas  type  nor  the willingnessto do good thingsfor thelarger interest. They just put in the critical minimum effort to survive  in  the  organization.  Most  motivational techniquestend to failin thecaseof personsof this type.
+
+Effect of Relationship of different personalities onPerformanceof Employee
+
+Theperformanceof an employeedependsnotonly on thetypeof his/her personality butalso thetype of  person  with  whom  he/she  is  working  with. Therefore,  in  an  organization,	interpersonal interactions   and   relationships   of   different combinations  may  lead  to  different  types  of performancelikeprogressin performanceor group conflicts   and   decay   in   performance   or manipulating and reporting the performance than actual  performance.  Table  4  presents  different combinations  of  relations  of  employee  A  and employeeB asateam. In thetableself- realization, self- sacrificing, self actualization, self indulgence arerepresented by letter r,s,a, irespectively.
+
+Table 4:  Dynamics of team combination with different typesof personalitiesof employees
+
+
+Personality type of employee B
+R	S	A	I
+Personality	R	r,r	r, s	r,a	r,i
+type	S	s,r	s,s	s,a	s,i
+of employee	A	a,r	a,s	a,a	a,i
+A	I	i,r	i,s	i,a	i, i
+
+Source: Sharma (2008)
+
+Each cell has different implications for the nature of the relationship between two persons. Some interactions strengthen the bonds, others lead to problems.  These  type  of  interactions  can  be observed in allorganizationsand groups. Thusthis framework can also be useful in analysing group dynamicsin organizations
+
+       -Reinforcement  Model  Of  Human Quality Development
+
+Once the combination of the     is determined, it strongly binds the person in this birth. They almost guide every behavior of his. How does a particular     emerge at a given time? What factors determine that? Why     are required? These   are   some   of   the   common   questions. Basically, we are propelled to exhaust our Karmas by involving in action. This fruition of the fruits of Karma   starts   from   our   Sansk ras   (all   the impressionsof our previousexperiences, including earlier  births).  Our  Sans    create  a  desire, which is an attempt of expression of Sans    . This expression of desire requires certain vehicle to convey and that can be attributed as     .
+
+
+    arethemeansthrough which our Sans   are  expressed  in  terms  of  thoughts  of  desires, which  impel  us  into  action.  There  are  deeper implications to this. As the impetus of Sans   cannot  be  suppressed;  similarly,  inhibition  of expression of behaviors through one of the    or through any of their combinationsisnotequally possible. Like the force of gravity on earth, the laws of     are always acting on us, hence we cannotneglectthem, so thebestapproach would be to understand them and use them according to our needs. When a particular Samskara finds suitable environment  outside,  for  its  expression,  that Samskara would emerge and manifest itself. This gives the reason, why a particular thought must arisein our mind atagiven timeor situation?Time and  situation  provide  congruent  environmental support for the expression of Sans    . We can control   the   manifestation   of   Sansk ras   by controlling  the  inner  nature  or  by  carefully choosing the external environment. That is the
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016
+76
+
+
+
+reason, it is considered very important to have a congenialenvironmentfor one'sgrowth, becausea good  external  environment  might  inhibit  the emergence   of   ill   Sansk ras   and   promote manifestation   of   good   Sansk ras.   Once   the Sans    manifest, they happen through one of the        This  conceptual  framework  can  be further expanded to incorporatetheelementof free willasattempted in Figure1.
+
+The  Prarabdha  Karma,  which  is  available  for fruition in thisbirth, activatesSans    according to  the  influence  of  the  environment  including imagination from memory. As a Samskara gets activated,  it  creates  a  desire.  Desire  propels  a person into action, the expression of the action happens through     . Before action is actually executed, there is an element of “free will,” which is the inherent capacity to execute choices. Action can be executed with or without free will. Action with maximum utility of free will leads to no bondage and that is        state. Actions with decreasing gradation of free will cause bondage and strengthen further Sans    . Such actionsare expressed   through   one   of   the   possible combinations of the     . Hence, the key to freedom from actions is action without attachment by consciously using thefreewill, with awareness. Use of free will decide whether an action will lead to further bondageor freedom.
+
+
+
+Figure1: Modelof Karma,Guṇa,Samskara andFreeWill inAction
+
+Importance  of  the  Study  for  Organisational Development:
+
+Every organization wants to achieve it's vision, which  may be  in  terms of  financial targets or rendering   service.  The   performance   of   the organization dependson thepersonality i.e., Gunas of people working in the organization. Swamy Vivekananda  said  that  each  soul  is  potentially divine and the divinity can be manifested either by action(Karma Yoga),  or  Psychic  Control  (Raja Yoga) or Devotion (Bhakti Yoga) or Philosophy ( Jnana Yoga) or all of them, which is generally called asIntegrated Yoga.Thepreviousdiscussion makes   it   clear   that   by   creating   a   suitable environmentin the organization and practice of Yoga   by   people   in   the   organization,   the personalities  of  people  in  organization  can  be transformed   to   be   Sattvik.   Such   Sattvik personalities   can   enhance   organizational performance   and   enable   the   organization   to achieveit'svision.
+
+References
+
+Das, R.C. (1991). Standardization of the Gita Inventory of Personality. JournalofIndian Psychology, 9, 47-58.
+
+Ilavarasu, J.V., Mohan S., Hankey, A. (2013). Triguna as personality  concept:  Guidelines  for  empirical  research. International Journal of Yoga Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology,1(1),15-20.
+
+Kaur, P., & Sinha, A. K. (1992). Dimensions of Guna in OrganisationalSetting. Vikalpa,17(3), 27-32
+
+
+Keith, A.B. (1949). The Sankhya System. Calcutta: YMCA Publishing House.
+
+Kejriwal, A., & Krishnan, V. R. (2004). Impact of Vedic Worldview  and  Gunas  on  Transformational  Leadership. Vikalpa,29(1), 29-40.
+
+Kewalramani,   S.   (2013).   Demographic   Correlates   of Triguna. International Journal of Advance Research, 1(9), 33-47.
+
+Kumar. K., & Thomas, T.M. (2013). Creativity and Triguna Personality  of  Managers.  Journal  of  Organisation  and
+Source: Ilavarasu et al. (2013)	Human Behavior,2(1), 1-6.
+
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+GunaTraya Model:An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and Organisational Development	77
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+Narayanan, J., &Krishnan, V. R. (2003). Impactof Sattvaand Rajas Gunas on Transformational Leadership and Karma Yoga. JournalofIndian Psychology,21(2), 1-11.
+
+Radhakrishnan, S. (1948). The Bhagavad Gita, London: GeorgeAllen and Unwin.
+
+Rao, P.V. K., & Harigopal, K. (1979). TheThree Gunasand ESP  :  An  Exploratory  Investigation.  Journal  of  Indian Psychology,2(1), 63-67.
+
+Rastogi A. (2004). Triguna and Psychological Well-Being. Ph.D. Thesis, LucknowUniversity, Lucknow
+
+Seal (1915).The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus. India:Longmans, Green and Company.
+
+Sebastian, K. A., & Mathew, V. G. (2002). Three Gunas and PSI Experience: A Study of PSI Experience in Relation to Inertia,  Activation   and   Stability.   Journal   of   Indian Psychology, 20(2), 44-48.
+
+Sharma,  S.  (2008).  Management  in  New  Age:  Western Windows Eastern Doors. N.Delhi: New Age International Publishers.
+
+Wolf, D.B. (1998). TheVedic Personality Inventory:Astudy of theGunas. JournalofIndian Psychology,16, 26-43.
+
+Zaidi, F., &Singh, R.S. (2001). Directand StressModerating Effects  of  Positive  Life  Events  and  Certain  Personality Variables on Psychological Well Being. Ph.D. Thesis, A.P.S. University, Reewa.
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+HealthAdvantages of Yoga Programs in Management
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+Sony Kumari PhD*, Alex Hankey PhD, and HR Nagendra PhD
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+ABSTRACT
+Outcome pressures in business, orientation towards high achievement at any cost, and time pressures of modern life have all contributed to making both health and a high flying business career challenging to achieve. Yoga has greatly increased in popularity over the past thirty years, and its scientific evidence base now makes its health benefits increasingly accepted. Of unique value to business are Yoga’s abilities to increase creativity, emotional intelligence, and decrease stress. As a result, major Yoga programs in business are being applied in many  of  India’s  leading  firms  and  corporations,  for example,  India’s  Oil  and  Natural  Gas  Corporation, ONGC.  This  presentation  reviews  various  Business Programs:  S-VYASA’s  IAYT  and  SMET  programs; Swami Ramdev; and the late Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s Corporate   Development   Program.   Large   numbers participate in such programs. India is now in a position to make diseases of development and affluence a thing of the past, and to increase the health and productivity of its top executives.
+Keywords: Yoga, Business, Efficiency, Stress Reduction, Health
+
+1.	INTRODUCTION
+A  miracle  of  modern  India  is  its  progress  towards becoming a developed society while avoiding the more undesirable consequences of industrialization. This has been  partly accomplished  by attempting  to make the transition  to a  knowledge-based  society at  an  earlier stage than has been achieved in previous histories of national economic development.
+Becoming a knowledge-based society is not without a price, however: the pace of change is greatly increased. A	knowledge-based	society	prospers	through intellectual  property1.  The  key  to  becoming  one  is strength and success in research1: patenting innovations with  wide applicability. Identifying new principles to apply  widely  and  making  inventions   can   lead  to generation  of  huge  revenues,  provided  the  ideas  are sufficiently novel  and  fundamental.  Knowledge-based
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+IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 1|March 2013
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+societies continuously make new inventions available, but their adoption increases rates of social change. This in turn brings increases levels of stress2, bringing health challenges to society as a whole3.
+India has an advantage in meeting this challenge; its traditional systems of medicine (ISM) are well equipped to treat such problems. Yoga and Ayurveda can both reverse  initial  effects  of  stress  better  than  western biomedicine.  They  can  thus  form  part  of  an  overall strategy  to  promote  economic  growth  and  maintain health  of  the  population.  This  paper  discusses  how implementing traditional ISM to counteract stress can complement   stimuli   to   create   a   knowledge   based society,   giving  examples   of  how  it   is   doing  so. Encouraging them will help avoid increasing levels of chronic  disease  while  becoming  a  developed  nation. India will enjoy higher levels of health, as well as the satisfaction of financial security, and increased wealth, happiness and fulfillment.
+
+2.	A KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY IN INDIA
+
+In  India, the practicality of developing a knowledge-based  society was demonstrated in  the 1990’s by its Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Following Manmohan Singh’s 1991 policy changes in science   and   industry   to   encourage   invention   and innovation,   the   CSIR   Director-General,   Dr   R.   A. Mashelkar,  began  to  encourage  CSIR  laboratories  to patent their research, generate revenue, and use their innovations  to  pay  their  own  way.  In  ‘Reinventing India’1,  Mashelkar  recounts how he implemented his vision  of  creating  an  ‘innovative  India’  that  would prosper	through   a   new   mind-set   of   generating knowledge  –  ‘Indovations’.	He  blazed  a  new  trail toward  creating  a  knowledge-based  society  in  South Asia1,4.
+Following  Mashelkar’s  lead,  former  president,  APJ Abdul   Kalam,   decided   to   make   creation   of   a knowledge-based   society   a   national   priority,   and appointed  a  national  Knowledge  Commission5.  The consequences are well appreciated. India’s intellectual
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+bent,   capacity  for   creative   thought,   and   language advantage, led to the founding of hundreds of major research institutions by western corporations in various Indian cities, such as Bangalore, Delhi and Hyderabad. The west  itself  began  to invest  in  increasing  India’s scientific R&D capacity.
+The resulting changes, salary increases and so on, are now reversing India’s brain drain; a knowledge-based society   is   starting   to   take   shape.   In   information technology alone, a disproportionate fraction of India’s foreign   exchange   earnings   is   generated   by   those involved1.  Equal  participation  by  other  fields  will shortcut economic development, but unless appropriate steps  are  taken,  the  effects  on  health  will  negate improvements in quality of life.
+Part of Mashelkar’s and Abdulkalam’s plan is that the fruits of scientific innovation should come to the poor. Where appropriate, innovation-based products should be priced to be available to the masses, and not priced to increase profits at the expense of not being available to them.  India  contains  a  middle  class  larger  than  the whole North American population. Its poor total almost nine  hundred  million.  Both  form  huge  markets.  In contrast to North America, the number of poor is such that their purchasing power  can  lead to huge profits. “More products at Lower costs for More people” is a key mantra that Mashelkar terms ‘MLM’.1
+
+3.	USE OF INDIA’S TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
+Part of India’s vision on how a knowledge-based society may improve the quality of life of its people has been to make	use	of	its	traditional	knowledge1.	Few civilizations  have  left  a  richer  literature  or  artistic, philosophical and scientific achievements than those of South  Asia. Its ancient systems of healthcare include understandings of loss of health and growth of disease that are without compare even today. 6
+The   original   system   of   healthcare   in   the   Vedic civilization of ancient India was largely based around practices of Yoga. Improving the life energy, or prana, as a means to improving health, and its direct use to counteract  disease  is  more  ancient  than  the  formal system of Ayurveda. When Ayurveda was founded7, the sages responsible had long been familiar with practices of Yoga and their use to improve health. Enlightenment was the central goal of education, and Yoga the chief means of achieving it. Its benefits to health were well understood.
+Modern day sages like Mashelkar realize that India must use   its   ancient   wisdom   to   best   effect.   Ancient technologies  like  Yoga  have  much  to  contribute  to national wellbeing8. Updating them and providing such evidence as may justify their incorporation into modern health care programs has been made a national priority8 and  the  results  of  research  can  now  justify  their
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+IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 1|March 2013
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+incorporation into business programs as well.
+One   of   the   advantages   of   traditional   systems   of medicine over modern medicine is that their accounts of how  health  degenerates  into  disease  are  couched  in ways that enable etiological changes to be reversed9. Yoga speaks of the weakening of the life-force energy, or  prana,  and names various ways it  can  go  out  of balance. Ayurveda speaks of loss of balance in tissue and organism regulation, in terms of factors controlling the physiology6. Not surprisingly the two approaches are  closely  related.  Yoga  provides  various  means  to strengthen and balance the prana or ‘life energy’, while Ayurveda recommends life-style changes and diet that can  restore  balance  to  the  organism,  its  organs  and organ systems, and which work even at a cellular level. Between  them  Ayurveda  and  Yoga  offer  a  range  of powerful tools to maintain health for professionals, and, should their health be compromised, restore it. They and their relatives, Unani, Siddha, and Sowa Rigpa, form ideal  complements  to  modern  healthcare.  For  those whose professional work presents dangerous challenges to health, they constitute essential life-style components. Among their advantages as systems of prevention, is being  either  free  or  extremely low cost.  Once  Yoga practices   such	as   Yoga   asanas,   pranayama   or meditation have been learned, they can be practiced at home   without   much   further   instruction.   Similarly, adoption	of      Ayurveda	diet	and	lifestyle recommendations usually involves no ongoing cost. The herbs it recommends can be grown in home and village gardens - over 80% of all disease can be taken care of locally10.
+India’s traditional ISM thus have an integral role to play in improving overall quality of life at a time when the challenges of change are beginning to wreak havoc with national health statistics. They offer the surest way to reduce  levels  of  chronic  disease  and  other  health problems of affluence that are otherwise inevitable. If becoming a knowledge based society is to improve the quality   of   people’s   lives,   guarding   against   health challenges  by  practical  and  economic  means  is  an important step to take.
+
+4.	HEALTH PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS
+Nowhere  are  health  problems  more  apparent  than among  those  in  business,  ironically  the  very  people whom a knowledge based society is meant to benefit most.  Executives  operate  under  increasing  pressure: ambition  to  succeed  may  orient  them  towards  high achievement at any cost.
+The  world’s  top  business  schools  like  Harvard  and Stanford  lay  out  the  kind  of  qualities  they  seek  to develop  in  future  executives:  the  ability  to  provide leadership   in   the   most   challenging   conditions,   to achieve compromise, even at personal expense; to find unlikely solutions to difficult problems; the imagination
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+and vision  to identify the next big idea and adopt it before rivals in the field; and, of course to be willing to work  as hard  as necessary for  corporate goals to be achieved – whatever the personal expense.
+And  there  lies  the  rub.  At  every  level,  from  top downwards,  business  will  pressure  its  executives  to work longer and harder than may be compatible with their health. At the same time, greater efficiency will require adopting devices that make them available more of the time, and effectively mean their office is always in   their   pocket,  and  they  are  never   out  of  their workplace. Pressures of modern business, familiar to all executives,  make  health  increasingly  challenging  to maintain,  when  a  high-flying  business  career  is  a priority. Answers to this problem must be sought by industry itself – and from outside the box of modern medicine.
+
+5.	EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE
+To justify spending public money and to protect their citizens,  governments  insist  that  medical  treatments must  be  tested  for  side  effects,  and  their  efficacy established	in	clinical	trials.	Medicine   is   now increasingly evidence-based. Placebo controlled, double blind randomized controlled trials (RCT’s) are regarded as the acme of scientific tests of treatment efficacy, but they   have   their	limitations.    Placebo	control	is impossible for surgery, and unethical for treatments of life threatening conditions. Conducting RCT’s for ISM is similarly problematic. Patients and students know if they  are  learning  Yoga,  so  blinding  test  subjects  is impossible.   In   Ayurveda,   normal   treatments   are individually  tailored,  and  for  chronic  conditions  so complex that normal RCT’s are almost impossible. Nevertheless large numbers of high quality studies have been carried out on Yoga and Ayurveda. Practitioners often feel that the test of time is more meaningful than modern   statistics,   but   modern   medicine   requires efficacy to be established before recommending patients for  complementary  medicine  (CAM)  treatments.  The increasing  evidence  base  for  Yoga  and  Ayurveda  is therefore significant.
+On Google Scholar, the annual number of articles with ‘Yoga’ in the title increased by one third in the five years from 2006 to 2011 (from 533 to 712), while those with Ayurveda or Ayurvedic in the title increased by 92% from 156 to 299. The majority of these concern medical applications. The quality of evidence may not yet compare to that for modern medicine’s drugs, but the drive to justify medical applications of these systems by	scientifically	establishing	their	efficacy	is considerable.
+Certain systems may be singled out for special mention – those where traditional practitioners of highest quality practice   their	system	integratively   with	modern medicine.   Integrative   practice   in   both   Yoga   and
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+IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 1|March 2013
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+Ayurveda is very highly developed. Three organisation are  notable  in  the  field:  first  S-VYASA,  the  Yoga University11,   with   its   well-known   Health   Home, Arogyadhama,   at   its   Prashanti   Kutiram   Campus; second,   the   Institute   of  Ayurveda   and   Integrative Medicine (I-AIM) recently completed  and beautifully appointed   IAIM   Health   Care   Center12;   and   third, Maharishi Ayurveda, for which all western practitioners are required to have an MD or equivalent as their first qualification13.  All  three  have  long  been  engaged  in scientific research, and have contributed key elements to establishing a proper evidence base in their respective fields14,15,16.
+Over the past thirty years, the popularity of Yoga has steadily increased. Improving scientific evidence makes its health benefits more accepted and understood. The medical database PubMed now has over 250 articles per year published on Yoga – and the percentage of papers has increased from 0.01% to about 0.03% within the last ten years17. Though there is still scope for much more research,  good  studies  are  emerging;  Yoga  has  been found  effective  against  many  disorders,  particularly when   integrated   into   personal   life-style   as   was traditionally  the  case,  and  now  used  in  SVYASA’s Integrated  approach  to  Yoga  therapy  (IAYT)  Yoga-lifestyle programs18. These are particularly beneficial in asthma19,   anxiety20     and   depression21,   back   pain22, maternity23, type 2 diabetes24, and to improve patient quality of  life  when  undergoing  treatment  for  breast cancer25,26. Numbers of reviews have been carried out, though more are needed17.
+The  efficacy  of  Ayurveda  programs  is  also  better understood. The explanation for why they work so well, is simply that they aim to restore regulation to optimal levels,   and   that   the   complex   regulatory   systems governing  human  physiology  conform  to  Ayurveda’s hypothesized structure.6  Ayurveda’s strategies are well worked  out  and  time-tested,  something  that  modern medicine has yet to achieve. Following the lead of IAIM and SVYASA, and adopting integrative practice would be arguably the best way for modern medicine to put itself  on  a  par  with  the very successful  approach  to chronic disease of Ayurveda and Yoga.
+
+6.	VALUE TO BUSINESS
+Senior  management  in  corporations  adopt  lifestyles different from other professions:  irregular time tables and  possible international  travel  lead to  variations in eatimg	and	sleep	patterns,	causing	regulatory imbalances; pressure from above and stringent deadlines lead to stress. Together, these cause various kinds of ailments. The best known  remedy is the adoption  of yoga   life   style,   including   practice   of   Yoga   and pranayama.
+Many   major   Yoga   organizations   offer   specialized Business  Programs,  tailored  to  the  needs  of  busy
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+executives. The oldest is probably Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s Corporate Development program, built round the Transcendental  Meditation   technique,   and  available nation-wide  in  India,  and  in  many  other  countries around  the  world.  27    It  is  a  fully  internationalized program: after taking the basic course in India, or in any other country, the participant is automatically qualified to use facilities in other countries.
+The next Yoga system most widely applied in business is  SVYASA’s  IAYT,  particularly  suited  for  stress management28, and other applications in business. Like the Transcendental Meditation program, IAYT offers a well  rounded  approach.  It  benefits  all  levels  of  the individual,  physical  and  subtle,  and  aims  to  finally develop the total personality. Practice of IAYT has been shown29 to increase emotional intelligence30, one of the most important requirements in  business leadership31, and  one  of  the  most  important  in  organizations.  32 Culture of the emotions is one of the most important aspects of Yoga. 33
+Similar and related studies of Yoga with application to business  are  being  carried  out  at  Swami  Ramdev’s Maharishi   Patanjali   Yoga   Peeth.   Yoga   is   highly effective  against  trauma34,35   and  post-traumatic  stress syndrome36,  so  handling  management  stress  is  well within its capabilities. Telles has provided a useful brief summary of its present applications. 37
+Of special value to business is the ability of Yoga and related techniques to increase creativity. In the 1970’s and  1980’s  it  was  well  documented  that  practice  of Transcendental Meditation increased scores on all scales in Torrance Tests of creativity. 38,39. At SVYASA the Tower  of  London  test  has  been  used  to  show  that improved reasoning abilities following Yoga practice. 40 As a result, major Yoga programs in business are being applied   in   many   of   India’s   leading   firms   and corporations. For example, India’s Oil and Natural Gas Corporation,	(ONGC),	have	held	regular	Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) courses for their executives for many years. Many if not most have been hosted at SVYASA’s rural Prashanthi Kuteeram campus   south   of   Bangalore.   Hundreds   of   ONGC personnel have participated in such courses since 2006. Other  businessmen  and  women  with  more  specific complaints    have	attended    SVYASA	Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) health programs at the same location.
+Swami Ramdev, so popular as a teacher of pranayama techniques to the general public, also organizes courses for	business	at	his	Maharishi	Patanjali	Yoga Vidyapeeth,  in  Haridwar, though  these may be more popular for companies in that region of India. Maharishi Mahesh  Yogi’s  Corporate  Development  Program  is arguably  the   best   researched.27,41         Large  numbers participate in such programs. Sound health at physical and mental levels enhances work efficiency and other
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+IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 1|March 2013
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+mental   abilities   such   as   concentration,   attention, memory etc.
+
+7.	MORAL VALUES
+Physical and mental health is not the only reason for practicing Yoga. India is in a crisis of protest against corruption led most prominently by Anna Hazare and Swami Ramdev, supported by large numbers who want those holding public office to make a stronger personal commitment   to   integrity.   Many   would   see   the materialist orientation of modern life, promulgated by western  thinking,  as  the  cause  of  recent  declines  in moral values to their current low levels.
+In this field, schools of Yoga can offer several important kinds  of  contribution:  inculcating  traditional  values, developing   the   basis   for   true   discrimination   and detachment that form the only genuine, foolproof basis for  personal  non-attachment,  and  unselfish  behavior, and  leading  by  example.  Some  contemporary  Yoga leaders and organizations are already doing much. All Yoga  institutions  encourage  moral  thinking  in  their students, and the adiption of high principles to guide their lives. Many, such as ISHA Yoga and Maharishi Mahesh  Yogi’s  universities,  are  primarily  concerned with developing higher states of consciousness, the real basis for  morality.  As early as 1960,  Maharishi  was clearly stating that starting meditation practice could be a key means to resist pressures of corruption. Today, Swami   Ramdev   has   made   himself   unpopular   by criticizing  government  corruption,  and  giving  public support for Anna Hazare.
+In the corporate context, Yoga and Yoga concepts offer a  means  to  restore  values  and  honesty  to  business. Honesty is a key aspect of business relationships both for management and customers. Managers function best when  they can  completely trust their  colleagues, and trust   depends   on   honesty.   Similarly   for   customer relationships, perceived honesty is a key to customer goodwill, an essential of continuing business success. No one feels goodwill towards those they suspect of cheating  them.  Yet  developments in  business  culture around the world have revealed that personal honesty in business is not practiced to the same extent as twenty years  ago.  In  a  recent  statement  emphasizing  these developments,   the   Director   of   IIM   Chennai   has proposed  to  introduce  Yoga  programs  specifically to improve the moral tone of business graduates.
+The  problem  may  be  that  humanist  philosophy  so fashionable today looks little beyond the here and now, Higher purpose requires transcendental goals and, for that reason, Yoga and Yoga philosophy posit additional dimensions to life.	By adding  elements beyond  life itself they restore motivation for integrity. Using them an organization can motivate trust and trustworthiness. Business   schools   such   as   Stanford   list   important qualities required for visionary leadership in business.
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+Those recommending applicants are required to estimate	[9] levels  of  ability  in  specific  subfields  of  leadership: honesty  and  integrity  under  pressure,  the  ability  to generate confidence, trust,, and loyalty, persuade others
+of  one’s  viewpoint,  willingness  to  take  risks,  or  to	[10] broker a compromise between different parties to make	[11] a  project  succeed,  even  at  personal  expense,	etc.	[12] Fundamental to all these are honesty and integrity that	[13] generates  trust.  If  participation   in  Yoga  programs increases the fundamental then each scale dependent on	[14] it will also increase to some extent.                                        [15]
+8.	CONCLUSIONS	[16]
+As an aspiring knowledge-based society, modern India needs to adopt policies that will counteract stress caused by the inevitable increased levels of social change. The
+nation  is  fortunate  that,  in  its  traditional  systems  of	[17] medicine, it is well equipped to do so. Between them	[18] Yoga and Ayurveda contain the key principles required
+to keep the individual’s psychology and physiology in balance – healthy mind in a healthy body.	[19] Systematic incorporation of Yoga into business in India
+would fulfill the following goals:
+1.	Improve adaptability to processes of change	[20] 2.	Counteract	risk	factors	associated	with
+industrial development
+3.	Combat diseases of affluence
+4.	Systematically	counteract	health	limits	[21] otherwise	imposed	on	knowledge	based societies
+5.	Expand the creative vision of business leaders
+6.	Improve both the health and productivity of top	[22] executives.
+ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+We would like to acknowledge past conversations with Professor Subhash Sharma.
+REFERENCES	[23]
+[1]	Mashelkar   R.A.   2011,   Reinventing   India, Press, Pune.
+[2]	Toffler A. Future Shock. Random House, New	[24] York, 1984.
+[3]	Selye  H.  The  Stress  of  Life.  McGraw  Hill, New York, 1984.
+[4]	Narlikar   J.V.   Scientific   Edge:   The   Indian Scientist   from   Vedic   to   Modern   Times. Penguin, London, 2003.	[25]
+[5]	knowledgecommission.gov.in             Accessed 15.10.2012.
+[6]	Hankey A. Decoding Ayurveda submitted for publication.
+[7]	Valiathan M.S. The Legacy of Charaka, Orient Longman, Hyderabad, 2003.	[26]
+[8]	Iyengar B.K.S. Light on Yoga. Harper Collins, London, 2001.
+
+Hankey  A.  Ayurveda  and  the  battle  against chronic disease: An opportunity for Ayurveda to  go  mainstream.  J  Ayurveda  Integr  Med. 2010;1:9-12.
+www.envis.frlht.org Accessed 15.10.2012 www.svyasa.org Accessed 15.10.2012 www.iaim.org Accessed 15.10.2012 www.maharishiayurvedaindia.com     Accessed 15.10.2012
+www.ijoy.org.in Accessed 15.10.2012 www.jaim.in Accessed 15.10.2012
+Hankey	A.	Response	from	Maharishi Foundation    to    Call	for    Evidence	from Subcommittee     III:     Complementary     and Alternative     Medicine.     Submitted     2000. Available from Author.
+McCall M. FACT 2012, to be published. Chaoul M.A. Cohen L. Rethinking Yoga and the Application of Yoga in Modern Medicine. Crosscurrents 60, 2010;2:144-167.
+Nagarathna   R   Nagendra   HR.   Yoga   for Bronchial Asthma: A controlled study. BMJ, 1985; 291: 1077-1079.
+Gupta  N.  Khera  S.  Vempati  R.P.  Sharma  . Boj;ano R.L. Effect of a Yoga based lifestyle intervention on State and Trait anxiety. Indian J. Physiol Pharmacol, 2006; 50:41-47.
+Mitchell  J.  Field  T.  Diego  M.  Bendell  D. Newton  R. Pelaez M. Yoga reduces prenatal depression symptoms. Pychology, 2012; 3:782-786.
+Tekur P. Nagarathan R. Chametcha S. Hankey A. A comprehensive Yoga program improves pain,  anxiety and  depression  in  chronic  low back  pain  patients  more  than  exercise\;  an RCT. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2012; 20(3):107-118.
+Narendran  S,  Nagarathna  R,  Narendran  V, Gunasheela S, Nagendra HR. Efficacy of yoga on pregnancy outcome. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:237-44.
+Nagarathna R. Usharani M..R. Raghavendrarao A.  et  al.  Efficacy  of  yoga  based  life  style modification program on medication score and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes – a randomized control study. Int J. Diabet Dev Count, 2012; 32:122-130.
+Cohen	L.	Chandwani	K.D.	Perkins   G. Thornton    B.	Arun	B.    Raghuram	N.V. Nagendra  H.R.  Randomized  Controlled  Trial in   women   with   breast   cancer   undergoing radiation  treatment. J. Clin Oncol, 2008; 26: 9639..
+Chandwani  K.D.  Thornton  B.  Perkins  G.H. Arun B. Raghuram N.V. Nagendra H.R. Wei Q. Cohen L. Yoga improves quality of life and
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+IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 1|March 2013	19
+Sony Kumari, Alex Hankey,HR Nagendra| Health Advantages of Yoga Programs in Management
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+Telles  S.  Singh  N.  Joshi  M.  Balkrishna  A. Post-traumatic stress syndrome and heart rate variability in Bihar flood survivors following Yoga:  a  randomized  controlled  study.  BMC Psychiatry, 2010.
+Telles S. Yoga Research and Therapy in India. Revista   Brazilia   de   Medicina   Familia   e Communidade, 2012;7:508.
+Orme-Johnson D.W. Granieri B. The effects of Age   of   Enlightenment   Governor   Training Courses   on   field   independence,   creativity, intelligence   and   behavioral   flexibility.   In Orme-Johnson  D.W.  and  Farrow  J.T.  (Eds.) Scientific	Papers	on	the	Transcendental Meditation Program. Collected Papers, Volume 1. Paper 103:713-718.
+Travis  F.	The  Transcendental  Meditation technique and creativity: a longitudinal study of	Cornell    University	undergraduates.	J Creative Beh, 1979;13:169-180. Reprinted as: Creative   Thinking   and   the   Transcendental Meditation	Technique.	In	Chalmers    R. Clements G. Schenklun  H. and Weinless M. (Eds.) Scientific Papers on the Transcendental Meditation Program. Collected Papers, Volume 3. Paper 260: 1972-1977.
+Telles	S.	Manjunath	M.K.	Improved performance  in  the  Tower  of  London  test following Yoga. Indian Journal of Physiology and Psychology, 2001; 45:100-108.
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+R E S E A R C H
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+includes research articles that focus on the analysis and resolution of managerial and academic issues based on analytical and empirical or case research
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+Executive
+Summary
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+KEY WORDS
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+Job Burnout
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+Stress Management
+
+Yoga Way of Life
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+Transcendental Meditation
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+Impact of Adoption of Yoga Way of Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers
+
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+Hasmukh Adhia, H R Nagendra and B Mahadevan
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+Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, and is defined by the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and inef-ficacy. Job burn-out is a debilitating psychological condition, which has serious re-percussions for an individual’s personal health as also on the organizational effectiveness. The past 25 years of research has established the complexity of the construct, and has placed the individual stress experience within a larger organiza-tional context of people’s relation to their work. As a holistic science concerned with all aspects of human functioning, yogic science provides a unifying framework by which stress can be understood and eliminated. Yoga involves a systematic method by which we can begin to expand our awareness of the processes which lead to stress and thus gain control over them.
+
+Yoga way of life has direct relevance to address the issue of stress and burnout. While several studies in the past have acknowledged this aspect and discussed vari-ous ways by which Yoga can address this aspect, till date very little effort has gone into empirically assessing the impact of Yoga way of life. The main contribution of this paper is to fill this gap. This study hypothesizes that managers who learn and adopt the Yoga way of life will be able to reduce their job burnout better than the others who engage in other things to improve their physical and mental progress. An experiment was conducted to collect data and test the hypothesis in a manufac-turing unit.
+
+The results show that adoption of the Yoga way of life can significantly reduce the job burnout of managers. The Yoga way of life is an integrated approach to the chang-ing physical, mental, vital and emotional personality of an individual. It is aimed at making managers more evolved individuals with better understanding of their job situation in the overall context of life. Through a rigorous literature review and un-derstanding of the science of Yoga as given in our scriptures, the paper also provides an explanation of the mechanism of how this happens. Among many suggested coping skills for stress, yoga happens to be fitting in the best, mainly because of its ability to change positively the individual responses to stress stimuli. However, in order to get benefit of Yoga in its entirety, one has to adopt Yoga as a technique of life management. The authors motivate the HR managers in organizations to explore ways of implementing the Yoga way of life as it promises to address the issue of stress at a fundamental level.
+
+
+
+VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010	21
+urnout can be defined as the end result of stress experienced but not properly coped with, result-ing in symptoms of exhaustion, irritation, inef-
+fectiveness, discounting of self and others, and problems of health (hypertension, ulcers, and heart problems). Per-haps the best-known fictional example of job burnout comes from the novel, A Burnt Out Case (Greene, 1961), in which a spiritually tormented and disillusioned ar-chitect quits his job and withdraws into the African jun-gle. Other literature, both fiction and nonfiction, has described similar phenomena, including extreme fatigue and loss of idealism and passion for one’s job. In mod-ern corporations, institutions working not-for-profit, and government organizations, one of the important con-cerns is the issue of burnout that employees experience at their workplace. This has serious consequences in-cluding reduced productivity at workplace, bad health, and mental stress for the employee. If not addressed ef-fectively, this can threaten to manifest as a social prob-lem at a later time.
+B
+
+Researchers have recognized the importance of address-ing the issue of stress and burnout. The factors that cause stress and burnout have been identified. Recent research has also identified the negative impact that burnout has on both the employees and organizations. Louise (2008) observed that the lifetime prevalence of an emotional disorder is more than 50 per cent, often due to chronic, untreated stress reactions. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) declared stress as a haz-ard of the workplace. Stress costs American industry more than $300 billion annually. In the physiology and management literature, job stress is usually defined as a characteristic of the individual, i.e., the psycho-physi-ological changes experienced as a consequence of job-related demands on the individual. In this context, stressors are environmental or internal demands lead-ing to adaptive (or maladaptive) responses on the part of the individual. Stress management refers to the adap-tive behaviour of changing any aspect of the environ-ment or person in such a way as to decrease stress response (sometimes referred to as “strain”) and pro-mote organizational and/or individual health.
+
+The Yoga way of life has direct relevance to address the issue of stress and burnout. While several studies in the past have acknowledged this aspect and discussed vari-ous ways by which Yoga can address this aspect, till date very little effort has gone into empirically assessing the
+
+impact of the Yoga way of life. The main contribution of this paper is to fill this gap. Using a controlled scientific experimentation of employees in a manufacturing unit, we provide an empirical assessment of the impact of the Yoga way of life on stress and burnout.
+
+Taking cue from this, we pose the question, “Can adop-tion of a complete Yoga way of life reduce significantly the job burnout experienced by most executives? If so, can we empirically observe this phenomenon and pro-vide relevant literature support to explain this? To the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical research available so far to answer these questions. We study these issues in this paper using an empirical study con-ducted in a manufacturing unit involving 84 executives.
+
+We show that the adoption of the Yoga way of life can reduce the stress and strain of managers and that, in turn, can reduce their job burnout comprising of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished personal accomplishment. Through a rigorous literature review and understanding of the science of Yoga as given in our scriptures, we also provide an explanation of the mecha-nism of how this happens. We also motivate the HR managers in organizations to explore ways of imple-menting the Yoga way of life as it promises to address the issue of stress at a fundamental level.
+
+STRESS AND BURNOUT: CAUSES AND IMPACT
+
+Burnout can be defined as the end result of stress expe-rienced but not properly coped with, resulting in symp-toms of exhaustion, irritation, ineffectiveness, discount-ing of self and others, and problems of health (hyper-tension, ulcers, and heart problems). Maslach and Jackson (1981) conceptualized burnout as a syndrome consisting of three components. Emotional exhaustion refers to mental and physical tension and strain result-ing from job-related stressors. Depersonalization refers to distancing of oneself from others and viewing others impersonally. Diminished personal accomplishment is a feeling of negative self-evaluation. Exhaustion is the central quality of burnout and the most obvious mani-festation of this complex syndrome. When people de-scribe themselves or others as experiencing burnout, they are most often referring to the experience of exhaustion.
+
+Maslach (1982) reviewed literature on burnout and con-cluded that there is no single definition of burnout that is accepted as standard. However, despite the differ-
+
+
+22	IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF YOGA WAY OF LIFE ON THE REDUCTION OF JOB BURNOUT OF MANAGERS
+ences, there are also similarities among various defini-tions of burnout. First of all, there is general agreement that burnout occurs at an individual level. Second, burn-out is an internal psychological experience involving feelings, attitudes, and motives and expectations. Third, there is also general agreement that burnout is a nega-tive experience for the individual, in that it concerns problems, distress, discomfort, dysfunction, and/or negative consequences.
+
+Several studies in the past concluded that burnout has negative effects on job performance. Burnout leads to lower productivity and effectiveness at work (Maslach, Schaufeli and Leiter, 2001). Consequently, it is associ-ated with decreased job satisfaction and a reduced com-mitment to the job or the organization. People who are experiencing burnout can have a negative impact on their colleagues, both by causing greater personal con-flict and by disrupting job tasks. Thus, burnout can be “contagious” and can perpetuate itself through infor-mal interactions on the job (Maslach, Schaufeli and Leiter 2001).
+
+Burnout can be defined as the end result of stress expe-rienced but not properly coped with. Stress in organiza-tions has been documented to produce wide-ranging psychological, physical, and behavioural ill-effects. The costs of stress are variously estimated at hundreds of billions of dollars annually, or 12 per cent of the US GNP (Siu, Lu and Cooper, 1999). The visible portion of these costs stems from compensation claims (Kottage, 1992), reduced productivity and increased absenteeism (Manuso, 1979), added health insurance costs (Mulcahy, 1991), and direct medical expenses for related diseases such as ulcers, high blood pressure, and heart attacks (Newman and Beehr, 1979). Louise (2008) observed that 43 per cent of all adults in the US suffer adverse health effects from stress. He further reported that 75-90 per cent of all the doctors’ office visits are for stress-related ailments and complaints.
+
+Stephen and Lesley (2002) opined that although the ‘of-ficial’ figures for the cost of stress vary widely, they have one common feature – they are all massive. They sug-gest that there is a huge cost to individuals and to or-ganizations. However, we believe that the cost is not just financial; there are mental, physical, and social costs as well. The evidence for stress-related ill-health is all around us. If we look at several of the modern organiza-
+
+
+VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010
+
+tions, it is likely that some of the workforce would re-port very low levels of satisfaction with both their jobs and the organization. Some others would report having suffered some major life event in the past three months and still others would report levels of mental ill health that are worse than those of psychiatric outpatients re-ceiving clinical treatment for anxiety and depression.
+
+A study of the literature reveals that several variables were tested for their moderating effects on stress. Peo-ple who display low levels of hardiness (involvement in daily activities, a sense of control over events, and openness to change) have higher burnout scores, par-ticularly on the exhaustion dimension. Burnout is higher among people who have an external locus of control (at-tributing events and achievements to powerful others or to chance) rather than an internal locus of control (at-tributions to one’s own ability and effort) (Maslach, Schaufeli and Leiter, 2001).
+
+Srivastava (1985) studied the moderating effect of the need for achievement on the relationship between role stress and job anxiety. Another study (Pestonjee and Singh, 1988) investigated the moderating effect on lo-cus of control on the stress and job satisfaction relation-ship in the case of 101 role incumbents of a private electricity supply company. Pestonjee and Singh (1988) also investigated the moderating effect to Type-A pat-tern of behavioural disposition on the relationship be-tween role stress and state-trait anger. The finding revealed that stress,Type-A behaviour, state and trait anger were correlated positively and most of the coeffi-cients of correlation (for example, 79 out of 88) were sta-tistically significant. (Pestonjee, 1999)
+
+Singh and Srivastava (1996) tried to examine the inde-pendent and moderating effect of Type-A behaviour pattern on the stress-health relationship. Type-A mana-gerial personnel scored significantly higher on role am-biguity, role conflict, and overall job stress in comparison to Type-B managers. Type-A managers also showed el-evated levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure as compared to Type-B managers.
+
+Based on these studies, we conclude that several vari-ables have a moderating effect on stress. These include organizational climate, locus of control, Type-A behav-iour pattern, needs (need for achievement, need for self-actualization, and need for personal growth), mental
+
+23
+health, job satisfaction, hierarchical level, coping strate-gies, group-oriented attitude, participation in opinion-seeking, cognitive failure, and effort and outcome orientations.
+
+YOGA WAY OF LIFE AND ITS RELEVANCE TO STRESS MANAGEMENT
+Yoga is one of the six foundations of Indian philosophy and has been used for millennia to study, explain, and experience the complexities of the mind and human ex-istence (Feuerstein, 1998). Patanjali, an ancient Yoga sage, defines Yoga as a technique used to still the fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of the true self (Iyengar, 1966). Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras outline a skillful way of conducting life that fosters moderation and har-mony (Becker, 2000). These guidelines, which include ethical and moral standards of living in addition to postural and breathing exercises, are primarily used to foster spiritual growth and evolve one’s consciousness.
+
+Ashtanga Yoga encompasses cognitive learning, moral conduct, physiological practices, and psychological therapy. The first two steps of Yama and Niyama seek and shape external behaviour and thought patterns and thus minimize disturbances in the mind and the body. On the behavioural side, abstention is sought from vio-lence, falsehood, dishonesty, sexual excess, and acquisi-tive tendencies. On the cognitive moral side, the ideals prescribed are: purity, contentment, austerity, self study and forbearance. The stages of Asana and Pranayama are meant for disciplining the body and regulating subtle energy flows. In the fifth stage of Prayahara, secondary input is regulated so that the mind is not distracted. The stages of Dharana, Dhyana, and Samadhi are for uplifting one’s spiritual self and for heightening consciousness.
+
+According to Srinivas (1994), a series of techniques col-lectively known under the general label, ‘Yoga,’ present a rich source for generating indigenous organizational development techniques that may perhaps find better acceptance than imported intervention designs from the West. “Originally developed for personal spiritual growth, Yoga offers a well formulated approach to planned change.” (Srinivas, 1994).
+
+As a holistic science concerned with all aspects of hu-man functioning, the science of Yoga provides a unify-ing framework by which stress can be understood and eliminated. According to Yoga, we are unconscious of
+
+those mental/emotional/perceptual processes which habitually create stress. Yoga involves a systematic method by which we can begin to expand our aware-ness of these processes and thus begin to gain control over them. So, in a very practical sense, Yoga gives us the tools and techniques by which we can expand our conscious awareness into the unconscious parts of the mind in order to become aware of the patterns and hab-its which lead to stress. Yoga is by far the most impor-tant technique used by the Indians to cope with the problem of stress and burnout.
+
+In any stress disorder, the para-sympathetic auto-nerv-ous mechanisms fail to function adequately to minimize the impact of stressful stimuli. Among several relaxa-tion practices, Yoga has the potentiality to influence the auto-nervous mechanisms in various ways. The science of Yoga is based on the principle of stimulating one’s body and mind and then relaxing it turn by turn. This restores the functioning of sympathetic and para sym-pathetic nervous systems and so stress does not get built up.
+
+Bhole (1977), in his conceptual paper, explained differ-ent aspects of Yoga. The Yoga way of life encompasses the philosophy of Karma Yoga (path of detached action), Jnana Yoga (knowledge of self), Bhakti Yoga (trust in the supreme order) and Raja Yoga (asana, pranayama, medi-tation, etc.). Practising this knowledge may bring about a complete transformation of one’s personality, on physi-cal, mental, emotional, and spiritual levels which strengthens his stress-coping skills. According to Bhole (1977), hatha-yoga practices like asanas (i.e., posture), pranayama (i.e., breathing practices intended to influence vital forces), kriyas (i.e., cleaning process), mudras (i.e., certain internal attitudes) and bandhas (i.e., neuro-mus-cular locks) are mostly taught as physical practices. While various meditation techniques work at the men-tal level, all these practices are intended to develop a certain type of awareness within oneself. This in turn is expected to bring about a change in the emotional and visceral functions and through them, a change in the intellectual and somatic functions of the individual.
+
+Palsane et al (1993) have observed that modern Western psychological literature focusing on ideas related to the strength of motives and frustration and their behavioural consequences, the frustration-aggression hypothesis, ego involvement, mind-body interactions (psychosomatics),
+
+
+24	IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF YOGA WAY OF LIFE ON THE REDUCTION OF JOB BURNOUT OF MANAGERS
+and locus of control have their parallels in the ancient Indian thought.
+
+Misra (1989) found that effort orientation rather than concerns for outcome leads to greater intrinsic satisfac-tion. Chakraborty (1987, 1993) provides experimental evidence that practising Yoga, meditating, controlling breathing and stilling the turbulent mind can enable workers and managers to purify their chitta and make it spiritual, expand their self to include others around them, and help them grow and transform themselves without expecting anything in return. According to Fersling (1997), although there is a lack of controlled studies, Yoga is regarded as a promising method for the treatment of stress-related problems. Several studies have shown Yoga to be promising for physiological (Murugesan, Govindarajulu, and Bera, 2000) and psy-chological outcome measures (Malathi, et al, 2000).
+
+Studies such as those conducted by Singh and Udupa (1977), Datey (1977), Sachdeva (1994), Vasudevan (1994), Venkatesh (1994), and Rao (1995) throw light on the positive effects of yogic practices on experienced stress. Udupa, Singh and Dwivedi (1977), in their study on two groups of volunteers who practised vipasana meditation for 10 days, had noted a significant increase in the levels of acetylcholine, cholinesterase, catecholamine, and histamines activities in the blood. On the other hand, there appeared to be a reduction in the level of plasma cortisol, urinary corticoids, and urinary nitrogen. These findings suggest that volunteers were neuro-physiologi-cally more active following yogic meditation and yet, were physically and metabolically stable.
+
+In a study done by Granath, et al (2006), a stress man-agement programme based on cognitive behavioural therapy principles was compared with a Kundalini Yoga programme. Psychological (self-rated stress and stress behaviour, anger, exhaustion, quality of life) and physio-logical (blood pressure, heart rate, urinary catecho-lamine, salivary cortisol) measurements obtained before and after treatment showed significant improvements on most of the variables in both groups as well as me-dium-to-high effect sizes. However, no significant dif-ference was found between the two programmes. The results indicate that both cognitive behaviour therapy and Yoga are promising stress management techniques.
+
+In a study done at Vivekanand YogaAnusandhan Samsthan, Bangalore, Telles et al (2004) found that Yoga training
+
+VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010
+
+can help people to reduce their heart rate, which has possible therapeutic applications. In another study done at the same place, Patil and Telles (2006) found Cyclic Meditation Technique, developed by Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhan Samsthan, Bangalore, to be more effective in achieving voluntary heart rate variability as compared with another yogic technique of Supine Rest (Savasan).
+
+An experiment on stress reduction using the Transcen-dental Meditation (TM) technique and Progressive Mus-cle Relaxation (PMR) was conducted at a South African firm with 80 employees (Broome et al, 2005). Six weeks of TM practice produced greater reductions in psycho-logical stress than six weeks of PMR (p<0.03). A review of studies conducted on Transcendental Meditation (TM) by Orme-Johnson, Zimmerman and Hawkins, 1997) through over 500 experimental studies in 200 Universi-ties from 33 countries revealed that TM helps expand consciousness, decrease oxygen intake and stress level, increase basal skin resistance and coherence in EEG, and virtually suspends breathing up to one minute. Tran-scendental Meditation is a skill of effortlessly minimiz-ing mental activity so that the body settles into a state of rest deeper than deep sleep while the mind becomes clear and alert. They showed that meditators displayed a greater physiological equilibrium than non-meditators. They also showed that meditators maintained this equi-librium under stress more effectively than non-medita-tors.
+
+Sahasi, Mohan and Kacker (1989) conducted a study to measure the effectiveness of yogic teachings in the man-agement of anxiety. A group of 91 patients suffering from anxiety neurosis were taken up for treatment. Patients were randomly assigned to Yoga therapy (Group I) or drug therapy (Group II), subject to their willingness to participate in the yogic practices. There were 38 patients in the former group while 53 patients were administered drug therapy. Patients were assessed clinically and ad-ministered psychological tests prior to the commence-ment of the treatment schedule and also after its completion. The anxiety level in Group I decreased, the Locus of Control Scale revealed increased attention/con-centration though it was not statistically significant. In the drug therapy group, pre- and post-treatment scores were not statistically significant on any test except the Locus of Control Scale.
+
+Sachdeva (1994) investigated the effect of 12 weeks of
+
+25
+yogic life-style on hypertension in a sample of 26 hyper-tensive and 20 normotensive subjects. The yogic lifestyle comprised meditation, breathing techniques, correct postures, a low-fat, non-spicy vegetarian diet, and be-havioural modification. Findings revealed a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic BP, body weight, se-rum cholesterol and triglyceride levels following the implementation of the yogic lifestyle.
+
+Rao (1995), in his paper, has dealt with the scientific and psychological significance of Yoga as a means of attain-ing spiritual emancipation. According to this author, findings from empirical studies on Yoga revealed that long-term practitioners of Yoga had acquired a remark-able voluntary control over their autonomic processes, which helped them in coping with psychological stress. The author describes Yoga as a system of psychotherapy and calls upon clinicians to perfect Yoga therapy so as to make its application universal.
+
+Taking cue from the philosophical texts of India, Pandey and Naidu (1986) studied the effort and outcome orientations as moderators of the stress-strain relation-ship. They noted that the concept of ‘detachment’ is highly valued in Indian culture. The doctrine of detached action calls upon the individual to serve the society by scrupulous performance of one’s duties with utmost skill but without desiring the fruits of actions so performed. It is one of the ways in which an altered super-conscious state or self-realization can be attained. Effort orienta-tion, according to this doctrine, is the ‘individual’s fo-cus on task at hand’ and ‘advice of not to focus on or to be concerned about the outcomes of that activity.’ Fur-ther, the doctrine emphasizes that an effort should be made to maintain emotional stability regardless of the outcome of the effort, be it success or failure.
+
+The authors theorized that the effort and outcome orientations may moderate the stress-strain relationship for three reasons. First, the individual practising the ideal of detached action would concentrate on most of the activities in which he engages which, in turn, would lead to the attainment of a higher degree of skills. Second, the practice of being mentally less concerned about the outcomes may help in conserving the physical and psy-chic energies and hence, the subject would be less af-fected by mental distracters such as anxiety and fear of failure (which lead to energy dissipation). Third, it is likely that the person practising these ideals cognizes
+
+the stressful events in relatively more positive terms. In the light of these reasons, the authors hypothesized that in the case of subjects with a high degree of effort orien-tation compared to those with a high outcome orienta-tion: (a) the correlation between stress and strain events would be smaller; and (c) the means of different strain scores would be smaller.
+
+A battery of three questionnaires was administered to 190 male and female students of Allahabad University in the above research done by Pande and Naidu (1986). An 18-item questionnaire was specially designed to measure outcome, Effort-I and Effort-II orientation in-dices; 33 items were selected from the scales developed by Agrawal (1985) and Tandon (1986) to measures stress. Caplan, Naidu and Tripathi (1984) Scale was used to measure strain. Pearson’s product moment coefficients of correlation and sub-grouping analysis were used to analyse the data. On the basis of these findings, the au-thors concluded that (a) concentration on the task at hand not only protected the subject from succumbing to his/ her stressful experiences but also improved his/her health even in the face of overt stress; (b) the absence of concern regarding outcomes during work activities mini-mized the strain and fostered positive health status.
+
+The above study done by Pande and Naidu (1986) is the main motivation for this research. This study addressed only one aspect of Yoga philosophy (effort orientation instead of outcome orientation) and reported positive results on the stress-strain relationship. The study only tried to measure and find out that people with effort orientation are less strained. Two questions arise from this. Is it possible to develop effort orientation by some training? If only one aspect of Yoga philosophy, i.e., ef-fort orientation instead of outcome orientation (Karmanye Vadhikarastu Ma Phaleshu Kadachana) can have positive impact on stress, how much better would be the impact of total adoption of the entire philosophy and practice of Yoga? Our study here tries to find an answer to these two questions.
+
+Also from the literature survey done so far, we can con-clude that:
+
+•   Burnout is an outcome of a number of factors but the more important ones are internal psychological fac-tors such as internal desires, insecurity, external lo-cus of control, outcome orientation, etc.
+
+
+26	IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF YOGA WAY OF LIFE ON THE REDUCTION OF JOB BURNOUT OF MANAGERS
+•   While attempts have been made in the past to meas-ure the impact of each of these individual disposi-tional factors on job burnout, no research has been done to find out if the wisdom enshrined in our scrip-tures in the form of science of Yoga can help in allevi-ating a major part of burnout.
+•   There have been some attempts in the past to meas-ure the impact of any one dimension of the Yoga phi-losophy (such as Vipasana or Transcendental Medita-tion) on stress, the overall effect of adoption of the Yoga way of life on job burnout has not been studied. So also, the link between Yoga and absence of burn-out has not been well understood.
+
+Taking cue from this, we pose the question, “Can adop-tion of a complete Yoga way of life reduce significantly the job burnout experienced by most executives? If so, can we empirically observe this phenomenon and pro-vide relevant literature support to explain this? To the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical research available so far to answer these questions. Therefore, we hypothesize that managers who learn and adopt the Yoga way of life will be able to reduce their job burnout bet-ter than the others who engage in other things to im-prove their physical and mental progress. We set up an experiment to collect data and test the hypothesis.
+
+EMPIRICAL STUDY AND RESULTS
+
+Research Design
+
+Grasim Industries Limited, a flagship company of the Aditya Birla Group, ranks among India’s largest private sector companies, with a consolidated net revenue of Rs.141 billion and a consolidated net profit of Rs.20 bil-lion (FY2007). Starting as a textiles manufacturer in 1948, today Grasim’s businesses comprise viscose staple fibre (VSF), cement, sponge iron, chemicals, and textiles. Its core businesses are VSF and cement, which contribute to over 90 per cent of its revenues and operating profits. The Aditya Birla Group is the world’s largest producer of VSF, commanding a 21 per cent global market share. The company meets India’s entire domestic VSF require-ments. Grasim’s VSF plants are located at Nagda in Madhya Pradesh, Kharach in Gujarat, and Harihar in Karnataka, with an aggregate capacity of 270,100 tonnes per annum.
+
+This controlled experiment was conducted at Birla Celluloise, one of the units manufacturing viscose sta-
+
+VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010
+
+ple fibre owned by Grasim Industry, located at Kharach village near Bharuch. This unit has more than 120 peo-ple in the managerial cadre and more than 1,000 in the workers’ category. Most of them are staying in the town-ship of the company, which facilitated the study. The VSF plant, where this study was conducted, was set up in 1996. The average total work experience of the sam-ple group is 16.11 years.
+
+The salient aspects of the study methodology are sum-marized below:
+
+•   The managers of the company were given the option of joining this experiment after explaining to them about the purpose and modality of this experiment and making clear to them the expectations of regu-larity, etc. Written consent for being a part of the ex-periment was obtained.
+•   Those who opted were initially divided into two equal groups of 42 each — Group I being called the Yoga group and Group II being called the physical exercise group, which was the control group for this experiment.
+•   The Yoga group was given 30 hours of Yoga practice (75 minutes every day) and 25 hours of theory lec-tures on the philosophy of Yoga. The theory lectures were given by the first author of this article and in-cluded topics such as definitions of Yoga way of life, implications of four types of Yoga (Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, and Bhakti Yoga) on life, analysis on aspects of true happiness in life, Ashtanga Yoga steps, central theme of universality of consciousness as given in Vedanta, etc. Practice was given for asanas, pranayama, kriya, and relaxation by a well-trained Yoga instructor.
+•   The control group was also given training of equal number of hours for normal physical work-out and lectures on success factors in life (based on modern thought and not Yoga). This was thought necessary in order to obviate the possibility of Hawthorne ef-fect on the experiment group. The topics for theory given to this group included success and happiness, importance of attitude, self-image, good relationship with others, goal setting, power of sub-conscious mind, communication, motivation, and leadership. The practice given to this group was fast exercises such as spot-jogging, bending, body rotation, hand and leg movements, etc.
+
+
+27
+•   In order to prove or disprove the hypotheses, job burnout was measured for both the groups, pre and post, with the help of standard self-reported ques-tionnaire. In addition, measurement of certain physi-cal parameters such as weight, BMI, BP, Blood Sugar, etc., was taken for all, both pre- and post-experiment. By far the most widely employed measure of burn-out is the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), (Maslach and Jackson, 1981), which was initially developed to gauge levels of burnout specifically among service professionals but in 1996 was modified for use with other occupations. The scale has the strongest psy-chometric properties and continues to be used most widely by researchers. It is a 22-item Likert type scale with response on a 5-point scale which was adapted in this case to 7 points ranging from ‘completely agree’ to ‘completely disagree’. Exploratory factor analyses of the three MBI scales have tended to sup-port the construct validity of the instrument, as well as its convergent and discriminant validity (Burke and Richardsen, 1993; Cordes and Dougherty, 1993).
+•   The pre-measurement of data was taken on Septem-ber 17, 2007. The intervention to both the groups was simultaneously given between September 18 and Oc-tober 24, 2007. The post-measurement of data was taken on October 24, 2007.
+•   Out of the group of 42 in both groups, there were some who did not attend any of the theory and prac-tice classes on many days, and hence only top 30 (in terms of regularity) were included for both groups in the final sample for the analysis. This came to a minimum attendance figure of 65 per cent approxi-mately for both groups. In short, people with less than 65 per cent aggregate attendance were excluded from both groups. The profile of the sample can be seen in Table 1.
+
+Figure 1 schematically shows the study methodology and the group composition. The data collected was ana-lysed using SPSS. The sample profile given in Table 1 indicates that 80 per cent and 86 per cent of the partici-pants from Yoga and control group respectively are from the age group of 21-50, while the rest are above 50. Simi-larly, 20 per cent of the Yoga group and 17 per cent of the control group are from the top management (i.e., Deputy General Manager and above), while 57 per cent of the Yoga group and 63 per cent of the control group are the line level managers (Deputy Managers and Of-ficers). Before proceeding with further analysis, the scale
+
+
+Table 1: Profile of Sample
+
+Group	Total Yoga	Physical
+Age	21-50		24	26	50 (80.0%)         (86.7%)             (83.3)
+51 and above		6	4	10 (20.0%)         (13.3%)           (16.7%)
+Level	Line level		17	19	36 (56.7%)         (63.3%)           (60.0%)
+Middle level		7	6	13 (23.3%)         (20.0%)           (21.7%)
+Top level		6	5	11 (20.0%)         (16.7%)           (18.3%)
+
+validity was established by computing the Chronbach’s alpha. The pre-experiment construct (22-item scale) had a Chronbach’s alpha of 0.83 while post-experiment data of MBI had an alpha value of 0.89.
+
+Figure 1: A Schematic Representation of the Study Plan The mean and standard deviation of MBI score, pre and
+
+Employees in the Firm (About 1,120)
+
+
+Control Group	Experiment Group (30 Managers)                                         (30 Managers)
+
+
+Pre-study            Pre-study                     Pre-study            Pre-study Measurement     Measurement              Measurement     Measurement
+
+
+post, for both groups can be seen in Table 2. The paired t-test analysis of the pre- and post-experiment data for the Yoga group (Table 3) showed significant reduction of job burnout (p=0.000). On the other hand, in the physi-cal exercise group, the job burnout level went up after the experiment. Furthermore, the difference was statis-tically significant at p=0.008. One plausible explanation is that the schedule of attending the practical and theory classes of physical exercise could have put further pres-sure on the already tight schedule of the managers. The burnout level must therefore have gone up temporarily post-experiment.
+
+Further analysis shows that while the difference in the average MBI between Yoga group and physical exercise group was not significant prior to the experiment, the same was statistically significant at the end of the ex-periment with p=0.000. (Table 4)
+
+
+28	IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF YOGA WAY OF LIFE ON THE REDUCTION OF JOB BURNOUT OF MANAGERS
+Table 2:  Average Scores of MBI (Group-wise, Pre and Post)
+
+
+Group AVGAMBI Average Pre MBI AVGZMBI
+Average Post MBI
+
+
+1  Yoga
+2  Physical Exercise 1  Yoga
+2  Physical Exercise
+
+N              Mean 30            2.8624 30            2.4782 30            1.9693
+30	2.8586
+
+Std. Deviation 0.87645 0.68454 0.79096
+0.86580
+
+Std. Error Mean 0.16002 0.12498 0.14441
+0.15807
+
+
+
+Table 3: Group Separate Paired T Test for MBI Yoga and Physical Exercise Groups
+
+Paired Samples Test
+
+Paired Differences
+
+
+Pair	AVGAMBI Average Pre MBI
+1	(Minus)-AVGZMBI Average MBI
+
+Mean	Std. Deviation
+0.8931	0.65296
+
+Std. Error Mean	t
+0.11921	7.492
+
+df	Sig. (2-tailed)
+29	0.000
+
+a. Group = 1 Yoga
+
+Paired Differences
+
+
+Pair     AVGAMBI Average Pre MBI 1          (Minus)-AVGZMBI Average
+Post MBI
+
+Mean
+-0.3804
+
+Std. Deviation
+0.72809
+
+Std. Error Mean	t
+0.13293	-2.861
+
+df	Sig. (2-tailed)
+29	0.008
+
+a. Group = 2 Physical Exercise
+
+Table 4: Independent Sample T-Test comparing the Two Groups for MBI at Pre- and Post-Intervention
+
+Levene’s Test for	t-test for Equality of Means Quality of Variance
+
+
+
+AVGAMBI Average Pre
+
+
+AVGZMBI Average Post
+
+
+
+Equal variance assumed
+Equal variance not assumed
+Equal  variance assumed
+Equal variance not assumed
+
+F	Sig.
+
+0.614	0.436
+
+
+
+0.561	0.457
+
+t	df
+
+1.892	58
+
+1.892	54.785
+
+-4.154	58
+
+-4.154	57.532
+
+Sig.
+(2-tailed)
+0.063
+
+0.064
+
+0.000
+
+0.000
+
+Mean Difference
+0.3842
+
+0.3842
+
+-.8893
+
+-0.8893
+
+Std. Error Difference
+0.20304
+
+0.20304
+
+0.21410
+
+0.21410
+
+
+
+
+Yoga as a Viable Tool for Stress and Burnout Management
+According to Rama Swamy, Ballentine and Swami (1976), “Yoga psychology integrates behavioural and introspective approaches to growth. It provides a per-spective in which one can become disengaged from in-volvement in the unhappy personalities he has created for himself and in the negative role he has adopted….. It moves quickly to a training programme for changing habits, thought patterns, and self concepts.”
+
+Job burnout is a result of two types of factors: Situational and Individual. The situational factors typically include job characteristics, occupational characteristics, and or-
+
+VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010
+
+
+ganizational characteristics. The individual factors iden-tified in the previous research are: demographic charac-teristics, personality characteristics, and job attitude. It has been argued that low levels of hardiness, poor self-esteem, external locus of control, and an avoidant cop-ing style typically constitute the profile of a stress-prone individual (Semmer, 1996). Obviously, the results from the burnout research confirm this personality profile. Research on the Big Five personality dimensions has found that burnout is linked to the dimension of neu-roticism. Neuroticism includes trait anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, and vulnerability; neu-rotic individuals are emotionally unstable and prone to psychological distress.
+
+29
+People vary in the expectations they bring in to their job. In some cases, these expectations are very high, both in terms of nature of work (e.g., exciting, challenging, fun) and the likelihood of achieving success (e.g., cur-ing patients, getting promoted). Presumably, high ex-pectations lead people to work too hard and do too much, thus leading to exhaustion and eventual cynicism when the high effort does not yield the expected results.
+
+The Yoga way of life, the concept presented in this pa-per, is an integrated approach to the changing physical, mental, vital, a nd emotional personality of an individual. It is aimed at making managers more evolved individu-als with better understanding of their job situation in the overall context of life. The teachings of Karma Yoga are useful in changing the outcome orientation to effort orientation, and in reducing the managers’expectations from the job. Attitude of acceptance of all situations re-sults in lesser friction and the resultant lesser job burn-out.
+
+The psychology of Yoga conceives self (atman) in terms of different levels of being. The inner-most core or atman is covered by a hierarchy of five sheaths or layers – the theory of Panch Kosha. Annamaya Kosha represents the gross physical body; Pranmaya Kosha consists of vital energy flow of the body; Manomaya Kosha is made up of mind including ego; Vijnanamaya Kosha is a sheathe of intellect (ability to understand what is good for me); and Anandmaya Kosha is the circle of bliss in our personality. This continuation of layers corresponds to a sort of step-wise ladder, leading inward to the atman; the journey inward forms the basis of growth and development: Bio-logical evolution from protozoan to man, psychological evolution from child to adult, consciousness enhance-ment from mere cognitive to universal consciousness, wherein there is no ego and there is realization that the concerns and needs of all people are the same, that what is good for one is good for all. In this growth process, feeling and emotions are accepted as having a place; they are not considered wrong or repressed but are trans-formed and redirected (Srinivas, 1994). Such a transfor-mation in one’s personality diminishes the job burnout of managers.
+
+Rao (1983) has very succinctly traced the origin of stress in Indian thought. Going back to the Samkhya and Yoga systems, he has pointed out that there are two Sanskrit words - klesha and dukha which approximates stress. The
+
+word klesha has its origin in the root khis which means to ‘torment’, ‘cause pain’ or to ‘afflict.’ Klesha is not a mental process but is a set of ‘hindering load’ on our mental process; it produces agitations which act as re-strictions or hindrances. The Samkhya Yoga system ex-plains that the fundamental non-cognition which leads to phenomenological stress is avidya (lack of true knowl-edge). This avidya leads to asmita (self-appraisal), raga (object  appraisal),  dvesha  (threat  appraisal)  and abhinivesha (fear of death), which cause stress (klesha). The solution, according to Seer Patanjali, therefore lies in removing avidya by getting true knowledge of self. It is this true knowledge of self which changes one’s per-ception towards the so-called kleshas or stressful situa-tions. They no longer bother an individual.
+
+The system of Yoga is analytical and not only helps the individual in understanding his own stress but also leads him to the roots of that stress. It makes an individual more aware of his situation and allows him to give con-sidered rather than intuitive response to it. The amount of role stress is not as important for an individual’s men-tal and physical health as the way he/she copes with stress. Coping styles or strategies may either be oriented towards avoiding stress or towards dealing with stress. (Pestonjee, 1999). This way Yoga helps one deal with stress in a better way.
+
+Nagendra and Nagarathna (1988) have dealt with stress management in their book entitled, New Perspectives in Stress Management. According to them, the ancient In-dian science of Yoga holds the key for combating this modern menace. Some modern methods of stress man-agement and their limitations and the management of stress by Yoga are discussed in the book, for example, SMET (Self Management of Executive Tension) tech-nique; QRT (Quick Relaxation Technique). These are some of the programmes developed by the Vivekananda Kendra for the management of stress which have been found to reduce stress significantly.
+
+In most organizations, leaders play a pivotal role in driv-ing performance. There are a variety of leadership train-ing programmes being tried nowadays by successful companies, but the Yoga way of life is rarely taught. At the most, Yogasanas are being taught to the group as a part of morning physical work-out. There are a few com-panies that have of late started providing for medita-tion rooms at workplace, for the ease of managers who
+
+
+30	IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF YOGA WAY OF LIFE ON THE REDUCTION OF JOB BURNOUT OF MANAGERS
+want to go into solitude to sharpen their creativities.
+
+It may be worthwhile to give systematic exposure of wisdom enshrined in our ancient scriptures to all mana-gerial cadres of companies, which would help them per-sonally as well as professionally. They can become better self-aware and self-regulated individuals, with a proper perspective of life and various relationships. The Yoga way of life is all about the correct attitude to life, which can result into reduced stress and job burnout for man-agers. In the Indian context, the assimilation of this knowledge may be better and easier, since the Indians have grown with all these concepts right from childhood.
+
+‘How can one proceed in this?’ is a very important ques-tion. First of all, the top leaders of the company have to be convinced about the utility of this idea. They should themselves have the necessary trust in this philosophy and in the results it can bring. Some people may be un-necessarily apprehensive about the renunciation effect that introduction of this philosophy may have on the drive or killing instinct of their executives. Such appre-hensions come out of wrong understanding of true con-cepts of Yoga. For example, far from being against ‘goal orientation,’ the concept of Karma Yoga is so dynamic in nature that it frees an individual from all worries and propels him to action immediately. Also a person who is not excessively worried about the results can only be a true risk-taker, who will take tough decisions in the best interest of his organization.
+
+Once convinced about the utility of this kind of train-ing, the tougher challenge lies in finding the right peo-ple to train company executives. Secondly, this has to be a continuous training which is repeated periodically. Thirdly, an atmosphere of the Yoga way of life has to be created through the company policy. The company poli-
+
+
+REFERENCES
+
+Agrawal, M (1985). “A Study of Stresses among University Students,” Unpublished thesis, University of Allahabad, Allahabad.
+Becker, I (2000). “Uses of Yoga in Psychiatry and Medicine,” in Muskin, P R (Ed.), Complementary and Alternative Medi-cine and Psychiatry, Washington DC: American Psychiat-ric Press, 107-145.
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+
+
+VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010
+
+cies have also to pass the test of the Yoga way in terms of complete adherence to ethical-moral code prescribed in Yama and Niyama.
+
+CONCLUSIONS
+
+Job burnout is a debilitating psychological condition, which has serious repercussions for an individual’s per-sonal health as also on the organizational effectiveness. Earlier studies have addressed several aspects related to stress and burnout. However, our study confirms the useful role that the Yoga way of life can play in manag-ing stress and burnout among managers. The results show a significant difference between those who are introduced to the practice of the Yoga way of life and others in burnout and stress. Among many suggested coping skills for stress, Yoga happens to be fitting in the best, mainly because of its ability to change positively individual responses to stress stimuli. However, in or-der to get the benefit of Yoga in its entirety, one has to adopt Yoga as a technique of life management. This would include not only the Raj Yoga practices of asana, pranayama, and meditation, but also imbibing the con-cept of detatched action (Karma Yoga), trust in God’s jus-tice system (Bhakti Yoga), and seeking the knowledge of self (Jnan Yoga). Such an integrated approach can yield superior results for individual happiness and also for organizational success.
+
+Based on our study, we are motivated to recommend similar experimental studies in multiple organizational settings to further refine these findings and insights. One approach is to conduct a similar study with large sam-ple size, which may corroborate this initial attempt. Also in case of other similar experiments, different instru-ments for measuring job burnout may be tried, in order to take care of the social desirability.
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+32	IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF YOGA WAY OF LIFE ON THE REDUCTION OF JOB BURNOUT OF MANAGERS
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+
+
+
+Hasmukh Adhia is a senior member of the Indian Adminis-trative Service (1981), presently working as Principal Secre-tary  to  the  Government  of  Gujarat  in  the  Education Department. He holds a basic degree in Accountancy and a Post Graduate Diploma from the Indian Institute of Manage-ment, Bangalore. He was awarded the ‘Gold Medal’ for Aca-demic Excellence in Post Graduate Programme in Public Policy and Management by IIMB in 2004. He obtained his Ph.D. in Yoga from Swami Vivekananda Yoga University, Bangalore. Dr. Adhia has written two books –Reinventing Government through HRM Strategies and My Notes to Myself. These address the HRM issues in the government sector.
+
+e-mail: [email protected]
+
+H R Nagendra is at present the President of VYASA, Banga-lore, VYASA, International, VYERTI, Melbourne and the Vice Chancellor of SVYASA Deemed University. He has authored and co-authored about 35 books on Yoga, nearly 35 research papers in engineering and 60 in Yoga. He has awards from the Ministry of Health, a Yoga Sri award from BKS Iyengar and a
+
+Udupa, K N; Singh, R H and Dwivedi, K N (1977). “Biochemi-cal Studies on Meditation,” Paper presented at the Inter-national Seminar on Stress in Health and Diseases, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi.
+Vasudevan, A (1994). “Meditation in Tension Headache,” NIMHANS Journal, 12(1), 69-73.
+Venkatesh, S (1994). “A Comparative Study of Yoga Practitio-ners and Controls on Certain Psychological Variables,” Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21(1), 22-27.
+Stephen, W and Lesley, L (2002). Managing Workplace Stress: A Best Practice Blueprint, John Wiley & Sons.
+
+
+
+Senior Citizens Award from New Delhi. He is a consultant in Yoga to many Universities in Australia and USA, and a mem-ber of several bodies in the Government of India.
+
+e-mail: [email protected]
+
+B Mahadevan is a Professor of Operations Management at the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, where he has been teaching since 1992. Professor Mahadevan received his M.Tech and a Ph.D from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ma-dras. He obtained his B.E. from the College of Engineering, Guindy, Madras. He is a member of the editorial board of the Production and Operations Management Journal and the Interna-tional Journal of Business Excellence. He has published several of his research findings in leading international journals. His research interests include supply chain management issues in e-markets and e-auction. His other interests include research-ing the possibility of using ancient Indian wisdom to address contemporary concerns.
+
+e-mail: [email protected]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Yoga is invigoration in relaxation. Freedom in routine. Confidence through self control. Energy within and energy without.
+
+— Ymber Delecto
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010	33

document/management/Impact of Integrated Yoga Module on Leadership Competencies of Managers _ Taware _ Prabandhan_ Indian Journal of Management conv.txt

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+ HOME         ABOUT US         LOGIN         REGISTER         EDITORIAL BOARD         ARCHIVES         AUTHOR INDEX         TITLE INDEX             CART  0
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+Home > Volume 10, Issue 7, July 2017 > Taware                                     MENU	Indexing/Abstracting
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+Open Access	Subscription or Fee Access	Total views : 682	Current Issue
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+Impact  of  Integrated  Yoga  Module  on  Leadership  Competencies  of Managers
+
+Subscription/Renewal
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+Journals
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+Datta S. Taware 1*, Sony Kumari 2, K. B. Akhilesh 3, H. R. Nagendra 4
+
+Affiliations
+1. Research Scholar, Division of Yoga and Management, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani Hobli, Bangalore - 560 105, India
+2. Associate Professor, Division of Yoga and Management, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani Hobli, Bangalore - 560 105, India
+3. Professor, Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Science, C V Raman Avenue, Bangalore- 560 012, India
+4. Chancellor, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani Hobli, Bangalore - 560 105, India
+
+DOI: 10.17010/pijom/2017/v10i7/116491
+
+Abstract
+
+Leadership remains one of the most researched topics, but scientific mechanisms behind the phenomenon are not yet known completely. Leadership competency is considered as a trait of a leader than a process in the organizational context. The purpose of this research was to explore the impact of integrated yoga module on leadership competencies as given in Indian transformational leadership (ITL) and propose a model for the leadership phenomenon. We conducted a randomized control trial study on a total of 126 managers with 90 days of intervention (integrated yoga module (yoga group) (n = 63) and physical exercise (PhyEx group) (n = 63) participants). Experiments revealed that leadership competencies were affected by both integrated yoga module and physical exercise significantly (p < 0.001). RM ANOVA results showed that yoga group showed high effect of size than physical exercise and had a consistent significant effect over repeated measures. The integrated  yoga  module  was  found  to  have  a  consistent  positive  impact  on  most  of  the  leadership competencies with emotional and cognitive domains requiring willpower and self control, while physical exercise had a positive impact only on emotional domains of leadership competencies.
+
+Keywords
+
+Leadership Competency, Leadership Phenomenon, Indian Transformational Leadership, Willpower, Integrated Yoga Module, Physical Exercise
+
+Publishing Chronology
+
+D23, I31, J17, M53, Z12
+
+Paper Submission Date : October 28, 2016 ; Paper sent back for Revision : May 10, 2017 ; Paper Acceptance Date : June 15, 2017.
+
+
+Full Text:
+
+
+|	(PDF views: 0)
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+References
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document/management/Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers conv.txt

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+IIMB Management Review (2010) 22, 32e41
+
+
+available at www.sciencedirect.com
+
+
+
+
+
+
+journal  homepage:  www.elsevier.com/locate/iimb
+
+
+IIMB
+INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT BANGALORE
+
+
+
+
+Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers
+
+Hasmukh Adhia a, H.R. Nagendra b, B. Mahadevan c,*
+
+
+a 12, Judges Bungalows, Judges Bungalow Road, Bodakdev, Ahmedabad, India
+b Swami Vivekanand Yoga Anusandhan Samsthan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, India
+c Operations Management, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore 560076, India Available online 13 April 2010
+
+
+
+
+KEYWORDS Emotional intelligence; Performance improvement;
+Yoga;
+Experimental study
+
+
+Abstract	The popular perception that a high intelligence quotient (IQ) is not necessarily a good predictor of professional and personal success has led to a growing interest in under-standing the role of emotional intelligence (EI) in improving the performance of business managers. This paper studies the impact of the yoga way of life on EI using data collected from 60 managers in a business enterprise and reports enhanced EI as a result of the practice of yoga. The results indicate the importance of yoga as an integral element in improving mana-gerial performance in organisations and the need to further explore this construct in greater detail.
+ª 2010 Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. All rights reserved.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Introduction
+
+One of the important preoccupations of top management is the improvement of managerial performance. Over the last several decades management researchers have developed constructs to identify the factors that influence managerial performance, and have sought to provide a framework to explain performance. In this context, there is a popular
+
+
+* Corresponding  author.  Tel.:  þ90  80  26993275;  fax:  þ90  80 26584050.
+E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Mahadevan).
+0970-3896 ª 2010 Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of Indian Institute of Management Bangalore.
+doi:10.1016/j.iimb.2010.03.003
+
+perception  that  individuals  of  seemingly  average  intelli-gence often do well in their professional and personal lives, whereas  people  with  high  IQ  often  struggle  with  life’s challenges. Therefore, it would be useful to question the assumption that general intelligence is a sufficiently good predictor of success in life. Earlier researchers have sug-gested that other attributes may be better determinants (Goleman, 1995; Sternberg, 1993, 1996; Tapia, 2001).
+There is a vast repository of knowledge and accumulated experience in India on the role of yoga as a way of life in enabling individuals to lead successful and satisfied lives (see  for  example  Becker,  2000;  Srinivas,  1994).  More specifically, the Bhagavad Gita, which explicates on yoga, sees that yoga begets high efficiency in work (Swami Ran-ganathananda, 2000), opening up possibilities of connec-tions with managerial performance.
+This paper builds on the thread suggested above, uti-lising the concept of emotional intelligence (EI) defined by earlier  researchers  to  measure  managerial  performance, and explores the yoga way of life as a potential tool to influence the EI of individuals in a study conducted with managers  of  a  large  organisation.  To  the  best  of  our
+Impact of adoption of yoga way of life
+
+knowledge  there  has  been  no  previous  attempt  in  this direction.
+The paper is organised as follows: In the next section we introduce the concept of EI and motivate the use of this construct   by   discussing   the   key   findings   from   earlier research. An introduction to the yoga way of life and its usefulness  in  improving  EI  in  particular,  and  managerial performance and satisfaction levels in general follows in the next section. The details of the empirical work carried out as part of this study, and the results, key findings, and their implications are discussed in the later sections.
+Our study suggests that the yoga way of life could be a potential contributor to improving the performance of managers, and improving their satisfaction levels. Although the results are based on a single study with a sample of 60 managers from one enterprise, the results are encouraging. Our study motivates further  research into this aspect in multiple  settings,  and  the  generalisation  of  the  results obtained in the study.
+
+
+Emotional intelligence
+
+Emotional intelligence (EI) is ‘a form of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate between them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action’ (Salovey & Mayer, 1990, p 5). Goleman (2000) identifies five components  of  EIdself-awareness,  self-regulation,  moti-vation, empathy and social skill (Exhibit 1). An alternative framework as defined by the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence (2004) is presented in Exhibit 2.
+In  a  later  work  Mayer  and  Salovey  defined  EI  as  the ability  to  perceive  emotions,  to  access  and  generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and  emotional  knowledge,  and  to  reflectively  regulate emotions  so  as  to  promote  emotional  and  intellectual
+
+33
+
+growth (Mayer & Salovey, 1997, p 5). Their definition of EI refers to the underlying intelligence factors that they feel are necessary in order to develop emotional competence (EC) skills. While the definition of EI is useful for making a distinction between general intelligence and emotional intelligence, the concept of EC is relevant if we have to talk about using EI for organisational success. The EC framework identifies two main categoriesdpersonal competence and social competencedwith three clusters in the first category and two in the second. Exhibit 2 shows the major dimen-sions that form the basis of the framework.
+A comparison of the dimensions considered by Goleman (1998) and the framework offered by the Consortium for Research  on  Emotional  Intelligence  (2004)  reveals  many similarities,  and  Goleman’s  influence  on  the  latter  is evident. An analysis of these definitions and characteristics of EI leads us to conclude that EI is different from traditional views of intelligence based on cognitive factors suggesting a different kind of aptitude that is founded entirely on non-cognitive aspects of behaviour (Goleman, 2000).
+Goleman’s  research,  conducted  in  200  large,  global companies reveals that EIdespecially at the highest levels of a companydis the sine qua non for leadership (Goleman, 2000). A person can have first class training, an incisive mind, and a large supply of good ideas, but without EI it is unlikely that s/he will make a great leader. Goleman (1998) reports that emotional quotient (EQ) is twice as important as technical skills and intelligence quotient (IQ) for success in  jobs  at  all  levels,  more  so  at  the  highest  level  in a company. Goleman suggests that the difference between star  performers  and  average  ones  in  senior  leadership positions  can  be  attributed  more  to  EQ  factors  than  to cognitive abilities. Emotional quotient has a champion in none other than Mahatma Gandhi who opined, ‘I know that ultimately one is guided not by the intellect, but by the heart. The heart accepts a conclusion for which the intel-lect subsequently finds reasoning. Man often finds reason
+
+
+Exhibit 1	The five components of emotional intelligence at work.
+Definition	Hallmarks
+
+Self-awareness
+
+
+Self-regulation
+
+
+
+Motivation
+
+
+
+Empathy
+
+
+
+Social skill
+
+The ability to recognise and understand one’s moods, emotions and drives, as well as their effect on others
+
+The ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses and moods; comfort with ambiguity A propensity to suspend judgmentdto think before acting
+A passion to work for reasons that go beyond money or status
+A propensity to pursue goals with energy and persistence
+The ability to understand the emotional makeup of other people
+Skill in treating people according to their emotional reactions
+Proficiency in managing relationships and building networks
+The ability to find common ground and build rapport
+
+Self-confidence
+Realistic self assessment
+Self deprecating sense of humour Trustworthiness and integrity Openness to change
+
+
+Strong drive to achieve
+Optimism, even in the face of failure Organisational commitment
+
+Expertise in building and retaining talent Cross-cultural sensitivity
+Service to clients and customers
+
+Effectiveness in leading change Persuasiveness
+Expertise in building and leading teams
+
+Source: Goleman (2000).
+34
+
+Exhibit 2
+
+
+
+Framework for emotional intelligence.
+Personal competence
+
+H. Adhia et al.
+
+
+
+Social competence
+
+
+
+Self-awareness
+
+
+
+
+Self-regulation
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Self-motivation
+
+Emotional awareness Accurate self assessment Self confidence Leveraging diversity Political awareness
+Self control Trustworthiness Conscientiousness Adaptability Innovativeness
+
+
+
+Achievement drive Commitment Initiative Optimism
+
+Social awareness
+
+
+
+
+Social skills
+
+Empathy
+Service orientation Developing others
+
+
+Influence Communication Leadership Change catalyst
+Conflict management Building bonds
+Collaboration and cooperation Team capabilities
+
+Source: Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence (2004).
+
+
+in support of whatever he wants to do’ (in Chakraborty & Chakraborty, 2008, p 41).
+Researchers have long debated whether leaders are born or made. One can see a similar debate about EI. Are people born with certain levels of empathy, or do they acquire empathy as a result of life’s experiences? It appears that the  answer  is  ‘both’.  Scientific  inquiry  strongly  suggests that there is a genetic component to EI, and psychological and  developmental  research  indicate  that  nurture  plays a role as well. While the debate on the relative influence of nature and nurture continues, research and practice clearly demonstrate that EI can be learned (Goleman, 2000).
+
+Yoga way of life and its relevance to emotional intelligence
+
+Yoga way of life
+
+Yoga is one of the six foundations of Indian philosophy and has been used for millennia to study, explain, and experi-ence the complexities of the mind and human existence (Feuerstein, 1998). Patanjali, an ancient yoga sage, in his Yoga Sutras, defined yoga as a technique used to still the mental fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of  the  true  self  (Iyengar,  1966).  Patanjali’s  Yoga  Sutras outline   a   skilful   way   of   conducting   life   that   fosters moderation and harmony (Becker, 2000). These guidelines, which  include  ethical  and  moral  standards  of  living  in addition to postural and breathing exercises, can be used to foster spiritual growth and evolve one’s consciousness.
+The  yoga  way  of  life  encompasses  the  philosophy  of Karma   yoga   (path   of   detached   action),   Jnana   yoga (knowledge  of  self),  Bhakti  yoga  (trust  in  the  supreme order), and Raja yoga (a prescribed set of eight steps also known  as  Ashtanga  yoga).  Karma  yoga  is  the  path  of focusing on the action on hand without selfishness, ego and carelessness as prescribed by Lord Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita (Swami Ranganathananda, 2000). Jnana yoga is the
+
+path  of  knowledge  of  self  (atman)  propagated  by  Adi Shankaracharya  through  an  interpretation  of  the  Upani-shads, considered the most ancient books of Indian wisdom. Bhakti yoga is the path of total surrender to the supreme power which is based on deep rooted faith in God’s justice system. Raja yoga is the path of control of mind though the practice of Ashtanga yoga or the eight fold path given by the sage Patanjali in his Yoga Sutras (Swami Satyananda Saraswati,  1976).  The  eight  steps  of  Ashtanga  yoga  are yama,  niyama,  asana,  pranayama,  pratyahara,  dharana, dhyana  and  samadhi  (see  Swami  Satyananda  Saraswati, 1976).
+Based on a review of the literature, we hypothesise that practising the yoga way of life may bring about a complete transformation   of   one’s   personality,   on   the   physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels.
+Yogapsychologyconceivesoftheselfintermsofdifferent levels of being. The inner-most core (atman) is covered by five layers. These layers correspond to a step-wise ladder, leading inward to the atman. The journey inward forms the basis of growth and developmentdthe biological evolution from protozoan to man, the psychological evolution from child to adult, and the enhancement of consciousness from cognitive to universal consciousness, wherein there is no ego, and there is the realisation that the concerns and needs of all people are the same, that what is good for one is good for all. In this growth process, feelings and emotions are accepted as having a place in the general scheme; they are not considered wrong or repressed but are transformed and redirected (Srinivas, 1994).
+Chakraborty  and  Chakraborty  (2008)  see  the  human personality as a composite of four subtle variables: reason, will,  emotion  and  conscience.  In  order  to  integrate  the personality, these four factors must be habituated to work in harmony instead of working at cross purposes, and this requires    effort.    Further,    the    expression    ‘integrated personality’ is often employed to imply the same charac-teristics  that  are  expected  of  a  holistic,  self-possessed personality.
+Impact of adoption of yoga way of life
+
+An analysis of the work of several religious and other scholars provides a basis to conclude that the yoga way of life significantly impacts leadership traits and improves EI and EC. Swami Vivekananda averred that the highest man is calm, silent and unknown (Swami Vivekananda, 2006). The highest  man  as  a  leader  is  calm  in  order  to  understand situations, and to think and select the best option for his followers’ development. He is silent in order to listen to himself and to his subordinates, to control his prejudices and conditioning, and to meet others’ hearts. Finally, the leader chooses to remain unknown in order to be free from possible egotistic benefits. According to Sri Aurobindo (in Chakraborty & Chakraborty, 2008), ‘The more complete the calm, the mightier the yogic power, the greater the force in action’ (p 201).
+According to Swami Tapasyananda (1984), man is an inte-gratedwhole,hismindbeingacomplexoffeeling(emotions), will and intellection. In the four spiritual disciplines (i.e. the four types of yogadRaja, Karma, Bhakti and Jnana), one of these  dominates,  while  the  others,  though  subordinate, complete the discipline. This is the integrated yoga of the Bhagavad Gita. Swami Vivekananda too, in hisinterpretation of Vedanta, gives an equal place to all the four yogas.
+The role of yoga in the development of impersonality or the  spiritual  personality  has  been  well  explained  by  Sri Aurobindo  in  his  classic  work,  Essays  on  the  Gita  (Sri Aurobindo,  1942).  According  to  Sri  Aurobindo,  yoga  and knowledge  are  the  two  wings  of  the  soul’s  ascent.  He states, ‘By yoga is meant union through divine works done without desire, with equality of soul to all things and all men, as a sacrifice to the Supreme, while knowledge is that on which this desirelessness, this equality, this power of sacrifices is founded’ (p 191).
+Awareness  of  self  within  and  self  in  others,  leads  us towards  ‘something  higher  than  the  ego,  an  infinite,  an impersonal, a universal existence . In other words, man’s way to liberation and perfection lies through an increasing impersonality.’ There are certain signs which are indica-tive of the development of impersonality. These are: the absence  of  personal  egoism;  freedom  from  desire;  the awareness of an impersonal force of love or will; perfect equality between the soul and nature; and fullness of inner joy and peace (Sri Aurobindo, 1942, pp 121, 123).
+Dwelling on the artof meditation, Swami Anubhavananda andKumar(2007,p283)holdthatit‘strengthensourmuscles of awareness and choice’, helps in training our mind and changing our attitudes. Proposing ‘emotional maturity’ as another attribute to be cultivated, the authors posit that it can   be   cultivated   through   self-contemplation,   which constitutes evaluating one’s emotions, and identifying and expressing feelings in a poised state of heart and mind. This is a state where an individual recognises his inner self and responds accordingly (p 298).
+Relating the philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita to making work  an  enjoyable  experience,  Swami  Bodhananda  Sar-aswati (2007) reiterates the need to engage in the world but remain detached from the fruits of one’s work and to not react to the results of one’s work. Further, he stresses that it is very important to live in constant awareness of oneself so that one has power over one’s thoughts, and can choose responses to the world as per one’s values. This is the   power   that   Patanjali’s   Ashtanga   yoga   enunciates
+
+35
+
+through  the  principle  of  controlling  or  mastering  the thought  modifications  of  the  mind  (Swami  Bodhananda Saraswati, 1998).
+Patanjali’s	Ashtanga	yoga	encompasses	cognitive learning,   moral   conduct,   physiological   practices   and psychological  therapy.  The  first  two  stepsdyama  and niyamadseek and shape external behaviour and thought patterns and thus minimise disturbances in the mind and the body. The handling of emotional contamination and the removal  of  negative  emotions  such  as  anger,  jealousy, greed,  attachment,  ego,  and  an  excessive  desire  for objects are very important in adopting the yoga way of life. The yama and niyama stages of Ashtanga yoga enable an individual   to   eradicate   such   negative   contamination through  sustained  and  conscious  efforts.  Through  such a process, the individual attains a state of ‘chittasuddhi’ or purity of mind, which is considered to be the starting point of the yoga way of life. Sri Aurobindo too (Chakraborty & Chakraborty, 2008) stresses the need for the ‘chitta’ to be purified before clarity and right knowledge dawn.
+On  the  behavioural  side,  abstention  is  sought  from violence, falsehood, dishonesty, sexual excess and acquis-itive tendencies. On the cognitive moral side, the ideals prescribed are purity, contentment, austerity, self study and forbearance. The stages of asana and pranayama are meant  for  disciplining  the  body  and  regulating  subtle energy flows.  In the  fifth  stage of  prayahara,  secondary input is regulated so that the mind is not distracted. The stages of dharana, dhyana and samadhi are for uplifting one’s spiritual self and for heightening consciousness.
+According to Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras (Swami Satyananda Saraswati,  1976),  asana  and  pranayama  practices  are supposed to make our body flexible and purify the subtle energy channels of our body. This paves the way for control of one’s mind, which consists of four aspects: random mind, intellect, subconscious mind and ego. Yoga works on all these four subtle aspects of our mind, and thereby makes one  more  self-aware,  empathetic,  motivated  and  self-regulated. These are the very qualities known as emotional intelligence.
+
+Yoga and the work life
+
+A series of techniques collectively known as ‘yoga’ present a  rich  source  for  generating  indigenous  organisational development  techniques  that  may  perhaps  find  better acceptance than imported intervention designs from the West  (Srinivas,  1994).  ‘Originally  developed  for  personal spiritual growth, yoga offers a well formulated approach to planned change’ (Srinivas, 1994, p 271).
+On the topic of spirituality in the workplace, Sangster (2003) reemphasises that ‘it is possible to lead a spiritual way of life without following any particular religious path’ (p 16). In Sangster’s opinion, spiritual workers are those who    think    cooperatively    and/or    altruistically;    have a balanced, objective view of the world; listen as much as (or more than) they speak; apply three dimensional bigger picture  thinking;  believe  in  a  higher  driving  force  and purpose beyond humankind; find the time to think things through  objectively;  think  laterally  in  order  to  promote realistic  solutions;  encourage  and  empower  others  self-lessly; work open mindedly with a wide range of people;
+36
+
+consistently  display  integrity  and  trust;  and,  expect  the best from people without being a soft touch.
+Giacalone  and  Jurkiewicz  (2003)  stress  yet  another major advantage of nurturing the spiritual mindset within each  worker  in  the  organisationdethicality.  They  assert that fundamental aspects of workplace spirituality, such as meaningful work that provides a feeling of purpose, a sense of connection and positive social relations with co-workers, and the ability to live an integrated life in which the work role does not conflict with the essential nature of a person as  a   human   being,   may   interact   to  create   different perceptions of ethicality within the organisation (p 85).
+Most of the work available on the subject of the impact of  yoga  on  work  life/management  centres  around  the impact   of   transcendental   meditation   (TM)   on   various aspects of management. Transcendental meditation is the skill of effortlessly minimising mental activity so that the body settles into a state of rest deeper than deep sleep while the mind becomes clear and alert (Orme-Johnson, Zimmerman,  &  Hawkins,  1992).  A  review  of  over  500 experimental studies conducted in over 200 Universities in 33 countries (Orme-Johnson et al., 1992) revealed that TM helps expand consciousness, decrease oxygen intake and stress level, increase basal skin resistance and coherence in the electro encephalo gram (EEG) and virtually suspends breathing up to 1 minute.
+At the University of Texas, Orme-Johnson et al. (1992) showed that meditators display a greater physiological equi-librium than non-meditators. They also showed that medita-tors maintain this equilibrium under stress more effectively than non-meditators. Frew (1974) completed a study that concludes that TM increases individual productivity. Frew found  that  meditators  show  increased  job  satisfaction, a decreased desire to change jobs, better performance, and better relationships with supervisors and co-workers.
+Findings on the TM technique relevant to organisational performance include improved cognitive performance (see Orme-Johnson, Alexander, & Hawkins, 2005 for a recent summary  of  studies),  increased  self-esteem  and  higher levels  of  self-actualisation  and  development  (Alexander, Rainforth, & Gelderloos, 1991), and more effective mana-gerial performance (Torbert, 1987). Previous case studies suggest  that  large  proportions  of  organisation  members practising the TM technique contribute to improvements in organisational  performance  (Schmidt-Wilk,  Alexander,  & Swanson, 1996).
+Parde  and  Naidu  (1992)  report  empirical  evidence  to show  that  people  with  a  strong  orientation  to  working sincerely  without  being  preoccupied  with  the  outcome experience less work-related stress. Misra (1989) found that effort orientation rather than concern for outcome leads to greater  intrinsic  satisfaction.  Chakraborty  (1987,  1993) provides   experimental   evidence   that   practising   yoga, meditating, controlling breathing and stilling the turbulent mind can enable workers and managers to purify their mind and make it spiritual, expand their self to include others around them,  and help them grow and transform them-selves without expecting anything in return.
+One of the issues that researchers could confront while using a spiritual and philosophical concept such as yoga to address  issues  on  a  materialistic  plane  is  whether  yoga should  be  used  for  the  utilitarian  purpose  of  enhancing
+
+H. Adhia et al.
+
+a company’s performance, and whether a path of individual realisational quest (mukti) can be used to enhance mana-gerial performance. When yoga is interpreted as ‘a way to unite  with  universal  consciousness’  (yujjyate  anena  iti yogah),  it  emphasises  the  individual  realisational  quest aspect of yoga. However, there are other definitions of yoga which point to the possibility of using it as a method of improving one’s quality of living and responses to events.
+Yoga is defined as ‘skill in action’ (yogah karmasu kau-salam) in the Bhagavad Gita (Swami Tapasyananda, 1984, Chapter 2, Shloka 50) which discusses yoga explicitly, and further states that one must strive for the state of yoga where ‘One (is) endowed with . unperturbed evenness of mind  (that)  abandons  the effects  of both  good  and  bad actions’ even in this world. The original shloka is as follows:
+Buddhiyukto jahati’ha ubhe sukrta-duskrte Tasmad yogaya yujyasva yogah karmasu kausalam
+
+This shloka clearly suggests that yoga can be applied to day-to-day   living,   which   seems   largely   utilitarian.   Sri Aurobindo, (in Chakraborty & Chakraborty, 2008), stating the   power   of   yoga,   reiterates   that   right   knowledge becomes the infallible source of right action (yohgah kar-masu kaushalam) (p 201). To quote Sri Aurobindo fully, ‘The more complete the calm, the mightier the Yogic power, the greater the force in action. In this calm the right knowledge comes. The activity of the mind must cease, the chitta be purified, a silence falls upon the restlessness of prakriti; then in that calm, in that voiceless stillness, illumination comes upon the mind, error begins to fade away.clarity establishes itself in the higher stratum of the conscious-ness, compelling peace and joy in the lower. Right knowl-edge becomes the infallible source of right action. Yohgah karmasu kaushalam.’ (p 201).
+In the light of the many definitions and descriptions of yoga, referring to the spiritual and the secular quest, we submit that the realisational vs utilitarian divide is artifi-cial.   A   truly   realisational   objective   has   to   be   all-comprehensive. It is in this context that we have chosen to do empirical research on this subject.
+
+
+Hypothesis
+
+So far no systematic attempt has been made to conduct a controlled study to identify the impact of adopting the yoga  way  of  life  on  the  emotional  intelligence  (EI)  of managers. We would therefore like to study the relation-ship   between   them   by   hypothesising   the   relationship between the yoga way of life and its impact on the EI of managers in a business organisation.
+Goleman (2000) opines that far too many training pro-grammes intended to build leadership skills, including EI, are ineffective because they focus on the wrong part of the brain.
+Emotional  intelligence  is  born  largely  in  the  neuro-transmitters of the brain’s limbic system, which governs feelings, impulses, and drives. Research indicates that the limbic  system  learns  best  through  motivation,  extended practice, and feedback. On the other hand, the neocortex, which  governs  analytical  and  technical  ability,  grasps concepts and logic. It is the part of the brain that figures
+Impact of adoption of yoga way of life
+
+out how to use a computer or make a sales call by reading a  book.  Not  surprisingly  it  is  also  the  part  of  the  brain mistakenly targeted by most training programmes aimed at enhancing EI. Goleman (2000), quoting his research with the  Consortium  for  Research  on  Emotional  Intelligence, maintains   that   organisational   programmes   which   take a neocortical approach can even have a negative impact on job performance.
+We propose a null hypothesis of no impact of yoga way of life on the EI of managers.
+
+Constructs for measurement of emotional intelligence
+
+The scale used for this research was the Self-Reported EI Scale (SREIS) (Schutte et al., 1998), which was developed to reflect Salovey and Mayer’s (1990) original ability model of EI and was validated in relation to dimensions of the Trait Meta-Mood  Scale  (Salovey,  Mayer,  Goldman,  Turvey,  & Palfai, 1995) as well as the characteristics usually identified as  more  relevant  to  trait  models  of  EI  (Goleman,  1995) including alexithymia, optimism and impulse control. This 33-item EI scale assesses multiple aspects of EI including appraisal   and   expression   of   emotions,   regulation   of emotion and utilisation of emotion. Participants rated the extent  to  which  they  agreed  with  each  item  on  7-point Likert type scales ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The SREIS measure is reported to have good   internal   consistency    and   test-retest   reliability (Schutte  et  al.,  1998),  and  has  demonstrated  predictive validity.
+There are other scales available to measure the EI con-structethe Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS), and a more recent version of this measure viz the Mayer, Salovey,  Caruso  Emotional  Intelligence  Test  (MSCEIT), developed to measure the ability to monitor, discriminate and  manage  emotions  (Mayer  &  Salovey,  1997;  Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 2002); the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) to measure psychological well-being and adaptation proposed  by  Kemp  et  al.  (2005),  and  the  Emotional Competence  Inventory  (ECI)  for  measuring  social  and emotional competency in the workplace (Goleman, 1995, 1998). MSCEITwas developed as an ability- or performance-based measure of the EI construct. On the other hand, other  measures  such  as  the  EQ-i  or  ECI  are  self-report measures which may reflect ‘perceived’ EI, rather than actual  capacity.  While  the  debate  on  the  best  way  to measure EI continues, some researchers have also argued that the different conceptualisations and measurements of this construct are more complementary than contradic-tory, and that most models and measures of EI share some common elements, including the capacity to perceive and regulate emotions in oneself as well as in others (Ciarrochi, Chan, & Caputi, 2000; Emmerling & Goleman, 2003; Gole-man, 2001; Palmer, 2003).
+Some  researchers  maintain  that  self-report  question-naires  are  subject  to  response  bias  which  may  obscure findings concerning the construct of interest (Moorman & Podsakoff, 1992). Individuals who are required to complete self-report questionnaires to apply for or keep a position, may consciously or unconsciously provide answers that are socially desirable (James & Mazerolle, 2002). Therefore,
+
+37
+
+the   way   in   which   individuals   respond   on   self-report questionnaires  may  be  a  potential  source  of  inaccuracy (Paulhus  &  Reid,  1991),  which  may  produce  negative consequences for organisations. Self-report measures of EI also  have  the  inherent  propensity  to  be  susceptible  to socially desirable responding.
+Downey,  Godfrey,  Hansen,  &  Stough,  (2006)  observe a weak relationship between EI and social desirability (SD). Social   desirability   was   experimentally   manipulated   by examining  the  relationship  between  EI  and  SD  in  two groups. The first group (n Z 34) completed the question-naires anonymously and were told that no feedback would be provided. The second group of participants (n Z 45) were informed that they would receive detailed feedback about their EI. Emotional intelligence did not significantly differ between the two feedback conditions. The results indicated that there is no significant or substantial rela-tionship  between  self-report  EI  and  SD.  In  view  of  this finding our use of self-report questionnaires may not distort the findings of our study significantly.
+
+Yoga way of life and emotional intelligence: empirical study
+
+The  present  study  was  conducted  in  a  manufacturing company in the state of Gujarat in western India, in one of the  units  manufacturing  viscose  staple  fibre  (VSF).  The organisation is a flagship company of a large conglomerate, which ranks among India’s largest private sector companies. The VSF plant where this study was conducted was set up in 1996. The unit where this study was conducted has about 120 people in the managerial cadre and more than 1000  in  the  workers’  category.  The  average  total  work experience of the sample group is 16.11 years. Most of the employees reside in the township of the company, which
+made it easy to conduct the intervention of yoga.
+The salient aspects of the study methodology are sum-marised below:
+
+ The managers of the company were given the option of participating in this study after the purpose and the modality of this experiment were explained to them. One of the expectations was regularity of attendance for the theory and practice sessions of the proposed study. Written consent for participating in the experi-ment was obtained.
+ Those  who  agreed  to  participate  in  the  study  were divided into two equal groups of 42 each; Group 1 was designated as the yoga group and group 2 as the phys-ical exercise group, which was the control group for this experiment.
+ The yoga group was given 30 hours of yoga practice (75 minutes every day) and 25 hours of theory lectures on the philosophy of yoga spread over six weeks. The theory lectures were given by the first author of this article and included topics such as definitions of the yoga way of life, implications of the four types of yoga (Raja yoga, Karma yoga, Jnana yoga and Bhakti yoga) on life, analysis of the aspects of true happiness in life, Ashtanga yoga steps and the central theme of univer-sality of consciousness as propounded in these texts.
+38
+
+The practice sessions for the elements of yoga which included asanas, pranayama and relaxation were con-ducted by a well-trained yoga instructor.
+ The  control  group  was  also  given  training  in  normal physical workout for an equal number of hours, and lectures on the success factors in life based on modern thought (that seeks to achieve success by systematic control of factors within one’s area of influence). This was necessary in order to obviate the possibility of the Hawthorne effect on the control group. The topics for theory given to this group included success and happi-ness,  the  importance  of  attitude,  self-image,  good relationship with others, goal setting, the power of the subconscious  mind,  communication,  motivation  and leadership. The practice given to this group included fast  exercises  such  as  spot  jogging,  bending,  body rotation, hand and leg movements etc.
+ In order to test the hypothesis, EI was measured for both the groups, before and after the study, with the help  of  a  standard  self-reported  questionnaire.  In addition, measurements of certain physical parameters such as weight, body mass index, blood pressure, and blood sugar were taken for all, before and after the study.
+ The required data was taken before the commence-ment  of  the  study  on  17th  September,  2007.  The intervention  to  both  the  groups  was  simultaneously done between 18th September and 24th October, 2007. The   post-study   measurement   was   done   on   24th October, 2007.
+ Out of the total of 42 in both groups, there were some who did not attend all the theory and practice classes on several days, and hence only the top 30 (in terms of regularity) were included for both groups in the final sample  for  the  analysis.  This  came  to  a  minimum attendance   figure   of   65%   approximately   for   both groups.  The  profile  of  this  group  is  summarised  in Exhibit 3.
+
+Exhibit  4  schematically  shows  the  study  methodology and the group composition.
+As mentioned earlier, yoga should not be equated with asana practice alone. It encompasses a) a moral code of conduct (as given in yama and niyama), b) physical practices (suchasasanaandpranayama),c)thedevelopmentofadeep rooted trust in God’s justice system (Bhakti yoga), d) the adoption of the attitude of putting in one’s best in any piece of work without worrying about the possibility of adverse results(Karmayoga),ande)meditationonthenatureofself.
+
+H. Adhia et al.
+
+Employees in the firm (About 1120)
+
+
+Control Group	Experiment Group (30 Managers)                                             (30 Managers)
+
+
+Pre-study               Post-study                    Pre-study               Post-study measurement          measurement               measurement          measurement
+
+Exhibit 4	Schematic representation of the study plan.
+
+
+In this experiment rigorous training of 55 hours spread over 6 weekswasorganisedfortheyogagroupto instilallthesefive aspects in the experiment group.
+
+Results and implications
+
+Statistical analysis of the data was done using the SPSS. The sample profile given in Exhibit 3 indicates that 80% and 86% of the participants from the yoga group and the control group respectively were from the age group of 21e50, while the rest were above 50. Similarly, 20% of the yoga group and 17% of the control group were from the top management (i.e. deputy general manager and above), while 57% of the yoga group and 63% of the control group were from the line level managers (deputy managers and officers).
+In the validity test conducted, the pre-experiment result of the 33-item scale of EI had a Chronbach’s alpha of 0.84 while that of the post-study data of EI showed alpha of 0.85.  The  average  EI  score  for  the  yoga  group  and  the control group was 5.50 and 5.61 respectively before the experiment. The average EI score after the experiment for the yoga group and the control group was 5.97 and 5.55 respectively (Exhibit 5). In the paired t-test of the pre- and post- study data, EI showed significant enhancement in the yoga group (p Z 0.005), but not in the physical exercise group (Exhibit 6). The results further showed that while the difference in the average EI between the yoga group and the physical exercise group was not significant prior to the experiment (thus supporting random choice of samples), the  same  was  statistically  significant  at  the  end  of  the experiment with p Z 0.001 (Exhibit 7).
+According to Swami Rama et al. (1976), yoga psychology integrates the behavioural and introspective approaches to growth.  It  provides  a  perspective  from  which  one  can become  disengaged  from  involvement  in  the  unhappy personalities one has created for oneself and in the nega-tive role one has adopted. It moves quickly to a training
+
+
+Exhibit 3	Profile of sample.
+Group	Total	Exhibit 5	Average scores of emotional intelligence (EI)
+
+
+
+Age	21e50
+51 and above
+
+
+Yoga
+24 (80.0%) 6 (20.0%)
+
+
+Physical
+26 (86.7%) 4 (13.3%)
+
+
+
+50 (83.3%) 10 (16.7%)
+
+(pre- and post-intervention).
+Group
+
+
+n	Mean    Std deviation
+
+
+
+
+Level    Line level Middle level Top level
+
+
+17 (56.7%) 7 (23.3%) 6 (20.0%)
+
+
+19 (63.3%) 6 (20.0%) 5 (16.7%)
+
+
+36 (60.0%) 13 (21.7%) 11 (18.3%)
+
+Average scores
+of pre-intervention EI Average scores
+of post-intervention EI
+
+Yoga	30    5.50	0.63 Physical    30    5.61	0.57 Yoga	30    5.97	0.48 Physical    30    5.55	0.46
+Impact of adoption of yoga way of life	39
+
+
+Exhibit 6
+Group
+
+Paired t-test for emotional intelligence (EI) for yoga and physical group.
+Paired differences	t	df	Sig (2 tailed)
+
+
+
+
+Yoga
+
+Physical
+
+
+Average of post-intervention EI e pre-intervention EI
+Average of pre-intervention EI e post-intervention EI
+
+Mean	Std deviation 0.47	ÿ0.85
+
+ÿ0.06	ÿ0.59
+
+Std error mean
+ÿ0.15	3.03	29	0.005
+
+ÿ0.11	ÿ0.57	29	0.574
+
+
+
+
+programme for changing habits, thought patterns and self concepts (p 305).
+In this context, spirituality in the workplace is of much interest to researchers. Mohamed, Wisnieski, Askar, & Syed (2004) present four interesting advantages in their review of workers who maintain the spiritual mindset. First they claim that the stronger the spiritual factor of personality, the more tolerant the person is of work failure and less susceptible to stress (p 102); the more s/he favours the democratic style of leadership, and the higher is her/his trust in and tolerance of human diversity; the more s/he exhibits altruistic and citizenship behaviour, and the more is her/his commitment to the organisation and work group. Our study is consistent with these findings, indicating that a systematic adoption of the yoga way of life can result in better EI among managers, thus paving the way for their better performance as managers.
+In  most  organisations,  leaders  play  a  pivotal  role  in driving performance. There are several leadership training programmes being conducted by successful companies. But the yoga way of life is seldom taught systematically as part of these training programmes.
+Currently yoga methods are taught in India and several Western countries in a more general platform as a means to de-stress individuals and improve personal satisfaction. It would be beneficial to provide systematic exposure to the knowledge enshrined in the texts emphasising the yoga way of life to all managerial cadres of companies. Our study shows that such an initiative would help them personally as well as professionally. They can become more self-aware and self-regulated individuals, with a proper perspective of life and various relationships. In the Indian context, the assimilation of this knowledge could be better and easier, since Indians would probably have some prior exposure to these  concepts.  Psychological  counselling  sessions  could include  a  significant  component  of  yoga  practices  to improve the efficacy of such interventions.
+There are certainaspects that needto be followed during the  implementation  of these  ideas.  First  of all,  the  top managers of the company have to be convinced about the
+
+utility of this idea. They should themselves have the neces-sary trust in this philosophy and the results it can bring. One of the potential challenges to the yoga way of life is the apprehension  of  ‘renunciation  effects’  in  a  productive working  environment  characteristic  of  business  organisa-tions, which look to nurture the ‘killer instinct’ of their executives. Such apprehensions are the result of a lack of understandingofthetrueconceptsofyoga.Forexample,far from being against ‘goal orientation’, the dynamic concept of karma yoga enables an individual to be free from all worriesandpropelshimtoactionimmediately.Alsoaperson who is not excessively worried about the results would be a true risk taker, who will take tough decisions in the best interests of his organisation.
+Once convinced about the utility of this training in the yoga way of life, the tougher challenge lies in finding the right  people  to  train  company  executives.  Further,  the training has to be continuous, and repeated periodically. Acceptance of the yoga way of life and the right environ-ment  for  it  has  to  be  built  into  the  company  policy. Reciprocally, the company policies have also to pass the test of the yoga way in terms of adhering to the ethical-moral code prescribed in yama and niyama.
+
+Conclusions
+
+Our study has been successful in establishing the usefulness of  the  yoga  framework  for  the  enhancement  of  the emotional intelligence of an employee. However, the key to success   lies   in   giving   employees   total   knowledge   of yogadboth theory and practicedin a systematic manner. If the trainer himself is not perfect, the results may vary. Moreover in the current study we have not attempted to analyse whether the age profile has an impact. Conducting a larger study with separate samples for various age profiles may give more insights.
+The results obtained in this study point to the need to conduct similar experiments in other organisational settings and with a larger sample size. As in the case of similar experiments, different instruments for measuring EI may be
+
+
+
+Exhibit 7	Independent t-test comparing two groups pre- and post- intervention for emotional intelligence.
+Comparison between	Levene’s test for quality of variance	t-test for equality of means
+
+two groups (Equal variance assumed)
+Pre-intervention Post-intervention
+
+
+F	Sig.
+
+
+0.048                             0.828 0.235                             0.630
+
+
+t	df
+
+
+ÿ0.742      58 3.407      58
+
+
+Sig
+(2 tailed)
+
+0.461 0.001
+
+
+Mean difference
+
+ÿ0.115 0.414
+
+
+Std error difference
+
+0.155 0.121
+40
+
+tried in place of the self-report format used here, so that the social desirability angle may also be accounted for. It would also be useful to study dimensions such as the extent of ‘burn out’ of the positive effects of the yoga way of life through longitudinal studies of EI and EC.
+The study also opens up debates on some of the larger issues  related  to  the  theme  of  yoga,  managerial  effec-tiveness and the use of statistical tools in empirical study. At  a  philosophical  level,  the  yoga  way  of  life  seeks  to unite	the	individual	consciousness	with	universal consciousness.  At  the  empirical  level,  the  efficacy  of scientific scrutiny needs to be tested by conducting more studies.  Also  it  may  call  for  handling  more  qualitative data   and   experiential   data   than   quantitative   data. Developing   better   research   methodologies   to   handle these  unique  aspects  is  another  area  that  may  require further work in the future.
+
+
+References
+
+Alexander, C. N., Rainforth, M. V., & Gelderloos, P. (1991). Tran-scendental  meditation,  self-actualization  and  psychological health:  A  conceptual  overview  and  statistical  meta-analysis. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(5), 189e247.
+Becker,  I.  (2000).  Uses  of  yoga  in  psychiatry  and  medicine.  In P. R. Muskin (Ed.), Complementary and alternative medicine and   psychiatry   (pp.   107e145).   Washington   DC:   American Psychiatric Press.
+Chakraborty, S. K. (1987). Managerial effectiveness and quality of work life: Indian insights. New Delhi: McGraw Hill.
+Chakraborty, S. K. (1993). Managerial transformation by values: A corporate pilgrimage. New Delhi: Sage.
+Chakraborty,  S.  K.,  &  Chakraborty,  D.  (2008).  Spirituality  in management e Means or end? Oxford University Press.
+Ciarrochi,  J. V., Chan, A. Y.  C., & Caputi, P.  (2000). A critical evaluation of the emotional intelligence construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(3), 539e561.
+Consortium  for  Research  on  Emotional  Intelligence in  Organiza-tions.    (2004).    Emotional    competence    framework.    www. eiconsortium.org/research/emotional_competence_framework. htm (Last accessed 06.06.05).
+Downey, L. A., Godfrey, J. L., Hansen, K., & Stough, C. (2006). The impact of social desirability and expectation of feedback on emotional intelligence in the workplace. E-Journal of Applied Psychology: Emotional Intelligence, 2(2), 12e18.
+Emmerling, R. J., & Goleman, D. (2003). Emotional intelligence: Issues	and	common	misunderstandings.	http://www. eiconsortium.org (Last accessed 05.07.07).
+Feuerstein, G. (1998). The yoga tradition: Its history, literature, philosophy, and practice. Prescott, AZ, New York: Hohm Press Foundations, Harper and Row.
+Frew,  D.  (1974).  Transcendental  meditation  and  productivity. Academy of Management Journal, 17(2), 362.
+Giacalone, R. A., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. (2003). Right from wrong: The influence of spirituality on perceptions of unethical business activities. Journal of Business Ethics, 46(1), 85.
+Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam. Goleman,  D.  (1998).  Working  with  emotional  intelligence.  New
+York: Bantam.
+Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review, 78(2), 78e90.
+Goleman, D. (2001). The emotionally intelligent workplace: How to select for, measure and improve emotional intelligence in individuals, groups and organizations. New York: Jossey Bass.
+Iyengar, B. K. S. (1966). Light on yoga. New York: Schocken Books.
+
+H. Adhia et al.
+
+James,  L.  R.,  &  Mazerolle,  M.  D.  (2002).  The  Measurement  of Personality  in  Organizational  Settings.  In  D.  Whetten  (Ed.), Foundations for organizational science e Personality in work organizations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
+Kemp,A.H.,Stephan,B.C.,Hopkinson,P.,Sumich,A.L.,Paul,R.H., Clark,  C.  R.,  et  al.  (2005).  Toward  an  integrated  profile  of depression:  Evidence  from  the  brain  resource  international database. Journal of Integrated Neurosciences, 4(1), 95e106.
+Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In   . Salovey, & D. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional development and emotional  intelligence:  Educational  implications  New  York: Basic Books.
+P
+Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. (2002). MayereSaloveye Caruso  emotional  intelligence  test:  User’s  manual.  Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
+Misra, G. (1989). Intrinsic motivation extrinsic reward and perfor-mance. Indian Education Review, 24(17), 25.
+Mohamed, A. A., Wisnieski, J., Askar, M., & Syed, I. (2004). Towards a  theory  of  spirituality  in  the  workplace.  Competitiveness Review, 14(1/2), 102.
+Moorman, R. H., & Podsakoff, P. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review and empirical test of the potential confounding effects of social desirability response sets in organizational behaviour research. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65(2), 131e150.
+Orme-Johnson, D. W., Alexander, C. N., & Hawkins, M. A. (2005). Critique of the national research council’s report on medita-tion. (Special issue). Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Applications of Maharishi Vedic Science, 17(1), 383e414.
+Orme-Johnson,  D.  W.,  Zimmerman,  E.,  &  Hawkins,  M.  (1992). Maharishi’s vedic psychology: The science of the cosmic psyche. In H. S. R. Kao, & Y. H. Poortinga (Eds.), Asian perspectives on psychology (pp. 282).
+Palmer,  B.  R.  (2003).  An  analysis of  the  relationships  between various   models   and   measures   of   emotional   intelligence. Unpublished   Doctoral   Dissertation.   Melbourne:   Swinburne University of Technology.
+Parde, N., & Naidu, R. K. (1992). Anasakti and health: A study of non-attachment.  Psychology  and  Developing  Societies,  4(1), 89e104.
+Paulhus, D. L., & Reid, D. B. (1991). Enhancement and denial in socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(2), 307e317.
+Salovey,  P.,  &  Mayer,  J.  D.  (1990).  Imagination,  cognition  and personality. Emotional Intelligence, 9(3).
+Salovey, P., Mayer, J. D., Goldman, S. L., Turvey, C., & Palfai, T. P. (1995).   Emotional   attention,   clarity  and   repair:  Exploring emotional  intelligence  using  the  trait  meta-mood  scale.  In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure and health (pp. 125e154). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004.
+Sangster,  C.  (2003).  Spirituality  in  the  workplace:  Finding  the holistic happy medium. Training Journal, 16, 16.
+Schmidt-Wilk,  J.,  Alexander,  C.  N.,  &  Swanson,  G.  C.  (1996). Developing consciousness in organizations: The transcendental meditation  program  in  business.  Journal  of  Business  and Psychology, 10(4), 429e444.
+Schutte,  N.  S.,  Malouff,  J.  M.,  Hall,  L.  E.,  Haggerty,  D.  J., Cooper, J. T., & Golden, C. J. (1998). Development and vali-dation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 167e177.
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+Impact of adoption of yoga way of life
+
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+
+41
+
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document/management/Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and quality of life in persons with HIV A randomized controlled study conv.txt

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+See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328557453
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+Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and QoLin persons with HIV: A randomized controlled study
+
+Article in Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · October 2018
+DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.10.005
+
+
+CITATIONS                                                                                                                                                                                                                      READS 4                                                                                                                                                125
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+Kashinath Metri
+Central University of Rajasthan
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+All content following this page was uploaded by Kashinath Metri on 31 October 2018.
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+The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.
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+Accepted Manuscript
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+
+Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and QoLin persons with HIV: A randomized controlled study
+
+Asha Kiloor, Sonykumari, Kashinath Metri
+
+
+
+PII:
+
+DOI:
+
+Reference:
+
+
+To appear in:
+
+S1360-8592(18)30446-7
+
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.10.005
+
+YJBMT 1733
+
+
+Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies
+
+
+
+Received Date: 22 June 2017
+
+Revised Date:   12 March 2018
+
+Accepted Date: 28 July 2018
+
+
+
+Please cite this article as: Kiloor, A., Sonykumari, Metri, K., Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and QoLin persons with HIV: A randomized controlled study, Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.10.005.
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+This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please
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+ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
+
+
+
+
+Title: Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and QoLin persons with HIV: A randomized controlled study
+
+
+
+Authors:
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+Asha Kiloor1, Msc (Yoga)
+
+Yoga Therapist, SVYASA University, Bengaluru
+
+Dr Sonykumari1, PhD
+
+Associate Professor, SVYASA University, Bengaluru
+
+*Dr Kashinath Metri1, MD, PhD
+
+Assistant Professor, SVYASA University, Bengaluru
+
+
+
+*Corresponding author: Dr Kashinath G Metri
+
+Email:  [email protected]	Mobile: +01 9035257626
+
+1Affiliation:  Division  of  Yoga  and  Life  Sciences,  Sami  Vivekananda  Yoga
+
+Anusandhana Samsthan (SVYASA – A deemed to be a University), # 1 Eknath
+
+Bhavan Gavipuram Circle K G Nagar, Bengaluru-560019, India.
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1
+ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
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+
+
+
+ABSTRACT
+
+Background: Evidence suggests that individuals with human immunodeficiency
+
+virus  (HIV)  positive,  often  exhibit  poor  physical  and  mental  health,  which
+
+contributes to a reduced Quality of Life (QoL). Yoga is a form of alternative
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+therapy that has positive influences on general health and QoL.
+
+Objectives: This study examined the effects of yoga on i) anxiety, depression
+
+and psychological well-being, and ii) Quality of Life (QoL), among individual
+
+with HIV positive.
+
+Methodology:   Sixty   individuals   with   HIV-positive   (aged30–50   years)   from
+
+rehabilitation centres across Bangalore were randomly assigned to the yoga
+
+intervention group (n=30; 11 men) or the wait-listed control group (n=30; 10
+
+men).  Participants  in  the  yoga  group  underwent  8  weeks  of  intense  yoga
+
+practice, performed  an hour a day, for 5 days  a week. The yoga practice
+
+consisted of physical postures, breathing practices, relaxation techniques, and
+
+meditation. Participants in the wait-listed control group followed their normal
+
+routine.  Anxiety,  fatigue,  depression,  and  QoL  were  assessed  twice  for  all
+
+subjects in each group – once at the start of the study to establish a baseline
+
+and once more at the end of the2month study period to assess any changes.
+
+Data analysis was performed on the assessments using SPSS software version 10.
+
+Results:  In  the  yoga  group,  a  significant  reduction  in  anxiety  (p<0.001),
+
+depression  (p<0.001),  and  fatigue  (p<0.001)  was  observed,  associated  with
+
+significant  improvements  in  well-being  (p<0.001)  and  all  domains  of  QoL
+
+(p<0.001). However, in the control group, an increase in anxiety, fatigue, and
+
+depression was observed, associated with a significant decrease in well-being
+
+and QoL.
+
+Conclusion:  This  study  clearly  indicates  that  yoga  intervention  improves  the
+
+psychological health and QoL of individuals with HIV-positive. Therefore, based
+
+
+
+2
+ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+
+
+
+on these findings, yoga is strongly recommended as a complementary therapy
+
+to enhance conventional HIV care.
+
+Keywords: HIV, Yoga, Fatigue, Anxiety, Depression, Quality of Life.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
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+
+3
+ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Approximately,	40	million	people	worldwide	are	living	with	human
+
+immunodeficiency virus  (HIV)  infection  (Alter  et  al  2006).  Country-wise, India
+
+records the second-highest number of HIV-infected persons, approximately 3–4
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+million (Go et al 2004). HIV is an infectious disease that affects an individual’s
+
+immunity, thus increasing vulnerability to various opportunistic infections.
+
+Pharmacological treatments such as Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) are presently
+
+used  to  increase  life  expectancy  and  control  HIV  progression.  But,  the  ART
+
+intervention is frequently associated with various side effects (Antoni et al 2002;
+
+Hartmann et al 2006).
+
+However, despite ART intervention, several psychological issues associated with
+
+HIV, continue to persist among persons with HIV-positive (Green & Smith 2004;
+
+Rodger et al 2013; Rosenfield et al 1996).
+
+Additionally, individuals with HIV-positive experience social stigmas, feelings of
+
+guilt,   uncertainty   about   the   future,   feelings   of   isolation,   lack   of   social
+
+reinforcement, and worry about frequent infections, thus making them prone to
+
+chronic psychological problems such as anxiety disorder and depression (Bogart
+
+LM   et   al   2000;   Vogl   et   al   1999).   Several   cross-sectional   studies   have
+
+demonstrated a high prevalence of anxiety disorder and depression among
+
+individuals  HIV-positive,  with  the  risk  of  depression  being  four  times  more  as
+
+compared to normal individual. The prevalence rate of depression among HIV-
+
+infected individuals ranges from 5% to 45%, and the prevalence rate of anxiety
+
+disorder is up to 38% (Bogart LM et al 2000; Elliott A et al 1998). Also, individuals
+
+with HIV positive have depression have higher suicidal tendency than non-HIV
+
+depressed individuals (Chandra P et al 1998; Cluver et al 2007; Penzak et al
+
+2000).
+
+
+
+
+
+4
+ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
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+
+
+
+Further  studies  have  shown  that  the  presence  of  depression  in  HIV-infected
+
+individuals is associated with a decreased CD4 cell count, an increased viral
+
+load, and reduced compliance with ART (Yun LW et al 2005).
+
+Apart   from   frequent   infections,   weight   loss   and   fatigue   are   observed
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+prominently among individuals  with HIV-positive. Such symptoms  affect daily
+
+work  and  lead  to  more  disability  and  dependency  in  the  persons  with  HIV
+
+(Cleary PD et al 1993; Low et al 2011; Ferrando et al 1998; Breitbart et al 1998).
+
+Collectively, these issues such as anxiety, depression, poor immunity, and HIV-
+
+associated   symptoms	lead   to	reduced	psychological	well-being   and
+
+significantly  affect  quality  of  life  (QoL)  among  individuals  with  HIV-positive
+
+people (Adewuya et al 2008; AminiLari et al 2013; Aranda et al 2004).
+
+Non-drug   interventions   such   as   yoga,   meditation,   tai   chi,   or   Cognitive
+
+Behavioural Therapy (CBT) have been found to be effective in improving several
+
+physical   and   psychological   symptoms   associated   with   chronic   health
+
+conditions, including HIV (Antoni et al 2002; Naoroibam et al 2016; Bhargav et al
+
+2016; Ferrando et al 2004; Taylor et al 1995).
+
+Yoga
+
+Yoga  is  a  form  of  mind–body  intervention  consisting  of  physical  practices,
+
+breathing techniques, and meditation. The science of Yoga is considered to be
+
+approximately  more  than  5000  years  old  (Keley  et  al  2010).  Spiritually,  the
+
+practise of yoga aims to achieve the highest goal of life called Moksha, which
+
+refers to liberation (Siddiqui et al 2016). Scientific investigations have noted the
+
+many physiological and psychological benefits of yoga practice in both clinical
+
+and nonclinical populations (Yang et al 2007; Raju et al 1986).
+
+The practise of yoga has disease preventive effects and beneficial effects on
+
+wellness. Scientific evidences have confirmed the various wellness benefits of
+
+
+5
+ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
+
+
+
+
+yoga for various health conditions, such as diabetes mellitus (Hemmer et al 2008;
+
+Mahapure et al 2008), cardiovascular disease (Ashish et al 2015), neurological
+
+disorders (Sharma, 2015), gastrointestinal disorders (Kaswal et al 2013; ), and
+
+many psychological troubles. A significant portion of yoga research has focused
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+on  studying  its  impact  on  psychological  health  and  well-being.  Yoga  and
+
+meditation intervention studies show reduction in anger (Bhushan & Sinha 2001),
+
+anxiety (Eppley et al 1989), and depression (Krishnamurthy & Telles 2007; Woolery
+
+et al 2004), as well as increase in well-being (Netz & Lidor 2003). The potential of
+
+yoga  to  increase  psychological  well-being,  including  improved  energy,  and
+
+overall QoL has been demonstrated in older adults (Oken B et al 2006).Yoga
+
+practice   reduces   depression   symptoms   in   pregnant   woman   (Mitchell,
+
+2012).Yoga can be considered an ancillary treatment option for people with
+
+depressive disorders and individuals with elevated levels of depression (Cramer
+
+& Langhorst 2013).Yoga practice results in a significant decrease in anxiety levels
+
+and  a  positive  change  in  subjective  well-being  among  students  (Jadhav  &
+
+Havalappanavar 2009).Yoga practice reduces anxiety and blood pressure and
+
+improves	QoL	more	significantly	than	physical	exercise	(Marefat	&
+
+Peymanzad2011).
+
+Hence, the present study intended to assess the impact of a 2-month integrated
+
+yoga intervention on psychological health, QoL, and well-being among HIV-
+
+infected persons, when compared with a matched wait-list control group.
+
+Methods and materials
+
+Participants
+
+HIV-infected   people   aged   30–50   years   on   ART   were   recruited   in   this
+
+study.We considered the participants within this age range because, after the
+
+age  of  50,  people  with  HIV usually experience  severe  weight  loss,  and  co-
+
+morbid  conditions  such  as  tuberculosis,  hepatitis  B,  fatigue  syndrome  etc.
+
+
+6
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+
+
+
+
+rendering them unable to perform yoga. Also, the lower age limit is chosen as
+
+30, as any HIV person below 30 years of age is usually in less advanced stages of
+
+disease.
+
+We approached two HIV rehabilitation centres located in Bengaluru city, India.
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+
+A total of 88 participants was approached for participation, and they were
+
+screened for eligibility criteria.
+
+Among  88  participants,  63  were  found  to  be  eligible  for  the  study.  Of  63
+
+potential participants, 2 declined to participate in the study. Finally, we selected
+
+60  potential  participants  for  the  study.  For  the  equal  distribution  of  subjects
+
+across both groups, we did not consider the data of one subject from yoga
+
+group, although he received IY (See Flow Chant 1). None of the participants
+
+had CD4 count<300 indicating AIDS.
+
+Randomization
+
+Participants’ names were fixed up in alphabetical order and then listed in serial
+
+order from 1 to 60. Using a computer-based random number generator, two
+
+groups were formed. The groups were named 'A' and 'B'. Group A was selected
+
+as intervention group and B as a wait-list group using tossing method.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+7
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Flow Chart 1
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+
+
+
+
+Subjects screened = 88
+
+Eligible subjects = 63
+
+
+
+
+Drop outs=2 Due personal reasons
+
+
+60 subjects
+
+
+
+
+
+Yoga group = 30 subjects
+
+
+
+Pre assessment n=30
+
+
+
+2 Months yoga + ART
+
+
+
+
+
+Post assessment n=30
+
+Control group = 30 subjects
+
+
+
+Pre assessment n=30
+
+
+
+
+ART only
+
+
+
+
+
+Post assessment n=30
+
+
+
+Figure 1: Participant recruitment
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+8
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Inclusion criteria
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+·	HIV-positive and within the age range of30–50 years
+
+·	Willing to participate in the study
+
+·	Participants of Both genders
+
+Exclusion criteria
+
+·	Prior exposure to yoga
+
+·	Physical handicap or Severe disability
+
+·	Recent surgery
+
+·	Acute respiratory infections
+
+·	History of psychiatric illness or usage of antipsychotic medication
+
+·	Drug addiction
+
+Ethical consideration
+
+Participants were informed about the study protocol in their respective mother
+
+tongue,	and	written	informed	consent	was	obtained	before	the
+
+commencement of the study.
+
+This study was approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Directorate of
+
+Distance Education, SVYASA University, Bengaluru, India.
+
+Intervention
+
+All subjects in the yoga group performed2 months of yoga practice consisting of
+
+loosening practices, Suryanamaskara, breathing practices, Asanas, Pranayama,
+
+meditation,  and  relaxation  techniques  (See  Table:1),  which  were  performed
+
+daily for 1hour, 5 days a week. The subjects in the control group followed their
+
+9
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+
+
+
+
+normal routine activity. Regular attendance was monitored by maintaining an
+
+attendance  register  and  subjects  who  attended  <70%  of  the  sessions  were
+
+excluded from analysis. A total of 95% of the subjects attended all sessions, none
+
+of the subjects had attendance less than 70%.
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+The yoga module used in the study by Rosy et al (2015) was applied in this study.
+
+(Please add Table 1 Here)
+
+Table 1: List of practices performed by the yoga group
+
+
+Sl.No.	Name of Practices Starting Prayer
+Shithilikarana practices
+1	Forward and backward bending
+
+Number of rounds
+
+
+5 rounds
+
+Duration 2 min
+
+2 min
+
+
+
+2	Twisting
+3	Side bending
+
+5 rounds                     2 min 5 rounds                     2 min
+
+
+
+Suryanamaskara
+Quick Relaxation Technique
+Breathing Practices
+
+6 rounds	8 min
+3 min
+
+
+
+1	Hands in and out breathing 2	Ankle stretch breathing
+3	Bhujangasanabreathing
+4	Straight leg- raise breathing
+Asanas
+1	Ardhakatichakrasana
+2	Ushtrasana
+3	Paschimothanasana 4	Bhujangasana
+5	Shalabhasana
+6	Setubandasana
+
+5 rounds	2 min 5 rounds	2 min 5 rounds	2 min 5 rounds	2 min
+
+1 round	2min 1 round	1 min 1 round	1 min 1 round	1 min 1 round	1 min
+1 round	1min
+
+
+
+7	Vipareetakarani Quick Relaxation Technique
+Pranayama
+
+1 round                       2 min 3 min
+
+
+
+1	Kapalabhati
+2	Sectional Breathing
+3	Nadishudhi
+
+60–80 rounds/min     2 min 5 rounds                     5 min
+10 rounds	5 min
+
+
+10
+ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
+
+
+
+
+
+4	Seetkari/Seetali/Sadanta 5	Bhramari
+
+5 rounds                     2 min 10 rounds                  5 min
+
+
+
+Meditation
+1	Nadanusandhana Deep Relaxation Technique
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+Closing Prayer
+
+
+9 ×4	 5 min 10 min
+2 min
+
+
+
+
+Assessments and tools
+
+Primary outcome measures
+
+
+WHO Quality of Life- HIV Brief (WHOQOL-HIV BREF)
+
+
+Both groups were administered WHOQOL-HIV BREF before and after 2 months of
+
+(Hsiung PC et al 2011).
+
+
+The WHOQOL-HIV BREF is considered to be a valid &a reliable tool to assess
+
+different domains of QoL among HIV infected persons. It comprises of 31 items,
+
+each using a 5-point Likert scale ( 5 most 1 least?). The 31 items are distributed
+
+across  six  domains.  The  six  domains  of  QoL  are  as  follows:  physical  health,
+
+psychological health, level of independence, social relationships, environment,
+
+and spirituality/religion/personal beliefs. The physical health domain measures
+
+pain and discomfort, energy and fatigue, and sleep and rest. The psychological
+
+health  domain  measures  positive  feelings,  thinking,  learning,  memory  and
+
+concentration,  self-esteem,  body  image  and  appearance,  and  negative
+
+feelings.  The  level  of  independence  domain  measures  mobility,  daily  life
+
+activities, dependence on medications or treatments, and work capacity. The
+
+social relationships domain includes personal relationships, social support, and
+
+
+
+11
+ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT
+
+
+
+
+sexual activity. The environment domain measures physical safety and security,
+
+home environment, financial resources, health and social care, accessibility and
+
+quality, opportunities for acquiring new information and skills, participation in
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+and opportunities for recreation and leisure activities, and physical environment
+
+(pollution, noise, traffic, climate, and transport) (Fatiregun, 2009).
+
+
+Secondary outcome measures
+
+
+Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
+
+Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression
+
+Scale.
+
+The  Hospital  Anxiety  and  Depression  Scale  (HADS)  is  a  valid  tool  to  assess
+
+symptom severity and anxiety disorders and depression in both individuals under
+
+somatic,  psychiatric,  and  primary  care  as  well  as  those  in  the  general
+
+population.  The  scale  contains  a  total  of  14  items,  of  which  7  items  assess
+
+subjective anxiety and 7 assess depressions. (Zigmond AS; Snaith et al RP 1983)
+
+Fatigue
+
+For both groups, subjective fatigue was assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale
+
+(FSS) before and after 2 months.
+
+Fatigue Severity Scale
+
+
+The FSS is a valid tool to assess subjective fatigue. For both groups, the FSS was
+
+administered before and after 2 months. The FSS is a method of evaluating the
+
+impact of fatigue (Valko P et al 2008).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+12
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+
+
+
+
+WHO (Five) Well-Being Index (1998 version)
+
+Both  groups  were  administered  WHO  (Five)  Well-Being  Index  (1998  version)
+
+before and after 2 months of the yoga intervention (Huen & Bonsiqnore M 2001).
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+
+It  is  a  valid  &reliable  tool  to  assess  the  subjective  well-being  of  individual
+
+(Saipanish, 2009; Heun et al 2001).
+
+Data analysis
+
+Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 10 (IBM, Chicago, USA).
+
+
+Data was subjected tothe Shapiro–Wilk test normality test and all variables were
+
+found to be normally distributed. Descriptive statistics were presented as mean
+
+and standard deviation. Paired sample t test and the independent sample t test
+
+were used to compare the characteristics within-group and between-group,
+
+respectively.
+
+
+P value (significance) more than 0.05 was considered to depict a statistically
+
+significant change.
+
+
+Results
+
+Demographic  characteristics  of  participants  did  not  differ  between  the  two
+
+groups; hence, the groups were comparable at baseline (Table 2).
+
+Table 2: Comparison of demographics between the groups at baseline
+
+
+Variable		Yoga group, (n=30; 10 men; 20
+women)
+
+Control group,	p value (n=30; 11 men; 19
+women)
+
+
+[Mean±SD]	[Mean±SD]
+
+
+
+13
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+
+
+
+
+
+Age (years)
+
+History of HIV infection
+
+(years)
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+Fatigue
+
+Psychological well-
+
+being
+
+Anxiety
+
+Depression
+
+Physical QoL
+
+Psychological QoL
+
+Overall QoL &General
+
+health
+
+Social relations
+
+Environmental
+
+Spirituality
+
+41.90±7.02
+
+6.82±1.83
+
+
+
+47.87±4.47
+
+
+11.26±3.52
+
+
+11.29±2.15
+
+9.16±2.15
+
+10.71±1.16
+
+10.27±0.85
+
+
+12.39 ± 1.41
+
+
+9.58 ± 0.81
+
+11.58 ± 0.98
+
+11.68 ± 1.25
+
+42.1±7.32	0.13
+
+6.65±1.36	0.15
+
+
+
+48.42±1.18	0.51
+
+9.87±1.54	0.51
+
+
+11.45±2.17	0.71
+
+9.19±2.04	0.92
+
+10.77±1.15	0.81
+
+10.01±1.01	0.50
+
+12.32 ± 1.17	0.81
+
+
+9.48 ± 0.63	0.60
+
+11.47 ± 0.89	0.84
+
+11.26 ± 1.12	0.17
+
+
+
+
+
+The yoga group consisted of 30 participants (11 men and 19 women), and the
+
+wait-listed control group consisted of 30 participants (10 men and 20 women).
+
+The intervention was found to be feasible, which is evidenced by a regular
+
+attendance rate ofmore than 90%.
+
+Shapiro-Wilk Test: Data was subjected to Shapiro-Wilk test and all the variables
+
+found to be normally distributed with p value more than 0.05. Hence we used
+
+
+14
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+
+
+
+
+the paired sample t-test to assess the changes within each group before and
+
+after 2 months and the independent sample t-test were used to compare the
+
+differences between the groups.
+
+
+
+
+Yoga group (Table 3)
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+In the yoga group, we noted significant improvement in depression (p <0.001),
+
+anxiety (p <0.001), psychological well-being (p <0.001), fatigue (p <0.001), and
+
+all domains of QoL after2 months of yoga intervention when compared with
+
+those at baseline (Table 3).
+
+Control group (Table 3)
+
+In contrast to the yoga group, we observed a significant increase in anxiety (p
+
+<0.001), depression (p <0.001), and fatigue (p <0.005), along with asignificant
+
+decrease  in  all  domains  of  QoL  and  well-being  (p  <0.001),  after  2  months
+
+compared with those at baseline in the control group (See Table 3).
+
+Table 3: Pre–post comparison of variables of yoga and wait-listed control groups
+
+Group	Yoga group	Control group
+
+
+
+
+Pre M ± SD	Post M ± SD
+
+
+p	%
+value	change
+
+
+
+Pre M ± SD	Post M ± SD	p value
+
+Between-
+%	group
+change	compariso
+n p value
+
+
+
+
+Fatigue
+
+
+Well-being
+
+
+Anxiety
+
+Depression
+
+47.87 ± 4.47
+
+
+11.26 ± 3.52
+
+
+11.29 ± 2.15
+
+9.16 ± 2.15
+
+22.77 ± 2.51	<0.001
+
+
+19.03 ± 1.97	<0.001
+
+
+5.45 ± 1.34	<0.001
+
+4.74 ± 1.12	<0.001
+
+−52	48.42 ± 1.18
+
+
+69	9.87 ± 1.54
+
+
+−52	11.45 ± 2.17
+
+−48	9.19 ± 2.04
+
+49 ± 35	0.005	2	<0.001
+
+
+8.61 ± 2.56	0.001	−13	<0.001
+
+
+12.48 ± 2.20	<0.001	9	< 0.001
+
+10.23 ± 1.93	<0.001	11	<0.001
+
+
+QOL	PH	10.71 ± 1.16	15.77 ± 1.12	<0.001	47	10.77 ± 1.15	9.84 ± 1.1	<0.001	−9	<0.001
+
+
+
+15
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+
+
+
+
+
+Psy	10.27 ± 0.85
+
+LOInd	12.39±1.41
+
+SRln	9.58±0.81
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+
+Envmt	11.58±0.98
+
+
+PBlfs
+11.68±1.25
+
+14.94 ± 0.84	<0.001	45
+
+15.68±1.17	<0.001	27
+
+13.29±0.59	<0.001	39
+
+15.71±0.57	<0.001	36
+
+
+<0.001
+15.94±0.96	36
+
+
+10.01±1.01
+
+12.32±1.17
+
+9.48±0.63
+
+
+11.47±0.89
+
+
+
+11.26±1.12
+
+
+9.08±0.91	<0.001	−9	<0.001
+
+10.97±1.49	<0.001	−11	<0.001
+
+9.26±0.58	0.03	−2	<0.001
+
+
+10.87±0.67	0.002	−5	<0.001
+
+
+
+10.84±1.07	0.11	−4	<0.001
+
+
+
+Abbreviations: “<” values are p values’ Fatg, Fatigue;WBng, Well-being;Anx, Anxiety;Dpr, Depression;QOL
+
+Ph, QOL Physical;QOLPsy, QOL Psychological. QOL LOInd, QOL Level of Independence;QOL SRln, QOL Social
+Relation;QOL Envmt, QOL Environment; QOL PBlfs, QOL Personal Beliefs
+
+Between-group comparison
+
+The yoga group showed a higher improvement in anxiety (p <0.001), depression
+
+(p  <0.001),  fatigue  (p  <0.001),  psychological  well-being  (p  <0.001),  and  all
+
+domains of QoL. Thus, we found significant differences between theyoga and
+
+control groups (Table 3).
+
+Discussion
+
+
+In this study, we found a significant improvement in depression, anxiety, fatigue,
+
+well-being, and QoL following 2 months of the yoga intervention in HIV-infected
+
+participants. In contrast to the yoga group, a significant increase in depression,
+
+anxiety,  and  fatigue  and  the  deterioration  of  QoL  and  well-being  were
+
+observed in the control group. Worsening of the control group characteristics
+
+may be attributed to the progression of the disease.   Previously ssurveys have
+
+shown that the natural advancement of disease involves worsening of anxiety
+
+and depression symptoms along with reduction of CD4 counts in HIV patients.
+
+Both these factors are known to have are reciprocities spiraling effect on each
+
+other, resulting in a vicious cycle. Addition of yoga may break this cycle by
+
+preventing or retarding progression of psychopathology (Marry et al 2002).  Rosy
+
+
+16
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+
+
+
+
+et al 2016 also observed that there was an increase in anxiety and depression in
+
+HIV positive patients on ART after one month of routine conventional treatment
+
+as compared to the baseline.
+
+
+This study suggests that yoga practice enhances the mental health by improving
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+the  well-being  and  reducing  anxiety,  depression  and  fatigue.  Further,  these
+
+findings  suggest  the  importance  of  yoga  as  an  alternative  intervention  in
+
+conventional  HIV care. This  study also showed the significance of the  yoga
+
+intervention as an add-on therapy to ART in HIV care.
+
+
+Few  studies  have  shown  the  potential  use  of  the  yoga  intervention  in  HIV-
+
+infected persons.
+
+
+Another randomized controlled trial by Mawar et al 2015 reported significant
+
+improvement in the health related QoL domains (12% in physical health; 9% in
+
+level of independence; 11% in psychological health) (Mawar et al 2015)
+
+
+In   a   randomized   controlled   trial,   Rosy   et   al   (2016)   reported   significant
+
+improvement  in  depression  scores  (p=0.04,  −13.39%)  and  a  non-significant
+
+reduction in anxiety scores (p=0.13, −8.2%) following 1 month of an integrated
+
+yoga intervention in persons with HIV; in contrast to the yoga group, the control
+
+group showed a significant increase in anxiety and depression over the same
+
+period. The findings of our study are consistent with this previous study by Rosy et
+
+al (2016) with a notable difference being the longer duration of 2 months. The
+
+longer duration in our study may explain the comparatively higher improvement
+
+in depression (48%) and anxiety (52%) in the yoga intervention group. Similarly,
+
+asignificant  increase  in  anxiety  and  depression  in  the  control  group  was
+
+observed  at  post-assessment;  which  may  be  attributed  to  HIV-associated
+
+depression and anxiety.
+
+
+
+
+
+17
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+
+
+
+
+In another randomized controlled trial, Ram et al  (2016) reported significant
+
+improvement in QoL domains following 4 months of the yoga intervention in HIV
+
+persons with cocaine addiction (Agarwal et al 2015). Consistent with this study,
+
+our study also found significant improvement in QoL domains following 2 months
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+of yoga intervention. However, the frequency of the yoga intervention in our
+
+study was 5 days per week, as compared to 1 session per week in the previous
+
+study. Also the type of yoga module differed from the previous study. These
+
+variations could explain the greater improvement in QoL domains observed in
+
+our study,
+
+
+Our findings are also supported by a pilot RCT study by Menon et al 2013 in
+
+which significant improvement in physical health, psychological well-being and
+
+CD4 count following 10 weeks of yoga intervention among the adolescents with
+
+HIV positive (Menon et al 2013).
+
+
+The exact mechanism action of yoga is not known. However, based on earlier
+
+findings,  we  can  hypothesize  that  yoga  practice  leads  to  decreased  stress
+
+response through down-regulation of the HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
+
+axis) (Ross et al 2009), which could have contributed to a reduction in anxiety.
+
+Most  of  the  yoga  postures  involve  active  stretching,  which  might  have
+
+contributed to increased parasympathetic activity and enhanced secretion of
+
+positive   Neuro-hormones   such   as   serotonin,   oxytocin   which   have   anti-
+
+depressant action (Sharma et al 2005).   Decreased anxiety and depression is
+
+shown to improve QoL (Chandwani et al 2009).
+
+
+This study has a few limitations such as a small sample size, with no sample size
+
+calculation done prior to the study. Additionally, the control-group has not had
+
+any type of intervention, while the yoga group is a short term intervention.
+
+
+Conclusion
+
+
+
+18
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+
+
+
+
+This study clearly indicates that yoga intervention improves the psychological
+
+health  and  QoL  of  individuals  infected  with  HIV.  Therefore,  based  on  these
+
+findings,  yoga  is  strongly  recommended  as  a  complementary  therapy  to
+
+enhance conventional HIV care.
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+
+
+Conflict of Interest
+
+Authors declare no conflict of interest.
+
+Acknowledgement
+
+
+We are grateful for the constant support we received from the HIV Centres
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
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+throughout the study.
+
+
+
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+
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+
+Reference
+
+
+·	Adewuya, A. O., Afolabi, M. O., Ola, B. A., Ogundele, O. A., Ajibare, A. O.,
+
+Oladipo, B. F., & Fakande, I. (2008). Relationship between depression and
+MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED
+
+quality of  life  in  persons  with  HIV infection  in  Nigeria. The International
+
+Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 38(1), 43-51.
+
+·	Agarwal, R. P., Kumar, A., & Lewis, J. E. (2015). A pilot feasibility and
+
+acceptability study of yoga/meditation on the quality of life and markers
+
+of stress in persons living with HIV who also use crack cocaine. The Journal
+
+of alternative and complementary medicine, 21(3), 152-158.
+
+·	Alter, M. J. (2006). Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection.
+
+Journal of hepatology, 44, S6-S9.
+
+·	AminiLari, M., Faramarzi, H., Shams, M., Marzban, M., &Joulaei, H. (2013).
+
+Sexual  dysfunction,  depression  and  quality  of  life  in  patients  with  HIV
+
+infection. Iranian journal of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, 7(1), 61-
+
+68.
+
+·	Antoni MH, Cruess DG, Klimas N, et al. Stress management and immune
+
+system reconstitution  in symptomatic  HIV-infected gay men  over time:
+
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document/management/Impact of yoga way of life on organizational performance conv.txt

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+3/9/2017	Impact of yogaway of lifeonorganizational performance:[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga(IJoY)
+
+
+
+
+
+ORIGINAL ARTICLE
+Year :2010 | Volume :3 | Issue :2 | Page :55­­66
+
+Impact of yoga way of life on organizational performance
+
+Hasmukh Adhia1, HR Nagendra2, B Mahadevan3,
+1 Government of Gujarat, Gulbai Tekra, Ahmedabad ­ 380 006, India
+2 Swami Vivekanand Yoga Anusandhan Samsthan, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore ­ 19, India 3 Indian Institute of Management, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore 560 076, India
+
+Correspondence Address: B Mahadevan
+Indian Institute of Management, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore ­ 560 076 India
+
+Abstract
+
+Background: Organizational performance can be attributed to a number of factors. However, there are certain organizational factors, the presence or absence of which can determine the success or failure of the organization. There are different ways in which organizations try to improve their performance by working on such factors. In the research presented in this article, an attempt is made to find out whether adoption of the Yoga Way of Life by managers can have a positive impact on such organizational performance indicators. Aims: To measure effect of yoga way of life on five different indicators through an empirical study. Materials and Methods: The five indicators are job satisfaction, job involvement, goal orientation, affective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Statistics Analysis: Pre­ and post­data was measured using self­reported questionnaire. Independent T­test (Paired) and Pearson«SQ»s correlation test were conducted using SPSS. Results and Conclusion: The results of the study show that Yoga has a significant positive impact on four out of five of these indicators. Only job involvement does not show significant improvement. The construct used for measuring job involvement had a Chronbach alpha of0.613,which is an indicator ofmoderate reliability,which could be the main reason for notgetting positive result.
+
+
+Howto cite this article:
+Adhia H,Nagendra H R,Mahadevan B.Impactofyoga way oflife on organizational performance.IntJ Yoga 2010;3:55­66
+
+
+Howto cite this URL:
+Adhia H,Nagendra H R,Mahadevan B.Impactofyoga way oflife on organizational performance.IntJ Yoga [serial online]2010 [cited 2017 Mar 9 ];3:55­66 Available from: http://www.ijoy.org.in/text.asp?2010/3/2/55/72631
+
+Full Text
+
+Introduction
+
+
+The globalization of the industrial world makes it imperative for organizations to put special emphasis on organizational innovation, flexibility, productivity, and responsiveness for changing the external conditions of their performance. Organizational performance can be measured in terms of different criteria for different organizations, and it depends to a great extent on the goals of an organization. However, one way of comparing organizations with different goals is to identify surrogate indicators of performance. In this article we have utilized the past studies and relevant literature to identify five organizational factors that can be used as alibis to assess the performance of an organization from the view point of the setobjectives.These factors are common to mostorganizations,and therefore,can be used to make comparisons between companies or groups.
+
+Today,there is considerable interestamong the managementpractitioners and researchers with regard to the role and benefits ofintroducing spirituality atthe workplace.The Harvard Business School study, drawn over a period of 11 years, showed a marked relation between the strength of the organizations' corporate culture and its profitability. [1] Lloyd [2] maintains that organizations high in workplace spirituality outperform those without it by 86%. Taking a cue from such other studies, we have been motivated to introduce the concept ofthe 'Yoga way oflife'.We have analyzed the possible impactitcan have on such organizational factors,and have utilized the empirical study and literature to make our inferences.
+
+Yoga is generally perceived to be a way of keeping oneself healthy and happy. However, if one truly understands the concept of yoga as a complete way of life, one can clearly see its benefit for changing the paradigms of its practitioners. Such a change in the psycho­motivation of people is useful at the organizational level also. However, so far, very few empirical studies have been undertaken to establish such a link. The main contribution of this article is to fill this gap. Using a controlled scientific experimentation of employees in a manufacturing unit,we provide an empirical assessmentofthe impactofthe yoga way oflife on positive organizational factors.
+
+We pose the question, "Can adoption of the yoga way of life make a positive impact on the factors which are responsible for the performance of organizations? If so, can we empirically observe this phenomenon and provide relevant literature support to explain this?" To the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical research available so far, to answer these questions.We study these issues in this article using an empirical study conducted in a manufacturing unitinvolving 84 executives.
+
+We show that adoption of the yoga way of life can bring about better job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and goal orientation of managers. These factors indeed contribute to the performance of the organization as we have argued in the article. Through a rigorous literature review and understanding of the science of Yoga, as given in our scriptures, we also provide an explanation of how this happens. We also motivate the HR managers in organizations to explore ways of implementing the yoga way oflife,as itpromises to address the issue oforganizational climate ata fundamental level.
+
+The rest of the article is organized as follows. In the next section we provide a review of the literature to introduce various factors contributing to the performance of an organization and the manner in which these contribute. On the basis of this, we identify the variables for our study. In Section 3, we discuss the role of yoga in management by a study of the literature. Based on these we also develop the hypothesis for our study. We present the study details in Section 4, and discuss the results in the following Section. Finally in Section 6, we conclude by highlighting the implications ofour study.
+
+Materials and Methods
+
+
+Factors contributing to organizational performance
+
+Organizational performance can be termed as the achievement of the goals of an organization. The goals of an organization may differ from organization to organization and may also include in its fold quantitative and qualitative aspects. When an organization achieves its goals, it is said to have performed well. As performance is the main reason for the survival of an organization,there is considerable interestamong practitioners and researchers to understand whatresults in a better organizational performance.
+
+Marmol and Murray [3] studied High Performing Organizations (HPOs) from a variety of sectors including financial services, technology, consumer goods, retail manufacturing,
+
+http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2010;volume=3;issue=2;spage=55;epage=66;aulast=Adhia	1/6
+3/9/2017	Impact of yogaway of lifeonorganizational performance:[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga(IJoY)
+transportation, customer services, and energy. The focus of the study was on identifying qualities and practices that helped organizations sustain a superior performance over a long period. They observed that of the six attributes that were common to the HPOs, the most important was leadership competence. According to Uma, [4] most organizations are impacted by globalization, new challenges, and complexities irrespective of whether they operate globally or not. Leadership competence is critical to the success of the organization perhaps more than ever before.
+
+Prahalad,[5]discussed the challenges thatleaders face in the currentenvironmentand the qualities required.The main competencies thathe emphasized to face these are:
+
+
+Coping with ambiguities and uncertaintieseconciling the coexistence of oppositesManaging the diversity in terms of race, age, gender, culture, and intellectual person integrity SelflessnessHumility and courageNetworking across organizationsContextual influence and authority
+
+According to Tichy, [6] the single most important factor that differentiates winning companies from losing ones is that the winning companies possess a leadership engine ­ a proven system for creating dynamic leaders at every level. Warren [7] observed that the key to future competitive advantage will be the organization's capacity to create a social architecture capable ofgenerating intellectual capital;and leadership is the key to realize full intellectual capital.
+
+The quality and disposition of managerial level employees is thus a key to organizational performance. Some of the factors that can measure these qualities are job satisfaction, job involvement, goal  orientation, organizational  commitment, and  organizational  citizenship  behavior. We  present a  review  of their influence  on  the  quality of leadership  and organizational performance.
+
+Job satisfaction
+
+According to Bullock, [8] job satisfaction is an attitude that results from a balancing and summation of many specific likes and dislikes experienced in connection with the job. Smith [9] has defined job satisfaction as an employee's judgment of how well his job has satisfied his various needs. Blum and Naylor [10] have defined job satisfaction as a general attitude formed as a result of specific job factors, individual characteristics, and relationships outside the job. Robbins [11] too has defined job satisfaction as an employee's general attitude toward his job.
+
+In the mid­seventies, Locke [12] reviewed the research work done on job satisfaction during the preceding 40 years, beginning with the classic study by Hoppock. [13] Locke reported that more than 3000 studies had been published during the said period of 40 years. A critical review of the researches indicated that although there was no direct or consistent relationship between job satisfaction and productivity, the scholars and management practitioners were still interested in the study of job satisfaction for the following reasons, which had broad implications for the individual,the organization,and the society atlarge;
+
+Absenteeism is higher among dissatisfied employees [14],[15]Dissatisfied employees are more likely to quit [16]Satisfied employees enjoy better health and live longer [12],[17]Job satisfaction is infectious and carries over to life outside the work place [18]
+
+In a survey of 440 commercial bank employees in Bangladesh, Mosharraf [19] concluded that job satisfaction had a significant positive contribution to performance. Judge and Bono [20] found through empirical evidence that self­esteem, generalized self­efficacy, internal locus of control, and emotional stability are among the best dispositional predictors of job satisfaction and job performance. Lopez [21] found that self­esteem moderates the job performance ­ job satisfaction relationship. Cropazano Bonnet (2007) established that the employees' psychological well­being and employee morale have a moderating effect on the relationship between job­performance and job­satisfaction. Based on Korman's Consistency Theory of Work Motivation, Inkson [22] established that self­esteem exercised a significant moderating effect on the correlation between performance and intrinsic satisfaction,butnoton the correlation between performance and extrinsic satisfaction.
+
+These studies point to the role 'job satisfaction' plays in creating a positive ambience for the employees, motivating them and thereby ensuring high productivity. These in turn are likely to contribute to the performance ofan organization.
+
+Job involvement
+
+Job involvement is an important factor in the lives of most people. Work activities consume a large proportion of time and constitute a fundamentally important aspect of life for most people. People may be stimulated by and drawn deeply into their work or alienated from it mentally and emotionally. The quality of one's entire life experience can be greatly affected by one's degree of involvement in or alienation from work. [23],[24] A state of involvement implies a positive and relatively complete state of engagement of the core aspects of the self in the job, whereas, a state of alienation implies a loss of individuality and separation of the self from the work environment. For example, Argyris, [23] Kanungo, [25] Marx, [26] McGregor,[27]Kanungo [25],[28]considered involvementand alienation to be polar opposites.
+
+Lawler and Hall [29] defined job involvement as a 'psychological identification with one's work' and 'the degree to which the job situation is central to the person and his (or her) identity' (p. 310­311). Increasing job involvement can enhance organizational effectiveness and productivity by engaging employees more completely in their work, and making the work a more meaningful and fulfilling experience.[30]
+
+The 'individual difference perspective' holds that job involvement results from socialization processes that inculcate the importance of work as a virtuous and necessary activity, as well as from other stable individual differences. This research draws on the work of Weber, [31] with its emphasis on individuality and the virtue of work as an end in itself. Such beliefs are likely to predispose people to be more job involved. [32],[33],[34] Individuals with an internal locus of control (i.e., those who believe they are active causal agents) are likely to be more job involved than individuals with an external locus ofcontrol.
+
+Previous research has not established the causal ordering of job involvement with respect to job satisfaction and organizational commitment. We can classify job satisfaction as a consequence of job involvement, even though reciprocal causation is likely. One can consider job satisfaction primarily as a consequence, because cognitive appraisal of the potential for need satisfaction logically precedes actual need satisfaction. It is also likely that actual satisfaction then reciprocally influences job involvement. Conclusively, disentangling the causal priority of these two constructs empirically is likely to be difficult. Stumpf [35] concluded that both work performance and work satisfaction had antecedent influences on job involvement.All ofthese studies were co­relational,and none conclusively ruled outalternate causal orderings.
+
+Organizational commitment
+
+Robbins [36] has pointed out that dedicated or committed employees serve as 'pivotal variables without which the inanimate assets are worthless'. Several research and consulting organizations [37] also suggest that a committed workforce is the 'hallmark' of a successful organization. 'Committed or dedicated employees are expected to be more productive and work with focus on quality, to increase customer satisfaction and profitability of their organization'. [38] In a study of skilled workers of a private manufacturing unit (n=200) Pal, [39] found that a humane and fair management style significantly related to organizational commitment. Objectivity and rationality was found to be significantly related to organizational commitmentin a study undertaken by Sharma.[40]
+
+In a study conducted on 400 employees at the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Adhia [41] found that three factors, organizational politics, distributive justice, and procedural justice are strong predictors of affective organizational commitment. In the regression of affective organizational commitment, taking these three as predictors, the adjusted R square comes to 0.224,with P<0.01.
+
+It appears from this that organizational commitment is an obvious contributor to organizational performance because loyalty to the organization significantly enables the organization to achieve its objectives. The primary difference between organizational commitment and job involvement is that job involvement primarily reflects one's attitude toward a specific job, whereas, organizational commitment refers to one's attachment to the organization. [42],[43] It would be possible, for example, to be very involved in a specific job but not be committed to the organization and vice versa.[44],[45]
+
+Organizational citizenship behavior
+
+Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) pertains to the employees' behavior over and above the call of duty (job description and job specification), which is very important for organizational effectiveness. The globalization of the industrial world makes it imperative for organizations to put special emphasis on organizational innovation, flexibility, productivity, and responsiveness to changing external conditions for their performance. It has been increasingly felt that work behavior such as OCB, which is beyond the reach of traditional measures of job performance, holds promise for long­term organizational performance. A comprehensive theoretical discussion is available in the works of Organ, [46] Konovsky and
+http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2010;volume=3;issue=2;spage=55;epage=66;aulast=Adhia	2/6
+3/9/2017	Impact of yogaway of lifeonorganizational performance:[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga(IJoY)
+Pugh, [47] Moorman and Blakey, [48] and Padsakoff and MacKenzie. [49] Attempts are also made to assess the probable factors (causes) which may lead employees to foster organizational citizenship behavior.[50],[51],[52],[53],[54]
+
+In 1983, Denis Organ and his colleagues were the first to use the term OCB. [50],[51] Later, drawing on the concept of 'willingness to cooperate' based on Bernard's, [55] the distinction between dependable role performance and innovative and spontaneous behaviors, Organ, defined OCB as an individual behavior that was discretionary, and not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system,and thatin aggregate promotes the effective performance ofthe organization.
+
+This concept has also  been  characterized  as including  constructive  and  cooperative  extra  role  gestures that are  neither mandatory nor directly compensated  by a  formal organizational reward system. In addition such behaviors have been described as having an accumulative positive effect on organizational functioning. Bateman and Organ [51] attempted to cluster a list of employee behaviors that managers typically need and appreciate, but are helpless to demand. These behaviors also formed part of what they called OCB. Included in the list are gestures such as, constructive statements for improvement of the organization / department, expressing personal interest in the work of others, monitoring the new entrants in the organization, respecting the spirit as well as the rules of the organization, care for organizational property, and so on. It also takes into account specific behaviors that employees refrain from indulging in, even though they may have every right to do so. To be more specific, these behaviors include finding fault with coworkers / managers, expressing resentment, complaining against trivial / insignificant issues, arguing with others, and so forth. The contention behind including such behaviors within the purview of the conceptis thatOCB does notonly include enactmentofpositive gestures and contributions,butitalso takes into accountthe quality offorbearance.
+
+Clearly,the conceptofOCB induces behavioral and attitudinal patterns on the partofmanagers thatinfluence organizational performance.
+
+Goal orientation
+
+Goal orientation refers to taking one's goals seriously and being persistent in pursuing the goal. Achievement goal theory and research suggest that employee job performance and job satisfaction depend on their goal orientations. [56],[57] Goal orientation can be regarded as a personality concept, implying the existence of individual differences in the extent to which people set goals and pursue them. Highly goal­oriented persons develop long range and clear goals. They are persistent in pursuing them, especially when difficulties arise. Therefore,goal orientation is assumed to be an importantprerequisite for effective leadership.
+
+Previous research has shown that a person's goal orientation was related to his or her performance in individual settings. [58] In a study reported by Sonnentag, Stolte, Frese, Heinbokel, and Brodbeck, [59] it was stated that the team leaders' goal orientation is related to the quality of the development process, the quality of the final product, and the interaction within the team.The goal orientation ofindividuals in an organization does lead to focused action,which helps in achieving organizational objectives.
+
+On the basis ofthe review ofliterature one can make certain inferences pertaining to factors influencing organizational performance.We summarize them below:
+
+
+The quality and disposition of managerial level employees is the key to organizational performance.These are indeed reflected in some organizational indicators, such as, job satisfaction, job involvement, goal orientation, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior.These factors are suitable for our study also, because they can be studied and measured in respectofany organization,irrespective oftheir goals or line ofbusiness.
+
+Yoga way oflife
+
+The yoga way of life encompasses the philosophy of Karma Yoga (path of detached action), Jnana Yoga (knowledge of self), Bhakti Yoga (Trust in the supreme order) and Raja Yoga (Asana, Pranayam, Meditation etc.). Practicing this knowledge may bring about a complete transformation of one's personality, on the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual levels, which strengthens one's ability and desire to put in one's best. Yoga is one of the six foundations of Indian philosophy and has been used for millennia to study, explain, and experience the complexities of the mind and human existence. [60] Patanjali, an ancient yoga sage, defines yoga as a technique used to still the mental fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of the true self. [61] Patanjali's Yoga Sutras outline a skillful way of conducting life that fosters moderation and harmony. [62] These guidelines, which include ethical and moral standards ofliving in addition to postural and breathing exercises,are used to foster spiritual growth and evolve one's consciousness.
+
+Ashtanga Yoga, the eight step path of yoga, encompasses cognitive learning, moral conduct, physiological practices, and psychological therapy. The first two steps of Yama and Niyama seek and shape external behavior and thought patterns and thus minimize disturbances in the mind and the body. On the behavioral side, abstinence is sought from violence, falsehood, dishonesty, sexual excess, and acquisitive tendencies. On the cognitive moral side, the ideals prescribed are ­ purity, contentment, austerity, self study, and forbearance. The stages of Asana and Pranayama are meant for disciplining the body and regulating subtle energy flows. In the fifth stage of Prayahara, the secondary input is regulated so the mind is notdistracted.The stages ofdharana,dhyana,and Samadhi are for uplifting one's spiritual selfand for heightening consciousness.
+
+According to Srinivas, [63] a series of techniques collectively known under the general label 'Yoga' present a rich source for generating indigenous organizational development techniques that may perhaps find better acceptance than imported intervention designs from the west (p. 271). Originally developed for personal spiritual growth, yoga offers a well­ formulated approach to planned change.[63]
+
+Impactofyoga on management
+
+Spirituality in a workplace is a topic of hot discussion today. Wisnieski and Askar and Syed [64] present four interesting advantages in their review of workers who maintain a spiritual mindset. First they claim: 'The stronger the spiritual factor of the personality, the more tolerant the person is of work failure and less susceptible to stress' (p. 102). Second, these authors assert, 'the stronger the spiritual factor of the personality the more the person favors the democratic style of leadership, is more trusting and the higher is his / her tolerance of human diversity'. Third, it is the opinion of Mohamed et al. that, 'The stronger the spiritual factor of the personality the more the person exhibits altruistic and citizenship behavior'. Finally,these authors find that,'The stronger the spiritual factor ofthe personality,the more the person's commitmentto the organization and work group increases'.
+
+In the article of Sangster, [65] he re­emphasizes an often presented clarification when the topic of spirituality in the workplace is mentioned, he places religion out of the scope, stressing that'itis possible to lead a spiritual way oflife withoutfollowing any particular religious path' (p.16).In Sangster's opinion,spiritual workers are those who think cooperatively and / or altruistically; have a balanced, objective view of the world; listen as much as (or more than) they speak; apply a three­dimensional or bigger picture when thinking; believe in some higher driving force and purpose beyond humankind; find the time to think things through objectively; think laterally in order to promote realistic solutions; encourage and empower others selflessly; work open­mindedly with a wide range of people; consistently display integrity and trust; and expect the best from people without having a soft touch. (p. 16)
+
+Jurkiewicz and Giacalone [66] stress yet another major advantage of nurturing the spiritual mindset within each worker in the organization: ethicality. These authors assert that the 'Fundamental aspects of workplace spirituality, such as meaningful work that provides a feeling of purpose, a sense of connection and positive social relations with their coworkers, and the ability to live an integrated life in which the work role does not conflict with the essential nature of the person as a human being, may interact to create different perceptions of ethicality within the organization' (p. 85). Most of the work available on the subject of the impact of yoga on work life / management centers around the impact of Transcendental Meditation on various aspects of management. A review [67] of over 500 experimental studies conducted in over 200 universities, in 33 countries, revealed that Transcendental Meditation helps expand consciousness, decrease oxygen intake and stress level, increase basal skin resistance and coherence in EEG, and virtually suspends breathing up to one minute.
+
+Transcendental Meditation is a skill of effortlessly minimizing mental activity so the body settles into a state of rest deeper than deep sleep, while the mind becomes clear and alert. At the University of Texas, Orme­Johnson et al. [68] showed that mediators display a greater physiological equilibrium than non­mediators. He also showed that mediators maintain this equilibrium under stress more effectively than non­mediators. David [69] completed a study, which concludes that TM increases individual productivity. David found that mediators show increased job satisfaction, a decreased desire to change jobs, better performance, and better relationships with supervisors and co­workers. Findings on the TM technique relevant to organizational performance include, improved cognitive performance, [70] increased self­esteem, [71] and higher levels of self­actualization and development, [72],[73] associated with more effective managerial performance. [74] Previous case studies suggest that large proportions of organization members practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique have contributed to improvements in organizational performance.[75]
+
+Pande and Naidu [76] reported empirical evidence to show that people having a strong orientation to niskam karma (working sincerely without being preoccupied with the outcome) experience less work­related stress. Misra [77] found that effort orientation rather than concern for the outcome leads to greater intrinsic satisfaction. Chakraborty [78],[79] provides experimental evidence that practicing yoga, meditating, controlling breathing, and stilling the turbulent mind can enable workers and managers to purify their chitta and make it spiritual,expand their selfto include others around them,and help them grow and transform themselves,withoutexpecting anything in return.
+http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2010;volume=3;issue=2;spage=55;epage=66;aulast=Adhia	3/6
+3/9/2017	Impact of yogaway of lifeonorganizational performance:[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga(IJoY)
+
+From a complete review of the literature, one finds that there have been attempts in the past research to capture the positive impact of some aspect of yoga (such as asana or meditation) on personal factors such as stress, and so on. However, there has been no attempt to capture the effect of the adoption of complete yoga philosophy on organizational factors. As we have seen in the literature review, Yoga has a deeper psychological impact on a person, in terms of changing paradigms of one's life. Similarly most of the organizational factors selected for this study are psycho­motivational in nature. There is, therefore, enough ground for us to hypothesize that adoption of yoga as a philosophy and practice helps in increasing the levels ofpositive organizational factors.This research is an attemptto prove or disprove this hypothesis.
+
+Empirical study details and results
+
+This controlled experiment was conducted at a manufacturing company in Gujarat, called Birla Celluloise, located at Kosamba, one of the units manufacturing Viscose Staple Fiber, owned by the Grasim Industry, located at Kharach village near Bharuch. This unit has more than 120 people in the managerial cadre and more than 1000 in the workers category. Most of them stay in the township of the company, which makes it easy to conduct the intervention of Yoga. Grasim Industries Limited, a flagship company of the Aditya Birla Group, ranks among India's largest private sector companies, with consolidated net revenues of Rs. 141 billion and a consolidated net profit of Rs. 20 billion (FY2007). Starting as a textiles manufacturer in 1948, today Grasim's businesses comprise viscose staple fiber (VSF), cement, sponge iron, chemicals, and textiles. Its core businesses are VSF and cement, which contribute to over 90 percent of its revenues and operating profits. The Aditya Birla Group is the world's largest producer of VSF, commanding a 21 percent global market share. The company meets India's entire domestic VSF requirements. Grasim's VSF plants are located at Nagda in Madhya Pradesh, Kharach in Gujarat, and Harihar in Karnataka, with an aggregate capacity of270,100 tons per annum (tpa).The VSF plantatKharach,where this experimentwas conducted,was setup in 1996.
+
+The salientaspects ofthe study methodology are summarized below:
+
+
+The managers of the company were given the option of joining this experiment after explaining to them the purpose and modality of this experiment and making clear to them the expectations of regularity and so on. Written consent for being a part of the experiment was obtained.Those who opted were initially divided in two equal groups of 42 each ­ Group one was called the Yoga group and Group 2 was called the physical exercise group, which was the control group for this experiment.The Yoga group was given 30 hours of yoga practice (75 minutes every day) and 25 hours of theory lectures on the philosophy of yoga. The total intervention period was six weeks. The theory lectures were given by the first author of this article and included topics such as the definition of the yoga way of life, implications of the four types of yoga (Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga and Bhakti Yoga) on life, analysis on the aspects of true happiness in life, ashtanga yoga steps, central theme of universality of consciousness as given in Vedanta, and so on. The practice was given for asanas, pranayama, Kriya, and relaxation by a well­trained yoga instructor.The control group was also given training of equal number of hours for normal physical work­out and lectures on success factors in life (based on modern thought). This was thought necessary in order to obviate the possibility of the Hawthorne effect on the experiment group. The topics for theory given to this group included ­ Success and Happiness, Importance of Attitude, Self­Image, Good Relationship with Others, Goal Setting, Power of sub­conscious mind, Communication, Motivation, and leadership. The practice given to this group was fast exercises such as spot jogging, bending, body rotation, hand and leg movements, and the like.In order to prove or disprove the hypotheses, variables were measured for both the groups, before and after the experiment, with the help of a standard self­reported questionnaire. In addition, the measurement of certain physical parameters such as weight, BMI, BP, Blood Sugar, and so on, were taken for all, both pre­ and post­experiment.The pre­measurement data was taken on 17 September, 2007. The intervention to both the groups was simultaneously given between the 18 September and 24 October, 2007. The post­measurement data was taken on 24 October, 2007.Out of the group of 42 in both groups, there were some who did not attend all theory and practice classes on many days, and hence only top 30 (in terms of regularity) were included for both groups in the final sample, for the analysis. This came to a minimum attendance figure of 65% approximately for both groups. In short, people with less than 65% aggregate attendance were excluded from both groups. The profile of the sample finally included in the experiment can be seen in [Table 1] and [Table 2]. [Figure 1]schematically shows the study methodology and the group composition.{Figure 1}
+
+Constructs used for measurementofvariables
+
+Questionnaires were both easy to administer and inexpensive, [80] due to their brevity and self­reportive nature. It was therefore decided to use self­reported questionnaire, pre­ and post­intervention, for this study. Intrinsic job satisfaction was measured using the shorter version of the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, popularly known as MSQ, [81] from which items loading highly on the 'intrinsic' factor were chosen. [48] These items were related to the opportunity the respondent had to make use of, his/her skills and abilities, the trying of new ideas and methods, and the feeling of accomplishment that was generated on the job. This scale was preferred over other scales such as Job Descriptive Index, [82] because they were lengthy and multidimensional.Furthermore,the MSQwas the mostcognitive in its orientation.
+
+Affective Organizational Commitment was measured using eight items pertaining to the affective component of organizational commitment, from the instrument developed by Allen and Meyer, [83],[84] which is responded to on a seven­point Likert type scale. The items are used to tap the extent of the employee's emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization. Job Involvement was measured using the 13­item job involvement­role scale developed by Paullay, et al., [85] with responses taken on a seven­point Likerttype scale.Itwas used to tap the extentto which the respondentwas involved personally in the type ofwork thathe/she did in his/her presentjob.
+
+Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) was measured using a slightly modified version of the scale developed by Moorman and Blakely, [48] based on Graham's [86] four­ dimensional model of OCB. The modification was mainly intended to facilitate self­reporting. The four dimensions proposed by Graham were Interpersonal Helping (IH), Personal Initiative (PI), Loyal Boosterism, and Personal Industry. However, only items related to Interpersonal Helping and Personal Initiative were included in the scale, because of the potential for a high level ofsocial desirability ofother items.
+
+Goal orientation was measured with a scale developed by Frese, et al. It is argued that while measuring goal orientation, it is optimal to refer to the same situations for all respondents, due to project difference. However, Frese, et al. have showed that there is no need to provide a situational input for the goal, as there is a certain degree of cross­situational generality in the goal orientation scale. The four items used to measure goal orientation were anchored on a seven­point scale with 1 standing for 'strongly disagree' and 7 standing for 'strongly agree'.
+
+The data collected was analyzed using SPSS. The sample profile given in [Table 1] and [Table 2] indicated that 80 and 86% of the participants from the yoga and control groups, respectively, were from the age group of 21 to 50, while the rest were above 50. Similarly, 20% of the yoga group and 17% of the control group were from the top management (i.e., Deputy General Manager and above), while 57% of the yoga group and 63% of the control group were from the line­level managers (Deputy Managers and officers). The average total work experience ofthe sample group was 16.11 years.{Table 1}{Table 2}
+
+[Table 3] shows that at Baseline there is no difference in any indicator (Independent Sample t test). It can be concluded from [Table 4] and [Table 5] that in the yoga group, remarkable positive changes are observed in all the Indicators except Job Involvement (Paired t test), unlike in the physical exercise group where the post intervention impact on indicators do not show a statistically significant difference in any of the five indicators. [Table 6] shows that although, there is significant improvement within the Yoga group in four of the indicators (except JI), the comparison of Post Intervention Averages between the two groups using t­test exhibits that the two groups after intervention (at endpoint) do not differ significantly in any one of the five variables. The changes that are occurring in other indictors remain small in terms of effect. One reason for this may be the limited time frame of the study (two months). Furthermore, in many cases the initial level of all five factors in this organization was already high for both the groups. It appears that in the long run the Yoga group may turn outto be improving significantly in all indicators compared to the physical group.{Table 3}{Table 4}{Table 5}{Table 6}
+
+[Table 7] shows the Pearson's correlations, post­experiment, among the five variables measured. The results show that most of these five variables are strongly correlated, which means the presence of one factor will mean the presence of other factors also. Only job involvement does not show significant correlation with job satisfaction. Interestingly, the constructused for measuring job involvementhad a Chronbach alpha of0.613,which is an indicator ofmoderate reliability.{Table 7}
+
+Yoga as a viable and positive organizational tool
+
+Today, there is considerable interest among the management practitioners and researchers on the role and benefits of introducing spirituality at the workplace. The Harvard Business School study drawn over a period of 11 years showed a marked relation between the strength of the organizations' corporate culture and its profitability. [1] Lloyd maintains that organizations high in workplace spirituality outperform those withoutitby 86%.
+
+According to Sharma, [87],[88] Indian management ideas such as yoga in management, Vedanta in management, and the Kosha model in management offer new approaches to the concept of management, wherein competitive advantage, collective advantage, and karma advantage are balanced. According to Sharma, the Indian word 'Udyoga' (which means Industry) contains in itself the word 'yoga'. Thus, in Indian management thought, Udyoga is a yoga (Udyog hi yog hai/Udyog bhi ek yog hai). In popular terms Sharma [87],[88] refers to this as the BHMS (Body­Heart­Mind­Soul) model. There is an interactive relationship between the Body, Heart, Mind, and Soul. They influence each other in varying ways. Even organizations can be conceptualized as BHMS systems. With the arrival of the services and knowledge economy, the need for the BHMS approach to management is getting
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+attention.This implies a shiftfrom a fragmented view to a holistic view ofhuman beings,society,and organizations.
+
+Vedanta in management implies management by higher values and higher vision. Thus, YVK (Yoga, Vedanta, Kosha) constitute three 'Eastern Doors' that can be combined with 'Western Windows' (traditional Western Management theories and concepts). These ideas can be combined with various wisdom traditions to arrive at a new philosophy of what Sharma [87]calls 'Western Windows,Eastern Doors,and Wisdom Corridors' in the field ofmanagementand related social sciences.
+
+How can we explain the result, obtained in this experiment, is a moot question? Yoga Way of Life, the concept presented in this article is an integrated approach of the changing physical, mental, vital, and emotional personality of an individual. It aims at making managers more evolved individuals, with a better understanding of their job situation in the overall context of life. The teachings of Karma Yoga are useful in changing outcome orientation to effort orientation, and in reducing the managers' expectations from the job. The system of Yoga is analytical and makes an individual more aware ofhis situation and allows him to give a considered rather than an intuitive response to it.
+
+Yoga psychology conceives the self (atman) in terms of different levels of being. The inner­most core or atman is covered by hierarchy of five sheaths or layers. This continuation of layers corresponds to a sort of stepwise ladder, leading inward to the atman; the journey inward forms the basis of growth and development: Biological evolution from a protozoan to man, psychological evolution from child to adult, consciousness enhancement from mere cognitive to universal consciousness, wherein there is no ego and there is realization that the concerns and needs of all people are the same, and that what is good for one is good for all. In this growth process, feeling and emotions are accepted as having a place, they are notconsidered wrong or repressed,butare transformed and redirected.[63]
+
+According to Rama Swami et al., [89] Yoga psychology integrates behavioral and introspective approaches to growth. It provides a perspective by which one can become disengaged from involvement in the unhappy personalities he has created for himself and in the negative role he has adopted. It moves quickly to a training program for changing habits, thought patterns,and selfconcepts.
+
+The positive results obtained in this research confirm this. Yoga Philosophy helps a person to have a broader view of life, with greater awareness of his actions. This automatically results in enhanced commitment to his job and organization. It also means that his willingness to go beyond the call of his duty is a result of his understanding the concept of karma yoga, in which the performer does not depend on rewards for his / her performance. The high level of OCB found in the Yoga group here can be attributed to this. Furthermore, as at leastfour outofthe five factors measured here are strongly correlated,this positive impactis also found in job satisfaction,affective organizational commitment,and so on.
+
+Some people may be unnecessarily apprehensive about the renunciation effect that introduction of this philosophy may have on the drive or killer instinct of their executives. Such apprehensions come out of the wrong understanding of the true concepts of yoga. For example, far from being against 'goal orientation', the concept of Karma Yoga is so dynamic in nature that it frees an individual from all worries and propels him to action immediately. Also a person who is not excessively worried about the results can only be a true risk­taker, who will take tough decisions in the best interest of his organization. The results of this research show that the yoga way of life can bring about better 'Goal­orientation' among managers.
+
+In mostorganizations,leaders play a pivotal role in driving performance.There are varieties ofleadership training programs being tried nowadays by successful companies.However, the yoga way of life is rarely taught in these training programs. At the most, yogasanas are being taught to the group, as part of a morning physical work­out. There are few companies who have oflate started providing meditation rooms atthe work place,for the ease ofmanagers who wantto go into solitude to sharpen their creativity.
+
+It may be a good idea to now start thinking of giving systematic exposure of wisdom, enshrined in our ancient scriptures, to all managerial cadres of companies, which would help them personally as well as professionally. They can become better self­aware and self­regulated individuals, with a proper perspective of life and various relationships. The Yoga way of life is all about the correct attitude to life, which can result in a better organizational climate. In the Indian context, the assimilation of this knowledge may be better and easier, as the Indians have grown with all these concepts rightfrom childhood.
+
+'How can one proceed in this?' is a very important question. First of all, the top leaders of the company have to be convinced about the utility of this idea. They should themselves have the necessary trust in this philosophy and in the results it can bring. Once convinced about the utility of this kind of training, the tougher challenge lies in finding the right people to train company executives. And second, this has to be a continuous training, which is repeated periodically. Third, the atmosphere of the yoga way of life has to be created in the company policy.The company policies have also to pass the testofthe yoga way in terms ofcompletely adhering to the ethical­moral code prescribed in Yama and Niyama.
+
+Conclusion
+
+
+There are certain organizational factors, such as Job Satisfaction, which have a crucial bearing on organizational effectiveness. Our study confirms the useful role that the Yoga way of life can play in improving these factors positively among managers. The results show a significant difference among those who are introduced to the practice of the yoga way of life. However, in order to get the benefit of yoga in its entirety, one has to adopt yoga as a technique of life management. This would include not only the Raj Yoga practices of asana, pranayama, and meditation, but also imbibe the concept of detatched action (Karma Yoga), trust in God's justice system (Bhakti Yoga), and seeking the knowledge of self (Jnan Yoga). Such an integrated approach can yield superior results for individual happiness and also for organizational performance.
+
+On the basis of our study we are motivated to recommend similar experimental studies in multiple organizational settings to further refine these findings and insights. One approach is to conduct a similar study with a large sample size, which may corroborate this initial attempt. Also in case of other similar experiments, different instruments for measuring these factors may be tried,in order to take care ofsocial desirability.
+
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+85	Paullay IM,Alliger GM,Stone­Romero EF.Constructvalidation oftwo instruments designed to measure job involvementand work centrality.J Appl Psychol 1994;79:224­8. 86	Graham J. Principled organization dissent: A theoretical essay. In: Staw BM, Cummings LL, editors. Research in Organizational Behavior. Vol. 12. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press;
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document/management/Influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement Among Business Development Professionals conv.txt

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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+INFLUENCE OF KARMA YOGA ON JOB INVOLVEMENT AMONG BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PROFESSIONALS
+
+Deepak. B V and Dr. Sony Kumari Department of Yoga & Management Studies
+Swami Vivekananda Anusandhana Samsthana University Bengaluru, Karnataka India [email protected]
+ABSTRACT
+A study to explore the impact of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement of business development professionals having hypothesis of influence of Karma yoga, quantitative research design with pre & post intervention approach, about 400 sample respondents from the age group of 25-40,  both  male  & female across various  sectors in  Bengaluru city  were  chosen.  The collected data was analyzed via pre & post questionnaire, KMO test was used to measure the data suitability of data for factor analysis. Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variances is used to test that variances are equal for all samples. Based on the paired sample test the null hypothesis H0 “there is no influence of Karma yoga on Job Involvement among Business development professionals” was rejected & alternate hypothesis H1 was accepted.
+
+KEYWORDS:  Karma  Yoga,  Job  Involvement,  Business  Development  Professionals, Sectors, Quantitative Research, Inferential Statistics, etc.
+
+INTRODUCTION
+Karma-yoga  which  is  one  of  the  means  of  achieving  the  mukti  (liberation)  from  the inescapable cycle of birth, death and rebirth (sanasara) holds answer to several business problems  like  employee  commitment,  involvement  and  turnover.  Although,  these  job attitudes have been the subject of several researches, still our understanding of how karma-yoga  can  influence  them  favorably  has  not  been  studied.  Karma-yoga  which  has  been mentioned in Bhagavad Gita, stresses on how one should perform one’s duty without any desire for the result and how one should maintain a sense of equanimity in the face of crisis or ecstasy. Although it would be insensible to deploy the lessons of karma-yoga in today’s business setting without adjusting it to the needs of the present generation. Still the authors are confident that its merit is as relevant today as it was thousands of years back.
+
+Today  most  of  the  organizations  complain  of  employee  commitment,  involvement  and intention to quit and in a desperate attempt organizations resort to some traditional financial incentives and perquisites. These carrots (incentives) can solve the problem temporarily but can’t provide a long term solution. We strongly believe that when a person look at his/her job from a different and higher perspective, the job takes the shape of a duty (a moral obligation) and then the person is able to relate his/her job with life’s ultimate goal (salvation). Such a motivated person looks at  job as  a  reward and  finds  the  same  mundane  and repetitive activities as meaningful and sacred.
+
+One of the most important areas of study in organizational behavior is job attitudes, or how people feel about what they do at workplace. Employees spend a good part of their daily hours at  workplace hence they seek  meaning  in work and several modes of expressing themselves. Work has different meaning in different societies and these differences in culture, values and ethics govern our attitude at workplace.
+
+In West, people adhere to Protestant work philosophy which guides the values at workplace. It emphasizes on hard work and dignity at workplace which will lead to a comfortable life. So in West the stress is on hard labour which will lead to materialistic growth. The Oriental
+
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+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 364
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+philosophies primarily the Indian philosophy differs from the Protestant one in terms of the definition of work and the role of work in one’s life (Chakraborty, 1987). According to Indian philosophy, work or duty is a sacred responsibility which surpasses our immediate materialistic wants and helps in fulfilling the larger goals of life that is liberation (mukti).
+
+LITERATURE REVIEW
+It is essential to note that while literature on Karma Yoga is in a nascent state in the realm of management  research,  yet  the  concept  arguably  remains  the  most  widely  discussed, commented yet misunderstood aspect of the Indian worldview (Mahadevan, 1958). This ought not to be surprising for the said concept is enshrined within the Hindu philosophy [i.e. functionally equivalent to “Indian philosophy” (Fenton, 1988)], which is characterized by an extraordinary degree of plurality (Hodge, 2004) in comprehension and practice. Reat (1990) notes that even familiar concepts such as “Brahman” and “Dharma” can signify a broad range of divergent and distinct concepts among numerous spiritual schools within the religion. However, owing to our stated focus on workplace happiness in the current research, we restricted the scope of this review specifically to conceptualizations and studies on Karma Yoga directed at employees (workplace context).
+
+As stated earlier, with the slow yet increasing popularity of the Bhagavad Gita towards addressing organizational problems in recent years (Sharma, 1999), there has been a growing interest  among  management  researchers  in exploring the concept  of Karma Yoga. Thus Chakraborty (1993) asserts the same to be energy conserving and mind purifying for it urges one to work for a cause higher than one’s ego. Similarly, while affirming that a belief in Indian philosophy (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006) or Indian worldview (Mulla & Krishnan, 2009) is a necessary condition for practicing Karma Yoga, the concept is defined by them as a “technique for intelligently performing actions”, or a “technique for performing actions in a manner that the soul is not bound by the effects of the actions” (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006; Mulla & Krishnan, 2007).
+
+Moving further, the operationalization of the construct differs widely across studies. Hence while  Narayanan  &  Krishnan  (2003)  provide  a  two  factor  conceptualization  of  the construct, i.e. doing one’s duty and not being attached to the outcomes, Menon & Krishnan (2004) conceptualize a four factor model comprising of the dimensions of significance of work, successful work, detachment from work and setting an example. In later years, Mulla & Krishnan (2006) argued for a separate two factor model of Karma Yoga comprising of the dimensions of duty orientation and absence of desire for rewards, however they later revised the same to a three factor model (Mulla & Krishnan, 2009) by including equanimity as a third dimension of Karma Yoga.
+
+Karma Yoga has been found to relate extensively with transformational leadership, emotional intelligence and spirituality (Mulla & Krishnan, 2007, 2008, 2009). Further Srirangarajan et al (2011) assert that the practice of Karma Yoga would lead to a win-win situation for the employee and the business organization. While the employees shall be rewarded with job satisfaction,   personal   growth   and   fulfillment,   the   organization   experiences   higher productivity and quality performance.
+
+A critical review of the above discussion reveals that the operationalization of Karma Yoga lacks consensus, which can render research and findings involving the same a suspect. We noticed that the earlier attempts towards operationalization were sketchy and simplistic with dimensions imposed than theorized. For e.g. Narayanan & Krishnan (2003) cared little to explain the rationale guiding their derivation of the dimensions, i.e. doing one’s duty and not being attached to outcomes. Similarly Menon & Krishnan (2004) provide no basis for their
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+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 365
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+four-factor operationalization of Karma Yoga. Mulla & Krishnan (2006), in a seemingly comprehensive attempt,  did present  a more reasoned operationalization of the construct, deriving the dimensions of duty orientation and absence of desire for rewards from a content analysis of Gandhi’s (2001) interpretation of Bhagavad Gita. However basing the same solely on Gandhi’s interpretation resonates an inherent subjectivity that demands a relook. The later attempts are in effect modifications of Mulla & Krishnan’s (2006) study, with frequent inclusion and exclusion of factors sans explanation. Thus, Mulla & Krishnan (2009) added equanimity as a third dimension of Karma Yoga, while in another study (i.e. Mulla & Krishnan,  2008),  they  abandoned  equanimity  and  stuck  to  their  original  two  factor conceptualization (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006). Surprisingly, the same authors re- introduced equanimity as a third dimension of the construct in a subsequent study (Mulla & Krishnan, 2012).
+
+Ravindra  Pathak  and  Dr.  Manoj  Patwardhan  2011  identified  the  factors  of  job involvement,  organizational  effectiveness  and  established  the  relationship  between  job involvement and organizational effectiveness. This study revealed that the job involved that the employees directly contribute in organizational effectiveness by way of their working style,  approach  towards  the  attainment  of  organizational  goals,  quality  improvement, acquisition of new talent and skills. Chughtai, Aamir Ali (2008), examined the impact of job involvement  on  the  self-report  measures  of  in-role  job  performance  and  organizational citizenship behavior. The results of this study revealed that job involvement was positively correlated with both-in-role  job performance and Organizational citizenship  behavior.  In addition to this,  it  was found that  organizational commitment  partially mediated the job involvement-performance relationship. Furthermore, the findings of this research uncovered that job involvement exerted a stronger impact on Organizational citizenship behavior than on in-role performance.
+
+P.C.Mishra and Minum Sharma (2005)  to find out the relationship of social support and job involvement in prison officers. The result shows that social support and its dimensions, namely, appraisal support, tangible support and belonging support have a significant positive relationship  with  job  involvement.  The  study  suggests  that  overall  social  support  is  a significant predictor of job involvement in prison officers. The other predictors are belonging support, appraisal support and tangible support.
+
+Abraham Carmeli (2005) proposes and tests a model that attempts to explain the role of situational and personal-related factors relating to why top executives become involved in their jobs. The results indicate that both situational and personal-related factors predict job involvement. The findings show that the relationship between perceived external prestige and job involvement is mediated by affective commitment, and that the relationship between protestant work ethic and job involvement is mediated by normative commitment.
+
+Ishwara P., P.Laxman (2007) evaluated the perceived level job involvement among the university teachers working at the post graduate departments in Karnataka State. Analysis of the data indicated that around 60% of the university teachers perceived and were reported to have been moderately involved in the job. There is no significant difference in the levels of job involvement among the university teachers, irrespective of their cadre. All the teachers are perceived to have more or less the same level of job involvement.
+
+Miguel Pina e Cunha (2002) in his case study of an integrated information technology services  firm,  examines  how  the  interplay  between  culture,  structure,  and  leadership  is managed in order to build control and employee loyalty. He focuses on the salient features of
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+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 366
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+the case, namely that a high-profile culture combines with a low-profile leadership and with minimal structuring to create a vibrant and loyalty-generating organizational environment. He proposes that these processes are effective because they reinforce one another. It is their articulation, not their existence that acts both as an unobtrusive control mechanism and as an employee loyalty– generating process, fulfilling the needs of both the organization and its professionals.
+
+Frederick Reichheld (2006) in his study he reported that loyalty, for those who plan to stay with an employer at least two years, can be affected by several factors, including benefits and pay, working environment, job satisfaction and customers. Employee loyalty is critical for organizations as constant turnover or churn can be very expensive. In his report he stated that one of the most effective ways to improve employee loyalty is to make employees feel like they are an important part of the organization. His report found that only 55 percent of the employee’s surveyed  feel like their  organization treats them well.  He suggested that  an employee   feedback  system  can  help  raise  employee   loyalty  by  providing  two-way communications   between   employees   and   management.   If   employees   feel   like   the organization is listening to them, recognizing them for their contributions, they will more likely be loyal to the company.
+
+According to Ongori (2007) job involvement characterizes the degree to which employees are  engaged  in  or  preoccupied  with  their  jobs  and  the  degree  to  which  an  individual recognizes with his job. It is also described as the degree to which a job is recognized to be the significant factor in fulfilling one or another need of an employee. Involvement also shows that importance of work is the self image of a worker. Thus involvement is basically persuaded by the reading of an employee about his personal picture of life. And then by the organizational qualities and job attributes (Moynihan & Pandey, 2007). This implies that job involvement  is  that  organizational  attitude  which  tells  that  how  much  an  employee psychologically identifies with the employer organization and how much one believes that his work is important and enlarges his self-respect (Robbins, 1998: 142; Weidmer, 1998).Job involvement has been divided into two separate approaches. First approach is viewed as an individual  difference  variable  where  job  involvement  is  believed  to  occur  when  the possession of specific needs, values or personal characteristics affect individuals to become more or less involved in their jobs. The second approach considers job involvement as a reaction to particular work situation distinctiveness (Ekmekci, 2011).
+
+According to (Khan et al., 2011) Job involvement, job commitment, and employee job performance  are  amongst  the  most  studied  areas  in organizational  behavior  and  human resource management research. Further they added that job involvement has been one of the most  useful  tools  used  for  increasing  employee  productivity  by  improving  employee involvement and commitment. On the other hand, job involvement is related to employees perception that  how the job takes place  in individual life.  As much as an individual is positively  influenced  by  his  job,  the  readiness  and  accomplishment  will  automatically increase (Ekmekci, 2011). This means that it also creates the meaning of ownership within employees who are involved in decisions concerning their job and it’s related
+
+Activities.  Research  has  proved  the  importance  of  job  involvement  with  employee commitment. This clearly reveals that those organizations that have job involvement culture, their employees are more committed with organization than those organizations who do not involve their employees (Khan et al., 2011).
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+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 367
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+OBJECTIVE
+To analyze the influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement  in Business Development Professionals
+
+HYPOTHESIS
+H0: There is no influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement among Business Development Professionals
+Ha: There is an influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement among Business Development Professionals
+
+RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
+This is a quantitative research design with pre and post interventional approach. Case studies have been included to bring in empirical insights into the study. Randomized control design, by using random generated table for sample respondent selection. Pre intervention data have been collected by using job Involvement scale in first stage and later after completion of thirty days of Karma Yoga sessions post intervention data was collected. About 400 sample respondent in 25-40 years of age group, both male & female respondents working in various sectors  like  FMCG,  Healthcare,  Consumer  Durables,  Banking  &  Insurance,  retail  and pharmaceutical sectors in Bengaluru city were selected for the study.
+
+DATA ANALYSIS
+
+Having discussed all important aspects of karma yoga on employee’s job Involvement, now the researcher in this section turns to data analysis and interpretation. First part of consists of respondents profile across various demographic factors like Age, Educational Qualification, Annual Income and Marital Status, area. Second part of the analysis is about the influence of Karma  Yoga  on  Job  Involvement  in  Business  Development  Professionals  using  Job Involvement scale survey.
+
+
+PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE RESPONDENT
+Particular	Category	Frequency GENDER                       MALE                          262
+FEMALE	122 MARITAL_STATUS   MARRIED	173
+UNMARRIED	211 AREA	RURAL	134
+URBAN	250 EDUCATION	SSLC	32
+PUC	81 DIPLOMA	82 UG	135 PG	54
+SALARY	Below 10K	6 10K to 15K	52 15K to 20K	144 20K-25K	154 Above 25k	28
+
+
+Percent 68
+32 45 55 35 65 8 21 22 35 14 2 13 38 40 7
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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
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+From above table it  is evident that  68% respondents belong to male category and 32% respondents are female. 55% respondents belong to unmarried category and 45% respondents are married. 65% respondents belong to urban category and 35% respondents are from rural background.   35%   respondents   are   graduates,   14%   have   post-graduate   degree,   22% respondents have diploma educational qualification and 8% respondents have qualification up to SSLC level. 40% respondents have an income in the range of Rs 20,000 to Rs 25,000, 7% respondents have a salary of more than Rs 25,000, 2% respondents have a salary of less than Rs 10,000 and only 13% respondents have income of Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000.
+
+
+DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR PRE-SET Sl.
+No	Statements	Mean	SD .
+
+
+95% Confidence Interval
+Lower	Upper
+
+1     I find my job motivating                                         4.43         0.80         4.35           4.51 2     My job is important to me                                      4.23         0.83         4.15           4.32 3     I identify with my present job                                 4.16         0.97         4.07           4.26 4     I find my job interesting                                         4.09         0.97         4.00           4.19 5     My job gives me satisfaction                                  4.18         1.00         4.08           4.28 6     I like my job                                                            4.14         0.88         4.05           4.23 7     I care for my job                                                     4.33         0.87         4.24           4.41 8     My work is not burden for me                                4.11         0.93         4.02           4.20 9     I enjoy my work                                                      4.30         0.94         4.21           4.40 10    Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy      4.25         0.91         4.16           4.34
+
+The   above   table   highlights   the   job   involvement   among   the   Business   development professionals. The highest mean value was recorded for, ‘I find my job motivating’ (mean 4.43) with standard deviation (0.80) indicating consistency in the opinion of the respondents. This is followed by; ‘I care for my job’ (mean 4.33) with standard deviation (0.87). The respondents have indicated less mean value for ‘I find my job interesting’ with a mean score of 4.09 with maximum variation for ‘My job gives me satisfaction’ with a SD of 1.
+
+From lower and upper value of 95% confidence interval (CI); it is realized that the outcome will be same as observed in the above table for the whole study population. The agreement of 95% of the respondents in the study population is likely to possess opinion as that of entire respondents in the sample regarding all listed statements.
+
+DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR POST-SET
+
+
+Sl.
+No	Statements .
+
+95% Confidence Mean	SD	Interval
+Lower	Upper
+
+
+
+1	I find my job motivating 2	My job is important to me
+3	I identify with my present job 4	I find my job interesting
+5	My job gives me satisfaction 6	I like my job
+
+4.57	0.74	4.49	4.64 4.34	0.79	4.26	4.42 4.36	0.94	4.27	4.46 4.25	0.80	4.17	4.33 4.46	0.78	4.38	4.54
+4.34	0.76	4.27	4.42
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 369
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+7     I care for my job                                                     4.43         0.88         4.34           4.51 8     My work is not burden for me                                4.23         0.89         4.14           4.32 9     I enjoy my work                                                      4.48         0.82         4.40           4.56 10    Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy      4.42         0.76         4.35           4.50
+
+The   above   table   highlights   the   job   involvement   among   the   Business   development professionals. The highest mean value was recorded for, ‘I find my job motivating’ (mean 4.57) with standard deviation (0.74) indicating consistency in the opinion of the respondents. This is followed by; ‘I enjoy my work’ (mean 4.48) with standard deviation (0.82). The respondents have indicated less mean value for ‘My work is not burden for me’ with a mean score of 4.23 with maximum variation for ‘I identify with my present job’ with a SD of 0.94.
+
+From lower and upper value of 95% confidence interval (CI); it is realized that the outcome will be same as observed in the above table for the whole study population. The agreement of 95% of the respondents in the study population is likely to possess opinion as that of entire respondents in the sample regarding all listed statements.
+
+RESULT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ANALYSIS FOR PRE DATA SET
+
+
+Overall Cronbach's Alpha for 10 statements
+Sl.                                                                                                 Corrected No                                     Statements                                        Item-Total
+.	Correlation
+
+
+0.883 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
+
+
+
+1	I find my job motivating 2	My job is important to me
+3	I identify with my present job 4	I find my job interesting
+5	My job gives me satisfaction 6	I like my job
+7	I care for my job
+8	My work is not burden for me 9	I enjoy my work
+10	Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy
+
+.621	.872 .559	.876 .571	.875 .676	.867 .600	.873 .632	.871 .609	.872 .641	.870 .664	.868
+.572	.875
+
+
+Significance of Karma Yoga on Job involvement in Business Development Professionals with the help of ten statements and respondents were requested to provide their opinion on the listed statements. In order to assess the reliability and validity of the respondents; Item-Total Correlation and Cronbach's Alpha values were analyzed and it was observed that total Cronbach's Alpha was scored at 0.883 that is statistically very good.
+
+Further,  scale  item  elimination  procedure  was  carried  out  to  achieve  greater  level  of consistency but the results revealed that removal of statement might not improve overall reliability. Therefore the researcher decided to use all the statements for hypothesis testing purpose in the following section.
+
+The validity analysis was done using Item-Total Correlation &all investment avenues have indicated medium to strong correlation as seen in the above table in which all statements have
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 370
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+recorded correlation value greater than 0.30 which is a standard for validation. The lowest correlation is recorded at 0.571 for I identify with my present job.
+
+
+RESULT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ANALYSIS FOR POST DATA SET
+
+
+
+
+Sl. No
+
+Overall Cronbach's Alpha for 10 statements
+Corrected Statements	Item-Total
+Correlation
+
+
+0.893 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
+
+
+
+1	I find my job motivating 2	My job is important to me
+3	I identify with my present job 4	I find my job interesting
+5	My job gives me satisfaction 6	I like my job
+7	I care for my job
+8	My work is not burden for me 9	I enjoy my work
+10	Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy
+
+.631	.883 .567	.887 .562	.889 .662	.881 .656	.882 .640	.883 .668	.881 .645	.882 .717	.877
+.628	.884
+
+
+
+Significance of Karma Yoga on Job involvement in Business Development Professionals with the help of ten statements and respondents were requested to provide their opinion on the listed statements. In order to assess the reliability and validity of the respondents; Item-Total Correlation and Cronbach's Alpha values were analyzed and it was observed that total Cronbach's Alpha was scored at 0.893 that is statistically very good.
+
+Further,  scale  item  elimination  procedure  was  carried  out  to  achieve  greater  level  of consistency but the results revealed that removal of statement might not improve overall reliability. Therefore the researcher decided to use all the statements for hypothesis testing purpose in the following section.
+
+The validity analysis was done using Item-Total Correlation &all investment avenues have indicated medium to strong correlation as seen in the above table in which all statements have recorded correlation value greater than 0.30 which is a standard for validation. The lowest correlation is recorded at 0.562 for I identify with my present job.
+
+FACTOR ANALYSIS
+
+KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling
+0.895
+Adequacy.
+Bartlett's Test of          Approx. Chi-Square     1875.082 Sphericity                              df                         45
+p-value	0.001* (Source: SPSS Version 23/KMO and Barlett’s Test)
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 371
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+“KMO  Test  is  a  measure  of  suitability of data  for  Factor  Analysis.  The  test  measures sampling adequacy for each variable in the model and for the complete model. Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variances is used to test that variances are equal for all samples. It checks that the assumption of equal variances is true before running certain statistical tests”
+The “KMO measure of sampling adequacy is 0.895 and Barlett’s test of Sphericity with approximate chi-square value is 1875.082. These results are statistically significant at 5% level.  Hence  all  the  10  statements  are  distributed  normally  and  are  suitable  for  data reduction”
+
+
+
+Sl. No. 10 6 4 8 2 1 3 5 9 7
+
+Rotated Component Matrix
+
+Statements
+
+Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy I like my job
+I find my job interesting
+My work is not burden for me My job is important to me
+I find my job motivating
+I identify with my present job My job gives me satisfaction I enjoy my work
+I care for my job
+Factor
+
+
+Component 1                 2
+.788 .787 .762 .719 .696
+.789 .786 .778 .710 .696
+F1	F2
+
+
+Finally, the  “rotated component  matrix shows the factor loadings for each attribute and highlights the factor that each attribute loaded most strongly on respective component as observed in the above table with values greater than 0.50 which was set standard”
+
+Thus Exploratory Factor Analysis by Principal Component Analysis method derived two factors related to Karma Yoga which influence Job involvement in Business Development Professionals viz., F1: job affection and F2: job association
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Pair 1
+
+Pair 2
+
+Pair 3
+
+
+
+
+
+F1PRE F1POST F2PRE F2POST JISPRE JISPOST
+
+Paired Samples Statistics
+
+Mean	N	SD
+
+4.1656	384	.69377 4.3161	384	.63653 4.2807	384	.69886 4.4594	384	.66734 4.2232	384	.63604 4.3878	384	.58594
+
+
+Std. Error Mean .03540 .03248 .03566 .03406 .03246 .02990
+
+
+The SD is less than 1, it “indicates that there is consistency in the respondent’s opinion towards the listed Select statements influence Job involvement  in Business Development Professionals as the aggregate mean value in post statements is more than 4 which falls on the positive side of the scale and also falls within the upper and lower confidence intervals”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 372
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory
+
+
+
+Paired Samples Test Paired Differences
+95% Confidence
+Std. Error	Interval of the	t	df Mean            Difference
+Mean	SD
+Upper	Lower
+Pair	F1PRE -   .15052   .73193	.03735	.22396	.07708	4.030	383
+1	F1POST
+
+Pair	F2PRE -   .17865   .72556	.03703	.25145	.10585	4.825	383
+2	F2POST
+
+Pair	JISPRE -   .16458   .65221	.03328	.23002	.09914	4.945	383
+3	JISPOST
+
+*significant at 5% level
+All values in the absolute form. Ignored negative sign for interpretation purpose
+
+ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+p-value
+
+
+
+0.001*
+
+0.001*
+
+0.001*
+
+
+The mean value indicated changes in post statement opinion and higher values are recorded in post survey which is a desired condition.
+Based on the results of the test, the null hypothesis H0: “There is no influence of Karma Yoga on  Job  involvement  among  Business  Development  Professionals”  was  rejected  and  the alternate hypothesis Ha: “There is an  influence of Karma Yoga on Job involvement among Business Development  Professionals” was accepted, since test  has revealed a significant statistical reliable difference between the pre & post treatment values with p-value is less than the 5%  significance  level (i.e.  0.001 < 0.05)  in our  study and therefore  it  justifies the acceptance of alternate hypothesis based on the paired sample test procedure.
+
+FINDINGS
+
+   68% of the respondents find their job motivating to them post karma yoga intervention
+   49%  sample  respondents  assume  their  job  is  important  to  them  post  karma  yoga intervention
+   58% sample respondents believe their identity in the society is due their present job    87% sample respondents find their job interesting post karma yoga intervention
+   90% sample respondents agree that the job gives them satisfaction
+   90% of the respondents are completely agree that the they like their job
+   86% of the respondents says they care for their job post karma yoga intervention    85% of the respondents assume their work is not burden for them
+   88% of the respondents said they enjoy their work post karma yoga intervention    91% of the respondents says whenever they complete some work, they feel happy
+   The reliability of the survey was done using Cronbach's Alpha test and the value was scored at 0. 893 that is statistically excellent.
+   The  validity analysis  was  done  using  Item-Total  Correlation  &  all  statements  have indicated medium to strong correlation in which recorded correlation values are greater than 0.30.
+   KMO test measured sampling adequacy at 0.895 which is excellent in terms of standard and Barlett’s test of Sphericity with approximate chi-square value is 1875.082. These results are statistically significant at 5% level. Hence all the 10 statements are normally distributed and are suitable for factor analysis
+   Factor  analysis  revealed two  components with a  cumulative  value of 64%  which is adequate for the overall variance analysis for 10 statements
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 373
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+   Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Component Analysis method derived two factors  related   to   Karma   Yoga   which   influenced   job   involvement   in   Business Development Professionals viz., F1: job affection and F2: job association
+   Karma Yoga influence on job involvement in Business Development Professionals has an aggregate mean value of more than 4 which falls on the positive side of the scale and also falls within the upper and lower confidence intervals
+   Post  karma  yoga  intervention the  job  involvement  survey  indicated  changes  in post statement opinion and higher values were recorded as compared to pre survey
+   Based on the results of the paired sample t test on the two factors it is evidenced that post survey respondents have indicated significance of Karma Yoga on the job involvement level.
+
+
+CONCLUSION
+Karma Yoga is the path of action for the attainment of self-realization. In every individual there is a mix of behavior, Skills, Competencies and Ethics on the one hand and on the other its counter motives and carvings for narrow gains. The applications of Karma Yoga is a path to lead a kindly light to mankind to emancipate from the contemporary materialistic mental darkness occupied in human beings across the globe to a great extent. Sadhana must be the way for the evolution of the marketing and sales professionals are no exception for it even though they are tempted by lucrative positions and possessions by industry to make them more pruned towards selfish ends.
+
+Asathoma  Sadgamaya  Tamasoma  and  Mrityorma  Amrutangamaya  will  be  the  path  for salvation.
+
+Om Shanti Shanti Shanti hi.
+
+
+
+REFERENCES
+
+1.   Balakrishnan Muniapan & Biswajit Satpathy, The ‘Dharma’ and ‘Karma’ of CSR from the Bhagavad-Gita
+2.   Dr  A.  Barai MBBS,  MRCS,  MSc (Critical care)  Registrar, Emergency Medicine Karma Yoga: a perspective of the Bhagavad Gita
+3.   G. Surya Prakash Rao, MBA; creative advertising (north western university, U.S.A.), principles of Srimad Bhagavad Gita’s tools of management doctor of philosophy in management science,
+4.   Girijesh Kumar and Jyoti Pandey: How Indian and Western Teacher Trainees Differ in Their Perception about Values? Journal of Human Values 2012
+5.   Job Involvement among working women. Dr.Sandhya Mehta, Professor & Deputy Director, Guru Nanak Institute of Management & Technology, Ludhiana. ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research   Vol.1 Issue 2, June 2011, ISSN 2231 5780
+6.   Jyotirmoy Sharma,  ,  the  individual  self  and  the  supreme  self  as  viewed  by the Bhagavad-Gita and Sri Aurobindo, under supervision of Dr. Sukhamoy Ghosh ex-reader, in-charge, Dept. of Philosophy, Tripura university thesis submitted for the award of degree of doctor of philosophy in philosophy, Tripura University (A Central University) Address : Suryamaninagar, Pin-799130 West Tripura.
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 374
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+7.   Neena. T.S, the doctrine of karma and rebirth in Indian thought with special reference to Swami Vivekananda, under the guidance and supervision of Dr. D. Nirmala Devi School of Gandhian thought and development studies Mahatma Gandhi university Kottayam - 686 560 Kerala , India, September 2001
+8.   P. P. Gopalan Nair, Mahatma Gandhi University, Freedom in the Doctrine of Karma With special reference to Bhagavad Gita
+9.   Sankaran Manikutty: Why Should I Be Ethical? Some Answers from Mahabharata: Journal of Human Values 2012
+10. S. K. Chakraborty: Management by Values Towards Cultural Congruence: OUP India : July 1993
+11. Subhash Sharma: A Vedic integration of Transition in Management thought towards transcendental management: Published in Gurukul Business Review: Vol 1: Spring 2005
+12. Subhash Sharma: Enlightened leadership in Indian Ethos, The way of Theory K: Published in Management & Change, Vol 2: No.1, Jan-June 1998
+13. Subhash Sharma:  Western Enlightenment  & Eastern Awakening: Towards a  new Symbiosis: Published in International Journal of Human resource Development & Management: Vol 3, No.1, 2003
+14. Subhash  Sharma:  Human  Quality  Development  Models  (HQD):  Implication  of Leadership for Corporate Management: Published in the Book, Developing Leaders, Teams & organisations: Anup K Singh & Daisy Chouhan: Excel Books, New Delhi 2003
+15. Arunmozhi M, An Easy Guide to  understand Research Methodology, Institute of Management Development and Research, (2019).
+16. Zubin R. Mulla, Venkat R. Krishnan:
+17. Karma-Yoga, the Indian Work Ideal, and its Relationship with Empathy 18. Do Karma-Yogis Make Better Leaders?
+a.   Exploring   the   Relationship   between   the   Leader’s   Karma-Yoga   and Transformational Leadership
+19. Zubin R. Mulla and Venkat R. Krishnan Followers' Duty-orientation and Indifference to Rewards*Transformational Leadership and Karma-Yoga: Enhancing: Psychology Developing Societies 2012
+20. N.A.Athreya, Excellence
+21. Kiran Bettadapur: Gita & selling
+22. Pramana Padhathi Grantha Extract in Vedas
+23. Job Involvement among working women , Dr.Sandhya Mehta, Professor & Deputy Director, Gurunanak Institute of Management  & Technology, Ludhiana, ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research   Vol.1 Issue 2, June 2011, ISSN 2231 5780
+24. Prof. Dinesh Kumar Pandiya Pro-Vice Chancellor & Former Dean, M.G. School of Economics and Commerce Assam (Central) University
+25. Dr.  Kingshuk  Adhikari  Assistant  Professor  Department  of  Commerce,  Assam (Central) University
+26. Assessing the role of work Motivation on Employee Performance” Author: Peter Ebong Ajang
+27. Job  Stress  &  Job  Involvement.  A  study  on  IT  professionals  from  North  India, Krantiwalia, Saurabh Narang Indian Journal of Management 10 March 2015
+28. Occupational Stress, Job Satisfaction & mental health among employees of Govt & Non-Govt Sectors Kapildev.S.Khudaniya, Dr.S.M.Kaji The International Journal of Indian Pschology Vol.2, Issue 1 Oct-Dec 2014
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 375
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+
+
+References for the scales used in this research:
+
+Job involvement scale: Santosh Dhar & Upinder Dhar
+
+1.   A Study on Government Employees
+
+Dr. Prerna Puri1 , Dr. Nidhi Saxena2 1, 2Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.) India
+
+International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 Volume 4 Issue  9,  September  2015  www.ijsr.net  Licensed  Under  Creative  Commons Attribution CC BY
+
+2.   Job   Involvement   in   Relation   to   Organizational   Climate   Organizational commitment, job involvement and work life balance among dual career women in different professions
+
+Arvind K Birdie and Kuldeep Kumar IIMT School of Management (Vedatya), Gurgaon, Haryana International Journal of Education & Management  Studies, 2015, 5(3), 242-245
+
+3.   JOB INVOLVEMENT OF EMPLOYEES OF PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS IN RELATION TO THEIR GENDER AND LOCALITY "
+
+Rajni  Kundu  UGC  NET (Commerce),   Ram Gopal Colony, Rohtak (Haryana), INDIA
+
+An  International  Indexed  Online  Journal  www.darpanonline.org/GIRT  ISSN 2347–8861 Online  Research Journal Volume:  1,  issue:  7 Global International Research Thoughts April-June 2015
+
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+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 376

document/management/Influence of Karma Yoga on Job Satisfaction Among Business Development Professionals conv.txt

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+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+INFLUENCE OF KARMA YOGA ON JOB INVOLVEMENT AMONG BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PROFESSIONALS
+
+Deepak. B V and Dr. Sony Kumari Department of Yoga & Management Studies
+Swami Vivekananda Anusandhana Samsthana University Bengaluru, Karnataka India [email protected]
+ABSTRACT
+A study to explore the impact of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement of business development professionals having hypothesis of influence of Karma yoga, quantitative research design with pre & post intervention approach, about 400 sample respondents from the age group of 25-40,  both  male  & female across various  sectors in  Bengaluru city  were  chosen.  The collected data was analyzed via pre & post questionnaire, KMO test was used to measure the data suitability of data for factor analysis. Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variances is used to test that variances are equal for all samples. Based on the paired sample test the null hypothesis H0 “there is no influence of Karma yoga on Job Involvement among Business development professionals” was rejected & alternate hypothesis H1 was accepted.
+
+KEYWORDS:  Karma  Yoga,  Job  Involvement,  Business  Development  Professionals, Sectors, Quantitative Research, Inferential Statistics, etc.
+
+INTRODUCTION
+Karma-yoga  which  is  one  of  the  means  of  achieving  the  mukti  (liberation)  from  the inescapable cycle of birth, death and rebirth (sanasara) holds answer to several business problems  like  employee  commitment,  involvement  and  turnover.  Although,  these  job attitudes have been the subject of several researches, still our understanding of how karma-yoga  can  influence  them  favorably  has  not  been  studied.  Karma-yoga  which  has  been mentioned in Bhagavad Gita, stresses on how one should perform one’s duty without any desire for the result and how one should maintain a sense of equanimity in the face of crisis or ecstasy. Although it would be insensible to deploy the lessons of karma-yoga in today’s business setting without adjusting it to the needs of the present generation. Still the authors are confident that its merit is as relevant today as it was thousands of years back.
+
+Today  most  of  the  organizations  complain  of  employee  commitment,  involvement  and intention to quit and in a desperate attempt organizations resort to some traditional financial incentives and perquisites. These carrots (incentives) can solve the problem temporarily but can’t provide a long term solution. We strongly believe that when a person look at his/her job from a different and higher perspective, the job takes the shape of a duty (a moral obligation) and then the person is able to relate his/her job with life’s ultimate goal (salvation). Such a motivated person looks at  job as  a  reward and  finds  the  same  mundane  and repetitive activities as meaningful and sacred.
+
+One of the most important areas of study in organizational behavior is job attitudes, or how people feel about what they do at workplace. Employees spend a good part of their daily hours at  workplace hence they seek  meaning  in work and several modes of expressing themselves. Work has different meaning in different societies and these differences in culture, values and ethics govern our attitude at workplace.
+
+In West, people adhere to Protestant work philosophy which guides the values at workplace. It emphasizes on hard work and dignity at workplace which will lead to a comfortable life. So in West the stress is on hard labour which will lead to materialistic growth. The Oriental
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 364
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+philosophies primarily the Indian philosophy differs from the Protestant one in terms of the definition of work and the role of work in one’s life (Chakraborty, 1987). According to Indian philosophy, work or duty is a sacred responsibility which surpasses our immediate materialistic wants and helps in fulfilling the larger goals of life that is liberation (mukti).
+
+LITERATURE REVIEW
+It is essential to note that while literature on Karma Yoga is in a nascent state in the realm of management  research,  yet  the  concept  arguably  remains  the  most  widely  discussed, commented yet misunderstood aspect of the Indian worldview (Mahadevan, 1958). This ought not to be surprising for the said concept is enshrined within the Hindu philosophy [i.e. functionally equivalent to “Indian philosophy” (Fenton, 1988)], which is characterized by an extraordinary degree of plurality (Hodge, 2004) in comprehension and practice. Reat (1990) notes that even familiar concepts such as “Brahman” and “Dharma” can signify a broad range of divergent and distinct concepts among numerous spiritual schools within the religion. However, owing to our stated focus on workplace happiness in the current research, we restricted the scope of this review specifically to conceptualizations and studies on Karma Yoga directed at employees (workplace context).
+
+As stated earlier, with the slow yet increasing popularity of the Bhagavad Gita towards addressing organizational problems in recent years (Sharma, 1999), there has been a growing interest  among  management  researchers  in exploring the concept  of Karma Yoga. Thus Chakraborty (1993) asserts the same to be energy conserving and mind purifying for it urges one to work for a cause higher than one’s ego. Similarly, while affirming that a belief in Indian philosophy (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006) or Indian worldview (Mulla & Krishnan, 2009) is a necessary condition for practicing Karma Yoga, the concept is defined by them as a “technique for intelligently performing actions”, or a “technique for performing actions in a manner that the soul is not bound by the effects of the actions” (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006; Mulla & Krishnan, 2007).
+
+Moving further, the operationalization of the construct differs widely across studies. Hence while  Narayanan  &  Krishnan  (2003)  provide  a  two  factor  conceptualization  of  the construct, i.e. doing one’s duty and not being attached to the outcomes, Menon & Krishnan (2004) conceptualize a four factor model comprising of the dimensions of significance of work, successful work, detachment from work and setting an example. In later years, Mulla & Krishnan (2006) argued for a separate two factor model of Karma Yoga comprising of the dimensions of duty orientation and absence of desire for rewards, however they later revised the same to a three factor model (Mulla & Krishnan, 2009) by including equanimity as a third dimension of Karma Yoga.
+
+Karma Yoga has been found to relate extensively with transformational leadership, emotional intelligence and spirituality (Mulla & Krishnan, 2007, 2008, 2009). Further Srirangarajan et al (2011) assert that the practice of Karma Yoga would lead to a win-win situation for the employee and the business organization. While the employees shall be rewarded with job satisfaction,   personal   growth   and   fulfillment,   the   organization   experiences   higher productivity and quality performance.
+
+A critical review of the above discussion reveals that the operationalization of Karma Yoga lacks consensus, which can render research and findings involving the same a suspect. We noticed that the earlier attempts towards operationalization were sketchy and simplistic with dimensions imposed than theorized. For e.g. Narayanan & Krishnan (2003) cared little to explain the rationale guiding their derivation of the dimensions, i.e. doing one’s duty and not being attached to outcomes. Similarly Menon & Krishnan (2004) provide no basis for their
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 365
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+four-factor operationalization of Karma Yoga. Mulla & Krishnan (2006), in a seemingly comprehensive attempt,  did present  a more reasoned operationalization of the construct, deriving the dimensions of duty orientation and absence of desire for rewards from a content analysis of Gandhi’s (2001) interpretation of Bhagavad Gita. However basing the same solely on Gandhi’s interpretation resonates an inherent subjectivity that demands a relook. The later attempts are in effect modifications of Mulla & Krishnan’s (2006) study, with frequent inclusion and exclusion of factors sans explanation. Thus, Mulla & Krishnan (2009) added equanimity as a third dimension of Karma Yoga, while in another study (i.e. Mulla & Krishnan,  2008),  they  abandoned  equanimity  and  stuck  to  their  original  two  factor conceptualization (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006). Surprisingly, the same authors re- introduced equanimity as a third dimension of the construct in a subsequent study (Mulla & Krishnan, 2012).
+
+Ravindra  Pathak  and  Dr.  Manoj  Patwardhan  2011  identified  the  factors  of  job involvement,  organizational  effectiveness  and  established  the  relationship  between  job involvement and organizational effectiveness. This study revealed that the job involved that the employees directly contribute in organizational effectiveness by way of their working style,  approach  towards  the  attainment  of  organizational  goals,  quality  improvement, acquisition of new talent and skills. Chughtai, Aamir Ali (2008), examined the impact of job involvement  on  the  self-report  measures  of  in-role  job  performance  and  organizational citizenship behavior. The results of this study revealed that job involvement was positively correlated with both-in-role  job performance and Organizational citizenship  behavior.  In addition to this,  it  was found that  organizational commitment  partially mediated the job involvement-performance relationship. Furthermore, the findings of this research uncovered that job involvement exerted a stronger impact on Organizational citizenship behavior than on in-role performance.
+
+P.C.Mishra and Minum Sharma (2005)  to find out the relationship of social support and job involvement in prison officers. The result shows that social support and its dimensions, namely, appraisal support, tangible support and belonging support have a significant positive relationship  with  job  involvement.  The  study  suggests  that  overall  social  support  is  a significant predictor of job involvement in prison officers. The other predictors are belonging support, appraisal support and tangible support.
+
+Abraham Carmeli (2005) proposes and tests a model that attempts to explain the role of situational and personal-related factors relating to why top executives become involved in their jobs. The results indicate that both situational and personal-related factors predict job involvement. The findings show that the relationship between perceived external prestige and job involvement is mediated by affective commitment, and that the relationship between protestant work ethic and job involvement is mediated by normative commitment.
+
+Ishwara P., P.Laxman (2007) evaluated the perceived level job involvement among the university teachers working at the post graduate departments in Karnataka State. Analysis of the data indicated that around 60% of the university teachers perceived and were reported to have been moderately involved in the job. There is no significant difference in the levels of job involvement among the university teachers, irrespective of their cadre. All the teachers are perceived to have more or less the same level of job involvement.
+
+Miguel Pina e Cunha (2002) in his case study of an integrated information technology services  firm,  examines  how  the  interplay  between  culture,  structure,  and  leadership  is managed in order to build control and employee loyalty. He focuses on the salient features of
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 366
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+the case, namely that a high-profile culture combines with a low-profile leadership and with minimal structuring to create a vibrant and loyalty-generating organizational environment. He proposes that these processes are effective because they reinforce one another. It is their articulation, not their existence that acts both as an unobtrusive control mechanism and as an employee loyalty– generating process, fulfilling the needs of both the organization and its professionals.
+
+Frederick Reichheld (2006) in his study he reported that loyalty, for those who plan to stay with an employer at least two years, can be affected by several factors, including benefits and pay, working environment, job satisfaction and customers. Employee loyalty is critical for organizations as constant turnover or churn can be very expensive. In his report he stated that one of the most effective ways to improve employee loyalty is to make employees feel like they are an important part of the organization. His report found that only 55 percent of the employee’s surveyed  feel like their  organization treats them well.  He suggested that  an employee   feedback  system  can  help  raise  employee   loyalty  by  providing  two-way communications   between   employees   and   management.   If   employees   feel   like   the organization is listening to them, recognizing them for their contributions, they will more likely be loyal to the company.
+
+According to Ongori (2007) job involvement characterizes the degree to which employees are  engaged  in  or  preoccupied  with  their  jobs  and  the  degree  to  which  an  individual recognizes with his job. It is also described as the degree to which a job is recognized to be the significant factor in fulfilling one or another need of an employee. Involvement also shows that importance of work is the self image of a worker. Thus involvement is basically persuaded by the reading of an employee about his personal picture of life. And then by the organizational qualities and job attributes (Moynihan & Pandey, 2007). This implies that job involvement  is  that  organizational  attitude  which  tells  that  how  much  an  employee psychologically identifies with the employer organization and how much one believes that his work is important and enlarges his self-respect (Robbins, 1998: 142; Weidmer, 1998).Job involvement has been divided into two separate approaches. First approach is viewed as an individual  difference  variable  where  job  involvement  is  believed  to  occur  when  the possession of specific needs, values or personal characteristics affect individuals to become more or less involved in their jobs. The second approach considers job involvement as a reaction to particular work situation distinctiveness (Ekmekci, 2011).
+
+According to (Khan et al., 2011) Job involvement, job commitment, and employee job performance  are  amongst  the  most  studied  areas  in organizational  behavior  and  human resource management research. Further they added that job involvement has been one of the most  useful  tools  used  for  increasing  employee  productivity  by  improving  employee involvement and commitment. On the other hand, job involvement is related to employees perception that  how the job takes place  in individual life.  As much as an individual is positively  influenced  by  his  job,  the  readiness  and  accomplishment  will  automatically increase (Ekmekci, 2011). This means that it also creates the meaning of ownership within employees who are involved in decisions concerning their job and it’s related
+
+Activities.  Research  has  proved  the  importance  of  job  involvement  with  employee commitment. This clearly reveals that those organizations that have job involvement culture, their employees are more committed with organization than those organizations who do not involve their employees (Khan et al., 2011).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 367
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+
+
+OBJECTIVE
+To analyze the influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement  in Business Development Professionals
+
+HYPOTHESIS
+H0: There is no influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement among Business Development Professionals
+Ha: There is an influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement among Business Development Professionals
+
+RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
+This is a quantitative research design with pre and post interventional approach. Case studies have been included to bring in empirical insights into the study. Randomized control design, by using random generated table for sample respondent selection. Pre intervention data have been collected by using job Involvement scale in first stage and later after completion of thirty days of Karma Yoga sessions post intervention data was collected. About 400 sample respondent in 25-40 years of age group, both male & female respondents working in various sectors  like  FMCG,  Healthcare,  Consumer  Durables,  Banking  &  Insurance,  retail  and pharmaceutical sectors in Bengaluru city were selected for the study.
+
+DATA ANALYSIS
+
+Having discussed all important aspects of karma yoga on employee’s job Involvement, now the researcher in this section turns to data analysis and interpretation. First part of consists of respondents profile across various demographic factors like Age, Educational Qualification, Annual Income and Marital Status, area. Second part of the analysis is about the influence of Karma  Yoga  on  Job  Involvement  in  Business  Development  Professionals  using  Job Involvement scale survey.
+
+
+PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE RESPONDENT
+Particular	Category	Frequency GENDER                       MALE                          262
+FEMALE	122 MARITAL_STATUS   MARRIED	173
+UNMARRIED	211 AREA	RURAL	134
+URBAN	250 EDUCATION	SSLC	32
+PUC	81 DIPLOMA	82 UG	135 PG	54
+SALARY	Below 10K	6 10K to 15K	52 15K to 20K	144 20K-25K	154 Above 25k	28
+
+
+Percent 68
+32 45 55 35 65 8 21 22 35 14 2 13 38 40 7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 368
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+From above table it  is evident that  68% respondents belong to male category and 32% respondents are female. 55% respondents belong to unmarried category and 45% respondents are married. 65% respondents belong to urban category and 35% respondents are from rural background.   35%   respondents   are   graduates,   14%   have   post-graduate   degree,   22% respondents have diploma educational qualification and 8% respondents have qualification up to SSLC level. 40% respondents have an income in the range of Rs 20,000 to Rs 25,000, 7% respondents have a salary of more than Rs 25,000, 2% respondents have a salary of less than Rs 10,000 and only 13% respondents have income of Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000.
+
+
+DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR PRE-SET Sl.
+No	Statements	Mean	SD .
+
+
+95% Confidence Interval
+Lower	Upper
+
+1     I find my job motivating                                         4.43         0.80         4.35           4.51 2     My job is important to me                                      4.23         0.83         4.15           4.32 3     I identify with my present job                                 4.16         0.97         4.07           4.26 4     I find my job interesting                                         4.09         0.97         4.00           4.19 5     My job gives me satisfaction                                  4.18         1.00         4.08           4.28 6     I like my job                                                            4.14         0.88         4.05           4.23 7     I care for my job                                                     4.33         0.87         4.24           4.41 8     My work is not burden for me                                4.11         0.93         4.02           4.20 9     I enjoy my work                                                      4.30         0.94         4.21           4.40 10    Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy      4.25         0.91         4.16           4.34
+
+The   above   table   highlights   the   job   involvement   among   the   Business   development professionals. The highest mean value was recorded for, ‘I find my job motivating’ (mean 4.43) with standard deviation (0.80) indicating consistency in the opinion of the respondents. This is followed by; ‘I care for my job’ (mean 4.33) with standard deviation (0.87). The respondents have indicated less mean value for ‘I find my job interesting’ with a mean score of 4.09 with maximum variation for ‘My job gives me satisfaction’ with a SD of 1.
+
+From lower and upper value of 95% confidence interval (CI); it is realized that the outcome will be same as observed in the above table for the whole study population. The agreement of 95% of the respondents in the study population is likely to possess opinion as that of entire respondents in the sample regarding all listed statements.
+
+DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR POST-SET
+
+
+Sl.
+No	Statements .
+
+95% Confidence Mean	SD	Interval
+Lower	Upper
+
+
+
+1	I find my job motivating 2	My job is important to me
+3	I identify with my present job 4	I find my job interesting
+5	My job gives me satisfaction 6	I like my job
+
+4.57	0.74	4.49	4.64 4.34	0.79	4.26	4.42 4.36	0.94	4.27	4.46 4.25	0.80	4.17	4.33 4.46	0.78	4.38	4.54
+4.34	0.76	4.27	4.42
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 369
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+7     I care for my job                                                     4.43         0.88         4.34           4.51 8     My work is not burden for me                                4.23         0.89         4.14           4.32 9     I enjoy my work                                                      4.48         0.82         4.40           4.56 10    Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy      4.42         0.76         4.35           4.50
+
+The   above   table   highlights   the   job   involvement   among   the   Business   development professionals. The highest mean value was recorded for, ‘I find my job motivating’ (mean 4.57) with standard deviation (0.74) indicating consistency in the opinion of the respondents. This is followed by; ‘I enjoy my work’ (mean 4.48) with standard deviation (0.82). The respondents have indicated less mean value for ‘My work is not burden for me’ with a mean score of 4.23 with maximum variation for ‘I identify with my present job’ with a SD of 0.94.
+
+From lower and upper value of 95% confidence interval (CI); it is realized that the outcome will be same as observed in the above table for the whole study population. The agreement of 95% of the respondents in the study population is likely to possess opinion as that of entire respondents in the sample regarding all listed statements.
+
+RESULT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ANALYSIS FOR PRE DATA SET
+
+
+Overall Cronbach's Alpha for 10 statements
+Sl.                                                                                                 Corrected No                                     Statements                                        Item-Total
+.	Correlation
+
+
+0.883 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
+
+
+
+1	I find my job motivating 2	My job is important to me
+3	I identify with my present job 4	I find my job interesting
+5	My job gives me satisfaction 6	I like my job
+7	I care for my job
+8	My work is not burden for me 9	I enjoy my work
+10	Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy
+
+.621	.872 .559	.876 .571	.875 .676	.867 .600	.873 .632	.871 .609	.872 .641	.870 .664	.868
+.572	.875
+
+
+Significance of Karma Yoga on Job involvement in Business Development Professionals with the help of ten statements and respondents were requested to provide their opinion on the listed statements. In order to assess the reliability and validity of the respondents; Item-Total Correlation and Cronbach's Alpha values were analyzed and it was observed that total Cronbach's Alpha was scored at 0.883 that is statistically very good.
+
+Further,  scale  item  elimination  procedure  was  carried  out  to  achieve  greater  level  of consistency but the results revealed that removal of statement might not improve overall reliability. Therefore the researcher decided to use all the statements for hypothesis testing purpose in the following section.
+
+The validity analysis was done using Item-Total Correlation &all investment avenues have indicated medium to strong correlation as seen in the above table in which all statements have
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 370
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+recorded correlation value greater than 0.30 which is a standard for validation. The lowest correlation is recorded at 0.571 for I identify with my present job.
+
+
+RESULT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ANALYSIS FOR POST DATA SET
+
+
+
+
+Sl. No
+
+Overall Cronbach's Alpha for 10 statements
+Corrected Statements	Item-Total
+Correlation
+
+
+0.893 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted
+
+
+
+1	I find my job motivating 2	My job is important to me
+3	I identify with my present job 4	I find my job interesting
+5	My job gives me satisfaction 6	I like my job
+7	I care for my job
+8	My work is not burden for me 9	I enjoy my work
+10	Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy
+
+.631	.883 .567	.887 .562	.889 .662	.881 .656	.882 .640	.883 .668	.881 .645	.882 .717	.877
+.628	.884
+
+
+
+Significance of Karma Yoga on Job involvement in Business Development Professionals with the help of ten statements and respondents were requested to provide their opinion on the listed statements. In order to assess the reliability and validity of the respondents; Item-Total Correlation and Cronbach's Alpha values were analyzed and it was observed that total Cronbach's Alpha was scored at 0.893 that is statistically very good.
+
+Further,  scale  item  elimination  procedure  was  carried  out  to  achieve  greater  level  of consistency but the results revealed that removal of statement might not improve overall reliability. Therefore the researcher decided to use all the statements for hypothesis testing purpose in the following section.
+
+The validity analysis was done using Item-Total Correlation &all investment avenues have indicated medium to strong correlation as seen in the above table in which all statements have recorded correlation value greater than 0.30 which is a standard for validation. The lowest correlation is recorded at 0.562 for I identify with my present job.
+
+FACTOR ANALYSIS
+
+KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling
+0.895
+Adequacy.
+Bartlett's Test of          Approx. Chi-Square     1875.082 Sphericity                              df                         45
+p-value	0.001* (Source: SPSS Version 23/KMO and Barlett’s Test)
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 371
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+“KMO  Test  is  a  measure  of  suitability of data  for  Factor  Analysis.  The  test  measures sampling adequacy for each variable in the model and for the complete model. Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variances is used to test that variances are equal for all samples. It checks that the assumption of equal variances is true before running certain statistical tests”
+The “KMO measure of sampling adequacy is 0.895 and Barlett’s test of Sphericity with approximate chi-square value is 1875.082. These results are statistically significant at 5% level.  Hence  all  the  10  statements  are  distributed  normally  and  are  suitable  for  data reduction”
+
+
+
+Sl. No. 10 6 4 8 2 1 3 5 9 7
+
+Rotated Component Matrix
+
+Statements
+
+Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy I like my job
+I find my job interesting
+My work is not burden for me My job is important to me
+I find my job motivating
+I identify with my present job My job gives me satisfaction I enjoy my work
+I care for my job
+Factor
+
+
+Component 1                 2
+.788 .787 .762 .719 .696
+.789 .786 .778 .710 .696
+F1	F2
+
+
+Finally, the  “rotated component  matrix shows the factor loadings for each attribute and highlights the factor that each attribute loaded most strongly on respective component as observed in the above table with values greater than 0.50 which was set standard”
+
+Thus Exploratory Factor Analysis by Principal Component Analysis method derived two factors related to Karma Yoga which influence Job involvement in Business Development Professionals viz., F1: job affection and F2: job association
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Pair 1
+
+Pair 2
+
+Pair 3
+
+
+
+
+
+F1PRE F1POST F2PRE F2POST JISPRE JISPOST
+
+Paired Samples Statistics
+
+Mean	N	SD
+
+4.1656	384	.69377 4.3161	384	.63653 4.2807	384	.69886 4.4594	384	.66734 4.2232	384	.63604 4.3878	384	.58594
+
+
+Std. Error Mean .03540 .03248 .03566 .03406 .03246 .02990
+
+
+The SD is less than 1, it “indicates that there is consistency in the respondent’s opinion towards the listed Select statements influence Job involvement  in Business Development Professionals as the aggregate mean value in post statements is more than 4 which falls on the positive side of the scale and also falls within the upper and lower confidence intervals”
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 372
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory
+
+
+
+Paired Samples Test Paired Differences
+95% Confidence
+Std. Error	Interval of the	t	df Mean            Difference
+Mean	SD
+Upper	Lower
+Pair	F1PRE -   .15052   .73193	.03735	.22396	.07708	4.030	383
+1	F1POST
+
+Pair	F2PRE -   .17865   .72556	.03703	.25145	.10585	4.825	383
+2	F2POST
+
+Pair	JISPRE -   .16458   .65221	.03328	.23002	.09914	4.945	383
+3	JISPOST
+
+*significant at 5% level
+All values in the absolute form. Ignored negative sign for interpretation purpose
+
+ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+p-value
+
+
+
+0.001*
+
+0.001*
+
+0.001*
+
+
+The mean value indicated changes in post statement opinion and higher values are recorded in post survey which is a desired condition.
+Based on the results of the test, the null hypothesis H0: “There is no influence of Karma Yoga on  Job  involvement  among  Business  Development  Professionals”  was  rejected  and  the alternate hypothesis Ha: “There is an  influence of Karma Yoga on Job involvement among Business Development  Professionals” was accepted, since test  has revealed a significant statistical reliable difference between the pre & post treatment values with p-value is less than the 5%  significance  level (i.e.  0.001 < 0.05)  in our  study and therefore  it  justifies the acceptance of alternate hypothesis based on the paired sample test procedure.
+
+FINDINGS
+
+   68% of the respondents find their job motivating to them post karma yoga intervention
+   49%  sample  respondents  assume  their  job  is  important  to  them  post  karma  yoga intervention
+   58% sample respondents believe their identity in the society is due their present job    87% sample respondents find their job interesting post karma yoga intervention
+   90% sample respondents agree that the job gives them satisfaction
+   90% of the respondents are completely agree that the they like their job
+   86% of the respondents says they care for their job post karma yoga intervention    85% of the respondents assume their work is not burden for them
+   88% of the respondents said they enjoy their work post karma yoga intervention    91% of the respondents says whenever they complete some work, they feel happy
+   The reliability of the survey was done using Cronbach's Alpha test and the value was scored at 0. 893 that is statistically excellent.
+   The  validity analysis  was  done  using  Item-Total  Correlation  &  all  statements  have indicated medium to strong correlation in which recorded correlation values are greater than 0.30.
+   KMO test measured sampling adequacy at 0.895 which is excellent in terms of standard and Barlett’s test of Sphericity with approximate chi-square value is 1875.082. These results are statistically significant at 5% level. Hence all the 10 statements are normally distributed and are suitable for factor analysis
+   Factor  analysis  revealed two  components with a  cumulative  value of 64%  which is adequate for the overall variance analysis for 10 statements
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 373
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+   Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Component Analysis method derived two factors  related   to   Karma   Yoga   which   influenced   job   involvement   in   Business Development Professionals viz., F1: job affection and F2: job association
+   Karma Yoga influence on job involvement in Business Development Professionals has an aggregate mean value of more than 4 which falls on the positive side of the scale and also falls within the upper and lower confidence intervals
+   Post  karma  yoga  intervention the  job  involvement  survey  indicated  changes  in post statement opinion and higher values were recorded as compared to pre survey
+   Based on the results of the paired sample t test on the two factors it is evidenced that post survey respondents have indicated significance of Karma Yoga on the job involvement level.
+
+
+CONCLUSION
+Karma Yoga is the path of action for the attainment of self-realization. In every individual there is a mix of behavior, Skills, Competencies and Ethics on the one hand and on the other its counter motives and carvings for narrow gains. The applications of Karma Yoga is a path to lead a kindly light to mankind to emancipate from the contemporary materialistic mental darkness occupied in human beings across the globe to a great extent. Sadhana must be the way for the evolution of the marketing and sales professionals are no exception for it even though they are tempted by lucrative positions and possessions by industry to make them more pruned towards selfish ends.
+
+Asathoma  Sadgamaya  Tamasoma  and  Mrityorma  Amrutangamaya  will  be  the  path  for salvation.
+
+Om Shanti Shanti Shanti hi.
+
+
+
+REFERENCES
+
+1.   Balakrishnan Muniapan & Biswajit Satpathy, The ‘Dharma’ and ‘Karma’ of CSR from the Bhagavad-Gita
+2.   Dr  A.  Barai MBBS,  MRCS,  MSc (Critical care)  Registrar, Emergency Medicine Karma Yoga: a perspective of the Bhagavad Gita
+3.   G. Surya Prakash Rao, MBA; creative advertising (north western university, U.S.A.), principles of Srimad Bhagavad Gita’s tools of management doctor of philosophy in management science,
+4.   Girijesh Kumar and Jyoti Pandey: How Indian and Western Teacher Trainees Differ in Their Perception about Values? Journal of Human Values 2012
+5.   Job Involvement among working women. Dr.Sandhya Mehta, Professor & Deputy Director, Guru Nanak Institute of Management & Technology, Ludhiana. ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research   Vol.1 Issue 2, June 2011, ISSN 2231 5780
+6.   Jyotirmoy Sharma,  ,  the  individual  self  and  the  supreme  self  as  viewed  by the Bhagavad-Gita and Sri Aurobindo, under supervision of Dr. Sukhamoy Ghosh ex-reader, in-charge, Dept. of Philosophy, Tripura university thesis submitted for the award of degree of doctor of philosophy in philosophy, Tripura University (A Central University) Address : Suryamaninagar, Pin-799130 West Tripura.
+
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 374
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+7.   Neena. T.S, the doctrine of karma and rebirth in Indian thought with special reference to Swami Vivekananda, under the guidance and supervision of Dr. D. Nirmala Devi School of Gandhian thought and development studies Mahatma Gandhi university Kottayam - 686 560 Kerala , India, September 2001
+8.   P. P. Gopalan Nair, Mahatma Gandhi University, Freedom in the Doctrine of Karma With special reference to Bhagavad Gita
+9.   Sankaran Manikutty: Why Should I Be Ethical? Some Answers from Mahabharata: Journal of Human Values 2012
+10. S. K. Chakraborty: Management by Values Towards Cultural Congruence: OUP India : July 1993
+11. Subhash Sharma: A Vedic integration of Transition in Management thought towards transcendental management: Published in Gurukul Business Review: Vol 1: Spring 2005
+12. Subhash Sharma: Enlightened leadership in Indian Ethos, The way of Theory K: Published in Management & Change, Vol 2: No.1, Jan-June 1998
+13. Subhash Sharma:  Western Enlightenment  & Eastern Awakening: Towards a  new Symbiosis: Published in International Journal of Human resource Development & Management: Vol 3, No.1, 2003
+14. Subhash  Sharma:  Human  Quality  Development  Models  (HQD):  Implication  of Leadership for Corporate Management: Published in the Book, Developing Leaders, Teams & organisations: Anup K Singh & Daisy Chouhan: Excel Books, New Delhi 2003
+15. Arunmozhi M, An Easy Guide to  understand Research Methodology, Institute of Management Development and Research, (2019).
+16. Zubin R. Mulla, Venkat R. Krishnan:
+17. Karma-Yoga, the Indian Work Ideal, and its Relationship with Empathy 18. Do Karma-Yogis Make Better Leaders?
+a.   Exploring   the   Relationship   between   the   Leader’s   Karma-Yoga   and Transformational Leadership
+19. Zubin R. Mulla and Venkat R. Krishnan Followers' Duty-orientation and Indifference to Rewards*Transformational Leadership and Karma-Yoga: Enhancing: Psychology Developing Societies 2012
+20. N.A.Athreya, Excellence
+21. Kiran Bettadapur: Gita & selling
+22. Pramana Padhathi Grantha Extract in Vedas
+23. Job Involvement among working women , Dr.Sandhya Mehta, Professor & Deputy Director, Gurunanak Institute of Management  & Technology, Ludhiana, ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research   Vol.1 Issue 2, June 2011, ISSN 2231 5780
+24. Prof. Dinesh Kumar Pandiya Pro-Vice Chancellor & Former Dean, M.G. School of Economics and Commerce Assam (Central) University
+25. Dr.  Kingshuk  Adhikari  Assistant  Professor  Department  of  Commerce,  Assam (Central) University
+26. Assessing the role of work Motivation on Employee Performance” Author: Peter Ebong Ajang
+27. Job  Stress  &  Job  Involvement.  A  study  on  IT  professionals  from  North  India, Krantiwalia, Saurabh Narang Indian Journal of Management 10 March 2015
+28. Occupational Stress, Job Satisfaction & mental health among employees of Govt & Non-Govt Sectors Kapildev.S.Khudaniya, Dr.S.M.Kaji The International Journal of Indian Pschology Vol.2, Issue 1 Oct-Dec 2014
+
+
+
+
+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 375
+JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory	ISSN : 0731-6755
+
+
+
+
+
+References for the scales used in this research:
+
+Job involvement scale: Santosh Dhar & Upinder Dhar
+
+1.   A Study on Government Employees
+
+Dr. Prerna Puri1 , Dr. Nidhi Saxena2 1, 2Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.) India
+
+International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 Volume 4 Issue  9,  September  2015  www.ijsr.net  Licensed  Under  Creative  Commons Attribution CC BY
+
+2.   Job   Involvement   in   Relation   to   Organizational   Climate   Organizational commitment, job involvement and work life balance among dual career women in different professions
+
+Arvind K Birdie and Kuldeep Kumar IIMT School of Management (Vedatya), Gurgaon, Haryana International Journal of Education & Management  Studies, 2015, 5(3), 242-245
+
+3.   JOB INVOLVEMENT OF EMPLOYEES OF PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS IN RELATION TO THEIR GENDER AND LOCALITY "
+
+Rajni  Kundu  UGC  NET (Commerce),   Ram Gopal Colony, Rohtak (Haryana), INDIA
+
+An  International  Indexed  Online  Journal  www.darpanonline.org/GIRT  ISSN 2347–8861 Online  Research Journal Volume:  1,  issue:  7 Global International Research Thoughts April-June 2015
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+
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+Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019	Page No: 376

document/management/Influence of language on implicit association test scores in Indian population conv.txt

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+ISSN: 2278-4853	Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013	AJMR
+
+P ub lis he d  b y:  TRANS  A s ia n  R e s e a r c h  J o ur na ls AJMR:
+A s i a n   J o u r n a l   o f M u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l R e s e a r c h
+
+(A Double  Blind  Referred  &  Reviewed International  Journal)
+
+INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE ON IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST SCORES IN INDIAN POPULATION
+
+Judu V. Ilavarasu*; Sasidharan K. Rajesh**; Alex Hankey***
+
+*Department of Psychology,
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bangalore, India.
+**Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences,
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bangalore, India.
+*** Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bangalore, India.
+
+ABSTRACT
+
+The  Implicit  Association  Test  (IAT)  has  been  used  by  psychologists  to  assess attitudes that can be biased while reporting due to social desirability factors or attitudes that are difficult to self report. It has been found sensitive to language of delivery for bilinguals. Here, we report a first study of IAT from India, specifically on  the  influence  of  language  on  IAT  scores  in  Indian  bilingual  populations. Motivation for the study was to explore culture and language specific determinants that might influence IAT effects in Indian populations. The standard flower-insect IAT was administered in three modalities, native language, English, and picture. In contrast  to  earlier  works,  we  found  that  IAT  D  scores  were  not  influenced significantly between native and English languages.  For further analysis, we then added two more determinates, frequency of usage of native language, and medium of instruction at school, in the model. Indian populations' varied language and culture make these appropriate. Error rates were significantly higher and latencies longer for English IATs compared to native IATs, for those using their native language more frequently. The opposite was also true. We propose that, for bilingual Indian populations, less sensitive IATs can be administered in either English or native language. Our result suggest that, because their second language is used under natural conditions, the nature of bilinguals in India may be different, and require further study.
+
+
+
+TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in
+
+
+43
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+
+KEYWORDS: bilinguals, Implicit Association Test, Indian population, language. __________________________________________________________________________
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Psychological testing is increasingly making use of implicit measures, especially in the west to measure  subjects'  inherent  attitudes  and  preferences.	Self-presentation  bias  due  to  social desirability is one of the  most  challenging problems  in any questionnaire  based self-report measure. Implicit  tools are considered to avoid this problem. They also  facilitate access to constructs which may be difficult to self-report. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) (Greenwald et al. 1998) is one of the most popular tools used in Implicit cognition research. Over 100 articles are annually published, but until now, no report has appeared from India. In order to carry out research using IAT in India, certain methodological issues must be considered, including choice of language to deliver stimuli. As the world's second  most populous country, India has diverse cultures and languages; many Indians are bilingual, with English as their second language, since it is a common medium of communication in schools.
+
+REVIEW OF LITERATURE
+
+Danziger and Ward (2010) reported that in Arab Israeli bilinguals, language changes IAT D scores in an Arab-Jew IAT. Another study of bilinguals (Ogunnaike et al. 2010) showed that participants' implicit attitude toward social categories was altered by the language in which the test was administered. Foroni and Bel-Bahar (2010) reported that IAT effects  are influenced by level of representation (LR), the degree to which a shown word represents the corresponding category. Processing of lower LR cues happens through the semantic-verbal network, while higher LR cues are processed through the perceptual visual network. They also showed that picture cues have low LR (activate less extraneous knowledge, easier to categorise, and less semantic interference) while words have  high LR (activate high extraneous knowledge, are harder to categorise, and more semantic interference) and consequently, higher IAT effects are found in word IATs than in picture IATs.   The way LR is activated might differ from one language to another. It  is well recognised that  in language acquisition implicit  and explicit learning play a key role. Interestingly, second language acquisition process differs between instructed and naturalistic modes (Dӧrnyei 2009). In the Indian context, this distinction between instructed and naturalistic second language acquisition is relevant as many schools use English as a medium of instruction, and media and the environment are redolent with English.
+
+OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESIS
+
+As a first investigation, we aimed to evaluate language's influence on IAT D score in an Indian population, We administered the flower-insect IAT in three different modalities, English, mother tongue  (Hindi  or  Kannada),  and  picture.  Picture  IAT  was  used  to  cross  check  previously established significant differences between picture and word IATs. The motivation for the study stemmed  from  the  general  observation  that  use  of  English  is  often  restricted  to  academic pursuits; at home, native language is used more frequently. Hence, we hypothesised, dominant use of mother tongue would alter IAT D scores in Indian bilinguals. Results did not show any
+
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+
+TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in
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+44
+ISSN: 2278-4853	Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013	AJMR
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+significant  difference  in  IAT  D  scores  across  modalities,  however,  interesting  trends  were observed in mean latency and mean error percentage.
+
+METHODOLOGY
+
+Fifty four bilinguals (28 males, 26 females) attending university in southern India, mean age, 23.33,  range  (18-  41  years),  were  balanced  for  gender,  education  level  (undergraduate  or postgraduate), native language (Hindi or Kannada).   The order in which the three IATs were presented (six orders for three IATs) were randomised using lottery method. As the subjects arrived at the lab, they were briefed about the experiment and were asked to choose their random order. All assessments were done in a batch of four to six subjects. Other factors considered, included medium of instruction at school (medium), two levels English, and native language; and frequency of usage of the latter compared to English (frequency), with three levels, more, less and equally frequently. A seven block IAT structure was adopted from Greenwald et al. (2003), with flower-insect categories substituted. The response keys were 'e' and 'i' to respond towards left and right hand side categories. The first block contained 20 trials which was a practice block for target discrimination. Subjects had to categorised them into two categories, 'Flowers' or 'Insects'. The second block was again a practice block of 20 trials to categorise attribute words, 'Good' or 'Bad'. The third block was a initial combined task in which 20 stimuli of both target and attribute categories were presented for categorisation. This was also a practice block. The fourth block was the test block similar to third block with 40 trials. The fifth block was a reversed  target  discrimination  block  with  20  trials  in  which  the  response  keys  for  target categories were reversed. The sixth block (20 trials) and the seventh block (40 trails) combine the attribute and reversely mapped  target (Gawronski & Payne 2010). Positive D score reflected positive implicit attitude towards flowers. All assessments were done using Inquisit stimulus presentation software (Inquisit 2010). Participants gave their consent to participate and typed demographic details, then took the standard flower-insect IAT in the modalities described above, in randomly selected order, and finally a 5-point  likert  scale to report  explicit  preferences. Flower-insect IAT was chosen for less ambiguity with explicit self-report measure. However, the stimuli selected (appendix 1)  were slightly different  to  match common usage  in an Indian population. We had conducted a pilot study prior to this work with a smaller sample of 22. In this study, the order of the three IATs were fixed.
+
+RESULTS
+
+IAT scoring was done using the improved scoring algorithm (Greenwald et al. 2003). D scores corresponding to mean error rate greater than 20% were discarded (Risch et al. 2010) and the missing scores considered missing at random. However, if in the three IATs only one had error rate greater than 20%, all three were retained. After treating outliers in this manner, it became unbalance design (n=49) with missing values. Use of linear mixed effects model to analyse repeated measures with missing values and unbalanced design is highly recommended (Locker, Hoffman, & Bovaird 2007; Keselman, Algina, & Kowalchuk 2001). Hence, for analysis we used R statistical package (R Development Core Team 2012) and its linear mixed effects model analysis package, nlme (Pinheiro et al. 2012). The outcome variable was D score. Fixed effect variables  were  IAT  type  (native,  English,  and  picture),  frequency (more,  less,  and  equal), medium (native and English), and order (six levels). The subject was random effect variable.
+
+
+TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in
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+
+45
+ISSN: 2278-4853	Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013	AJMR
+
+Baseline model was constructed using subject as random factor, and intercept. IAT type was then added to the model to find the effect of IAT type on D score. Orthogonal contrasts were coded to assess differences between D scores for: picture versus word, and native versus English IATs. Frequency and medium, with their interaction terms, were added separately. The mean (SD) IAT D score for native IAT was 0.59 (0.34), for English IAT 0.54 (0.33) and for picture IAT 0.47 (.34).
+
+Results found that, of the predicted factors, IAT type, frequency, medium, or order, none were significant, except picture versus word IAT D score - just significant, b = 0.03, t(93) = 1.99, p < .049. Nor were there any significant interaction effects (Table 1).
+
+TABLE 1: ESTIMATES OF FIXED EFFECTS RESULTS WITH IAT D SCORE AS OUTCOME VARIABLE
+
+Study 1 (n=49)
+
+Estimate	Std. Error	t value (df)	p value
+
+
+Baseline
+
+
+
+Model 1 IAT type
+
+(Intercept)
+
+
+
+(Intercept)
+
+0.535	0.037
+
+
+
+0.535	0.037
+
+14.596 (95)	< .001
+
+
+
+14.476 (93)	< .001
+
+
+
+WordvsPicture
+
+NativevsEnglish
+
+0.032	0.016
+
+0.027	0.028
+
+1.987 (93)	.049
+
+0.947 (93)	.346
+
+
+
+
+
+Model 2
+
+
+
+IAT type
+
+(Intercept)
+
+
+
+WordvsPicture
+
+0.582	0.054
+
+
+
+0.028	0.023
+
+10.779 (89)	< .001
+
+
+
+1.216 (89)	.227
+
+
+NativevsEnglish	-0.020	0.041	-0.480 (89)	.632
+
+Frequency	Frequencyless	-0.101	0.124	-0.810 (45)	.422
+
+Frequencymore	-0.085	0.079	-1.083 (45)	.285
+
+IAT type x	WordvsPic x FrequencyLess	-0.003	0.050	-0.061 (89)	.952 Frequency
+
+
+
+
+TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in
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+
+46
+ISSN: 2278-4853	Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013	AJMR
+
+
+NatvsEng x FrequencyLess	-0.081
+
+WordvsPic x FrequencyMore	0.012
+
+NatvsEng x FrequencyMore	0.133
+
+0.087	-0.930 (89)	.355
+
+0.034	0.369 (89)	.713
+
+0.059	2.264 (89)	.026
+
+
+
+
+
+Model 3
+
+IAT type
+
+(Intercept)
+
+WordvsPicture
+
+0.562	0.064
+
+0.014	0.028
+
+8.738 (91)	< .001
+
+0.496 (91)	.621
+
+
+NativevsEnglish	0.030	0.048	0.622 (91)	.536
+
+
+Medium
+
+IAT type x Medium
+
+MediumNative	-0.040
+
+WordvsPic x MediumNative	0.027
+
+0.079	-0.504 (46)	.617
+
+0.034	0.796 (91)	.428
+
+
+NatvsEng x MediumNative	-0.006	0.060	-0.092 (91)	.927
+
+
+
+
+Model 4
+
+IAT type
+
+(Intercept)
+
+WordvsPicture
+
+0.466	0.095
+
+0.032	0.016
+
+4.921 (93)	< .001
+
+1.963 (93)	.053
+
+
+NativevsEnglish	0.027	0.029	0.953 (93)	.343
+
+Order	OrderEPN	0.049	0.130	0.373 (42)	.711
+
+
+OrderNEP
+
+OrderNPE
+
+OrderPEN
+
+OrderPNE
+
+0.066	0.140
+
+0.198	0.126
+
+0.010	0.130
+
+0.068	0.124
+
+0.469 (42)	.642
+
+1.572 (42)	.123
+
+0.074 (42)	.942
+
+0.549 (42)	.586
+
+
+
+
+These results suggest that, contrary to our hypothesis, language does not influence D score significantly, however expected trend as hypothesised was observed. To explore for further possible effects, which we felt must be present, we then performed an exploratory analysis, changing the model's outcome variable, first, to mean error percentage, and, second, to mean response latency.
+
+
+
+
+TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in
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+
+47
+ISSN: 2278-4853	Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013	AJMR
+
+The  first  gave  results  with  significant  main  effects.  Orthogonal  contrasts  revealed significant difference, for native versus English IAT, b = -1.64, t(97) = -3.55, p < .001. There was an interaction between IAT type and medium, b = -1.53, t(95) = -3.23, p = .002. Subjects who had studied in native medium made more errors in English IAT and less errors in native IAT than those who had studied in English medium.
+
+For the second, IAT type - frequency interaction was just significant, b = -64.67, t(93) = -1.99, p = .049. Subjects who used their native language more frequently took less time in native language IAT than in English, while those who had used it less frequently took more time in native IAT than English IAT. IAT type - medium interaction was significant, b = -79.40, t(95) = -3.64, p < .001. Native  medium participants took longer  time  in English IAT  and English medium participants took longer time in native IAT.
+
+TABLE 2: REPLICATED ERROR AND LATENCY TRENDS FROM A NON-RANDOMIZED PILOT STUDY
+
+Mean Error % (n=22)	Mean Latency (n=22)
+
+
+Estimat	Std.	t
+e	Erro	valu r          e
+(df)
+
+p	Estimat	Std. valu         e          Erro
+e	r
+
+t	p value    valu
+(df)	e
+
+
+
+Baseline
+
+
+
+
+Model 1 IAT type
+
+(Intercept)
+
+
+
+
+(Intercept)
+
+3.245	0.52 4
+
+
+
+3.245	0.53 2
+
+6.19	<	1275.10   48.82 2	.001	2	9 (44)
+
+
+6.09	<	1275.10   49.59 6	.001	2	8 (42)
+
+26.11	<
+4 (44)   .001
+
+
+
+25.70	<
+9 (42)   .001
+
+
+
+
+WordvsPicture
+
+
+
+
+NativevsEnglish
+
+0.335	0.22 0
+
+
+
+-0.057	0.38 1
+
+1.51	.136 9
+(42)
+
+
+-	.882 0.14
+9 (42)
+
+86.112
+
+
+
+
+-40.658
+
+15.77	5.458	<
+7	(42)	.001
+
+
+
+27.32	-	.144 7	1.488
+(42)
+
+
+
+Model 2	(Intercept)	3.356	0.47 8
+
+7.01	.000 9
+(38)
+
+1270.25   47.57 9	3
+
+26.70	<
+1 (38)   .001
+
+
+
+
+TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in
+
+
+48
+ISSN: 2278-4853	Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013	AJMR
+
+
+IAT type	WordvsPicture	0.341	0.22 1
+
+1.54	.130	86.387 7
+(38)
+
+16.64	5.191	<
+2	(38)	.001
+
+
+
+NativevsEnglish	-0.041	0.38 2
+
+-	.916	-38.999 0.10
+6 (38)
+
+28.82	-	.184 5	1.353
+(38)
+
+
+
+Frequenc y
+
+FrequencyLessM	0.567 ore
+
+0.65	0.86 9	0
+(19)
+
+.400	-79.385	65.57	-	.241 4	1.211
+(19)
+
+
+
+FrequencyEqualL	-1.794 ess
+
+0.65	-	.014 9	2.72
+2 (19)
+
+132.658   65.57 4
+
+2.023	.057 (19)
+
+
+
+IAT type x Frequenc y
+
+WordvsPic x FrequencyLess
+
+0.318	0.30 4
+
+1.04	.302	-6.055 6
+(38)
+
+22.93	-	.793 9	0.264
+(38)
+
+
+
+NatvsEng x FrequencyLess
+
+
+
+WordvsPic x FrequencyMore
+
+
+
+NatvsEng x FrequencyMore
+
+-0.793	0.52 7
+
+
+
+-0.394	0.30 4
+
+
+
+0.613	0.52 7
+
+-	.141 1.50
+4 (38)
+
+-	.204 1.29
+3 (38)
+
+1.16	.252 4
+(38)
+
+-23.866
+
+
+
+
+
+3.034
+
+
+
+
+5.618
+
+39.73	-	.552 2	0.601
+(38)
+
+
+22.93	0.132	.896 9	(38)
+
+
+
+39.73	0.141	.888 2	(38)
+
+
+
+Model 3
+
+
+
+IAT type
+
+(Intercept)
+
+
+
+WordvsPicture
+
+3.245	0.52 5
+
+
+0.335	0.21 5
+
+6.18	.000 6
+(40)
+
+1.55	.128 5
+(40)
+
+1275.10   50.77 2	3
+
+
+86.112	15.26 4
+
+25.11	<
+4 (40)   .001
+
+
+5.642	< (40)	.001
+
+
+NativevsEnglish	-0.057	0.37	-	.880	-40.658	26.43	-	.132
+
+
+TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in
+
+
+49
+ISSN: 2278-4853	Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013	AJMR
+
+3	0.15	7	1.538 2                                                   (40) (40)
+
+
+Medium
+
+
+
+IAT type x Medium
+
+MediumEngNat	0.669
+
+
+
+WordvsPic x	0.145 EngNat
+
+0.52	1.27 5	6
+(20)
+
+0.21	0.67 5	5
+(40)
+
+.217	10.101
+
+
+
+.504	12.057
+
+50.77	0.199	.844 3	(20)
+
+
+15.26	0.790	.434 4	(40)
+
+
+
+NatvsEng x EngNat
+
+-0.701	0.37 3
+
+-	.067	-54.493 1.88
+0 (40)
+
+26.43	-	.046 7	2.061
+(40)
+
+
+
+
+These results replicated error and latency trends from a non- randomised pilot study, for which small sample size only yielded trends rather than statistical significance. The results are tabulated in the Table 2.
+
+DISCUSSION
+
+These results tend to suggest that, when administering IAT tests to bilinguals in India, language does not influence D score, at least in less sensitive IATs. The two earlier studies using culturally sensitive constructs (Danziger and Ward, 2010; Ogunnaike  et al. 2010) observed significantly changed D scores. Despite the trend revealed by average error percentage and average latency, D score was not  influenced, probably because of its robustness. This strongly suggest  further investigation of possible reasons for our not finding differences between native and English IAT D scores. Our study design does not suggest any particular reason for the differences in result. Factors to investigate could include level of representation (LR) and  mode of second language acquisition and frequency of use. In India, many schools introduce English in primary classes, so that despite the language being acquired in an instructed way, it may form an LR equally high as the native language. It would be interesting to investigate trends in rural India, where students predominantly use their native language and only use English sparsely.
+
+RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
+
+Our results which replicated error and latency trends from a non- randomised pilot study, suggest future studies could include frequency of use, and medium of instruction, in addition to the determinants suggested by Banaji et al. (2010), for they seem to mediate IAT effects in Indian populations. Also the data could be subjected to various process dissociation models like the diffusion (Klauer et al. 2007) or quad models (Conrey et al. 2005), to determine IAT components responsible for the observed effects.  Finally, less sensitive IATs can be administered to bilingual Indian  populations  in  either  language.  This  first  report  on  language  effects  in  the  Indian
+
+TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in
+
+
+50
+ISSN: 2278-4853	Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013	AJMR
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+population   should   therefore   encourage   further   related   research   including   factors   like multilingualism, or sensitive constructs.
+
+REFERENCES
+
+Conrey, F.R. et al., 2005. Separating Multiple Processes in Implicit Social Cognition : The Quad Model of Implicit Task Performance. Journal of Personality, 89(4), pp.469 – 487.
+
+Danziger, S. & Ward, R., 2010. Language changes implicit associations between ethnic groups and evaluation in bilinguals. Psychological Science, 21, pp.799 – 800.
+
+Dörnyei, Z., 2009. The Psychology of Second Language Acquisition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
+
+Foroni,  F.  &  Bel-bahar,  T.,  2010.  Picture-IAT  versus  Word-IAT :  Level  of  stimulus representation influences on the IAT. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, pp.321–337.
+
+Gawronski,  B.  &  Payne,  B.K.,  2010.  Handbook  of  Implicit  Social  Cognition,  New  York: Guilford Publication.
+
+Greenwald, A.G., Mcghee, D.E. & Schwartz, J.L.K., 1998. Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition : , 74(6), pp.1464  –1480.
+
+Greenwald, A.G., Nosek, B.A. & Banaji, M.R., 2003. Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test :  I  .  An Improved Scoring  Algorithm.	Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), pp.197–216.
+
+Inquisit 2010. Inquisit 3.0 [Computer Program]. Available from: https://www.millisecond.com/ [Accessed 12 January 2010].
+
+Keselman, H.J., Algina, J. & Kowalchuk, R.K., 2001. The analysis of repeated measures designs: a review. The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology, 54, pp.1–20.
+
+Klauer, K.C. et al., 2007. Process Components of the Implicit Association Test : A Dif  fusion-Model Analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(3), pp.353–368.
+
+Locker,  L.,  Hoffman,  L.  & Bovaird,  J.A.,  2007.  On the use of multilevel  modeling as an alternative to items analysis in psycholinguistic research.  Behavior research methods, 39(4), pp.723–30.
+
+Ogunnaike, O., Dunham, Y. & Banaji, M.R., 2010. The language of implicit preferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), pp.999–1003.
+
+Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. & the R Development Core Team, 2012. nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models.
+
+
+TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in
+
+
+51
+ISSN: 2278-4853	Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013	AJMR
+
+R Development Core Team, 2013. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Available at: http://www.r-project.org/.
+
+Risch, A.K. et al., 2010. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Implicit self-esteem in recurrently depressed   patients.   Journal   of   Behavior   Therapy   and   Experimental   Psychiatry,   41(3), pp.199–206.
+
+APPENDIX 1
+
+WORD STIMULI USED IN THE IAT
+
+ENGLISH WORDS
+
+Flowers: hibiscus, lily, rose, lotus, jasmine, sunflower, marigold, flower
+
+Insects: termite, mosquito, bug, spider, earthworm, housefly, cockroach, insect
+
+Good: wonderful, lovely, joyful, beautiful, superb, blissful, glorious, pleasure
+
+Bad: poison, fearful, hurt, accident, painful, sorrow, vomit, dirty
+
+HINDI WORDS
+
+Phool: gudahal, jalkamal, gulab, kamal, chameli, suryamukhi, genda, phool
+
+Keede: deemak, macchar, khatmal, makadi, kenchuA, makkhi, cockroach, keeda
+
+Accha: adbhut, pyara, santosh , sundar, shAndar, Anand, mahAn, sukh
+
+Bura: vish, bhay, chot , durghatana, dhuk, shouk, ulti, ganda
+
+KANNADA WORDS
+
+Huvu: dasavala, naidile, gulabi, kamala, mallige, suryakanti, chandu huvu, huvu
+
+Keetagalu: geddalu, solle,tagane, , jeda, hulu, nona, jirale, kita
+
+Valleya: ascharyakara, manohara, anandapurna, sundara, utkrasta, ananda, divya, paramasukha
+
+Ketta: visa, bhayanaka, himse, apaghata, trasadayaka, dukha, vanti, kolaku
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in
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+
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+Sony Kumari , Alex Hankey, H.R.Nagendra | Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy: Its power to improve cognitive skills and emotional competence
+
+
+IBR
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+Journal homepage: www.ifrsa.org
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+
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+Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy: Its Power to Improve Cognitive Skills and Emotional Competence
+
+Sony Kumari PhD, Alex Hankey PhD and H.R.Nagendra PhD
+
+
+
+ABSTRACT
+“Cool,   calm   and   collected”   epitomizes   executive attitudes  desired  under  pressure:  maintain  balanced emotions	and	reasoning	despite	circumstances. Personality changes produced by SVYASA's Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT), which trains heart and  mind  to function  in  harmony:  Guna  personality, Emotional    Intelligence,	anxiety,    depression,	and autonomic  stability  all  improve.  IAYT  s  Programs simultaneously improve emotional competence (heart) and   cognitive   skills   (mind).   Psycho-physiological changes  result  in  improved  robustness  and  stability under  pressure.  Executives  taking  the  programs  are better   prepared   for   stress.   Using   them,   business institutions   can   better   prepare   executives   for   any continuing or repeated global finance crisis.
+Key Words- Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy, Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive skills & Business Institution
+
+INTRODUCTION
+The  world  has recently passed  through  an  economic downturn that almost rivaled the worst crises of the 20th century. The apparent turn around has only been bought at considerable public expense. The lack of prudence in attempting   to   outperform   business   rivals,   in   the competition  to  secure  increased  public  investment, combined with what many perceive as a fundamental failure of integrity at boardroom levels in many leading financial institutions, has brought a degree of stress to developed and developing worlds alike, that must at all costs be avoided for the foreseeable future.
+Until the root causes of the problems are tackled, danger of recurrence is an ever present subliminal threat for all of us – in much the same way that the threat of nuclear war  premained  an  overhanging  cloud  blackening  the world  outlook  for  most  of  the  last  part  of  the  20th century.  Many perceive the root  causes to lie in  the
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+boardrooms of large financial institutions, as much as in the supposed irresponsibility of those who receive easy money for property and other purchasing needs.
+For  these  reasons,  programs  which  can  improve  the overall sensitivity of business personnel at all levels are the need of the hour. On one hand, there is a need to protect all of mankind from the threat of stress, whether subliminal and internal, or actual and external. On the other, there is an equal need to reduce the tendency of overriding ambition that may drive those in positions of leadership   and   authority  to   acts,   which   are   later regretted, either for lack of foresight, or for overriding ambition.
+If a single program can achieve these dual needs, then the business community should be very much in favor of  implementing  it  –  as  much  to  forestall  future boardroom  folly  as  to  protect  its  most  valued  and difficult to replace employees from the “Stress of Life”. The Yoga programs we discuss below can fulfill these dual   functions.   We   show  how  their   physiological aspects  remove  stress,  returning  mental  clarity,  and endowing  their  graduates  with  an  ability to  create  a positive,   emotionally   intelligent   influence   in   their business environment. Their  more intellectual aspects widen  the  vision  of  the  student,  setting  the  material world more in the context of man's wider reaches of soul and spirit. Armed with such broadened vision, the approach  to  life  and  living  naturally  becomes  more sanguine – and prudent.
+
+YOGA PROGRAMS FOR BUSINESS
+A number of studies have evaluated physiological and psychological effects of SMET. Those studies show that the SMET program reduces stress levels. It is beneficial in	bringing	emotional	stability	throughout	the personality   to   deal   more   effectively   with   critical circumstances in life.
+Current  interest  in  emotional  intelligence  has  raised questions of whether it is possible to improve the social
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+and emotional competence of adult workers. Research in  training  and  development,  sports  psychology,  and behavior change suggests that it is possible, but typical approaches used in corporate training programmes are usually   flawed.   Social   and   emotional   learning   is different  from  cognitive  and  technical  learning,  and requires	a	different	approach	to	training	and development.  Cognitive learning  involves  fitting new data	and    insights   into	existing    frameworks    of association and understanding. This requires extending and enriching corresponding neural circuitry. Emotional learning,  however,  also  requires  that  we  engage  the neural   circuitry   where   our   repertoire   social   and emotional behavior is stored. It is more challenging than simply adding new information to the old.
+Some of the most interesting developments in emotional intelligence involve the use of physiological and cardiac feedback  to  learn  to  control  and  manage  emotions. Heart Math has developed techniques of considerable interest. In one study of 500 people; there was a striking difference in both personal and business data before and after  the  implementation  of  a  one-day  Inner  Quality Management workshop. It will be useful to compare the Self-Management	of	Excessive	Tension	(SMET) programme  followed  in  SVYASA,  with  institutional emotional   training   practice,   and   the   Heart   Math experiments,  to  see  what  further  improvements  are needed, for it to be an accepted method of imparting emotional intelligence.
+Four  types  of  yoga  practice, raja  yoga,  karma  yoga, jnanayoga and bhaktiyoga, result in control of mind and body. Today's corporate world is afflicted with worry, anxiety  and  stress,  affecting  quality  of  work  and productivity. Generally we experience too much stress, strain,  and  tension  in  day-to-day  life.  Business  life involves cut-throat competition and concomitant stress, resulting  in  strain  in  family and  social  relationships. Within  ourselves,  we  may  find  disintegration.  Such stress and strain is experienced as anxiety, worry, fear or  frustration.  How  do  we  overcome  such  stresses? Some people resort to smoking or drinking. Others seek change,   vacations.   They   adopt   various   temporary escapes from tension. On the other hand, if we gain a new  vision,  we  become  more  dynamic  and  fearless, ready to face all challenges.
+Praxis of Indian thought throughout the centuries has pioneered practical techniques of Self-Management that increase   productivity,   reduce   stress,   and   develop essential qualities of leadership. The story of Emperor Askokā   exemplifies   this.   Self-Management   in   the spiritual sense used in the Bhagavad Gita, is the key to gaining that elusive combination – efficiency at work and mental equanimity within. SMET may be an ideal way to introduce EI training into the corporate world: not  running  away  from  the  world,  nor  an  emotion.
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+SMET training aims to accomplish this in a series of easily learned steps.
+
+RESEARCH
+Yoga-based training develops intellectual strength and clarity,  enabling  a  person  to  handle  challenges  and function  with  both  efficiency and  equanimity in  life. Human beings broadly lack this essential skill, resulting in   an   alarming   rise   in   stress   and   deteriorating productivity levels.  Yoga  is  a  method  of  developing self-awareness, raising us from the animal level to a higher  level,  and  helping  us  understand  the  spiritual dimension of life. With regard to education and training in  emotional  intelligence,  yoga  theory  and  practice provide methodologies that are more holistic and longer lasting in their effects.
+Many physiological and psychological research studies have  been  performed  on  SMET  and  its  component Cyclic Meditation. Telles, Reddy & Nagendra (2000) observed  significant  decrease in  oxygen  consumption and breathe rat, and an increase in breath volume. They compared the effects of cyclic meditation and supine rest in the Yoga sleep posture (çaväsana) in 40 male volunteers aged between 20 and 47 (27.0 ± 5.7) years. Subjects were tested before and after cyclic meditation and çaväsana sessions, and significant changes in  all three   measures   were   observed   for   both   practices. However,  the magnitude of  change on  all  three was greater after cyclic meditation.
+Vempati	and	Telles	(1999)	compared	oxygen consumption,  breath  rate and  volume  and  autonomic measures in IRT (one component of CM) and SR in 40 male subjects aged  from  16  to 46  years.  Autonomic parameters were measured for 15 subjects before and after both   practices, and oxygen consumption, breath rate and volume for 25 subjects. Significant decreases in breath rate and in finger plethysmogram, a physiological indicator of anxiety, were found after IRT but not SR. The differences between the findings of this study and the previous one were no doubt due to the difference between IRT and a full CM practice.
+A second study by Vempati & Telles (2000) measured psycho-physiological   changes   induced   by   SMET: occupational	stress	index	(OSI)	and	autonomic parameters in 26 asymptomatic, male, middle-managers aged  34  to  54  (43.0  ±  5.5)  years,  with  particular reference to changes in levels of occupational stress at baseline. Data of subjects with OSI greater or less than the median were analyzed separately. The group as a whole showed a significant decrease in breath rate (p< .005) after the two-day program with no other changes. Subjects with OSI above the median showed:
+1.	A more significant decrease in breath rate (p<. 01), and decreases in:
+2.	Power of the low frequency component of the heart rate variability (HRV) spectrum (p<. 05),
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+3.	HRV  low  frequency:  high  frequency  ratio (LF/HF) (p<. 05), and
+4.	An	increase	in	HRV	high	frequency component (p<. 05) after the program,
+No significant changes were found in subjects with OSI below median.
+This  study  result  found  significant  improvements  in subjects  with  OSI  above  the  median  after  two  days SMET program, indicating that stress level has reduced in its level by reducing the breath volume and rate as well as oxygen consumption. And if the level of stress is normal, surely person will be emotionally stable.
+Patil and Telles conducted five studies comparing CM and   SH.   Their   first   study   (2006)   measured   O2 consumption  and breath rate and volume in  50 male volunteers  (27  ±  6.3  years)  before,  during  and  after sessions  of  CM  and  çaväsana,  SH.  Subjects  were divided into two equal subgroups, Sessions were held one  day  apart  and  the  order  of  CM  and  SH  was alternated   for   the   two   subgroups.   All   measures increased  during  the  stimulating  practices  of  CM, decreasing again  during the calming practices. While breath   rate   and   volume   returned  to  baseline,   O2 consumption  decreased  19.3%  below  baseline  values after CM. During SH, all measures reduced; however O2 consumption decreased only 4.8% below baseline following	SH.	These	results	suggest	that	the combination of yoga postures with supine rest given in CM can reduce O2 consumption more than SR alone. The second study compared the effects of CM and SR on energy expenditure (EE), respiratory change (RER) and heart rate (HR) in the same group. As previously, measurements  were  made  before,  during,  and  after sessions of CM and SH (held 1 day apart with the two groups'  order  alternated).  All  3  measures  increased during CM, returning  to baseline during  the calming practices.   Energy  expenditure  decreased  by  19.9% below  baseline  values  after  CM.  During  SH,  energy expenditure decreased, remaining 5.1% below baseline afterwards. These results lend further support to the first study's conclusion: CM's combination of yoga postures with  SR  reduces  energy  expenditure  more  than  SR alone.
+In study 3, Patil and Telles assessed changes in p300 for auditory,	evoked	event-related	potentials	in	42 volunteers   (27.1   ±   6.6   years).   Peak   latency   and amplitude  at  fz,  cz,  and  pz  electrodes  referenced  to linked ear lobes were measured before and after CM practice  and  an  equal  duration  of  SR.  As  before, sessions were held one day apart with subgroup order reversed. Reductions in peak latencies were observed following CM at all 3 electrodes. Similar reductions at all sites were also observed after SR, though in all cases the magnitude was less than after CM. Peak amplitudes at all 3 sites were higher after CM than before CM, but, in contrast, no significant changes were found after SR.
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+This   result   suggests   that   CM   enhances   cognitive processes underlying p300 generation.
+In a 4th study, Patil and Telles studied performance on the Six Letter Cancellation Task by 69 male volunteers aged 18 to 48 years, immediately before and after CM and   SR.   After   both   practices,   Net   Scores   were significantly higher,  though  the magnitude was more after CM than SR (24.9%/13.6%). Wrong cancellation scores decreased after CM, but not after SR. Controls showed   no  change.   The  result   suggests  that   CM improves   some   of   the   skills   (selective   attention, concentration,  visual  scanning  abilities,  &  repetitive motor response) required to perform this task.
+In their 5th and final study, Patil and Telles measured heart rate variability (HRV) in a group of 42 males aged 27.1 ± 6.6 years before and after CM and SR sessions of 35 minutes, preceded and followed by 5 minutes SR. During CM yoga postures, and after CM, LF power and LF/HF ratio decreased, whereas HF power  increased. Heart rate increased during yoga postures, but decreased during  relaxation  phases  and  after  CM.  No  changes occurred  during  SR.  These  observations  led  to  the conclusion   that   during   yoga   postures,   sympathetic activation	predominates,	while	after	CM,	the parasympathetic nervous system becomes dominant. These studies suggest that SMET program has a positive impact in reducing the level of stress by controlling all the physiological and psychological changes, which is certainly   helpful   in	bringing   emotional   stability throughout   one’s   personality  to   deal   with   critical circumstances in life.
+
+EFFECT ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
+Emotional  intelligence  enables  a  person  to  handle stressful	situations.	An	emotionally	intelligent individual can tackle such  situations without harm to their   personality.   A   randomised   controlled   study investigated  the  effect  of  the  SMET  integrated  yoga module on emotional well being among managers in a large  Indian  company.  Three  different  psychological tests, measuring Emotional Intelligence (EI), Emotional Competence	(EC)    and    Guna	Personality,	were administered before, and the first two after, 30 sessions of SMET intervention, at the rate of five sessions per working week, on weekdays, not at weekends. Results show enhancements in the level of both EI and EC after the   intervention   in   the   Yoga   group   compared   to controls.
+Results were unequivocal, as definite as any on a single psychological test of this kind. There was an increase in the mean value of EI after the Yoga intervention and a decrease  in  the  control  (p<.001).  There  was  also  an increase in the mean value of E.C. in the Yoga group, also(p<.001) compared to the control group.
+In this field, Indian research has made three streams of contributions:
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+1)   Critiques  of  aspects  of  EI  that  might  limit  its applicability to the western world.
+2)   Insights resulting from cross-cultural experience;
+3)   Applying  wisdom  from  ancient  traditions,  at  the basis of Indian thought, which raise  issues central to the purpose of life, and are not merely techniques to cope with problems.
+Indian research provides ethnically sensitive approaches to emotional intelligence, suggesting it is a universal construct,   requiring	culturally   specific   measuring instruments.   A   large   part   of  intelligence   research involves   creation    and   cross   validation	of   such instruments,  using  known  quantitative methodologies. Indian research on emotional intelligence has produced a qualitative study of the concept - qualitative measures have  the  potential  to  provide  insights  into  complex psychological concepts.
+In	education	and   training,   yoga	offers   holistic methodologies,  which  produce  longer  lasting  effects than western counterparts. Indian wisdom suggests that behavior is related to a person's vision of life. Both the Gitā and Patānjali's Yoga Sutrās concern the purpose and goal of life, pointing to peace of mind and qualities following from living life better.
+
+IMPROVING EI AND EC
+Can  emotional  intelligence  and  competence  can  be improved in adults. Some research results suggests they can be, but corporate training programmes usually use a flawed approach, because social and emotional learning being different from cognitive and technical learning, requires  a  different  approach.  Some  feel  that  EC develops early in life and is fixed; others hold the EI of whole  groups  to  be  malleable.  However,  emotional learning  requires  more   than   cognitive   learning.   It requires engaging neural circuits involved in emotional storage. This is more challenging than simply acquiring new information. It usually requires long practice. Twenty-two guidelines for growing EI in organizations have been given (Cherniss and Goleman, 1998). These promote social and emotional learning. US industry was said to lose many billion dollars per year from not using them,  and  many  organizations  have  benefitted  from them.
+HeartMath  has  developed  techniques  of  interest,  by using feedback to tech control of emotions. One study of a one-day workshop on Inner Quality Management found heart rate variability (HRV) improved 195%. See www.heartmath.org.	Comparing	SVYASA's	yoga interventions with EI training practice and HeartMath approaches would indicate optimal new approaches to EI development.
+In the west, meditation was long ago shown to “train awareness,  producing  definite  changes  in  perception, attention and cognition” (Brown, 1977). Indian research also  finds  decreases  in  O2  consumption  following
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+meditation  using  an  appropriate  syllable,  suggesting increases  in  sympathetic  tone,  and  that  meditation produces	"alertful	rest"	(Telles,	Nagarathna	& Nagendra,  1995).  Cyclic  Meditation  (CM),  a  part  of SMET,  is  based  on  the  above  idea  as  indicated  by traditional texts.
+Guna- Guna as a measure or instrument to assess the personality of an individual. It has three dimension like-Sattva, Rajas and Tamas.
+Based  on  the dominance of specific Guna individual personality can be assessed. There is a chance of growth in the personality from tamas to Sattva.
+
+INTEGRATED APPROACH OF YOGA THERAPY
+The  Integrated  Approach  of  Yoga  Therapy  (IAYT) centers its approach to treatment on the well-known five 'Koshas', from grosser to subtler levels of an individual. It deals with both heart and mind, improving them by bringing stability to life. In the tradition of Yoga: Annamaya Kosa, the physical body is nourished by food that we eat. This is the sole kosha that modern science has investigated.
+Pranamaya -A uniform harmonious flow of Pana to each and every cell of the annamaya kosa keeps it alive and healthy. Prana has the capacity to move into different areas  of  the  body  (annamaya  kosa)  depending  on demand.
+Manomaya- Manas (mind) is the source of everything". Manomaya kosa is the aspect of personality where mind carries   on   its   functions   like   Perception   (Manah), memory (Citta) and ego (Ahankara).
+Vijnamaya  -  this  component  of  mind  dustunguishes humans from animals.
+Anandamaya- is the subtlest aspect of relative existence devoid of any emotions; a state of stillness, harmony, and blissful health .
+Traditional Yoga practices affect these in subtle ways. Regulating   breathing   and   mental   activity   slowly eliminate  effects  of  past  stress,  and  bring  them  to awareness.  In  a  similar  way  that  learning  cognitive skills  like  reading  and  writing  is  accomplished  by attention,   memory,   symbolic   thinking,   and   self-regulation, so also do these subtle skills develop. When we  learn  to  read  and  write  as  children,  such  skills improve, and we learn to use them purposefully. Mental or cognitive skills may seem mysterious because they can not be seen or recognized by themselves. Without such  cognitive skills, however, we could not process any information we receive through the five senses --sound, touch, sight, taste, and smell.
+In the same way that cognitive skills are essential tools for learning, emotional skills can similarly develop by bringing them to awareness. Instead of happening at the level of manomayokosha, howeve, they happen at the level of vigyana mayokosha. It is because Yoga can also encompass this higher level, that it is able to develop the
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+emotional skills useful when we are subject to extreme forms of stress.
+In global recession- IAYT is a technique, which is ideal	[2] for training people to deal with all kinds of stressful situation, in the workplace and in life in general, from individuals and in groups, and whole organizations.
+CONCLUSION	[3]
+The  global  recession  has  reduced  the  magnitude  of economic production at all levels. Even IT employees
+have  lost  jobs,  and  have  had  to  face  all  kinds  of	[4] psychological   problems.   The   need   is   now.   The programs   described   above   for   tackling   stress   are medically well tested; their evidence base is established.
+They are now available for the business community to	[5] improve the level of health of their employees, and thus
+their quality of life and ability to stay at work instead of falling sick. Whether or not the downturn sustains or repeats, those trained with these higher skills will have	[6] excellent advantages, and will be able to outcompete
+their  competitors,  at  both  individual  and  corporate levels.
+REFERENCES	[7] [1]	Patil,   S.P   and  Telles,   S.   (2006).   Oxygen
+consumption and respiration during and after
+
+two   yoga   relaxation   techniques.   Applied Psychophysiology and 31(2):143-53.
+Patil,  S.P and  Telles,  S.  (2006).  Changes in heart rate variability during and after two yoga based	relaxation	techniques.	International Journal of Stress Management (In Press).
+Patil,   S.P   and   Telles,   S.   (2006).   Cyclic meditation  –  a  moving  meditation  –reduces energy  expenditure  more  than  supine  rest. Journal of Indian Psychology, 24(2): 44-51. Patil,  S.P  and  Telles,  S.  (2006).  Immediate effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on  performance in  a  letter  cancellation  task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105(2): 379-385. Patil,  S.P and  Telles,  S.  (2006).  Changes in P300	following	two	yoga	relaxation techniques.	International       Journal	of Neuroscience 16(12): 1419-30.
+Vempati   R.P.   &   Telles,   Shirley   (2000). Baseline	occupational	stress	levels	and physiological  responses  to  a  two  day  stress management   program.	Journal    of   Indian Psychology, 18, no 1& 2.
+Telles,  Shirley,  Redddy,  S.K.  &  Nagendra, H.R.	(2000).	Oxygen	consumption	and respiration following two days yoga relaxation techniques.       Applied	Psychology	and Biofeedback, 25, No24.
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+ORIGINAL   ARTICLE
+
+Integrated yoga therapy for improving mental
+health in managers
+
+
+
+
+Tikhe Sham Ganpat, H. R. Nagendra
+Department of Yoga and Management, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University,
+Prashanti Kutiram, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
+
+
+
+Address for correspondence: Dr. Tikhe Sham Ganpat,
+Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA) University, Prashanti Kutiram, 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore - 560 019, Karnataka, India.
+E-mail: [email protected]
+
+A  b  s  t  r  A  c  t
+background: Managers’ lives have become a never-ending race against time, technology, and targets. This race creates tension, which leads to dissatisfaction and frustration and eventually manifests itself as psychological and physiological stress with mental and emotional drain. This modern lifestyle intensifies the stress leading to “Excessive Tension” and consequent deterioration in “Executive Efficiency.” Objective: To assess mental  health  in  managers  undergoing  yoga-based  Self-Management  of  Excessive Tension  (SMET)  program.  Materials  and  Methods:  72  managers  with  48.75±3.86 years of mean age were participated in this study of single group pre–post design. The General Health Questionnaire data were taken on the first and sixth day of 5 days SMET program. results: The data analysis showed 68.25% decrease (P<0.001) in somatic symptoms, 66.29% decrease (P<0.001) in anxiety and insomnia, 65.00% decrease (P<0.001) in social dysfunction, 87.08% decrease (P<0.001) in severe depression, and 71.47% decrease (P<0.001) in all medical complaints. conclusion: These results suggest that participation in a SMET program was associated with improvement in mental health and may have implications for “Executive Efficiency.”
+
+
+
+Keywords: Executive efficiency, managers, self-management of excessive tension
+
+
+
+
+
+he present age of speed and competition has increased the stresses and strains resulting in an increasing
+prevalence of  lifestyle-related health problems[1] and specifically managers’ lives have become a never-ending race against time, technology, and targets. This race creates tension, which leads to dissatisfaction and frustration and eventually manifests itself  as psychological and physiological stress with mental and emotional drain. This modernlifestyleintensifiesthestressleadingto“Excessive Tension” and consequent deterioration in “Executive Efficiency.”[2]  One of  the increasingly popular tools to overcome this new challenge is physical activity. There is growing evidence that has established the benefits of physical exercises in preventing lifestyle-related diseases[3] such as primary prevention of diabetes,[4]  prevention of cardiac diseases through control over major risk factors such as smoking, lipids, obesity, and stress,[5]  better quality of
+T
+
+Access this article online Quick Response Code:
+Website: www.industrialpsychiatry.org
+
+
+DOI: 10.4103/0972-6748.98415
+
+life of cancer patients,[6] positive health in normal persons through better physical fitness,[7]  and stress reduction.[8] Yoga, which is considered to be a tool forboth physical and mental development of an individual, is being recognized around the globe only in the last century although it has been practiced in India over several centuries to promote positive health and well-being. It gives solace for the restless mind and can give great relief to the sick.[9,10] It has become quite fashionable even for the common man to keep fit.[11] With growing scientific evidence, yoga is emerging as an important health behavior-modifying practice to achieve states of health, both at physical and mental levels. Several studieshavedemonstratedthebeneficialeffectsof yogaon health behavior in many lifestyle-related somatic problems such as hypertension,[12]  bronchial asthma,[13]  diabetes[14] including some psychiatric conditions such as anxiety neurosis[15] and depressive illness.[16]
+
+Yoga at Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bangalore, offers a holistic and integrated stress management program called Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) to combat this modern lifestyle problem and thereby one can lead a holistic way of living in health, harmony, and happiness.[2] Previous work on stress management educational program reported significant
+
+
+Industrial Psychiatry Journal	45	Jan-Jun 2011 | Vol 20 | Issue 1
+Ganpat and Nagendra: Yoga for mental health in managers
+
+
+improvement in the subjective well-being inventory scores of the 77 subjects within a period of 10 days when compared with controls. These observations suggest that a short lifestyle modification and stress management educational program can make an appreciable contribution to primary prevention and management of  lifestyle diseases.[17] Previous study on SMET reported decrease in occupational stress levels and baseline autonomic arousal in managers, suggesting significant reduction in sympathetic activity[18]  and better emotional well-being in them.[19] Although yoga is getting popular, no previous investigation has systematically evaluated effects of yoga-based SMET program (in a residential setup) on mental health in managers. Hence, we have designed present study to assess the efficacy of 5 days SMET program on managers using general health questionnaire (GHQ).
+
+OBJECTIVES
+
+The objective of  the study is to assess general health status (total health), which includes four domains namely somatic symptoms (SS), anxiety and insomnia (AI), social dysfunction (SF), and severe depression (SP), using a GHQ.
+
+MATERIALS AND METHODS
+
+subjects
+The subjects for the study were 72 corporate executives (63 males and 9 females), with a mean age of 48.75±3.86 years. Routine clinical examinations showed all of them in normal health, and none was using any other wellness strategy. All of them had high-fiber low-fat vegetarian diet and no caffeinated drinks, alcohol, or tobacco in any form during the 5 days residential SMET program. We got the participants’ signed consent to participate in the study after explaining the variables we would record and the study design. The institutional review board also had approved the project. We selected participants of the following inclusion and exclusion criteria to meet the study requirements fully.
+
+
+Inclusion criteria: Age between 45 and 60 years (males and females), physically, and mentally fit.
+
+Exclusion criteria: Taking medication, using any other wellness strategy.
+
+Design: A single group pre–post study.
+
+Assessments
+The GHQ: 28-item tests using a binary method of scoring (0, 0, 1, 1) yields an assessment on four robust subscales: SS, AI, SF, and SP. A sum of the scores for these four subscales gives the score for total health. Lower scores in the GHQ indicate better state of the health. The cutoff scores for the GHQ used for this study were 4 or 5 (4/5).[20] It provides information about the recent mental status, thus identifying the presence of possible psychiatric disturbance. This questionnaire has acceptable psychometric properties and has good internal consistency and reliability with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.85 and validity of 0.76.[21]
+
+Intervention
+All the subjects participated in SMET program[2]for 5 days [Tables 1 and 2].
+
+Practical  session  during  SMET  program:  Cyclic Meditation,[1,22] a combination of stimulating and calming practices based on yoga was given to the participants.
+
+Data collection
+The GHQ data were collected before (Pre) and after (Post) the 5 days SMET program.
+
+Analysis
+Statistical analysis was done with the help of  statistical package for social sciences-16. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test showed that the data were not normally distributed. We used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare means of the data collected before (Pre) and after (Post) the SMET program.
+
+
+Table 1: The schedule of the SMET program
+
+Time
+05.00 AM 05.30 AM 06.00 AM 07.15 AM
+
+08.00 AM 09.30 AM 10.30 AM 11.30 AM 12.05 PM
+01.00 PM
+
+Activity
+Ablution
+Prayer (Prathasmaran) Asanas/special yoga technique
+Friendship meet (Maitri milan) - Gita sloka chanting and discourse (Satsanga)
+Breakfast
+SMET lecture session 1
+SMET practice (Cyclic meditation) Milk or Ayurvedic tea (Malt) Special yoga techniques
+Lunch and rest
+
+Time
+03.00 PM 04.00 PM 05.00 PM 06.00 PM
+
+06.45 PM 07.30 PM 08.30 PM 09.15 PM
+10.00 PM
+
+Activity
+SMET lecture session 2 SMET (Cyclic meditation) Tuning to nature Devotional session (Bhajan)
+
+Mind sound resonance technique Dinner
+Happy assembly (Yoga game session)/Cultural program Group discussion/Self
+Lights off
+
+SMET – Self-management of excessive tension
+
+Jan-Jun 2011 | Vol 20 | Issue 1	46	Industrial Psychiatry Journal
+Ganpat and Nagendra: Yoga for mental health in managers
+
+
+RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
+
+The data analysis [Table 3] showed 68.25% significant decrease (P<0.001) in somatic symptoms (GHQ_SS), 66.29% significant decrease (P<0.001) in anxiety and insomnia (GHQ_AI), 65.00% significant decrease (P<0.001) in social dysfunction (GHQ_SF), 87.08% significant decrease (P<0.001) in severe depression (GHQ_SP), and 71.47% significant decrease (P<0.001) in all medical complaints [Figures 1 and 2] (GHQ_Total).
+
+Table 2: Lecture session during SMET program Day	Session 1	Session 2
+1	Concept of stress	Stress-induced problems and management
+2	Stimulation-relaxations	Stress and its management according to yoga
+3	Stress levels and its release	Recognition of stress is half the solution
+4	Executive growth	Depth of perception and awareness
+5	Group awareness	Progress in tune with nature SMET – Self-management of excessive tension
+
+Table 3: Data analysis
+Variables	Mean±Standard deviation	P
+Before SMET (Pre)	After SMET (Post)
+
+
+The idea of  mental health is closely related with the concept of emotional intelligence. A manager with less medical complaints will be mentally healthy and emotionally balanced and can perform better in his workplace which will reflect in the organizational effectiveness. Moreover, managers with low medical complaints are happier, healthier, and more successful in their relationships which are signs of  high emotional intelligence. Persons with high emotional intelligence may strike a balance between emotion and reason, are aware of  their own feelings, show empathy and compassion for others, and have high self-esteem which may be instrumental in many situations in the workplace and can help achieve organizational effectiveness.[23]  Recent research has shown a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and workplace success.[24]
+
+Previous studies on yoga reported enhanced mental health as a result of the practice of yoga way of life. The results indicate the importance of yoga as an integral element in improving managerial performance in organizations.[25-27] Our study is consistent with these findings, indicating that a systematic adoption of  the SMET program can result in better health among managers for their “ExecutiveEfficiency,”thuspavingthewayfortheirbetter performance as managers.
+
+
+
+GHQ_ SS                      2.63±0.84 GHQ_ AI                       2.47±0.99
+GHQ_ SF	2.5±0.75
+
+0.83±0.79 0.83±0.79
+0.87±0.68
+
+0.0001*
+0.0001*	CONCLUSION
+0.0001*
+
+
+
+GHQ_ SP                      2.04±0.65                           0.26±0.63                 0.0001* GHQ_ Total                  9.64±1.87                            2.75±1.51                  0.0001*
+SMET – Self-management of excessive tension; GHQ – General health questionnaire
+
+12.00
+10.00	9.64
+8.00
+GHQ score
+6.00
+
+
+The results from the present study suggest that participation in a SMET program may be associated with improvement in mental health and may have implications for “Executive Efficiency.” Because before and after designs limit inferences about intervention effects, further research is warranted to explore the effects of SMET program for stress management using a larger, randomized controlled trial.
+
+
+
+4.00    2.63	2.47
+2.00	0.83	0.83
+0.00
+GHQ_Before_SS
+GHQ_After_SS
+GHQ_Before_AI
+GHQ_After_AI
+GHQ_Before_SF
+GHQ_After_SF
+GHQ_Before_SP
+GHQ_After_SP
+GHQ_Before total
+GHQ_After total
+
+
+2.50	2.04	2.75
+0.88	0.26	REFERENCES
+
+
+
+
+
+General health quetionnaire (GHQ)
+SS – Somatic  symptoms,  AI – Anxiety  and  insomnia,  SF – Social  dysfunction,  SP – Severe depression
+
+Figure 1: GHQ before and after the SMET program
+
+
+0
+Percentage decrease
+-20	SS	AI	SF	SP	Total
+
+-40
+
+-60
+-80	-68.25	-66.29	-65	-71-47
+-100		-87.075 General health quetionnaire (GHQ)_SS, AI, SF, SP, Total
+SS – Somatic  symptoms,  AI – Anxiety  and  insomnia,  SF – Social  dysfunction,  SP – Severe depression
+
+Figure 2: Percentage decrease in GHQ after the SMET program
+
+1.	Dhirendra  B.  Yoga  for  life  and  living.  New  Delhi:  Central Research Institute for Yoga; 1968.
+2.	Nagendra  HR,  Nagarathna  R.  New  perspectives  in  stress management.  Bangalore,  India:  Swami  Vivekananda  Yoga Publications; 2007.
+3.	Eriksson  KM,  Westborg  CJ,  Eliasson  MC.  A  randomized trial  of  lifestyle  intervention  in  primary  healthcare  for  the modification  of  cardiovascular  risk  factors.  Scand  J  Public Health 2006;34:453-61.
+4.	Brukner PD, Brown WJ. 3. Is exercise good for you? Med J Aust 2005;183:538-41.
+5.	Stampfer  M,  Hu  FB,  Manson  JE,  Rimm  EB,  Willett  WC. Primary   prevention   of   coronary   heart   disease   in   women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 2000;343:16-22.
+6.	Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM. Physical exercise and quality of  life  following  cancer  diagnosis:  A  literature  review.  Ann Behav Med 1999;21:171-9.
+7.	Lamb KL, Brodie DA, Roberts K. Physical fitness and health-
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+Industrial Psychiatry Journal	47	Jan-Jun 2011 | Vol 20 | Issue 1
+Ganpat and Nagendra: Yoga for mental health in managers
+
+
+related fitness as indicators of a positive health state. Health Promot Int 1988;3:171-82.
+8.	Dimeo F, Bauer M, Varahram I, Proest G, Halter U. Benefits from  aerobic  exercise  in  patients  with  major  depression:  A pilot study. Br J Sports Med 2001;35:114-7.
+9.	Bloomfield  HH,  Cain  MP,  Jaffe  DT.  'TM'-Discovering  inner Energy and overcoming stress. 8th   ed. New York: Delacorte Press; 1975.
+10.  Brena SH. Yoga and Medicine. New York: The Julian Press Inc; 1975.
+11.  Pratinidhi  BP.  The  ten  point  way  to  health.  Mumbai:  DB Taraporevale Sons and Co. Pvt. Ltd; 1966.
+12.  McCaffrey R, Ruknui P, Hatthakit U, Kasetsomboon P. The effects of yoga on hypertensive persons in Thailand. Holist Nurs Pract 2005;19:173-80.
+13.  Sabina AB, Williams AL, Wall HK, Bansal S, Chupp G, Katz DL. Yoga intervention for adults with mild-to-moderate asthma: A pilot study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;94:543-8.
+14.  Bijlani RL, Vempati RP, Yadav RK, Ray RB, Gupta V, Sharma R, et al. A brief but comprehensive lifestyle education program based   on   yoga   reduces   risk   factors   for   cardiovascular disease  and  diabetes  mellitus.  J  Altern  Complement  Med 2005;11:267-74.
+15.  Brown  RP,  Gerbarg  PL.  Sudarshan  Kriya  yogic  breathing in  the  treatment  of  stress,  anxiety,  and  depression:  part I-neurophysiologic    model.    J    Altern    Complement    Med 2005;11:189-201.
+16.  Jorm    AF,    Christensen    H,    Griffiths    KM,    Rodgers    B. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for depression. Med J Aust 2002;176 Suppl:S84-96.
+17.  Sharma R, Gupta N, Bijlani RL. Effect of yoga based lifestyle intervention   on   subjective   well-being.   Indian   J   Physiol Pharmacol 2008;52:123-31.
+18.  Vempati RP, Telles S. Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological  responses  to  a  two  day  stress  management
+
+program. J Indian Psychol 2000;18:33-7.
+19.  Sony  K,  Nath  NC,  Nagendra  HR.  Effectiveness  of  SMET program    with    respect    to    emotional    well-being    among managers:  An  empirical  study.  XIMB  J  Manage  (Vilakshan) 2007;4:165-73.
+20.  Goldberg  DP,  Gater  R,  Sartorius  N,  Ustun  TB,  Piccinelli  M, Gureje O, et al. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med 1997;27:191-7.
+21.  Goldberg  DP,  Hillier  VF.  A  scaled  version  of  the  General Health Questionnaire. Psychol Med 1979;9:139-45.
+22.  Subramanya P, Telles S. A review of the scientific studies on cyclic meditation. Int J Yoga 2009;2:46-8.
+23.  Singh   D.   Emotional   intelligence   at   work:   A   professional Guide. New Delhi, India: Sage Publications; 2003.
+24.  Tischler   L,   Biberman   J,   McKeage   R.   Linking   emotional intelligence,	spirituality	and	workplace	performance: Definitions, models and ideas for research. J Manage Psychol 2002;17:203-18.
+25.  Deshpande  S,  Nagendra  HR,  Raghuram  N.  A  randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on Gunas (personality) and health in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Yoga 2008;1:2-10.
+26.  Deshpande  S,  Nagendra  HR,  Nagarathna  R.  A  randomized control  trial  of  the  effect  of  yoga  on  Gunas  (personality) and  self  esteem  in  normal  healthy  volunteers.  Int  J  Yoga 2009;2:13-21.
+27.  Adhia H, Nagendra HR, Mahadevan B. Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers. IIMB Manage Rev 2010;22:32-41.
+
+How to cite this article: Ganpat TS, Nagendra HR. Integrated yoga therapy for improving mental health in managers. Ind Psychiatry J 2011;20:45-8.
+Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
+
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+A free application to browse and search the journal’s content is now available for iPhone/iPad. The application provides “Table of Contents” of the latest issues, which are stored on the device for future offline browsing. Internet connection is required to access the back issues and search facility. The application is Compatible with iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad and Requires iOS 3.1 or later. The application can be downloaded from http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/medknow-journals/ id458064375?ls=1&mt=8. For suggestions and comments do write back to us.
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+Jan-Jun 2011 | Vol 20 | Issue 1	48	Industrial Psychiatry Journal

document/management/Integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system A theoretical model based on ancient knowledge and modern research. conv.txt

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+[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+
+
+
+Review Article
+
+
+
+Integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system: A theoretical model based on ancient knowledge and modern research
+Atul Sinha, Sony Kumari
+
+Department of Yoga and Humanities, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+
+
+Abstract   The aim of this paper is to make a case for integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system and to
+propose a theoretical model based on a synthesis of ancient knowledge and modern research. The paper is based on literature review of child and adolescent mental health, case for character education, case for school-based yoga intervention, ancient texts of yoga, and modern research on benefit outcomes of yoga. A comprehensive understanding ofyogic principles from ancienttexts and outcome benefits from modern research has gone into the development of a theoretical model of yoga in education. There is a large body of research evidence, suggesting that yoga in education can aid the development of physiological well-being, cognitive eficacy, emotional control, and desirable personality traits.Ancientliterature on yoga provides its underlying principles,sequence ofpractices,and their interconnectedness. The theoretical model is based on the eight limbs of yoga derived from ancient literature. Modern research provides the evidence of benefits. The benefits show that yoga may aid in the development of the whole child, character building, social-emotional learning training, and developing the power of concentration. These findings make a compelling case for the inclusion of yoga in the school curricula. Most researches into school-based yoga have varying degrees of rigor in methodology and are based on short periods of interventions. If yoga in education is widely implemented, it will provide an opportunity for more methodologically rigorous research as well as longitudinal studies. This will help to both improve the school-based yoga programs and build more solid evidence of its eficacy. This paper is unique because it juxtaposes the process-based ancient knowledge and outcome-based modern research. This allows for a more comprehensive theoretical model of yoga in education.
+
+Key Words:Character building, education, meditation, personality development, school, social-emotional learning, yoga
+
+
+Address for correspondence:
+Mr. Atul Sinha, 103 Regent Place, 28/2 Thubrahalli, Whitefield Road, Bengaluru - 560 066, Karnataka, India. E-mail: [email protected]
+Submitted: 15-Mar-2021  Revised: 06-May-2021  Accepted: 19-May-2021  Published: 21-Jul-2021
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+Two themes in children’s education have received a great deal of attention in the last few decades. One concerns the stresses children face that lead to a high prevalence of child and adolescent
+
+
+Access this article online
+Quick Response Code:
+Website:
+www.ym-kdham.in
+
+
+DOI:
+10.4103/ym.ym_14_21
+
+
+mental health (CAMH) issues. The other is a disturbing trend of dysfunctional youth behavior. The purpose of this paper is to explore why yoga can be considered a good remedial intervention
+
+
+This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
+
+For reprints contact: [email protected]
+
+How to cite this article: Sinha A, Kumari S. Integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system: A theoretical model based on ancient knowledge and modern research. Yoga Mimamsa 2021;53:46-58.
+
+
+46	© 2021 Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+
+
+Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education
+
+
+and to propose a theoretical model for integrating yoga with education. The model has been designed for application in the modern schooling system that currently does not include yoga in its curriculum or does so suboptimally.
+
+A pilot study in India that was a part of the National Mental Health Survey (2016) reported a 7.3% prevalence of mental disorders among children aged 13–17 years. Urban children had a higher prevalence at 13.5% compared to rural children at 6.9%. There was no difference across genders (Gururaj et al., 2016). Region-specific studies with more robust sample sizes reported an even higher prevalence of CAMH. Studies conducted in Bangalore, Haryana, West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu recorded more alarming incidence of CAMH at 12.5%, 20.7%, 33.3%, and 33.7%, respectively (Srinath et al., 2005; Malhotra, & Patra, 2014; Deivasigamani, 1990). In the USA, 7.5% of adolescents mettheDiagnosticand StatisticalManualfor MentalDisorders-IV criteria for one or more mental health conditions (Kessler & Wang, 2008; Roberts, Roberts, & Chan, 2009); the UNICEF estimated that globally, mental health problems aflicted 10%–20% of the world’s child and adolescent population of over 2.2 billion (Kieling et al., 2011; UNICEF, 2008). Another dimension of CAMH lay inthefactthatamajorityofadultmentalhealthissues traced their onset to childhood and adolescence. Thus, if CAMH issues are addressed early, we could potentially create a mentally healthier society (Kim-Cohen et al., 2003; Kessler et al., 2007). Looking at the situation, the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) advocated a comprehensive social-emotional learning (SEL) training from preschool to high school (Butzer, Bury, Telles, & Khalsa, 2016).
+
+Coming to the theme of dysfunctional youth behavior, Lickona (1996) listed ten disturbing trends in the behavior of youth. They were (i) rising violence, (ii) increased dishonesty, (iii) greater disrespect for elders and authority figures, (iv) increased peer cruelty, (v) rise in hate crimes, (vi) deterioration of language, (vii) decline in work ethic, (viii) increased selfishness, (ix) surge in self-destructive behavior, and (x) growing ethical illiteracy. This, according to him, underscored the need to emphasize character education. Pigozzi (2006) provided the UNESCO perspective when she said that education is expected to make a broader contribution to sustainable human development, peace and security, universal values, informed decision-making, and the quality of life at individual, family, societal, and global levels. She stated that the relationship between learner and teacher, individualized learning, and involvement of parents and community were critical components of the process of learning.
+
+Thinkers steeped in Indian traditions too have eloquently emphasized character building as an essential feature of education. Vivekananda said that “education is themanifestation of perfection already in man. The duty of the teacher is to remove all obstructions from the way.” He went on to say that “education is not the amount of information that is put into your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of
+
+Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021
+
+ideas” (Vivekananda, 2011). He saw the essence of education as developing concentration of the mind and not as a mere collection of facts (Vivekananda, 2006). The independent thinking philosopher, Krishnamurti (1998) stated that the purpose of education was twofold. One was to equip children with technological proficiency so that they could function eficiently in the modern world. The second was to develop the inward state to establish goodness and relate rightly with people, things, and ideas. He went further and made a bold statement:
+
+Do you know the world is mad…with fighting, quarrelling, bullying, tearing into each other?.. Is this what education is meant for, that you should willingly or unwillingly fit into this?.. But if you begin to think, to observe… to learn for yourself by watching, listening… you will grow up to be a different human being, one who cares, who has affection, who loves people. (p 8-9).
+
+The ancient Indian school system went by the name gurukula (from guru or teacher and kula or family). The system exists even today but is not mainstream. Its aims and methods uncannily mirror the suggestions of present-day proponents of character education. The gurukula education system was based on the ideal of life being spiritualistic. Therefore, the goal of education was to lay the foundation for self-realization. The main objectives of education were development of self-control, character, and personality.Spiritualdevelopmentwas given equal weightage as intellectual development. The main expedients of education were an inspiring and highly moral teacher–student relationship; strong emphasis on moral education; simple life marked by discipline and self-restraint; a curriculum that gave equal weightage to acquisition of knowledge and character development (Rather, 2015; Selvamani, 2019). It is evident that the lifestyle followed adhered to the yama (restraints) and niyama (observances) of the ashtanga (eight-limbed) yoga of Patanjali (Mookerji, 1989). The expedients of yoga were also practiced (Satyananda, 1990). Experimental research has been conducted on gurukula schools, and the results have been encouraging. Rangan, Nagendra, & Bhat (2008) measured planning skills of matched samples of students drawn from a gurukulaand a modern school. They found a significant differencein scores in favor of gurukula students. Another study by the same authors found that gurukula students performed better than modern school students on tests for verbal and visual memory (Rangan, Nagendra, & Bhat, 2009).
+
+It is our contention that the purpose of equipping children in the modern schooling system with the power of concentration, social-emotional skills, and good character may be well served by meaningfully integrating yoga in the school curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to argue the case for making yoga an important element in children’s education and to propose a theoretical model of yoga in education that can be incorporated in the modern schooling system’s curriculum. The primary uniqueness of this paper rests in the fact that the model is derived from the juxtaposition of ancient knowledge of yoga and modern research evidence. While literature on ancient knowledge is copious and on modern research is growing, the two have seldom
+
+47
+[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146]
+
+
+Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education
+
+
+been broughttogether.Thecurrentpaperattempts theconjunction. This juxtaposition serves three purposes:
+
+included emotional and stress regulation, resilience, equanimity and psychological self-eficacy. Physical fitness encompassed
+
+1.    Modern research is outcomebased and focuses on thebenefits of yoga. Ancient knowledge is process based and focuses on the underlying principles, logical sequence of practices, and their interconnection. The combination of process and outcome makes redundant the need to hypothesize the underlying mechanisms that make yoga effective. This is extensively covered in the ancient texts. The juxtaposition thus helps create a more comprehensive model showing the principles, sequence, interconnections between practices, and evidence-based benefits
+2.    Depending solely on modern research sometimes leads to erroneous separation of yoga’s component practices. For example, contemplative practices such as mindfulness and meditation are often seen as separate from yoga. Ancient knowledge helps understand that steadying the body, regulating the emotions, and calming the mind prepare the ground for contemplative practice. Thus, meditation is the culmination of yoga and not separate from it
+3.    The ancient yogic concepts themselves help explain the underlying causes of psychosocial problems and offer solutions too. The problem lies in the intrinsic restless nature of the human mind. Yoga provides the solution of calming the mind.
+
+
+flexibility, strength, balance, respiratory function, and physical self-eficacy. These in turn had a positive downstream effect on behavior, mental state, health, and performance. They concluded that school-based yoga was a useful complement to existing SEL programs.
+
+Waters, Barsky, Ridd, & Allen (2015) reviewed 15 studies on school meditation programs to create a school-based meditation model. They borrowed the definition of contemplative education (CE) from Roeser & Peck (2009), “A set of practices that may foster particular formsof awareness in students, formsconducive to the conscious motivation and regulation of learning, and also to freedom and transcendence in life more generally.” The steps in meditation are (i) directing focus to an “attentional anchor,” (ii) dispassionately observing internaland externaldistractions and disengaging from them, and (iii) focusing back from distractions to the attentional anchor. The analysis of the 15 studies showed that meditation impacted student well-being, social competence, and academic performance. Longer duration programs and more frequent practice were found to be more effective. Interestingly, interventions delivered by teachers were more effective compared to those delivered by external instructors. Their model hypothesized that meditation created brain changes that fostered
+
+
+We begin by analyzing current literature on the case for school-based yoga. This is followed by understanding the concepts, process, and practice of yoga from ancient literature. After this, the benefits claimed by ancient literature are juxtaposed with empirical evidence from modern research. With this comprehensive background, the theoretical model of yoga in educationis developed.Finally,translatingthemodelintopractice is discussed.
+
+CURRENT LITERATURE ON CASE FOR SCHOOL-BASED YOGA
+
+Butzer et al. (2016) proposed a theoretical model based on modern research that addressed concerns around stressors faced by young people. Their modelthereforesuggested thatpracticing yoga was an effective way to promote SEL. SEL involves acquisition and practice of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that enhance personal development, interpersonal skills, ethics, and productivity. The five key competencies sought to be developed include self-regulation of emotions, self-awareness of emotions and their impact on others, social awareness, which is the ability to appreciate perspectives of others, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. They state that existing research demonstrated the positive effects of school-based yoga but raised questions regarding the mechanisms underlying these effects. There was a need to understand why yoga was beneficial. They hypothesized that yoga facilitated the development of three key
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+two key abilities important for a student’s schooling success: (1) cognitive functioning and (2) emotional regulation. These in turn had a positive effect on well-being, social competence, and academic performance. They stated that teaching in ways that developed these two functions had long-term benefits for students even beyond school life.
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+Hyde (2012) argued in favor of including yoga in the school curriculum on the basis thatyogacould contributepositively to the development of the whole child. The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development’s Commission defined the whole child as intellectually active, physically, verbally, socially, and academically competent; empathetic, kind, caring, and fair; creative and curious; disciplined, self-directed, and goal-oriented; free, critical thinker, confident and cared for, and valued. Yoga was seen as a gentle, noncompetitive self-practice that increased balance of mind and body. She argued that in the USA, the tendency to invent a practice was arguably more popular than adopting anything from India or the Far East. However, there was a strong evidence-based case for treating yoga as a therapeutic intervention without adopting any philosophical or spiritual aspect. Her main arguments infavorofincludingyogaintheschoolcurriculumwere: 1.    Most Western educators considered the role of education as being a way to material success and means of personal happiness. The knowledge of the self was missing which
+yoga could provide
+2.    Learning about yoga could be a means of exploring another culture and be seen as an inclusive multicultural education
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+competencies: mind–body awareness, self-regulation, and physical fitness. Mind–body awareness enhanced mindfulness, attention, concentration, and self and social awareness. Self-regulation
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+3.    Even the pockets of controversy over including yoga provided opportunities for critical and democratic conversations in a pluralistic society
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+4.    According to SEL standards, students should be able to evaluate how advocacy for the rights of others contributed to the common good. The outcomes of yoga were awareness and understanding of the feelings of others (emotional fitness), tolerance and respect (mental fitness), and understanding of one’s impact and contributions (social fitness). These factors aided the evaluation and respect for the rights of others
+5.    Yoga practice was transformative. Teacher self-care and student self-transformation were a distinct possibility with yoga. Yoga practice provided access to all domains of the work on self, recognized in transformative education, namely knowing the self, controlling the self, caring for the self, and recreating the self
+6.    The advantages and benefits of yoga could be framed in the larger context of societal transformation. Self-change led to transformed interpersonal relationships. This in turn had the potential to create a critical mass of like-minded people, which ultimately could impact society at large.
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+study of ancient texts of yoga. The next section discusses the basic principles of yoga and its practice as mentioned in ancient literature. In other words, the attempt is to understand yoga from the yogi’s perspective.
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+UNDERSTANDING YOGA FROM ANCIENT LITERATURE
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+Ancient texts reviewed
+There exists a vast body of ancient literature on yoga. The focus of this paper is to understand those aspects that are relevant to build a case for the inclusion of yoga in the modern school curriculum. The specific texts have been selected for their capacity to inform us on the underlying principles of yoga, the conception of the human personality, the mechanism of mental operations, and the expedients of yoga. From this literature review, the underlying mechanisms that make yoga effective become clear. Further, the knowledge points to the causes of psychosocial problems and how
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+Hagen & Nayer (2014) argued that there were four key factors that contributed to mental health challenges among children and adolescents. They were(i) globalizationthathadexposedtheyouth to multiplenew demands, standards, and options; (ii) thepressure to succeed, driven by increased competition negatively impacted mental health; (iii) unwelcome distractions and attractions linked to new media technologies. At one level, technologies were valuablelearning and communication resources. Atanother level, excessive time spent on media was taking away from physical and group activities and creating a host of mental problems such as dependency, obsessive–compulsive behavior, concentration, and attention disorders; And (iv) linked to overexposure to media was safety concerns such as cyberbullying, exposure to violence and sexually explicit material, and other inappropriate behaviors. In this scenario, the ability of yoga to calm the mind and increase overall well-being was driving its popularity the world over. Recent scientific research on yoga provided empirical evidence that it may contribute to physiological and mental health. Attention, self-esteem, empowerment, and self-regulation were enhanced. By enabling children to listen inward to their bodies, feelings, and ideas, yoga helped in developing self-awareness. This in turn helped children and adolescents develop their own unique personalities and achieve the balance between intrinsic strengths and societal expectations.
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+To summarize, the case for school-based yoga is built on empirical evidence of its effect on cognitive eficiency, emotional regulation, and physical fitness. These have a positive impact on physical health, psychosocial well-being, and behavior. There is even a suggestion that yoga may be self-transformative and a tool for inward listening. It is thus hypothesized that yoga can address modern youth problems. On a broader canvas, yoga may be a tool capable of moving education beyond a means for material success to develop the whole child. To explore the possibilities yoga’s inclusion in the school curriculum presents, we argue that an in-depth understanding of the underlying principles, process, and practices is required. This is possible through the
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+the practice of yoga may help alleviate them. Importantly, the logic behind the steps of yoga practice helps in the development of the yoga model.
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+Patanjali Yoga Sutra is the defining text of Yoga philosophy. It provides deep insights into the science of yoga. Kothandaraman (2009) has painstakingly translated into English a commentary on this text by the 19th-century sage Sadasivendra Saraswati Avadhuta. The sage amplifies Patanjali with his own enlightened perspective and adds the quintessence of very ancient yoga. The commentary by Vivekananda (1986) is both succinct and caters to the sensibility of the modern scientific mind. In combination, the two texts span the traditional view and a modern perspective.
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+Patanjali Yoga Sutra expounds on the philosophy and steps of yoga but is silent on the actual practices. To understand the practices and their benefits, we have referred to Hatha Yoga Pardipika (Muktibodhananda, 2012), Gheranda Samhita (Niranjanananda, 2012), and Hatharatnavalli(Gharote et al., 2009). These texts are considered authoritative on yoga practices and their benefits at physical, mental, and psychic planes.
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+Taittiriya Upanishad (Chinmayananda, 2014) has delineated the five sheaths of human personality. Its linkage to yoga is strong since yoga works on the various levels of human personality. Bhagavad Gita (Chinmayananda, 1996) has been referred to understand the gunas or the three energies of sattva, rajas, and tamas and their transformation.
+
+Context
+Most people practice yoga for its therapeutic benefits. There is no denying, however, that the goal of yoga is spiritual absorption (Kothandaraman, 2009). To achieve the goal of spiritual absorption, first, thebody,mind, and emotions need to bestabilized, strengthened, calmed, and regulated (Kothandaraman, 2009; Vivekananda, 1986; Niranjanananda, 2012). This is what is of interest to us as far as including yoga in the school curriculum is concerned. To understand how yoga works, it is imperative to
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+comprehend some underlying yogic principles. Specifically, the yogic conception of the mind complex, the human personality, the mental planes, and the balancing of left and right brain energies are important for our purpose.
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+Mind complex, cognition, and consciousness
+Patanjali, the ancient sageof yoga, said thatyogais therestraintof mental operations (Kothandaraman, 2009, I.2, p. 40; Vivekananda, 1986, I.2, p. 200). In the yogic conception, the mind complex is composed of the sense organs, mind, intellect, and egoism. The sense organsbring external information to the mind by converting sense perceptions into signals. In the yogic conception, the mind and the intellect are separated. The mind is a pool of thoughts bereft of discriminatory power. It passes the signals sent by the sensesto the intellect. The intellect hasthe power of discrimination and therefore of thoughtful decision-making. It reactsto the sense signal with a counter-thought wave. This is where the intelligence principle comes into play. The mind complex is made of insentient matter. The intelligence principle is the domain of the indwelling consciousness.Theindividualindwelling consciousness is drawn from the universal consciousness, just like the air in a room is drawn from the air in the atmosphere. Cognition occurs when this consciousness illuminates the thought wave. With cognition, a sense arises that “I am the cognizing agent.” This is called egoism. To recapitulate, the mind complex is composed of sense organs, mind, intellect, and egoism. Consciousness indwells but is independent of the mind complex. The constant interaction between the sense organs and external stimuli ensures a heavy traficofthoughtwaves inthemind complex. Ifthemindcomplex was to be likened to a lake, the indwelling consciousness is the bed of the lake. However, the constant waves of thought create ripples on the lake surface to obscure the view of the lake bed. By the practice of yoga, the mind is increasingly calmed till the mental operation is stilled. When that happens, there are no thought waves. The view of the indwelling consciousness becomes clear, and theyogi becomes spiritually absorbed in consciousness. Here, we find a logical explanation of why the mind is disturbed. When senses are not in control, the thought activity is rapid, leading to a distracted and disturbed mind. When the senses are controlled, the mind is calmed.
+
+The five sheaths of human personality
+The Taittiriya Upanishad(Chinmayananda, 2014, 2.ii.2, p. 160, 2.iii.1, p. 169, 2.iv.i, p. 176, 2.v.1, p. 186, 2.v.2, p. 189) explains that the human personality is composed of five sheaths. These are the physical body sheath, the prana or vital energy sheath, the mind sheath, the intellect sheath, and the bliss sheath [Figure 1]. The sheaths are located one within the other starting with the physical body. While the body is made of matter, the next sheath of prana is made of energy. Prana pervades the universe and is the power behind all motion and thought (Vivekananda, 1986, II.49, p. 262). It is ingested in the body through breath. Thus, in the practice of pranayama (breathing exercises), it is the prana that is manipulated, and the breath is merely its vehicle. In the body, prana flows through subtle channels called nadis and is concentrated in energy or psychic centers called chakras. The mind
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+Figure 1: Five sheaths of human personality
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+sheath is the open ground for thoughts. It is the seat of impulses, emotions, desires, and likes and dislikes. It does not have the discriminatory power to evaluate the consequences of pushing a thought into action. People in whom the mind sheath dominates tend to be impulsive and unable to regulate their emotions. The intellectsheathis governedbythepowerofdiscrimination.People in whom the intellect is strong are characterized by thoughtfulness. Their emotions and behavior are more controlled. The bliss sheath is the innermost. It is called bliss because in this sheath, there is awareness of neither the external world nor the internal world. Thus, there is no mental activity to disturb the peace. All joy experienced is sourced from this sheath. Here again, yoga provides an insight into the problem of the disturbed mind. When the mind dominates, unregulated emotions, impulsive behavior, and likes and dislikes govern actions. With thepracticeof yoga, the locus can shift to the discriminating intellect, resulting in thoughtful behavior.
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+Human personality is made of three energies
+Human personality is composed of a combination of three energies. Purity, passion, and inertia are the gunas says the Bhagavad Gita (Chinmayananda, 1996, XIV.5, p. 952). The energies are called sattva (controlled illuminative energy), rajas (uncontrolled active energy), and tamas (uncontrolled inert energy) (Kothandaraman, 2009, I.1, p. 36-39). The mind is always in a dynamic equilibrium between these three response patterns. Sattva is characterized by purity, serenity, wisdom, bliss, moral courage, and other sublime qualities. The characteristics of rajasare egoism, activity, restlessness, greed for wealth, and power. Tamas is indicated by inertia, heedlessness, perversion in thought, and action. When rajas and tamas are dominant, mental distress, poor health, and dissipation of energy result. When sattva dominates, one is calm, controlled, gentle, sensitive to the good of others, vigorous, and blissful. The practice of yoga has been shown to increase sattva and reduce rajas and tamas (Patil & Nagendra, 2014).Once more, yoga points to the cause of the problem and shows the solution. Predominance of rajasand tamas may negatively impact psychological well-being, while increased sattva promotes psychological well-being (Patil, & Nagendra, 2014).
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+The five mental planes
+The three energies of sattva, rajas, and tamascondition the mind. Depending on which energy is dominant, the mind operates in one of the five mental planes. Influenced by rajas the mind is in an active disturbed mode. It is characterized by infatuation, rage, attractions, and repulsions. At the other end, the mind influenced by tamas is in a state of inactive dullness. The third plane occurs when the mind influenced by rajas-tamas oscillates between the first two planes. The active disturbed plane, the inactive dull plane, and the oscillating plane are the ordinary states of mind. When sattva prevails, the mind is calmed, leading to one-pointed attention and control over emotions. The fifth plane is the meditative state (Kothandaraman, 2009, I.1. p. 36-39).In its articulation of thefivestates of mind, ancientknowledgeprovides the progression from disturbed state of mind to calm state of mind. The progression is achieved by transforming the three energies.
+
+Balancing the left and right brain energies
+The mode of perceiving, thinking, and behaving is in part governed by two aspects. Patanjali refers to them as the sun and the moon aspects (Kothandaraman, 2009, III.28-29, p. 163-165; Vivekananda, 1986, III.27-28, p. 279). Hatha Yoga refers to it as the ida and pingala. In Taoism, it is referred to as yin and yang (Muktibodhananda, 2012, IV.17, p. 491-492). In common parlance, the sun energy corresponds to the left brain and the moon energy to the right brain. It is also referred to as male energy and female energy. The sun energy is aggressive, active, logical, analytical, and argumentative. The moon energy is passive, receptive, synthetic, poetic, imaginative, and creative. In the ordinary state of mind, one or the other energy dominates. The practice of yoga enhances the relatively less active side to balance the sun and moon energies. This results in using more faculties of the brain in perception, thinking, and behavior.
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+Delving into the underlying yogic concepts helps understand that psychological, cognitive, and behavioral issues are caused by the intrinsic nature of the mind. Equally, the mind itself has the capacity to control its disturbed nature. When the senses and the undiscriminating mind are in charge, the results are scattered attention, unregulated emotions, and impulsive behavior. When the locus of control shifts to the discriminating intellect, the mind is calmed and made one-pointed, emotions are controlled, and behavior is made thoughtful. This can be achieved by calming the mind and senses, transforming the three energies, and balancing the left and rightbrain. Wecan seethattheunderlying mechanisms explaining why yoga works are exhaustively discussed in the ancient texts. This background knowledge will be helpful in understanding how the practices of yoga are systematically sequenced.
+
+The practice of yoga
+The ancient sage Patanjali conceived of the eight-limbed yoga (ashtanga yoga) comprising yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana, and samadhi (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.29,30,32,46,49,54, III.1-4, p. 113-144; Vivekananda, 1986, II.29,30,32,46,49,54, III.1-4, p. 260-271). The idea is to
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+gain a modicum of proficiency in each stage before moving to the next. However, more mastery is gained by the interaction between the limbs. For instance, the practice of pranayama (breathing exercises) may improve proficiency in asana (physical postures) or the other way around. The first two limbs areyamaand niyama or restraints and observances. Therestraints are nonviolence, truthfulness, nonstealing, continence, and nonpossessiveness. The observances are cleanliness of mind, body and surroundings, contentment, penance, self-study, and desireless work. These are the preparatory steps of yoga aimed at purification of the mind to prepare it for contemplative practice. It is emphasized that the restraints and observances are not to be achieved through forced denial. In fact, forced denial is seen as counterproductive since it brings the mind into conflict with desires, leading to a disturbed state of mind and even neurosis in extreme cases. The principle idea behind yama and niyama is to practice moderation in lifestyle and slowly develop an attitude of contentment, detachment, and self-discipline. This ensures that the practice of yoga is begun with a modicum of mental strength.
+
+The third limb is asana or physical postures. The ordinary state of the body is to oscillate between restlessness and lethargy. Asanas are designed to make the body stable, steady, flexible, and healthy. The postures unblock nadis or energy channels and facilitate unhindered flow of prana. Certain postures form circuits to retain pranain the body. The exercises tone the musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and endocrine systems. By contraction and expansion, the functioning of the internal organs is enhanced (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.46,47, p. 129-131; Vivekananda, 1986, II.46,47, p. 268; Niranjanananda, 2012, II.3-45, p. 168-255; Muktibodhananda, 2012, I.17,19-54, p. 67-131; Gharota, Devnath, & Jha, 2009, III.5, p. 97).
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+Having unblocked energy channels and made the body stable, the fourth limb of pranayama or breathing exercises is undertaken. It is the practice of breath control involving inspiration and expiration of air and holding the breath in standstill mode. By its practice, the mind is calmed, and attentiveness enhanced. Pranayamaactivates the energy channels, increases pranic energy, and directs the flow of prana to the entire body. The breath between the left and right nostrils is harmonized, in turn balancing the left and right brain energies. The flow of prana is directed toward upper psychic centers. The lower psychic centers are said to representtheego, instincts, greed, and ambition. The upper centers are said to represent love, compassion, acceptance, sensitivity, subtle perception, and spirituality. Here, we have a clue on how yoga works on character and personality. The practice exercises internal organs and purifies the blood through oxygenation (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.49-53, p. 131-136; Vivekananda, 1986, II.49-53, p. 267-268; Niranjanananda, 2012, V.47-98, p.412-452; Muktibodhananda, 2012, II.7-77, p.166-272;Gharotaetal., 2009, p. XXIX; Vasu, 2012, III.26-31, p. 51-53).
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+With a steady body, increased pranic energy, and calmed mind, bringing the senses under control is the fifth limb called pratyahara. It is the process of controlling the mind through the
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+mediumofthesenses.Thepurposeis todevelopalevelofcontrol over the senses such that the movement of attention from the outside to the inside and back becomes seamless. The practices of asanaand pranayamathemselves lead to pratyaharanaturally. Pratyahara can also be cultivated by the practice of relaxation techniques. The logic behind pratyaharaisthat the sensesimitate the nature of the mind. If the mind is restless, the senses too are active. If the mind is calm, the senses are also calm. The seamless movement of consciousness from without to within prepares the practitioner for contemplative practices (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.54-55, p. 137-138; Vivekananda, 1986, II.54-55, p. 268-269; Niranjanananda, 2012, IV.1-7, p. 371-380).
+
+The last three limbs are the three stages of meditation called  dharana  (one-pointed  attention  with  effort), dhyana (effortless one-pointed attention), and  samadhi (spiritual absorption). Dharana trains the mind to concentrate on one attentional anchor. All other objects and thoughts are disregarded, and the mind is consciously refocused on the single attentional anchor. Technically, in cognition, there is a play of three elements, one is the cognizing agent or subject represented by the indwelling consciousness, the second is the instrument of cognition that is the mind, and the third is the object of attention. In dharana, the focus is on the object of attention. Dharana can ripen into the next stage that is dhyana or effortless one-pointed attention. Here, the focus is on the uninterrupted flow of consciousness toward the object. The focus is on the flow of consciousness. The final state of meditation is samadhi. In this, the object and the mind are dropped, and all that remains is absorption in pure consciousness, the bed of the lake referred to earlier(Kothandaraman,2009,III.1-11,p.140-147;Vivekananda, 1986, III.1-11, p. 270-273).In contemplative practice, attention is trained to become one-pointed. The earlier limbs that steady the body, energizeitwith prana, calm themind, and controlthesenses make the practice of one-pointed attention possible.
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+Having understood the underlying principles of yoga and the logic of its practice, in the next section, the benefit claims made by ancient texts and evidence from modern research are juxtaposed to get a clear understanding of the effects of yoga.
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+JUXTAPOSING BENEFITS CLAIMED IN ANCIENT TEXTS WITH EVIDENCE FROM MODERN RESEARCH
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+Physiological domain
+According to ancient texts, the practice of yoga unblocks energy channels allowing for the free flow of prana and increase in pranic energy in the body. Asana and pranayama practices tone, the body, exercise internal organs, and oxygenate the lungs and blood. As a result, ancient texts claim that the normally restless or lethargic body is steadied, made flexible, fit, and strong. Musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrinal, and digestive health are improved. Better metabolism removes dullness and invigorates the body.
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+Modern research has, over the years, provided evidence on the effects of yoga on physiological health of the pediatric population. Galantino, Galbavy, & Quinn (2008) analyzed 24 studies on physiological health benefits of yoga on children and adolescents. They found that yoga had a positive impact on reaction time, motor speed, musculoskeletal strength, and cardiopulmonary measures. Later studies have reinforced their findings. A randomized controlled Indian study conducted on schoolchildren found thatintegrated yogapracticeimproved limb movement speed, balance, trunk strength, and body mass index (Telles et al., 2013). A study by Purohit, Pradhan, & Nagendra (2016) showed improvement in balance, reaction time, flexibility, strength, and agility. Another randomized controlled Indian study with adolescents found that cardiovascular endurance and lung capacity improved with integrated yoga practice (Shivakumar, Suthakar, & Urs, 2016). Kumar (2011) found that the practice of Surya Namaskar (sun salutation) improved blood pressure, peak expiratory flow rate, forced vitalcapacity, and heart and respiratory rates in schoolchildren. Two American studies, one by Khalsa et al. (2012) and another by Felver et al. (2015), showed that yoga resulted in a significant reduction of fatigue and inertia.
+
+The conclusion is that modern research has provided evidence to support many of the claims made in traditional texts. Flexibility and balance are improved. Fitness and strength are increased. Musculoskeletal health and neuromotor performance measured by strength, agility, motor speed, and reaction time are positively impacted. Cardiovascular and pulmonary health measured by heart endurance, lung capacity, heart, and respiratory rate showed an improvement with yoga. The reduction in fatigue and inertia, as wellas heartand respiratory rates, points to improved metabolism and body invigoration. While there is little research on the effect of yoga on digestive health, diabetes, and endocrinal health in the pediatric population, there is evidence of improvements in all three areas in the adult population (Kavuri, Raghuram, Malamud, & Selvan, 2015;Nagarathnaetal., 2019;Singh, Tekur, Nagaratna, & Nagendra, 2018; Anu, & Nathan, 2012; Mahowald, 2019; Singh, Singh, Dave, & Udainiya, 2011).
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+Cognitive domain
+According to ancient texts, the practice of yoga increases pranic energy, channels the energy to the brain, balances the left and right brain, and calms the mind. Contemplative practices lead to one-pointed attention. The benefits claimed in the cognitive domain include removal of mental dullness, improved attention, and balancing of the left and right brain, all resulting in improved cognitive performance.
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+Modern research demonstrating the benefits of yoga on cognitive performance of children and adolescents has grown substantially in the last three decades. Zenner, Herrnleben-Kurz, & Walach (2014) analyzed 24 studies and concluded thatmindfulness-based interventions enhanced cognitive performance. Serwacki & Cook-Cottone(2012) reviewed 12 studies of yogainschools. The review concluded that yoga interventions had positive effects on cognitive eficiency and attentional control. Many Indian studies
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+with children and adolescents found a correlation between yoga practice and cognitive performance. Astudy by Chaya, Nagendra, Selvam, Kurpad, & Srinivasan (2012)found that yoga impacted attention and concentration, spatial and verbal memory, and abstract thinking. A study by Manjunath & Telles (2004) too found that spatial memory improved with yoga. Sethi, Nagendra, & Ganpat (2013)reported that yoga improved attention. Astudy by Verma, Shete, & Singh Thakur (2014) concluded that yoga enhanced mental ability and memory. Studies in India and the USA have found that yoga had a positive impact on executive function (Telles, Singh, Bhardwaj, Kumar, & Balkrishna, 2013; Purohit, & Pradhan, 2017; Flook et al., 2010). Alongitudinal study in a school setting by So & Orme-Johnson (2001) found that transcendental meditation positively impacted fluid and practical intelligence, speed of information processing, and creative thinking.
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+The claimsof removal of mental dullness, stimulation of the brain, balancing of left and right brain, and attention enhancement are supported by evidence from modern research. There is evidence of improved mental ability, speed of information processing, and improved executive function. These result in better cognitive performance. The balancing of left and right brain can be inferred from evidence of improved spatial and verbal memories, abstract and creative thinking, fluid and practical intelligence. Attention and concentration are shown to improve.
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+Emotional domain
+The calming of the mind also brings the emotions under control. According to ancient texts, the results of a calm mind are reduced anger, stress, anxiety, and a greater self-control over impulses and emotions.
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+This area too has been extensively researched. Two randomized controlled American studies amongst adolescents linked the practice of yoga with anger control (Khalsa et al., 2012; Felver et al., 2015). Noggle, Steiner, Minami, & Khalsa (2012)found that integrated yoga practice reduced mood disturbance. The components of this variable are anxiety, depression, dejection, hostility, confusion, and bewilderment. The study also found a reduction in negative feelings. An Indian study linked anxiety reduction with the practice of pranayama (Gusain, & Dauneria, 2016).An American study among schoolchildren by White (2012) linkedmindfulness trainingwithstress reduction, self-esteem, and self-regulation. Mindfulness improved as a result of yoga practice. Other studies have linked yoga with improved self-regulation and self-efficacy (Razza, Bergen-Cico, & Raymond, 2015; Bergen-Cico, Razza, & Timmins, 2015; Das, Deepeshwar, Subramanya, & Manjunath, 2016).
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+Ancient texts claim that yoga calms the mind resulting in reduction of anger, stress and anxiety. Modern research supports these claims by demonstrating that anger, anxiety, stress, tension and negative feelings indeed reduce with the practice of yoga. From the evidence of improvement in self-esteem, self-regulation, and self-eficacy, it can be inferred that control over emotions as claimed by ancient texts is achieved.
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+Personality domain
+Personality transformation being a consequence of yoga practice is indicated in traditional texts. It is claimed that rajas (uncontrolledactiveenergy)andtamas (uncontrolledinertenergy) are reduced, while sattva (controlled illuminative energy) is enhanced. This results in imbuing the personality with sattvic qualities such as tranquility, enthusiasm, cheerfulness, bliss, willpower, courage and enthusiasm. When sattvadominates, one is calm, controlled, gentle, sensitive to the good of others, vigorous, and blissful (Deshpande, Nagendra, & Raghuram, 2008). Ascale measuring theproportion of the threeenergies has been developed (Suchitra, & Nagendra, 2013). A randomized controlled study involving school children in India used this scale and found that integrated yoga practice increased sattva while reducing rajas and tamas (Patil, & Nagendra, 2014). Hence, evidence of an increase in sattva would indicate that directionally, the claims of traditional texts of yoga are supported. The study by Felver et al., (2015)shows reduction in negative affects such as miserable, mad, afraid, scared, and sad and improvement in positive affects such as cheerful, lively, happy, joyful, and proud. Prosocial psychosocial attributes measured by classroom engagement, social skills, positive affects, and optimism improved. The study by Noggle et al. (2012) showed reduction in negative feelings. A study by Sarkissian, Trent, Huchting, & Khalsa (2018) demonstrated an increase in positive affects such as excitement, cheerfulness, pride, and calm and a significant increase in resilience. The study by Zenner, Herrnleben-Kurz, & Walach (2014) also showed improvement in resilience. The component attributes of resilience are sense of purpose, perseverance, self-reliance, and equanimity. From these studies, it can be inferred that the claims made in ancient texts about personality transformation such as tranquility, enthusiasm, cheerfulness, bliss, willpower, courage, and enthusiasm are directionally corroborated by evidence from modern research.
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+The practice of yoga is shown to have significant benefits for children and adolescents. There is evidence of improvements in physical fitness, cognitive performance; emotional control, and personality transformation. Having understood the underlying principles, practice, and benefit outcomes of yoga in the pediatric population, in the next section, the theoretical model of yoga in education is developed.
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+THEORETICAL MODEL OF YOGA IN EDUCATION
+
+The theoretical model is based on the eight limbs of yoga as mentioned in ancient texts (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.46,47, p. 129-131; Vivekananda, 1986, II.46,47). The benefits of school-based yoga as supported by existing research have been incorporated in the model. The underlying principles that make yoga work, sequence of practices, and their interconnectedness are based on ancient knowledge. There are three reasons for combining ancient and modern knowledge. Modern knowledge is outcome based. Depending solely on this, the underlying principleswill have to be hypothesized. On the other hand, ancient
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+Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education
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+knowledge provides the principles, process, and explanation of why yoga works. Second, the rational sequencing of practices is a useful input in constructing the model. Third, the inclusion of ancient knowledge helps avoid the tendency to erroneously separatecontemplativepractices fromyoga. Thetheoreticalmodel is presented in Figure 2.
+
+Overall framework
+Yoga with its physical, breathing, and contemplative practices works on the body and mind. The body includes the physical and vital energy bodies. There is a connection between the physical body, vital energy body, and mind. If thebody is restless, breathing becomes irregular and the mind is disturbed. On the
+
+other hand, if the body is steadied, the breath becomes regular and mind is calm. Similarly, the state of breathing or of the mind has a complimentaryeffectontheothertwo(Muktibodhananda,2012). The principle behind the eight-limbed yoga is to stabilize the body, then the vital energy, senses, and mind in that order. However, the relationship isnot so watertight. There isinteraction between body, breath, and mind and each benefit by improvement in the other. Hence, the model takes into account this interaction. Second, calming of the mind impactsboth cognitive performance and emotional control. In the model, personality is considered a separate bucket since yoga may help to transform it by infusing qualities such as gentleness, cheerfulness, and tranquility (Deshpande, Nagendra, & Raghuram, 2008).
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+Figure 2: Theoretical model of yoga in education
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+54	Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021
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+Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education
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+
+Creating an enabling environment
+Yogic vision of education revolves around self-transformation (Satyananda, 1990).This may require an enabling environment. To frame the components of such an environment, the model draws inspiration from the first two limbs of yoga, namely yama and niyama, or restraints and observances. We are conscious that following yama and niyama in their entirety, while possible in a gurukula like system, may not be possible in the nonresidential modern schooling system. Values such as cleanliness, truthfulness, nonstealing, and some degree of nonviolence are taught universally in almost all schooling systems. However, vegetarianism, ascetic lifestyle, surrender to God, continence, and not receiving gifts may encounter cultural resistance in some quarters of the modern schooling systems. It may also be dificult to implement in nonresidential schooling environments. However, we are inspired by the first two limbs of yoga in framing the components of an enabling environment in our model. This has three hypothesized pillars. (i) The first pillar is voluntary moderation in lifestyle. The objective of moderation is to strengthen the mental make-up through self-restraint. It is important to underscore that self-restraint is not self-denial. The latter would be counterproductive to the goal of strengthening the mental make-up. Moderation in diet, sleep, work, play, entertainment, and exposure to media is suggested. The moderation in lifestyle may be strengthened through periodic expert talks on principles, values, and advantages of moderation. To be acceptable, the content of such talks must be sensitive to local cultures. (ii) The second pillar is a transformed student–teacher relationship. This is a key strategy to inculcate good character traits. Teachers playing the role of caregivers, role models, and mentors inspire the student to acquire good character traits (Pala, 2011).In return, the students learn to relate to their teachers with deep respect (Rather, 2015).(iii) The third pillar is support from parents. Parents have to buy into the equal weightage given to academic knowledge and character building and be inspired by the values that the school espouses.
+
+The practice of yoga
+The practice includes the next four limbs of yoga, namely asana (physicalpostures), pranayama (breathing exercises), pratyahara (control of senses), and dharana (one-pointed attention). Every traditional school of yoga includes meditation. In fact, it is the coreofyoga. Theseparationofmindfulness/meditationand yoga, in some quarters, goes against this very core. Asana steadies the body, while pranayama increases pranic energy. These two practices calmthe mind, and in turn, thesenses imitating thestate of mind are calmed. This is the state of pratyahara. Relaxation techniques further promote pratyahara. Dharana trains the mind to develop one-pointed attention.
+
+Benefits of yoga
+Yoga has effects on the physical body, vital energy body, and the mind in interconnected ways. In the physiological domain fitness, strength, flexibility, balance, vigor, and good health develop. The calming of the mind has an effect on both cognitive performance and emotional control. In the cognitive domain, attention
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+Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021
+
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+and concentration improve, speed of information processing increases, spatial and verbal memory are enhanced, and aspects of intelligence improve. In the emotional domain, negative aspects of mood and feelings are attenuated, and positive aspects enhanced. Anger, tension, and stress are controlled. The impact on personality is rooted in the increase in sattva. This makes the personality gentle, cheerful, joyous, and resilient. Prosocial behavior improves.
+
+Impact of yoga in education
+Hyde (2012) had emphasized the need to develop the whole child. Lickona (1996) had linked character development to the task of building a moral society. The CASEL had advocated comprehensive SEL training in schools (Butzer et al., 2016). Integrating yoga with education may have effects on many of these areas. Yoga has a positive effect on cognitive performance and thus helps children become intellectually active. Yoga helps in improving physical health of children. Emotional control results in improved psychosocial behavior. Personality is impacted to instill qualities such as caring, sensitivity toward others, and confidence as evidenced from improved self-esteem. This indicates that yoga can aid in the development of the whole child and character building.ItmaybeausefuladditiontoSELprograms too.Itcanbe hypothesized that a critical mass of such individuals can over time bring about societal change as suggested by character educationists (Lickona, 1996; Pigozzi, 2006; White, 2012) and Indian thinkers such as Krishnamurti (1998) and Vivekananda (2006; 2011). Hence, yoga may be a good addition to the school curriculum. Its benefits underscorethepointthatacademic learning and character building are not two separate spheres but mutually supportive.
+
+TRANSLATING THE THEORY INTO PRACTICE
+
+The incorporation of yoga in education will require a systematic and collaborative approach. Educationists, yoga experts, yoga researchers, and parents will need to support yoga and work out the modalities of its inclusion. The five main pieces that need to coalesce for successful implementation are feasibility, yoga module development, role of yoga instructors and school teachers, yoga research, and support of parents.
+
+Feasibility
+The incorporation of yoga will be successful only if it is feasible both in terms of scheduling and visiblebenefits. Yoga experts may be required to design interventions that fit into the time resource educationists deem possible for yoga. Educationists may need to evaluate the activity-heavy school schedule and make tradeoffs toaccommodateyoga.Researchers willneedtoprovideevidence that the yoga program is delivering the desired benefits.
+
+Yoga module development
+Validated yoga modules are critical for the success of yoga in education program. Yoga experts will need to decide how many age groups to break up the school cohort into. Age group-specific modules will need to be developed. Increasing the dificulty level overtime needs to be factored in. Going by ancient knowledge,
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+Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education
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+the initial practice could be asana heavy followed by addition of pranayama and dharana. Yoga experts will need to consider the right age for children to begin practicing yoga. The renowned yoga guru Swami Satyananda (1990) has suggested children aged 2–7 should be introduced to yoga through play. At age eight, light practice of yoga may begin.
+
+Role of yoga instructors and school teachers
+Itis hypothesizedthatifyogapracticeis partofthedailyschedule, then school teachers may be required to lead most yoga sessions. Defining the role of yoga instructors and school teachers is thus critical for successful implementation. There is a case made out by Swami Yogabhakti (Satyananda, 1990) for teachers to practice yogaalong with children. According to her, thetask of teaching is tiringandentails aloss ofvitality.Thepracticeofyogacanrestore lost vitality. Children have differing natures and attention types. By practicing yoga with children, the teacher may understand their nature and attention type better.
+
+Researching the Yoga-in-Education program
+Full-scale incorporation of yoga in education provides a good opportunity for researchers to design methodologically sound research protocols that can better ascertain whether the yoga programs are indeed delivering the desired effects. This information will help to both improve the programs and provide evidence of benefits to encourage its continuation.
+
+Support of parents
+Keeping parents informed and educated on yoga intervention is another critical piece in the implementation of the program. Parents need to be educated on the program and their concerns addressed. They could be encouraged to witness and even participate in the practice.
+
+CONCLUSION
+
+Schools can potentially play a big role is reversing the growing trend of CAMH problems. Given that most mental health issues can be traced to childhood and adolescent onset, intervention in school years can have positive health implications going into adulthood. Yoga with its effect in the psychosocial domain can equip the child in dealing with stressors to remain mentally healthy. The effect of yoga on emotional control and personality characteristics makes it a suitable aid in imparting character education. The enhancement of cognitive eficacy could satisfy thinkers who suggest that education should lay more weightage on developing the power of concentration than dissemination of knowledge. An intellectually active, physically and mentally healthy, prosocial child equipped with good character traits can potentially help in changing society positively.
+
+The present paper is unique because of its seamless synthesis of ancient knowledge and modern research on yoga. Literature on ancient knowledge is mercifully abundant and modern research on school-based yoga has grown in the last three decades. The gurukula system too has been extensively studied. The unique
+
+56
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+features of the present paper are: (i) The juxtaposition of ancient knowledge and modern research to build a theoretical model of yoga in education for the modern schooling system has not been attempted in such detail earlier. The underlying principles, sequence of practices, and their interconnectedness are derived from ancient texts. The benefit outcomes are derived from modern research. This lends a depth and conviction to the model. (ii) This approach makes the need to hypothesize the underlying mechanisms from the benefit outcomes redundant, since ancient knowledge provides the explanation in great depth. (iii) The emphasis in the model on creating an enabling environment for yoga along with concrete steps for its creation is unique.
+
+The limitation of this paper is that the current research on yoga is based mostly on short periods of intervention. Further, the methodological rigor is of varying quality. If school-based yoga is implemented on a large scale, researchers will have the opportunity for longitudinal studies and studies with firmer methodologies.This willgreatlyadd toevidence-basedknowledge on school-based yoga.
+
+Implementation will require a coordinated and systematic effort by all stakeholders, namely educators, yoga experts, yoga researchers, and parents. There is research evidence of benefits of yoga across physical,cognitive,emotional,andpersonalitydomains. Itmay aidin the development of the whole child, character building, SELtraining, anddevelopingthepowerofconcentration.Thereis thus acompelling case for its inclusion in the school curricula on a large scale.
+
+Financial support and sponsorship Nil.
+
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+
+REFERENCES
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+Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021

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+[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+
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+Original Article
+
+Is job anxiety and perceived stress modifiable in Indian IT professionals? An experimental study using yoga‑based intervention
+
+Pammi Sesha Srinivas, Sony Kumari, Katte Bharathiramnachar Akhilesh, Hongsandra Ramarao Nagendra
+Department of Yoga and Management Studies, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
+
+
+ABSTRACT
+
+Background: Indian information technology (IT) professionals are continuously subjected to project assignment changes as well as uncertainties in existing project continuations as cancelling of projects is not uncommon. There are periods in the work life of an Indian IT professional when he/she has to cope with no project situation, before being assigned to another project. IT professionals also need to continuously upgrade their IT-relevant skills in order to deliver projects to customers with less capital. All this adds up to job anxiety and perceived stress among IT professionals. With prolonged states of job anxiety and perceived stress, these professionals may become victims of diseases driven by anxiety and stress. There is a popular perception that Yoga, an Indian ancient science, can give control over modifications of mind and hence can help reduce anxiety and stress. Objective: To study the effect of cyclic meditation ( a yoga based practice) on job Anxiety and perceived stress of Indian IT Professionals. Materials and Methods: A control study was carried out on 96 Indian age ranged from 24 to 50 IT Professionals working in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Pre-post design was chosen and questionnaire method of collecting data was adopted. Results: The results indicates that after a period of 8 week intervention, there is a reduction of 19.51% in job anxiety and a reduction of 34.77% in perceived stress among Indian IT Professionals. Conclusion: This study indicates that Yoga based practices help to greatly reduce Job Anxiety and Perceived stress among Indian IT professionals. This study also highlights the need to explore the role of Yoga based practices on Indian IT professionals work life in greater detail.
+Keywords: Anxiety, IT professionals and yoga, perceived stress
+
+
+
+BACKGROUND
+
+Over the past few decades, the information technology(IT) industry in India has been a story of huge success. As per the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) 2013 report on the IT‑enabled industry, revenues grew from USD 100 million in the financial year 1992 to USD 108 billion
+
+Address for correspondence: Dr. Sony Kumari, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana
+University, #19, ‘Eknath Bhavan’, Gavipuram Circle, Kempe Gowda Nagar, Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, Karnataka, India. E‑mail: [email protected]
+
+Access this article online
+
+
+in the financial year 2013. It is also estimated that revenues of the IT industry are bound to increase in the years to come and thereby provide more employment opportunities to the Indian workforce. While it is time to celebrate and feel proud of this huge success, one cannot forget the all‑round effect of the IT industry on the worklives and personal lives of Indian IT professionals.ITprofessionalsare alwaysunder constantpressure to deliver services efficiently, along with being cost‑efficient. Indian IT professionals also need to continuously align to the country  time  zones  of  customers,  which  affects  their  sleep schedules. The current working conditions are prone to generate
+
+
+This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
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+DOI:
+10.4103/2394-2010.168370
+
+How to cite this article:Srinivas PS,Kumari S,Akhilesh KB,Nagendra HR. Is job anxiety and perceived stress modifiable in Indian IT professionals? An experimental study using yoga-based intervention. J Health Res Rev 2015;2:81-5.
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+© 2015 Journal of Health Research and Reviews | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow	81
+[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+
+
+Srinivas, et al.: Impact of Yoga on IT professionals
+
+
+a lot of job anxiety for most India‑based IT professionals as all project contracts are generally of a short‑term duration. In a cross‑sectional study conducted on 1,071 professionals from IT services and IT‑enabled services working in Bangalore, Karnataka, India (IT capital of India), alarming facts were found: 31% of the professionals were found to be hypertensive with approximately 5% having malignant levels of hypertension.[1] Health issues such as asthma, back pain, and peptic ulcer are also not uncommon among IT professionals. Issues such as anxiety and depression can be attributed to mental ill‑health. Yoga is an ancient science that aims to empower one with sound physical/mental health and thereby provides mastery over modifications of the mind. In this current study, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of a yoga‑based practice on the job anxiety and PS levels of IT professionals by using scientific experimental methods.
+
+Literature survey
+The IT field has highly fluid and rapidly evolving workforce requirements.
+
+Major events such as mergers, downsizing, new technologies, and industry changes may be sources of job insecurity and perceived  threat.[2,3]   When  PS  levels  exceed  the  coping abilities and resources available to an individual, the results are  detrimental  to  the  organization  and  the  worker.[4]   The negative effect of perceived stress (PS) on various work‑related outcomes has been widely documented.[5]  Examples of negative outcomes include increased absenteeism,[6]   high turnover,[7] emotional exhaustion,[8]  deteriorating personal health,[9]  reduced organizational commitment,[10]   and lower job performance.[11] There are many consequences of job insecurity including fear, job anxiety, and potential loss of the job.[12]  Job anxiety can be understood as fear and apprehensive mental state of the employee regarding various job components in relation to his/her frame of reference or his/her psychological makeup.[13] It was also noticed that job anxiety could lead to work‑related phobia, which is a feeling ofpanicwhenapproaching work or thinking aboutwork.[14] A study conducted on employees from different professional settings of Germany revealed that job anxiety was different from trait anxiety and that job anxiety could lead to work avoidance and sicknessabsence.[15] A quantitative study conductedon automotive workers in Malaysia revealed that depression, anxiety, and stress due to work conditions have a mediating role on perceived the quality of life.[16]  Being in a continuous state of anxiety and perceived stress gives rise to health issues for IT professionals, with depression being the major health concern. In a study conducted on computer‑related health problems among software professionals in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, it was concluded that ocular discomfort, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychosocial problems form the key category of health problems.[17]
+
+In a study conducted on professional stress, depression, and alcoholuse among Indian software professionals,itwas observed that the software employees were professionally stressed due to job conditions and were at 10 times higher risk for developing depression; there has also been a significant increase in the incidence of psychiatric disorders.[18]
+
+Yoga  is  an  ancient  science  originating  in  India,  which  has components  of  physical  activity,  instructed  relaxation,  and
+
+interoception.[19] Yoga includes diversepractices such as physical postures (asanas), regulated breathing (pranayama), meditation, and  lectures  on  the  philosophical  aspects  of  yoga.[20]   In  an experimental study conducted on personnel from a community in South Australia, it was observed that yoga was more effective than relaxation in improving mental health and thereby reducing stress  and  anxiety.[21]   The  solution  for  attaining  a  mentally balanced state is dealt with in the ancient Indian text, Mandukya Upanishad.[22]  In a study conducted on the university staff from a British university, it was observed that yoga was effective in enhancing the emotional well‑being and resilience to stress in the workplace.[23]
+
+Details about cyclic meditation
+Based on ancient understanding, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S‑VYASA) University (a world class yoga university) in Bangalore, Karnataka, India has developed a meditation technique called CM. CM is an “asana and meditation mix,” which combines the practice of yoga postures interspersed with relaxation techniques.[24]  Yoga body postures (asana) such as the padahastasana, ardha chakrasana, ardhakati chakrasana, shashankasana, and ustrasana are used for stretching whereas shavasana is used for relaxing. This provides stimulation followed by relaxation at the muscular level as well as psyche level. It is a 35‑min practice.
+
+Research study details Hypothesis
+Three hypotheses ( as shown in, Figure 1: Research model) were studied as part of this experimental study. They were: Regular CM practice reduces job anxiety for Indian IT professionals(H1), regular CM practice reduces the PS for Indian IT professionals(H2), and job anxiety has a positive relation with PS for Indian IT professionals(H3).
+
+MATERIALS AND METHODS
+
+The sample size chosen for this quantitative study consisted of96 IT professionals. All the IT professionals were selected from the Bangalore, Katnataka, India office of a multinational IT company, which has a presence in India, Germany, Singapore, Austria, the UK, and USA. Employees’ position within the organization ranged from junior engineers to senior technical leads and people managers. All the participants came voluntarily to participate in the study. The study was conducted over a period of 2months. The total sample size was divided into two groups, namely, the yoga group and the control group using simple random methods. The yoga group had both men and women employees with an average age of 31.04 years and standard deviation (SD) of 4.57 years. The control group had both men and women employees with an average age of 32.02years with SD of 4.582years. A daily35‑min CM was administered as an intervention for the yoga group. The control group was administered a walking physical exercise of 35‑min duration daily.
+
+Inclusion criteria
+Both men and women employees with normal health as declared by the subjects themselves were included in the study. Subjects who  volunteered  for  the  study  did  not  have  any  previous experience of participating in any yoga program, as declared by them.
+
+
+
+82	Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3
+[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+
+
+Srinivas, et al.: Impact of Yoga on IT professionals
+
+
+Assessment tools
+Job anxiety scale (JAS) as developed by A.K. Srivastava (1977) was used for assessing the job anxiety in IT professionals. Job anxiety   constitutes of concerns in the components, namely‑ security, recognition, human relations at work, reward and punishment,  self‑esteem,  future  prospects,  and  capacity  to work as per JAS scale. The questions in JAS scale have binary options  such  as  “yes”  or  “no.”  PS  was  measured  through the perceived stress scale (PSS) questionnaire developed by Sheldon Cohen. PSS questionnaire was designed to tap how unpredictable,  uncontrollable,  and  overloaded  respondents find their lives. The questions in PSS scale have five options for each question in order to take a snapshot of the existing mindset of the participants. Prior approvals from the authors/ publishers of these scales were obtained   for the purpose of this study.
+
+
+Job anxiety of IT professionals
+
+H1
+
+Cyclic meditation (regular practice)
+H3
+
+Data extraction
+The  JAS  and  PS  questionnaires  were  administered  to  all members participating in the study from both the control group and yoga group. This was a pre‑post study. Participants from both the groups filled up the questionnaires voluntarily before the  beginning  of  the  study  period  and  at  the  end  of  study period. Scores obtained by the questionnaires were analyzed using  Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 developed by IBM.
+
+RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
+
+Table  1  below  shows  the  mean  and  SD  values  of  various components of JAS in the yoga group.
+
+AsshowninTable1,the meanvalue ofthe jobsecurity concerns component decreased from 7.71 to 6.04 (21.61% decrease) between prestudy and poststudy. Similarly, the mean value for the self‑esteem concerns component decreased from 7.52 to 5.7(24.20% decrease), the mean value for the human relations at work concernsdecreasedfrom 10.27to7.77(24.34%decrease). The mean value for overall job anxiety decreased from 58.85 to 47.37 (19.51%) decrease.
+
+Table 2 shows the mean and SD values of various components of JAS in the control group.
+
+
+
+H2
+
+
+
+Figure 1: Research model
+
+
+Perceived stress of IT professionals
+
+AsshowninTable2,the meanvalue ofthe jobsecurity concerns component decreased from 7.79 to 7.31% (6.18% decrease) between prestudy and poststudy. Similarly, the mean value of the self‑esteem concerns component decreased from 7.39 to 7.10 (4% decrease), the mean value of the human relations at
+
+
+1Table 1: Yoga group (job anxiety)
+
+Job anxiety
+(concerning components)
+
+Prestudy
+Mean	SD†
+
+Poststudy
+Mean	SD
+
+(%) Change	P in mean
+
+
+
+Job security Self‑esteem Recognition
+Human relations at work Rewards and punishments Future prospects
+Capacity to work Job anxiety (overall)
+
+7.71                           1.27 7.52                           1.32 7.73                           1.26 10.27                          1.56 10.58                          1.44 7.56                           1.21 7.46                           1.25 58.85                         3.798
+
+6.04                          1.129                               21.61                                  0.000 5.70                           1.57                                24.11                                  0.000 6.21                           1.15                                19.68                                  0.000 7.77                           1.52                                24.34                                  0.000 8.87                           1.52                                16.13                                  0.000 6.35                           1.02                                15.98                                  0.000 6.42                           1.48                                13.96                                  0.000 47.37                          2.77                                19.51                                  0.000
+
+1Wilcoxon signed‑rank test was used to calculate P (significance) value. It was observed that job anxiety reduction among IT professionals was very significant (P<0.001). †SD: Standard deviation
+
+2Table 2: Control group (job anxiety)
+
+Job anxiety
+(concerning components)
+Job security Self‑esteem Recognition
+Human relations at work Rewards and punishments Future prospects
+Capacity to work Job anxiety (overall)
+
+Prestudy
+Mean	SD†
+7.79                          1.23 7.39                          1.25 7.81                          1.12 10.81                         1.46 10.79                         1.67 7.47                          1.32 7.85                          1.28 59.94                         3.41
+
+Poststudy Mean	SD
+7.31                          1.13 7.10                          1.17 7.27                          1.14 10.08                         1.38 10.27                         1.66 7.17                          1.09 7.46                          1.22 56.67                         3.35
+
+(%) Change	P in mean
+6.18                                    0.001 4                                       0.002 6.95                                    0.000 6.78                                    0.000 4.84                                    0.000 4.13                                    0.004 5.02                                    0.000 5.45                                    0.000
+
+2Wilcoxon signed‑rank test was used to calculate P value. Reduction of mean job anxiety in the control group (5.45%) < reduction of mean job anxiety in the yoga group (19.51%). †SD: Standard deviation
+
+
+Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3	83
+[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+
+
+Srinivas, et al.: Impact of Yoga on IT professionals
+
+
+3Table 3: Job anxiety between the groups
+
+Job security Recognition
+Human relations at work Rewards and punishment Self‑esteem
+Future prospects Capacity to work Job anxiety
+
+
+Prestudy
+0.749 0.912 0.076 0.418 0.546 0.847 0.062 0.184
+
+
+Poststudy
+0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
+
+3Mann‑Whitney test was used to measure the significance of change (p) between the yoga group and the control group
+
+4Table 4: Yoga group (perceived stress)
+
+
+Mean
+Perceived stress	31.52
+
+Prestudy
+Standard deviation
+3.288
+
+Poststudy
+Mean	Standard deviation
+20.56	2.843
+
+(%) Change in mean
+34.7715
+
+P (within group)
+0.000
+
+4Wilcoxon signed‑rank test was used to calculate P value
+
+5Table 5: Control group
+
+
+Mean
+Perceived stress	32.15
+
+Prestudy
+Standard deviation
+3.209
+
+Poststudy
+Mean	Standard deviation
+31.4	2.871
+
+(%) Change in mean
+2.3328
+
+P (within group)
+0.191
+
+5The reduction of mean perceived stress in the control group (2.33%) < reduction of the mean perceived stress in the yoga group (34.77%)
+
+
+6Table 6: Perceived stress between the groups
+Prestudy	Poststudy Perceived stress	0.171                                         0.000
+6The baseline between the yoga group and the control group was very significant as P reduced to <0.001 toward the end of the study
+
+work concernsdecreasedfrom 10.81to10.08(6.78%decrease). The mean value of overall job anxiety decreased from 59.94 to 56.67 (5.45% decrease).
+
+Table 3 indicates the significance of change in the job anxiety components between the yoga and Control   group measured with Mann Whitney test.
+
+Table 4 indicates responses on the PS component of the yoga group at the beginning and at the end of study period.
+
+The yoga group showed a reduction of 34.77% in the mean value of PS. The improvement observed in reduction of PS is very significant as P < 0.01. Table 5 indicates responses on the PS component of the control group at the beginning and at the end of study period.
+
+The control group showed a reduction of 2.33% in the mean value of PS. The improvement observed in reduction of PS was not much significant as P > 0.05.
+
+As shown in Table 6, the significance of change in the perceived stress component between the yoga group and control group was measured with Mann‑Whitney test.
+
+CONCLUSION
+
+The  results  of  this  study  indicate  that  regular  CM  Practice reduces  job  anxiety  for  Indian  IT  professionals.  It  also indicates that regular CM practice reduces the PS for Indian IT professionals. It was also observed that job anxiety had a positive correlation with PS for IT professionals. Based on the empirical study conducted, it could be observed that the yoga group has performed well in decreasing PS and job anxiety. After conducting the study, the authors came to the conclusion that yoga‑based practices could potentially reduce job anxiety and  PS  for  IT  professionals.  Reduction  in  job  anxiety  and PS for IT professionals directly results in increased positive health and creativity at work. IT organizations can consider employing  yoga‑based  CM  as  part  of  health  programs  for their employees.
+
+Limitations
+This study was conducted in only one IT organization; however, extending this study to multiple organizations and to more number of participants would have given more generalized results. The Indian IT sector has been witnessing an increasing number of female professionals every year, which is healthy for organizations as it brings diversity in the organizations’ thinking. In the current study, not much specific studies concerning female and male professionals could be done. A more specific study concerning female as well as male professionals could be carried out in future research studies.
+
+Financial support and sponsorship Nil.
+
+
+
+
+
+84	Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3
+[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82]
+
+
+Srinivas, et al.: Impact of Yoga on IT professionals
+
+
+Conflicts of interest
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+
+REFERENCES
+
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+2.	Brohner J. The effects of work layoffs on survivors: Research, theory and practice. In: Staw B, Cummings L, editors. Research in Organizational Behaviour. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; 1988. p. 68‑96.
+3.	RoskiesE, Louis‑GuerinC. Job insecurity in managers: Antecedents and consequences. J Organ Behav 1990;11:345‑59.
+4.	Sverke M, Hellgreen J. The nature of job insecurity: Understanding employment uncertainty on the brink of a new millennium. Appl Psychol 2002;51:23‑42.
+5.	Örtqvist D, Wincent J. Prominent consequences of role stress: A meta‑analytic review. Int J Stress Manag 2006;13:399‑422.
+6.	Brown D. Wellness programs bring healthy bottom line. Canadian HR Reporter 2001;14:22‑3.
+7.	Mann SE. Employee stress: An important cost in mergers. Bus Insur 1996;30:13‑9.
+8.	Posig M, Kickul J. Extending our understanding of burnout: Test of an integrated model in nonservice occupations. J Occup Health Psychol 2003;8:3‑19.
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+11.    Boles JS, Babin BJ. On the front lines: Stress conflict, and the customer service provider. J Bus Res 1996;37:41‑50.
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+12.    Ashford SJ, Lee C, Bobko P. Content, causes, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory‑based measure and substantive test. Acad Manage J 1989;32:803‑29.
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+15.    Muschalla B, Heldmann M, Fay D. The significance of job‑anxiety in a working population. Occup Med (Lond) 2013;63:415‑21.
+16.    Rusli BN, Edimansyah BA, Naing L. Working conditions, self‑perceived stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life: A structural equation modelling approach. BMC Public Health 2008;8:48.
+17.    Shrivastava SR, Bobhate PS. Computer related health problems among software professionals in Mumbai: A cross‑sectional study. Int J Health Allied Sci 2012;16:1‑6.
+18.    Darshan MS, Raman R, Rao TS, Ram D, Annigeri B. A study on professional stress, depression and alcohol use among Indian IT software professionals. Indian J Psychiatry 2013;55:63‑9.
+19.    Nagendra HR. Yoga its’ Basis and Applications. Bangalore: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana; 2004. p. 48.
+20.    Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. New perspectives in Stress Management. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Publications; 1997. p. 56‑ 78.
+21.    Smith C, Hancock H, Blake‑Mortimer J, Eckert K. A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complement Ther Med 2007;15:77‑83.
+22.    Swamy C. Mandukya Upanisad. Bombay, India: Sachin Publishers; 1984. p. 27‑38.
+23.    Hartfiel N, Havenhand J, Khalsa SB, Clarke G, Krayer A. The effectiveness of yoga for the improvement of well‑being and resilience to stress in the workplace. Scand J Work Environ Health 2011;37:70‑6.
+24.    PatraS, TellesS. Positive impact of cyclic meditation on subsequent sleep. Med Sci Monit 2009;15:CR375‑81.
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+Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3	85

document/management/Listening to bhajans improves sustained attention. conv.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+
+
+
+LISTENING TO  BHAJANS  IMPROVES  SUSTAINED ATTENTION
+
+Bandana Dey
+Scholar, SVYASA University, Bangalore Alex Hankey
+Associate Professor, SVYASA University, Bangalore Sony Kumari
+Assistant Professor, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Bangalore
+Abstract
+
+BHAJANS  AND   ATTENTION
+
+Voice  of  Research Vol. 2 Issue 2, September 2013
+ISSN No. 2277-7733
+
+Studies of Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy, Yoga Lifestyle programs tend to study the overall benefits of Yoga lifestyle to patients, measured on various parameters, clinical, or related practical measurements, such as prana energy levels and their imbalances. Effects of important aspects of the program such as relaxation techniques have also been carefully  studied,  but  several  parts  of  the  overall  program  have  not  yet  been  individually  assessed  for  their physiological or psycho-physiological effects. Here we report a first study of listening to bhajans, sacred songs, an important part of the program which softens and expands the heart. Measures of sustained attention, using the Six Letter Cancellation Test and Digit Letter Substitution Tests were made on 20 volunteer SVYASA students, before and after 30 minutes spent either listening to bhajans, or reading a spiritual text. All were assessed on both, half with bhajans on the first day and reading on the second, and half the other way round. Results clearly indicated that bhajans improved test scores more than reading, suggesting that, (1) all parts of Yoga lifestyle programs should be assessed, and (2) more detailed research in this particular area should be carried out. That listening to songs should have a distinct alerting influence that is sustained may come as a surprise to many students of psychology. Keywords: Attention, Sustained attention, Yoga, IAYT, Bhajans
+
+Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) has been extensively	studied	both	for	its	fundamental physiological1-5   and psychological effects6-10, and for  its efficacy for  various  medical  conditions.  11-15   It  is  well recognized to benefit asthma16,17  , cancer18-21, diabetes22,23, and many other acute and chronic conditions24, 25, as well as their causes like stress26, and low prana energy levels27-30. Extensive studies have also been carried out on the fundamental  physiological  and  psychological  effects  of important aspects of Patanjali’s ashtanga yoga (8 limbs of Yoga)  such  as Yogasanas (postures) 31,  and  pranayama breathing exercises32-34. Bespoke relaxation programs such as Self Management of Executive Tension (SMET) 35 have also been measured, both for their psychological benefits for emotional intelligence36,37, and in their application to professionals working under excess stress and tension26,30. IAYT38     has  many  components,   early  morning  Yoga practice at times traditionally held to maximize results; Yoga purification therapies; vigorous and gentle styles of practice of Yoga asanas, various given as appropriate for different  needs  of  students  and  patients;  sessions  of listening  to  traditional  hymns  and  devotional  songs (bhajans);  simple  meditation;  informatory  lectures  on benefits   of   practice,   and   Yoga   philosophy;   specific programs of diet and lifestyle, intended for patients and students to adopt  for  continuing  benefit, since modern medicine fails to supply any such advice, despite its acute need. Not all of these programs have been assessed for their	possible	specific	influences    on    individual psychology or physiology. For example, diet and lifestyle
+programs  specific  to  IAYT,  have  yet  to  be  given  an
+
+evidence base.
+Listening to sacred songs is another area awaiting proper assessment  for  its  possible  benefits.  Although,  from  a purely scientific  psychological  perspective,  listening  to sacred songs might not be expected to have any particular benefit, many people report that, as they become familiar with such music, they also become extremely fond of it, and that it inspires them and uplifts their hearts. Dr HR Nagendra, SVYASA’s founder and current Chancellor, for example, states that*1, “Even simple Namavalis serve the purpose of invoking related emotions. Bhajan sessions in the Prayer Hall are structured to invoke emotions, and amplify and diffuse them. As the tempo builds up with speed and drum beats, emotions increase in intensity and vibrations begin to be felt in different parts of the body. Each drum beat can crack innate blocks and obsessions, to make one more open on the inside. The vibrations then turn subtle and create resonances in the whole body. The dhuns and japa repeated in the mind create the same resonant waves throughout the body. Perssonally, I enjoy them very much. The silence in between bhajans and the final soothing endings, such as Nirvana Shatka or Shanti mantra  diffuse  emotions  into  the  deep  silence  within. Understanding  that  silence  and  tranquility  is  bliss,  It often brings an ecstasy of serene silence. Remembering these as a gift of God,and seeking his blessings to become a fitter instrument in His service, and to see Him or Her in every human being, in every part of the creation, helps us to serve man as God.  Each act of service is for our own growth and purifies us to grow in Sadhana and manifest
+H.  R.  Nagendra,  private  communication
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 2, September 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733	...26...
+
+
+BHAJANS  AND   ATTENTION
+divinity both within and without.”
+Clearly, bhajans not only affect the devotional life of the student, butt have important roles to play in opening their hearts  to  a  life  spent  more  in  service  to  humanity. question is, do they also have direct influence on body and mind that can benefit the health of the individual? Here we report a basic experiment showing that listening to  bhajans  (as  opposed  to  actively  singing  them)  can increase   alertness   in   ways   that   improve   sustained attention. The first author was motivated to carry out the study, because her experience as an active member of the Ananda  Marga  organization  in  Kolkata  has  been  that singing  and  listening  to bhajans  calms the  mind,  and energizes the bodyfor extended periods of time, and create an   environment   beneficial   for   meditation.   She   also observes that, as Nagendra says, they can induce a state of total surrender to God. Ananda Murthii observes that39, ‘It   inspires   the   singers   and  listeners   to  shake   off depression,   melancholy   and   fatigue,   and   generates vitality in life. Novelty, excellence and uniqueness in its inner spirit, rhythm tempo and melody are the hallmarks of such song, blended to give wonderful supra-aesthetic effects  to  the  human  mind.  With  its  strong  sublime ideation  and  feeling  of  optimism  in  reaching  one’s spiritual goal, Prabhata Sangita embody the inner truth of life.”
+Methods
+Overall  Study  Design  –  Proposed  as a  self-as-control study.
+Self as Control Protocol
+
+Pre Data Collection
+
+Bhajan Listening
+
+Post Data Collection
+Subjects  –  Twenty-three  SVYASA  University  student volunteers, 17 male, 6 female. However, 3 men failed totake post tests one of the days, so numbers were reduced to 20. Inclusion criteria - Healthy students, male and female, aged 25-35 yrs
+Exclusion criteria- Not healthy / Not interested. Protocol: All subjects participated twice, on one occasion listening to bhajans, and on the other reading a book for the  same  length  of  time.  The  two  interventions  were carried out different orders, one group listening to bhajans first and the other reading a book first.
+Assessments- Were carried out pre- and post- listening to the  30  min  intervention  periods  using  the  Six  Letter Cancellation Test (SLCT)41  and Digit Letter Substitution Test (DLST)42.   In the course of the study, subjects took both tests, stopwatch timed for 90 secs, four times.
+SLCT. Subjects are seated with the worksheet and ‘coding
+
+
+sheet’ designating six letters to be cancelled, the ‘target letters’, turned over until the test starts. They are given instructions telling them to cancel as many target letters as possible in the specified time of 90 seconds, along with a choice  of  cancellation  strategy:  to  do  so  horizontally, vertically, or by selecting one target letter at a time. All queries are answered  to ensure the test  is understood. Subjects are then instructed to turn over the sheets and start the test as the bell rings.
+DLST: the DLST follows the same procedure as the SLCT. Coding sheets with instructions, state letters to substitute for each digit 1 to 9, one coding applying to one test. Subjects are instructed to substitute as many target digits as possible.
+Ethical  Clearance:  was  obtained  from  the  institution ethical committee.
+Data Extraction: Scoring both DLST and SLCT includes total number of substitutions attempted, and number of wrong substitutions; net score equals the former minus the latter. Scoring was carried out by persons blinded to whether  the  assessment  being  scored  was  ‘before’  or ‘after’ the intervention.
+Data Analysis: Analysis was done using Excel Results
+Table 1 presents the analyzed data: pre and post SLCT scores for listening to bhajans were 27.74 ± 8.02, and 35.30 ± 8.28 respectively, giving an unpaired t value of t = 3.18, p = 0.002. Paired sample analysis gave increases of 7.65 ± 5.84, yielding ‘t’ = 6.29, p < 0.0001. For reading, pre and post scores were 29.61 ± 10.17, and 33.61 ± 9.47, giving an unpaired t = 1.38, p = 0.17, with the paired sample increase being 4.00 ± 6.39, yielding ‘t’ = 3.00, p < 0.0066. Both listening to bhajans and book reading (controls) showed significant  increases,  with  bhajans  producing  stronger effects: an independent sample ‘t’ test between the paired sample means and SDs yielded t =  2.02, 2-tailed  p = 0.0495,1-tailedp = 0.025.
+Corresponding scores for DLST were, for bhajans, pre, 58.61 ± 12.14 improving to63.30 ± 12.14 post, unpaired t = 1.31 (p = 0.197), with paired sample increase of4.70 ± 3.46, yielding ‘t’ = 6.51, p < 0.0001. For reading, scores changed marginally from 58.74 ± 11.62 pre, to 60.57 ± 11.94 post, unpaired t = 0.53 (p = 0.60), with the paired sample increase being	1.83 ± 3.23, yielding ‘t’ = 2.72, p = 0.0126. The independent sample ‘t’ test between  the paired sample means and SDs yielded t = 2.91, p=0.0057.
+Discussion and Conclusions
+Both SLCT and DLST, paired sample t tests found that both listening to bhajans and book reading significantly improved	test	performance,	listening	to	bhajans consistentlyproducing greater effects, t = 2.02, 1-tailed p =
+0.025 for SLCT, and t = 2.91, p=0.0057 for DLST.
+
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 2, September 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733	...27...
+
+
+
+Although the strength of these results may at first sight seem surprising, a recent quote from Mahendra Dhoni, Captain  of  India’s cricket  team,  seems to  confirm  the observed effects42p.: “Singing helps me to stay focused. When the bowler is running in to bowl, I start to sing, but as soon as he gets to his delivery stride, I focus on the ball. Singing when the bowler is running in empties my mind of unwanted thoughts.”  Evidently, others also find the alerting effects of Sangita valuable.
+Participating in singing and listening to Bhajans has not been  previously  assessed  at  SVYASA,  apart  from  the general, overall influence of Yoga lifestyle programs. The success of this study suggests that  suitable test  should be identified for all aspects of the programs.
+The  strength  of  the  study is its  simplicity:  significant results   were   obtained   from   only   twenty   subjects participating twice in a self-as-control study design. It was therefore easy to set up, easy to administer, and easy to score and analyze.
+The limitations of the study are first that only one bhajan protocol was tested; second that subjects were not asked to estimate their familiaritywith, or degree of enjoyment of, the bhajans selected; third that the tests were very similar to  each  other  and  measured  very  general  aspects  of sustained attention; and fourth that, consequently, little can  be  determined  about  the  specifics  of  atentional processes that were improved.
+The scope for future research emerging from this study seems tremendous, many kinds of devotional songs and sacred  music  can  be  tested;  dependence  on  degree  of subjective  enjoyment  could  be  assessed;  and  different aspects of attention improved by given kinds of Sangita / music could be investigated.
+Declaration of Competing Interests: none of the authors have any interests to declare.
+References
+1 Telles, S., Nagarathna, R., and Nagendra, H. R. (1996). Physiological measures during right nostril breathing. Journal ofAlternative and Complementary Medicine, 2(4):479-484.
+2  Padmasri,  G.,  and Telles,  S.  (2007).  Frontalis EMG amplitude  during  relaxation  changes  during  yoga relaxation based on initial levels. Journal of Indian Psychology, 25: 16-23.
+3 Telles, S., and Desiraju, T. (1993). Autonomic changes in Brahmakumaris Raja yoga meditation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 15(2): 147-152
+4 Telles, S., Nagarathna, R., Nagendra, H. R., and Desiraju, T. (1993). Physiological changes in sports teachers following 3 months of training in Yoga. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 47(10): 235-238.
+5 Telles, S., Joseph, C., Venkatesh, S., and Desiraju, T.
+
+BHAJANS  AND   ATTENTION
+(1993). Alteration of auditory middle latency evoked potentials	during	yogic	consciously	regulated breathing and attentive state of mind. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 14(3):189-198.
+6 Chandwani KD Thornton  B Perkins GH et al. Yoga improves quality of life and benfit finding in women undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer. J Soc Int Onc, 2010, 8(2):43-55.
+7 Subramanya P. Telles S.. Performance on psychomotor tasks	following	two	yoga-based	relaxation techniques. Percept Mot Skills. 2009;109(2):563-76.
+8  Pradhan B.  Nagendra  HR.  Effect  of Yoga  relaxation techniques on performance of digit-letter substitution task byteenagers. Int J Yoga. 2009 Jan-Jun; 2(1): 30– 34. doi: 10.4103/ 0973-6131.43293.
+9 Raghuraj, P., and Telles, S. (2003). A randomized trial comparing the effects of yoga and physical activity programs	on	depth	perception	in	school children. Journal of Indian Psychology, 21(2): 54-60.
+10 Banerjee, B., Vadiraj, H. S., Ram,A., et al. (2007). Effects of   an   integrated   yoga   program   in   modulating psychological stress and radiation-induced genotoxic stress	in	breast	cancer	patients	undergoing radiotherapy. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 6(3): 242-250.
+11 Nagarathna R. Yoga in Medicine, In API Testbook of Medicine,.Chapter 6, 2001.
+12 Tekur, P., Nagarathna, R., Chametcha, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra, H. R. (2012). A comprehensive yoga programs improves pain, anxiety and depression in chronic low back pain patients more than exercise: An RCT.	Complementary	Therapies	in Medicine, 20(3):107.
+13 Chaya, M. S., Ramakrishnan, G., Shastry, S., Kishore, R. P., Nagendra, H., Nagarathna, R., Raj, T., Thomas, T., Vaz, M., and Kurpad, A. V. (2008). Insulin sensitivity and  cardiac  autonomic  function  in  young  male practitioners of yoga. The National Medical Journal ofIndia, 21(5): 217-221.
+14 Ebnezar, J., Nagarathna, R., Bali,Y., and Nagendra, H. R. (2011).  Effect  of  an  integrated  approach  of  yoga therapy on quality of life in osteoarthritis of the knee joint:   A   randomized   control   study. International Journal ofYoga, 4(2): 55-63.(7)
+15 Satyapriya M Nagendra HR Nagarathna R Padmalatha V. Effect of Integrated Yoga on Stress and Heart Rate Variabilityin pregnant women. Int J Gyn Obst, 2009; 104:218-222.
+16  Nagarathna  R,  Nagendra  HR.  Yoga  for  bronchial asthma: a controlled study. British Medical Journal (Clin Rer Ed)1985;291: 1077-1079.
+17 Vedanthan, P. K., Kesavalu, L. N., Muthy, K. C., Duvall,
+
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 2, September 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733	...28...
+
+
+BHAJANS  AND   ATTENTION
+K., Hall, M. J., Baker, S., and Nagarathna, R. (1998). Clinical  study  of  yoga  techniques  in  university students  with  asthma:  A  controlled  study. Allergy and Asthma Proc, 19: 3-9
+18 Vedanthan, P. K., Kesavalu, L. N., Muthy, K. C., Duvall, K., Hall, M. J., Baker, S., and Nagarathna, R. (1998). Clinical  study  of  yoga  techniques  in  university students  with  asthma:  A  controlled  study. Allergy and Asthma Proc, 19: 3-9
+19 Cohen L. Chandwani K  Raghuram N. et al. Yoga for women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy (XRT):  a  randomized  clinical trial  with  an  active stretching control group. BMC Comp Alt Med, 2012; 12(Suppl 1): O38. doi: 10,1186/1472/6882/12S1/038
+20Vadiraja, H. S., Rao, M. R., Nagarathna, R., Nagendra, H. R., Rekha, M., Vanitha, N., Gopinath, K. S., Srinath, B. S., Vishweshwara, M. S., Madhavi,Y. S., Ajaikumar, B. S., Bilimagga, S. R., and Rao, N. (2009). Effects of yoga program on quality of life and affect in early breast	cancer	patients	undergoing	adjuvant radiotherapy:	a	randomized         controlled trial. ComplementaryTherapies in Medicine, 17(5-6): 274-280.
+21 Raghavendra, R., Nagendra, H. R., Nagarathna, R., Vinay, C., Chandrashekara, S., Gopinath, K. S., and Srinath,   B.   S.   (2008).   Influence   of   yoga   on postoperative outcomes and wound healing in early operable	breast	cancer	patients	undergoing surgery. International Journal ofYoga, 1(1): 2-2.
+22 Rao, M. R., Raghuram, N., Nagendra, H. R., Gopinath, K. S., Srinath, B. S., Diwakar, R. B., Patil, S., Bilimagga, S. R., Rao, N., and Varambally, S. (2009). Anxiolytic effects  of  a  yoga  program  in  early  breast  cancer patients   undergoing   conventional   treatment:   a randomized controlled trial. ComplementaryTherapies in Medicine, 17(1): 1-8.
+23 Nagarathna, R., Usharani, M. R., A. Raghavendra Rao, Chaku, R., Kulkarni, R., and Nagendra, H. R. (2012). Efficacyof yoga based life style modification program on  medication  score  and  lipid  profile  in  type  2 diabetes-a  randomized  control  study. International Journal   of   Diabetes   in   Developing   Countries, 32(3):122-130.
+24 Gundu H R Rao, Nagendra, H. R. (2012). Holistic approach   for   prevention   of   heart   disease   and diabetes. Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2(1):231-238.
+25Rathi,A., Tripathi, S., and Nagarathna, R. (2012). Clinical round  up:  Selected  treatment  option  for  Chronic Prostatitis. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 18(1):51-55.
+26 Tekur, P., Chametcha, S., Nagendra, H. R. Nagarathna,
+R.,  (2008).  Effect  of  a  short  term  intensive  yoga
+
+
+program  on  pain,  functional  disability  and  spinal flexibility in chronic low back pain – a randomized controlled study.. J Alt Comp Med, 2008; 14(6): 637-644.
+27  Vempati,  R.  P.,  and  Telles,  S.  (2000).  Baseline occupational	stress	levels	and	physiological responses	to   a	two   day   stress    management program. Journal of Indian Psychology, 18(1 & 2): 33-37.
+28 Nagilla N. Hankey A. Nagendra HR. Effects of Yoga practice on Acumeridian energies: variance reduction implies benefits for regulation. IJOY, 2013,6(1):61-65.
+29  Sharma  B,  Hankey A,  Nagilla  N.  Meenakshy KB, Nagendra HR. Can Yoga practices benefit health by improving   organism   regulation.   Evidence   from electrodermal measure of acupuncture meridians. In J Yoga, 2013; to be published.
+30 Sharma B. Meenakshy KB Hankey A Nagendra HR Electrodermal Characterization of Type 2 Diabetes with Acugraph3. Int J Yoga, 2013, To be Published.
+31 MeenakshyKB HankeyA. Nagendra HR. Electrodermal Assessmenit   of   SMET   Program   for   Business Executives. IJOY, to be published.
+32  Manjunath,  N.  K.,  and  Telles,  S.  (2003).  Effect of sirsasana (head stand) practice on autonomic and respiratory  variables. Indian Journal  of  Physiology and Pharmacology, 47(1): 34-42.
+33	 Nagendra,	H.	R.	(2009).	The	power	of Prana. International Journal ofYoga, 2(2): 45.
+34 Raghuraj, P., and Telles, S. (2008). Immediate effect of specific nostril manipulating yoga breathing practices on   autonomic  and  respiratory  variables. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 33(2): 65-75.
+35 Dhilkumar, R., Gupta, A., Nagarathna, R., andTaly,AB.. Effect of pranayama and meditation  as an  add-on therapy in rehabilitation of patients with Guillain-Barré	syndrome-a	randomized	control	pilot study. Disabilityand Rehabilitation, 2013; 35(1):57-62.
+36 Nagendra H.R. Nagarathna R. New Perspective in Stress Management. Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana, Bangalore, 1997.
+37  Kumari  S,  Nath  N.C.B.  Nagendra,  H.  R.  (2007). Enhancing emotional competence among managers SMET, Journal	of	the	National	Academy	of Psychology(Psychological Studies), 52(2): 171-173.
+38Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., and Mahadevan, B. (2010). Impact  of Adoption  of Yoga  Way  of  Life  on  the Emotional	Intelligence	of	Managers. IIMB Management Review, 22(1-2): 32-4.
+39 Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Integrated approach of
+yoga  therapy for  positive  health  (3rd  ed.)  Swami
+
+
+Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 2, September 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733	...29...
+
+
+
+VivekanandaYoga Prakashana, Bangalore, 2006.
+40 Shri Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, Samgiit,(Gita- vadya-nrtya) or music.Ananda Marga Publications, Kolkata, 2007.
+41 Balaram Pradhan, HR Nagendra. Normative data for the letter-cancellation ):9task     in     school     children.
+Clin Exp,2002;17(2   1-93.
+42 TheHindu, 06.05.2013
+
+BHAJANS  AND   ATTENTION
+International Journal ofYoga, 2008, 1, (2):72-75.
+43 Agarwal, AK. Kalra R Natu, MV et al. Psychomotor performance of psychiatric inpatients under therapy:
+assessment  by paper  and  pencil  tests. Hum  Psych
+
+Table I : Results of Listening to Bhajans or Reading a Book on SLCT and DLST Scores
+
+TEST
+SLCT      Pre Post
+‘t’ p
+Paired Sample
+
+
+BHAJAN
+27.74 ± 8.02 35.30 ± 8.28 t = 3.18,
+p = 0.002
+7.65 ± 5.84
+
+
+READING
+29.61 ± 10.17 33.61 ± 9.47 t = 1.38,
+p = 0.17
+4.00 ± 6.39
+
+Independent Samples t & p
+
+
+
+t = 2.02 p = 0.025
+
+
+‘t’
+
+
+
+Bh t = 6.29, Re t = 3.00,
+
+
+P
+
+
+
+p < 0.0001 p < 0.0066
+
+
+
+DLST      Pre Post
+‘t’
+p
+
+58.61 ± 12.14 63.30 ± 12.14 t = 1.31
+p = 0.197
+
+58.74 ± 11.62 60.57 ± 11.94 t = 0.53
+p = 0.60
+
+
+
+Paired Sample	4.70 ± 3.46	1.83 ± 3.23
+
+t = 2.91, p=0.0057
+
+Bh t = 6.51, Re t = 2.72,
+
+p < 0.0001 p = 0.0126
+
+Table 1 Caption: Results from 20 subjects tested on SLCT/DLST pre-post 30mins bhajans and book reading. Paired -ample means±SD’s are below those for raw data. Only paired-sample ‘t’ values reached statistical significance, Independent Samples t tests on them were SLCT: p=0.025; DLST: p=0.0057.
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document/management/Psychophysiological effects of yoga on stress in college students conv.txt

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+J Educ Health Promot. 2018; 7: 43.
+Published online 2018 Mar 1. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_74_17
+
+PMCID: PMC5868218
+PMID: 29619394
+
+
+Psychophysiological effects of yoga on stress in college students Mahesh Narain Tripathi, Sony Kumari, and Tikhe Sham Ganpat1
+
+Department of Yoga and Management, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University,
+Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
+1Department of Yoga, Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good
+Governance and Policy Analysis, Bhadbhada Square, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
+Address for correspondence: Dr. Tikhe Sham Ganpat, Department of Yoga, Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies, 2nd Floor, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis, Bhadbhada
+Square, Bhopal - 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India. E-mail: [email protected]
+
+Received 2017 Jul 6; Accepted 2017 Sep 4.
+
+Copyright : © 2018 Journal of Education and Health Promotion
+
+This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
+
+Abstract
+
+College students are vulnerable to a critical period in developmental maturation, facing rigorous academic work, and learning how to function independently. Physical activities such as running and bicycling have been shown to improve mood and relieve stress. However, college students often have low levels of physical activity. Yoga is an ancient physical and mental activity that affects mood and stress. However, studies examining the psychophysiological effects of yoga are rare in peer-reviewed journals. The aim of this study is to establish preliminary evidence for the psychophysiological effects of yoga on stress in young-adult college students. The present study suggests that yoga has positive effects on a psychophysiological level that leads to decreased levels of stress in college student. Further research is needed to examine the extent to which different types of yogic practices address the needs of different college subpopulations (e.g., overweight, sedentary, and smokers).
+
+Keywords: College students, review, yoga
+
+Introduction
+
+About 40%–50% of college students are physically inactive. Similarly, it was found that college students’ physical activity has been seriously neglected as a research topic, there is a lack of multiple-level approaches (i.e., personal, psychosocial, and environmental levels) for examining physical activity behaviors in the college student population and measures of physical activity are subjective and inconsistent which makes comparisons of physical activity patterns among different samples very difficult or impossible.[1] Similarly, the available research indicates that the prevalence of stress is increasing among college students.[2] The previous study reported that yoga reduces menstrual cramps and menstrual distress in female undergraduate students with primary dysmenorrhea.[3] The psychophysiological changes that characterize the efficacy of yoga for better stress management in college students have not been studied adequately.
+
+Yoga
+Participation in physical activity on a regular basis is one of the primary factors in maintaining sound health in modern society. Due to sedentary lifestyle leading many health-related issues, the prevalence of physical inactivity among college students calls for immediate action.[4] Along with aerobics and dance, yoga is one of the most famous physical activity that college girl student would like to prefer as a choice.[5] Physical activity such as yoga is a key element in health promotion. The traditional expressions of yoga as a lifestyle is firmly rooted in and committed to the classic texts (e.g., Yoga Sutra by Patanjali, Hatha Yoga texts like Hatha Yoga Pradeepika, Gheranda Samhita) and embrace the concept of the eight limbs, or aspects, of yoga. In more specific, the eight limbs are of great interest to yogis who seek to adhere to yoga as a philosophical foundation for life, rather than solely a physical practice.[6] Therefore, yoga is essentially an art and science of holistic living; an effective method for improving health in addition to the prevention and management of diseases.[7] Yoga reduces stress through reducing sympathetic activity,[8,9] and improves the sense of general well-being.[10]
+
+Stress and college student
+
+Stress affects college students’ physical, mental, social, and intellectual health. College student will not always possess the necessary stress management skills and coping strategies. Physical activity is one coping strategy that is perhaps underutilized by many college students.[11] Many systematic reviews and different studies on effects on yoga for stress management in college students revealed positive effects of yoga (as a mind-body intervention) on stress reduction in college student.[12,13,14]
+
+Physiological effects of yoga in college students
+
+Yoga holds potential as a self-empowering, nonpharmacological method for enhancing stress management, and wellness in college students.[15] It was reported that Pranayama training decreases sympathetic activity, resulting in mental relaxation and decreased autonomic arousal thereby, decreasing force fluctuations during isometric contraction. This was reflected as improvement in hand grip strength and endurance in medical students.[16] In one study aimed at investigating the effect of integrated yoga on autonomic parameters and psychological well-being during both pre- and post-phases of menstrual cycle in healthy young female controls, it was observed that there was a significant alteration of autonomic functions and psychological status in premenstrual phase when compared with postmenstrual phase in young healthy females. In addition, it was revealed that regular practice of yoga has beneficial effects on both phases of menstrual cycle by bringing parasympathetic dominance and psychological well-being probably by balancing neuro-endocrinal axis.[17]
+
+Psychological effects of yoga in college students
+
+It was observed that Suryanamaskara, a yogic practice was effective in leading to relaxation dispositions such as physical relaxation, mental quiet, at ease/peace, rested and refreshed, strength and awareness and joy and reduces sleepiness, somatic stress, worry and negative emotion at a dispositional level.[18] Yogic practices play an important role in enhancing emotional sensitivity,[19] sustained attention,[20] mental performance,[21] and balance personality trait[22] among students, thus paving the way for their academic excellence. Yoga also reduces perceived stress and negative affects in college students thereby improving psychological well-being in them.
+
+Suggested evidence-based yoga therapy protocol for college students
+
+Based on clinical management and psychophysiological effects of yoga in college students, the suggested evidence-based yoga therapy for college students may include following yogic practices: [11,13,16,17,18,23,24]
+
+Starting Prayer
+
+Kapalbhati Kriya (frontal brain cleansing), Agnisar Kriya (activating the digestive fire)
+
+Hands in and out breathing, hands stretch breathing, ankle stretch breathing
+
+Jogging, forward and backward bending, side bending, twisting
+
+Surya namaskara (salutations to the sun practice)
+Tadasan (palm tree pose), Vrikshasana (tree pose), Padahastasan (hand to foot pose), Ardha Chakrasana (half wheel pose), Bhujangasana (cobra pose), Shalabhasana (locust pose)
+
+Quick Relaxation Technique
+
+Nadi Shuddhi Pranayama (psychic network purification), Sheetali Pranayama (cooling breath), Seetkari Pranayama (hissing breath), Bhramari Pranayama (humming bee breath)
+
+Om Meditation
+
+Closing Prayer.
+
+Summary
+
+The present review study suggests that yoga has positive effects on psychophysiological level that leads to increased academic performance in college student. Further research on the relationship between yoga practice and college students is warranted to confirm the efficacy of yoga and to include it in the syllabus of the college student.
+
+Financial support and sponsorship
+
+Nil.
+
+Conflicts of interest
+
+There are no conflicts of interest.
+
+References
+
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