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Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees_ a randomised controlled study. conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59d164325c9a4ae4fa564459216bd1f2b7efb312 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/2. Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees_ a randomised controlled study. conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,903 @@ +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees; a randomised controlled study. + +Jyothi Vasu +Research Scholar, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + + + +Towards the partial fulfillment of Doctoral degree in Yoga + + +under the guidance of + +Sony KumariM.A., PhD +Professor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + + +and co-guidance of + +K. B. AkhileshM.S., PhD +Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + +H. R. NagendraM.E., PhD + +Chancellor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + +The Division of Yoga & Management +Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (SVYASA- A university established under section 3 of the UGC Act. 1956) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 203 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Abstract + + +Background : + +This study seeks to investigate the impact of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) yoga program on changes in Positive and Negative affectivity of the employees. +Materials and methods: It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group) intervention study with pre and post assessments. SMET yoga program is used as an intervention.A sample of 240 employees (120-Yoga and 120-Control group) consisting of both male and female, working for a BPO office in Bengaluru, India belonging to an age group of 20-45 years participated in the study. PANAS scale was used to administer the study parameters. Data was analysed by using SPSS software. +Results:A considerable variation in mean values (difference in pre and post data) were observed after SMET intervention for various dimensions ofPositive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Schedule (PANAS). The results were found to be significant with p < 0.05. +Conclusions: Studyshowed that SMET helped to increase Positive affectivity and to reduce the Negative affectivity of the employees. + +Key words: Cyclic Meditation, Negative Affectivity,Personality Traits, Positive Affectivity, SMET, Yoga + + + +Background: + +The word "personality" originates from the Latin word persona, which means mask (Stevko, 2014). In French, it is equivalent to personalete. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviours consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes (Srivastava & Mishra, 2016). It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress. + +Personality affects all aspects of a person's performance, even how he reacts to situations on the job. Not + +every personality is suited for every job position, so it's important to recognize personality traits and pair + +employees with the duties that fit their personalities the best. This can lead to increased productivity and job satisfaction, helping your business function more efficiently. + +Introduction: + +Positive Affectivity: + +Positive Affectivity (PA) is a personality characteristic that describes how humans experience positive emotions while interacting with others and with their surroundings. Those with high positive + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 204 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +affectivity are typically enthusiastic, energetic, confident, active, and alert. Those having low levels of positive affectivity can be characterized by sadness, lethargy, distress, and un-pleasurable engagement (Watson et al, 1988). + + +Positive affect reflects neither a lack of negative affect, nor the opposite of negative affect, but is a + +separate, independent dimension of emotion. Positively affected people are said to be more active physically, socially, mentally and emotionally (Watson &Tellegen, 1988a). + + +Positive affectivity is a managerial and organizational behavior tool used to create positive environments + +in the workplace. Through the use of PA, the manager can induce a positive employee experience and culture. The positive affectivity hypothesis predicts that employees with positive dispositions receive more supervisor support because they are more socially oriented and likable.PA can be measured as both a state and a trait; state affect captures how a person feels at any given time while trait affect is the tendency of a person to experience a particular affective state over time (Watson and Pennebaker, 1989). + + +PA helps individuals to process emotional information accurately and efficiently, to solve problems, to make plans, and to earn achievements. Psychological capital (PsyCap) refers to an individual’s positive psychological state of development and is characterised by positive affectivity, self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism. + + +PA may influence to enhance the personal resources which can help to overcome or deal with distressing situations. These resources are physical (e.g., better health), social (e.g., social support networks), intellectual and psychological (e.g., resilience, optimism, and creativity). PA provides a psychological break or relief from stress, supporting continued efforts to replenish resources depleted by stress.Its buffering functions provide a useful antidote to the problems associated with negative emotions and ill health due to stress. Likewise, happy people are better at more mature coping efforts than people with negative emotions. + + +Negative Affectivity: + +Negative Affect (NA) is a dimension of subjective distress that includes a variety of adverse mood states, including anger, contempt, disgust, fear, and nervousness (Watson et al., 1988). NA, like PA, can be measured as both a state and a trait and has been linked to both subjective and objective health indicators. State NA has been linked to increased same-day pain (Gil et al., 2003) and decreases in self-reported health (Benyamini et al., 2000). Evans and Egerton (1992) found that state NA led to a higher incident of + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 205 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +colds. Burnout is a negative affective state caused by recurring distress (Shirom, 1989).Negative affectivity is a stable and inherited disposition to experience nonspecific distress or unpleasant emotions (Clark et al. 1994). It is considered by some to be synonymous with the personality factor of neuroticism, which corresponds to individuals’ tendency to experience negative affect states (Costa and McCrae 1980; Watson et al. 1988a). + +It is important to an organisation that its employees must be emotionally balanced. The greatest competitive advantage for an organisation’seconomy is a positive workforce. Therefore it is important for organisations to find ways to enhance their employees’ positive psychological states of mind and decrease their negative emotions i.e. their psychological capital, to achieve desired organisational outcomes. + +Negative affectivity (NA) is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Watson and Clark (1984) proposed that negative affectivity encompasses a range of constructs including trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, and maladjustment, among others. Negative affectivity roughly corresponds to the dominant personality factor of anxiety/neuroticism that is found within the Big Five personality traits as emotional stability. Neuroticism can plague an individual with severe mood swings, frequent sadness, worry, and being easily disturbed, and predicts the development and onset of all common mental disorders.Research shows that negative affectivity relates to different classes of variables such as, self-reported stress and poor coping skills, health complaints, and frequency of unpleasant events. Weight gain and mental health complaints are often experienced as well. + + +Negative affectivity is considered a general risk factor for a range of physical and mental health problems, which frequently co-occur. For example, someone experiencing one negative mood state (e.g., sadness) is likely to report greater levels of other negative mood states such as fear or anger (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2010). As a trait, negative affectivity is considered a broad predisposition to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, fear, and sadness (Watson et al. 1988b). Indeed, negative affectivity is associated with a range of psychopathology, including eating disorders (Cook et al. 2014; Stice 2002), substance use disorders (Cook et al. 2014), schizophreniaspectrum disorders (Blanchard et al. 1998), personality disorders (Zeigler-Hill and Abraham 2006), and a variety of health concerns (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2014). Additionally, negative affectivity is theorized to play an etiological role accounting for the overlap in negative emotional disorders of anxiety and depression (Clark and Watson 1991). + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 206 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Further, negative affect was identified as one of five “core elements” of personality along with detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism (Krueger et al. 2012), emphasizing the role of negative affectivity not only in personality disorders but also personality at a broader level. Notably, negative affectivity is theorized to be a preexisting temperamental disposition, occurring prior to the onset of specific pathology. Prospective studies have found negative affectivity to predict later onset of a range of problems including mental health, hypertension, and substance abuse (Craske et al. 2001; Jonas and Lando 2000; Measelle et al. 2006; Pine et al. 1998). Overall, available works suggest negative affectivity is a consistent marker of distress across a range of presenting problems and plays an etiological role in their onset. + +Hence employees having more negative affectivity trait cannot use their maximum potential and hence will find it difficult to give their fullest to the organization. Therefore these employees may be assisted to decrease their negative affectivity, so that they would be able to work more efficiently and contribute positively to the growth and success of the organization. + + +Stress Management programs (SMP) are conducted in organisations to help employees to overcomephysical and mental imbalances. Though everyone is unique, we all possess certain traits that set us apart from the rest, for many reasons. These traits define who we are and how we respond to situations. We only need to ignite that dormant passion and give a boost to our persona. + + +The Stress Management programs assists individuals to effectively manage the imbalance in healthy ways, including - exercising, seeking social support, using pleasant activities and relaxation techniques. The Stress Management training program in the workplace builds on the better Work-Life balance. Studies on Stress Management programs suggests that these comprehensive programs can improve mental health, behaviour and well-being of workers. +Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the imbalances enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension(SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based stress management program developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 207 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +YOGA: + +Yoga is a conscious process of gaining mastery over the mind. It’s a process of elevating oneself through calming of mind. + +The great sage Patanjali ‘father of yoga’ uses the word ‘Klesha’ in his ‘Yoga Sutras’ for stress and + +proposes the techniques of yoga for reducing (thinning) stress. It will not be a sudden elimination but gradual systematic process of moving from higher stress levels to lower ones and slowly eliminating. + +According to ‘Bhagavadgita’ (2 - 62, 63), by using the technique of yoga, we learn to expand our + +horizons, increase our capacities and manifest our dormant potentialities. + + +Hence yoga is one of the popular ways to reduce physical and mental imbalances to a greater extent. It helps to set right the defects in different koshas. The negative emotions like Negative Affectivity can be minimised which helps to develop confidence, to increase optimism, enthusiasm and other positive characters. An employee with more positivities, tries to improve his performance and in turn strives for the growth of the organisation and also helps to achieve its goals and targets. + +Benefits of Yoga : + +Yoga offers man a conscious process to solve menacing problems of unhappiness, restlessness, emotional upset, hyper-activity and so on. + +It helps to evoke the hidden potentialities of man in a systematic and scientific way by which man becomes a complete individual. His physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and intellectual faculties develop in a harmonious and integrated manner to meet the all-round challenges of the modern technological era with its hectic speed. + +It also helps for muscular relaxation, developing willpower and improving creativity. + +SMET- Self-Management of Excessive Tension + +Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) module is a holistic yoga-based stress management program which is developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. Yoga offers total rehabilitation by integrated module of SMET. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 208 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +SMET is based on MāndukyaUpanishad consisting of Yogic science and Vedic ideology for combating physical and mental imbalances and ensuring all round health of the body and mind combined. It is a series of successive stimulations and relaxations that can solve the complex problems of the mind. It helps to release stress at deeper levels. This technique is interspersed and an aspirant finds it easy in comparison with other practices of yoga. + + +The cardinal principles of Yoga are; “stimulation and relaxation of the body; slow down the breath and calm down the mind”. Crystallizing such principles into practical techniques, S-VYASA has developed highly effective programs of stress management, offered under the following four headings: + + +1. Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT) 2. Quick Relaxation Technique (QRT) 3. Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT) +4. Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) + + +Aim and Objectives of SMET: 1. Stimulate the mind. +2. Calm down the distractions. 3. Recognize the Stagnations. +4. Achieve peace and happiness. + +5. Enhancing the efficiency of staff involved in management and other stream 6. Promoting health and wellbeing through yoga +7. Recovering and managing various physical and mental aliments through specific yoga techniques. + +8. Improving the skills and equipoise in action by developing concentration and absolute focus towards work through various Yoga techniques. + + +Components of SMET : + +(a) Theory sessions - namely Lectures, Talks, Counselling, Discourses and + +(b) Practice sessions - Cyclic Meditation (CM) which includesÄsanas, Relaxation techniques and Meditation. + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 209 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Theory sessions - topics: + +1. Concept of Stress + +2. Growth of Executives 3. Group Dynamics +4. Introduction to SMET + +5. Recognition of problem is half solution 6. S-VYASA movement +7. Researches on SMET + +8. Benefits and Advantages of going through SMET program + + + +Practice session - Cyclic Meditation - CM: + +Cyclic Meditation is a practice, built on the principle of alternate Stimulation and Relaxation. This technique was developed by Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru. It is a simple and effective technique to relieve stress and induce deep sleep and relaxation. There are proven results that, CM can reduce the number of hours needed in order to feel rejuvenated. + +Cyclic Meditation involves the following steps : + +Step 1. Lie down in śavāsana and chant Opening Prayer “Layesambodhayetchittam……….” + +ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल३-४४॥ +layesaṃbodhayeccittaṃvikṣiptaṃśamayetpunaḥ | sakaṣāyaṃvijānīyātsamaprāptaṃnacālayet ||māndukyopaniśat kārika|| 3-44 || + +Meaning: If the mind becomes inactive in a state of oblivion awaken it again. If it is distracted,, bring it + +back to the state of tranquility. (In the intermediary state) know the mind containing within it desires in potential form. If the mind has attained the state of equilibrium, then do not disturb it again. + +Stimulate & awaken the sleeping mind, calm down the distractions, recognize the innate stagnations & stay in steadiness without disturbing it. + + +Step 2 (a) Perform IRT - Instant Relaxation Technique + +(b) Coming up to Tāḍāsanasthiti (standing position) – Linear awareness (c) Relaxation and centering in Tāḍāsana +Step 3. Standing asana - Perform Ardhakaṭicakrāsana (first right and then left ) + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 210 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +(a) Coming down tośavāsana from right side Step 4. Perform QRT - Quick Relaxation Technique +Step 5. Sitting āsanas - Sit up and relax in Danḍāsana (sitting with leg stretching) (a)Perform Vajrāsana +(b)Perform Sasankāsana and return to Vajrāsana (c) Perform Ardha-uśtrāsanaor uśtrāsana +(d) Relax in leg stretching sitting position (e) Go straight back to śavāsana +Step 6. Perform DRT – Deep Relaxation Technique + +(a) Come up straight and assume any sitting position -preferably Vajrāsana (b) Chant Closing Prayer “ Omsarvebhavantusukhinah…….” + +ॐललललल लललललल लललललल|ललललल ललललल लललललललल । +ललललल ललललललल लललललललल +|लल लललललललललललललललललललल । ॐललललललल ललललललल ललललललल ॥ + +sarve bhavantu sukhinah, sarve santu nirāmayāh, sarve bhadrāṇi paśyantu, mā kaścit duhkha bhāgbhavet; om ṣāntih ṣāntih ṣāntihi॥ + +Meaning: + + +May all become happy, May none fall ill; May all see auspiciousness everywhere, May none ever feel sorrow, Om peace peacepeace. + + +Need for the study : + +Physically healthy and mentally sound employees are the assets for an organisation.Improved Positive affectivity and reduced Negative affectivity of employees are considered to be very important factors which are necessary for the growth and success of an organization in achieving its goals. + +No studies have reported examining the impact of SMET Yoga Program on Positive and Negative + +affectivity. Hence the need. + +Study Rationale: + +There are many reasons for all sorts of physical, mental and emotional imbalances of a person. Hence these imbalances causes hindrances for an employee to work to his maximum potential or to exhibit positive characters. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 211 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +So by reducing theimbalance , one can maximize his potential and work with a healthy and positive state of mind. Keeping this aspect as a rationale, efforts have been made to improve the positive characters of employeesand to minimise theirnegative characters. +Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the Negative affectivity and improve positivity enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based stress management program developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, which has been used as an intervention in our study. + + +Aim: + +To study the impact of SMET yoga module on positive and negative characteristics of employees. + + +Objective: + + To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Positive affectivity of employees.  To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Negative affectivity of employees. + +Hypothesis: + +Null Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will not improve Positive affectivity and will not reduce Negative affectivity of the employees. +Research Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will improve Positive affectivity and will reduce Negative affectivity of the employees. + + +Research Methodology:- + +Research Design: + +It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group), intervention study with pre and post assessments. + +SMET program is used as an intervention. Yoga group will undergo SMET yoga program and Control group will be engaged in their routine work and they will undergo SMET program after the study. It will be a waitlist control group. + +Measures:- + +Dependant variables– Positive affectivity andNegative affectivity + +Independent variable –Job stress + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 212 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Control Variables – Age, Gender, Qualification, Designation, Job Tenure + +Research Instruments used: + +PANAS scale- developed by Watson, D.,Clark, L. A., &Tellengen, A., (1988) - measures 10 specific positive and 10 specific negative affects each at two different levels. It uses a 5-point scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to indicate the extent of generally feeling the respective mood state. The Authors calculated Cronbach á coefficients in different samples range from 0.90 to 0.96 for PA and from 0.84 to 0.87 for NA. + +Reliability and Validity: + +Reliability and Validity reported by Watson (1988) was moderately good. For the Positive Affect Scale, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.86 to 0.90; for the Negative Affect Scale, 0.84 to 0.87. Over a 8-week time period, the test-retest correlations were 0.47-0.68 for the PA and 0.39-0.71 for the NA. The PANAS has strong reported validity with such measures as general distress and dysfunction, depression, and state anxiety. + + +Samples : + +Source – The sampling technique used in this research is simple random sampling. Employees working + +for Vee-Technologies private Ltd., a BPO organisation at Bengaluru, India were selected randomly for the study. Subjects of the present study were from different departments of the organization like finance, HRM, production etc. and they belonged to the category of managers, non-managers and official staff of the organization. + +Criteria - Both male and female employees of 20 to 45 years of age group were selected. + +Size - Total of 240 employees participated in the study, out of which 120 belonged to ‘experimental Yoga group’ and 120 belonged to ‘waitlisted Control group’. + +Duration of the study :3 months, weekly 2 days, one hour session per day. Employees were asked to practice the same at home for the remaining 3 days of the week by listening to the instructions which were recorded by them. They self-reported their home practice. + + +Statistical Analysis: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 213 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +Results / Findings: + +The response choices of the scale used, consisted of a Likert type 5 point rating scale. + +As the data consists of scores given to the response choices, the variables under measurement are not normally distributed. Hence analysis was made using non-parametric tests. The Mann -Whitney U test is used to measure the significance of the data. + +Table 1 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Yoga group. + +In this table we can see that there is a significant change in the mean values of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This implies that SMET has a positive impact in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees. + +Table 2 shows median, mode and percentile values for yoga group of employees. + +Table 3 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Control group. + +In this table, there is not much difference in the mean values of the variables of pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program. + +Table 4 shows median, mode and percentile values for Control group of employees. + +Table 5 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Yoga group - employees. + +In this table we can see that there is a tremendous change in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This proves the positive effect of SMET in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees. + +Table 6 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Control group - employees. + +In this table, there is not much difference in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of the variables of pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program. + +Table 7 shows the actual significance values of the test for PANAS of employees of Yoga group. + +This table clearly shows the significance of data of each dimension of PANAS of Yoga group. Since the P value is < 0.05 in each case, it means to say that, Reject Null Hypothesis and Accept Research Hypothesis. + +The post data of different variables of Control group were not found to be significant for PANAS (p not less than 0.05) as per our observation. + +SMET has a positive impact on all the variables of PANAS. SMET has helped the employees in improving their Positive (characters) Affectivity and to reduce theirNegative (emotions) Affectivity to a maximum extent. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 214 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Discussions : + +Previous studies and research findings aboutSMET : + +A study on SMET, reported decrease in occupational stress levels and baseline autonomic arousal in managers, showing significant reduction in sympathetic activity (Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S. (2000)). Effectiveness of Self- Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) programme on emotional well-being of managers was studied.. In this study, Emotional Quotient was used as an indicator for emotional well-being. SMET intervention contributed to the betterment of emotional well- being of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study was made to assess the effect of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET), on brain wave coherence. Results of a study showed that participation in a SMET program was associated with improvement in emotional stability and may have implications for 'Executive Efficiency'. On the whole, significant increase in cognitive flexibility, intelligence and emotional stability were attained by following SMET (Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R. (2011)) .A study examined the possibility of enhancing emotional competence (EC) along with emotional Intelligence (EI) through Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program. The participating executives reported improvement in efficiency at work. In addition they have experienced other benefits like reduction in blood pressure, sleep decreases in the consumption of the tranquilizers, clarity in thinking, and relaxed feeling in action (Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R. (2013)). In another study, SMET intervention has again proved to contribute to significant enhancement of emotional competence level of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study evaluates the impact of a 5 day stress management programme (SMET) for managers as measured by AcuGraph3 - ‘Digital Meridian Imaging’ system. The 5 days SMET intervention increased overall ‘Prāṇic’energy in the main acupuncture meridian channels. The program significantly improved overall chi (Chinese term) energy. Chi energy would increase, both in individual meridians and the overall (Meenakshy K. B., Alex Hankey, HongasandraRamarao Nagendra. (2014)). A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 5 days yoga based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) on profile of mood states of managers. The negative moods were significantly reduced following SMET program. Whereas positive moods improved. The intense yoga based SMET program enhanced the profile of mood in managers (Rabindra M.A., Pradhan B. and Nagendra H.R, (2014)). SMET intervention with an insight of group dynamics & executive growth along with the practices proved to bring about a significant trend in scores which suggested that SMET as part of Yoga could be an effective tool for managing stress and hence enhancing managerial leadership (PadmavatiMaharana, DrSanjib Patra , Dr. T M Srinivasan, Dr. H R Nagendra,. (2014)). A study was conducted to examine the effect of Stress Management Programme, Self- Management of excessive Tension (SMET) on the managers. It was observed that significant improvement in health and personality traits were recorded (Rabindra Acharya, BalramPradhan and H. R. + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 215 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Nagendra (2017)). Effect of SMET Programme showed to improve the attention of top line managers in another study (Shatrughan Singh and Nagendra, H. R. (2012)). + + +Findings from the present study: + +In this study, 2 sub-scales were studied with the help of PANAS scale. + +It was observed that some positive changes happened in the employees who underwent SMET program as mentioned below for each sub-scale or component. + +Negative affectivity :Employees complaining about distress, upset, guilty, scare, hostile, irritability, + +ashamed, nervous, jittery or afraid became more confident, open minded, optimistic and also their participation and involvement increased to a greater extent after going through the SMET programme. + + +Positive Affectivity: The interest, excitement, strength, enthusiasm, pride, alertness, inspiration, determination, attentiveness, activeness and self-motivationof the employees improved noticeably who underwent SMET programme. + + +In total, this study has proved that SMET helps in improving the Positive affectivity of employees to a noticeable extent. It has also showed that the SMET has helped to a large extent in reducing the Negative affectivity of the employees to a minimum level which in turn increased their positivities. + + +Advantages of going through SMET Program : + + +This methodology has been formulated after years of in-depth study and research into actual case histories by highly qualified doctors and yoga experts. Professionals need sensitivity, brilliance and creativity. But in the process of career advancement one’s stress levels rise and this ultimately leads to deteriorating health. Also any activity related to computer leads to Musculoskeletal, Emotional and Visual problems. With SMET all these issues can be avoided or managed if they occur. + + +Over the last 25 years, these programs have been conducted at various business houses, factories, industries, and educational institutions, management development institutions and for the common public in general. Course participants have experienced deep relaxation resulting in great calmness of mind and body during the programs. Preliminary investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of this program in handling stress effectively. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 216 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +The program ushers in a new era in that, it brings about a ‘Turn around’ in the participant’s outlook, both official and personal and propels him along the path of progress towards efficiency, physical & mental equipoise. SMET improves the sharpness of the mind which is the decision making machinery, by inculcating techniques that help one to go to deeper and subtler levels of consciousness and gain mastery over the mind. It helps to provide the much needed - but denied unwittingly - relaxation to the body-mind complex and to break the shackles of baser thoughts besides elevating one to unlimited expansiveness of understanding - Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru ; founder of this module. + + +Importance of Positive and Negative affectivityof an employee for an organisation: + +Personality traits are extremely important in today’s competitive organisational setting. Employees + +individually possess diverse personality traits that may influence negatively or positively their performance of jobs assigned to them. It is therefore important that managers and organisational members take into account these important individual differences because realising these traits will help managers and colleagues to deal with employees’ job performance. + +Personality has received much attention from the research community in many contexts. In recent decades research on personality traits and its exploration in the context of work behavior has been revitalized . Personality trait is relatively stable and enduring individual tendency of reacting emotionally or engaging in a behavior in a certain way. Hence Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Here we study about two most important personality traits namely Positive affectivity and Negative affectivity of employees in an organisation. + +Conclusion: + +Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program deals with the employees (human beings as a whole), by approaching them in a holistic way to minimize their problems related to various areas of an organisation. SMET Program is exclusively and extensively developed for those having physical and mental imbalances due to various reasons such as work pressure,job stress and so on in specifically corporate world. The techniques are simple but very much effective if practiced regularly. In a very short span of time, the program helps to acquire the power to perform better, free from stress in a relaxed and balanced way. From this study we can see that SMET program contributes considerably to improve the positive behaviourof the employees and reduce their negativities at the same time. Hence it is suggestive that SMET intervention is a very effective way of enhancing employees’ potential to get the maximum benefit out of them and also to enhance their persona. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 217 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Limitations of the study: + +Although the study provided interesting insights, the study also has shortcomings. + +Firstly, the measures used in the study are self-report measures, whichtypically suffers the problem of a social desirability effect. Many a times, participants choose an ideal alternative instead of the truth. + +Secondly, this study is restricted to a private BPO organisation and the findings are provisional and cannot be generalized to other organizations in the same sector as well as to other sectors. Thus, the external validity of the study is low. + +Thirdly, the study has been conducted with a sample size of 120 respondents. More appropriate results could have been obtained if sample size would have been increased. + +In this study, three months intervention was given. Intervention period can be increased. Only one company /organization was studied. Studies can be conducted at different organisations. This could give stronger findings. + +The study would have brought more good results if the comparative analysis would have been made between males and females and between different variables. Some more demographic variables would have been selected to make the study more detailed one. + +Scope for future research : + +Some moderator and mediator variables like age, experience or gender variables can be considered to study the parameters and their consequences. Other possible negative consequences can also be studied to enrich this field of research. + +Future researchers may also wish to develop their own set of questionnaires. Future research can replicate the methodology adopted in the present study to other sectors. More studies can be carried out to find out the extent to which personality traits influences other perceptions of the organisation. The development of scientific and practical tools and techniques to implement the above findings can be a future initiative. + +Conflict of Interest Statement: + +The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 218 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +References: + +Benyamini, Y., Idler, E. L., Leventhal, H. and Leventhal, E. A. (2000). ‘Positive affect and function as influences on self-assessment of health: expanding our view beyond illness and disability’. Journals of Gerontology, 55B, 107–16. + +Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., &Bellack, A. S. (1998).Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(3), 413–424. + +Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316–336. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 843X.100.3.316. + +Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 103–116. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.103. + +Cook, B. J., Wonderlich, S. A., & Lavender, J. M. (2014). The role of negative affect in eating disorders and substance use disorders. In T. D. Brewerton & A. B. Dennis (Eds.), Eating disorders, addictions and substance use disorders (pp. 363–378). Berlin: Springer. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_16. + +Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 668–678. http://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668. + +Craske, M. G., Poulton, R., Tsao, J. C., &Plotkin, D. (2001). Paths to panic disorder/agoraphobia: An exploratory analysis from age 3 to 21 in an unselected birth cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(5), 556–563. http://doi. org/10.1097/00004583-200105000-00015. + +Evans, P. D. and Egerton, N. (1992). ‘Mood states and minor illness’. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 65, 177–86. + +Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R., “Effects of yoga on brain wave coherence in executives.”Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol 55(4), (2011), pp. 8-12. + +Gil, K. M., Carson, J. W., Porter, L. S., Ready, J., Valrie, C., Redding-Lallinger, R. and Daeschner, C. (2003).‘Daily stress and mood and their association with pain, health-care use, and school activity in adolescents with sickle cell disease’.Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28, 363–73. + +Jonas, B. S., &Lando, J. F. (2000).Negative affect as a prospective risk factor for hypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(2), 188–196. http://doi.org/10. 1097/00006842-200003000-00006. + +Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., &Skodol, A. E. (2012).Initial construction of amaladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879– 1890. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002674. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 219 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R., “Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics of Managers.” Voice of Research, vol 2(1), 2013, pp. 49-52. + +Measelle, J. R., Stice, E., & Springer, D. W. (2006). A prospective test of the negative affect model of substance abuse: Moderating effects of social support. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(3), 225– 233. http://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.3.225. + +Meenakshy, K. B., Alex Hankey, HongasandraRamarao Nagendra, “Electrodermal Assessment of SMET Program for business executives.” Voice of Researchvol 2 (4), 2014, ISSN 2277-7733. + +PadmavatiMaharana , Dr. Sanjib Patra , Dr. T. M. Srinivasan, Dr. H. R. Nagendra, “Role of Yoga based + +stress management program towards leadership development in managers.” IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. vol 16(5) ver II, 2014, pp. 01-05, www.iosrjournals.org. + +Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998).The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(1), 56–64. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56. + +Rabindra Acharya, Balram Pradhan and H. R. Nagendra, “Effect of Stress Management Programmes on the Health and Personality Traits of Managers.”Indian Journal of Public Administration, vol 60(2),2017, pp. 350-359. + +Rabindra, M.A., Pradhan, B. and Nagendra, H.R., “Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers.” International Journal of Education & Management Studies, vol 4(2), 2014, pp. 150-152 http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/21#list© Indian Asociation of Health, Research and Welfare. +Shatrughan, Singh, and Nagendra, H. R., “Effect of SMET Programme on attention of top line managers.”Space, vol 3(3), 2012, pp. 20. + +Shirom, A. (1989). ‘Burnout in work organizations’.In Cooper, C. L. and Robertson, I. (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New York: John Wiley, 25–48. + +Sony Kumari, N. C. B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R., “Enhancing emotional competence among managers – SMET.”Journal of the National Academy of Psychology (Psychological Studies), vol 52(2): 2007. pp.171-173. + +Srivastava1, A. & Mishra, A. (2016).A Study on the Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Consciousness. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2), 77 – 83. + +Stevko, R. (2014). Neurophysiology.Morrisville:Lulu + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 220 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 825–848. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.128.5.825. + +Stone, A. A., Cox, D. S., Vladimarsdottier, H. and Jandorf, L. (1987). ‘Evidence that secretory IgA antibody is associated with daily mood’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 988–93. + +Stone, A. A., Neale, J. M., Cox, D. S. and Napoli, A. (1994). ‘Daily events are associated with a secretory immune response to an oral antigen in men’. Health Psychology, 13, 400–18. + +Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S., “Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program.” Journal of Indian Psychology, vol 18(1 & 2), 2000, pp. 33-37. + +Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465–490. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465. + +Watson, D., Clark, L. A., &Tellegen, A. (1988a). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063. + +Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988b). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346 .http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.3. 346. + +Watson, D. and Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). ‘Health complaints, stress and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 234–54. + +Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2010). On the specificity of positive emotional dysfunction in psychopathology: Evidence from the mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/schizotypy. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 839–848. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr. 2009.11.002. + +Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2014).Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 422–442. http://doi.org/10. 1177/2167702614536162. + +Zeigler-Hill, V., & Abraham, J. (2006). Borderline personality features: Instability of self-esteem and affect. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(6), 668–687. http://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.668. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 221 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +TABLES + +Table 1 : PANAS – Yoga – Descriptive Statistics + +Descriptive Statistics + +N Range + +Posit_pre 120 10 + +Minimum + +11 + +Maximum + +21 + +Mean + +15.54 0.162 + +Std. Deviation 1.777 + +Variance + +3.158 + + + +Posit_post 120 9 Negat_pre 120 9 Negat_post 120 9 +Valid N 120 (listwise) + +40 49 44.79 40 49 44.60 +11 20 15.28 + +0.168 1.842 3.393 0.162 1.770 3.133 +0.152 1.670 2.789 + + + +*Posit_pre – Positive Affect pre data values,*Posit_post - Positive Affect post data values + +*Negat_pre –Negative Affect pre data values, * Negat_post - Negative Affect post data values + + + +Table 2 : PANAS – Yoga –Statistics + + + + + +N Valid +Missing + + +Posit_pre 120 +0 + +Statistics Posit_post 120 +0 + + +Negat_pre 120 +0 + + +Negat_post 120 +0 + +Std. Error of Mean 0.162 0.168 0.162 0.152 Median 16.00 45.00 44.50 15.00 Mode 16 45 43 16 + +Percentiles 25 50 +75 + +14.00 43.00 43.00 14.00 16.00 44.50 44.50 15.00 +17.00 46.00 46.00 16.00 + + + +Table 3 : PANAS –Control – Descriptive Statistics + +Descriptive Statistics + +N Rang Minimu e m +Posit_pre 120 10 11 +Posit_post 120 10 11 Negat_pre 120 9 40 Negat_post 120 9 40 +Valid N 120 (listwise) + +Maximu Mean m +21 15.38 0.166 +21 15.41 0.175 49 44.55 0.162 +49 44.67 0.163 + +Std. Deviation 1.820 +1.916 1.777 +1.789 + +Variance + +3.312 3.672 3.157 +3.199 + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 222 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +Table 4 : PANAS –Control –Statistics + +Statistics + + +N Valid +Missing + +Posit_pre 120 +0 + +Posit_post 120 +0 + +Negat_pre 120 +0 + +Negat_post 120 +0 + +Std. Error of Mean 0.166 0.175 0.162 0.163 Median 15.00 15.00 44.00 45.00 Mode 16 15 43 43a + +Percentiles 25 50 +75 + +14.00 14.00 43.00 43.00 15.00 15.00 44.00 45.00 +16.00 17.00 46.00 46.00 + + + +Mann Whitney U Test - Independent samples : + + + +Table 5 : PANAS – Yoga group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks + + + +Variable + +Posit_pre Negat_pre + +N Mean Sum of rank Ranks +120 1.53 183.6 120 3.45 414 + +Variable N + +Posit_post 120 Negat_post 120 + +Mean Sum of rank Ranks +3.55 426 1.47 176.4 + + + +Mann Whitney U Test - Independent samples : + +Table 6 : PANAS – Control group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks + + + +Variable + +Posit_pre Negat_pre + +N Mean Sum of rank Ranks +120 1.48 177.6 120 3.49 418.8 + +Variable N + +Posit_post 120 Negat_post 120 + +Mean Sum of rank Ranks +1.52 182.4 3.51 421.2 + + + +Table 7 : Hypothesis Test statistics summary + + +N = 120 +Degrees of freedom = 3 +Exact significance – 2*(1-tailed sig) = 0.00 Variable +Posit_post Negat_post + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 + + + + +Asymptotic Significance (2 sided Test) = 0.00 0.00 +0.00 + + + + + + +Page No: 223 diff --git a/subfolder_0/3. Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees_ a randomised controlled study conv.txt b/subfolder_0/3. Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees_ a randomised controlled study conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59d164325c9a4ae4fa564459216bd1f2b7efb312 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/3. Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees_ a randomised controlled study conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,903 @@ +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees; a randomised controlled study. + +Jyothi Vasu +Research Scholar, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + + + +Towards the partial fulfillment of Doctoral degree in Yoga + + +under the guidance of + +Sony KumariM.A., PhD +Professor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + + +and co-guidance of + +K. B. AkhileshM.S., PhD +Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + +H. R. NagendraM.E., PhD + +Chancellor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + +The Division of Yoga & Management +Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (SVYASA- A university established under section 3 of the UGC Act. 1956) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 203 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Abstract + + +Background : + +This study seeks to investigate the impact of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) yoga program on changes in Positive and Negative affectivity of the employees. +Materials and methods: It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group) intervention study with pre and post assessments. SMET yoga program is used as an intervention.A sample of 240 employees (120-Yoga and 120-Control group) consisting of both male and female, working for a BPO office in Bengaluru, India belonging to an age group of 20-45 years participated in the study. PANAS scale was used to administer the study parameters. Data was analysed by using SPSS software. +Results:A considerable variation in mean values (difference in pre and post data) were observed after SMET intervention for various dimensions ofPositive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Schedule (PANAS). The results were found to be significant with p < 0.05. +Conclusions: Studyshowed that SMET helped to increase Positive affectivity and to reduce the Negative affectivity of the employees. + +Key words: Cyclic Meditation, Negative Affectivity,Personality Traits, Positive Affectivity, SMET, Yoga + + + +Background: + +The word "personality" originates from the Latin word persona, which means mask (Stevko, 2014). In French, it is equivalent to personalete. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviours consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes (Srivastava & Mishra, 2016). It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress. + +Personality affects all aspects of a person's performance, even how he reacts to situations on the job. Not + +every personality is suited for every job position, so it's important to recognize personality traits and pair + +employees with the duties that fit their personalities the best. This can lead to increased productivity and job satisfaction, helping your business function more efficiently. + +Introduction: + +Positive Affectivity: + +Positive Affectivity (PA) is a personality characteristic that describes how humans experience positive emotions while interacting with others and with their surroundings. Those with high positive + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 204 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +affectivity are typically enthusiastic, energetic, confident, active, and alert. Those having low levels of positive affectivity can be characterized by sadness, lethargy, distress, and un-pleasurable engagement (Watson et al, 1988). + + +Positive affect reflects neither a lack of negative affect, nor the opposite of negative affect, but is a + +separate, independent dimension of emotion. Positively affected people are said to be more active physically, socially, mentally and emotionally (Watson &Tellegen, 1988a). + + +Positive affectivity is a managerial and organizational behavior tool used to create positive environments + +in the workplace. Through the use of PA, the manager can induce a positive employee experience and culture. The positive affectivity hypothesis predicts that employees with positive dispositions receive more supervisor support because they are more socially oriented and likable.PA can be measured as both a state and a trait; state affect captures how a person feels at any given time while trait affect is the tendency of a person to experience a particular affective state over time (Watson and Pennebaker, 1989). + + +PA helps individuals to process emotional information accurately and efficiently, to solve problems, to make plans, and to earn achievements. Psychological capital (PsyCap) refers to an individual’s positive psychological state of development and is characterised by positive affectivity, self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism. + + +PA may influence to enhance the personal resources which can help to overcome or deal with distressing situations. These resources are physical (e.g., better health), social (e.g., social support networks), intellectual and psychological (e.g., resilience, optimism, and creativity). PA provides a psychological break or relief from stress, supporting continued efforts to replenish resources depleted by stress.Its buffering functions provide a useful antidote to the problems associated with negative emotions and ill health due to stress. Likewise, happy people are better at more mature coping efforts than people with negative emotions. + + +Negative Affectivity: + +Negative Affect (NA) is a dimension of subjective distress that includes a variety of adverse mood states, including anger, contempt, disgust, fear, and nervousness (Watson et al., 1988). NA, like PA, can be measured as both a state and a trait and has been linked to both subjective and objective health indicators. State NA has been linked to increased same-day pain (Gil et al., 2003) and decreases in self-reported health (Benyamini et al., 2000). Evans and Egerton (1992) found that state NA led to a higher incident of + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 205 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +colds. Burnout is a negative affective state caused by recurring distress (Shirom, 1989).Negative affectivity is a stable and inherited disposition to experience nonspecific distress or unpleasant emotions (Clark et al. 1994). It is considered by some to be synonymous with the personality factor of neuroticism, which corresponds to individuals’ tendency to experience negative affect states (Costa and McCrae 1980; Watson et al. 1988a). + +It is important to an organisation that its employees must be emotionally balanced. The greatest competitive advantage for an organisation’seconomy is a positive workforce. Therefore it is important for organisations to find ways to enhance their employees’ positive psychological states of mind and decrease their negative emotions i.e. their psychological capital, to achieve desired organisational outcomes. + +Negative affectivity (NA) is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Watson and Clark (1984) proposed that negative affectivity encompasses a range of constructs including trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, and maladjustment, among others. Negative affectivity roughly corresponds to the dominant personality factor of anxiety/neuroticism that is found within the Big Five personality traits as emotional stability. Neuroticism can plague an individual with severe mood swings, frequent sadness, worry, and being easily disturbed, and predicts the development and onset of all common mental disorders.Research shows that negative affectivity relates to different classes of variables such as, self-reported stress and poor coping skills, health complaints, and frequency of unpleasant events. Weight gain and mental health complaints are often experienced as well. + + +Negative affectivity is considered a general risk factor for a range of physical and mental health problems, which frequently co-occur. For example, someone experiencing one negative mood state (e.g., sadness) is likely to report greater levels of other negative mood states such as fear or anger (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2010). As a trait, negative affectivity is considered a broad predisposition to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, fear, and sadness (Watson et al. 1988b). Indeed, negative affectivity is associated with a range of psychopathology, including eating disorders (Cook et al. 2014; Stice 2002), substance use disorders (Cook et al. 2014), schizophreniaspectrum disorders (Blanchard et al. 1998), personality disorders (Zeigler-Hill and Abraham 2006), and a variety of health concerns (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2014). Additionally, negative affectivity is theorized to play an etiological role accounting for the overlap in negative emotional disorders of anxiety and depression (Clark and Watson 1991). + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 206 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Further, negative affect was identified as one of five “core elements” of personality along with detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism (Krueger et al. 2012), emphasizing the role of negative affectivity not only in personality disorders but also personality at a broader level. Notably, negative affectivity is theorized to be a preexisting temperamental disposition, occurring prior to the onset of specific pathology. Prospective studies have found negative affectivity to predict later onset of a range of problems including mental health, hypertension, and substance abuse (Craske et al. 2001; Jonas and Lando 2000; Measelle et al. 2006; Pine et al. 1998). Overall, available works suggest negative affectivity is a consistent marker of distress across a range of presenting problems and plays an etiological role in their onset. + +Hence employees having more negative affectivity trait cannot use their maximum potential and hence will find it difficult to give their fullest to the organization. Therefore these employees may be assisted to decrease their negative affectivity, so that they would be able to work more efficiently and contribute positively to the growth and success of the organization. + + +Stress Management programs (SMP) are conducted in organisations to help employees to overcomephysical and mental imbalances. Though everyone is unique, we all possess certain traits that set us apart from the rest, for many reasons. These traits define who we are and how we respond to situations. We only need to ignite that dormant passion and give a boost to our persona. + + +The Stress Management programs assists individuals to effectively manage the imbalance in healthy ways, including - exercising, seeking social support, using pleasant activities and relaxation techniques. The Stress Management training program in the workplace builds on the better Work-Life balance. Studies on Stress Management programs suggests that these comprehensive programs can improve mental health, behaviour and well-being of workers. +Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the imbalances enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension(SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based stress management program developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 207 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +YOGA: + +Yoga is a conscious process of gaining mastery over the mind. It’s a process of elevating oneself through calming of mind. + +The great sage Patanjali ‘father of yoga’ uses the word ‘Klesha’ in his ‘Yoga Sutras’ for stress and + +proposes the techniques of yoga for reducing (thinning) stress. It will not be a sudden elimination but gradual systematic process of moving from higher stress levels to lower ones and slowly eliminating. + +According to ‘Bhagavadgita’ (2 - 62, 63), by using the technique of yoga, we learn to expand our + +horizons, increase our capacities and manifest our dormant potentialities. + + +Hence yoga is one of the popular ways to reduce physical and mental imbalances to a greater extent. It helps to set right the defects in different koshas. The negative emotions like Negative Affectivity can be minimised which helps to develop confidence, to increase optimism, enthusiasm and other positive characters. An employee with more positivities, tries to improve his performance and in turn strives for the growth of the organisation and also helps to achieve its goals and targets. + +Benefits of Yoga : + +Yoga offers man a conscious process to solve menacing problems of unhappiness, restlessness, emotional upset, hyper-activity and so on. + +It helps to evoke the hidden potentialities of man in a systematic and scientific way by which man becomes a complete individual. His physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and intellectual faculties develop in a harmonious and integrated manner to meet the all-round challenges of the modern technological era with its hectic speed. + +It also helps for muscular relaxation, developing willpower and improving creativity. + +SMET- Self-Management of Excessive Tension + +Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) module is a holistic yoga-based stress management program which is developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. Yoga offers total rehabilitation by integrated module of SMET. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 208 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +SMET is based on MāndukyaUpanishad consisting of Yogic science and Vedic ideology for combating physical and mental imbalances and ensuring all round health of the body and mind combined. It is a series of successive stimulations and relaxations that can solve the complex problems of the mind. It helps to release stress at deeper levels. This technique is interspersed and an aspirant finds it easy in comparison with other practices of yoga. + + +The cardinal principles of Yoga are; “stimulation and relaxation of the body; slow down the breath and calm down the mind”. Crystallizing such principles into practical techniques, S-VYASA has developed highly effective programs of stress management, offered under the following four headings: + + +1. Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT) 2. Quick Relaxation Technique (QRT) 3. Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT) +4. Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) + + +Aim and Objectives of SMET: 1. Stimulate the mind. +2. Calm down the distractions. 3. Recognize the Stagnations. +4. Achieve peace and happiness. + +5. Enhancing the efficiency of staff involved in management and other stream 6. Promoting health and wellbeing through yoga +7. Recovering and managing various physical and mental aliments through specific yoga techniques. + +8. Improving the skills and equipoise in action by developing concentration and absolute focus towards work through various Yoga techniques. + + +Components of SMET : + +(a) Theory sessions - namely Lectures, Talks, Counselling, Discourses and + +(b) Practice sessions - Cyclic Meditation (CM) which includesÄsanas, Relaxation techniques and Meditation. + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 209 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Theory sessions - topics: + +1. Concept of Stress + +2. Growth of Executives 3. Group Dynamics +4. Introduction to SMET + +5. Recognition of problem is half solution 6. S-VYASA movement +7. Researches on SMET + +8. Benefits and Advantages of going through SMET program + + + +Practice session - Cyclic Meditation - CM: + +Cyclic Meditation is a practice, built on the principle of alternate Stimulation and Relaxation. This technique was developed by Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru. It is a simple and effective technique to relieve stress and induce deep sleep and relaxation. There are proven results that, CM can reduce the number of hours needed in order to feel rejuvenated. + +Cyclic Meditation involves the following steps : + +Step 1. Lie down in śavāsana and chant Opening Prayer “Layesambodhayetchittam……….” + +ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल३-४४॥ +layesaṃbodhayeccittaṃvikṣiptaṃśamayetpunaḥ | sakaṣāyaṃvijānīyātsamaprāptaṃnacālayet ||māndukyopaniśat kārika|| 3-44 || + +Meaning: If the mind becomes inactive in a state of oblivion awaken it again. If it is distracted,, bring it + +back to the state of tranquility. (In the intermediary state) know the mind containing within it desires in potential form. If the mind has attained the state of equilibrium, then do not disturb it again. + +Stimulate & awaken the sleeping mind, calm down the distractions, recognize the innate stagnations & stay in steadiness without disturbing it. + + +Step 2 (a) Perform IRT - Instant Relaxation Technique + +(b) Coming up to Tāḍāsanasthiti (standing position) – Linear awareness (c) Relaxation and centering in Tāḍāsana +Step 3. Standing asana - Perform Ardhakaṭicakrāsana (first right and then left ) + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 210 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +(a) Coming down tośavāsana from right side Step 4. Perform QRT - Quick Relaxation Technique +Step 5. Sitting āsanas - Sit up and relax in Danḍāsana (sitting with leg stretching) (a)Perform Vajrāsana +(b)Perform Sasankāsana and return to Vajrāsana (c) Perform Ardha-uśtrāsanaor uśtrāsana +(d) Relax in leg stretching sitting position (e) Go straight back to śavāsana +Step 6. Perform DRT – Deep Relaxation Technique + +(a) Come up straight and assume any sitting position -preferably Vajrāsana (b) Chant Closing Prayer “ Omsarvebhavantusukhinah…….” + +ॐललललल लललललल लललललल|ललललल ललललल लललललललल । +ललललल ललललललल लललललललल +|लल लललललललललललललललललललल । ॐललललललल ललललललल ललललललल ॥ + +sarve bhavantu sukhinah, sarve santu nirāmayāh, sarve bhadrāṇi paśyantu, mā kaścit duhkha bhāgbhavet; om ṣāntih ṣāntih ṣāntihi॥ + +Meaning: + + +May all become happy, May none fall ill; May all see auspiciousness everywhere, May none ever feel sorrow, Om peace peacepeace. + + +Need for the study : + +Physically healthy and mentally sound employees are the assets for an organisation.Improved Positive affectivity and reduced Negative affectivity of employees are considered to be very important factors which are necessary for the growth and success of an organization in achieving its goals. + +No studies have reported examining the impact of SMET Yoga Program on Positive and Negative + +affectivity. Hence the need. + +Study Rationale: + +There are many reasons for all sorts of physical, mental and emotional imbalances of a person. Hence these imbalances causes hindrances for an employee to work to his maximum potential or to exhibit positive characters. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 211 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +So by reducing theimbalance , one can maximize his potential and work with a healthy and positive state of mind. Keeping this aspect as a rationale, efforts have been made to improve the positive characters of employeesand to minimise theirnegative characters. +Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the Negative affectivity and improve positivity enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based stress management program developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, which has been used as an intervention in our study. + + +Aim: + +To study the impact of SMET yoga module on positive and negative characteristics of employees. + + +Objective: + + To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Positive affectivity of employees.  To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Negative affectivity of employees. + +Hypothesis: + +Null Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will not improve Positive affectivity and will not reduce Negative affectivity of the employees. +Research Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will improve Positive affectivity and will reduce Negative affectivity of the employees. + + +Research Methodology:- + +Research Design: + +It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group), intervention study with pre and post assessments. + +SMET program is used as an intervention. Yoga group will undergo SMET yoga program and Control group will be engaged in their routine work and they will undergo SMET program after the study. It will be a waitlist control group. + +Measures:- + +Dependant variables– Positive affectivity andNegative affectivity + +Independent variable –Job stress + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 212 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Control Variables – Age, Gender, Qualification, Designation, Job Tenure + +Research Instruments used: + +PANAS scale- developed by Watson, D.,Clark, L. A., &Tellengen, A., (1988) - measures 10 specific positive and 10 specific negative affects each at two different levels. It uses a 5-point scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to indicate the extent of generally feeling the respective mood state. The Authors calculated Cronbach á coefficients in different samples range from 0.90 to 0.96 for PA and from 0.84 to 0.87 for NA. + +Reliability and Validity: + +Reliability and Validity reported by Watson (1988) was moderately good. For the Positive Affect Scale, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.86 to 0.90; for the Negative Affect Scale, 0.84 to 0.87. Over a 8-week time period, the test-retest correlations were 0.47-0.68 for the PA and 0.39-0.71 for the NA. The PANAS has strong reported validity with such measures as general distress and dysfunction, depression, and state anxiety. + + +Samples : + +Source – The sampling technique used in this research is simple random sampling. Employees working + +for Vee-Technologies private Ltd., a BPO organisation at Bengaluru, India were selected randomly for the study. Subjects of the present study were from different departments of the organization like finance, HRM, production etc. and they belonged to the category of managers, non-managers and official staff of the organization. + +Criteria - Both male and female employees of 20 to 45 years of age group were selected. + +Size - Total of 240 employees participated in the study, out of which 120 belonged to ‘experimental Yoga group’ and 120 belonged to ‘waitlisted Control group’. + +Duration of the study :3 months, weekly 2 days, one hour session per day. Employees were asked to practice the same at home for the remaining 3 days of the week by listening to the instructions which were recorded by them. They self-reported their home practice. + + +Statistical Analysis: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 213 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +Results / Findings: + +The response choices of the scale used, consisted of a Likert type 5 point rating scale. + +As the data consists of scores given to the response choices, the variables under measurement are not normally distributed. Hence analysis was made using non-parametric tests. The Mann -Whitney U test is used to measure the significance of the data. + +Table 1 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Yoga group. + +In this table we can see that there is a significant change in the mean values of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This implies that SMET has a positive impact in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees. + +Table 2 shows median, mode and percentile values for yoga group of employees. + +Table 3 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Control group. + +In this table, there is not much difference in the mean values of the variables of pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program. + +Table 4 shows median, mode and percentile values for Control group of employees. + +Table 5 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Yoga group - employees. + +In this table we can see that there is a tremendous change in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This proves the positive effect of SMET in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees. + +Table 6 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Control group - employees. + +In this table, there is not much difference in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of the variables of pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program. + +Table 7 shows the actual significance values of the test for PANAS of employees of Yoga group. + +This table clearly shows the significance of data of each dimension of PANAS of Yoga group. Since the P value is < 0.05 in each case, it means to say that, Reject Null Hypothesis and Accept Research Hypothesis. + +The post data of different variables of Control group were not found to be significant for PANAS (p not less than 0.05) as per our observation. + +SMET has a positive impact on all the variables of PANAS. SMET has helped the employees in improving their Positive (characters) Affectivity and to reduce theirNegative (emotions) Affectivity to a maximum extent. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 214 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Discussions : + +Previous studies and research findings aboutSMET : + +A study on SMET, reported decrease in occupational stress levels and baseline autonomic arousal in managers, showing significant reduction in sympathetic activity (Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S. (2000)). Effectiveness of Self- Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) programme on emotional well-being of managers was studied.. In this study, Emotional Quotient was used as an indicator for emotional well-being. SMET intervention contributed to the betterment of emotional well- being of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study was made to assess the effect of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET), on brain wave coherence. Results of a study showed that participation in a SMET program was associated with improvement in emotional stability and may have implications for 'Executive Efficiency'. On the whole, significant increase in cognitive flexibility, intelligence and emotional stability were attained by following SMET (Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R. (2011)) .A study examined the possibility of enhancing emotional competence (EC) along with emotional Intelligence (EI) through Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program. The participating executives reported improvement in efficiency at work. In addition they have experienced other benefits like reduction in blood pressure, sleep decreases in the consumption of the tranquilizers, clarity in thinking, and relaxed feeling in action (Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R. (2013)). In another study, SMET intervention has again proved to contribute to significant enhancement of emotional competence level of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study evaluates the impact of a 5 day stress management programme (SMET) for managers as measured by AcuGraph3 - ‘Digital Meridian Imaging’ system. The 5 days SMET intervention increased overall ‘Prāṇic’energy in the main acupuncture meridian channels. The program significantly improved overall chi (Chinese term) energy. Chi energy would increase, both in individual meridians and the overall (Meenakshy K. B., Alex Hankey, HongasandraRamarao Nagendra. (2014)). A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 5 days yoga based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) on profile of mood states of managers. The negative moods were significantly reduced following SMET program. Whereas positive moods improved. The intense yoga based SMET program enhanced the profile of mood in managers (Rabindra M.A., Pradhan B. and Nagendra H.R, (2014)). SMET intervention with an insight of group dynamics & executive growth along with the practices proved to bring about a significant trend in scores which suggested that SMET as part of Yoga could be an effective tool for managing stress and hence enhancing managerial leadership (PadmavatiMaharana, DrSanjib Patra , Dr. T M Srinivasan, Dr. H R Nagendra,. (2014)). A study was conducted to examine the effect of Stress Management Programme, Self- Management of excessive Tension (SMET) on the managers. It was observed that significant improvement in health and personality traits were recorded (Rabindra Acharya, BalramPradhan and H. R. + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 215 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Nagendra (2017)). Effect of SMET Programme showed to improve the attention of top line managers in another study (Shatrughan Singh and Nagendra, H. R. (2012)). + + +Findings from the present study: + +In this study, 2 sub-scales were studied with the help of PANAS scale. + +It was observed that some positive changes happened in the employees who underwent SMET program as mentioned below for each sub-scale or component. + +Negative affectivity :Employees complaining about distress, upset, guilty, scare, hostile, irritability, + +ashamed, nervous, jittery or afraid became more confident, open minded, optimistic and also their participation and involvement increased to a greater extent after going through the SMET programme. + + +Positive Affectivity: The interest, excitement, strength, enthusiasm, pride, alertness, inspiration, determination, attentiveness, activeness and self-motivationof the employees improved noticeably who underwent SMET programme. + + +In total, this study has proved that SMET helps in improving the Positive affectivity of employees to a noticeable extent. It has also showed that the SMET has helped to a large extent in reducing the Negative affectivity of the employees to a minimum level which in turn increased their positivities. + + +Advantages of going through SMET Program : + + +This methodology has been formulated after years of in-depth study and research into actual case histories by highly qualified doctors and yoga experts. Professionals need sensitivity, brilliance and creativity. But in the process of career advancement one’s stress levels rise and this ultimately leads to deteriorating health. Also any activity related to computer leads to Musculoskeletal, Emotional and Visual problems. With SMET all these issues can be avoided or managed if they occur. + + +Over the last 25 years, these programs have been conducted at various business houses, factories, industries, and educational institutions, management development institutions and for the common public in general. Course participants have experienced deep relaxation resulting in great calmness of mind and body during the programs. Preliminary investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of this program in handling stress effectively. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 216 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +The program ushers in a new era in that, it brings about a ‘Turn around’ in the participant’s outlook, both official and personal and propels him along the path of progress towards efficiency, physical & mental equipoise. SMET improves the sharpness of the mind which is the decision making machinery, by inculcating techniques that help one to go to deeper and subtler levels of consciousness and gain mastery over the mind. It helps to provide the much needed - but denied unwittingly - relaxation to the body-mind complex and to break the shackles of baser thoughts besides elevating one to unlimited expansiveness of understanding - Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru ; founder of this module. + + +Importance of Positive and Negative affectivityof an employee for an organisation: + +Personality traits are extremely important in today’s competitive organisational setting. Employees + +individually possess diverse personality traits that may influence negatively or positively their performance of jobs assigned to them. It is therefore important that managers and organisational members take into account these important individual differences because realising these traits will help managers and colleagues to deal with employees’ job performance. + +Personality has received much attention from the research community in many contexts. In recent decades research on personality traits and its exploration in the context of work behavior has been revitalized . Personality trait is relatively stable and enduring individual tendency of reacting emotionally or engaging in a behavior in a certain way. Hence Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Here we study about two most important personality traits namely Positive affectivity and Negative affectivity of employees in an organisation. + +Conclusion: + +Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program deals with the employees (human beings as a whole), by approaching them in a holistic way to minimize their problems related to various areas of an organisation. SMET Program is exclusively and extensively developed for those having physical and mental imbalances due to various reasons such as work pressure,job stress and so on in specifically corporate world. The techniques are simple but very much effective if practiced regularly. In a very short span of time, the program helps to acquire the power to perform better, free from stress in a relaxed and balanced way. From this study we can see that SMET program contributes considerably to improve the positive behaviourof the employees and reduce their negativities at the same time. Hence it is suggestive that SMET intervention is a very effective way of enhancing employees’ potential to get the maximum benefit out of them and also to enhance their persona. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 217 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Limitations of the study: + +Although the study provided interesting insights, the study also has shortcomings. + +Firstly, the measures used in the study are self-report measures, whichtypically suffers the problem of a social desirability effect. Many a times, participants choose an ideal alternative instead of the truth. + +Secondly, this study is restricted to a private BPO organisation and the findings are provisional and cannot be generalized to other organizations in the same sector as well as to other sectors. Thus, the external validity of the study is low. + +Thirdly, the study has been conducted with a sample size of 120 respondents. More appropriate results could have been obtained if sample size would have been increased. + +In this study, three months intervention was given. Intervention period can be increased. Only one company /organization was studied. Studies can be conducted at different organisations. This could give stronger findings. + +The study would have brought more good results if the comparative analysis would have been made between males and females and between different variables. Some more demographic variables would have been selected to make the study more detailed one. + +Scope for future research : + +Some moderator and mediator variables like age, experience or gender variables can be considered to study the parameters and their consequences. Other possible negative consequences can also be studied to enrich this field of research. + +Future researchers may also wish to develop their own set of questionnaires. Future research can replicate the methodology adopted in the present study to other sectors. More studies can be carried out to find out the extent to which personality traits influences other perceptions of the organisation. The development of scientific and practical tools and techniques to implement the above findings can be a future initiative. + +Conflict of Interest Statement: + +The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 218 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +References: + +Benyamini, Y., Idler, E. L., Leventhal, H. and Leventhal, E. A. 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(1994). ‘Daily events are associated with a secretory immune response to an oral antigen in men’. Health Psychology, 13, 400–18. + +Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S., “Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program.” Journal of Indian Psychology, vol 18(1 & 2), 2000, pp. 33-37. + +Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465–490. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465. + +Watson, D., Clark, L. A., &Tellegen, A. (1988a). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063. + +Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988b). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346 .http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.3. 346. + +Watson, D. and Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). ‘Health complaints, stress and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 234–54. + +Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2010). On the specificity of positive emotional dysfunction in psychopathology: Evidence from the mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/schizotypy. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 839–848. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr. 2009.11.002. + +Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2014).Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 422–442. http://doi.org/10. 1177/2167702614536162. + +Zeigler-Hill, V., & Abraham, J. (2006). Borderline personality features: Instability of self-esteem and affect. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(6), 668–687. http://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.668. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 221 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +TABLES + +Table 1 : PANAS – Yoga – Descriptive Statistics + +Descriptive Statistics + +N Range + +Posit_pre 120 10 + +Minimum + +11 + +Maximum + +21 + +Mean + +15.54 0.162 + +Std. Deviation 1.777 + +Variance + +3.158 + + + +Posit_post 120 9 Negat_pre 120 9 Negat_post 120 9 +Valid N 120 (listwise) + +40 49 44.79 40 49 44.60 +11 20 15.28 + +0.168 1.842 3.393 0.162 1.770 3.133 +0.152 1.670 2.789 + + + +*Posit_pre – Positive Affect pre data values,*Posit_post - Positive Affect post data values + +*Negat_pre –Negative Affect pre data values, * Negat_post - Negative Affect post data values + + + +Table 2 : PANAS – Yoga –Statistics + + + + + +N Valid +Missing + + +Posit_pre 120 +0 + +Statistics Posit_post 120 +0 + + +Negat_pre 120 +0 + + +Negat_post 120 +0 + +Std. Error of Mean 0.162 0.168 0.162 0.152 Median 16.00 45.00 44.50 15.00 Mode 16 45 43 16 + +Percentiles 25 50 +75 + +14.00 43.00 43.00 14.00 16.00 44.50 44.50 15.00 +17.00 46.00 46.00 16.00 + + + +Table 3 : PANAS –Control – Descriptive Statistics + +Descriptive Statistics + +N Rang Minimu e m +Posit_pre 120 10 11 +Posit_post 120 10 11 Negat_pre 120 9 40 Negat_post 120 9 40 +Valid N 120 (listwise) + +Maximu Mean m +21 15.38 0.166 +21 15.41 0.175 49 44.55 0.162 +49 44.67 0.163 + +Std. Deviation 1.820 +1.916 1.777 +1.789 + +Variance + +3.312 3.672 3.157 +3.199 + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 222 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +Table 4 : PANAS –Control –Statistics + +Statistics + + +N Valid +Missing + +Posit_pre 120 +0 + +Posit_post 120 +0 + +Negat_pre 120 +0 + +Negat_post 120 +0 + +Std. Error of Mean 0.166 0.175 0.162 0.163 Median 15.00 15.00 44.00 45.00 Mode 16 15 43 43a + +Percentiles 25 50 +75 + +14.00 14.00 43.00 43.00 15.00 15.00 44.00 45.00 +16.00 17.00 46.00 46.00 + + + +Mann Whitney U Test - Independent samples : + + + +Table 5 : PANAS – Yoga group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks + + + +Variable + +Posit_pre Negat_pre + +N Mean Sum of rank Ranks +120 1.53 183.6 120 3.45 414 + +Variable N + +Posit_post 120 Negat_post 120 + +Mean Sum of rank Ranks +3.55 426 1.47 176.4 + + + +Mann Whitney U Test - Independent samples : + +Table 6 : PANAS – Control group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks + + + +Variable + +Posit_pre Negat_pre + +N Mean Sum of rank Ranks +120 1.48 177.6 120 3.49 418.8 + +Variable N + +Posit_post 120 Negat_post 120 + +Mean Sum of rank Ranks +1.52 182.4 3.51 421.2 + + + +Table 7 : Hypothesis Test statistics summary + + +N = 120 +Degrees of freedom = 3 +Exact significance – 2*(1-tailed sig) = 0.00 Variable +Posit_post Negat_post + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 + + + + +Asymptotic Significance (2 sided Test) = 0.00 0.00 +0.00 + + + + + + +Page No: 223 diff --git a/subfolder_0/A Comparative study on two yogic relaxation techniques on anxiety in school children_unlocked.txt b/subfolder_0/A Comparative study on two yogic relaxation techniques on anxiety in school children_unlocked.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9cbc7466f0c8607182ba4e3bb5e5e6c81e95e3ca --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/A Comparative study on two yogic relaxation techniques on anxiety in school children_unlocked.txt @@ -0,0 +1,369 @@ +This technique is called cyclic meditation (CM) which +consists of a set of postures interspersed with relaxation +techniques. Scientific investigations documented that CM +showed improvement in physiological,[3] psychological,[4] +and neurophysiological variables.[5] School children’s +underwent 7 days CM training and found improvement +in psychomotor performance.[6,7] +Stress is associated with homeostasis, which lead to somatic +and pathological condition.[8] This has been playing a major +role in society and generating difficulties in human’s social, +emotional, behavioral, and personal life.[9] All the fields +are getting affected by stress, including working place, +educational and health institutions.[10] The negative effects +have been seen in all occupational and professional areas. +Impact of stress has an adverse effect on student’s health +and academic performance.[11] Independently, either +INTRODUCTION +Meditation is difficult to learn and practice and hence +requires guided training. Hence, S‑VYASA developed +a technique based on Upanishadic verses taken from +Mandukya karika,[1] which say that when mind loses +its awareness (laya) and enters into a sleepy state, then +it awaken with some stimulation (Sambodhayet). Do it +again and again till mind reaches a state of equanimity +calmness.[2] +Background: Meditation brings calmness to the mental activities and develops the internal awareness. It +can be helpful in reducing stress and anxiety in student community and academicians. Aims: The aim was +to measure the outcomes of cyclic meditation (CM), yogic relaxation technique, when compared to supine +rest (SR). We examine reduction in anxiety, using Spielberger’s State‑Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Materials +and Methods: A total of 60 high school students (both genders) participated in this study, aged between 13 +and 16 years (group average age ± standard deviation, 14.78 ± 1.22 years). They were attending 10 days +yoga training course during their summer vacation. Those children’s, who had English as the main medium of +instructions, were included. They acted as their own controls. They were divided into two groups and tested +on the STAI, immediately before and after 22:30 min of practice of CM on 1 day, and immediately before and +after an equal period of SR on the other day. For the assessment, the first group performed CM on day 9, +and SR on day 10. For the second group, the order was reversed. Results: There was a significant reduction +on STAI scores within group (pre and post) of CM (4.27%, P = 0.016) session and no change in SR session. +Further, subgroup analysis based on gender revealed that the female group had a significant reduction +following both sessions, but male group had nonsignificant reduction in STAI score. The female group found +significantly differs from the male group in STAI score on both the sessions. Conclusions: The CM found to +be a useful technique to combat the state of anxiety with different magnitude of changes in gender subgroups. +The female group was benefitted more by following both CM and SR sessions compared with male group. +Key words: Anxiety, cyclic meditation, meditation, relaxation +A comparative study on two yogic relaxation techniques on +anxiety in school children +Natesh Babu, Balaram Pradhana, H R Nagendra +S-VYASA Yoga University Campus, Prashanti Kutiram, Vivekananda Road, Kallubalu Post, Jigani, Anekal, Bengaluru, India +Address for Correspondence: Mr. Natesh Babu, +Asst. Director, S-VYASA Yoga University Campus, Prashanti Kutiram, + +Vivekananda Road, Kallubalu Post, Jigani, Anekal, Bengaluru – 560105, India + +E‑mail: brn.babu@gmail.com +Access this article online +Website: +www.ijoyppp.in +Quick Response Code +DOI: +10.4103/2347-5633.157887 +Original Article +ABSTRACT +65 +International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 1  Jul-Dec-2013 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Babu, et al.: Relaxation technique on anxiety in children +66 +International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 1  Jul-Dec-2013 +single yoga technique or integrated yoga has been found +to diminish the stress level. There are several yoga +techniques to combat the harmful effects. Scientific +investigation showed that students of MBBS,[8,12‑14] dental[15] +and nursing,[16] engineering,[17] college,[18] and school[19] +have used different yoga practices for their psychological +health benefits. +Most of the above mentioned studies investigated the +long‑term effect while CM studies are conducted on Yoga +residential university course students. There is a dearth of +scientific studies on teenage school students. Hence, the +present study is aimed to evaluate immediate effect of CM +on teenage students’ anxiety. +MATERIALS AND METHODS +Subjects +The sample size was calculated based on the effect +size (0.57) obtained from the previous study,[20] using +G* Power software, Version 3.0.10 (Behavior Research +Methods),[21] where the  level was 0.05, power  = +0.95 and the recommended sample size was 42. In this +study, 60 high school students were recruited, who were +under‑going a 10  day personality development camp. +Since the intervention and measuring tool for the test +were in English, the subjects belonged to English medium +school with normal health status were included. Similarly, +subjects having any history of ill‑health and undergoing +any medication were excluded. They were in the age range +of 13-16 years (group average age, 14.37 ± 1.22 years) +in equal number of both genders [Table 1]. They were +explained about the details of the protocol, and the written +consent was obtained from their parents. +Procedure +The participants were given training for practice of both +CM and supine rest (SR) for 8 days. They were assessed +before and after equal period of both CM and SR. The +assessments were taken on two consecutive days, on day +9 and 10. It was self as control design. The subjects were +randomly assigned into two groups equally. The first group +performed CM on day 9 and SR on day 10, and the second +group with the order reversed. Subjects were tested on the +State‑Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) immediately before +and after a session of CM of 22:30 min’s duration on 1 day, +and immediately before and after an equal period of SR +on the other day. +Instrument +Anxiety assessment +The state anxiety was measured using Spielberger’s STAI +consisted of 20 self‑report scales, with each scale running +from 1 to 4 for a full score of 80, to evaluate the general +tendency to be anxious as a personality trait. The reported +concurrent validity ranges from 0.75 to 0.80 with other +tests[22] and it was widely used earlier in Indian population. +Intervention +Subjects were instructed to keep their eyes closed +throughout the practice of both CM and SR. CM used +prerecorded instructions, which emphasized the need +to carry out the practice slowly, with awareness and +relaxation. Practice starts with subjects lying on their back +in the supine (Shavasana) and consists of the following +sequence: +Chanting of a verse from the Mandukya Upanishad[1] +(0:40 min); isometric contraction of the muscles of the +body ending with SR (1:00 min); slowly getting up by +shifting the body to the left side and standing at ease +(Tadasana), “balancing” the weight on both feet, called +centering (2:00 min); The first standing lateral bending +posture, toward the right side (Ardhakaticakrasana) +(1:20 min); Tadasana (1:10 min) with instructions about +relaxation and awareness; Ardhakaticakrasana bending +toward the left side (1:20 min); Tadasana as previously +(1:10 min); forward bending (Padahastasana) (1:20 min); +Tadasana as previously (1:10 min); backward bending +(Ardhacakrasana) (1:20 min); slowly coming down into +the supine posture (Shavasana) with instructions to +relax different parts of the body in sequence (10:00 min). +All postures are practiced slowly, with instructions to be +aware of all felt sensations. Total duration of practice is +22:30 min.[2] +During the session of SR, subjects were asked to lie on their +back in the corpse posture (Shavasana) with eyes closed, +legs apart and arms away from the sides of the body. This +practice was also given for 22:30 min, the same as for CM, +timed on a stopwatch. +Data analysis +Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (Released +2007. SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0. Chicago, SPSS Inc.). +The scores of STAI data were normally distributed (P > 0.05, +Shapiro–Wilk’s test). Hence, Student’s paired “t”‑test was +used for within group comparison for both CM and SR. +RESULTS +Mean values and standard deviation for STAI scores tests +are given in Table 2. +Table  1: Age groups mean±SD, of male and female +Age +Mean±SD +n +Total +14.37±1.22 +60 +Male +14.47±1.14 +30 +Female +14.27±1.31 +30 +SD=Standard deviation +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Babu, et al.: Relaxation technique on anxiety in children +67 +International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 1  Jul-Dec-2013 +Cyclic meditation session showed a significant reduction +in the STAI score from 38.90 to 37.24 (P = 0.016, paired +sample “t”‑test). The SR session showed a nonsignificant +reduction in the STAI score from 38.88 to 37.62 (P = 0.073, +paired sample “t”‑test). The two sessions showed no +significant difference in their baseline mean (P = 0.981, +independent “t”‑test) and also following CM and SR +sessions (P = 0.705, independent “t”‑test). +• Female group: CM sessions showed a significant +reduction in the STAI score from 37.71 to +34.75 (P = 0.01, paired sample “t”‑test). The SR session +showed a significant reduction in the STAI score from +37.94 to 35.08 (P = 0.017, paired sample “t”‑test) +• Male group: CM sessions showed a nonsignificant +reduction in the STAI score from 37.71 to +34.75 (P = 0.633, paired sample “t”‑test). The SR session +SR showed a nonsignificant reduction in the STAI score +from 37.94 to 35.08 (P = 0.620, paired sample “t”‑test). +There was no significant gender difference of the mean +before sessions of CM (P = 0.301, Independent “t”‑test) +and SR (P = 0.451, Independent “t”‑test). However, there +were significant difference in the mean score after session +of CM (P = 0.047, Independent “t”‑test) and SR (P = 0.049, +Independent “t”‑test). +The female group had significantly higher reduction +in STAI score as compared to male group in CM +(P = 0.049, Independent “t”‑test) and SR (P = 0.019, +Independent “t”‑test). +DISCUSSION +The present study showed a significant reduction in State +Anxiety Scores following CM session in the whole group +by 4.27% alone. Previous study in adult group with similar +design showed higher magnitude of changes. This may be +due to participants in the previous study who were highly +experienced and well‑trained in meditation, relaxation and +different yoga techniques. They were residential students +doing undergraduate and postgraduate yoga courses.[23] The +gender subgroup analysis found a significant reduction +in (CM = 7.85% and SR = 7.54%) compared with their +respective prescores. +The meta‑analysis of efficacy of relaxation training +(Jacobson’s progressive relaxation, autogenic training, +applied relaxation, and meditation) for anxiety showed +medium effect size (Cohen’s d  =  0.57).[20] In another +study on natural stress relief, meditation reduced trait +anxiety after 1 and 2 weeks of practice (Cohen’s d = 0.46; +d = 0.67) respectively.[24] Whereas in the present study +found (Cohen’s d = 0.32 for the whole group and d = 0.5 +for female group) immediately after CM, which showed +consistent findings with earlier studies. Hence, this +indicates that different relaxation strategies had a different +effect on anxiety levels. +The key components of CM are slow, smooth, effortless +body movement with awareness and relaxation. The +relaxation component of CM occurs at the end of last +7 min, which may lead to lowering the sympathetic arousal +and anxiety scores. These characteristics of CM may be +contributing toward reducing the state of anxiety. +Identical study on CM had shown an increase in +parasympathetic activity,[25] reduction in oxygen +consumption,[3] inhibit the cortical arousal.[5] These are the +physiological indicators of reduction of stress and anxiety. +This is the first comparative study between genders on +CM. Until now all the CM study had been evaluated in +the adult well experienced male participants except one +study that included female subjects alone.[25] Apart from +this there were two studies on teenagers that included +both genders, but they were not mentioned about gender +comparison of their outcome measures.[6,7] +The study had few limitations; participants were recruited +from yoga camp, which could be a confounding variable, +as the outcome variable might be influenced because +of the adherence toward yoga practices. It was a self as +control study design with convenient sampling, low +sample size, and short duration of training program +7 days. Hence, the result cannot be generalized. CM can +be used in educational programs for the school children’s +to reduce their anxiety level. Further, studies using CM as +an intervention could also be investigated on physiological +variable viz., EEG, EMG activity, and cortisol level and +hormonal activity. +ACKNOWLEDGMENT +Authors acknowledge the support of S‑VYASA Yoga University, +Bengaluru in carrying out this study. +REFERENCES +1. +Chinmayananda S. Mandukya Upanishad. Bombay, India: Sachin Publishers; +1984. +Table  2: State anxiety inventory of CM and SR +(values  are group mean±SD) +Gender n +CM +SR +Pre +Post +Pre +Post +Total +60 38.9±8.84 37.24±9.76*** 38.88±9.49 +37.62±10.02 +Male +30 40.09±9.59 +39.73±9.6 +39.81±9.38 +40.15±9.36 +Female +30 37.71±8.01 34.75±9.42**† 37.94±9.66 35.08±10.16*** +***P<0.05; **P<0.01 Student’s paired t‑test; postscores compared with +respective prescores, †P<0.05; Independent t‑test; postscore compared +with postscore between gender (male vs. female). SD=Standard deviation, +CM=Cyclic meditation, SR=Supine rest +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +2. +Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. New Perspectives in Stress Management. +Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashan; 1997. +3. +Sarang PS, Telles S. Oxygen consumption and respiration during and +after two yoga relaxation techniques. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback +2006;31:143‑53. +4. +Subramanya P, Telles S. Performance on psychomotor tasks following two +yoga‑based relaxation techniques. Percept Mot Skills 2009;109:563‑76. +5. +Subramanya P, Telles S. Changes in midlatency auditory evoked potentials +following two yoga‑based relaxation techniques. Clin EEG Neurosci +2009;40:190‑5. +6. +Pradhan B, Nagendra H. Immediate effect of two yoga‑based relaxation +techniques on attention in children. Int J Yoga 2010;3:67‑9. +7. +Pradhan B, Nagendra HR. Effect of yoga relaxation techniques on performance +of digit‑letter substitution task by teenagers. Int J Yoga 2009;2:30‑4. +8. +Gopal A, Mondal S, Gandhi A, Arora S, Bhattacharjee J. Effect of integrated +yoga practices on immune responses in examination stress‑A preliminary +study. Int J Yoga 2011;4:26‑32. +9. +Mendelson T, Greenberg MT, Dariotis JK, Gould LF, Rhoades BL, Leaf PJ. +Feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a school‑based mindfulness +intervention for urban youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2010;38:985‑94. +10. Shirey  MR, McDaniel AM, Ebright  PR, Fisher  ML, Doebbeling  BN. +Understanding nurse manager stress and work complexity: Factors that make +a difference. J Nurs Adm 2010;40:82‑91. +11. +Warnecke E, Quinn S, Ogden K, Towle N, Nelson MR. A randomised +controlled trial of the effects of mindfulness practice on medical student +stress levels. Med Educ 2011;45:381‑8. +12. Malathi A, Damodaran A, Shah N, Krishnamurthy G, Namjoshi P, Ghodke S. +Psychophysiological changes at the time of examination in medical students +before and after the practice of yoga and relaxation. Indian J Psychiatry +1998;40:35‑40. +13. Malathi A, Damodaran A. Stress due to exams in medical students – role of +yoga. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1999;43:218‑24. +14. Simard AA, Henry M. Impact of a short yoga intervention on medical students’ +health: A pilot study. Med Teach 2009;31:950‑2. +15. Shankarapillai R, Nair MA, George R. The effect of yoga in stress reduction +for dental students performing their first periodontal surgery: A randomized +controlled study. Int J Yoga 2012;5:48‑51. +16. Malinski VM, Todaro‑Franceschi V. Exploring co‑meditation as a means +of reducing anxiety and facilitating relaxation in a nursing school setting. +J Holist Nurs 2011;29:242‑8. +17. Subramanian S, Elango T, Malligarjunan H, Kochupillai V, Dayalan H. +Role of sudarshan kriya and pranayam on lipid profile and blood cell +parameters during exam stress: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Yoga +2012;5:21‑7. +18. Smith JA, Greer T, Sheets T, Watson S. Is there more to yoga than exercise? +Altern Ther Health Med 2011;17:22‑9. +19. Kauts A, Sharma N. Effect of yoga on academic performance in relation to +stress. Int J Yoga 2009;2:39‑43. +20. Manzoni GM, Pagnini F, Castelnuovo G, Molinari E. Relaxation training for +anxiety: A ten‑years systematic review with meta‑analysis. BMC Psychiatry +2008;8:41. +21. Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical +power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. +Behav Res Methods 2007;39:175‑91. +22. Spielberger C, Gorsuch R, Lushene R. Manual for the State‑Trait Anxiety +Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1970. +23. Subramanya P, Telles S. Effect of two yoga‑based relaxation techniques on +memory scores and state anxiety. Biopsychosoc Med 2009;3:8. +24. Coppola F. Effects of natural stress relief meditation on trait anxiety: A pilot +study. Psychol Rep 2007;101:130‑4. +25. An H, Kulkarni R, Nagarathna R, Nagendra H. Measures of heart rate +variability in women following a meditation technique. Int J Yoga +2010;3:6‑9. +How to cite this article: Babu N, Pradhana B, Nagendra HR. A +comparative study on two yogic relaxation techniques on anxiety in +school children. Int J Yoga - Philosop Psychol Parapsychol 2013;1:65-8. +Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared +Babu, et al.: Relaxation technique on anxiety in children +68 +International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 1  Jul-Dec-2013 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] diff --git a/subfolder_0/A Study on effect of Yoga based practices on Job anxiety in Information technology professionals conv.txt b/subfolder_0/A Study on effect of Yoga based practices on Job anxiety in Information technology professionals conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b9bf612a17030fbf6620cb29dee8eed1e6853a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/A Study on effect of Yoga based practices on Job anxiety in Information technology professionals conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,523 @@ + +Paper Received: 30th June, 2015 +Paper Accepted: 05th July, 2015 +Paper Published: 15th July, 2015 + +ạ +Human Resource Reflection + +A STUDY ON EFFECT OF YOGA BASED PRACTICES ON JOB ANXIETY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY +PROFESSIONALS + + +ISSN(ONLINE):2348-7518 + + +Human Resource Reflection 2(4) 01-09 +July 2015 Impact factor 0.641 +Avanseaza.in + + + +Pammi Sesha Srinivas SVYASA University, Bangalore + + +Sony Kumari +SVYASA University, Bangalore + + +Abstract +Information Technology sector is subjected to large number of job fluctuations as it needs to deal with global market trends and technology advancements. Due to increasingly adaptation of “short term contracting” by organisations, IT professionals are continuously subjected to regular displacements, layoffs and exceeding job demands. These uncertainties at workplace are introducing Job anxieties for the professionals. With prolonged periods of Job anxieties, IT professionals are becoming victims of work related stress and depression disorders. Yoga is the ancient Indian science, said to bring mind fluctuations under control. There is a need to study whether Yoga based practices can help IT professionals on reducing Job anxiety. Here a quantitative study is done on IT professionals from one of Multi National company office situated in Bangalore, India to check the impact of Yoga based cyclic meditation practice on Job anxiety levels. It was found in this empirical study that yoga based practices can help to bring down the Job Anxiety levels of IT Professionals. Though findings are done for Indian context, authors strongly feel that, these results may also be applicable to international IT professionals equally. Authors suggest IT professionals and IT organisations to make Cyclic Meditation as part of health routines which can potentially help reduce job anxiety levels and help increase on-job productivity. + +Keywords +Job Anxiety, Yoga, stress, IT professionals, India. + + + + + +Corresponding author +Pammi Sesha Srinivas, Research Scholar, SVYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka Email: srinu_ibm@yahoo.com +1 + + +Background +In the present ―age of anxiety‖ one‘s path to success has been rendered extremely difficult owing to both environmental variables and psychological characteristics of the individual ( AK Srivatsava, 1977). Researchers working in the field are in agreement that anxiety is a mental state primarily driven by apprehensions and vague fear. Anxiety can either be stimulus related, referred as state anxiety or general in nature referred as trait anxiety (B. Muschalla. et al, 2013). Grinker(1966) also pointed out that methods of producing anxiety also depends on the personality traits of the individual. For the woman/man of modern age, being in paid working positions is becoming increasingly important. People prefer to engage in some job where they generally end up spending more number hours in day. Anxiety which pertains to job life of an employee who gets unnecessarily fearful, apprehensive, pessimistic and emotional regarding components of his/her own work may be referred to as ‗job anxiety‘(H.N.Prasad,1994). Job anxiety could also be understood as general feeling of vague fear and apprehensive mind set of the employee regarding various job-components in relation to his /her frame of reference or his/her psychological make-up (AK Srivastava, 1977). Job anxiety is also a form of state anxiety, driven by job related stimulus. The relationship between characteristics of the workplace and health has been primary subject of research interest, and it is also observed that both work related stressors and non-work related stressors effect mental health of the individual independently (Clark C et al, 2102). Workplace effect on the individual can either be positive by helping to provide necessary social support, confidence and self-esteem, or be negative with its excessive demands which in turn can induce anxiety. Job anxiety of employees is influenced by the market trends, fit to organisation culture, supervisor management/leadership style, self-expectations from job and social support available at work/out-side work place. Job Anxiety may effect the individual work relations with supervisor and peers. In turn, job anxiety for employees may result in reduced productivity for organisations. Realizing this fact, Organizations with long + +term vision plan their management and leadership hierarchy in such a way that employees do get time of their managers/leaders at regular intervals, to know about company current status and future prospects. This helps employees to be aware of their company future plans. +Review of Literature +It is observed that job anxiety may influence perceived stress at workplace. There are few studies done about association of job anxiety with depression, perceived stress, work phobia and job satisfaction. It was also observed that personality characteristics of individuals influence anxiety traits in the individuals. Below is the literature survey done to understand existing studies performed related to Job Anxiety. + AK Srivastava (1977) did a detailed study on components influencing ‗Job-Anxiety‘ and came to an understanding that Job-Anxiety is influenced by both work life and personal life. He concluded that components like Security, Recognition, Human relations at work, Reward and Punishment, Self-Esteem, Future Prospects and capacity to work are essential ones to assess ‗Job-Anxiety‘. + During a study performed on pre-registration house officers, it was observed that stress, anxiety and depression scores were significantly correlated with neuroticism score in both men and women. It was also observed that personality characteristics of neuroticism were a predisposing factor for stress and anxiety in junior doctors (D Newbury-Birch et al., 2015). + A study performed on Library employees, revealed that degrees of job anxiety are related to job satisfaction in different ways. This study also further confirms the theory that interpersonal relations are major determinants of job anxiety ( H N Prasad, 1994). + A study done on self- perceived Job insecurity, based on representative data from 17 European countries, reveals that job insecurity is also driven by not only by social structural or institutional differences , but also by cultural characteristics (Marcel Erlinghagen, 2007). + It is also noticed that Job anxiety can also lead to work related phobia, which is +2 +a STUDY ON EFFECT OF YOGA BASED PRACTICES ON JOB ANXIETY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS + + + +panic when approaching or thinking about work. It was observed, from a study performed on primary care patients with chronic mental disorders, that work-related anxiety may play significant role on work related phobia (Beate Muschalla et al.,2014). + A study performed on Male Assembly Automotive workers in Malaysia revealed that depression, anxiety and stress are important mental outcomes in stressful working settings. It was further suggested that reduced psychological job-demand, Job – insecurity and hazards conditions factors may improve self-perceived depression, anxiety and stress (Bin Abdin EDIMANSYAH et al., 2007). + A study performed on employees from different professional settings of Germany, revealed that Job anxiety is different from trait anxiety and Job anxiety could lead to work avoidance and sickness absence (B. Muschalla, 2013). A quantitative study performed on automotive workers in Malaysia, revealed that depression, anxiety and stress due to work conditions has mediating role on perceived quality of life (Bin Nordin Rusli, 2008). + +Rational for this Study +Today‘s world economy fluctuations have caused a lot of disturbances to organisations offering both services and products , resulting in downsizing the staff, displacement of production units to cheaper geographical places, mergers and in some cases filing bankruptcies. This is particularly applicable to organisations pertaining to Information technology based services/products. IT organisations are increasingly adopting ―short-term contracting‖ polices to reduce impact of exceeding employees expenses on their financial figures. This means regular displacement, facing possible lay off, necessity to accept exceeding job demands, are to be named a few for IT professionals of today‘s world. This is not coming free for IT professionals in their both professional life and personal lives. Though study done by Otago University may not have been done on IT professionals in particular, the university study has shown that 45 per cent of newly diagnosed cases of depression or generalised + +anxiety disorder were directly related to workplace stress. (Kumar et al., 2009). +Job Anxiety of IT professionals is much required topic to be understood, where very little studies were performed. Sub components of Job anxiety described by A.K. Srivastava (1977) do help to understand current Job anxiety levels of IT professionals. As jobs for IT professionals, are bound to move around geographical locations, it would impact both personal and job security. Recognition at work is essential for these professionals as they deal with dynamic job and market conditions, failing which it would be difficult to be innovative in problem solving strategies. IT professionals on an average spend more numbers at work place/thinking of Job and hence human relations at work, play significant role for them. Any long term disturbances in human relations at work, may cause sleep disorders and may cause mental health illness. Rewards in terms of sizable monetary benefits are essential for IT professionals due to their uncertain job profiles. Any anxiety coming due to possible punishment by supervisor has far reaching consequences on mental health for the employees. Any delay in Future prospects at work in terms of promotion/ advancements also plays a role on Job anxiety of IT professionals. IT professionals as they put up more service need to continuously work for increasing their aptitude to solve bigger problems of organisations/market, failing which organisations do question the need to issue pay checks to these IT professionals. All in all, all the components of Job anxiety described A.K. Srivastava help to understand Job Anxiety of IT professionals. +As it is increasingly visible in today‘s social media, Yoga based practices are gaining popularity for improvement of self both in professional life and personal life. Job anxiety is an important symptom that needs to be understood in IT professionals as it may also possibly end up in aiding work related stress and depression. Any Impact of Yoga based practices on Job anxiety measured through scientific study would help IT professional community to increase its awareness about yoga based practices. This is a unique scientific study performed to date, on measuring impact of Yoga based practices on job anxiety modification. + + +3 +Pammi Sesha Srinivas & Sony kumari + + + +Details about Job Anxiety Scale (JAS) used:-Job Anxiety Scale (JAS) questionnaire developed by A.K.Srivatsava is used to measure the Job Anxiety in this study. It measures seven sub components of Job Anxiety as shown in Table1. It is an inventory of 80 items out of which 63 were True-keyed and the remaining 17 has been False-keyed with an a priori weight of one score each. The questionnaire items were designed in such a way that they could be used for measuring the extent of job anxiety of all the employees irrespective of the nature of their jobs, organizations, and machines or tools they used. The score on Sinha W-A Self Analysis Form (Anxiety Scale) was used as one of the validation criteria for the Job Anxiety Scale. The coefficient of correlation between the scores on the two tests was found to be 0.54 on a representative sample of 100 semi-skilled personnel. The obtained validity index indicates that the two tests measure the extent of anxiety, although the JAS basically measures the degree of anxiety manifested in + +a particular dimension of life of a specified social group. To ascertain the extent of consistency of the results obtained by the Job Anxiety Scale, the split-half reliability coefficient by odd-even methods, on a sample of 414 employees, and the test-retest reliability coefficient on the sample of 110 employees were computed. The obtained reliability coefficients indicate that the scale is free from internal defects and possesses a fair amount of accuracy in assessing the extent of Job Anxiety. All Validated and reliability tests were performed by AK Srivatsava before releasing to public for usage, and his works were published in Indian journal of Industrial Relations (IJIR). Based on validity and reliability of this scale, this scale was chosen as a measurement tool for measuring degrees of Job anxiety in IT professionals. Due permission was also obtained from editor of IJIR to use this scale for purpose of conducting this study. + +Table1 :- Components of Job Anxiety Scale + +S.No + +1 + + +2 + + + +3 + + +4 + + +5 + +Component + +Security concerns + + +Recognition concerns + + +Human relations at work concerns + +Reward and Punishment concerns + +Self-esteem concerns + +Component details + +Job security, personal security + + +Fair evaluation, participation, praise, approval, freedom to show proficiency + + +Interpersonal (intra-cadre and inter-cadre) relationship, cooperation, communication + +Financial gains, treatment of supervisors, unjust criticism, blame + +Self-image, self-respect, social status of the job + + + + + +6 + +Future concerns + +Prospects Opportunities of promotion and advancement, opportunity to learn and increase efficiency + + + + + +7 + +Capacity to concerns + +work Shoulder responsibilities, Self-confidence, aptitude and interest for the job-activities + + + + +Details about Cyclic Meditation +Cyclic meditation was developed by SVYASA (Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana + +Samstahana) University, Bangalore, India. Cyclic Meditation could be shortly referred as C.M here after. C.M is inspired by a verse +4 +a STUDY ON EFFECT OF YOGA BASED PRACTICES ON JOB ANXIETY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS + + + +from Mandukya Upanishad (Sanjib Patra, Shirley Tells.2009). C.M. is a set of stimulation and relaxation combine involving cycles of body postures followed by supine rest relax poses. Body postures are yoga based body postures like ardha kati chakrasana, Taadasana , Vajrasana and Ardha vustrasana. Supine rest relax posture followed is shavasana i.e dead corpse pose. Participants going through this intervention need to make their body movements very slow and continuous. Idea here is by controlling the speed of the body movements, participants can feel the energy impulses flowing throughout the body. While in supine rest position, participants are made aware of their body parts and asked to relax the tension if any. There is a conscious attempt about breath awareness and slowing down of the thought process in this practice. This is over all 35 minute practice. +Details of Empirical study performed Sample chosen consists of ―96‖ IT professionals. All the IT professionals were selected from Bangalore office of a Multi-National Information Technology company named Infineon technology Pvt Ltd which has presence in India, Germany, Singapore, Austria, UK and U.S.A. Employees‘ position within organisation ranged from junior + +engineers, senior technical leads to people managers. All participants came voluntarily to participate in the study. Study was performed from 15th September 2014 to 28th November 2014. Total sample size was divided into two groups namely Yoga group and Control group. Yoga group has both men and women employees with an average age of 31.04 years and with standard deviation of 4.57 years. Control group has both men and women employees with an average age of 32.02 years with a standard deviation of 4.582 years. A, 35 minute ―Cyclic meditation‖ was administered as an intervention for Yoga group. Control group was administered with walking or equivalent physical exercise for 35 minute duration daily and maintaining dairy as intervention. The intervention was administered for 2 months for both the groups. Job Anxiety scale was administered before the intervention period and after the intervention period. +Inclusion and Exclusion criteria: - Both Men and women employees, with normal health as declared by subjects were included in the study. Subjects volunteered for the study do not have any previous experience of any Yoga program as declared by subjects. + + +Table 2 :- Age and Job Experience of Subjects + +Control Group Yoga Group + + + + +Age + +I.T. Industry Experience + + +Age I.T. Industry Experience + + + + +Mean 32.021 8.208 +S.D 4.307 4.307 + +31.041 7.395 +4.547 4.281 + + + + +Procedure +JAS questionnaire were administered to all members participating in the study from both control and yoga groups. The intervention given to Yoga group is a 35 minute, cyclic meditation practice, whose details are mentioned earlier. Control group was administered with walking or equivalent exercise for 35 minutes and was told to write + +a dairy to observe changes taking place. This is a pre-post study. Participants from both groups filled up the questionnaires voluntarily before the beginning of the study period and at the end of study period. + +Results and Discussion +Table3 shows Mean and S.D values of various components of Job anxiety scale in Yoga group + + + + +5 + + + +Table3 :- Yoga Group + + +Pre + + + +JAS Component Mean S.D Job Security concerns 7.71 1.27 Self-Esteem concerns 7.52 1.32 +Recognition concerns 7.73 1.26 Human Relations at work +concerns 10.27 1.56 Rewards & Punishments +concerns 10.58 1.44 +Future Prospects concerns 7.56 1.21 +Capacity to work concerns 7.46 1.25 Job Anxiety (overall) 58.85 3.798 + + + + + +Mean S.D 6.04 1.129 5.70 1.57 6.21 1.15 + +7.77 1.52 + +8.87 1.52 6.35 1.02 +6.42 1.48 47.37 2.77 + +Post + + +% change in Mean +21.61 24.11 19.68 + +24.34 + +16.13 15.98 +13.96 19.51 + + +p value (Wilcoxon signed rank test) +.000 .000 .000 + +.000 + +.000 .000 +.000 .000 + + + +As shown in Table3, mean value of Job security concerns component decreased from 7.71 to 6.04 (21.61% decrease) between pre and post. Similarly, self-esteem concerns component mean value decreased from 7.52 to 132.4 (24.11% decrease), Human Relations at work concerns mean value decreased from 10.27 to 7.77 (24.34 % decrease). Overall job + +anxiety mean value decreased from 58.85 to 47.37 (19.51%) decrease. To see the significance of change, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used. It was observed that change is very significant in all components of Job Anxiety Scale (p < .001). +Table4 shows Mean and S.D values of various components of Job anxiety scale in Control group. + + +Table4 :- Control Group + + +Pre + + +JAS Component Mean + +Job Security concerns 7.79 + +Self – esteem concerns 7.39 +Recognition concerns 7.81 Human Relations at work concerns 10.81 Rewards & Punishments concerns 10.79 Future Prospects concerns 7.47 +Capacity to work concerns 7.85 + + + + +S.D Mean + +1.23 7.31 + +1.25 7.10 1.12 7.27 + +1.46 10.08 + +1.67 10.27 1.32 7.17 +1.28 7.46 + +Post + +% change S.D in Mean + +1.13 6.18 + +1.17 4 1.14 6.95 + +1.38 6.78 + +1.66 4.84 1.09 4.13 +1.22 5.02 + + +p value (Wilcoxon signed rank test) + +.001 + +.002 .000 + +.000 + +.000 .004 +.000 + + + +Job Anxiety (overall) 59.94 3.41 + +As shown in Table4, mean value of Job security concerns component decreased from 7.79 to 7.31% (6.18% decrease) between + +56.67 3.35 5.45 .000 +pre and post. Similarly, self-esteem concerns component mean value decreased from 7.39 to 7.10 (4% decrease), Human Relations at work concerns mean value decreased from +6 +a STUDY ON EFFECT OF YOGA BASED PRACTICES ON JOB ANXIETY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS + + + +10.81 to 10.08 (6.78 % decrease). Overall job anxiety mean value decreased from 59.94 to 56.67 (5.45%) decrease. To see the + +significance of change, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used. It was observed that change is very significant in all components of Job Anxiety Scale (p < .001). + +Between groups, to observe the difference between pre post changes, Mann Whitney test was used (Table 5). There is a significant change in all components of Job Anxiety ( p< .01). + + +Table5 :- Between the Groups (Mann Whitney test) + + +Job Security Recognition +Human Relations at work Rewards and Punishment Self Esteem +Future Prospects Capacity to work +Job Anxiety + +Pre Post .749 .000 .912 .000 .076 .000 .418 .000 .546 .000 .847 .000 0.062 .000 +0.184 .000 + + + + +Conclusion +Based on the empirical study performed, it could be observed that Yoga group has performed well in decreasing Job Anxiety compared to control group. With the study performed, authors came to conclusion that Yoga based practices can potentially modify/decrease degrees of Job Anxiety for I.T professionals. This would be interesting observation for both IT professionals and IT organisations as reduction in Job anxiety would directly help to increase productivity and innovation at work. I.T organisations can consider employing yoga based cyclic meditation as part of health programmes for the employees which may aid in reducing Job Anxiety levels. + +Limitations of the current study +This study is done specific to one I.T organisation, but however extending this study to multiple organisations and to more number of participants would give more generalised results. It also needs to be observed that Job Anxiety for IT Professionals also depends on project schedule peak periods and performance review periods during the year. So authors feel that to generalize the results observed more number of studies have to be performed on the same number of participants during different time + +periods of a year. Indian I.T sector is witnessing more and more female professionals year on year, which is healthy for organisations as it brings diversity in organisations thinking. In the current study, not much specific study concerning female and male professionals could be done. A more specific study concerning Female professionals as well as Male professionals could also be carried out in future research studies. + +References + +A. K. Srivastava(1977). Construction and Standardization of a Job Anxiety scale. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations.Vol. 13, No. 1 (Jul., 1977), pp. 73-84 + +Beate Muschalla, DPhil, and Michael Linden, MD (2014). Workplace Phobia, Workplace Problems, and Work Ability among Primary Care Patients with Chronic Mental Disorders. J Am Board Fam Med 2014;27: 486–494.) + +B. Muschalla, M. Heldmann and D. Fay(2013). The significance of job-anxiety in a working population. Occupational Medicine ;63:415–421 + +Bin Abdin EDIMANSYAH, Bin Nordin RUSLI1, Lin NAING, Bin Abdullah MOHAMED RUSLI, Than WINN and Bin Raja Hussin TENGKU MOHAMED ARIFF (2007). + + +7 +Pammi Sesha Srinivas & Sony kumari + + + +Self-perceived Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Their Relationships with Psychosocial Job Factors in Male Automotive Assembly Workers. Industrial Health 2008, 46, 90–100 + +Bin Nordin Rusli, Bin Abdin Edimansyah and Lin Naing (2008). Working conditions, self-perceived stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life: A structural equation modelling approach. BMC Public Health 2008, 8:48 + +Clark C, Pike C, McManus S et al (2102). The contribution of work and non-work stressors to common mental disorders in the 2007 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Psychol Med 2012;42:829–842. + +D Newbury-Birch, F Kamali (2001) Psychological stress, anxiety, depression, job satisfaction, and personality characteristics in preregistration house officers ; published in Postgrad Med J. 2001 Feb; 77(904): 109–111 + +Erlinghagen, Marcel (2007) : Self-Perceived Job Insecurity and Social Context: Are there Different European Cultures of Anxiety?, DIW-Diskussionspapiere, No. 688 + +Muschalla B, Linden M, Olbrich D(2010). The relationship between job-anxiety and trait-anxiety—a differentialdiagnostic investigation with the Job-Anxiety-Scale and the State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory. J Anxiety Disord 2010;24:366–371. + +Grinker, R.R. (1966). The psychosomatic asects of anxiety, in C.D. Spielberger(ed.), anxiety and Behavior, Academic Press, 129-142. H.N.PRASAD (1994). JOB ANXIETY AND JOB SATISFACTION AMONG PROFESSIONAL LIBRARY EMPLOYEES : A STUDY. Annals of Library Science and Documentation 41,2;1994;41-54. + +Kumar Sunil, Rooprai K. Y. (2009). Role of Emotional Intelligence in Managing Stress and Anxiety at workplace. ASBBS Annual Conference: Las Vegas + +Sanjib Patra., Shirley Telles(2009). ` Positive impact of Cyclic Meditation on subsequent sleep‘. Med Sci Monit; 15(7) :CR375-381 + +Anthony D LaMontagne, Tessa Keegel, Amber M Louie & Aleck Ostry (2010). ` Job stress as a preventable upstream determinant of common mental disorders: A review for practitioners and policy-makers.‘ Advances in Mental Health: Promotion, Prevention and Early Intervention Volume9, issue1, 2010. + +Anthony D LaMontagne., Tessa Keegel., Amber M Louie., Aleck Ostry& Paul A.LandSBergis. (2007). ` A Systematic Review of Job-stress Intervention Evaluation Literature, 1990-2005`. INT J OCCUP ENVIRON HELATH 2007: 13:268-280 + +BarOn, R. (2000) Emotional and social Intelligence: Insights from the emotional quotient inventory, in R. Bar-On & J. D. A. Parker (Eds.) (2000) The Handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace, (pp. 363-388). San Francisco,CA: Jossey- Bass. + +Cary L. cooper (2010)― Mental Capital and Well-Being‖, stress and health; 2010. + +Ciarrochi, J., Deane, F. P., & Anderson, S. (2002). Emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 197-209. + +Gohm, C. L., Corser, G. C., & Dalsky, D. J. (2005). Emotional intelligence under stress: Useful, unnecessary, or irrelevant? Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1017-1028. + +Goleman, Daniel (1996). Emotional intelligence: Why it can more matter than I.Q., New York: Bantam Books. + +Jorfi, H., Jorfi, S., Moghadam, K., (2010) Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Performance of Employees in Postmodern Openings, Year 1, No.4, Vol 4, December, 2010 + +Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P. (1993) The intelligence of emotional intelligence. Intelligence, 17, +433–442.(chapter2) + +Nagendra.H.R, & Nagarathn.R (1986). New Prospective in Stress Management, SVYASA +8 +a STUDY ON EFFECT OF YOGA BASED PRACTICES ON JOB ANXIETY IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS + + + +(Swami Vivekananda yoga Anusandhana Samsthana) Publication. + +Nasrin Zamani Forushani., Mohammad Ali Besharat., (21011) Relation between emotional intelligence and perceived stress among female students, Sciverse scienceDirect, Procedia-social and Behavioral sciences 30(2011)1109-1112. + +Sheldon Cohen, Tom Kamarck and Robin Mermelstein (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 385-396 + +Sibia,G.Misra,G. & Srivastava,K.A.(2004) Towards Understanding Emotional Intelliegnce in Indian context (perspectives of parents, teachers and childrens ) journal of National academy of Psychology,vol-49,114-123 + +Singh, Dalip. (2001) Emotional Intelligence at work (1st ed.). New Delhi: Response Books. + +Singh, S. (2004) Development of a Measure of Emotional intelligence, Journal of National Academy of Psychology, vol-49,136-141 + + +Sony Kumari, Alex Hanky, H.R. Nagendra (2013) Effect of SMET on Emotional dynamics of Managers , voice of research, Vol2, issue 1, June 2013 + +Tiwari.,P.S.N.&Srivastava,.N.(2004) Schooling and Development of Emotional Intelligence , Journal of National Academy of psychology,vol-49,151-154 + +Vempati R.P. & Telles, Shirley (2000). Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program. Journal of Indian Psychology, 18, no 1& 2. + +Wall, B. (2008) Working Relationships Using Emotional Intelligence to Enhance your Effectiveness with ther (1st Ed.) USA: Davies Black Publishing. + +Yvonne Birks, Jean McKendree and Ian Watt (2009) Emotional intelligence and perceived stress in healthcare students : a multi-institutional, multi- professional survey. BMC medical Education. + + +Srivastava,K.B.L.& Bharamamaikar,S.R.,(2004) Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Behavior , Journal of National Academy of Psychology,vol- 49,107-113 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +9 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +10 diff --git a/subfolder_0/A comparative study of minimum muscular fitness in students with visual impairment and normal vision..txt b/subfolder_0/A comparative study of minimum muscular fitness in students with visual impairment and normal vision..txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6cf6308925e2e160cfdb1a70fbcae41b2b6c88cf --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/A comparative study of minimum muscular fitness in students with visual impairment and normal vision..txt @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +3/3/2017 +A Comparative Study of Minimum Muscular Fitness in Students with Visual Impairment and Normal Vision | Mohanty | Indian Journal of Health and W… +http://www.i­scholar.in/index.php/ijhw/article/view/122507 +1/1 +All +Search +Home +Current +Archives +Authors +Institutions +Vol 7, No 1 (2016) +Pages: 97­100 +Published: 2016­01­01 +   Subscribe/Renew Journal +The protective effects of fitness on several health related outcomes have clearly been shown among normal +sighted  students.  However,  currently  there  is  a  dearth  of  data  pertaining  to  children  with  visual  impairment +regarding their fitness. The purpose of the study was to examine differences in minimum muscular fitness among +students with visual impairment and normal vision. Two hundred thirty six students; visually impaired (n=125) +and  sighted  (n  =111);  of  South  India  matched  on  age,  height,  weight,  and  gender  participated  in  this  study. +Participants were evaluated for minimum muscular fitness through Kraus­Weber test. Chi ­ square test was used +to calculate the frequency and percentage of failure and success in both the groups. The results demonstrated +that sighted students had significantly greater levels of muscle fitness than students with visual impairment. It +appears that students with visual impairment are deficient in muscle strength as compared to sighted students. +Inclusion  of  physical  activities  such  as  yoga  in  the  regular  curriculum  of  the  school  is  suggested  for  the +improvement of the failures status.  +Keywords +Visual Impairment, Minimum Muscles Fitness, Kraus­Weber Test. +  +A Comparative Study of Minimum Muscular Fitness in Students with Visual +Impairment and Normal Vision +Soubhagyalaxmi Mohanty  , Satyaprakash Purohit  , Rima Mayanglanbam  , Rajashree Ranjita  , Balaram Pradhan  , +Alex Hankey  +  +Affiliations +1 Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA Yoga University, Bangalore, India +2 Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA Yoga University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India +  +        +Buy this Article +  +  +  +  +Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing +Copyright © Informatics Publishing Limited.      Terms & Conditions | Privacy Policy | Enquiry +1 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +ABSTRACT +REFERENCES +ARTICLE METRICS +  Login +  Register +  Cart (0) +Generate Invoice +Check Out +  Enquiry +MENU +Twitter  +acebook  +Linkedin  +Youtube  + + + + diff --git a/subfolder_0/A quantitative study on Indian IT professionals to validate the integrated model of Job stress conv.txt b/subfolder_0/A quantitative study on Indian IT professionals to validate the integrated model of Job stress conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5150cdec2e5c8f94ff95309b21fd682e6edfacfb --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/A quantitative study on Indian IT professionals to validate the integrated model of Job stress conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,197 @@ +International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR) Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2015 + +AQuantitative Study on Indian IT Professionals to Validate the Integrated Model on Job Stress + + +Pammi Shesha Srinivas[1] Sony Kumari[2] +Katte Bharathiramanachar Akhilesh[3] Hongsandra Ramarao Nagendra[4] + + +Abstract: +Impact of mental strain caused by Job stress in workforce, is much researched topic in this digital age. It is generally accepted that mental strain caused by excessive stress (distress), is one of the main reasons for today’s wide spread nature of non-communicable diseases like hypertension, depression etc., in the knowledge based workforce. Eustress (positive state of stress) brings high alertness and helps to perform beyond the perceived capability of any worker. Most of the western popular models on job stress, considered only distress component while understanding mental state due to job stress leaving behind the Eustress component. In this integrated model on job stress, both Eustress and distress states were duly considered, by making it the unique comprehensive model on defining impact due to Job stress. This model also brings about the significance of psyche nurturing practices which play key role in modifying the impact of job stress. To validate this integrated model on Job stress, a quantitative study was performed on assessing “perceived stress levels” of Indian IT professionals by choosing Yoga based Cyclic Meditation practice as psyche nurturing practice. It was observed that “perceived stress levels” were reduced significantly in Indian IT professionals with regular practice of cyclic meditation. This quantitative study supports claims of Integrated Job stress model that psyche nurturing practices have modifying effect on impact due to job stress in knowledge based workforce. Stress researchers across the globe, are encouraged to use this unique integrated model under multiple industry/professional setups and come up with valuable suggestions for mental well –beings of the workforce. +Key words: Job stress, mental strain, integrated model, Yoga, ITprofessionals + + +I. BACKGROUND +As per US National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (1998) , [1]Job stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional response that occurs when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the worker. Job stress can cause poor mental health and can increase rates of work-related injuries and accidents. Stress and lack of well-being in the workplace cost more than $25.9 billion per annum in terms of sickness absence, presents and labour turn over in UK and Europe.[2] Given the impact and importance of stress at work place, popular western models on mental strain due to job stress were studied with a view of coming up with suggestions to increase ‘stress tolerance levels’ of knowledge based workforce. +1.1 western popular models related to job stress: +Demand-Control Model (DCM): As per DCM model, if a worker has less control/discretion power at work, while meeting job demands, then the worker would go through mental strain caused by Job stress. [3]Based on job control and Job demand, jobs are classified as Passive jobs, active jobs, low strain jobs and high strain jobs. + + +[1]Svyasa University, India [2]Svyasa University, India [3]Svyasa University, India [4]Svyasa University, India + +26 +International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR) Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2015 + + + +Person –Environment Fit Model (P-E model): The P-E fit model characterizes stress as misfit between person characteristics (e.gabilities, values) and Environment ( E.g Supplies, Demands). This misfit causes negative psychological, physiological and behavioural patterns which could be collectively labelled as mental strain.[4] +High Effort – Low Reward imbalance model:- High effort and low reward model is derived after reviewing many studies related to mental strain due to job stress, including Demand Control Model and Person Environment model . It came to conclusion that reciprocity is the crucial element, which was not considered well in earlier related studies. The model is of the view that the work role in adult life defines a crucial link between self- regulatory functions such as self-esteem, self- efficacy and social opportunity structure. This causes individuals to invest high effort on job to be in a position to expect high rewards, which in turn increases their reciprocity capability. This model argues that any imbalance between efforts spent and rewards gained would cause a state of emotional distress.[5] + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1.2 Quick Analysis of popular models and need for integrated model: +All these popular models helped to understand distress causing situations for work force and are outward in nature by looking at environment/ control at work place. These models do not consider ‘Eustress’component at all. It was called up on stress researchers to include ‘eustress’ along with ‘distress’ in the upcoming models on job stress. [6]So any forward looking integrated model on Job stress needs to consider both positive and negative states of work related stress and its impact on worker. Everybody is uniquely different in coping up with stressful scenarios faced. Some people may turn these situations into opportunities while others may lose existing opportunities. So any mental strain faced by the individual due to stress related scenario is also conditioned by the psyche-orientation of the individual. As + +these popular models, do not consider psyche- orientation/ self-condition of the individuals, they are not complete in understanding the effects of Job stress on Individuals. Current Integrated Model looks at the ancient Indian view on stress as well as at principles from western models, in coming up with unique model on defining impact due to job stress. +The ancient Indian View:There is lot of literature available on human body-mind complex characteristics in ancient Indian scriptures .It is maintained in the ancient Indian scriptures that, continued imbalance at mind level could be termed as stress and would manifest as disease at the physical level .It was also discussed on how to train the psyche to overcome the state of imbalance. Text below from MandukyaUpanishad help son understanding, techniques on achieving mental state of equilibrium.[7] + +?????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? +Layesambodhayetcittaàvikñiptaàçamayetpunaù, Sakañäyaàvijïänéyätsamapräptaànacälayet. +‘In a state of mental inactivity awaken the mind; when agitated, calm it; between these +two states realize the possible abilities of the mind. If the mind has reached the state of +perfect equilibrium then do not disturb it again’(Mandukya Upanishad Karika: 3.44) + +II. INTEGRATED MODEL ON JOB STRESS +In today’s modern medicalworld, it is well accepted that mental well-being is a major vector in drivingphysical health.[8,9] This is in accordance with literature from ancient Indian view. So, by being able to condition the psyche, the response to stressful situation could also be modified, which could potentially alter impact of mental strain due to job stress on the individual. This principle is grossly missed in the existing models while describing impact of mental strain due to Job stress. Any stimulus external or internal, which can cause ‘stress’is called ‘stressor’in stress research. So in this integrated model, along with work related stressors and Person related stressors, due consideration was also given to the effect of psyche nurturing practices.Existing psyche deposits due to impact of previous stressful situations faced, also plays a significant role in responding to current and future stress stimulus situations. +Work related stressors: Work related stressors could be further categorized as environment stressor and organisation stressors. Work related stress variables which are governed by changing customer needs, government policies, market fluctuations, vendor costs, competitive pricing demands, back to school schedules etc., come under environment stressors. There is a little control for employers as well as employees of a business enterprise on the environment stressors. Stressors controlled by inter department and/or intra department practices followed with in the organisation come under organisation stressors. Organisation culture in terms of setting ambitious targets, openness to employee + + +27 +International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR) Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2015 + + + +concerns, cross cultural sensitivity, organised project management, Risk management etc., also contribute to modify organisation stress variables. +Person related stressors: These are the stressors which arise from home as well as from work settings. Stressors like ill-health of family members/friends, financial loss of self/family members/friends,growing needs of family, necessity of support to family member education/health etc. come under personal related stressors arising from home. Stressors like lack of skills for current job, lack of decision making authority at work by virtue of position, over work demanded by the organisation, demanding schedules etc. come under person related stressors arising from work settings. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Theory of operation explaining flow ofJob stress stimulus and its impact: Job stress stimulus for any worker is generated by work related stressors. This stimulus is influenced by both person related stressors as well as psyche history variable. This Job stress stimulus traverses through virtual stress perception channel in the psyche. Psyche nurturing practices followed by the worker would have modifying effect on the perception of job stress stimulus. Healthy psyche nurturing practices like regular practice of Yoga etc. may reduce the agitation of the mind while perceiving the stress situations faced.[10]Un-healthy psyche nurturing practices like taking drugs/excessive alcohol etc., may increase the agitation of the mind while perceiving the stress situations faced. Every individual has stress tolerance capacity (TC)i.e. he /she can with stand the impact of stress situations faced by being able to return to homeostasis condition soon. If the actual perceived Job stress (JS) is less than the Tolerance capacity (TC) , then one would end up in positive stress sphere else in negative stress sphere. In the positive stress (Eustress) sphere, one would adopt positive coping skills like listening, focusing on solution based approaches etc. Positive stress sphere would help to find new opportunities which in turn increases the self-esteem of the + +worker resulting in positive health. In the Negative stress (Distress) sphere, one would use negative coping techniques like running away from problem, unable to listen to others etc., which would result in uncertainty to solve problem at hand. One under the negative stress sphere may lose existing opportunities causing ill health effects like depression. The net impact of previous Eustress /distress experiences would be stored as deposited psyche variable in the person. This psyche variable plays a role in influencing the next stress stimulus faced as well as stress tolerance capacity. A well nurtured psyche would be able to expand its ‘stress tolerance limits’. .By increasing the positive effects of psyche nurturing practices, one can land up in eustress sphere, even if challenging situationswere created due towork related stressors. + +III. VALIDATION OFTHE INTEGRATED MODEL +IT professionals in India represent knowledge based work force as they mainly work with their mental capital. Indian IT professionals are always under constant pressure to deliver services efficiently along with being cost efficient. This requires to plan for ever changing customer requirements and forecast market demands in advance , so as to deliver services/products in “first time right” approach. In this web-connected world, time is the most precious thing for all the customers round the globe for IT professionals. All these factors cause Job stress for IT professionals. In a studyperformed on professional stress, depression and alcohol use among Indian software professionalswith support of a sample size of 1071 subjects working in Bengaluru, it was observed that the software employees are professionally stressed due to job conditions and are at ten times higher risk for developing depression and also there is a significant increase in the incidence of psychiatric disorders.[11]Asurvey performed on call centre workers from IT based BPO industry based in Pune &Mumbai indicates that,a high proportion of workers faced sleep disturbances and associated mental stress and anxiety as a result of work related stressors.[12] In a study performed on 200 IT professionals based out of Delhi, common problems seen among the study subjects were musculoskeletal (77.5%) and visual (76%) followed by stress (35%).[13]For these reasons, IT professionals working in Bengaluruwere selected for validating this integrated model using quantitative methods. +Cyclic Meditation: Cyclic Meditation(C.M) practice was chosen as psyche nurturing practice. C.M is inspired by a verse from Mandukya Upanishad .Cyclic meditation was developed by Swami Yoga Anusansandhana Samstahana, a world class Yoga university based in Bangalore, India. In a day to day life we relax, though unconsciously, by stretching and relaxing. In Cyclic Meditation we not only stretch consciously and systematically, but also relax consciously. Yoga body postures (asana) like PadaHastasana, Ardha Chakrasana, Ardhakati Chakrasana, Shashankasana and Ushtrasana are used for stretching where as Shavasana is used for relaxing. Various relaxation techniques are employed during Shavasana like Instant Relaxation, Quick relaxation and Deep Relaxation. This provides stimulation + + + +28 +International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR) Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2015 + + + +followed by relaxation at muscular level as well as psyche Level. [14]In a study done at Swami VivekanandYoga Anusandhan Samsthan, Bengaluru, it was also that found Cyclic Meditation Technique, to be more effective in achieving voluntary heart rate variability as compared with another yogic technique of Supine Rest (Savasan).[15] +Materials and Methods: Sample sizechosen forthis quantitative study consisted of “96” ITprofessionals. All the IT professionals were selected from Bangalore office of an Information Technology based Multi-National company, which has presence in India, Germany, Singapore, Austria, UK and U.S.A. Participants position within organisation ranged from junior engineers, senior technical leads to people managers. All participants came voluntarily to participate in the study. Study also got permission from institution Ethical committee. Total sample size was divided into two groups, namely Yoga group and Control group. Yoga group has both men and women employees with an average age of 31.04 years and with standard deviation of 4.57 years. Control group has both men and women employees with an average age of 32.02 years with a standard deviation of 4.582 years. Study was performed for an average duration of 2 months excluding weekends in the selected office premises. Both Men and women employees, with normal health as declared by subjects were included in the study. Subjects volunteered for the study do not have any previous experience of Yoga program as declared by subjects. Employees who age is below 24 years or above 50 years are excluded from the study. All participants have education qualification of graduation and above. Perceived stress is measured through Perceived stress scale (PSS) questionnaire developed by Sheldon Cohen. PSS questionnaire was designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. The scale also includes a number ofdirect queries about current levels of experienced stress. + + +V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION +Table 2: indicates response on Perceived Stress(PS) component of Yoga Group, at the starting and at the end of study period. +Table 2 : Yoga Group + + + + + + + + +Yoga group has shown reduction of 34.77 % in the mean value from pre to post. The improvement observed in reduction of perceived stress is very significant as p < .01.Table 3 indicates responses on PS components of Control group, at the starting and at the end of study period. +Table 3 : Control Group + + + + + + + +Control group has shown a reduction of 2.33 % in the mean value of perceived stress between pre and post. The improvement observed in reduction of perceived stress is not much significant as p > 0.01. +The significance of change in PS component between Yoga and control group is measured with Mann Whitneytest. +Table 4 : Between the Groups (Mann Whitney test) + + + + + + +The baseline between yoga and control group is matched and the post value has shown highly significant result ( p< 0.01). + + + + +IV. PROCEDURE +PSS questionnaires were administered to all members participating in the study from both control and yoga groups. The intervention given to Yoga group is a 35 minute, cyclic meditation practice, whose details are mentioned earlier. Control group was administered with walking or equivalent exercise for 35 minutes and was told to write a dairy to observe changes taking place. This is a pre-post study. Participants from both groups filled up the questionnaires voluntarily before the beginning of the study period and at the end of study period. + +VI. CONCLUSION +Based on the quantitative study performed, it could be observed that psyche nurturing practices like cyclic meditation have significant positive effect in reducing the perceived stress levels in Indian ITprofessionals. This study validates the integrated model on Job stress by supporting the claim that regular psyche nurturing practices would have modifying effect on perceived stress at work place. + +VII. LIMITATIONS +Though psyche nurturing practices could have modifying effect on perceivedJob stress as per discussed model, organizational changes would also have effect in altering Job stressors. Certain variables like Role conflict, + + + +29 +International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR) Volume 4, Issue 4, December 2015 + + + +Role ambiguity could also cause Job stress to employees. Organisational changes which address these concerns would also bring down the Job stress perceived by the workforce. Current study is done specific to one ITcompany , however it could be expanded to multiple industry domains like nursing, police offers etc., to validate this model more robustly. + +VIII. STRENGTH OFTHE STUDY +This is the unique model in explaining the effect of psyche nurturing practices in altering job stress effects in physically healthy work force.This also brings out the positive effect of psyche nurturing practices in coping with job stress. + +IX. FUTURE DIRECTIONS +Authors call up on stress researchers across the globe to use this model in all stress research by employing it under various industry set ups like police officers, nursing etc. Findings from the future data using the model would help to robustly validate this model. +Acknowledgement- I would like to acknowledge my hearty thanks to S-VYASA university for their financial and technical support. + +12. P BhuyarA, BanerjeeH,PandveP,PadmnabhanA, PatilS.Mental, physical and social health problems of call centre workers. Industrial Psychiatry Journal 2008;17:21-25. +13. Sharma A K, Khera S, Khandekar J. Computer related health problems among information technology professionals in Delhi. Indian J Community Med 2006;31:36-38 +14. Patil, Sarang and Telles, Shirley 2006. “Effects of Two Yoga Based Relaxation Techniques on Heart Rate Variability (HRV). International Journal of Stress Management 2006;13(4): 460-475. +15. Patra S, Telles S. Positive impact of cyclic meditation on sleep. Med SciMonit 2009;15:CR375-81. + + +X. REFERENCES +1. US National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH). Stress at work1998. +2. Cary L Cooper. Mental Capital and Well-Being. Stress and health2010. +3. Robert A Karasek Jr,Job Demands. Job Decision Latitude and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign.Administrative Science Quarterly 1990; 2:42. +4. Jeffrey R Edwards,Cary L Cooper. The person-environment fit approach to stress: Recurring problems and some suggested solutions. Journal of Organizational behaviour 1990; 11: 293-307. +5. Johannes Siegrist. Adverse Health Effects of High-Effort/Low-reward conditions. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 1996;1:27-41: +6. Debra Nilson, Cary Cooper. Stress and health: A positive direction. Stress and health 2005; 21: 2. +7. Chinmayananda S. Mandukya Upanisat.Sachin Publishers;1984. +8. Karasek R, Theorell T. Healthy work-stress, productivity and the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books;1990. +9. Luthans, F. The need for and meaning of positive organizational behaviour. Journal of organizational behaviour 2002; 23: 695-706. +10. Sony Kumari, Effect of SMET Yoga Module on Emotional dynamics of Managers. AIMS international journal of management2014;Volume8. +11. Darshan et al. Astudy on professional stress, depression and alcohol use among Indian software professionals. Indian Journal ofPsychiatry2013;Vol 55. + + +30 diff --git a/subfolder_0/A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on verbal.txt b/subfolder_0/A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on verbal.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5afd20521890d1a6849b365d1341ca7351c03d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on verbal.txt @@ -0,0 +1,999 @@ +International Journal of Yoga + +! + +Vol. 1:2 + +! + +Jul-Dec-2008 +76 +A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on verbal +aggressiveness in normal healthy volunteers +Sudheer Deshpande, Nagendra H R, Raghuram Nagarathna +Department of Yoga Research, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, India. +Objective: To study the effect of yoga on verbal aggressiveness in normal healthy adults. +Methods: Of the 1228 persons who attended introductory lectures, 226 subjects of both sexes who satisfi + ed the inclusion +and exclusion criteria and who consented to participate in the study were randomly allocated into two groups. These 226 +subjects were between the ages of 17 and 62 years and 173/226 completed the eight weeks of intervention. The Yoga (Y) +group practised an integrated yoga module that included asanas, pranayama, meditation, notional correction, and devotional +sessions. The control group practised mild to moderate physical exercises (PE). Both groups had supervised practices (by +trained experts) for one hour daily, six days a week for eight weeks. +Verbal Aggressiveness was assessed before and after eight weeks using the self-administered Verbal Aggressive Scale. +Results: The baseline score of the two groups did not differ signifi + cantly (P = 0.66). There was a signifi + cant decrease in verbal +aggressiveness in the yoga group (P = 0.01 paired samples t-test) with a nonsignifi + cant increase in the PE group. ANCOVA +using pre- values as covariates showed a signifi + cant difference between the groups (P = 0.013). RMANOVA for interaction +between the sexes or age groups in change scores were not signifi + cant. +Conclusions: This study has demonstrated that an eight week intervention of an integrated yoga module decreased verbal +aggressiveness in the yoga group (in males and those below 25 years of age), with a nonsignifi + cant increase in the PE +group. +Keywords: Physical exercise; verbal aggression scale; Yoga. +Original Article +Correspondence to: Dr. Nagarathna Raghuram +No 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, +KG Nagar, Bangalore – 560 019, India. +E-mail: rn44@rediffmail.com +INTRODUCTION +Although global scientific and technological progress is +evidence of human intelligence and creativity, emotional +hypersensitivity and aggression have increased.[1] +Violence remains one of the greatest public health threats +to youth. Intentional injuries due to violence comprise +the second leading cause of death of US adolescents,[2] as +well as a substantial proportion of morbidity[3,4] such as +elevated depressive symptoms and posttraumatic stress +disorder.[5] Irritability and emotional outbursts are other +manifestations of violence that could be measured. The +verbal aggressiveness scale is a measure of violence that +has been used in earlier studies.[6] Verbal aggressiveness +is defined as an attack on an individual’s self-concept +instead of, or in addition to the person’s position +on a topic of communication, to inflict psychological +pain.[7] A message must attack the self-concept of the +receiver if it is to be considered as verbally aggressive +message.[8] It was found that people who are high in the +verbal aggression trait, differ significantly from those low +in verbal aggression trait in terms of their use of these +messages.[8] +Yoga which encompasses several techniques including +physical postures, breathing techniques (Pranayama) and +meditation has become very popular for its applications +in health starting from better physical fitness[9] to a +better quality of life in cancer patients.[10] Yoga has been +used effectively for stress reduction that has resulted +in biochemical[11] and physiological[12] changes. Several +ABSTRACT +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Tuesday, January 06, 2009] +77 +International Journal of Yoga + +! + +Vol. 1:2 + +! + +Jul-Dec-2008 +studies have highlighted the psychological benefits of +integrated yoga practices such as anxiety, neurosis,[13,14] +and depressive illness.[15,16] The clinical potential of yoga +as a self-control technique for improving and stabilizing +affective states was studied by Harvey. In a three armed +study, Harvey compared yogic breathing exercises with +two control groups (a course on the philosophy of +meditation and a course in psychology) and demonstrated +that yogic breathing exercises showed an improvement in +mood and vigor as well as decreased tension, fatigue, and +depression relative to subjects in control groups.[17] The +mood benefits of Hatha yoga and swimming compared +in college students showed that yoga was as effective +as swimming in decreasing anxiety, confusion, tension +and depression, and that the acute decreases after yoga +were significantly greater than after swimming for men +who were personally selected to participate.[18] Similar +results have also been noted in psychiatric patients +with a reduction in negative emotions factor in Profile +of Mood States, including tension-anxiety, depression- +dejection, anger-hostility, fatigue-inertia, and confusion- +bewilderment after yoga.[19] The verbal aggressiveness +scale was also used to assess the response of basketball +players to the verbal aggressiveness of the coaches which +showed that male players were more affected than the +female players.[20] +Although there are several studies on the efficacy of yoga +on different measures of emotional states, there are no +studies on any measure of aggressive responses. Also there +are no randomized control trials (RCTs) on the effect of +yoga in comparison to PE in the same study. Hence, the +aim of the current study was to investigate whether Yoga +can provide benefits comparable to PE in reducing verbal +aggressiveness in normal healthy adults. +METHODS +Subjects +Two hundred and twenty-six subjects who consented to +participate in the study, were randomly allocated into two +groups of equal size. The final data was available on 173 +subjects. Inclusion criteria were (a) healthy individuals +of both sexes and between the ages of 18 and 71 years, +and (b) ability to read and write English because the +participant had to fill up the questionnaire available in the +English language. Exclusion criteria were (a) individuals +with diseases such as diabetes, cancer, hypertension, +anxiety, depression etc., (b) substance abuse, and (c) active +nicotine abuse. +Source of subjects: Normal adult volunteers who +consented to participate in the study were recruited from +different locations in Bangalore. +Ethical clearance: Signed informed consent was obtained +from all the subjects and also from the institutional heads +where the classes were conducted. The institutional +ethical committee of the parent institution had cleared +the project proposal. +Design +This was a prospective randomized control design to +compare the efficacy of yoga (Y) with physical exercise +(PE) as a control intervention in normal healthy volunteers. +Motivational lectures were arranged in public centers such +as colleges, health clubs, Rotary clubs, Lions’ clubs and +apartment complexes. The classes were planned in five +different centers in the city of Bangalore. +After reading the instructions in the informed consent +form about the design of the study, these subjects agreed +to be in the allotted group. The experimental group was +given Y practices and the control group was given PE for +one hour daily on an empty stomach (6 to 7 a.m.). The +classes were conducted six days a week for eight weeks +and attendance was maintained by the teachers. Trained +experts in either Y or PE conducted parallel sessions for +the two groups in different rooms of the same building. +It was ensured that there was no interaction between the +subjects. The tests were administered on the first and last +day of the study before starting the classes, by arranging +the subjects to sit in a quiet hall, free from distractions +and influences from each other, with supervisors moving +around to clarify any doubts. +Randomization +The subjects selected for the study were randomly allotted +into two groups by using five different random number +tables (different tables for each center) generated from the +random number generator program.[21] +Masking +The answered questionnaires were coded and kept away +for future scoring. A psychologist who was not involved +in the subject allocation or supervision of the classes, +scored the questionnaires which were decoded only after +the scoring of all answer sheets was completed. +Assessments +The Verbal Aggressiveness Scale (VAS)—VAS [Table 1] is +an interpersonal model and measure. The VAS developed +by Infante and Wigley contains 20 items scored on a +5-point linear rating format with reverse scoring on ten out +of 20 items (questions: 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20). The +scores can range from 20 to 100. The VAS gives a single +overall score that describes the disposition of an individual +Effect of Yoga on verbal aggressiveness +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Tuesday, January 06, 2009] +International Journal of Yoga + +! + +Vol. 1:2 + +! + +Jul-Dec-2008 +78 +towards low, moderate, or high verbal aggressiveness. +Scores from 20–46 suggest low verbal aggressiveness, +47–73 suggest moderate verbal aggressiveness and 74–100 +suggest high verbal aggressiveness. +Validity: This scale is stable across time. The reported +test-retest reliability is 0.82 for a four week period. Further, +cross-culture reliability has been supported in a number +of studies.[7] +Interventions +Yoga group +Table 2 shows the list of practices used for the two +groups. The integrated yoga module was selected from +the integrated set of yoga practices used in earlier studies +on yoga for positive health.[22] The module was developed +based on ancient Yoga texts[23] to bring about a total +development at the physical, mental, emotional, social, +and spiritual levels.[24] The techniques included i) physical +practices (Kriyas, asanas, healthy yoga diet), ii) breathing +practices with body movements and Pranayama, iii) +meditation, iv) devotional sessions, v) lectures on yoga, +vi) stress management based on yogic philosophy, and vii) +lifestyle change through notional corrections for blissful +awareness under all circumstances (action in relaxation). +Qualified yoga teachers taught yoga. +Physical exercise group +The set of physical exercises chosen for this study consisted +of standard practices[25] to provide mild to moderate +exercises designed by experts in physical education and +taught by trained physical education teachers. This group +also had interactive lectures on healthy lifestyle including +diet habits and stress management based on modern +medical knowledge. The daily sessions began with short +talks of five minutes on lifestyle and health covering the +topics of (a) healthy diet (six talks) such as classification of +foods, energy-yielding foods, role of animal fat and relation +to cholesterol, vegetarian vs nonvegetarian diet, value of +fiber etc., (b) value of exercise and health (six sessions) +explaining different type of exercises, effects on muscles, +joints, the value of regular sport activity etc, (c) bad effects +of smoking (four talks), alcohol and other chemical abuse +(two sessions), (d) effects of mental stress on health and +the role of physical exercise in management of stress. +This was followed by practice of the physical exercises +for 45 minutes with enough rest in between. The sessions +ended with ten minutes of self-relaxation (without guided +instructions) in the supine position. +Data extraction +The scoring of the questionnaires was carried out as per +the instructions in the manual and under the guidance +of a psychologist. They were decoded after the scoring of +both pre- and post- data +Data analysis +Data was analyzed using SPSS version 10.0. A sample +size of 164 was calculated based on previous studies,[26] +which showed an effect size of 0.8, with a power of 0.8 +and alpha set to 0.05. This calculation was done using G +power.[27] The size of the sample actually recruited was +226 while only data on 173/226 subjects were available +for analysis. +The statistical tests used were paired samples t-test for +pre-post comparison and ANCOVA for change score +comparison of the two groups. Interaction between males +Table 1: VAS Questionnaire +1 +I am extremely careful to avoid attacking individuals’ intelligence when I attack their ideas. +1 2 3 4 5 +2 +When individuals are very stubborn, I use insults to soften their stubbornness. +1 2 3 4 5 +3 +I try very hard to avoid having other people feel bad about themselves when I try to influence them. +1 2 3 4 5 +4 +When people refuse to do a task I know is important without good reason, I tell them they are unreasonable. +1 2 3 4 5 +5 +When others do things that I regard as stupid, I try to be extremely gentle with them. +1 2 3 4 5 +6 +If individuals that I am trying to influence really deserve it, I attack their character. +1 2 3 4 5 +7 +When people behave in ways that are in very poor taste, I insult them in order to shock them into proper behavior. +1 2 3 4 5 +8 +I try to make people feel good about themselves, even when their ideas are stupid. +1 2 3 4 5 +9 +When people simply will not budge on a matter of importance, I lose my temper and say rather strong things to them. +1 2 3 4 5 +10 When people criticize my shortcomings, I take it in good humor and do not try to get back at them. +1 2 3 4 5 +11 When individuals insult me, I get a lot of pleasure out of really telling them off. +1 2 3 4 5 +12 When I dislike individuals greatly, I try not to show it in what I say or how I say it. +1 2 3 4 5 +13 I like poking fun at people who do things that are very stupid in order to stimulate their intelligence. +1 2 3 4 5 +14 When I attach peoples’ ideas, I try not to damage their self-concepts. +1 2 3 4 5 +15 When I try to influence people, I make a great effort not to offend them. +1 2 3 4 5 +16 When people do things that are mean or cruel, I attack their character in order to help correct their behaviour. +1 2 3 4 5 +17 I refuse to participate in arguments when they involve personal attacks. +1 2 3 4 5 +18 When nothing seems to work in trying to influence others, I yell and scream in order to get some movement from them. 1 2 3 4 5 +19 When I am not able to refute others’ positions, I try to make them feel defensive in order to weaken their positions. +1 2 3 4 5 +20 When an argument shifts to personal attacks, I try very hard to change the subject. +1 2 3 4 5 +1 – Almost never true, 2 – Rarely true, 3 – Occasionally true, 4 – Often true, 5 – Almost always true +Deshpande S, et al. +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Tuesday, January 06, 2009] +79 +International Journal of Yoga + +! + +Vol. 1:2 + +! + +Jul-Dec-2008 +and females in their change scores in yoga and control +groups was checked by Repeated Measures ANOVA +(RMANOVA). As the study population had a wide age +range, analysis was also carried out by considering the +median age of 25 years as the value for grouping them +as juniors (age ≤ 25 years) and seniors (age > 25 years). +The interaction between these two groups in their change +scores were also checked by RMANOVA. +RESULTS +Figure 1 shows the trial profile of the 1228 subjects who +attended the motivational lectures. Two hundred twenty- +six subjects who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion +criteria, were selected and randomly allotted to two +groups: Y and PE. The reasons for drop-out of 53 subjects +are shown in the figure. Data on 84 subjects in the yoga +group and 89 in the control group were available for the +final analysis. +Table 3 shows the demographic data. There were 80 +females and 93 males within the age range of 17–62 years. +The mean ages were 28.7 ± 11.6 years for the Y group +and 30.8 ± 11.9 years for the PE group. They belonged to +different categories such as college students, employees, +Table 2: Details of Y and PE Practices + + Yoga practices + Physical exercise practice +No. Duration +Names +Duration +Names +1) +5 minutes +Breathing practices +10 minutes +Warm up Exercises + + +Hands in and out breathing + +(a) loosening of ankles + + +Dog breathing + +(b) knee caps + + +Tiger breathing + +(c) waist + + +Straight leg raise breathing + +(d) spine + + + + +(e) twisting +2) +5 minutes +Loosening Exercises + +(f) shoulder movements + + +Jogging + +(g) hands movement + + +Forward and backward bending + +(h) Wrist movements and rotations + + +Side bending + +(i) neck movement and rotations + + +Twisting + +(j) head movement and rotations + + +Pavanamuktäsana kriya + + + + +5 minutes +Stretches +3) +25 minutes +Äsanas + +(a) leg stretch + + +Standing + +(b) hand stretch + + +Ardha Chakrasana + +(c) leg to hand + + +Pada Hastasana + +(d) sideward leg stretch (full) + + +Privritta Trikonasana + +(e) folded leg lumber stretch + + +Sitting + +(f) dog stretch + + +Vajrasana + +(g) tiger stretch + + +Supta Vajrasana + +(h) dorsal stretch + + +Chakrasana + + + +Hamsasana or Mayurasana +10 minutes +Sit-ups (50 to 100 times) + + +Prone postures + +Push-ups (20 times) + + +Dhanurasana + +Squats + + +Supine postures + + + +Sarvangasana +10 minutes +Supine + + +Matsyasana + +(a) single leg raising + + +Ardha Shirshasana or Shirshasana + +(b) alternative leg raising + + + + +(c) both leg raising (50 times) + + + + +(d) coming up and touching the + + + + +knees to forehead and going back + + + + +(e) Cycling +4) +5 minutes +Deep relaxation technique +10 Minutes +Supine rest (Guided relaxation) + + + + + + + +5) +10 minutes +Pranayama +10 minutes +Dynamics + + +Kapalabhati + +(a) forward Backward bending + + +Vibhagiya Pranayama + +(b) side bending + + +Nadishuddhi Pranayama + +(c) bending and twisting + + +Sitali, Sitkari and Sadanta + +(Simple and legs apart) + + +Bhramari Pranayama + +(d) Twisting + + +Nada Anusandhana + + + +Or +5 minutes +Lectures +6) + + +Meditation—Om Meditation + + + + + +7) +10 minutes + +Bhajans/Lectures + +Effect of Yoga on verbal aggressiveness +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Tuesday, January 06, 2009] +International Journal of Yoga + +! + +Vol. 1:2 + +! + +Jul-Dec-2008 +80 +business people and housewives. There were ten subjects +with low scores, 156 subjects with moderate scores and +seven subjects with high scores on the VAS. +Table 4 shows the changes after the intervention in the +two groups. The scores on VAS in the Y group (59.77 ± +7.51 to 57.36 ± 6.20) showed a significant decrease (P = +0.01). There was a nonsignificant increase in the PE group +(58.71 ± 9.25 to 59.93 ± 8.63). There was a significant +difference between the groups (P = 0.013) on ANCOVA +considering the pre- values as covariates. RMANOVA +for interaction between males and females (P = 0.68) +and the two age groups (P > 0.50) showed no significant +differences between groups. +DISCUSSION +This is a randomized control prospective study in normal +adults comparing the effects of Yoga (Y) and physical +exercise (PE) on verbal aggressiveness. This study has +demonstrated that an eight weeks’ intervention of an +integrated yoga module decreased verbal aggressiveness +in the yoga group with a nonsignificant increase in the +PE group. RMANOVA for interactions of change scores +showed no significant differences between the sexes and +age groups in either the yoga or control groups. +A comparison of the baseline VAS scores used in another +study by Wolf (used to validate the Rajas domain of +another questionnaire called Vedic personality inventory) +showed that the means of the baseline scores (59.23 ± +8.44) of our study group (n = 173) are comparable to their +population (n = 240) in the USA (56.04 ± 17.08).[28] +The changes found after eight weeks of intervention +although not very significant, suggest that continued +Table 3: Demographic data + +Yoga +PE + +(n = 84) +(n = 89) +Age (years) +28.73 ± 11.56 +30.81 ± 11.86 +Range (years) +17–67 +18–62 +Female +40 +40 +Male +44 +49 +Category of people +Students +42 +44 +Employees +18 +23 +Housewives +14 +12 +Business +10 + 10 +Orientaon Seminar Conducted at different parts of Bangalore + +1228 +Consented to parcipate in the project + +Centre I +66 +Centre II +30 +Centre V +32 +Centre III +50 +Centre IV +48 +Randomized +226 +Yoga +33 +PE +33 +Yoga +15 +PE. +15 +Yoga +25 +PE +25 +Yoga +24 +Yoga +23 +PE +30 +No. of People who dropped out +53 +No. of subjects in the project +173 +Yoga +24 +PE +16 +Yoga +16 +Reasons for dropping + +Yoga PE +1. Change of address 4 10 +2. Unexpected duty shis 5 7 +3. Weather condions 3 2 + +4. Out-of-town + +8 + +3 + + + + + + +Yoga +84 +PE +89 +226 +5. Ill health 3 - +6. Wanted to shi to yoga 8 +Total 23 30 +Figure 1: Trial profile +Deshpande S, et al. +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Tuesday, January 06, 2009] +81 +International Journal of Yoga + +! + +Vol. 1:2 + +! + +Jul-Dec-2008 +practices may show greater degree of changes. The type +of assessment tool used may also not be the most suitable +one to bring out the subtle changes that may have occurred +after the yoga practices. +A study on the relationship between verbal aggressiveness +and state anxiety in sports by Alexandra et al.[20] showed +that male basketball players were more affected by verbal +aggressiveness of their coaches compared to female +basketball players as assessed by VAS administered +immediately after the game. In their study, they also +observed a positive correlation between their anxiety +and VAS scores in male players. It is known that yoga +with its holistic approach uses several techniques to calm +down the mind and reduce the anxiety state. Our earlier +studies have shown that in community home girls and +congenitally blind children, sympathetic tone reduced +after yoga practices which resulted in significant decreases +in resting heart rates and breath rates, thus reducing fear +and anxiety.[29] The sympathetic tone reduction could be a +valuable treatment modality for the reduction of anxiety. +Another study on PT teachers also showed that yoga +reduced their sympathetic activity after three months of +yoga practices.[30] A significant reduction in anxiety scores +was observed in patients with anxiety neurosis[31] after +a yoga program. Based on these observations, we may +suggest that the reduction in aggressiveness in the present +study could be due to the reduction in their baseline +anxiety and sympathetic reactivity. +The rate of violent victimization among 12 to 24 year-olds +is nearly twice as high as that among adults ≥ 25 years +(Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1996). In the present study, +the changes observed in VAS after yoga practices suggest +that yoga can be used for the reduction of violence. +According to the most widely used scriptural reference +on yoga, the sage Patanjali[32] defines yoga as a technique +for developing mastery over the modifications of the +mind and goes on to highlight many techniques that +help in achieving this mastery. They are classified under +eight major streams including injunctions for social and +personal behavior (yama niyama), body postures (asanas), +breathing (pranayama), and meditation (pratyahara, +dharana, dhyana, and samadhi) techniques that lead +to mastery over any of the modifications in the mind. +Furthermore, the sage Vasistha[24] in his famous work, Yoga +Vasistha, defines yoga as a technique to slow or calm the +mind directly through deep internal awareness. Hence, +it was hypothesized that verbal aggressiveness, one of +the manifestations of an uncontrolled fast mind, can be +decreased by these techniques of yoga. +The strength of this study is the good sample size and +the design in which the control group also had the same +duration of interaction with the instructor and learnt +nonyogic physical practices comparable to the integrated +Yoga module. And the study population was taken from +different parts of Bangalore from different socio-economic +classes of the city. +Some limitations of the study were (a) this could not be a +blinded RCT as yoga is a self-corrective learning process, +(b) although we ensured that both groups had not done +any yoga practices before recruitment, the possibility that +the control group participants may have been exposed +earlier to the concepts and philosophy of yoga (as it is +widely available in Indian media) could not be ruled out, +(c) although significant, the difference found after eight +weeks of intervention was small, raising the utility of just +an hour’s practice in today’s busy schedules. However, +it may be possible that continued longer durations of +practice may show greater degrees of changes. This was +noticed in asthma and schizophrenia projects, where +shorter yoga intervention did not result in any significant +changes but greater significance was seen when the +intervention was increased.[33] Furthermore, a justification +for yoga intervention would be the potential for other +health benefits with yoga (such as positive effects on +blood pressure, well being etc) and the complications +and costs associated with drug therapy as pharmaceutical +intervention. Future studies are required to study the +Effect of Yoga on verbal aggressiveness +Table 4: Results of VAS after the intervention in both groups + + Y + + + + PE + +n +Before +After +P† +n +Before +After +P† +P* +Whole group +84 +59.77 ± 7.51 +57.36 ± 6.20 +0.017 +89 +58.71 ± 9.25 +59.93 ± 8.63 +0.268 +0.013 +Age ≤ 25years +47 +60.31 ± 7.10 +57.60 ± 6.32 +0.072 +41 +58.31 ±10.06 +59.49 ± 8.83 +0.532 +Age > 25 years +37 +59.15 ± 8.01 +57.09 ± 6.14 +0.126 +48 +59.02 ± 8.67 +60.28 ± 8.54 +0.346 +Females +40 +60.38 ± 7.96 +57.74 ± 6.48 +0.053 +80 +58.55 ± 8.97 +61.25 ± 7.38 +0.73 +Males +44 +59.23 ± 7.96 +57.20 ± 6.48 +0.156 +49 +58.84 ± 8.91 +58.86 ± 7.38 +0.987 +Legend: P† = significance pre-post within groups (paired t test) +P* = significance between groups (ANCOVA with pre- values as covariates) +n = Number +Interactions between change scores (pre/post) between sexes (males/females) and the two age groups (≤ 25 / >25) in the yoga and control groups were +checked by using RMANOVA that showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.5). +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Tuesday, January 06, 2009] +International Journal of Yoga + +! + +Vol. 1:2 + +! + +Jul-Dec-2008 +82 +physiological indicators of anxiety that may correlate with +VAS. Also, a third arm with only lectures for education +may be included in future studies. +In summary, this randomized, prospective, single-blind, +comparative study has shown the efficacy of Yoga in +decreasing verbal aggressiveness. Hence, yoga may be +recommended in schools to deal with the problem of +violence among students, which is still a live issue in all +parts of the world. +ACKNOWLEDGMENTS +My grateful acknowledgments for all who helped in this project. +We are grateful to SVYASA for supporting this study. We thank +the volunteers, teachers and supporters who participated in +this study. +REFERENCES +1. +Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. New Perspectives in stress management. 4th +ed. Bangalore: SVYP; 1997. +2. +Singh SP, Greenwood N, White S, Churchill R. Ethnicity and the mental +health act 1983. Br J Psychiatry 2007;191:99-105. +3. +Annest JL, Mercy JA, Gibson DR, Ryan GW. National estimates of nonfatal +Þ + rearm-related injuries: Beyond the tip of the iceberg. 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Med J Aust +2002;176:S84-96. +16. Janakiramaiah N. Antidepressant efÞ + cacy of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) +in melancholia: A randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy +(ECT) and imipramine. J Affect Disord 2000;57:255-9. +17. Harvey JR. The effect of yogic breathing exercises on mood. J Am Soc +Psychosomat Dentist Med 1983;30:39-48. +18. Berger BG, Owen DR. Mood alteration with yoga and swimming: Aerobic +exercise may not be necessary. Percept Motor Skills 1992;75:1331-43. +19. Lavey R, Sherman T, Musser KT, Osbrne DD, Currier M, Wolfe R. The +effects of yoga on mood in psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatr Rehabil J +2005;28:399-402. +20. Bekiari A, Pantazis S, Apostolou M, Nonnati A, Sakellariou K. The +relationship between verbal aggressiveness and state anxiety in sport settings. +Ital J Sport Sci 2005;12:165-8. +21. Available from: http://www.rndomisor.org. ***Provide date of citation*** +22. Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Integrated approach of yoga therapy for positive +health. 5th ed. Bangalore: SVYP; 2003. +23. Lokeswarananda S. Taittiriya Upanisad. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission +Institute of Culture; 1996. p. 136-80. +24. Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Yoga. 2nd ed. Bangalore: SVYP; +2003. p. 6. +25. Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Yoga for arthritis. Bangalore: SVYP; 2001. + p. 35-51. +26. Atlantis E, Chow CM, Kirby A, Singh MF. An effective exercise-based +intervention for improving mental health and quality of life measures: A +randomized controlled trial. Prev Med 2004;39:424-34. +27. Available from: http://www.uni-mannhein.de/gpower. [July 23, 2008] +28. Wolf DB. The Vedic personality inventory: A study of the Gunas. J Indian +Psychol 1998;16:26-43. +29. Telles S, Narendran S, Raghuraj P, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Comparison +of changes in autonomic and respiratory parameters of girls after Yoga and +games at a community home. Percept Motor Skills 1997;84:251-7. +30. Telles S, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR, Desiraju T. Physiological changes +in sports teachers following 3 months of training in Yoga. Indian J Med Sci +1993;10:235-8. +31. Sahasi G, Mohan D, Kacker C. Effectiveness of yogic techniques in the +management of anxiety. J Personality Clin Studies 1989;5:51-5. +32. Taimini IK. The science of Yoga: The Yoga-Sutras of Patanjali in Sanskrit. +Quest Books; 1999. +33. Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Yoga for bronchial asthma: A controlled study. +Br Med J 1985;291:1077-9. +Deshpande, et al. +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Tuesday, January 06, 2009] diff --git a/subfolder_0/An Empirical Study to Improve Performance Oriented Personality conv.txt b/subfolder_0/An Empirical Study to Improve Performance Oriented Personality conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3e3043a8a4849f6c9da633af813564a377bd8060 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/An Empirical Study to Improve Performance Oriented Personality conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,307 @@ + + + + +Siddhant +Volume15,Issue3,July-September,2015,pp-236-242 + + +IndianJournals.com A product of Diva Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. +DOI:10.5958/2231-0657.2015.00026.9 + + + + +AnEmpiricalStudytoImprovePerformanceOrientedPersonality DimensionsthroughYogaIntervention + +P.S. Chokkalingam1, Sony Kumari2*, K.B. Akhilesh3 and H.R.Nagendra4 + + +ABSTRACT + +Improving employee performance is an important concern for employee, employer and society at large. The performanceofemployeedependsonthepersonalityofemployee.Inmoderntimes,studiesonBigFivePersonality concepts suggest that Conscientiousness is the most important dimension affecting performance of employee. Ancient Indian knowledge envisages the Guna Traya model of understanding personality. The description of Sattva Guna indicates that it improves the performance of a person. The present action research study aims to assess if the Conscientiousness and Sattva Guna can be improved through practice of Yoga by employees and to find the relationshipbetweenSattvaGunaandConscientiousness.Fiftyoneemployees whoaregivenintervention for 4 months and another 51 employees forming Control group without any intervention participated in the study. Vedic Personality Inventory was used to assess the changes in Sattva Guna and Big Five Personality inventory was used to assess changes in Conscientiousness. The data analysis showed that there is significant increase in Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness in Intervention group but no significant changes are found in Control group implying that practice of Integrated Yoga improves the performance oriented personality dimensions. + +KEYWORDS: EmployeePersonality,Performance, Conscientiousness,SattvaGuna,Yoga Intervention + + +INTRODUCTION + +In the present knowledge-based society, human resources are the most important resource for the development. Personalities of employees shape the behaviours in the workplace and thus their performance. Development of the personalities to suit thechangingrequirementsoftheorganisationand also societyisanimportantneedofthepresentfastchanging society. + +In modern times, in the West, a Big Five Personality Modelismostwidelyusedinidentifyingandclassifying personality dimensions. The Big Five Personality dimensions are Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. Chakraborty (1998) notes that Indian + + +traditional knowledge is robustly empirical meant for application in all fields including organisation and management. Ancient Indian knowledgedescribesthe GunaTrayamodelofPersonality.Thismodelidentifies Sattva, Rajas and Tamas as the three personality dimensions. + +This paper aims at studying concept of personality dimensions which affect employee performance from modern western perspective (Conscientiousness) and traditionalIndianperspective(SattvaGuna),therelation between thesetwo andhowpracticeofIntegrated Yoga by employees can improve these two personality dimensionsthroughempiricalstudy.Reviewofliterature identifies Conscientiousness from the Big Five Personality model and Sattva from the Guna Traya + + +1Researcher, 2Associate Professor, 4Chancellor, SVyasa University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 3Professor, IndianInstitute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India +*Correspondingauthore-mail id: sonykarmanidhi@gmail.com + + +Siddhant 236 + + + +An Empirical Study to Improve Performance Oriented PersonalityDimensions throughYoga Intervention + + + +model as the most important dimensionswhich affect the performance of employee. + +AccordingtoWiktionarydictionaryConscientiousness impliesbeingthorough, careful, vigilant, desireto doa task well, efficient, organised, self discipline, act dutifully, aimforachievement, displayplanned rather than spontaneous behaviour, generally organised, systematicand dependable.According to Wolf(1998) Sattva Guna is characterised by qualities such as cleanliness, truthfulness, gravity, dutifulness, detachment,discipline, mentalequilibrium,respectfor superiors,contentment,sharpintelligence,sensecontrol, and staunch determination. Sattvic action isfreefrom attachment and vanity and absolutely unruffled in success and failure. + +Review of Literature – Importance of Conscientiousness in Job Performance + +Performance of companies correlated with the Conscientiousness of CEOs (Robbins, 1994), shows high selfefficacy, developsgreaterjob knowledgeand producesmoreandbetterqualityoutput,developsmore positive beliefs about their capabilities to accomplish particulartasks(Casperetal.,1999),givesextraeffort andleadership,personaldiscipline,physicalfitnessand military bearing (McHenry et al., 1990), better task performance(Rothmann and Coetzer, 2003), negative correlation withanindividual’spropensitytowithdraw fromthejob(BarrickandMount,1991),highcorrelation witheffortexerted,affectingtaskperformancethrough increased time on task (Mount and Barrick, 1995), Conscientioussales representativesaremorelikely to set goals autonomously and to be more committed to theirgoal(Barricketal.,1993),lesscounter-productive behaviour at work, high integrity (Ones et al., 1993), high customer service orientation (Ones and Viswesvaran, 1996; Frei and McDaniel, 1998), high job satisfaction (Judge et al., 1999), high job and life satisfaction (McCraeand Costa, 1991), moresatisfied because they achieve a heightened sense of control and competencethroughtheirdiligentand responsible behaviour(Schmutte and Ryff, 1997). + +Siddhant + +Review of Literature– Importanceof Sattva Guna in Job Performance + +DaftuarandAnjali(1997)empiricallydemonstratedthe usefulnessoftheconceptofGunaTrayain thearea of worklife.Mathew(2010)foundthatSattvicpersonality performsbetterthanotherpersonalities. Biswas(2010) foundthatinservicemanagement,Sattvikpeoplewould be effective. + +Many studies found that Sattva Guna enhances transformational leadership (Kejriwal and Krishnan, 2004; Ammineedu, 2009; Kumar and Thomas, 2013; Narayanan et al., 2003). Sattva works at self-actualisation level(Daftuarand Sharma, 1997),Sattva enhances the cognitive abilities of employee which is an important performance indicator of a knowledge worker (Das, 1991), Sattvik employees are featured high in Job Involvement (Elankumaran, 2004), Sattva positively correlated with psychological well-being (Rastogi, 2004), Chakraborty (1987) found that managers and students taking a course to improve quality of work life following Vedantic perspective could viewamanagerialproblemorconflict– episode in an illuminatedperspectivewith greaterdetachment and objectiveclarityofSattva. Kaurand Sinha(1992) found thatSattvaaidsthemindforatrueunderstanding of facts and events. + +Personality Development – Integrated Yoga as the facilitator + +Yogaisbecoming popularinall partsoftheworld and recognising the importance of it the United Nations declared June 21st as World Yoga Day. However only a little research has been done on Yoga and most of it is related to application of Yoga to improve physical health ofpeople. Very littleresearch hasbeen doneon the application of Yoga to managerial issues. To fill this gap, an effort has been made in the present study. + +Patanjali, defines Yoga as Yogah Cittavritti Nirodhah – Yoga is a technique used to still the fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of the true self. According to Yoga Vashishta (3.9.32) Manah Prasamanopayah Yoga ityabhidhiyate – Yoga is a + + +237 + + + +P.S.Chokkalingam,SonyKumari,K.B.AkhileshandH.R.Nagendra + + + +skillful and subtle process to calm down the mind. According to Swamy Vivekananda, everyone can become divine by Psychic control (Raja Yoga), Devotion (Bhakti Yoga), Knowledge of self (Jnana Yoga), Selfless action (Karma Yoga). Yoga practice which aims at the integral development of the personality by a fine combination of the above four methods of yoga viz., Karma Yoga, Bhakthi Yoga, JnanaYogaand RajaYogaiscalled asIntegrated Yoga. Practicing this knowledge may bring out complete transformationofone’spersonalityonphysical,mental, emotionalandspirituallevelswhich,amongotherthings, strengthen his performance levels. + +DESIGNOFTHE EMPIRICAL STUDY + +Objectives of Study + +1. To study the effect of practice of Integrated Yoga by employees on Conscientiousness and Sattva Guna. +2. To study the relationship between Conscientiousness and Sattva Guna. + +Details of Participants + +The participants for the study were 102 employees (afterconsideringdropoutsfromthestudy),51ofthem practicing Integrated Yoga (Intervention Group) and theremaining51ofthemnotpracticingIntegratedYoga (Control group). The average age of participants in intervention group is34.7 yearwith standarddeviation of 6.6, whereas the average age of participants in Controlgroupis32.21withstandard deviationof4.77. Theaverageexperienceofparticipantsin intervention group is 10.6 years with standard deviation of 6.17, whereas the average experience of participants in Control group is 7.21 year with standard deviation of 4.2 year. Theindustryprofileoftheparticipantsisthat inIntervention group – 21areinITand related sectors, 14 are in finance and related sectors, 16 are in other sectors. In Control group – 20 are in IT and related sectors, 18 are in Finance and related sectors and 13 are in other sectors. Thus the background of participantsin termsofageand experience and nature + + +238 + +ofindustryin Control group and intervention group is similar. + +Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria + +Employees – men and women, with normal health as declared by the participants are included in the study. Thosewho haveanypreviousexperienceofanyYoga program or presently following any type of Yoga programortaking anymedication forpsycho somatic problems are excluded from the study. + +Source of Participants + +TheparticipantsforIntervention group areemployees who practice Integrated Yoga in Andhra Pradesh YogadhyanaParishad,astategovernmentorganisation inHyderabad.ParticipantsforControlgrouparepeople who volunteered to participate in the study. + +Time Period of Study + +The period of study is four months i.e., from 1st October2014 to31st January2015.Datawascollected for both the groups before the study i.e., on October 1st 2014 (Pre), in the middle of the study i.e., on December 1st 2014 (Mid), at the end of the study i.e., on 31st January 2015 (End). + +Intervention + +The participants in the intervention group practiced IntegratedYogafor4months(100days,afterdeducting holidays, absents etc.) for 1.5 h a day. The daily program of intervention contains Surya Namaskaras (Sun salutations), Asanas (bodypostures), Pranayama (breath regulation exercises), Self-awareness Meditation and 10 min lecture on application of traditional Indian knowledge to modern work and personallives. Everymonth alectureviz., JnanaYoga class for 1 h on application of traditional Indian knowledge is conducted by the first author on the followingtopics, either through oral lectures or audio visual presentations: (1)Yogah Karmasu Koushalam-Integrated Yoga; (2) Six Dimensions of Karma Yoga; (3)Axioms of meaningful work, (4) Lord Krishna as + + +Volume 15, Issue 3, July-September, 2015 + + + +An Empirical Study to Improve Performance Oriented PersonalityDimensions throughYoga Intervention + + + +modernmanager.TheparticipantsintheControlgroup werenot given anyintervention. + +Instruments + +consistency and reliability with Cronbach alpha ranging from 0.850 for Sattva. + +RESULTS + + + +1. To assess Conscientiousness, The Big Five Inventory(BFI)developed byJohn and Srivastava (1999) was used. The BFI contains 44 questions and 9 of them are related to Conscientiousness. It isafivepointLikerttypescaleandhasaCronbach Alphareliabilityof.82 and validityof.92. +2. To assess Sattva Guna, the Vedic Personality Inventory (VPI) developed by David Wolf was used. The VPI contains 56 questions and 15 of themare related to SattvaGuna. Itisaseven point Likert-type scale and VPI has good internal + +Total number of subjects + +Table 1 shows how the Sattva Guna and Conscientiousnesschanged duringthestudyperiod in participants of Intervention group and Control group. During thestudy period, in intervention group, Sattva was75.6 beforethestudy, which increased to 80.22 in themiddleofthestudyperiod showing6.1%increase. Then it increased to 85.9 showing overall increase of 13.6% in Sattva during the study period. In Control group Sattva was 79.1 before the study, which increased to 81.34 in the middle of the study period showing 1.88% increase. Then it decreased to 81.3 showing overall increase of 2.78 % only during the study period. Thus the change in the Sattva of Intervention group is 2.2 times more compared to Control group during the middle of the study and 4.9 times in the entirestudyperiod. + + + +Intervention Group Control Group +51 51 + + +Pre Mid End Pre Mid End study study study study study study + +Figure1:Aschematicrepresentationofthestudyplan + + +During the study period, in Intervention group, Conscientiousness was 28.5 before the study, which increased to 31.25 in the middle of the study period showing 9.6% increase. Then it increased to 33.6 showingoverallincreaseof18%inConscientiousness during the study period. In Control group + + +Table1:MeanchangesinSattvaGunaandConscientiousnessinInterventionandcontrol groups InterventionGroup Controlgroup + +Maxscore Sattva +105 + +Conscientiousness Sattva +45 105 + +Conscientiousness +45 + + + +Studyperiod Pre Mean 75.6 Std. dev. 7.02 +Percentage change + +Mid End 80.22 85.9 7.4 7.9 +6.1 13.6 + +Pre Mid End 28.5 31.25 33.6 3.83 3.93 4.46 +9.6 18 + +Pre Mid 79.1 81.34 8.47 8.32 +2.83 + +End Pre Mid End 81.3 28.17 28.7 28.96 9.00 4.20 4.08 4.90 +2.78 1.88 2.78 + +NotestoTables1–3 + Pre, Mid and End means the study before Intervention, study in the middle of Intervention, study after Intervention, respectively. + Maximum scores are derived by multiplying number of questions with points in scale. + Y1,Y2 andY3 meansYoga Intervention Group before study, middle of study, after study, respectively.  C1, C2 and C3 means Control group before study, middle of study, after study, respectively. + **Indicates that the values are significant. When p value is less than .01(p<.01) it is considered as significant.  ‘r’ Indicates the correlation between Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness. + + +Siddhant 239 + + + +P.S.Chokkalingam,SonyKumari,K.B.AkhileshandH.R.Nagendra + + + +Conscientiousness was 28.17 before the study which increased to 28.7 in the middle of the study period showing 1.88% increase. Then it increased to 28.96 showingoverallincreaseof2.78%onlyduringthestudy period. Thus the change in the Conscientiousness of Intervention group is 5.10 times more compared to Control group duringthemiddleofthe studyand 6.47 times in the entire studyperiod. + +Table 3:Changes inSattva GunaandConscientiousness withinInterventionandcontrolgroups +Group Timefactor Sattva Conscienti-ousness +Yoga Pre vs Mid 0.000** 0.000** Pre vs End 0.000** 0.000** Mid vs End 0.000** 0.000** +Control Pre vs Mid 0.012** 0.275 + + + +Table 2:Changes inSattva GunaandConscientiousness betweenInterventionandcontrolgroups + +Pre vs End 0.201 0.327 +Mid vs End 1.000 1.000 + + + +Time Group Sattva Conscientiousness Pre Y1vsC1 0.930 0.056 +Mid Y2vsC2 0.286 0.000** End Y3vsC3 0.001** 0.000** +Note: In table 2 and 3 *indicates that the values are significant and **indicates that the values are very significant(p<.01). + +Table2showsthatthedifferenceinSattvaGunaamong participants in intervention group and Control group before the study, i.e., baseline data is not significant (p>0.05). It shows that the score of Sattva Guna is relativelysameintheparticipantsofbothgroupsbefore study. Mid data i.e., data in the middle of the study showthat thereisno significant increasein the Sattva Gunaininterventiongroupcomparedto Controlgroup (p<.001). End data i.e., data at the end of the study shows that there is significant increase in the Sattva Gunaininterventiongroupcomparedto Controlgroup (p<.001). Similarly Table 2 shows that the difference inConscientiousnessamongparticipantsinintervention group and Control groupbeforethestudyi.e., baseline dataisnot significant(p>0.05). Itshowsthatthescore of Conscientiousness is relatively same in the participants of both groups before study. Post 1 data i.e., data in the middle of the study show that there is significant increase in the Conscientiousness in intervention group compared to Control group (p<0.001). Post 2 study i.e., data at the end of the study shows that there is significant increase in the Conscientiousness in intervention group compared to Controlgroup (p<0.001). + +240 + + +Table 3 shows changes in Sattva Guna with in Intervention group and Controlgroup duringthestudy. It shows a continuous increase in Sattva Guna from beginningtomiddle(p<0.001),middletoend(p<0.001) and beginning to end (p<0.001) in participants of intervention group. There is significant increase in Sattva Guna from beginning to middle (p>0.05), but thereisnosignificantchangein middletoend(p>0.05) andbeginningtoend(p<0.05)inparticipantsofControl group. Table 3 also shows changes in Conscientiousness with in Intervention group and Control group duringthe study. It shows a continuous increaseinConscientiousnessfrombeginningtomiddle (p<0.001), middle to end (p<0.001) and beginning to end (p<0.001) in participants of intervention group. There is no significant increase in Conscientiousness from beginning to middle (p>0.05), middle to end (p>0.05)and beginningto end (p<0.05)in participants ofControl group. + +Table 4: Correlation between Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness +Studyperiod Correlation(r) Significance (p) Pre study 0.237* 0.017 +Mid study 0.463** 0.000 End study 0.666** 0.000 +Note: **Indicates correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). +*Indicatescorrelationissignificantatthe0.05level(2-tailed). + +Pre study, Mid study, End study represent data at the beginning of, middle of and at the end of the study + + +Volume 15, Issue 3, July-September, 2015 + + + +An Empirical Study to Improve Performance Oriented PersonalityDimensions throughYoga Intervention + + + +period, respectively. One objective of this research is to study the relationship between Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness. Table 4 shows the correlation between Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness. In pre studyitshowed significantpositivecorrelation,andthe in Mid and End studies it showed very significant positivecorrelation. + +CONCLUSION + +Thefollowingconclusionscanbedrawnfromthestudy: + +1. Earlier studies showed that Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness has an impact on the performance of employee. + +Limitations of the study and recommendations + +1. The participants are from different organisations and sectors. The changes in environment of their respective organisations and sectors during the studyperiodmayaffecttheirresponses.Forfurther research, it is recommended to have participants from the same organisation. +2. The Control group is not given any intervention, which mayaffect theirinterestto giveresponseto the questionnaires and affect its accuracy. For further research, it is recommended to give some interventionto Controlgroup. + +Importance of the Study + + + +2. This study shows that practice ofIntegrated Yoga improves Sattva Guna and Conscientiousness. +3. Theimplicationoftheabovepointsisthatpractice of Integrated Yoga can improve the performance ofemployee. +4. Thestudyshowed significantpositivecorrelation between Conscientiousness,awesternpersonality concept and Sattva Guna, an Indian personality concept. This is a remarkable to study in the directionofshowingfurtherinterestinresearching ancientIndian conceptsforapplication in modern managerial issues. HRmanagersusing modern or western personality assessment scales can now use the Guna Traya model as well. + + +To the best of the knowledge of the authors this is the first study to assess the impact of Integrated Yoga practice on western personality concepts like Conscientiousness. Sincethefastchangingknowledge based societyneedsConscientiousand Sattvikpeople fortheprogress, it isrecommended that organisations can implement Yoga programs for its people so that they can perform better. The knowledge of dynamics of Gunas will result in a better understanding of the workenvironmentand, theissuesoftheorganisational behaviourcan bedealtmoreeffectively.Managements can take initiatives to transform Tamasic and Rajasic work culture to Sattvic work culture through practice ofYogabypeople, which will result in theprogressof the organisation and the nation as a whole. + +REFERENCES + +Ammineedu V, 2009. Leadership effectiveness and style in relation to personality characteristics: an exploratory study synopsis. Dharana Bhavan’s International Journal of Business, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 65–81. +Barrick MR and Mount MK, 1991. The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology,Vol.44,No.1,pp.1–26.doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1991.tb00688.x. +Barrick MR, Mount MK and Strauss JP, 1993. Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: test of the mediatingeffects of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology,Vol. 78,pp. 715–722. +Biswas M, 2010. Insearchofpersonalityinventoryfor Indianmanagement: anapplicationofstructural equationmodeling. Journal of ServicesResearch,Vol.10,No.1,pp.101–123. +Casper WJ, Chen G and Cortina JM, 1999. Meta-analytic examination of the relationships among cognitive ability, conscientiousness, self-efficacy, and task performance. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Society of Industrial-Organizational Psychology, Atlanta. +ChakrabortySK,1987. Managerial effectivenessandqualityofworklife.NewDelhi: TataMcGrawHill, pp. 45-47. + + +Siddhant 241 + + + +P.S.Chokkalingam,SonyKumari,K.B.AkhileshandH.R.Nagendra + + +ChakrabortySK,1998.Foundations of managerial work– contributionfrom Indianthought.HimalayanPublishingHouse, pp.83-87. +Daftuar CN andSharma R, 1997. Beyond maslow–anIndianpsycho philosophical viewonneedhierarchy. Proceedingsof the 84th Indian Science Congress (Part IV). Delhi. +Daftuar NC and Anjuli, 1997. Organisational stress, organisational commitment and job involvement in sattva, rajas and tamas personalitytypes. Journal of Indian Psychology, Vol. 15, Nos. 1–2, pp. 44–52. +Das, 1991.PsychologyinIndia revisited–developments inthediscipline. PersonalityandHealthPsychology,Vol.2.New Delhi: SagePublicationsIndiaPvt.Ltd.,pp.54-58 +ElankumaranS,2004.Personality,organisational climateandjobinvolvement: anempirical study.Journal ofHumanValues, Vol.10,No.2,pp.117–130. +Frei RL and McDaniel MA, 1998. Validity of customer service measures in personnel selection: a review of criterion and construct evidence.HumanPerformance,Vol.11,No. 1,pp.1–27. +http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conscientious. +JohnOPandSrivastavaS,1999.TheBig-Fivetrait taxonomy: history,measurement,andtheoretical perspectives.In: Pervin LAand John OP, eds., Handbook of personality: Theory and research. Guilford Press, NewYork. +JudgeTJ,HigginsCA,ThoresenCJandBarrickMR,1999.TheBigFivepersonalitytraits,general mental ability,andcareer success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 621–652. +Kaur PandSinhaAK, 1992.Dimensions ofGunainorganisational setting, Vikalpa,Vol.17, No. 3,pp. 27–32. +KejriwalAandKrishnanVR, 2004. Impact ofvedicworldviewand Gunas ontransformational leadership. Vikalpa.Vol.29, No1,p.29. +KumarKCTLandThomasTM,2013.CreativityandTriGunapersonalityofmanagers.Journal of OrganisationandHuman Behavior,Vol.2,No.1,pp.1–16. +MathewT,2010. Identifyingmanagement trainingneedsforcharteredaccountant usingTriGunas. Proceedingsof theAIMs International Conference on value Based Management. Haridwar, India. +McCrae RR and Costa PT, 1991. The neo personality-inventory – using the 5-factor model in counseling. Journal of CounselingDevelopment,Vol.69,pp.367–372. +McHenryJJ,HoughLM,ToquamJL,HansonMAandAshworthS, 1990.Project Avalidityresults:therelationshipbetween predictorandcriteriondomains.Personnel Psychology,Vol.43,pp.335–354. +Mount MK and Barrick MR, 1995. The Big Five personality dimensions: implications for research and practice in human resource management. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management,Vol. 13,pp. 153–200. +Narayanan J and Krishnan VR, 2003. Impact of Sattva and Rajas Gunas on transformational leadership and Karma Yoga. Journal of Indian Psychology,Vol.21,No. 2,pp. 1–11. +OnesDSandViswesvaranC,1996.Bandwidth-fidelitydilemmainpersonalitymeasurement forpersonnelselection.Journal of Organizational Behavior,Vol.17,No.6,pp.609–626. +Ones DS, 1993. The construct validity of integrity tests. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa. RastogiA, 2004. TriGuna and psychological well-being, Ph.D. thesis, Lucknow University, Lucknow. RobbinsSP,1994.Organizational behavior:concepts, controversiesandapplication.Prentice-Hall.EnglewoodCliffs, NJ. +Rothmann S and Coetzer E, 2003. The big five personality dimensions and job performance. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology,Vol.29,No1,pp.68–74.doi:10.4102/sajip.v29i1.88. +Schmutte PS and Ryff CD, 1997. Personality and well-being: reexamining methods and meanings. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology,Vol.73,No.3,pp.549–559. +Wolf D, 1998. The vedic personalityinventory: a studyofthe Gunas. Journal of Indian Psychology, Vol. 16, pp. 26–43. + +242 Volume 15, Issue 3, July-September, 2015 diff --git a/subfolder_0/An action research study on effect of Integrated Yoga on personality and performance of employees with reference to Openness to experience conv.txt b/subfolder_0/An action research study on effect of Integrated Yoga on personality and performance of employees with reference to Openness to experience conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed642c1c370789e210f4739ef9c9aaa84f18236e --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/An action research study on effect of Integrated Yoga on personality and performance of employees with reference to Openness to experience conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,186 @@ +International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR) Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2015 + +An Action Research Study on Effect of Integrated Yoga on Personality of Employees with reference to Openness to Experience + + +Chokkalingam[1] Dr. Sony Kumari[2] K. B. Akhilesh[3] H. R. Nagendra[4] + + +Abstract: +Aim: The purpose of writing the paper is to evaluate the impact of practice of Integrated Yoga on a personality trait of employees namely Openness to experience by using Big Five Personality Inventory. +Literature review:Earlier studies proved the validity of Big Five Personality measures to evaluate the performance of employee +Study Design: An empirical study is made to assess the effect of practicing Integrated Yoga on personality traits, including Openness to experience. 51 employees are given Integrated Yoga Intervention for four months and another 51 are not given any intervention. Using Big Five Personality Inventory, data is collected before the study, in the middle of the study and at the end of the study. +Results and Conclusion:The analysis of data using SPSS showed that Openness to Experience in Integrated Yoga Intervention group improved significantly (p<.01) +Keywords:Personality, Performance, Openness to Experience, Integrated Yoga + + + +I. INTRODUCTION +In the present knowledge based society, human resources are the most important resource for the development. Personalities of employees shape the behaviours in the workplace and thus their performance. Development of the personalities to suit the changing requirements of the organization and also society is an important need of the present fast changing society. The present research studies how practice of Integrated Yoga can bring changes in employee’s personality with reference to Openness to experience, a Big Five Personality trait. +According to American Psychological Association, Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. Many efforts are made to identify the primary traits that govern behaviour and out of these Big Five Personality Model is most widely used in identifying and classifying traits. The Big Five Personality traits are Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. Among these, Openness to experience, it’s importance and impact of practice of Integrated Yoga on it are studied in the present research. The facets of openness are Active imagination (fantasy), Aesthetic sensitivity, Attentiveness to inner feelings, Preference for variety, and Intellectual curiosity. According to ancient Indian literature, Yoga is a technique to mind control and personality development. The present study wants to assess the impact of Yoga Intervention on the + + +personality of employees with special reference to Openness to Experience. + +II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE +According to previous studies, Openness to experience is important in following aspects: +Training proficiency(Jesus F. Salgado (1997),Broad minded and imaginative ( Dollinger, Leoung, and Ulicni ,1996), Predicted unique variance in job performance (Mark N.Bing, John W.Lounsbury , 2000), Positive attitudes towards learning experiences in general(McCrae and Costa, 1986), Task performance and Creativity(S Rothmann et al, 2003), in high complexity jobs (Gouri Mohan & Zubin R.Mulla), Skill acquisition (Oakes et al, 2001), Better performance in unfamiliar environments (Bing &Lounsbury, 2000), higher levels of creativity when the ends and means to their task are ill-defined (George & Zhou, 2001), More cued in to environment and will be attentive to multiple influences while taking decisions (McElroy & Dowd, 2007), Divergent thinking (McCrae, 1987) +Personality Development- Integrated Yoga as the facilitator: +Yoga is becoming popular in all parts of the world and recognising the importance of it the United Nations declared June 21st as World Yoga Day. However only a little research + + + +[1]Researcher, SVyasa University, Bangalore +[2]Associate Professor, SVyasa University, Bangalore, Mob.:09742060024, Email: sonykarmanidhi@gmail.com [3]Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore +[4]Chancellor, SVyasa University, Bangalore + +37 +International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR) Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2015 + + + +has been done on Yoga and most of it is related to application of Yoga to improve physical health of people. Very little research has been done on the application of Yoga to personality development of employees. To fill this gap, an effort has been made in the present study. +Patanjali, defines Yoga as Yogah Cittavritti Nirodhah –Yoga is a technique used to still the fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of the true self . According to Yoga Vashishta(3.9.32) Manah Prasamanopayah Yoga ityabhidhiyate- Yoga is a skillful and subtle process to calm down the mind. According to Swamy Vivekananda, every one can become divine by Psychic control(Raja Yoga), Devotion(Bhakti Yoga),Knowledge of self (Jnana Yoga),Selfless action(Karma Yoga). Yoga practice which aim at the integral development of the personality by a fine combination of the above four methods of yoga viz., Karma Yoga, Bhakthi Yoga, Jnana Yoga and Raja Yoga is called as Integrated Yoga. Practicing this knowledge may bring out complete transformation of one’s personality on physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels which, among other things, strengthen his performance levels. + + +• The subjects in the intervention group practiced Integrated Yoga for 4 months( 100 days, after deducting holidays, absents etc) for 1.5 hours a day. The daily program of intervention contains Surya Namaskaras(Sun salutations), Asanas (Body postures),Pranayama(Breath regulation exercises), Self Awareness Meditation and 10 minutes lecture on application of traditional Indian knowledge to modern work and personal lives. Every month a lecture viz., Jnana yoga class for 1 hour on application of traditional Indian knowledge is conducted by the first author on the following topics, either through oral lectures or audio visual presentations.1) Yogah Karmasu Koushalam-Integrated Yoga 2) Six Dimensions of Karma Yoga 3) Axioms of meaningful work 4) Lord Krishna as modern manager. The subjects in the control group were not given any intervention. +• The period of study is four months i.e from 1st October 2014 to 31st January 2015. Data was collected for both the groups before the study i.e, on October 1st 2014( Pre ), in the middle of the study i.,e on December 1st 2014(Mid ), at the end of the study i.e., on 31st January 2015 (End ) + + + + +III. DETAILS OF STUDY DESIGN +The salient features of the of this study is summarized as below: +• The aim of the study is to see if Openness to experience is improved by practice of Integrated Yoga + +• The Big Five Inventory developed by Oliver P.John was used. It contains 44 questions and 10 of them are related to Openness to Experience. It is a five point Likert scale and has a Cronbach Alpha reliability of .82 and validity of .92. +Figure 1: Aschematic representation of the study plan + + + +• The subjects for the study were 102 employees (after considering drop outs from the study), 51 of them practicing Integrated Yoga (Intervention Group) and the remaining 51 of them not practicing Integrated Yoga(Control group) +• Employees-men and women, with normal health as declared by the subjects are included in the study. Those who have any previous experience of any Yoga program or presently following any type of Yoga program or taking any medication for psycho somatic problems are excluded from the study +• The average age of subjects in intervention group is 34.7 years with standard deviation of 6.6 where as the average age of subjects in control group is 32.21 with standard deviation of 4.77. The average experience of subjects in intervention group is 10.6 years with standard deviation of 6.17 where as the average experience of subjects in control group is 7.21 years with standard deviation of 4.2 years. +• The participants are working in different industries as follows. In intervention group- 21 in IT and related sectors, 14 in Finance and related sectors, 16 in other sectors. In Control group- 20 in ITand related sectors, 18 in Finance and related sectors and 13 in other sectors. Thus the background of subjects in terms of age and experience and nature of industry in control group and intervention group is similar. +• The subjects for intervention group are employees who practice Integrated Yoga in Andhra Pradesh Yogadhyana Parishad, a state government organization in Hyderabad. Subjects for control group are people who volunteered to participate in the study. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +IV. RESULTS +Table- 1: Change in scores of Openness in Intervention and Control group during the study + + +38 +International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR) Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2015 + + + +Table 1 represents the average changes in the openness among the subjects in Intervention group and Control group. Since the total number of items in Openness to Experience are ten and scales are five, the maximum score is 50. The pre study i.e., base line data shows that score of Openness is 29.61 with standard deviation of 5.67 in subjects of Intervention group where as the same for Control group is 29.9 and 5.02 respectively which shows that the subjects have similar traits before the study. The mid study i.e., data in the middle of the study shows that there is 7.4% increase in openness in intervention group ,but only 1.66% increase in openness in control group. Similarly the End study i.e., data at the end of the study compared to beginning of study shows there is 14.8% increase in openness in intervention group where as it is only 2% in control group. +Since the design of the study requires repetitive studies of the same subjects, Repetitive Measures ANOVAi.e RMANOVA test was used to analyse the data which are collected before the study, in the middle of the study and at the end of the study both for intervention group and control group. The results are shown in the table 2 +Table – 2:Changes Within group in Openness to Experience + + + + + + + + + + +Table 2 shows changes in Openness with in Intervention group and control group during the study. It shows a continuous increase in openness from Pre Study to Mid Study(p<.001), Mid Study to End Study(p<.001) and Pre Study to End Study (p<.001) in subjects of Intervention group . There is no significant increase in Openness to Experience from beginning to middle(p>0.05), middle to end(p>.05) and beginning to end (p>.05) in subjects of control group + +Notes: +** indicates that the values are significant +Pre, Mid / Mid Study, End/ End Study means the Study before intervention (baseline data), study in the middle of intervention, study at the end of intervention respectively +Y1,Y2,Y3 means Yoga group(Intervention group) at the time of before study, middle of study, after study +C1,C2,C3 means Control group at the time of before study, middle of study, after study + +V. LIMITATIONS OFTHE STUDYAND RECOMMENDATIONS +The control group is not given any intervention, which may affect their interest to give response to the questionnaires and affect it’s accuracy. For further research, it is recommended to give some non yoga intervention to control group. + +The participants are working in different industries. The changes in work environment in these different industries may affect their responses. For further study it is recommended to study employees from one organization or industry only. + +VI. CONCLUSIONS +The following conclusions can be drawn from the study +1. Personality traits of employees especially Openness to Experience has an impact on the their performance which is established through literature survey +2. Practice of Integrated Yoga improves employees Openness to Experience +3. The above two conclusions may imply that practice of Integrated Yoga can improve the performance of employee. + +VII. STRENGTH AND IMPORTANCE OF STUDY +To the best of authors’ knowledge this is the first study to assess impact of Yoga intervention on Employees Openness to Experience. Since the study proves effectiveness of Yoga intervention, it is recommended that all employees to practice Yoga to improve their performance in work. + +VIII. REFERENCES 1. http://www.apa.org/topics/personality +2. 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Oakes, D.W., Ferris, G.R., Martocchio, J.J., Buckley, M.R., & Broach, D. (2001). Cognitive ability and personality predictors of training program skill acquisition and job performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 15(4), 523-548. +9. Bing, M. N., &Lounsbury, J. W. (2000).Openness and job performance in U.S.-based Japanese manufacturing companies. Journal of Business and Psychology, 14(3), 515-522. + +39 +International Journal of Education and Psychological Research (IJEPR) Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2015 + + +10.De Jong, R.D., Velde, M.E.G, & Jansen, P.G.W. (2001).Openness to experience and growth need strength as moderators between job characteristics and satisfaction. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9 (4). +11. George, J.M., & Zhou, J. (2001).When openness to experience and conscientiousness are related to creative behavior: An interactional approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 513-524. +12.McElroy, T& Dowd, E(2007), Susceptibility to anchoring effects: How openness to experience influences responses to anchoring cues. Judgment and Decision Making, 2(1),48-53 +13.McCrae, R. R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1258– 1265. +14.John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (Vol. 2, pp. 102–138). New York: Guilford Press. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +40 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Ancient science of yogic life for academic excellence in university students conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Ancient science of yogic life for academic excellence in university students conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c66f6123d41a8c1f2c2c7741392309646dd00662 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Ancient science of yogic life for academic excellence in university students conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ +8/11/2014 Ancient scienceof yogic lifefor academic excellenceinuniversitystudents + + +Ancient science of yogic life for academic excellence in university students + +Sham Ganpat Tikhe, H. R. Nagendra, and Neeraj Tripathi + + +Abstract + +Background: + +Academic excellence is essential to provide opportunities for students to work together to improve their understanding of +concepts in their academic core. Academic excellence helps students to teach problem-solving and collaborative learning +strategies. + + +Objective: + +The objective of this study was to assess Guna (personality traits) in students undergoing Yoga Instructor's Course (YIC). + + +Materials and Methods: + +In all, 68 YIC students with a mean age of 28.03 ± 9.38 years participated in this single group pre–post study. The Personality +Inventory data were collected before (pre) and after (post) the YIC. + + +Statistical Analysis: + +Means, standard deviations, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for analyzing the data with the +help of SPSS16. + + +Results: + +The data analysis showed 11.33% decrease (P < 0.01) in Tamas Guna (dull personality trait), 0.68% decrease (P =0.819) in +Rajas Guna (violent personality trait), and 10.34% increase (P <0.01) in Sattva Guna (balanced personality trait) scores. + + +Conclusion: + +This study suggests that YIC can result in the improvement of Sattva Guna (balance personality trait) among students, thus +paving the way for their academic excellence. + +KEYWORDS: Academic excellence, ancient science of yogic life, university students + + +INTRODUCTION + +Indian philosophy provides Guna theory, a composite framework of Tri-dimensional Personality Inventory to aid the +understanding of the mental make-up of a person. This theory is based on Samkhya Philosophy's concept of Guna.[1,2] In an +ideal situation of perfect health, an individual has the complete freedom to use any of these three Gunas with dominance of +Sattva Guna in his personality. Ill health or limited health occurs if Rajas or Tamas Guna becomes dominant, as one loses +freedom and gets habituated to either of these Guna. Hence, the degree of positive health can be measured by a tool that can +grade these three personality traits or Guna.[3] + +The philosophy of yoga believes that somatic problems are nothing but a manifestation of an imbalance between three Gunas +(Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas) that go to constitute the body–mind complex of the individual.[4] Further, in the famous scriptural +text, the Gita, a guna, indicates a specific behavior style. Sattva is symbolized by purity, wisdom, bliss, serenity, love of +knowledge, spiritual excellence, and other noble and sublime qualities. Rajas is symbolized by egoism, activity, restlessness, and +hankering after mundane things such as wealth, power, valor, and comforts. Tamas is related to qualities such as bias, heedlessness + +http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530342/ 1/5 +8/11/2014 Ancient scienceof yogic lifefor academic excellenceinuniversitystudents + +and inertia, perversion in taste, thought, and action.[5] + +However, the personality changes that characterize the efficacy of Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) for students +have not been reported adequately. Hence, we have designed this study to assess the efficacy of Yoga Instructor's Course (YIC) +for academic performance in university students using Personality (Guna) Inventory (PI). + + +Objective + +The objective was to assess PI in university students undergoing YIC. + + +MATERIALS AND METHODS + +Subjects + +In all, 68 YIC students (27 males and 41 females) with a mean age of 28.03 ± 9.38 years participated in this study. + + +Inclusion criteria + +Age range 18 and 37 years +Both males and females + + +Exclusion criteria + +Students with serious medical conditions +Students taking medication +Using any other wellness strategy +Students using psychiatric drugs, alcohol, or tobacco in any form + + +Design + +A single group pre–post study + + +Source + +The subjects for this study were selected from Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University, +Bangalore, undergoing a 21-day YIC program. + + +Informed consent + +An informed consent was obtained from all the participants. + + +The institutional review board (IRB) approval + +The study was approved by the IRB of S-VYASA University. + + +Assessments + +In this study, we have used PI developed by Pathak, Bhatt and Sharma.[6] It has 24 items for Sattva Guna (balanced, gentle, and +controlled personality trait), 34 items for Rajas Guna (violent and uncontrolled personality trait), and 30 items for Tamas Guna +(dull and uncontrolled personality trait). It has good internal consistency and reliability and in terms of validity, all the three +traits showed lowcorrelation with each other indicating that these three traits are independent. + +PI is based on Samkhya Philosophy's concept of Guna.[1] In an ideal situation of perfect health, an individual has the complete +freedom to use any of these three Gunas with dominance of Sattva Guna in his personality. Ill health or limited health occurs if + +http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530342/ 2/5 +8/11/2014 Ancient scienceof yogic lifefor academic excellenceinuniversitystudents + +Rajas or Tamas Guna becomes dominant, as one loses freedom and gets habituated to either of these Guna. Hence, the degree of +positive health can be measured by a tool that can grade these three personality traits or Guna.[3] + + +Intervention + +All the subjects participated in the YIC of 21 days duration [Table 1]. The program was conducted in a serene and peaceful +atmosphere of the S-VYASA University in a residential setup with a schedule starting from 5 AM to 10 PM. Sattvic diet (high- +fiber low-fat vegetarian and balanced diet), devotional sessions, cultural programs, and discourses from experts were the key +essence of this program. The program was based on IAYT leading to the holistic development of the personality. + + +Table 1 +Schedule ofthe YIC program + + + + + + +Data collection + +The PI data were collected before (pre) and after (post) the 21-day YIC program. + +Data analysis + +Tables 2, 3, and 4 showthe items in their respective Guna (personality) with their interpretation and test–retest reliability co- +efficient. Responses to inventory items are received in terms of choices between very much, much, moderate, little, or not at all. +These rawanswers are then converted to numerical values from 5 to 1, respectively. Answers to all items on all three scales are +converted to 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1, as above. Addition of scores on all items on a particular scale gives the individual's total score on +that scale. In this way, each individual receives a score on each of the three scales. Percentage of each was calculated by dividing +the score of each Guna with total score and multiplying by 100. + + +Table 2 +Interpretation ofGuna (Personality) inventory scores + + + + + + +Table 3 +Test–retest reliability co-efficient ofGuna + + + + +Table 4 +Interpretation ofGuna scores + + + + +Statistical analysis was done with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences [SPSS]-16. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test +showed that the data were not normally distributed. We used the Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare means of the data +collected before (pre) and after (post) the YIC program. + + +RESULTS AND DISCUSSION + +The data analysis showed 11.33% significant decrease (P < 0.001) in Tamas Guna (dull personality trait), 0.68% decrease (P = + +http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530342/ 3/5 +8/11/2014 Ancient scienceof yogic lifefor academic excellenceinuniversitystudents + +0.819) in Rajas Guna (violent personality trait), and 10.34% significant increase (P < 0.001) in Sattva Guna (balanced +personality trait) scores [Table 5]. + + +Table 5 +Data analysis + + + + +The behavior of a human being is an expression of a combination of different Gunas. Tamas (meaning darkness) is the grossest +aspect of our personality characterized by excessive sleep, innocence, laziness, depression, procrastination, a feeling of +helplessness, impulsivity, anger, and arrogance (packed up with vital energy). When we reduce Tamas through mastery over the +mind, we become dynamic, sensitive, and sharp to move toward Rajas (the shining one) characterized by intense activity, +ambitiousness, competitiveness, high sense of self importance, desire for sense gratification, little interest in spiritual elevation, +dissatisfaction with one's position, envy of others, and a materialistic cleverness.[7] + +With further growth and mastery, one moves into Sattva—a dominance that includes the qualities of truthfulness, stability, +discipline, sense of control, sharp intelligence, preference for vegetarianism, truthfulness, gravity, dutifulness, detachment, +respect for superiors, staunch determination,[8] and stability in the face of adversity and also conscious action. Thus, we can see +that although both Rajas and Tamas have both positive and negative qualities, they are the manifestation of a violent state of +mind in which a person lacks mastery over upsurges of emotions and impulsive behavior.[7] Most of the qualities of Sattva which +are manifestation of a calm state of mind are achievable by different yoga techniques (physical postures, pranayama, and/or +meditation) meant for mastery over the mind–body complex.[9] Several earlier studies have independently corroborated these +notions. It has been shown that self-esteem as well as the sense of control and determination improved after meditation.[10] +Reduction in crime rate after transcendental meditation (TM) supported the effect of a calm state of mind on social health.[11] +These positive effects also showup as better perception and memory as well as better motor performance (dexterity and +coordination tests).[12] + +The mechanism of howyoga may reduce Rajas and Tamas and howit may increase Sattva may be understood by three cardinal +principles of yoga: relax the body, slowdown the breath, and calm down the mind.[13] Recent research has shown a positive +relationship between personality trait and academic performance. A previous study on yoga reported enhanced PI as a result of +the practice of yoga way of life. The result indicates the importance of yoga to improve academic performance.[14,15] This +study is consistent with these findings, indicating that a systematic practice of the yoga in the form of YIC can result in better +academic excellence. + + +CONCLUSION + +This study suggests that YIC can result in the improvement of Sattva Guna (balance personality trait) among students, thus +paving the way for their academic excellence. + + +ACKNOWLEDGEMENT + +The authors acknowledge S-VYASA University for granting permission to carry out this work. + + +Footnotes + +Source of Support: Nil. + +Conflict of Interest: None declared. + +Article information + +Anc Sci Life.2012 Jan-Mar;31(3):80–83. + + +http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530342/ 4/5 +8/11/2014 + +doi: 10.4103/0257-7941.103179 + +Ancient scienceof yogic lifefor academic excellenceinuniversitystudents + + +PMCID:PMC3530342 + + +Sham GanpatTikhe,H.R.Nagendra,1 and Neeraj Tripathi2 + +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University,Bangalore,India +1ChiefEditor,International Journal ofYoga (Indexed with Pubmed) and Vice Chancellor,S-VYASAUniversity,Bangalore,India 2ResidentMedical Officer,S-VYASAUniversity,Bangalore,India +Address for correspondence: Dr.Sham GanpatTikhe,Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University (Prashanti Kutiram),19,Eknath Bhavan,Gavipuram Circle,Kempegowda Nagar,Bangalore – 560 019,Karnataka,India.Email:rudranath29@gmail.com + +Copyright:© AncientScience ofLife +This is an open-access article distributed under the terms ofthe Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported,which permits unrestricted use,distribution,and reproduction in any medium,provided the original work is properly cited. + +This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. + +Articles from AncientScience ofLife are provided here courtesy ofMedknowPublications + +REFERENCES + +1. Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N. A randomized control trial ofthe effect ofYoga on Gunas (personality) and Selfesteem in normal +healthy volunteers. Int J Yoga. 2009;2:13–21. [PMC free article] [PubMed] + +2. Woodroofe SJ. Madras: Ganesh and Company; 1972. Shakti and Shakta. + +3. Goyanka J. Gorakhpur: Gita Press; 1999. Srimadbhagavadgita Tattvavivecani, Govind Bhavan Karyalaya. + +4. Goyandka J. 15th ed. Gorakhpur, Govind Bhavan Karyalaya: Gita Press; 1999. Srimadbhagavad gita Tattvavivecani. + +5. Das RC. Standardization ofthe Gita inventory ofpersonality. J Indian Psychol. 1991;09:47–54. + +6. Pathak NS, Bhatt ID, Sharma R. Manual for Classifying Personality on Tridimensions ofGunas- An Indian Approach. Indian J Behav. +1992;16:4. + +7. Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N. A randomized control trial ofthe effect ofYoga on Gunas (personality) and Health in normal healthy +volunteers. Int J Yoga. 2008;1:2–10. [PMC free article] [PubMed] + +8. WolfDB. The vedic personality inventory: A study ofthe Gunas. J Indian Psychol. 1998;16:26–43. + +9. Holt WR, Caruso JL, Riley JB. Transcendental Meditation vs pseudo-meditation on visual choice reaction time. Percept Motor Skills. +1978;46:726. [PubMed] + +10. Alexander CN, Robinson P, Rainforth M. Treating and preventing alcohol, nicotine and drug abuse through transcendental meditation: A +review and statistical meta-analysis. (13-87).Alcohol Treat Q. 1994;11:1–2. + +11. Abrams AI. Transcendental meditation and rehabilitation at Folsom prison: Response to a critique. Criminal Justice Behav. 1979;6:13–21. + +12. Dillbeck MC, Orme-Johnson DW. Physiological differences between transcendental meditation and rest. Am Psychol. 1987;42:879–81. + +13. Murthy SR. From local to global - Contributions ofIndian psychiatry to international psychiatry. Indian J Psychiatry. 2010;52:30–7. +[PMC free article] [PubMed] + +14. Kember P. The Transcendental Meditation technique and postgraduate academic performance. Br J Educ Psychol. 1985;55:164–6. + +15. Ganpat TS, Nagendra HR. Yoga therapy for developing emotional intelligence in mid-life managers. J Mid-life Health. 2011;2:28–30. +[PMC free article] [PubMed] + + + +http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530342/ 5/5 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Association of physical fitness and soccer skills in diploma college soccer players..txt b/subfolder_0/Association of physical fitness and soccer skills in diploma college soccer players..txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6aec694a8a9372e9f34744bb9b53e7239408723d --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Association of physical fitness and soccer skills in diploma college soccer players..txt @@ -0,0 +1,433 @@ + +~ 20 ~ +International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education 2018; 3(1): 20-22 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +ISSN: 2456-0057 +IJPNPE 2018; 3(1): 20-22 +© 2018 IJPNPE +www.journalofsports.com +Received: 07-11-2017 +Accepted: 08-12-2017 + +Poornabodha V Kadagadakai +Division of Yoga and +Humanities, SVYASA +University, Bengaluru, +Karnataka, India + +Balaram Pradhan +Division of Yoga and +Humanities, SVYASA +University, Bengaluru, +Karnataka, India + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Correspondence +Poornabodha V Kadagadakai +Division of Yoga and +Humanities, SVYASA +University, Bengaluru, +Karnataka, India + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Association of physical fitness and soccer skills in +diploma college soccer players + +Poornabodha V Kadagadakai and Balaram Pradhan + +Abstract +Purpose: To find out the relation between physical fitness components and soccer skills among diploma +college soccer players. +Methods: Forty one diploma college soccer players were selected for the study. They were assessed +through physical fitness tests on muscle strength (hand grip), Sit-up, Harvard step-up, height and weight, +sit and reach. The soccer skill tests dribble, lofted-pass, shooting, short pass, and juggling were +evaluated. +Results: The BMI was found negative correlation with dribbling (r= -0.309, p≤0.05). +Conclusion: This study found that, there is a relation between physical fitness components with soccer +skills. + +Keywords: Soccer, fitness, endurance, BMI, dribbling, passing, correlation + +Introduction +Soccer is a multifaceted game, involve the reappearance of various contrasting actions, and +quite a few tests are at present being used to evaluate the physical ability of players (Rampinini +et al., 2007) [1]. For example, aerobic capability can be assessed by means of the Yo-Yo test +(Krustrup et al., 2003) [2], simple running tests can be used to examine speed, agility and +repetitive sprint performance, and countermovement jump can be used to evaluate leg power. +Previous studies found that, the players of the best group carry out more short passes in official +games than players of worst teams (Rampinini et al., 2007) [1]. Also it was observed that, the +number of short passes reduces in the subsequent half as compare to initial. These most likely +points out towards fatigue, which indicate the deficiency of fitness (Enoka et al., 1992) [3]. +During the 90 minute game, players run approximately at an average intensity of 10 kilometers +comes closer to the anaerobic doorstep (80-90%of maximal heart rate). Within this endurance +background, frequent short-tempered activities required including tackling, turning, sprinting, +jumping, kicking, heading, balancing against forceful contractions and control over the ball +against defensive pressure. In this game situation, all the players are anticipated to be +competent of retaining high aerobic fitness and anaerobic power all along excellent agility +(Sheppard et al., 2006) [5]. +Skill is ‘the reliable creation of goal-oriented actions, which are cultured and specific to the +task’ (McMorris, 2004) [6]. The improvement of match performance is normally observed in +learning strategic and scientific skills and their assimilation into the game situation (Mitchell et +al., 2006; Grehaigne et al., 2005) [7]. The motor skillfulness required to effectively control, +pass, dribble and shoot the ball at goal are basic skills of the soccer player (Ajmal Ali, 2010) +[8]. In the game, the player becomes useless if he does not use proper skill at the right time +even though he was a skillful player (Knapp, 1977) [9]. An additional impact on skill is the +player’s capability to uphold their technique as tiredness sets in during different phases of the +game (Mohr et al., 2003) [10]. Hence, this study was undertaken to know the correlation among +fitness components and soccer skills. The previous study (Rampinini et al., 2008) [11] suggests +that, the greater the fitness level, the lesser the fatigue experienced by the players for a given +unconditional intensity, which in turn results in less decline in technical skill ability. + + + +~ 21 ~ +International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education +Methods and Subjects +Participants: Forty one diploma college soccer players +volunteered for the study. The scheduled was five days a +week and about 2 hours duration. The soccer training +consisted of general warm up, physical fitness, technical and +tactical skills followed by cool down. The institutional Ethical +committee protocol was followed and written informed +consent was received. Prior to study, the detailed information +about the benefits and risk of the investigation was given to +the subjects. Five physical fitness tests and five soccer skill +tests were included in the study. + +Handgrip Strength Test: The subject was asked to hold the +dynamometer in one hand. Then, he was instructed to squeeze +the dynamometer with all out efforts. Body movements are +not allowed. Tester shall record the score. This test measures +the hand grip strength of forearm. + +Sits up Test: The participant asked to lie down on the mat +with the bent knees at right angles. The feet shall be hold by +the partner. The fingers interlocked behind the neck. After the +‘start’ command, the subject raises his upper body from the +trunk region towards knee and then returns back on the floor. +Successful counts shall be recorded. + +Harvard step test: This test is a type of cardiac stress test for +finding cardiovascular endurance. The platform or a stool is +kept in front of the subject at a height of about 50 cm or 20 +inches. On the command ‘start’, the subject steps up and +down on a platform with the rhythm for which metronome +instrument was used. The subject will continue the exercise +for five minutes. Immediately after exercise, the subject was +asked to lie-down on back. After one minute rest, start +counting the pulse from one to one and half minute, two to +two and half minute and three to three and half minute. +Physical efficiency Index = duration of exercise in sec. x +100/2 x sum of pulse during recovery. + +Body Composition: The height in meter and weight in +kilogram was recorded in the record sheet. The body mass +index (BMI) was calculated as per the weight of a person in +kilogram divided by height in meter squared. + +Sit and Reach Flexibility Test: The subject was asked to sit +on the floor with bare feet and instructed to put the feet flat +against the closed end of the box through the open end of the +box with the knees fully extended. The subject then extends +his both arms ahead as far as possible along with the +measuring scale which was fixed on the top of the box. The +distance covered is measured and recorded. + +Dribbling: The subject was asked to dribble the ball around +each cone in a zigzag manner. After clearing the final cone, +the player has to run along with the ball towards end line as +shown in fig. 1. The subject scores 200 points for finishing +the test in 30 seconds. 10 additional points shall be scored for +every second under and 10 points shall be deducted for every +second over 30. + +Lofted pass: This test is designed to develop accuracy. Every +subject has 4 attempts. The subject was asked to push the ball +towards designated marker as shown in the fig. 2. If the ball +passes at the center without bouncing, 100 points shall be +given. The subject is allowed to attempt with weaker foot and +double points shall be given if the attempt is successful. Total +4 attempt scores shall be recorded. + +Shooting: This test is useful for measuring accuracy in +shooting. As shown in fig. 3, the subject was asked to push +the ball towards goal post. Every subject will be given 4 +attempts and score shall be recorded within 15 seconds. + +Passing: This test promotes the subject to use his feet for +passing a short distance. As shown in fig. 4, the subject starts +passing the ball to the designated distance and takes next +attempt with alternate leg. Each successful pass shall be given +50 points. If the subject able to pass all 4 attempts +successfully, he shall be given 50 bonus points. + +Juggling: This test measures the skill of controlling the ball +off the air. The subject was asked to hold the ball in air as +long as possible. If the ball was hold in air for 5 seconds, 50 +points shall be given. 6-10 seconds, 100 points shall be given. +Further, for each 10 seconds, 20 additional points shall be +given and total scores shall be recorded. + +Statistical analysis +The data were analyzed by using Pearson product moment +correlations to determine the relationship between physical +fitness components and soccer skills. + +Results +The BMI was found significant negative correlation with +dribbling (r= -0.309, p≤0.05). However, the results shows +positively related to Juggling (r=.281, p=0.075) as shown in +Table 1. + +Table 1: Correlation between physical fitness and soccer skills in Diploma football players + + +Strength +Sit ups +Index +BMI +flexibility +Dribbling +Lofted Passing +Shooting +Passing +Strength + + + + + + + + + +Sit ups +.215 + + + + + + + + +Index +.094 +.055 + + + + + + + +BMI +.022 +.166 +-.307 + + + + + + +Flexibility +.100 +-.273 +-.049 +.053 + + + + + +Dribbling +.173 +.174 +.299 +-.309* +.022 + + + + +Lofted Passing +.047 +.049 +.264 +-.217 +.114 +.239 + + + +Shooting +-.058 +-.115 +.254 +-.248 +.107 +.126 +.102 + + +Passing +.042 +.017 +-.221 +-.103 +-.029 +.073 +-.222 +-.196 + +Juggling +-.098 +.084 +.086 +.281 +-.125 +-.282 +-.174 +.146 +.221 +* p<0.05 + +Discussion +In the present research, diploma college soccer players went +through physical fitness and soccer skill tests. There is a +significant negative moderate correlation was found between +body mass index with dribbling. Also, we found that, BMI is +significant (borderline) positively correlated with juggling. + +~ 22 ~ +International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education +The previous findings showed that, Loughborough Soccer +Passing Test total performance (LSPT TP) found significant +positively correlated with various sprint distance times, +Agility, dribbling and Illinois agility test and seems to be +more effective factors. Negative correlations were found +significantly between LSPT TP and squat jump and counter +movement jump. Also, previous findings disclose that, the +motor fitness components such as speed, muscular strength +endurance and cardiovascular endurance were significantly +associated with skill performance (Baljinder Singh et al., +2016) [13]. Kicking in soccer is related to the strength and +power of the kicking foot, dribbling the ball and tackling are +very much associated with speed and agility of the player. + +Conclusion +BMI had significant negative correlation with dribbling. Other +components showed insignificant. Hence, the further study +kept open to find higher correlation in physical fitness and +soccer skill tests. + +References +1. Rampinini E, Coutts AJ, Castagna C, et al. Variation in +top level soccer matches performance. Int J Sports Med. +2007; 28:1018-24. +2. Krustrup P, Mohr M, Amstrup T, et al. The yo-yo +intermittent recovery +test: Physiological response, +reliability, and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; +35:697-705. +3. Enoka RM, Stuart DG. Neurobiology of muscle fatigue. J +Applied Physiol. 1992; 72:1631-48. +4. Stølen T, Chamari K, Castagna C, Wisløff U. Physiology +of soccer: an update. Sports Med. 2005; 35:501-36. +5. Sheppard JM, Young WB. 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International Journal of Behavioural Social +and Movement Science. 2016; 05(3). diff --git a/subfolder_0/Barriers in the path of yoga practice an online survey.txt b/subfolder_0/Barriers in the path of yoga practice an online survey.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4ba570328414a81adee4307c07b0b7eb67b7090c --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Barriers in the path of yoga practice an online survey.txt @@ -0,0 +1,217 @@ +8/11/2014 +Barriers in the path of yoga practice: An online survey :[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga (IJoY) +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973-6131;year=2014;volume=7;issue=1;spage=66;epage=71;aulast=Dayananda +1/3 +SHORT COMMUNICATION +Year : 2014 | Volume : 7 | Issue : 1 | Page : 66--71 +Barriers in the path of yoga practice: An online survey +HV Dayananda, Judu V Ilavarasu, SK Rajesh, Natesh Babu + Division of Yoga and Management Studies, Sw ami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India +Correspondence Address: +Judu V Ilavarasu +19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegow da Nagar, Bangalore 560 019, Karnataka +India +Abstract +Context: Clinical benefits of yoga have been well explored, but factors contributing to adherence to regular yoga practice are not well studied. Aims: To study the factors influencing +adherence to yoga practices on those participants who have completed 1-month Yoga Instructors«SQ» course from a yoga university. Settings and Design: Online survey was +conducted on participants who had finished 1-month Yoga Instructors«SQ» course at a yoga university. Materials and Methods: Online survey was conducted using Survey Monkey +web portal with response rate of 42.5%. A total of 1355 participants were approached. Demographic items and a checklist of 21 items on a 5-point likert scale were prepared based +on traditional yoga texts. A few items to assess modern lifestyle barriers were also included. Statistical Analysis: One-sample proportion test with chi square statistics was used for +analysis. Results: Irregularity in lifestyle, family commitments, and occupational commitments are perceived as significant strong barriers. Dullness, excessive talking, strictly +adhering to rules, laziness, physical and mental overexertion, fickleness and wandering of mind, unsteadiness of mind, procrastination, and oversleeping are considered as +significant barriers of moderate nature. Conclusions: Modern lifestyle is the major challenge for yoga practitioners to adhere to regular practice of yoga. To address this, attention is +required in strengthening the lifestyle management and the spiritual dimension of yoga practice as the spiritual component seems to be side-tracked. +How to cite this article: +Dayananda H V, Ilavarasu JV, Rajesh S K, Babu N. Barriers in the path of yoga practice: An online survey.Int J Yoga 2014;7:66-71 +How to cite this URL: +Dayananda H V, Ilavarasu JV, Rajesh S K, Babu N. Barriers in the path of yoga practice: An online survey. Int J Yoga [serial online] 2014 [cited 2014 Aug 11 ];7:66-71 +Available from: http://www.ijoy.org.in/text.asp?2014/7/1/66/123490 +Full Text + Introduction +Yoga is becoming very popular not only in the East but also in the West. The results of the 2002 NHIS survey suggest that 5.1% of the U.S. population (over 10 million) practice yoga. +[1] Published literature suggests that majority of people take to yoga for health reasons and overall wellbeing. Various degrees of efficacy of yoga in medical condition have been +discussed in a number of published review articles. Yoga for cancer, [2] diabetes, [3] asthma, [4] and anxiety [5] are few examples. Although some studies have focused on healthy +adults, [6],[7] older adults, [8] and school children, [9] majority of other studies have focused on therapeutic efficacy of yoga along with cognitive functions. Very few studies have +attempted to look into the adherence to yoga practice. We suggest that the study of adherence to yoga practice is very essential because efficacy of yoga would also vary depending +upon subject's involvement in therapy process. Importance of adherence in clinical trials is well acknowledged, especially interventions involving mind-body. [10] Even for the placebo +treatment, patients who adhered to prescribed medical regime had better health outcomes than those who adhered poorly. [11] Strength and moderators of the adherence-outcome +association in clinical setup have also been systematically reviewed. [12] Such an extensive effort to study the influence of adherence in yoga has not been attempted yet. As yoga +therapy at deeper level involves mind-body system, adherence to yoga practice could be a potential predictor of clinical efficacy. No doubt, if conviction in the practice is high, +adherence to yoga practice may be strong. In a recent study, Baspure et al., identified various factors including busy work schedule as barriers to yoga therapy for schizophrenia in +India. [13] A previous study reported that motivational variables played a key role in adherence to Iyengar yoga in breast cancer survivors. [14] Therefore, it is necessary to understand +various factors that determine long-term adherence to yoga practice. The current study aims at evaluating the factors influencing adherence to yoga practices by those who had +completed 1-month Yoga Instructors' course from a yoga university. In order to give better functional direction to the study, we used the term barriers, which is the other side of the +coin of adherence. A checklist for the survey was prepared on the basis of the source of barriers mentioned in Hatha Yoga Pradipika[15] and Patanjali Yoga Sutra, [16] the classic +texts of yoga. In addition, modern lifestyle barriers were also taken into consideration. We proposed two main research hypotheses: 1) The factors mentioned in Hatha Yoga +Pradipika and Patanjali Yoga Sutra may have been perceived as the sources of barrier by the yoga practitioners and 2) daily occupational and family commitments may also be +sources of hindrance in modern context. The results showed an interesting fact that modern lifestyle is a major challenge for continued yoga practice. + Materials and Methods +A total of 1355 subjects who completed 1-month residential yoga instructors' course from January 2006 to March 2012 at a yoga university in Bangalore, India, were sent request to +participate in an online survey through e-mail mentioning details of study, link to survey web page, and request for consent. Of these, 282 voluntarily agreed and participated. +Responses of participants were kept confidential and no sensitive information that could reveal their identity was gathered. +Preparation of the checklist for the survey +Initially, a draft of the checklist of barriers faced by yoga practitioners was developed from the classic yogic texts, Patanjali Yoga Sutra and Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Then, it was +discussed with two yoga experts. The experts recommended inclusion of modern day barriers in the checklist. Subsequently, a checklist containing 21 statements was prepared. +The final checklist was prepared after simplifying the language. +Assessment +8/11/2014 +Barriers in the path of yoga practice: An online survey :[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga (IJoY) +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973-6131;year=2014;volume=7;issue=1;spage=66;epage=71;aulast=Dayananda +2/3 +The Survey Monkey web portal was chosen to host this study. The program was easy to use and also economical. Survey Monkey is a website that facilitates conducting online +surveys. There were two pages of survey. In the first page, demographic details were collected with either open-ended questions or multiple choice questions. In the second page, +specific responses toward various barriers faced by yoga practitioners were collected. There were 11 items in the first page and the second page had 21 items with 5-point likert +scale ranging from 'Never' to 'Always'. Once the survey page was designed, a test run was conducted by sending to other experimenters. Once it was tested, survey link was sent via +e-mail attachment, which provided an easy and immediate means of response from the participants. All of the sent mails contained brief details of the survey stating the purpose +and asking their voluntary consent. The mail also had a link to direct the eligible and interested subjects to Survey Monkey website where they could fill in all the details. All necessary +directions to complete the survey were given in the first page. Each survey page had an institutional logo in order to assure the respondent that this was a genuine online survey and +not a spam message. Experimenter's name and contact number were also given in the mail to further ensure that it was not a junk mail. On the whole, the survey took approximately +5 minutes to complete. It was designed to be brief and targeted to attract maximum respondents. +Data analysis +Data were extracted from the Excel report generated by Survey Monkey. For further analysis, the data were imported to R statistical package. [17] Since all variables were considered +as categorical at either nominal or ordinal levels of measurement, no assumptions for parametric test were checked. The main statistical test performed was one-sample proportion +test. +To evaluate our main hypothesis, that is, to find various barriers faced by those students who had undergone 1-month residential yoga instructors' course, we considered the +responses of 21-items checklist. Originally, the responses were collected on a 5-point likert scale, with options as never, rarely, sometimes, often, and always. The 21 items were to +be evaluated on this 5-point likert scale. For our analysis, we clubbed them into three categories with the following rationale: 'Never' category as the comparison group, i.e. including +subjects who responded they did not perceive the listed item as a barrier in the practice of yoga. We labeled this 'never' group as 'no barrier' group. 'Rarely' and 'sometimes' were +clubbed together to form 'moderate barrier' group. Finally 'often' and 'always' were clubbed together to form 'strong barrier' group. Now, the final three categories were: 'No barrier', +'moderate barrier', and 'strong barrier' groups, with first group acting as the comparison group. The one-sample proportion test tests the null hypothesis that true proportion between +the two categories is 0.5, i.e., it has equal chances. Apart from the main analysis, sub analysis was also done to find variation by gender, nationality, and health status. + Results +Response rate +There were a total of 1355 mails sent, of which, 693 did not reach the recipient due to e-mail id errors and other sending problems. The remaining 282 responded and 380 did not +respond. Out of 282 responses, one of the subjects was found to have done the survey twice with different ids, hence one among the two responses that contained missing values +was discarded. The final total was 281 with a response rate of 42.5%. +Demography +[Table 1] illustrates the results of demographic details. This includes those subjects who did not respond to the second page of the survey. Other open-ended responses were not +reported as they can be used for further analysis.{Table 1} +Analysis for the main research question +The [Table 2] and [Table 3] give summary of analysis results.{Table 2}{Table 3} +From the [Table 2], it is evident that dullness, excessive talking, strictly adhering to rules, laziness, overexertion (physical), fickleness and wandering of mind, unsteadiness of mind, +procrastination (delaying), overexertion (mental), and oversleeping were perceived as significant barriers of moderate nature. Over-fasting and doubt about results of practice were +perceived as significant non-barriers. +Coming to strong barriers, from [Table 3], it is very clear that only irregularity in lifestyle, family commitments, and occupational commitments alone were perceived as significant +strong barriers. +Further analysis to find out variations in gender, nationality, or health revealed no significant difference and hence will not be discussed further. + Discussion +Our main aim was to evaluate major barriers faced by students who had undergone 1-month residential yoga instructors' course. From the above results, it is very clear that modern +lifestyle, family, and occupational commitments were perceived as serious barriers. Those barriers mentioned in traditional texts like Hatha Yoga Pradipika and Patanjali Yoga +Sutras were perceived as either moderate barriers or barriers not relevant to today's world. The results reveal that irregularity in lifestyle is also a major barrier. It can be noted that +barrier factors extracted from scriptures were perceived only as moderate and some of the factors like 'doubt about results of practice' and 'over fasting' were perceived as significant +non-barriers. Does this mean that some of the factors mentioned in classic texts are not relevant in modern times? Do we need to look into yoga from the perspective of modern +times? We, however, suggest that these findings should not be taken at the face value as the sample on which this survey was done was based on modern lifestyle. There were no +yoga practitioners who did intense practice to achieve higher goals in the path of yoga by following a strict regime. This indicates that the primary reason for taking up the path of yoga +in the contemporary society is not for the attainment of any spiritual goal, rather for other goals like better health and quality of life. This is also echoed in Varambally's and +Gangadhar's work, according to which, yoga practice today is being seen as a means to promote physical and mental health rather than for achieving self-realization, for which the +philosophy was originally proposed. [18] These findings though encourage the current scenario, pose a serious threat to the tradition of yoga. Yoga which used to be adopted +primarily for spiritual culmination, harmonious health, and contentment as secondary natural outcome, is now being looked chiefly as a means to attain good health and harmony +alone, side-tracking the main aspect of it. No doubt, awareness about giving importance to spiritual discipline (sadhana) is being stressed, [19] although the voice seems to be quite +feeble. More research has to be done to bring this vital component of yoga practice. One of the reasons why modern lifestyle related barriers were perceived as strong barriers is +that, today, life seems to be centered around family and occupation and only a little scope is left out for community activities. Hectic night shift jobs and increasing daycare centers +are self revealing to support this point. In order to cope with the demand, people seem to be pushed into disoriented lifestyle. In Baspure's study, [13] it was found that, in spite of +giving good orientation about merits of yoga practice and providing remuneration to attend the training, many could not come to attend the therapy classes, which shows how strongly +social commitments like family and occupation could influence adherence. Those factors like laziness, overexertion, strictly adhering to rules, and wandering of mind, which were +perceived as significant moderate barriers, are either related to lifestyle problems or personality factors. To face family and occupational commitments, social support may help to a +great extent, as shown in Aggarwal et al.'s study that low social support is associated with non-adherence to diet in the family intervention trial for heart patients. [20] It has been +reported in an integrative review that health coaching strategies could improve healthy lifestyle. [21] Culturally relevant lifestyle was recommended for Korean Americans in a study +conducted to compare advice given on lifestyle by healthcare providers for Korean Americans and native Koreans with hypertension. [22] These evidences show that such kind of +programs, if encouraged, might help develop healthy lifestyle. Although some of these programs might play their contributory role in alleviating the challenge of family and +occupational commitments by promoting better lifestyle, still a lot needs to be done in lifestyle management, especially in an Indian societal setup. +It is encouraging that Büssing et al., reported development of specific aspect of spirituality during a 6-month intense yoga practice. [23] The existing literature in yoga clearly shows +greater clinical thrust rather than spiritual quest. Ross et al., suggest that home practice of yoga done without any external commitments is a better predictor of health than years of +8/11/2014 +Barriers in the path of yoga practice: An online survey :[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga (IJoY) +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973-6131;year=2014;volume=7;issue=1;spage=66;epage=71;aulast=Dayananda +3/3 +practice or class frequency. [24] This indicates that if we are able to overcome the barriers, there will be better practice of yoga. Prolonged practice of yoga is quite necessary for +effective outcome. For this, motivational factor is of great importance. [14] Hence, the current study has brought out the importance of the study of adherence factor in yoga practices. It +also adds the preliminary results to promote further research. There are a few studies that have reported adverse effects of yoga practice. [25],[26] Though, on one side, such +alarming events may give rise to doubt about practice of yoga, practice of yoga under supervision is found to be more beneficial. Furthermore, such reported adverse evidences can +be assessed censoriously if adherence factor is also considered, because overall efficacy of yoga comes from both external (therapy) and internal (adherence) factors. Also, +mediating effect of adherence needs to be studied to evaluate better clinical efficacy of yoga. In India, a cross-sectional study conducted in Ahmadabad city showed that religious +practices (78.4%), yoga (11.6%), and meditation (4.8%) are the most popular stress relieving practices. [27] Hence, we recommend further studies to find out the role played by +various adherence factors in yoga practices, emphasizing on modern lifestyle components. +The current study has few limitations. The results are limited to the population of respondents, especially given the survey's relatively low rate of return. Many email addresses were +not correctly reported. One major limitation of using online method was that those who were not comfortable with computer usage might have found this online survey a bit tough. As +was seen, 33 (11.7%) did not go to the second page of survey to complete the main questionnaire list. Since response rate was moderate (42.5%), the results cannot be +generalized. The study was conducted through online method and so it was easy to assess large number of respondents in a short span of 1 month. This ensured a wider sample +and the results to be more representative and reliable. The results of the current study suggest that a nationwide survey to study the prevalence and details of yoga practice in India +should be conducted in order to get a comprehensive picture. We need to study modern day hindrances to practice yoga among other yoga institutes in India to get a clear estimate. +A funded project should be planned in order to accomplish this goal. This will guide not only policy makers but also yoga practitioners and academic institutes. + Conclusion +To conclude, the results of this short-term focused survey reveal that modern lifestyle can be perceived as the major challenge for yoga practitioners to adhere to regular yoga +practice. To address this issue, attention is required in the direction of strengthening lifestyle management and the spiritual dimension of yoga practice, as the spiritual component +seems to be side-tracked. + Acknowledgments +We thank Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore for supporting this study. We also thank Dr. Balaram Pradhan and Dr. T. Indira Rao for their valuable +suggestions to improve this manuscript. +References +1 +Birdee GS, Legedza AT, Saper RB, Bertisch SM, Eisenberg DM, Phillips RS. Characteristics of yoga users: Results of a national survey. J Gen Intern Med 2008;23:1653-8. +2 +Culos-Reed SN, Mackenzie MJ, Sohl SJ, Jesse MT, Zahavich AN, Danhauer SC. Yoga and cancer interventions: A review of the clinical significance of patient reported +outcomes for cancer survivors. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012;2012:642576. +3 +Aljasir B, Bryson M, Al-Shehri B. Yoga Practice for the Management of Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Adults: A systematic review. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med +2010;7:399-408. +4 +Posadzki P, Ernst E. Yoga for asthma? A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. J Asthma 2011;48:632-9. +5 +Kirkwood G, Rampes H, Tuffrey V, Richardson J, Pilkington K. Yoga for anxiety: A systematic review of the research evidence. Br J Sports Med 2005;39:884-91. +6 +Abel AN, Lloyd LK, Williams JS. The effects of regular yoga practice on pulmonary function in healthy individuals: A literature review. J Altern Complement Med 2013;19:185- +90. +7 +Chong CS, Tsunaka M, Tsang HW, Chan EP, Cheung WM. Effects of yoga on stress management in healthy adults: A systematic review. Altern Ther Health Med +2011;17:32-8. +8 +Patel NK, Newstead AH, Ferrer RL. The effects of yoga on physical functioning and health related quality of life in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J +Altern Complement Med 2012;18:902-17. +9 +Serwacki ML, Cook-Cottone C. Yoga in the schools: A systematic review of the literature. Int J Yoga Therap 2012;22:101-9. +10 +Flegal KE, Kishiyama S, Zajdel D, Haas M, Oken BS. Adherence to yoga and exercise interventions in a 6-month clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med 2007;7:37. +11 +Horwitz RI, Horwitz SM. Adherence to treatment and health outcomes. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1863-8. +12 +DiMatteo MR, Giordani PJ, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Patient adherence and medical treatment outcomes: A meta-analysis. Med Care 2002;40:794-811. +13 +Baspure S, Jagannathan A, Kumar S, Varambally S, Thirthalli J, Venkatasubramanain G, et al. Barriers to yoga therapy as an add-on treatment for schizophrenia in India. Int +J Yoga 2012;5:70-3. +14 +Speed-Andrews AE, Stevinson C, Belanger LJ, Mirus JJ, Courneya KS. Predictors of adherence to an Iyengar yoga program in breast cancer survivors. Int J Yoga 2012;5:3-9. +15 +Muktibodhananda S. Hatha Yoga Pradipika. 3 rd ed. Munger: Bihar School of Yoga; 1998. +16 +Taimni IK. The science of yoga. 2 nd ed. Adyar: The Theosophical Publishing House; 1967. +17 +R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2012. +18 +Varambally S, Gangadhar BN. Yoga: A spiritual practice with therapeutic value in psychiatry. Asian J Psychiatr 2012;5:186-9. +19 +Bhavanani AB. Bridging yoga therapy and personal practice: The power of sadhana. Int J Yoga Therap 2012;22:89-90. +20 +Aggarwal B, Liao M, Allegrante JP, Mosca L. Low social support level is associated with non-adherence to diet at 1 year in the Family Intervention Trial for Heart Health (FIT +Heart). J Nutr Educ Behav 2010;42:380-8. +21 +Olsen JM, Nesbitt BJ. Health coaching to improve healthy lifestyle behaviors: An integrative review. Am J Health Promot 2010;25:e1-12. +22 +Kim MJ, Lee SJ, Ahn YH, Lee H. Lifestyle advice for Korean Americans and native Koreans with hypertension. J Adv Nurs 2011 Mar; 67:531-9. +23 +Bussing A, Hedtstuck A, Khalsa SB, Ostermann T, Heusser P. Development of Specific Aspects of Spirituality during a 6-Month Intensive Yoga Practice. Evid Based +Complement Alternat Med 2012;2012:981523. +24 +Ross A, Friedmann E, Bevans M, Thomas S. Frequency of yoga practice predicts health: Results of a national survey of yoga practitioners. Evid Based Complement Alternat +Med 2012;2012:983258. +25 +Dacci P, Amadio S, Gerevini S, Moiola L, Del Carro U, Radaelli M, et al. Practice of yoga may cause damage of both sciatic nerves: A case report. Neurol Sci 2013;34:393-6. +26 +Zhu JK, Wu LD, Zheng RZ, Lan SH. Yoga is found hazardous to the meniscus for Chinese women. Chin J Traumatol 2012;15:148-51. +27 +Nayak HK, Sonia B, Kapoor R, Gadhavi R, Solanki A, Vyas S, et al. Prevalence and pattern of stress relaxation practices in Ahmedabad city: A cross-sectional study. Int J +Yoga 2011;4:87-92. + + +Monday, August 11, 2014 + Site Map | Home | Contact Us | Feedback | Copyright and Disclaimer diff --git a/subfolder_0/Can The Cyclic Meditation Intervention Help To Manage Job Stress Effectively A Qualitative Study on Indian Information Technology Professionals conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Can The Cyclic Meditation Intervention Help To Manage Job Stress Effectively A Qualitative Study on Indian Information Technology Professionals conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75b204406a4b1f1f3a5e2c3f337e2265828eb8d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Can The Cyclic Meditation Intervention Help To Manage Job Stress Effectively A Qualitative Study on Indian Information Technology Professionals conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 +Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 + +Can The Cyclic Meditation Intervention Help To Manage Job Stress Effectively? A Qualitative Study on Indian Information Technology Professionals + +Pammi Sesha Srinivas1, K. B. Akhilesh2, Sony Kumari3 + + +Abstract: Enormous increase in opportunities in Information Technology industry in India also resulted in increase of job stress among its professionals. Coping techniques employed by professionals is of paramount importance as job stress caused by informational technology industry sector has enormous health complications starting from musculoskeletal disorders to cardio-vascular diseases. In-effective management of job stress by professionals would impact their employability as well as personal lives. Yoga is an ancient science which can give comfort to body/mind complex of human being in any context of life with a disciplined practice. Here a study was done to pursue the effect ofyoga based cyclic meditation practice to cope up with job stress for Indian information technology professionals. A qualitative research method was employed to gain deep insights into effects of the practice. A, 8 work week duration intervention was administered to the participants. Based on the findings derived from written experience from participants, Cyclic Meditation has potential to be chosen as one of the coping techniques for Job stress management among Indian Information Technology Professionals. Though these findings are derived for Indian context, the results are worth pursuing for international information technology professionals as well. + +Keywords: Cyclic Meditation, Yoga, Job stress, Information Technology Professional, Qualitative + + +1. Background + +Post 1991 economic reforms, India attracted lot of private and foreign investment in business. The impact of the economic reforms were started to be seen in big way in late 90s where more number of foreign industries set up its development and manufacturing units in India, creating thousands of jobs for Indian nationals. India, having advantage of premier educational institutes of research as well as considerable percentage of English speaking population, attracted investments in information technology business sector from both Indian business firms as well as foreign business firms. In this web connected world, information technology (IT) based companies need to cater to the needs of the global market trends to stay competitive. Global Competitive markets demand IT professionals to be innovative, cost effective as well as deliver ―customer liked‖ products on time, all the time. It all boils down to‖ do more with less every time on time ―.This creates lot of stressful situations for IT Professionals like ever changing customer expectations, squeezed project schedules, availability of skilled professionals, availability of talented leadership pool etc. As Robbins (2001) mentioned, an individual goes through stressful condition when he/she needs to deliver on any opportunity where the perceived outcome is essential and un-predictable. Research also shown that excessive job stress can cause enormous health complications ranging from musculoskeletal disorders to cardio-vascular diseases. Indian IT professionals are more prone to Job stress related health complication due to the nature of the job they have to perform. + +Though job stress is mainly governed by work-overload, role conflict and role ambiguity, any professional’s ability to withstand job related stress also depends on physical well-being, psychological wellbeing and personal life well-being. An individual who can with stand job related stress, can also turn areas of problems in the organization/industry into areas of opportunity for success. Yoga based practices are gaining + +popularity in India and abroad among IT professionals. This study investigates the effects of cyclic meditation (A yoga practice based meditation technique) on Indian IT professionals. Qualitative method was used to find out the experiences from the participants` perspective. + +2. Cyclic Meditation + +Cyclic Meditation (C.M.) was used as an intervention for this qualitative study. Cyclic meditation was developed by SVYASA (Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samstahana), Bangalore, India. Cyclic Meditation could be shortly referred as C.M here after. C.M is inspired by a verse from Mandukya Upanishad (SanjibPatra, Shirley Tells.2009). C.M.is a set of stimulation and relaxation combine involving cycles of body postures followed by supine rest relax poses. Body postures are yoga based body postures like ardhakatichakrasana, Taadasana , Vajrasana and Ardhavustrasana. Supine rest relax posture followed is shavasana i.e dead corpse pose. Participants going through this intervention need to make their body movements very slow and continuous. Idea here is by controlling the speed of the body movements, participants can feel the energy impulses flowing in the body. While in supine rest position, participants are made aware of their body parts and asked to relax the tension if any. This is over all 40 minute practice. + +3. Research Design and Methods + +Qualitative methodologies could be considered to be used in cases where large range of unknown variables effect an area (Creswell, 1998). There are large range of variables like organisational variables, environment variables and individual variables which play significant role in job stress perceived by IT professionals. Hence qualitative design method was adopted for this study. Key advantage with qualitative case study is that it helps to get deeper insight into participant experiences without any prior hypothesis (Patton, 1990). Participants were selected from Bengaluru, + + + + + +Paper ID: SUB15941 + +Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015 www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY + + + +2518 +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 +Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 + + +India office of one of the leading Multinational European Company (MNC). This MNC has its headquarters in Germany and has research and development office in Bengaluru since 1999. This company also has research and development centres in Munich (Germany), Villach (Austria), Bristol (U.K) and in Singapore. Along with that, this company has marketing presence in all continents of the world. + +A,8 work week intervention was administered to the participants during working days. Participants were mix of both male and female employees. 45 employees of the selected company participated in the study which ended in Nov 2014. All the participants were not having any serious illness or were not under medical treatment during the intervention period. The age range of employees varied from 24 years to 42 years. This is a post only study. At the end of intervention period, participants were encouraged to provide their experience which they believed happened due to C.M. practice honestly. Participants were requested to provide their experience in a written format honestly without any bias or apprehension.15 participants volunteered to share their experience in a written format. Average age of the experience sharing volunteers is about 28.9 years. A written format was provided to the volunteering participants to share their experiences. + +The written format provided, has guiding questions like ―describe the impact of cyclic meditation at physical level, if any‖. Written format provided also left room to share any remarkswhich participants wanted to express freely and honestly. + +4. Data Analysis + +As Denzin and Lincoln (1994) explain, data analysis begins after collecting the data from the participants in qualitative research. Written experiences from participants were studied carefully by the researcher. By looking into the obtained data, researcher looked into pattern of experiences so that the experiences could be grouped into conceptual categories. Written data provided by volunteered participants, was grouped into four major categories of information. First one was effect of Cyclic Meditation (C.M.) on physical well-being, second one was effect of C.M. on psychological well-being, and third one was effect of C.M. on personal life and the last one being effect of C.M. on work place. As part of last category of effect on workplace, responses from participants were also carefully examined to see the effect of C.M on job stress for IT professionals. + +Effect of C.M. practice on physical well-being + +Due to the nature of the Job, IT professionals need to be seated in chairs before the monitors for long hours in a day. Most of the times, IT professionals might not adapt most healthy pose for the backbone which can potentially cause back bone problems. Due to regular use of mouse and key board with the computer, IT professionals are more prone to wrist pains, shoulder joint pains etc. Also due to less physical nature of the job,IT professionals are also prone to obesity issues as well body laziness issues. As IT professionals work under cool air conditions constantly, IT + +professionals might also get exposed to breathing issues. As the job requires more of mind share than body share, I.T professionals might be exposed to sleep issues as there is a possibility of imbalance in effort done between body and mind in a day. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants. + +“Usually, I do not get proper sleep in the night. Also if I sleep longer hours by chance, I use to feel tired and sleepy all the time following wakeup. C.M. sessions helped me to get proper and continuous sleep for 6 hours, which is good enough for the body to relax. (Participant#7).” + +“I often used to get head-aches (sinus problem) at least thrice a week which got drastically reduced after practicing cyclic meditation. (Participant#10). “ + +“I use to have back pain on daily basis. When I use to get up in the morning, I use to feel the pain a lot. After I practice cyclic meditation, I have no more back pain and feeling relaxed. (Participant#12). “ + +“Conscious breathing as part of the meditation practice is helping to cure nasal related discomfort (Participant#5)” + +Effect of C.M. practice on psychological well-being:- + +As IT jobs demand more of professionals’ mind share, it is possible for IT professionals to experience un-comfortness at psychological level due to demands from work-place. Challenging projects and ambitious targets also add to impact the psychological well-being. Psychological well-being can be felt by self-awareness, self- confidence and listening capabilities. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants. + +“I feel confident about self being and feel easy in decision making. (Participant#10)”. + +“I have become aware of my thoughts and body movements post Cyclic Meditation practice. (Participant#1). “ + +“I am able to take decisions well after analysing all the pre & post actions of decisions post Cyclic Meditation practice(Participant#2).” +“I became more patient in listening to others. (Participant#12).” + +Effect of the C.M. practice on personal life:- + +With ever increasing demands of I.T jobs, I.T professionals are spending much more time at workplace than at home. It would not be un-natural to say that working professionals are becoming weekend partners and/or weekend parents .This could potentially also be one of the reasons for the rise in the family outings as well as family shopping in the weekends in India, compared to earlier times. Many a jobs, demand professionals to work for the tasks even after reaching home in working days, if not in weekends. As quality time spent at home for professionals is decreasing day by day, any disturbance at home/family would disturb the work efficiency of professionals and make those + + + + + +Paper ID: SUB15941 + +Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015 www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY + + + +2519 +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 +Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 + + +professional more prone to job stress situation. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants. + +“I am able to manage multiple tasks without feeling anxiety and stress. (Participant #9). “ +“Cyclic Meditation practice has obviously increased the patience and it helped to handle the +situations and relations effectively with family and friends ( Participant#3).” +“Also I must say, I am able to spend quality time with my family every evening. (Participant #15). “ + +Effect of C.M. practice at workplace + +Some of the common challenges for Indian Information Technology sector projects are, lack of sufficiently skilled resources availability, need to execute multiple projects simultaneously, ambitious project timelines, role ambiguity for employees, ever demanding customer expectations (which can also result in canning of projects), non-availability of sufficiently experienced leadership and cross cultural communicational challenges. Due to the challenges listed, I.T professionals may have challenging times in handling work related discussions/risk management/ schedules which can potentially impact work efficiency, resulting in job related stress. Support from sub-ordinates/ peers as well as supervisors, is also crucial for performing assigned tasks efficiently. Responses from Participant experience sharing document were also examined to assess the impact of Cyclic Meditation at workplace. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants. + +“I feel relaxed and able to solve problems in a better way without getting tensed. (Participant #1).” +“I am able to focus on work with greater intensity and am able to manage work schedules more effectively (Participant #7)” +“I feel effectiveness in my way of approach in handling discussions which helped to increase my productivity (Participant#3). “ + +Effect of C.M on Job related stress management Participants’ responses were also carefully examined to assess the effect of C.M. in handling job related stressful situations. Ability to work with cool mind is the key for stressful job situations. It is also important to respond appropriately for work place discussions else it would have negative spiral effect on Job stress. Ability to complete tasks even under stressful situations is key for professional’s success. Below are experiences as expressed by some of the participants. + +“Compared to before, Under stress situations, I can work easily with cool mind and complete the tasksuccessfully without errors. (Participant #10). “ + +“It helped to reduce tensions at work place and I feel relaxed in taking decisions compared to before. (Participant #12). “ + +“Earlier due to more stress, sometimes I tend to react to situations hastily. With a relaxed body and mind, I am able + +to appropriately respond to situations at work place.( Participant #15). “ + +5. Result Discussion + +Results due to C.M. practice are encouraging as expressed by participants. Participants experienced positive effects at physical well-being as well as psychological well-being due to C.M. practice. Practice helped some participants to reduce uncomfortness due to body ailments like sinus problem and back pain issues. All participants who had quality sleep issues, experienced a good quality sleep due to practice of Cyclic Meditation. C.M. practice also helped to reduce the nasal related discomfort for some participants. Some Participants reported more of self- awareness and self-confidence as expressed in written experience. C.M practice also has positive effect on decision making capability as well as on listening capability as expressed by few participants. Some participants experienced positive effect in personal lives in terms of handling situations and relations effectively. A quality time spent in personal time helps to tackle work related issues as well as job stress effectively. Most of the participants experienced positive effect at work place in terms handling discussions, risk forecasting and in adopting systematic problem solving. Some of the participants also experienced ability to handle job stress effectively and able to deliver on the tasks without errors under stressful conditions. Some participants also expressed enhancement in their ability to respond appropriately in work related situations. + +6. Limitations + +The average age of the participants under this study is around 29 years. Also to generalize these finding more number of participants to be covered bringing the average age of the participant close to 40 years. This study is currently done in one I.T , M.N.C company. Doing similar study in more I.T, M.N.C companies would give more promising outcomes which might support existing findings more robustly or modify some of the findings. Triangulation might be helpful to generalize these current findings by using a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods. However present study gives a solid platform for future studies on job stress management in I.T professionals using yoga based interventions like Cyclic Meditation. To enrich this study, future research can also consider women specific job stress as well as, study on IT enabling sector like B.P.O industry + +7. Conclusions + +Cyclic Meditation practice helped IT professionals for enhancing their physical and psychological well-being. Cyclic Meditation also helped to spend quality time in personal lives of IT professionals. This intervention also helped to manage work related tasks effectively .Though organization and environment variables play significant role in impacting job stress for Indian IT professionals, a well thought through and relaxed attitude from individual also plays positive effect in alleviating the Job stress for Indian IT professionals to greater extent. Cyclic Meditation practice + + + + + +Paper ID: SUB15941 + +Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015 www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY + + + +2520 +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 +Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 + + +would help modify IT professional response to job stress so that , not only he/she would not become scape-goat to health complications due to job stress, but it also enables the IT professional to perform efficiently at work place despite of stressful work conditions. + +References + +[1] Anthony D LaMontagne, Tessa Keegel, Amber M Louie & Aleck Ostry (2010). ` Job stress as a preventable upstream determinant of common mental disorders: A review for practitioners and policy-makers.’ Advances in Mental Health: Promotion, Prevention and Early Intervention Volume9, issue1, 2010. +[2] Anthony D LaMontagne., Tessa Keegel., Amber M Louie., AleckOstry& Paul A.LandSBergis. (2007). ` A Systematic Review of Job-stress Intervention Evaluation Literature, 1990-2005`. INT J OCCUP ENVIRON HELATH 2007: 13:268-280 +[3] Belkic,K., P.Landsbergis et al.(2004).`Is job strain a major source of cardiovascular disease risk?`Scand J Work Environ Health 30(2):85-128. +[4] Cano, C. R., Sams, D., & Schwartz, J. (2009). The job stress—Job performance relationship in the social serviceencounter. International Journal of Nonprofit& Voluntary Sector Marketing, 14(1), 83–93. +[5] Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks,CA: Sage Publications. +[6] Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. London: Sage Publications. +[7] Folman,S., &Lazarus,R.S.(1988). `Coping as a mediator of emotion`. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 466-475. +[8] Ivancevich, J., Napier, H., &Wetherbe, J. (1983). Occupational stress, attitudes and health problems in the informationsystems professional.Communications of the ACM, October. +[9] Karasek, R., &Teorell, T. (1990).Healthy work: Stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life. NewYork: Basic Books. +[10]LaMontagne,A.D. and T.G.Keegel (2009). `Work environments as a determinant of health, In`: Understanding health : A determinant approach, 2ndednH.Kelecher and C.MacDougall eds. Oxford, Oxford unoveristy Press 201:217 +[11]Marmot,M.G.,H.Bosma,et al.(1997). `Contribution of Job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence.`The Lancet 360:235-239. +[12]Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. +[13]Moddie,R. and I.Verins(2002).`To whom does mental health belong?’ Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental Health1(2): 68-73. +[14]Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Publications; 2007. New perspectives in stress management. + +[15]Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluations methods (3rd ed.). London: Sage Publications. +[16]Perreweˇı, P. L., &Zellars, K. L. (1999).An examination of attributions and emotions in the transactional approachto the organizational stress process.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(5), 739–752. +[17]RajibLochanDhar. andMahuaDhar (2010).`Job stress, coping process and intentions to leave: A study of information technology professionals working in India’. The Social Science Journal 47 (2010) 560–577 +[18]Ramesh Manocha.,DeborahBalck. And Leiwilson (2012).`Quality of Life and Functional Health Status of Long-Term Meditators’. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2012 (2012), Article ID 350674, 9 pages +[19]SanjibPatra., Shirley Telles(2009). ` Positive impact of Cyclic Meditation on subsequent sleep’. Med SciMonit; 15(7) :CR375-381 +[20]Sleep Matters: The Impact of Sleep On health and Wellbeing (2011).Mental Health foundation. ISBN: 978-1-906162-65-8 +[21]Somerfield, M. P.,&McGrae, R.R. (Eds.) (2000). Stress and coping research: Methodological challenges, theoreticaladvances, and clinical applications. In Psychology in the Public Forum.American Psychologist, 55(6), 620–673. +[22]Stansfeld,S.A. and B.Candy. (2006). ` Psychological work environment and mental health – a meta-analytic review.’Scand J Work Environ Health 32(6): 443-462 + + + + + + +Paper ID: SUB15941 + +Volume 4 Issue 1, January 2015 www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY + + + +2521 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Comparison of effect of Gayatri Mantra and Poem Chanting on Digit Letter Substitution Task_unlocked.txt b/subfolder_0/Comparison of effect of Gayatri Mantra and Poem Chanting on Digit Letter Substitution Task_unlocked.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8b7f7b0c8faa632fc7590421c248bb287feb341f --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Comparison of effect of Gayatri Mantra and Poem Chanting on Digit Letter Substitution Task_unlocked.txt @@ -0,0 +1,412 @@ +Original Article + +Ancient Science of Life / Oct-Dec 2012 / Vol 32 / Issue 2 +89 +Comparison of effect of Gayatri Mantra and +Poem Chanting on Digit Letter Substitution +Task +Balaram Pradhan, Seema Godse Derle +Division of Humanities and Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anushandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India +INTRODUCTION +Ś +abda Kalpadrumam defines mantra as ‘‘mantaboha +mananéyacya  (mNtbaeh mnnIyCy),’’ meaning +repetition of a syllable.[1] Mantras originated in the Vedic +tradition of India and an essential part of the Ancient +Indian traditional life. The Gayatri mantra (GM) has been +mentioned in the Rig Veda. The GM was revealed to the +sage Vishwamitra. It is also called Savitṛ mantra since it +concerns the deity Savitṛ (Sun).[2] According to the Indian +tradition, GM initiated to a student before starting his/her +formal education. It is said that chanting GM will bring +the improvement in the dhī śakti (the power of intellect).[3] +Scientific investigation also found that yoga mantra (sutras +of scriptures) and religious chanting (prayers) had positive +influence on many physiological and psychological functions +of the body. For example, during both prayers and mantras, +there was an increase in the synchronicity of cardiovascular +rhythms when they were recited 6 times a minute. There +was also an increase in baroflex sensitivity. These findings +suggested that the recitation of the rosary and certain +yoga mantras, at specific frequencies, induce favorable +psychological and physiological effects.[4] The significance of +recitation of ‘‘Om’’ in twelve experienced meditators found +subtle changes in mental state indicated by reduction in the +skin resistance.[5] The different types of meditation in Japanese +Buddhism showed different brain regional activation. +The recitation of Buddha name (Nenbutsu) activated the +prefrontal cortex, and the Buddhist sutra activated the left + +dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right parietal cortex.[6] +In a match paired control study using chanting Vedic +hymns showed improvement in sustained attention in +teenaged school students of residential setup of similar +ambience.[7] Hence, the present study has been designed to +evaluate the effect of chanting GM on attention in school +students. +ABSTRACT +Context: Attention is one of the components to enhance +academic excellence. Traditional techniques were included +in Indian schools to develop mental faculties with a view to +add value to the latter. +Aim: The aim was to evaluate the effects of Gayatri +mantra (GM) chanting on attention as measured by digit‑letter +substitution task (DLST). +Settings and Design: School setting and self as control +study design. +Materials and Methods: Subjects consisted of 60 school +students included (boys = 30 and girls = 30) in the age +range of 12‑14 years, who were trained for chanting GM for +5  days. They were assessed on DLST immediately before +and after two sessions  (i) GM chanting  (10  min) and  (ii) +Poem line  (PL) chanting with an equal duration  (10  min). +Fifty percent of participants performed GM chanting and +remaining on the PL recitation on day 6. The orders of the +sessions were reversed on day 7. +Statistical Analysis Used: Repeated measure analysis of +variance with Bonferroni adjustment used. +Results: Both sessions showed significant improvement in +the total and net score of DLST. The magnitude of net score +improvement was greater after GM (21.67%) compared to +PL  (4.85%). Female group had found better performance +following GM compared to PL chanting. Conclusions: Both +GM and PL led to improvement in performance, as assessed +by DLST. But the influence of GM had significantly higher +than PL in net score of female group. +KEY WORDS: Attention, Gayatri mantra, mantra, recitation +Access this article online +Quick Response Code: +Website: +www.ancientscienceoflife.org +DOI: +10.4103/0257-7941.118540 +>'RZQORDGHG IUHH IURP KWWSZZZDQFLHQWVFLHQFHRIOLIHRUJ RQ 0RQGD\ $XJXVW   ,3 @  __  &OLFN KHUH WR GRZQORDG IUHH $QGURLG DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU WKLV +MRXUQDO +Pradhan and Derle: Gayatri mantra +90 +Ancient Science of Life / Oct-Dec 2012 / Vol 32 / Issue 2 +MATERIALS AND METHODS +Participants +Sixty healthy school students (30 boys and 30 girls) in the age +group of 12‑14 years (mean age: 13 ± 0.83 years) were recruited +for the study from an English medium school in Nasik, +Maharashtra. Approval of the school authorities and consent +of the parents were obtained before conducting the study. +Design of the study +All the students were trained in GM and PL chanting for +5 days before the starting of the study and were assessed +using digit‑letter substitution task (DLST) (explained in +the next paragraph) before and immediately after GM and +PL chanting. The students were divided randomly into +two groups and each group participated in both the GM +and PL chanting. All the students were assessed for both +(1) GM chanting and (2) PL chanting. Four recordings were +made on consecutive days for each participant. This was a +crossover study design. +Assessment +DLST consisted of a worksheet, which has 8 rows and +12 columns and randomly arranged digits in rows and +columns. The students are asked to substitute as many target +digits as possible in the specified time of 90 s. The letter +substitution may be undertaken in a horizontal, vertical, or +a randomized manner by selecting a particular digit. The +total number of substitutions and wrong substitutions are +scored. The net score was obtained by deducting wrong +substitutions from the total substitutions attempted.[8] +Structure of sessions +In order to avoid any possible learning effect, the participants +were divided into two sessions randomly. They were asked +to sit comfortably on the floor cross legged with eyes closed. +Fifty percent of participants were asked to chant GM loudly +for 10 min and remaining participants did PL chanting on +day 6. The order of the sessions was reversed on day 7. +Intervention +Gayatri mantra +The students were asked to chant GM about 10 min. During +chanting, the eyes were closed. The subjects followed the +traditional procedure of chanting it loudly for its best effect +to invoke the innate power of effulgence and intellect. +Om bhūrbḥuvah svaḥ tatsaviturvareṇyam bhargodevasya +dhīmahi Dhiyoh yonaḥ pracodayāt || +Poem line chanting +In control session, the same subjects were seated in a relaxed +posture with open eyes. The duration of both the sessions +was equal. +ikkde tikkde cohi kade anandi ananda gade. +Data extraction +The total number of substitutions attempted and the number +of wrong substitutions were counted. Then net score was +obtained by deducting the latter from the former.[8] The +answer sheets were coded and scoring was done by the +researcher who was not involved in the study. It was cross +checked by another researcher. Then entries were made in +computer and checked. +Data analysis +The raw data obtained for each subject in each recording +session were tabulated separately. The statistical analysis +was done using SPSS. +The group mean and standard deviation were calculated. +Repeated measures analysis of variance  (RMANOVA) +were performed with two ‘‘Within subjects’’ factors, that +is, Factor 1: Sessions: GM chanting and PL chanting and +Factor 2: States; ‘‘Pre’’ and ‘‘Post.’’ The RMANOVA was +carried out for each variable separately. Subsequently, post +hoc tests with Bonferroni adjustment were performed to +compare the data of the ‘‘Post’’ periods with those of the +respective ‘‘Pre’’ period and also the different states were +compared between sessions. +RESULTS +There were significant differences in between sessions +(GM vs. PL) in (i) Total score F (1, 59) = 4.697, P = 0.034 +(ii) Wrong score F (1, 59) = 0.26, P = 0.873 (iii) Net score +F (1, 59) = 7.28, P < 0.001. There were significant differences in +between states (pre vs. post) in (i) Total score F (1, 59) = 63.9, +P < 0.001]; (ii) Wrong score F (1, 59) = 6.54, P = 0.013] (iii) +Net score F (1, 59) = 83.26, P < 0.001. There was significant +interaction between sessions and states in (i) Total score +F (1, 59) = 23.51, P < 0.001; (ii) Wrong score F (1, 59) = 4.47, +P = 0.034] (iii) Net score F (1, 59) = 27.85, P < 0.001. Post hoc test +with Bonferroni adjustment showed a significantly increase +in (i) Total score (P < 0.001) and (iii) net score (P = 0.001) +immediately after both GM and PL compared with their +respective prescores. There was a significant increased in +wrong score (P = 0.001) in GM alone. The group average +values ± standard deviation are given in Table 1. +>'RZQORDGHG IUHH IURP KWWSZZZDQFLHQWVFLHQFHRIOLIHRUJ RQ 0RQGD\ $XJXVW   ,3 @  __  &OLFN KHUH WR GRZQORDG IUHH $QGURLG DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU WKLV +MRXUQDO +Pradhan and Derle: Gayatri mantra + +Ancient Science of Life / Oct-Dec 2012 / Vol 32 / Issue 2 +91 +Gender subgroup analysis +Male group showed significant increases in total PL (P < 0.01); +GM (P < 0.001)], wrong PL (P < 0.05); GM (P < 0.001), and +net PL (P < 0.01); GM (P < 0.001) score in both the sessions, +that is, PL and GM. +Female groups had significant improvement in the GM +sessions alone in total (P < 0.001), wrong (P < 0.05), and +net (P < 0.001) score. Also, GM sessions had significantly +performed better in comparison to the PL session in total +and net scores. This indicates that GM had positive impact +on female. +DISCUSSION +There was a significant improvement in net score in both +GM and PL sessions. But further analysis showed that GM +significantly performed better than PL session in female. +Previous two groups randomized wait‑listed control study +showed improvements in DLST when GM recited using two +different methods, that is, Ekaswar and Dwiswara which +was aligned with our present study.[9] +The attention processes involve network of brain regions +such as the prefrontal and temporal  (including the +parahippocampal gyrus) cortices, in addition to the +anterior cingulate gyrus.[10] During a selective attention +task, decreased activation was found in several areas +of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate +in addition to parietal areas.[11] A feeling of resonating +effect during audible ‘‘OM’’ chanting found significant +deactivation was seen bilaterally during ‘’OM’’ chanting +in comparison to the resting brain state in bilateral +orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, parahippocampal +gyri, thalami, and hippocampi. The right amygdala too +demonstrated significant deactivation. No significant +activation was observed during ‘‘OM’’ chanting. In +contrast, neither activation nor deactivation occurred in +these brain regions during the comparative task – Namely +the ‘’ssss’’ pronunciation condition.[12] The prayer of +the Namo Amida Butsu  (Nembutsu) activates the +medial frontal gyrus, which is mainly related to mental +concentration and visuospatial attention, similar to the +areas activated by meditation. The task of reciting the +sutra (Buddhist scriptures) activates the left lateral middle +frontal gyrus, the right angular gyrus, and the right +supramarginal gyrus, which are related to visuospatial +attention also involved in the area activated by meditation. +[6] All these studies indicate that recitation of GM may play +a role in improving the attention potential. +The present study, although preliminary in nature, shows +that recitation of GM improves attention. The limitations +of the study, however, are: (1) Only the immediate effects +of mantra chanting were studied and (2) the participants +belonged to a single religious group. The strengths of the +study as per our knowledge goes, this is the first study +on self as control trial on immediate effect of GM on +task performance among school children using simple +paper pencil test, that is, DLST. Mantra recitation may be +implemented in school setting which can help to raise the +academic ability of the students along with their all round +development. Future study may include different age +groups of students for a longer duration (more than 1 week), +different levels of attention, assessment methods to check +physiological changes. This can be repeated irrespective +of religions. +ACKNOWLEDGMENT +We thank for the support given by the school authority for +conducting the study. +Table 1: Total, wrong, and net score for DLST pre‑ and post‑GM chanting and PL chanting sessions; values are group mean±SD +Group +Score +PL Chanting +GM Chanting +Pre +Post +Pre +Post +Whole (n=60) +Total +47.62±12.62 +50.88±12.71*** +46.67±13.03 +56.25±12.37*** +Wrong +1.20±0.29 +1.43±0.17 +0.80±0.27 +1.77±0.12*** +Net +46.07±13.43 +49.43±12.73** +45.70±12.70 +54.83±12.39*** +Male (n=30) +Total +44.7±11.61 +50.3±14.33** +49.5±12.03 +58.6±15.78*** +Wrong +1.27±1.36 +2.4±2.65* +1.1±1.69 +3.3±3.01*** +Net +42.73±10.62 +47.87±12.5*** +48.07±11.56 +56±14.04*** +Female (n=30) +Total +50.53±11.4 +51.47±9.57 +43.83±11.77 +53.9±10.74*** +Wrong +1.13±1.55 +0.47±0.82 +0.5±0.86 +0.23±0.73* +Net +49.4±10.7 +51±9.51 +43.33±11.62 +53.67±10.57*** +***P<0.001, Post hoc tests with Bonferroni adjustment, Postscores compared with respective prescores, DLST: Digit-letter substitution task, GM: Gayatri mantra, PL: Poem line, +SD: Standard deviation +>'RZQORDGHG IUHH IURP KWWSZZZDQFLHQWVFLHQFHRIOLIHRUJ RQ 0RQGD\ $XJXVW   ,3 @  __  &OLFN KHUH WR GRZQORDG IUHH $QGURLG DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU WKLV +MRXUQDO +Pradhan and Derle: Gayatri mantra +92 +Ancient Science of Life / Oct-Dec 2012 / Vol 32 / Issue 2 +REFERENCES +1. +Syararaja D. Radhakanta, Bahaddur. Śabdakalpadrumaḥ. Madhriya +Ghat. Calcutta: Sahitya bhavan; 1813. p. 611. +2. +Harshananda S. Upanayana, Sandhya Vandana and Gayatri Mantra +Japa. 3rd ed. Chennai: Ramkrishna Math; 2010. +3. +Bhatta KV. Shri Gayatri Mantra Rahasya. 4th ed. South Canara: Kaitanje +Prakashan; 2004. +4. +Bernardi  L, Sleight  P, Bandinelli  G, Cencetti  S, Fattorini  L, +Wdowczyc‑Szulc J, et al. Effect of rosary prayer and yoga mantras +on autonomic cardiovascular rhythms: Comparative study. BMJ +2001;323:1446‑9. +5. +Telles S, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Autonomic changes while +mentally repeating two syllables: One meaningful and the other neutral. +Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1998;42:57‑63. +6. +Shimomura T, Fujiki M, Akiyoshi J, Yoshida T, Tabata M, Kabasawa H, +et al. Functional brain mapping during recitation of Buddhist scriptures +and repetition of the Namu Amida Butsu: A study in experienced +Japanese monks. Turk Neurosurg 2008;18:134‑41. +7. +Sripad G, Nagendra HR, Bhatta R, Vivekananda S, Samsthana YA, +Bhawan E, et al. Effect of vedic chanting on memory and sustained +attention. Indian J Tradit Knowl 2006;5:177‑80. +8. +Natu MV, Agarwal AK. Testing of stimulant effects of coffee on the +psychomotor performance: An exercise in clinical pharmacology. Indian +J Pharmachol 1997;29:11‑4. +9. +Sushrutha  S, Manjunath  NK, Bhatta  R. Changes in higher brain +functions following recitation of gayatri mantra. M. Sc dissertation. +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anushandhan Samsthana, Bangaluru. +Karnataka; 2009. +10. Filbey FM, Russell T, Morris RG, Murray RM, McDonald C. Functional +magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of attention processes in presumed +obligate carriers of schizophrenia: Preliminary findings. Ann Gen +Psychiatry 2008;7:18. +11. Weiss EM, Siedentopf C, Golaszewski S, Mottaghy FM, Hofer A, +Kremser C, et al. Brain activation patterns during a selective attention +test‑a functional MRI study in healthy volunteers and unmedicated +patients during an acute episode of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res +2007;154:31‑40. +12. Kalyani BG, Venkatasubramanian G, Arasappa R, Rao NP, Kalmady SV, +Behere RV, et al. Neurohemodynamic correlates of ‘OM’ chanting: +A pilot functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Int J Yoga +2011;4:3‑6. +Address for correspondence: +Dr. Balaram Pradhan, +Eknath Bhavan, 19 Gavipuram Circle, +Bangalore ‑ 560 019, India. +E‑mail: pradhanbalaram@rediffmail.com +How to cite this article: Pradhan B, Derle SG. Comparison of effect of +Gayatri Mantra and Poem Chanting on Digit Letter Substitution Task. +Ancient Sci Life 2012;32:89-92. +Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared. +Commentary +The editorial board appreciates the importance of +studying validity of traditional beliefs. Once such belief +is the positive effect of Gāyatrī mantra on concentration, +hence it has decided to publish this paper, "titled +Comparison of effect of Gayatri Mantra and Poem +Chanting on Digit Letter Substitution Task". We have +observed certain methodological inadequacies in the +paper. We consider it to be important to alert researchers +on such important aspects in framing a study such as +this. Here, in this study the selection of the Poem "ikkde +tikkde cohi kade anandi ananda gade" could raise the +following ambiguities (1) Whether there was any reason +to select this specific poem for comparison 2) whether the +authors have done any test to check whether the students +understood the meaning of the poem. 3) As the meaning +of Gāyatrī mantra and the poem are different, it is likely +that it may have influenced the results. +The following may be the possibilities: The children +were swayed by (1) the name 'Mantra', as it has esoteric +connotations and hence the results skew in favour of +Gāyatrī mantra. (2) the fact that the poem does not have +the same meaning as Gāyatrī mantra could have skewed +the current results in-spite of this being a crossover study. +It is also possible that the students did not understand +the meaning of Gāyatrī mantra at all, in this case, one +group would have chanted something they thought was +esoteric (Gāyatrī) but something they did not understand +and another group were chanting something simple but +something that they understood (poem in their regional +language). In this case too, results could skew in favour +of Gāyatrī mantra. +In case the children understood the meaning of Gāyatrī +Mantra it means that one group were chanting something +esoertic which they understood to be having a great +meaning and the other group were chanting something +simple i.e. not having great meaning. This could also +make results skew in favour of Gāyatrī mantra. +Considering the above possibilities, it can be concluded +that the design of the experiment has created results that +are ambiguous. +-Editorial Board +>'RZQORDGHG IUHH IURP KWWSZZZDQFLHQWVFLHQFHRIOLIHRUJ RQ 0RQGD\ $XJXVW   ,3 @  __  &OLFN KHUH WR GRZQORDG IUHH $QGURLG DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU WKLV +MRXUQDO diff --git a/subfolder_0/Correlates and predictors of resilience among baccalaureate nursing students.txt b/subfolder_0/Correlates and predictors of resilience among baccalaureate nursing students.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24f7688fb78c6c795dc1ab7e53c0f0dc1f496911 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Correlates and predictors of resilience among baccalaureate nursing students.txt @@ -0,0 +1,571 @@ +Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2017 Feb, Vol-11(2): JC05-JC08 +5 +DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/24442.9352 +Original Article +Introduction +Nursing students experience enormous stress to meet the +professional demands [1]. Considerably, resilience is an essential +quality that equips them to meet this demand [2]. According to +the American Psychological Association, 2014, resilience can be +defined as, “the process of adapting well in the face of adversity, +trauma, tragedy, threats or even significant sources of stress +[3].” It was reported that nursing students experience moderate +to high level of perceived stress and this is negatively associated +with resilience [4]. Moreover, resilience plays an important role in +the retention of students in the academic program [5], and has a +positive correlation with their academic success [6]. This also helps +them to cope effectively with adversities in the clinical setting [7]. +However, resilience is considered as an innate personal resource +[8], this is dynamic in nature [9]. The growing body of literature +recognizes the importance of resilience in nursing profession [10]. +There is a significant positive correlation between resilience and +mindfulness among health care professionals [11]. Mindfulness +is being aware of the present moment to one’s own experiences +[12]. Being mindful helps to cope with stress [13], and resilience +is considered as a measure of stress coping ability. Thus, both +resilience and mindfulness play an important role in combating +stress. Consequently, stress causes detrimental effects and many +studies have reported stress factor increases the risk of anxiety +and depression. Especially female nursing students are at high +risk of anxiety and depression [14]. In this study, PTQ was used +to assess the level of dysfunctional RNT [15]. This is involved in +the maintenance of emotional disorders [16]. However, emotional +problems are related to increased levels of RNT either in the +form of rumination and/or worry. Specifically, rumination is the +key feature in the onset of depressive symptoms [17], whereas, +worry is subsequently related to anxiety [18]. Nursing students +have more stress and anxiety compared with other students [19]. +Indeed, students in nursing with high depressive rumination have +the pessimistic disposition and this is related to drop out from the +academic program [20]. +On the other hand, attempt is made in this paper to explore the +role of empathy and its correlation with resilience. As empathy is +an essential quality of a student nurse to provide quality health +care to patients. In this study, TEQ was used to measure the +affective empathy [21], this is an ability to imagine and understand +the patients experience and the feeling [22]. In line with the +professional requirement, several studies have reported higher +levels of empathy in nursing students than other undergraduate +students [23,24]. However, females are more empathetic than +male students [24]. +Considering the above evidence both mindfulness and resilience +aid in handling stress, stress increases the risk of rumination and/ +worry especially in females and they are more empathetic than +other healthcare students. Henceforth, we need to explore how +much they are related and able to predict resilience. +MATERIALS AND METHODS +This is a descriptive correlation study, designed with an aim to +identify the associated factors and predictors of the resilience +among nursing students. A priori computation of sample size with +r=-.24 as input, revealed 133 participants were required for the +study at an alpha value of 0.05 and with an actual power of 0.80 +as computed using G*Power version 3.1.9.2. Data collection was +done from September 15 to February 16 and only those students +who were willing to participate in the study were recruited. Total +194 participants (from 1-4th year B.Sc Nursing) were recruited from +Government College of Nursing and NIMHANS College of Nursing +in Bangalore, India. This study was approved by the Institutional +Ethics Committee and informed consent was obtained from all the +participants. +Socio-demographic sheet and the following instruments, FMI, CD- +RISC, TEQ and PTQ were used to collect data from the students. +Keywords: Empathy, Mindfulness, Nursing education, Repeated negative thinking +Education Section +Correlates and Predictors of +Resilience among Baccalaureate +Nursing Students +ABSTRACT +Introduction: A growing body of literature recognizes the +importance of resilience in the nursing profession. Both +mindfulness and resilience aid in handling stress, stress increases +the risk of rumination and/or worry especially in females and they +are more empathetic than other healthcare students. +Aim: To identify correlates and predictors of the resilience +among nursing students. +Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive correlation study +and we have recruited 194 participants (1-4th year B.Sc Nursing) +from Government College of Nursing and NIMHANS College of +Nursing in Bangalore, India. The following instruments were +used to collect the data, Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), +Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ), Perseverative Thinking +Questionnaire (PTQ) and Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale +(CD-RISC). Data was analysed using Pearson’s correlation test +and multiple regression analysis. +Results: Resilience is significantly correlated with mindfulness, +perseverative thinking and empathy in nursing students. Based +on regression analysis this model accounted for almost 33% of +variance in resilience. This result is of interest as mindfulness +alone explained 23% of the variance and unproductive Repeated +Negative Thinking (RNT) and RNT consuming mental capacity +predicted 8% and 2% respectively. +Conclusion: These results support the importance of resilience +and mindfulness in nursing students. Hence, resilience and/or +mindfulness enhancing interventions should be inculcated in +nursing education. +Monali Devaraj Mathad1, Balaram Pradhan2, Sasidharan K Rajesh3 +Monali Devaraj Mathad et al., Correlates and Predictors of Resilience among Baccalaureate Nursing Students +www.jcdr.net +Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2017 Feb, Vol-11(2): JC05-JC08 +6 +The socio-demographic sheet included age, gender, education, +marital status and religion as reported by the participants. +Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory: The FMI is a self-report +questionnaire to measure mindfulness. This consists of 14 items +and is a very sensitive scale to change. Each item has a 4-point +Likert rating from 1 (Rarely) to 4 (Almost always). The total score +will be between 14 to 56. A higher score corresponds to high +mindfulness. This scale is a valid and reliable instrument to measure +mindfulness reported Cronbach’s alpha is 0.86 [25]. +Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale: CD-RISC is a brief, self- +report questionnaire to measure resilience. Ten items scale was +used in this study. Respondents answer each item on a scale +from 0 (not true at all) to 4 (true nearly all the time). The range of +total score is between 0 to 40. One who scores high has more +resilience. This scale has robust psychometric properties [26], +with Cronbach’s alpha=0.85 [27]. Reported Cronbach’s α =0.81 +among Nigerian nursing students [28]. +Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: This is a brief, reliable, and +valid instrument to assess the affective components of empathy. +TEQ measures empathy primarily as an emotional process. There +are 16 items in this scale. Participants will rate each item on a +scale from 0 (never) to 4 (always). Individual responses are added +to give a total score, with the range of score between 0 to 64. +Higher scores indicate a high level of affective empathy. TEQ +was validated on college students and has sound psychometric +properties [21]. +Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire: The PTQ was developed +to assess dysfunctional forms of RNT which are involved in the +maintenance of emotional disorders. This consists of 15 items. +Participants were asked to answer using the 5 point Likert scale +from 0 (never) to 4 (almost always). The PTQ comprises of three core +characteristics of RNT (repetitiveness, intrusiveness, and difficulties +to disengage) and two associated features (unproductiveness of +RNT and RNT capturing mental capacity). This scale is a reliable +and valid instrument [15]. +Statistical Analysis +Pearson’s correlation test was applied to evaluate the correlation +between variables. Prior to this missing value analysis was done. +Then the mean scores of empathy, repetitive negative thoughts +and mindfulness were subjected to multiple regression analysis to +predict resilience. Data analysis was done using SPSS 16.0. +RESULTs +Characteristics of the study group are reported in [Table/Fig-1]. +Students from all the four batch were included in the study. Majority +of the students were females, single and belong to Christian +religion. Results from the [Table/Fig-2] are evident that students +were moderately resilient, mindful and empathetic. However, +considerable amount of RNT was also reported. Moving ahead, +Pearson’s correlation test was run to determine the relationship +between resilience, mindfulness, perseverative thinking and +empathy among nursing students. The results obtained from the +correlation analysis are shown in [Table/Fig-3]. It is apparent from +this table that there is a significant correlation between resilience +and mindfulness, perseverative thinking and empathy in nursing +students. Particularly resilience is positively related to mindfulness +and empathy. Conversely, there is a negative correlation between +resilience and RNT subscales. +Finally, based on correlation results we applied multiple linear +regression analysis (stepwise method) in which resilience was +introduced as the dependent variable and all other variables as +an independent variable. Overall, this model accounted for almost +33% of the variance in resilience. This finding is of particular +interest as mindfulness alone explained 23% of the variance and +unproductive RNT and RNT consuming mental capacity predicted +8% and 2% respectively. The results of regression analysis are +presented in [Table/Fig-4]. +DISCUSSION +The most obvious finding to emerge from the analysis was that +resilience is positively correlated with mindfulness and empathy. +This finding seems to be consistent with other research which also +found a significant correlation between resilience and mindfulness +[11]. According to a survey, older nursing students were more +empathetic and resilient [29]. On the other hand, resilience is +negatively associated with RNT, similar result was reported in a +study among anxiety and depressive patient’s [30]. As reported +above, both resilience and mindfulness are considered as a +Characteristics +N (%) +Gender +Male +11(6) +Female +183(94) +Marital status +Single +193(99) +Married +1(1) +Class/batch +1st year B.Sc +38(19.5) +2nd year B.Sc +42(21.5) +3rd year B.Sc +54(28) +4th year B.Sc +60(31) +Religion +Hindu +67(35) +Christian +123(63) +Muslim +4(2) +[Table/Fig-1]: Characteristics of the sample (N=194). +Variable +Mean±SD +Range of total +score +Resilience +26.31±6.28 +5-40 +Mindfulness +37.83±6.07 +19-51 +Empathy +41.39±6.55 +26-58 +Sub-scales of perseverative thinking scale +Repeated Negative Thinking +16.64±6.85 +3-35 +Unproductive repeated negative thinking +4.83±2.56 +0-12 +RNT capturing mental capacity +5.96±2.76 +0-12 +[Table/Fig-2]: Descriptive statistics of resilience, mindfulness, perseverative thinking +(subscales) and empathy. +Age +Resilience +Mind- +fulness +Repeated +Negative +Thinking +Unpro- +ductive +repeated +negative +thinking +Mental +capacity +Empathy +Age +- +Resilience +-0.054 +- +Mindfulness +-0.063 +0.471** +- +Repeated +Negative +Thinking +-0.077 +-0.203** +-0.090 +- +Unproductive +repeated +negative +thinking +-0.003 +-0.329** +-0.139 +0.643** +- +Mental +capacity +-0.084 +-0.291** +-0.134 +0.690** +0.513** +- +Empathy +-0.080 +0.226** +0.116 +-0.097 +-0.210** +-0.178* +- +[Table/Fig-3]: Correlates of resilience among nursing students. +*p<0.05, **p<0.01 +Pearson’s correlation test +www.jcdr.net +Monali Devaraj Mathad et al., Correlates and Predictors of Resilience among Baccalaureate Nursing Students +Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2017 Feb, Vol-11(2): JC05-JC08 +7 +ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS +We would like to thank all the nursing students for their sincere +participation in our research study. +References + Jimenez C, Navia-Osorio PM, Diaz CV. 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Nursing students’ personal qualities: a +[29] +descriptive study. Nurse Educ Today. 2014;34(9):1196–200. + Min J-A, Yu JJ, Lee C-U, Chae J-H. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies +[30] +contributing to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. +Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(8):1190–97. + Keye MD, Pidgeon AM. Investigation of the relationship between resilience, +[31] +mindfulness, and academic self-efficacy. Open J Soc Sci. 2013;1(6):1–4. +measure of stress coping ability. This can be the reason behind +our result. +The main finding of this study was that, mindfulness alone predicted +23% of the variance in resilience. This result can be supported by +a study which reported mindfulness predicted 44% of variance in +resilience among university students [31]. Our results are in line +with other previous studies. Among health service professionals +higher levels of both resilience and mindfulness are significant +predictors of psychological distress and burnout [32]. Being mindful +and having an accepting attitude towards experience bestows +on psychological resilience, especially when exposed to trauma +[33]. So, it is essential to enhance personal resilience to cope with +demands of the profession [34]. Furthermore, unproductive RNT +explained 8% of variance and RNT consuming mental capacity +could predict only 2% of variance in resilience. However, less +rumination was also one among significant predictors of resilience +[30]. And there is no single demographic, personality or biological +factor that can predict or enhance resilience more than a small +degree [35]. +Our results partially support aim of the study, since, only mindfulness +and RNT could predict resilience but not empathy. Reason remains +unclear which needs to be explored in future research. +These factors, active coping, cognitive flexibility, and social +support aid in the maintenance of resilience [36]. Specifically, +use of positive reappraisal and less rumination can predict high +resilience in patients with anxiety and depression [30]. Positive re- +appraisal is the main factor in protecting against the ill-effects of +stress [37]. Substantially it plays a significant role in enhancing +resilience [38] and mindfulness plays a key role in positive re- +appraisal [39]. Even though re-appraisal is essential in increasing +resilience other factors like personal, socio-environmental factors +also contribute to a great extent [40]. Reason for our result could +be explained based on the role of positive re-appraisal as a stress +coping strategy. +LIMITATION +The scope of this study is limited in terms of its design itself and +only self-reported questionnaires were used for data collection. +However, research should be undertaken using a large sample +size and other variables (both psychological and physiological +parameters) in relation to resilience. This has to be explored in +future research using controlled trials for practical application. +CONCLUSION +Taken together, these findings show resilience is significantly +related to mindfulness, empathy and RNT. Regression results +reveal mindfulness alone could predict 23% of the variance in +resilience. Overall, these outcomes support the importance of +resilience and mindfulness in nursing students. Resilience and/ +mindfulness enhancing program should be inculcated in nursing +education. +Unstandardized +Co-efficient +Standardized +Co-efficient +t +p +B +Std. error +Beta +Mindfulness* +0.495 +0.065 +0.483 +7.627 +<0.001 +Mindfulness +0.455 +0.062 +0.444 +7.320 +<0.001 +Unproductive RNT† +-0.694 +0.147 +-0.286 +-4.711 +<0.001 +Mindfulness +0.445 +0.062 +0.434 +7.222 +<0.001 +Unproductive RNT +-0.497 +0.168 +-0.205 +-2.959 +0.003 +Mental capacity‡ +-0.369 +0.158 +-0.162 +-2.344 +0.020 +[Table/Fig-4]: Multiple linear regression analysis (stepwise method) of predictors of +resilience. +*r=.483 and r2=.233 +†r=.560 and r2=.314 +‡r=.577 and r2=.333 +Multiple linear regression analysis (stepwise method) +Monali Devaraj Mathad et al., Correlates and Predictors of Resilience among Baccalaureate Nursing Students +www.jcdr.net +Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2017 Feb, Vol-11(2): JC05-JC08 +8 + + +PARTICULARS OF CONTRIBUTORS: +1. +Research Scholar, Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. +2. +Assistant Professor, Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. +3. +Assistant Professor, Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. +NAME, ADDRESS, E-MAIL ID OF THE CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: +Ms. Monali Devaraj Mathad, +#19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempe Gowda Nagar, Bengaluru-560019, Karnataka, India. +E-mail: mathad.kwr@gmail.com +Financial OR OTHER COMPETING INTERESTS: None. +Date of Submission: Sep 27, 2016 +Date of Peer Review: Oct 15, 2016 + Date of Acceptance: Nov 17, 2016 +Date of Publishing: Feb 01, 2017 + Harker R, Pidgeon AM, Klaassen F, King S. Exploring resilience and mindfulness as +[32] +preventative factors for psychological distress burnout and secondary traumatic +stress among human service professionals. Work. 2016;(Preprint):1–7. + Thompson RW, Arnkoff DB, Glass CR. Conceptualizing mindfulness and +[33] +acceptance as components of psychological resilience to trauma. Trauma +Violence Abuse. 2011;12(4):220–35. + Jackson D, Firtko A, Edenborough M. Personal resilience as a strategy for +[34] +surviving and thriving in the face of work place adversity: a literature review. J +Adv Nurs. 2007;60(1):1–9. + Southwick SM, Bonanno GA, Masten AS, Panter-Brick C, Yehuda R. Resilience +[35] +definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. Eur J +Psychotraumatol. 2014;5. + Genet JJ, Siemer M. Flexible control in processing affective and non- +[36] +affective material predicts individual differences in trait resilience. Cogn Emot. +2011;25(2):380–88. + Kalisch R, Müller MB, Tüscher O. A conceptual framework for the neurobiological +[37] +study of resilience. Behav Brain Sci. 2015;38:e92. + Quirin M, Kent M, Boksem MAS, Tops M. Integration of negative experiences: +[38] +A neuropsychological framework for human resilience. Behav Brain Sci. +2015;38:e116. + Garland E, Gaylord S, Park J. The role of mindfulness in positive reappraisal. +[39] +Explore (NY). 2009;5(1):37–44. + Southwick SM, Pietrzak RH, Charney DS, Krystal JH. Resilience: The role of +[40] +accurate appraisal, thresholds, and socio-environmental factors. Behav Brain +Sci. 2015;38:e122. diff --git a/subfolder_0/Development and initial standardization of Kashyapa Psychophysiological state inventory.txt b/subfolder_0/Development and initial standardization of Kashyapa Psychophysiological state inventory.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..268cba2c784dc428c2465a82cbcf555950986388 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Development and initial standardization of Kashyapa Psychophysiological state inventory.txt @@ -0,0 +1,810 @@ + + + + +Research Article ISSN: 2320 5091 Impact Factor: 5.344 + +DEVELOPMENT AND INITIAL STANDARDIZATION OF KASHYAPA +PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STATE INVENTORY + +Devika Kaur1*, Alex Hankey2, Aarti Jagannathan3, H R Nagendra4 + +1 PhD scholar (Yoga), SVYASA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India +2Distinguished Professor of Yoga and Physical Science, SVYASA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India +3Assistant Professor NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India +4PhD, Chancellor, SVYASA University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India + + +Email: devikahs77@yahoo.co.in + +ABSTRACT +Among the fundamental concepts of Ayurveda, are the ‘three doshas’, systems concepts controlling major systems +functions at every level of organism organization. Ayurveda maintains that health corresponds to balance in dosha +functioning. Every organism has a natural state, where one or more doshas are in dominance. Disease develops as +doshas depart from balance in successive stages. Determining the Prakriti, natural state of doshas, and their imbal- +anced states, Vikriti, is central to diagnosis and treatment in Ayurveda. Here we present an inventory for adolescents +to assess states of Tridosha, which are neither exactly Prakriti, nor Vikriti. It aims to assess participants’ present +state of mind, interpreting that as states of tridosha, because doshas influence the mind, and, in turn, are reflected +in states of mind. The Inventory was developed as follows. Items from classical Ayurveda texts were selected to +assess appropriate properties of each dosha, in accordance with the above aim of the inventory. The first draft of +the inventory was sent to ten Ayurveda experts for a Delphi round of consultation. After reducing questions, the +final draft contained six items. The Inventory was then administered to 450 students aged 13-18 at the Vivekananda +Education Centre in Jayanagar, Bengaluru. Data analysis used SPSS-10.0. Analysis of consistency and reliability +found the following Cronbach’s alpha for each dosha: Vata 0.806; Pitta 0.825; Kapha 0.768. Correlations between +dosha pairs were: Vata / Pitta negative; Pitta / Kapha negative; Kapha / Vata negative. The small number of ques- +tions precluded factor analysis; similarly, for Split-Half analysis of consistency. Comparison with the State Trait +Anxiety Inventory shows that criterion validity cannot be obtained either. Nor is Inter-rater reliability-consistency +appropriate for a self-report questionnaire. We suggest that, nevertheless, the Kashyapa Psychophysiological State +Inventory is consistent and reliable, and that it can assess mood-states. + +Keywords: Inventory; Tridosha; Prakriti; Vata; Pitta; Kapha + + + +INTERNATIONAL +AYURVEDIC +MEDICAL JOURNAL +Devika Kaur et al: Development And Initial Standardization Of Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory +IAMJ: Volume 8, Issue 5, May - 2020 (www.iamj.in) +Page 3445 + +INTRODUCTION +India boasts many traditional health sciences that have +been found relevant to solving problems created by +modern civilization such as the plague of chronic dis- +eases [1] that are now the scourges of our times. [2] +Among the traditional sciences, Ayurveda [3] and Yoga +[4] stand out as having extraordinarily profound and +well-developed knowledge to offer that can help solve +the problem [5,6], improving both health [7,8] and the +quality of life. [9,10] Their evidence basis makes them +leading practices in the Indian government’s Depart- +ment of AYUSH (http://ayush.gov.in). [11] Yoga in par- +ticular has been adopted for spreading its benefits to +other countries in the world via the International Day +of +Yoga +(http://yoga.ayush.gov.in/ +See +also +https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/Indian-peacekeepers- +organize-group-yoga-session.) +Ayurveda, India’s traditional Vedic system of medi- +cine, dating back some 5,000 years or more [12], is of +importance to treating otherwise incurable non-com- +municable diseases (NCDs). So much so, that its wide +adoption is being promoted internationally. To enable +other countries to adopt Ayurveda and reap its benefits, +its fundamental concepts, Ayurveda Padartha Vigyana, +need placing on well-established scientific basis[13], by +explaining how they fit into modern concepts of biol- +ogy, such as Systems Biology[14] and Complexity Biol- +ogy. [15] This paper reports the development of an in- +ventory aiming to assess states of Tridosha in the phys- +iology and associated psychological states in adoles- +cents as understood by Ayurveda. +Among the fundamental concepts of Ayurveda are the +‘three doshas’[3,14], systems concepts controlling major +systems functions[14] at every level of organization of +any organism. More precisely SushruthaSamhita de- +fines: Vata is movement, Pitta gives warmth, Kapha +provides binding. [16] Ayurveda maintains that health +corresponds to balance in the functioning of doshas. [17] +The natural state is known as the ‘Prakriti’: either one +or more doshas are in dominance, or more rarely all +three are in balance. [17] Disease develops as doshas de- +part from their natural state of balance. [18] Determining +the state of doshas, the Prakriti, and details of their +imbalanced states, Vikriti (also known as Dosha +Avastha [19], is central to diagnosis and treatment in +Ayurveda. +In Ayurveda, Vikriti[20] may be defined as imbalances +leading to pathology, primarily of doshas, systems con- +trol functions, but also of tissues, Dhatu Dushya, and +waste products, Malas. Imbalances develop in six suc- +cessive stages known as Shadkriyakala. [21] Here we +present an inventory designed to assess states of +Doshas in adolescents. The inventory adopts a unique +approach: it is not directly concerned with states of the +physiology. Rather, it is designed to identify states of +situational variations in emotions, which can then con- +vey the state of Tridosha. +The reasoning behind this can be traced to medical +statements in Yoga Vasishtha. [22] Yoga medicine [23] +regards fluctuations of mind as the cause, ‘Adhi’, of dis- +ease, ‘Vyadhi’. Each ‘Adhi’ thus has a corresponding +dosha imbalance. By determining fluctuations in a per- +son’s mental state, their ‘Adhis’, inferences can be +made about their dosha imbalances, ‘Vyadhis’. Such +fluctuations, though temporary, can have long-lasting +implications. Yoga medicine translates this idea into +the language of the Panchakoshas. [24] Mental fluctua- +tions in Manomayakosha lead to imbalances in the +body of subtle energy, the Pranamayakosha, and thus +to susceptibility to disease in the physical body, the An- +namayakosha[22,23], i.e. imbalances in doshas. This in- +ventory’s aim is to assess participants’ current mental +state, which is interpreted using the above reasoning, in +terms of states of the three doshas. +Previous studies have developed various kinds of ques- +tionnaire for measurement of Prakriti and Vikriti. +Among the first, was one developed at CDAC, the fa- +mous computing laboratory at University of Pune. +(https://www.cdac.in/index.aspx?id=hi_dss_pra- +kriti_vichaya) That included hundreds of questions to +be answered on computer. Though comprehensive, it +was found too unwieldy to be of practical value to +G.P.’s and Ayurvedic doctors, Vaidyas. Others were +conceived. [25] One such inventory to measure Prakriti, +the Sushrutha Prakriti Inventory (SPI), was developed +by Ramakrishna [26]. But Prakriti is inclusive of +Devika Kaur et al: Development And Initial Standardization Of Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory +IAMJ: Volume 8, Issue 5, May - 2020 (www.iamj.in) +Page 3446 + +physical, physiological, psychological, intellectual and +spiritual characteristics. Using this kind of understand- +ing, Shilpa developed a similar inventory[27] to assess +psychological aspects associated with a person’s Pra- +kriti. Patil has developed a questionnaire to assess Pra- +kriti in children aged 6-12 years [28], younger than those +aimed for in this study. Since adolescents require a dif- +ferent approach, this new questionnaire was formu- +lated. +Since pediatrics in Ayurveda is comprehensively de- +scribed in Kashyapa Samhita [29], the name proposed for +the questionnaire described here is Kashyapa Psycho- +physiological State Inventory, KPSI. The 20 items ini- +tially comprising the inventory were reduced to six dur- +ing development as described in the next two sections. +The KPSI is designed to assess states of a person’s +Tridosha. +Study Rationale: Previous attempts to determine Pra- +kriti of patients have focused on adults, and developed +questionnaires for them. However, questions in such +questionnaires may not be appropriate for non-adults. +In recognition of this, Suchitra Patil developed a ques- +tionnaire for children aged 6-12. [28] But the questions +in that questionnaire may not be ideal for adolescents. +This study therefore developed a questionnaire specifi- +cally for that age group. +What is here being attempted is analogous to the highly +respected State-Trait Anxiety Test, STAI. Anxiety +states can, when extreme, develop into Anxiety Neuro- +sis, causing a person to score highly on the Subscale of +the Big Five Personality Inventory known as Emotion- +ality, originally called ‘Neuroticism’. That name, being +potentially pejorative, was changed. Here, by measur- +ing fluctuating states in the psychology, we identify po- +tential fluctuations in the physiology characterizing +particular states of Tridosha. Such states obviously ex- +ist, if only as responses to biorhythms, diurnal, men- +strual, seasonal, and annual biorhythms etc., all of +which are recognized by Ayurveda. In fact, failure to +take such fluctuating states into account is recognized +by Ayurveda to lead to disease states at times of change +[30], Ayurveda intrinsically recognizes their relevance to +health care and wellbeing. + +2. METHODS +2.1 The study was conducted at the Vivekananda Edu- +cation Centre, and M.E.S. College, Bangalore. Its aim +was to yield a descriptive analysis the state of subjects’ +doshas. As background, the properties of Vata, Pitta +and Kapha imbalances were studied in Ayurveda’s +main texts, CharakaSamhita [31], SushruthaSamhita [32], +and Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridaya [33] and Ashtanga +Sangraha[34], and the Madhavanidhana[35]; Sha- +rangadhara Samhita [36]; Yogaratnakara[37], and Harita +Samhita. [38] All kinds of lakshanas, symptoms, were +listed, with repetitions omitted. Twenty items seeming +most apposite were selected from the list, and carefully +translated into English (this will be discussed in detail +in later work). +The list was then sent for refining to a set of five mod- +ern psychologists (Table1a), and ten Ayurveda experts +Table1. The Ayurveda experts all had MDs and post +graduate degrees in Kayachikitsa, MoolaSiddhanta, or +Kaumaramrtya depts. with over a decade of teaching +and research experience. Experts’ opinions resulted in +elimination of 14 items, reducing the list to six items +supported by all. It was agreed that only having two +items for each dosha would appropriately simplify the +scale and make it more similar to a psychological scale. +The six items fell in three pairs, each pair for one dosha: +1 & 2 for Vata, 3 & 4 for Pitta, 5 & 6 for Kapha. (Table +2) +As shown, each item has a five-point Likert Scale, with +values indicating degree of agreement: +1. Not at all; 2. A little; 3. Moderately; 4. Mostly; and +5. Completely. +The right-hand column labeled ‘Dosha Clarification’ is +not part of the Inventory. It is included to make the con- +cern of each question clear to the reader. The inventory +was first tested for comprehensibility in a Pilot Study. +Fifty adolescent students took the test and gave feed- +back on ease of understanding so that quantitative dif- +ficulty of items (answerability) could be assessed. +They found no difficulty. The scale with the Item va- +lidity is seen in Table2. +Study Participants: Selected by purposive sampling, +participants were residents of Jayanagar 4th Block in +South Bangalore or Maleshwaram 13th Cross area in +Devika Kaur et al: Development And Initial Standardization Of Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory +IAMJ: Volume 8, Issue 5, May - 2020 (www.iamj.in) +Page 3447 + +North-West Bangalore. Those in Jayanagar were 7th- +10th grade students at Vivekananda Education Centre; +those in Maleshwaram students were 11th& 12th grades, +studying at M.E.S. Pre-University College. See Table +4. +Inclusion Criteria: both genders; aged 13 to 18 years +old; either residents of Jayanagar or residents of +Maleshwaram; healthy. +Exclusion Criteria (by Teachers’ opinion): mentally +or physically challenged. Not understanding English. +Data Acquisition: After consent from school / college +management and parents had been obtained, the inven- +tory was administered to the 485 adolescents at the ed- +ucational institutions named above, in July, 2014 in Ja- +yanagar, and July-August, 2014, for Maleshwaram. +Data Analysis: Used the IBM Statistical Package for +Social Sciences, SPSS, version 10. +Content Validity: had been performed through the ex- +pert consultation described above. +RESULTS +Demographic data of the two groups is presented in Ta- +ble 4. +When the inventory questions in Table 3 were marked, +35 were found to have problems, such as not answering +one of the six questions, or circling two possible re- +sponses. +Reliability statistics with these problems allowed for +are presented in Table 5. Cronbach’s Alpha for Vata- +Dosha, was 0.806; for Pitta Dosha, it was 0.825; and +for KaphaDosha, 0.768. +Mutual Correlations are presented in Table 6. Results +for all dosha pairs were negatively correlated, signifi- +cant at the p < 0.01 level (2-tailed). + +DISCUSSION +The Questionnaire presented here is new in two ways: +it is the first for the age-group concerned; second, it is +the first to try and simplify the measurement of +Tridosha, by making use of Ayurveda’s stated connec- +tions between mind and body. It thus assumes that +dosha states influence the mind, so that physiological +states are reflected in the state of mind. But, precisely +speaking, what the mind reflects is neither Prakriti, nor +Vikriti. In order to assess Prakriti, the original state of +Tridosha in health, many questions are needed: on +physical, physiological, and mental levels, as in the +Trait paper (e.g. 84 questions). In contrast, Vikriti is a +different, pathological concept, allowing diagnosis of +disease conditions by assessing each dosha’s Vriddhi, +Kshaya, and Sthana, etc., i.e. its progressive imbalance +within the stages structuring Shadkriyakala. In this pa- +per, the inventory aims to assess the present ‘State of +each Dosha’, in a sense that is neither exactly its Pra- +kriti, nor its Vikriti. +Cronbach’s alpha analysis of the test, Table 5, found +the Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory +(KPSI) both consistent and reliable. As regards content +validity, the consultations with Ayurveda experts and +psychologists established that the questions are appro- +priate. +Table 3 shows that all items in the KPSI describe emo- +tional states or tendencies. These had been selected as +psychological characteristics of Dosha states in the +physiology, a unique approach to measuring Doshas, a +physiological concept, which had not been tried previ- +ously. Rather than being directly concerned with states +of the physiology, the KPSI approach uses the fact that +any Ayurvedic imbalance in the physiology tends to be +associated with a related psychological imbalance on +the mental plane. Thus, by assessing a person’s state, +the KPSI obtains indications of which Doshas have +moved out of balance. It thus infers the state of a per- +son’s physiological balance or imbalance from their +self-perceived state of psychological imbalance. +The whole point of this inventory is to assess the par- +ticipant’s current state of mind and interpret that state +in terms of states of each dosha, on the assumption that +those dosha states influence the mind and are reflected +in the state of mind. But what the mind reflects is nei- +ther exactly Prakriti, nor Vikriti. In order to assess Pra- +kriti, the original state of Tridosha in health, many +questions are needed: on physical, physiological, and +mental levels, as in the Trait paper (e.g. 84 questions). +In contrast, Vikriti is a different, pathological concept, +allowing diagnosis of disease conditions by assessing +each Dosha’s Vriddhi, Kshaya, and Sthana, etc., i.e. its +progressive imbalance within the stages structuring +Shadkriyakala. In this paper, we attempt to assess the +Devika Kaur et al: Development And Initial Standardization Of Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory +IAMJ: Volume 8, Issue 5, May - 2020 (www.iamj.in) +Page 3448 + +present ‘state of each dosha’, in a sense that is neither +exactly its Prakriti, nor its Vikriti. +However, the personality characteristics of an individ- +ual are not measured by this instrument. It makes no +assessment of the Big Five. It only measures mood +states in given situations. Also, the six items selected +by the experts are mutually exclusive. +Although this paper describes the assessment of +Cronbach’s α (alpha), test-retest reliability has yet to be +performed. That will be reported at a later date. +Strengths: The KPSI is the first Ayurveda inventory to +assess mood states. Its Cronbach’s alpha values were +good, above 0.7, indicating good internal consistency. +Also, its ability to assess a person’s Dosha Vikriti can +help a patient’s physician to combat such states of im- +balance. The KPSI should help diagnosis in adolescent +patients suffering from physical or mental problems, +e.g. surgical etc. Shilpa and Murthy’s related test [27] +has even been used to assess clinical anxiety. The in- +ventory can also be used for research, e.g. physicians +and researchers can administer the inventory to assess +the immediate effect of yoga or other interventions on +a subject’s state of mind. +Weaknesses: The idea behind this research program +lies in S-VYASA’s use of the Panchakosha model of +disease generation, i.e. that problems in the emotional +body, the manomaya kosha cause problems in the +pranamaya kosha, and then in the physical body or an- +namaya kosh. While this seems a sufficient basis for +administering Yoga therapy programs, it does not en- +compass every element of Ayurveda’s Shadkriyakala, +which therefore means that the inventory cannot be +used for a full physiological assessment of a patient’s +dosha imbalances. Also, Test-Retest Reliability was +not performed and should be done at the earliest oppor- +tunity. +Future Research: Developing a scale specific to the +adolescent age-group was because agitation, unsteadi- +ness, etc. are seen in initial stages of adolescence onset. +The inventory could also be used for young adults, but +only after validating it on such an adult sample. The +scale’s usefulness to practicing Ayurveda physicians +should also be tested. Its accuracy in diagnosing Pra- +kriti should be compared with other modes of +assessment, notably NadiVigyanaYantra, which is used +accurately and reliably by many of India’s top experts +in the field. Also, as stated above, the scale’s test-retest +reliability must be assessed. Criterion Validity on the +other hand, suffers from the same weakness as for +STAI: it is very difficult to establish for self-assessment +tests of any kind, simply because those being assessed +are asked questions about themselves. Finally, this re- +search has the potential to be developed into a study of +disease susceptibility and strategies of prevention in the +age group concerned. + +CONCLUSION +The Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory, +KPSI, is designed to assess the state of the three doshas +in adolescents. It has been shown to be a consistent in- +strument for identification of an individual’s Dosha- +Prakriti and changes in mood-state imbalances. + +ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS +The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Kishore +Kumar from NIMHANS, and the ten Ayurveda experts +from Government Ayurveda Medical College, Benga- +luru; also the five psychologists and the Principal at the +Vivekananda Education Centre, Jayanagar, and M.E.S. +P.U. College, Maleshwaram, for their valuable advice, +and kind cooperation in the study. +Statement of Ethics: Ethical Approval was obtained +through the S-VYASA University Vice-Chancellor’s +Office. +Disclosure Statement: No author has a conflict of inter- +est to declare. All have significantly contributed to this +study, and its report, as stated in the Submission Docu- +ment. + +REFERENCES +1. Davis R.M. Wagner E.H. Groves T. (1999) Managing +chronic disease: Presents such challenges that the BMJ +is devoting a special issue to it. BMJ: 1090-1091. +2. Wagner EH. Chronic disease management: what will it +take to improve care for chronic illness?. Effective clin- +ical practice: ECP. 1998;1(1):2. +3. Pandey GS (1997). 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Development and validation of a Prototype +Prakriti Analysis Tool (PPAT): Inferences from a pilot +study. Ayu. 2012 Apr;33(2):209. +26. Ramakrishna BR. (2014) Development of Sushrutha +Prakriti Inventory- SPI, an Ayurveda based personality +assessment tool. J Ayurveda Holistic Med. 2(8). +27. Shilpa S. Murthy CV (2011). Understanding personality +from ayurvedic perspective for psychological assess- +ment: a case. Ayu.Jan;32(1):12-9. +28. Suchitra SP. (2014) Development and Initial Standardi- +zation of Ayurveda child personality inventory. J Ayur- +veda Integr Med. 2014, 5(4):205-208 +29. Tewari +P.V. +(2002) +Kashyapa–Samhita +or +Vrddhajivakiya Tantra, English Translation and com- +mentary, Chaukhambha Visvabharati, Varanasi. +30. Murthy S.K.R. (1997) Sharangadhara-Samhita: English +commentary, Third edition: Prathama khanda Chapter7, +verse 24-25, Page:30, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Vara- +nasi. +31. Pandey GS (1997). Charaka Samhita: Hindi commen- +tary, fifth edition, Chikitsasthana Chapter30 verse326, +Page:766, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Publications, Vara- +nasi. +Devika Kaur et al: Development And Initial Standardization Of Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory +IAMJ: Volume 8, Issue 5, May - 2020 (www.iamj.in) +Page 3450 + +32. Shastry A (2002). Sushruta Samhita: Hindi Commen- +tary, fifteenth edition: Sutrasthana Chapter XXI verse 3, +Page:87, Chaukhambha Samskrita Samsthana Publica- +tions, Varanasi. +33. Vaghabhata V (2007). (Trans. Murthy K.R.S.) Ash- +thanga Hrdayam: English commentary, Fifth edition: +Sutrasthana Chapter 1, verse 6, Page:5, Chaukhambha +Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi, U.P. +34. Murthy S.K.R(2002). Ashtanga Sangraha: English com- +mentary, Sixth edition: Sutrasthana Chapter 19, verse +14b-15, Page:360, Chaukhambha Orientalia Publica- +tions, Varanasi. +35. Murthy S.K.R(2003). Madhava Nidanam: English com- +mentary, fifth edition: Chapter 1, verse 14-20, Page 5, +Chaukhambha Orientalia Publications, Varanasi. +36. Murthy S.K.R (1997). Sharangadhara Samhita: English +translation, Third edition: Chapter 2, verse 2d7-36, +Page:14, Chaukhambha Orientalia Publications, Vara- +nasi, U.P. +37. Tripathi I. Tripathi D (1998). Yogaratnakara Chikitsa +Prakaranam Hindi commentary, Fifth edition: Versa1,2, +Page: 93, Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Vara- +nasi, U.P. +38. Hariprasad Tripati (2005). Haritasamhita: Hindi +vyakhya: first edition: Chapter5, verse 50- 67, Page:36, +Chaukhambha Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi. + +State Paper Tables: + + + +Table 2: Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory + +Number +Questions +Ratings +Item Validity +1. +I am Perceptive +a. Not at all b. A little +c. Moderately d. Mostly +e. Completely +0.6 VATA +2. +I am Unsteady +a. +Not at all b. A little +c. +Moderately d. Mostly +e. Completely +0.5 VATA +3. +I am Energetic +a. Not at all b. A little +c. Moderately d. Mostly +0.7 PITTA + +Table 1: Experts’ Final Content Validity +Expert +No. of Items Approved +01 +06 +02 +06 +03 +06 +04 +06 +05 +06 +06 +06 +07 +06 +08 +06 +09 +06 +10 +06 +Table 1a: Experts’ Final Content Validity Psychologists +Expert +No. of Items Approved +01 +06 +02 +06 +03 +06 +04 +06 +05 +06 +Devika Kaur et al: Development And Initial Standardization Of Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory +IAMJ: Volume 8, Issue 5, May - 2020 (www.iamj.in) +Page 3451 + +e. Completely +4. +I am Agitated +a. Not at all b. A little +c. Moderately d. Mostly +e. Completely +0.5 PITTA +5. +I am Calm +a. Not at all b. A little +c. Moderately d. Mostly +e. Completely +0.6 KAPHA +6. +I feel Lethargic +a. Not at all b. A little +c. Moderately d. Mostly +e. Completely +0.5 KAPHA + +Table 3: Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory +Number +Questions +Ratings +1. +I am Perceptive +a. Not at all b. A little +c. Moderately d. Mostly +e. Completely +2. +I am Unsteady +a. +Not at all b. A little +b. Moderately d. Mostly +e. Completely +3. +I am Energetic +a. Not at all b. A little +c. Moderately d. Mostly +e. Completely +4. +I am Agitated +a. Not at all b. A little +c. Moderately d. Mostly +e. Completely +5. +I am Calm +a. Not at all b. A little +c. Moderately d. Mostly +e. Completely +6. +I feel Lethargic +a. Not at all b. A little +c. Moderately d. Mostly +e. Completely + + + + + +Table 4: Demographic Data +Gender +Number +Mean Age +St. Dev +Jayanagar Group +Boys +52 +13.81 +0.69 +Girls +37 +14.22 +0.79 +Maleshwaram Group +Boys +195 +16.87 +0.56 +Girls +166 +16.96 +0.45 +Both Groups Together +Boys +247 +16.23 +1.38 +Girls +203 +16.46 +1.18 +Devika Kaur et al: Development And Initial Standardization Of Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory +IAMJ: Volume 8, Issue 5, May - 2020 (www.iamj.in) +Page 3452 + +Table 5: Reliability Statistics +Dosha +No. of Items +Cronbach’s Alpha +Vata +02 +0.806 +Pitta +02 +0.825 +Kapha +02 +0.768 + +Scale: The Content Validity among the ten Ayurveda +experts who served as judges agreed upon the number +of items after discussion and refinement. The Psy- +chologist agreed on the item and advised on the format +of the scale and the scorings. A 5-point rating (a. Not +at all, b. A little, c. Moderately, d. Mostly, e. Com- +pletely) was selected on their advice. +The Kashyapa State Personality Inventory is Consistent +and Reliable with Cronbach’s Alpha of Vata being +(0.806), Pitta (0.825), Kapha (0.768) (Table-03) 0.7, +since the Cronbach’s alpha values are above 0.7, the +scale has a very good Internal consistency. Correlation +between Vataja, Pittaja and Kaphaja was negative +which is suggesting of the discriminative validity. The +Split- half and the factor analysis cannot be done +because of a smaller number of questions. When com- +pared with STAI questionnaire, it won’t be a criterion +validity. Inter-rater cannot be done because it is self- +reporting. Further, this is the first attempt to develop a +scale to assess the mood states, according to Ayurveda +in adolescents. It helps to predict the dosha – Avastha +in an individual, in order to combat that particular state +for e.g.: Anger which can be situational, seasonal or +temperamental. It can be used by the clinicians in clin- +ical settings. It is also helpful to diagnose clinical anx- +iety in surgical and other medical patients as well as in +mental health patients. This inventory can be used in +research projects. Also, the Test- Re-test is not done. It +doesn’t predict the personality in an individual, instead +it measures only the mood state in a given condition. + +Table 6: Cross Correlation Matrix for N = 450 Subjects +DOSHA +Vata +Pitta +Kapha +Vata Pearson Correlation +Signif (2-tailed) +1.000 +N/A +-0.562** +.000 +-0.129** +.006 +Pitta Pearson Correlation +Signif (2-tailed) +-0.562** +.000 +1.000 +N/A +-0.654** +.000 +Kapha Pearson Correlation +Signif (2-tailed) +-0.129** +0.006 +-0.654** +0.000 +1.000 +N/A +** All Correlations significant at least at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) + +Source of Support: Nil +Conflict of Interest: None Declared + + +How to cite this URL: Devika Kaur et al: Development And Initial Standardization Of Kashyapa Psychophysiological State Inventory. +International +Ayurvedic +Medical +Journal +{online} +2020 +{cited +May, +2020} +Available +from: +http://www.iamj.in/posts/images/upload/3444_3452.pdf diff --git a/subfolder_0/Development and validation of Yoga Module for Anger Management in adolescents conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Development and validation of Yoga Module for Anger Management in adolescents conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..77d426cb64a74ce34709e7818717ec97da1a5e0b --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Development and validation of Yoga Module for Anger Management in adolescents conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,521 @@ +Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772 + +Contents lists available at ScienceDirect + +Complementary Therapies in Medicine + +journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ctim + + + +Development and validation of Yoga Module for Anger Management in adolescents + +Alaka Mani TLa,*, Omkar SNb,1, Manoj K. Sharmac, Astha Chouksed, Nagendra HRe,2 + +a Yoga and Counselling Professional, Life Skills Trainer, Life-Style Couch, Adolescent Health Couch, India b Dept of Aerospace Eng., Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India +c Dept of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, India d Yoga Professional, India +e Founder and Chancellor of a World Renowned Yoga University, India + + + +A R T I C L E I N F O + +Keywords: Yoga Module +Anger management Adolescent +School + +A B S T R A C T + +Background: Development of anger management programs and in particular, yoga module for anger management has not been well researched. Being a complex emotion, anger poses serious challenges in developing a comprehensive anger management program. While various theories of anger are dealt in modern psychology, several anger management techniques are set forth in Indian traditional texts. Yoga, which is considered as a holistic and integrated approach is explored in this study to develop and validate a school-based yoga program for anger management in adolescence. +Materials and methods: Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) principles and literary review formed the basis for deriving the concepts of anger management. The methodology includes construction of the yoga module, validation of the module by 22 experts followed by a pilot non-randomised control study (n-50) to assess feasibility and initial effectiveness. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and paired t-test were employed to analyse the experts’ rating and pilot-study data respectively. +Results: Emergence of IAYT based yoga program for anger management. Based on CVR ratio, 16 out of 18 yogic techniques qualified for the final module. The pilot study revealed viability of the module and its recognition as an anger management program. Significant reduction of anger scores in yoga group substantiates initial effec-tiveness of the module. +Conclusion: The developed and validated yoga module for anger management is recognised as a well-accepted and effective yoga program for anger management in adolescents. + + + + +1. Introduction + +Anger and its manifestations among adolescents have drawn global +concern. Anger is a difficult construct to understand, assess and to conceive coping strategies.1,2 Furthermore, anger issues and conduct disorders among adolescents and youth are on rise in India.3 +Anger is marked by a profound chemical and electrical activity +simultaneously occurring at the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.4 Arousal of anger is marked by release of noradrenaline (nor-epi- +nephrine) hormone that results in a sudden surge of energy and increased sympathetic activity. Anger arousal is counteracted by + +activation of parasympathetic activity with release of acetylcholine neurotransmitter.5 +Considering the adverse effects and the long-term consequences of anger, researchers and clinicians have prescribed a variety of interven-tion programs for anger management. Cognitive-behavioural and skills- +based approaches are widely studied and empirically validated treat-ments for anger in adolescents.2,6 Recent years have witnessed the use of +mindfulness, yoga, and other healing techniques to manage emotional dyscontrol or affective states.7–9 School-based yoga programs that has +gathered special interest among researchers, promote healthy behav-iours at societal level by focusing on prevention of negative patterns + + + +* Corresponding author. +E-mail addresses: alka.yoga@yahoo.com (A.M. TL), omkar@iisc.ac.in (O. SN), shutclinic@gmail.com (M.K. Sharma), chancellor@svyasa.edu.in (A. Choukse), hrnagendra1943@gmail.com (N. HR). +1 www.yogaomkar.com. 2 www.svyasa.org. + +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102772 +Received 3 September 2020; Received in revised form 20 August 2021; Accepted 25 August 2021 Available online 8 September 2021 +0965-2299/© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license +(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). +A.M. TL et al. + +during adolescent transition.10–14 +Yoga is an umbrella term used for any physical, psychological and spiritual activity that originated from ancient texts to enhance quality of life. Yoga is broadly classified as Bhakti Yoga (Yoga of devotion), Jnana +Yoga (Yoga of knowledge), Raja Yoga (Yoga of mental mastery) and Karma Yoga (Yoga of action).15 Among these, Raja Yoga or Patanjali +Yoga is more popular and researched. This form of yoga comprises of 8 limbs called Yama (social conducts), Niyama (individual adherences), Asana (postures), Pranayama (breathing techniques), Pratyahara (con-trol of senses), Dharana (focusing), Dhyana (meditation) and Samadhi (contemplation). Adherence to first two limbs (Yama and Niyama) is essential to tread the path of yogic way of life. Yama comprises of five essential social conducts called ahimsa (non-violence), satya (truthful-ness), asteya (non-stealing), brahmacharya (living in moderation) and aparigraha (non-possessiveness). Niyama also comprises of five essential qualities such as shoucha (purity), santosha (contentment), tapas (aus-terity), swadhyaya (self-awareness) and Iswara pranidhana (let go of ego). Both Yama and Niyama play a vital role in establishing self-control of emotions and judicial use of intellect. +The tenets of yoga emphasise on establishing harmony between the physical body, breath and mind.16,17 In yogic parlance, human existence +is an amalgamation of five sheaths described as the physical body, breath, emotions, intellect, and blissfulness. This theory of human ex-istence is called pancha-kosha model and is explained in detail in the ancient text called Taittiriya Upanishad. The Brahmananda Valli and Brugu Valli sections of this text, also define human existence as a composition of 5 koshas (sheaths) called Annamaya kosha (gross sheath), Pranamaya kosha (energy sheath), Manomaya kosha +(emotional sheath), Vijnanamaya kosha (intellectual sheath) & Anan-damaya kosha (bliss sheath).18 +Holistic and integrated approach is to consider suitable yogic prac-tices from different forms of yoga to establish health and wellbeing at all the five sheaths. This approach is also well correlated with the definition of health declared by World Health Organisation (WHO). According to WHO, health is the state of complete wellbeing at physical, psycholog-ical, social and spiritual domains and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity. +Considering the vastness of the Yogic science, experts have derived a comprehensive approach called Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) or Integrated Yoga Module (IYM). Anchored in the concept of pancha-kosha, IYM is a prescription of yogic techniques derived from all major forms of yoga, to address specific health conditions. A study based +on qualitative evidence, decoded IAYT module to prescribe a framework of yogic practices for different koshas as detailed below.19,20 + +1) Annamaya Kosha – Asanas (Yogic Postures), Loosening Exercises, Kriyas (cleansing techniques) and Yogic Diet predominantly work on Annamaya Kosha. A stable and comfortable asana engages musculo-skeletal system in a systematic way. Asanas also provide stimulation and deep relaxation to internal organs by thoroughly massaging them. Sage Patanjali states that the mind becomes tranquilled and expanded in a natural effortless way by practicing Asanas. He further claims that the dualities of the mind cease to exist by practicing Asanas. Loosening exercises strengthens the muscles, reduces joint stiffness and increases physical stamina. Kriyas have many hidden benefits in addition to purifying the body. Balanced diet helps to maintain internal harmony in the body and mind. +2) Pranamaya Kosha – Breathing exercises increases bodily awareness, corrects breathing pattern, clears the lungs and increases lung ca-pacity. Pranayamas help to slow down breath rate and restore autonomic balance thereby calming the mind. It promotes free flow of energy in the body thereby makes the mind ready for higher practices. +3) Manomaya Kosha – Meditations, Devotional Sessions and Bhakti Yoga engage the mind to promote emotional regulation and emotional culture. + + +Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772 + +4) Vijnanamaya Kosha – Lectures, Counselling, Satsang (company of good people) and Jnana Yoga (in-depth study of a subject) sharpens the intellect. All these provide right knowledge and eradicate igno-rance. Helps to understand realities of life. +5) Anandamaya Kosha - Karma Yoga (selfless service) leads to a state of blissful silence with awareness, perfect poise, and freedom of choice where the mind is not troubled by stressful thoughts and fears. + +Anchored in this theory, an attempt is made to develop an integrated and holistic yoga module for anger management by deriving the concept of anger management from the traditional texts as detailed below. +According to ancient texts, anger is an innate emotion and has its origin in manomaya kosha. It is experienced throughout the body and causes disruption in all dimensions of existence (koshas). Anger triggers sympathetic arousal causing various physiological changes in the body (annamaya kosha). It alters the breathing pattern (pranamaya kosha) and leads to momentary memory loss (manomaya kosha). Further it destroys the power of discrimination (vijnanamaya kosha) and distances one from being at bliss (anandamaya kosha). +Among the several traditional texts, Patanjali Yoga Sutras (PYS), Yoga Vasista, Bhagavad-Gita (BG) and Upanishads have illustrated many anger management techniques. Yama –Niyama concepts of PYS provide a strong base to overcome anger. Yoga Vasista offers evidences for mind–body inter-connectedness in defining, diagnosing and treating illnesses of all kinds. BG explains the origin of anger, its consequences, and management techniques spread across in various verses. To mention a few, Yoga Vasista talks about sublimation of thoughts (mana pra-shamana), PYS suggests distraction (pratipaksha bhavana), physical activity (asanas), regulating the breath (pranayama) etc. BG promotes developing virtues such as ahimsa, forgiveness, and patience as a rem-edy for anger. +Although it is seen that yoga is effective in schools for nurturing mental health, available studies suffer from several limitations regarding study design, methodology, standardization yoga module, +sample size, absence of control group, etc. Review studies on yoga in schools calls for standardisation of yoga module.12,21 +Considering the dearth in studies pertaining to yoga modules for anger management, this study aims at developing an integrated and holistic yoga program for anger management suitable to school envi-ronment. Holistic and integrative approach is established by considering the yogic practices suited to all layers of existence and also considering major forms of yoga such as Raja Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnana Yoga. + +2. Material and methods + +The purpose of the study is to develop a yoga module for anger management for secondary school children. The scope of the study in-cludes a) construction of the module based on IAYT principle and lit-erary review, b) validation of the module by experts, and c) through the pilot study, assessing the feasibility of the module and also check its initial effectiveness. It is a school-based yoga program designed to be taught in secondary schools. This study was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee of S-VYASA Yoga University. Clinical trial registry was not done as it was not mandatory at the time of study and the scope of the work was more theoretical. +The study relies on scriptural evidences for deriving various anger management techniques and contemporary yoga books for selecting relevant yogic practices for anger management. Strict adherence to modern scientific module development procedures and processes was ensured during construction and validation of the module. +The study methodology comprises of three processes. They are construction of a yoga module, validation of the module by experts, and a pilot study administering the module in a non-randomised control trial. +Initially a framework of 18 yogic techniques was prepared providing justification for each technique. Evidences for justification of the yogic + + +2 +A.M. TL et al. + +techniques were drawn from the contemporary books on yoga.22–30 In general, yogic techniques that activate parasympathetic activities and promote balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activities were chosen. These include asanas that promote concentration, attention, and balance; pranayamas that promote calmness and tranquillity; medita-tion that promotes emotional mastery. Under the premise of Jnana yoga, a few aspects of Yama, Niyama, Pratyahara and also physiology and psychology of anger are discussed. +This framework was prepared in a tabular form providing columns for validation using Likert scale of 0–4 with 0 being necessary, 1 a little useful, 2 moderately useful, 3 essential 4 extremely essential. Provision were made to provide overall comments, suggestions and also to review the module in terms of it’s + +a) relevance - whether the technique significantly works for anger b) specificity - whether the technique is precise for anger; +c) sensitivity - whether the technique is sensitive enough to be prac-ticed by children (both girls and boys) in school setting; and +d) evidence - whether the justification provided is adequate for its use. + +The framework was sent to 26 experts (6 yoga practitioners and therapists, 4 yoga professors, 4 yoga research scholars, 10 psychologists, and 2 adolescent counselling experts). A detailed note on the purpose of this study was also sent along with the framework in printed form for local experts and in electronic form for outstation and overseas experts. Experts were requested to respond immediately but not later than 30 days. Most of the experts were Ph.D. holders with more than 10–15 years of experience and are veterans in their field. +Content rationality of the module was calculated using Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio (CVR), which is a method for measuring the level of agreement of an item among experts in the panel. The more the ex- +perts agree on an item, the greater the level of content validity for that item.31 +A yoga module was constructed using techniques that were qualified in expert validation. It was broadly classified into 1) Opening and closing prayers 2) Postures and breathing techniques 3) Meditations 4) Knowledge points, and 5) Home practice. +The developed module was administered in a non-randomised con-trol study (pilot study) carried out in a secondary school. The school had two sections (divisions/ classrooms/groups) of 8th grade students i.e. Section A and Section B with around 30 children in each section. Among them, 28 children in Section A and 22 children in Section B consented for the study and met inclusion and exclusion criterion. Using lottery method, one section was considered as the yoga group and the other section as the waitlist control group. Randomisation at the children level could not be done as it was disturbing the school’s internal set-up. Yoga sessions were conducted during the academic hours in the slots (free periods) allotted by the school. Control group students attended regular classes. Yoga sessions were conducted for four months with two sessions of 30 min each per week. +Anger assessment was done using a validated Adolescent Anger Assessment Scale. This 23-item self-reporting scale assesses anger at behavioural, verbal, and mental domains in adolescents and enjoys high reliability scores with Alpha coefficient (α-0.804) and test-retest reli-ability (r-0.835). Anger scales tend to have limitations of culture spec- +ificity and sensitivity as the words used to describe anger have variety of meanings in different cultures.32,33 This is the first of its kind anger scale developed in India34 and is found to be in par with the popular and +widely used STAXI-2A anger assessment Scale which is of western origin. + + +Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772 + +psychologists) partially filled the forms excluding the asana and breathing part as they stated that they don’t have expertise in these aspects. Remaining eight experts did not provide their rating item-wise but responded saying that everything is OK and it is an excellent attempt. For the purpose of calculation, only technique-wise provided responses were considered. +Out of 18 practices in the framework, 12 practices were validated by 8 experts and 6 practices were validated by 14 experts. As per the Lawshe’s CVR ratio, the minimum value (qualifying value) for 8 experts is 0.75, and for 14 experts is 0.51. CVR was calculated for all the prac-tices which are presented in Table 1 below. +Seven techniques have scored CVR 1.0 indicating total agreement. 11 techniques with CVR ³ 0.75 reviewed by 8 experts, and 5 techniques with CVR ³ 0.51 reviewed by 14 experts, qualified for inclusion in the module. Techniques (with asterisk mark in Table 1) namely krida yoga (CVR = 0.50) and screening of movies (CVR = 0.14) were excluded. Experts have expressed their apprehension about screening of movies and conducting krida yoga in the class room in the 30-minutes slot. +Even though experts who gave an overall OK comment and did not provide item-wise rating were excluded, it is worth mentioning that they have validated all the techniques in total agreement. In general, these responses were excellent. +The pre and post data of pilot study is anlysed using paired t-test to examine the effectiveness of the yoga module. For the purpose of sta-tistical testing, α level was set at 5 %. Normality test was not carried out as it was a pilot work and randomisation at children level was not done. Results are tabulated in Table 2 below. +Results indicate significant reduction of anger scores in the yoga group. An increase, though not significant is observed in control group. Table 2 also reveal a big difference in baseline data which renders the results non conclusive. However, p value 0.000 of yoga group moder-ately substantiates the initial effectiveness. +Subjective feedback from the students during practice was excellent. The module was well accepted and children found it very convenient and comfortable to practice. Oral feedback from the teachers was that + + +Table 1 +Yogic Techniques with CVR as per Lawshe formula. +Yogic techniques ne N N/ ne CVR 2 -N/2 +Techniques reviewed by 8 experts +1 Dynamic practice of asanas in sequence - 7 8 4 3 0.75 Shashankasana, Bhujangasana, +Adhomukha swanasana +2 Triyak Tadasana 7 8 4 3 0.75 3 Ostrich Pose 7 8 4 3 0.75 4 Vrikshasana, veerabhadrasana-3, 7 8 4 3 0.75 +Natarajasana +5 Paschimottanasana 7 8 4 3 0.75 6 Suryanamaskara 8 8 4 4 1.0 7 Conscious Breathing 8 8 4 4 1.0 8 Abdominal breathing 8 8 4 4 1.0 9 Alternate Nostril Breathing 7 8 4 3 0.75 10 Brahmari 7 8 4 3 0.75 11 Yogic Concepts (Ahimsa, Brahmacharya, 8 8 4 4 1.0 +Santosha, Swadhyaya, Iswara Pranidhana, Pratyahara) +12 Krida Yoga 6 8 4 2 0.5* Techniques reviewed by 14 experts +13 Meditation 12 14 7 5 0.71 14 Physiology & Psychology of Anger 14 14 7 7 1.0 15 Screening of Movies 7 14 7 0 0.14 +* + + + +16 2.1. Analysis and results 17 +18 + +Food and Anger Stories on Anger +Home work + +14 14 7 7 1.0 14 14 7 7 1.0 +13 14 7 6 0.88 + + + +The framework that was sent to experts for their rating is placed as Appendix A. Out of twenty-six, four experts did not respond. Eight ex-perts provided their ratings for all the items. Six experts (mostly + + +ne = number of experts indicating ‘essential and extremely essential’ (3 or 4 in 0–4 Likert scale), N = Total number of experts, CVR = Content validity ratio. +* Excluded in final module. + + +3 +A.M. TL et al. + +Table 2 +Results of intervention study. + + +Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772 + +3. Discussion + + + +Category Groups pre-mean post-mean p-value +Yoga Group (n = 28) 51.50 45.07 .000 Control Group (n = 22) 46.82 47.23 .585 +School (n = 50) + +children were active, energetic and attentive in the class after the yoga sessions. As a part of homework, children were asked to practice 12 surya namaskaras every day at home which led the students’ family members also to start practicing yoga. +The conclusive result of the study is the emergence of the Yoga module after expert validation and pilot study. The framework of the module is detailed below in Table 3. + +Table 3 +Summarised Integrated Yoga Module for Anger Management. +Sl Technique Description No +Opening Prayer, sitting Bhagavad-Gita Chapter 2 verse 62 and 63. position, (2 min) The verses are "dhyayato vishayaanpumsaha +sangasteshoopajaayate| sangaat sanjaayate kaamaha kaamaat krodhobhijaayate|| krodhaadbhavati sammohah sammohaat smritivibhramaha| smritibhramshaad +1 Prayer should be chanted buddinaasho buddhinaashaat pranashyati||”, followed by explaining the Meaning: Looking at something, an interest meaning. develops, which leads to attachment then the +desire to have it. From the desire, anger arises. Anger leads to mesmerisation which leads to loss of memory which leads to loss of decision making ability. With that, one ruins. Surya namaskar 6–12 rounds + any 2 prescribed asanas practice in each session (Shashankasana, Bhujangasana, Adhomukha swanasana, Ostrich Pose Vrikshasana, +Asanas, standing position, +(10 min) +2 veerabhadrasana-3, Natarajasana, Triyak Tadasana, Paschimottanasana); each asana should be done twice. Repetition of asanas in subsequent sessions one after the other depending on their learning +Any one of the prescribed breathing Breathing practice, sitting technique each session (Conscious Breathing, position, (5 min) Abdominal breathing, Alternate Nostril +3 +Breathing, Brahmari) +Any one of the prescribed four guided short Meditation, sitting position meditations in each session Meditations +4 +(8 min) include Awareness, Sublimation, Distraction to opposite emotion, Developing Virtues Any one concept is driven in each session either through story or lecture. Concepts include Ahimsa (non-violence), Brahmacharya (moderation), Santosha (contentment), Swadhyaya (Self-awareness), Iswara Pranidhana (dropping of ego), Mindful eating, Pratyahara (controlling the senses). Story telling on anger and its management. Basic physiology and psychology of anger. +Jana Yoga (knowledge +5 points), sitting position, +(3 min) +Bhagavad-Gita, Chapter 3, verse 37 - "Kaama esha krodha esha rajoguna samudhbhavaha| mahaashano mahaapaapmaa viddhyenamiha +Closing Prayer, sitting +position (2 min) +6 vairinam ||" Meaning: Desire and Anger are same. It arises from the Rajasic nature. Anger is most sinful and heinous character. It is said to be biggest enemy of man. +Children are asked to practice minimum 12 rounds of Surya Namaskara everyday morning. Children can be asked to maintain a log book of the following: 1) wake up time & +7 Home Practice going to bed time; 2) No. of times got angry, brief about the situation, with whom; 3) Screen time (TV watching time); 4) foods eaten details; 5) No. of Surya Namaskara +done on that day + +The study documented development and validation of an integrative yoga module for anger management among healthy students in a school setting. Anchored in IAYT concept, the module was very well received by the students. Excellent CVR scores, pilot study results and feedback from the subjects confirm the validity and feasibility of the yoga module. The pilot study also records significant reduction of anger scores in the yoga group which provides reasonable evidences for initial effectiveness of the module. +The current study is considered as a maiden step to develop a holistic and integrative module based on IAYT for anger management. The strength of the module is that it comprises of specific techniques to address the issues of anger at physical, psychological, and social do-mains. Utmost care was taken while designing the module to aptly suit to the school environment. +The novelty of this study is in developing the framework by providing justification and seeking both subjective and objective vali-dation of experts. The framework developed was validated by multi-disciplinary experts, which is first of its kind. The experts included experienced and veteran Yoga Practitioners, Yoga Scientists, Yoga Therapists, Psychologist, and Counselling Professionals. Sixteen out of 18 yogic techniques suggested in the framework received high scores of CVR in expert validation confirming high content validity of the module. Uniqueness of the study also lies in emphasising on Yama–Niyama concept as well as considering physiology and psychology of anger under the premise of Jnana Yoga and incorporating it in a planned manner. Novelty of the program also lies in driving the yogic concepts through stories and lectures immediately after asana and pranayama practice. An observation is that the dynamic practice of 10–15 min of Asanas helped children to counter their fatigue and burn a few calories. They seemed to be in a calm state of mind after practicing Asanas and Pranayamas. Children were more attentive and focused throughout the session. The concept driven through lectures and stories were very well understood by the students. It also helped them to internalise the con- +cepts better. +In the current study, the framework that was prepared for expert validation appeared to be having too many dimensions to evaluate. The fragmentation of sensitivity, relevance, significance, evidence etc. also did not receive good response. The response was almost same for all the features. This may be due to many of the experts resorting to providing an overall comment. This complexity could be considered as a limitation and future studies may consider simplifying the aspects for validation. Secondly, the significant reduction in the anger scores in the yoga group failed to provide strong evidences for effectiveness of the module because of weak methodology. As it was a pilot study, sample size calculation, normality, and significance tests were not done a priori which could be considered as a limitation. Further, subject wise ran-domisation was not done and hence could not explain the baseline dif- +ference observed. However, testing of baseline difference is debated in a couple of studies.35,36 +The developed module has been used in a separate study to assess anger among 187 children. The design of this non-randomised control study is similar to the pilot study of current research work. The study was conducted in two schools and each school had a yoga and control group. Yoga intervention was provided for 4 months with two sessions +per week. Yoga group had 114 (71+ 43) children and control group had 73 (38+ 35) children.37The study showed significant reduction of anger +scores in yoga group. In addition to confirming efficacy of the module, the study also substantiates module’s standardisation and generalisation. +Very few studies on developing and validating yoga modules are available. Common aspects followed in these studies are 1) reviewing yoga texts (Literary review), 2) validation by yoga experts and 3) administration of the module in a small sample size. +A study developing yoga module for depression reports validation of + + +4 +A.M. TL et al. + +the module by 9 experts and pilot intervention study with 7 patients.38 Another yoga module developed for Parkinson disease carried out only +validation by 20 experts. Twenty one out of 28 techniques scored required CVR ratio in this study.39 A study developing an IAYT Yoga +module for obesity in adolescents developed the module based on lit- +erary review and was validated by 16 yoga experts. This module consists of 43 techniques.40 Another study developing yoga module for children +with visual impairment developed the module based on traditional texts, +followed by validation by 25 yoga experts and pilot administration with 9 children.41 +The highlights of the current study are 1) detailed literary review of Indian traditional texts for deriving concepts of anger management, 2) yoga books referred for selection of yogic practices are placed as refer-ences 3) provided justification and evidences for each of the techniques chosen in the module, 4) inter-disciplinary experts were chosen for validation of the module, 5) field study was conducted with a reasonably good sample size, and 6) an attempt to combine the best of East (Indian traditional concepts of anger management) with the best of West (modern scientific research processes and practices). +There are a couple of yoga studies that assessed anger along with +other parameters in adolescents. These studies have used yoga modules based on Kripalu Yoga,42 Yoga Ed program,11 and IAYT.43 Though they +have found effectiveness of yoga in reduction of anger scores, there is no mention of validation of the yoga module in any of these studies. +A few studies have reported benefits of specific yogic techniques. Studies on Suryanamaskara report multiple benefits such as activation of 80 % of the musculoskeletal system, enhanced executive functions, +improved attention and concentration and also inducement of peace and calmness44,45 Brahmari pranayama helps in activating the higher limbic activities and harmonizing the hypothalamic functions.46 The medita- +tions are known to produce changes in the limbic lobes of brain and influence the expression of anger and also produce calmness.47 +The waitlist control group in the pilot study did not perform any specific activity during the period of study which could also be consid-ered as a limitation. Secondly, a data sheet (dairy) was provided to all the children to fill. Children did not respond well for this and most of the + + +Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772 + +children in the control group did not return the data sheets. +Sample size calculation could not be done for considering the num-ber of experts. Number of expert in previous studies varied from 5 to 26 and had experts only from yoga field. The current study considered 26 experts in total from interdisciplinary fields like yoga, psychology, ed-ucation etc. Four of the experts did not respond and eight experts did not provide item-wise rating. Hence, only responses of 14 experts were considered for calculation. Further, out of 18 practices in the frame-work, 12 practices were validated by 8 experts and 6 practices were validated by 14 experts. Future studies may consider streamlining this process in a more effective way. + +4. Conclusion + +Holistic and integrative approach employed by considering Pancha Kosha concept and IAYT principle in developing yoga module for anger management provided adequate basis to achieve content validity. +Validation from multi-disciplinary experts greatly supported the integrative approach. The pilot study provided satisfactory evidence for standardisation of the module. +Yoga program for anger management is feasible in school environ-ment and the techniques were very well accepted by students. +The developed yoga module is recognized as a very useful program for anger management among adolescents. + +Declaration of Competing Interest + +The authors report no declarations of interest. + +Acknowledgement + +The current study is part of a project on anger in adolescents for which financial assistance is provided by Sri. Venkateswara Vedic Uni-versity, Tirupati. The authors acknowledge the support of the funding institution. + + + +Appendix A. Framework of yogic techniques – sent to experts for validation + + +Sl no + + + + +1 + + + +2 + +3 + + +4 + + +5 + + +6 + + +7 + +Yogic Technique + + +Dynamic practice of these asanas in sequence + +Shashankasana, Bhujangasana, Adhomukha swanasana, + + +Triyak Tadasana + +Ostrich Pose + +Vrikshasana, veerabhadrasana-3, Natarajasana + +Paschimottanasana + + +Suryanamaskara + + +Conscious Breathing + +Details and Justification 1 2 3 4 5 + +1-relevance, 2-specificity, 3-sensitivity, 4-evidence, 5-overall comments + +Provides gentle movement, flexion and extension to all major joints - head to toe +Enhanced blood flow throughout the body Induces cycle of relaxation and activation +Bhujangasana – has balancing effect on some hormones, keep the spine supple Shashankasana – regulates the functioning of adrenal glands and good for anger Strengthens the nerves and muscles of arms and legs. +(ref : book ‘Yoga Education for children’ by Bihar School of Yoga) Lateral bending and lateral balancing posture. +Simple movement in coronal plane as opposed to sagittal plane movements in the previous step (ref : book ‘Yoga Education for children’ by Bihar School of Yoga) +Develops balance, attention and concentration balancing postures +Enhance focusing, strengthen the lower extremities, Awareness of sensory input perception +Balancing enhances concentration / attention. (anger is associated with restlessness or lack of attention and concentration) +Good for strengthening lower extremities, Thymus gland activation Mind-body-breath coordination; +80 % of the musculoskeletal system gets activation, sub maximum pressure on joints (Ref: SNO paper) +Positive outlook; improved memory, concentration and attention; induces peace and calmness; promotes well-being; enhances depth of perception +(Ref: Book - Dynamic Suryanamaskar-Krzysztof Stec) +Awareness of breathing + +(continued on next page) + + +5 +A.M. TL et al. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772 + +(continued) + +Sl Yogic Technique no + + + +8 Abdominal breathing + + + +9 Alternate Nostril Breathing + + +10 Brahmari + + + + + + + +11 Meditation + + + + + + + +12 Physiology & Psychology of Anger + + + +13 Screening of Movies + + + + + + +14 Yogic Concepts + +Details and Justification 1 2 3 4 5 + +Helps to calm down. +Easy and simple way to practice – be in the present +Upper Chest breathing is observed with anger abdominal breathing is the natural breathing pattern +Requires less energy than chest or upper lunch breathing +Oxygen/Carbon dioxide exchange is greater during this type of breathing (Ref: Yoga Education for Children, Bihar School of Yoga; page 265, vol 1) Balances the sympathetic and parasympathetic tone ; +Flow of prana in Ida and Pingala nadis is equalized +Regulating breathing helps in calming down the mind. Mind stabilises when breath is steady (Ref: Hata Yoga Pradeepika 2-2) +Activates the higher limbic activities – anger is generated at lower limbic but coping is done at higher limbic region +Harmonises the hypothalamic functions by which entire mind-body complex gets benefits (Ref: book Power of Pranayama, Dr. Renu Mahtani) +Short guided-meditations comprised of three parts a) Preparation b) One of the four Anger Management Techniques and c) Conclusion. +Preparation process includes adopting a sitting meditative posture, bringing the mind-body-breath awareness by observing the posture and breathing. The concluding process includes observing silence, making a resolve. The middle part includes one of the four anger management techniques as detailed below: +Prajna (awareness) – Thinking and feeling of anger by evoking, intensifying and defusing the anger emotion. This helps children to become aware of their anger emotion, physiological and psychological changes that occur during anger. +Manaprashamana (sublimation) – Art of sublimation of anger thoughts. The process involves evoking anger emotion and then reducing the speed by slowing down the thought process. +Pratipaksha Bhavana (shifting of emotions) – It is a process of experiencing opposite emotions one after the other. This helps in swiftly shifting the mind to an opposite emotion. +Sadguna (developing positive virtue): Forgiveness is one of the positive virtues that turn away the anger emotion. This process involves calling or re-living an instance once with anger driven response and recalling it again with forgiveness driven response +Definition of anger +Stimulus and Response theory SNS and PSNS +What happens when you are angry Manifestations +Anger consequences Anger Management +Philosophers who emphasised Non-violence (Krishna, Gandhi, Vivekananda etc.) Health consequences of Anger +Ahimsa (Nonviolence) +Do not cause physical or mental suffering to anyone Do not hurt others for whatsoever reason +Do not blame anything and hate anybody +Be gentle in your speech - speak good and pleasant things Be polite in your behaviour +Be kind to everyone Brahmacharya (moderation) +Do not do anything in excess – watching TV, sleeping, playing, eating etc. Do not get addicted to electronic gadgets +Do not get into bad habits – smoking, alcohol, drugs etc. Judge what is good for you and do only that +Know your limits Live in moderation +Santosha (Contentment) +Be satisfied with what you have Love yourself +Enjoy doing things without focusing too much on the results Do not feel bad for what you don’t have +Don’t feel jealous +Do not get attracted towards crafty advertisements Swadhyaya (Self Awareness) +Know your strengths and weaknesses Be self-motivated +Have an inclination to understand the mind, consciousness, our existence and the whole creation Do not get fooled by false information / wrong knowledge +Do not learn anything that brings down your personality Iswara Pranidana (Giving up the Ego) +Develop humility +Treat everyone as equal Learn to surrender +Do good and forget it Do not argue +Don’t have rigid thoughts +Do not boast + +(continued on next page) + +6 +A.M. TL et al. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 61 (2021) 102772 + +(continued) + +Sl Yogic Technique no + + + + + +15 Food and Anger + + + +16 Stories on Anger + + + +17 Krida Yoga + + +18 Home Work + +Details and Justification 1 2 3 4 5 + +Pratyahara (withdrawal of senses) Controlling the sensory inputs Focus on what you are doing +Do not get disturbed /distracted by other things (Ref : Book – SURYA by Dr. SN Omkar,) +Food types (rajasic, tamasic and satvic) What, when, how, how much, where to eat MINDFUL EATING +Stories on anger can be narrated to students to make them understand the concept of anger. Briefing and debriefing the moral of story is essential to reinforce the concept. 3 stories are listed below: +Story of a boy hitting the nail on a tree every time when he got angry. Moral : Anger comes and goes leaving a permanent scar +Story of smashed fingers: Enraged father punishing his son for making a scratch on the car. Moral: Anger has no limits. Anger leads to inappropriate and harmful actions. Anger leads to temporary memory loss. Story of Vivekananda as a student in Law College in UK. Interaction between him and Mr. Peters. Moral -Anger is not a solution to any problem. Keeping mind calm helps one to take better decisions. +A computer game on anger management will be developed and used if time permits. +Asana Practice : Daily practice of Surya Namaskara – minimum 12 rounds +Dairy writing – Children can be asked to maintain a log book of the following: 1) wake up time & going to +bed time; 2) No. of times got angry, brief about the situation, with whom; 3) Screen time (TV watching time); 4) foods eaten details; 5) Good thing of the day & Bad thing of the day and 6) No. of Surya +Namaskara done on that day + + + + + +References + +1 Kerr MA, Schneider BH. Anger expression in children and adolescents: a review of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28:559–577. +2 Novaco RW. Chapter 35 - Anger. In: G. B. T.-S. 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Mol Neurobiol. 2013; 48:808–811. + + + + +7 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Development, validation, and feasibility of a school-based short duration integrated classroom yoga module A pilot study design conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Development, validation, and feasibility of a school-based short duration integrated classroom yoga module A pilot study design conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..421446a131f3c3722d39d354101eb3a53164eb15 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Development, validation, and feasibility of a school-based short duration integrated classroom yoga module A pilot study design conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,834 @@ +Original Article + + + + + +Access this article online +Quick Response Code: + + + + + + +Website: www.jehp.net + +DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_674_20 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Department of Yoga and Humanities, Swami Vivekananda Yoga +Anusandhana Samsthana, +Bengaluru, Karnataka, + +Development, validation, and feasibility of a school‑based short duration integrated classroom yoga module: A pilot study design + +Atul Sinha, Sony Kumari, Mollika Ganguly + + +Abstract: +BACKGROUND: The practice of yoga is proven to have physical, cognitive and emotional benefits for school children. Despite this many schools do not include yoga in their daily schedule. The reasons cited are lack of time and resources. To overcome these problems the present study aimed to develop and validate a short duration Integrated classroom yoga module. The design guidelines were that it should be possible to practice in the classroom environment and that it could be led by the class teacher. In this way the module would overcome the problem of both time and resource. +MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study had two main phases. In the first phase, selected ICYM practices based on the literature review were validated by 21 subject matter experts using Lawhse’s content validity ratio (CVR) formula. In the second phase, a pilot study using a paired sample prepost measurement design was carried out on 49 high school children. The study was conducted in June 2019. The intervention period was 1 month, and the test variables were physical fitness, cognitive performance, self‑esteem, emotional well‑being, and personality characteristic. Pairedsamplet‑test was the analysis tool and the software used was the Statistical Package for the Social Science version 26. +RESULTS: In the Lawshe’s CVR analysis, 17 out of the 24 practices tested were rated by experts as essential as was the overall module(CVR score≥0.429). In the pilot study, there were significant differences in the postmean scores compared to premean scores, for all the 4 EUROFIT physical fitness testing battery tests (P < 0.02), all the three scores of the Stroop color‑word naming task (P < 0.001) and the Rosenberg self‑esteem scale (P < 0.008). +CONCLUSION: ICYM was validated and found feasible by the present study. It was found to have a statistically significant impact on physical fitness, cognitive performance, and self‑esteem variables. However, a randomized control trial with a longer intervention period is needed to strengthen the present study. +Keywords: +Children’s cognitive function, children’s physical fitness, children’s psychosocial well‑being, classroom yoga, school‑based yoga + + + +India + +Address for correspondence: Dr. Sony Kumari, Department of Yoga +and Humanities, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 19 Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, +Kempe Gowda Nagar, Bengaluru - 560 019, Karnataka, India. +E-mail: sonykarmanidhi@ gmail.com +Received: 17-06-2020 Accepted: 02-10-2020 Published: 20-05-2021 + + +Introduction + +espite awareness of the benefits of school‑based yoga, most schools either have not incorporated the practice of yoga in the school curriculum or have done so sub‑optimally, usually one class a week. The reasons range from +D + +This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as appropriate credit is givenand the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. + +For reprints contact: WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com + + +lack of time, a packed curricular and co‑curricular schedule and the need for resources such as yoga rooms, yoga mats, and trained yoga instructors. If a solution can be found to overcome the problems associated with including yoga in the daily school schedule, it will benefit children immensely. + +The yogic vision of education is to lay the foundations of character and personality + +How to cite this article: Sinha A, Kumari S, Ganguly M. Development, validation, and feasibility of a school-based short duration integrated classroom yoga module: A pilot study design. J Edu Health Promot 2021;10:148. + + +© 2021 Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 1 +Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module + + +based on self‑transformation.[1] Yoga is a system of disciplines for furthering an integrated development of multiple aspects of the individual’s personality. Through asanas (physical postures) the body is maintained in a steady and supple state. By the practice of pranayama (breathing exercises) emotional stability, self‑confidence and self‑control are developed. Through dhyana (meditation) the turbulent mind is stilled. The practice of yoga creates a balance in the personality.[2] + +Over the last three decades, modern research has demonstrated positive results of yoga on children. Serwacki and Cook‑Cottone[3] reviewed 12 preliminary studies of yoga in schools and found that yoga had a positive effect on cognitive performance, emotional well‑being, anxiety and negative behavior. Physical fitnesswasshown tobe positively associatedwith yoga.[4] + +Another factor for considering school‑based yoga is its possible role in promoting health literacy. Studies have found a correlation between health literacy and health promotion. A study by Karimi et al., 2019[5] defined health literacy as the degree to which people are able to choose, understand, process, communicate, and get information for their health. They hypothesized that health literacy aids correct decision making regarding disease prevention, health promotion and for improving quality of life. The authors conducted a randomized controlled study with adolescents where the intervention comprised the dissemination of the PBL health literacy program. They found that the average level of health literacy in the intervention group increased significantly, specifically in the self‑efficacy dimension. Another study with adolescents by Bayati et al., 2018[6] found a direct significant correlation of health literacy with all the dimensions of health‑promotion. Astudy with students foundasignificant relationship betweenadopting health promoting lifestyle and aspects of spiritual growth, stress management and general quality of life.[7] An aspect of school‑based yoga is the dissemination of self‑care knowledge. Hyde, 2012[8] says that school‑based yoga as critical‑emancipatory pedagogy, effectively uses national standards for physical education, health and safety and social‑emotional learning to provide self‑care knowledge and skills to students and teachers. Hence, yoga may be considered beneficial from the perspective of health literacy too. + +The problems of the packed school schedule, time and resources come in the way of incorporating yoga in the daily school schedule. We hypothesize that a short duration integrated classroom yoga module (ICYM) can potentially overcome the problem of time and resources. The short duration would make it possible to be practiced in the first period of the day without impinging materially on the time for academic lessons. + +2 + +Further, the class‑teacher can lead the practice in the limited spaces of the classroom environment. This ensures that no additional resources will be required. Traditional texts of yoga too support its practice in the classroom. Yogabhakti Saraswati says that children enter the class with different states of mind. Yoga in the classroom helps to harmonize their minds and create the right balance between excitement and alertness.[2] The objective of this study was to develop a validated short duration ICYM and confirm its feasibility and efficacy with a pilot study design. + +Materials and Methods + +The present study adopted a phased methodology to develop, validate and confirm the feasibility and efficacy of the school‑based short duration ICYM. In the first phase, yoga practices were selected based on a review of ancient and contemporary literature on yoga. In the second phase, the content validity of the selected practices was assessed by a panel of 21 subject matter experts. The content validity was calculated using Lawshe’s content validity ratio (CVR) formula.[9] In the third phase, the validated ICYM was developed. In the fourth phase a pilot study was conducted to confirm the feasibility and ascertain the efficacy of the module. Figure 1 shows the four phases adopted in the study. The study was approved by the Institutional ethics committee of S‑VYASA University (reference number: RES/IEC‑SVYASA/145/2019). + +Designing integrated classroom yoga module based on literature review +Ancient and contemporary texts of yoga were reviewed to develop the content of the module. The ancient texts reviewed were Patanjali yoga sutra,[10] Hatha yoga pradipika,[11] Gheranda Samhita,[12] Siva Samhita,[13] Svetasvatara Upanishad,[14] and Brhdaranyaka + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Figure 1: Phases in developing a validated school‑based integrated classroom yoga module + +Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021 +Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module + + +Upansidhad.[15] The contemporary texts reviewed were Light on Yoga,[16] Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha[17] and Integrated yoga therapy for positive health.[18] At an overall level, these texts make out a compelling case for making yoga integral to children’s education. + +According to Niranjanananda[1] the purpose of education is to develop a fully integrated personality by laying the foundations of character and personality. He elaborates on this theme by stating that there are two main ingredients to achieve this objective. The first is the development of discrimination between what is worthy and what is not and the second is the development of a spiritual attitude in order to face life with courage and fortitude. Being self‑transformative, yoga aids in the development of discrimination and a spiritual attitude. Satyananda[2] says that yoga has immense benefits for children. It gently massages the endocrine glands whose proper functioning is critical for growing bodies. Regular practice of yoga brings about emotional stability and enhancesself‑confidence, self‑awareness and self‑control. + +Patanjali yoga sutra says that only a still mind is capable of concentration and higher perception. It advises constant practice and an attitude of nonattachment to bring the mind under control. Asanas (physical postures) make the body firm and still. It lessens the natural restlessness of the body making it easier for the mind to concentrate. Pranayama (breathing exercises) removes rajas (uncontrolled restless activity) and tamas (uncontrolled dullness) to make the mind sattvic (controlled gentle steadiness). This in turn makes the mind fit for concentration. Dharana (concentration) and Dhyana (meditation) trains the mind to focus on one subject effortlessly.[10] Hatha yoga pradipika states that asanas (physical postures) steadies the body, makes it supple, induces relaxation and facilitates free low of prana (vital energy). The practice of pranayama (breathing exercises) increases pranic force and balances the mind. The left and right hemispheres of the brain are balanced to allow both the logical and intuitive faculties to function.[11] Gheranda Samhita says yoga calms the mind and brings the whole personality under control, moderation and balance.[12] According to Siva samhita yoga helps to develop an attitude of cheerfulness, enthusiasm and courage.[13] + +Modern research has corroborated many of the claims made by ancient texts of yoga. Studies have shown that yoga had a beneficial effect on physical fitness.[19] It improved musculoskeletal health.[20] It impacted cardiopulmonary health positively,[21‑23] and improved neuromuscular health.[23‑25] Studies have associated yoga with significant improvements in memory, attention and executive function.[26‑28] Yoga enhanced self‑esteem,[29,30] and improved self‑efficacy, + +Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021 + +self‑regulation and self‑adjustment.[31‑33] Yoga helped improve moodstate, depression, anger and anxiety.[34‑36] Ferreira‑Vorkapic et al.[37] reviewed nine randomized control trial studies and found positive effects of yoga on mood indicators, tension, anxiety, self‑esteem and memory. Yoga had a positive impact on three types of response patterns called gunas. A study showed an increase in sattva (controlled gentle steadiness) and reduction in rajas (uncontrolled restless activity) and tamas (uncontrolled dullness).[38] Om chanting has been shown to activate the neural region, increase oxygenation, give psychological relaxation, relieve stress and provide vigor.[39,40] Pradhan and Derle[41] reported that chanting Gayatri mantra improved attention. + +The ancient and contemporary literature on yoga were scanned to identify and evaluate practices beneficial for physical fitness, cognitive performance and emotional well‑being of children. Only practices that could be performed in the confined spaces of the classroom environment were evaluated. Table 1 lists the selected practices of asanas (physical postures), Table 2 lists the selected practices of pranayama (breathing exercises), and Table 3 lists the selected dhyana (meditation) and mantra(chanting) practices and summarizes their benefits as referred in yoga texts. The literature review found that all 14 asanas selected impacted physical fitness, 11 asanas were associated with cognitive performance and 6 with emotional wellbeing. Of the 7 pranayama practices(breathing exercises) selected, 5 had a positive effect on physical fitness and all 7 were beneficial for cognitive and emotional well‑being. The 3 dhyana(meditation) and mantra(chanting) practices were found to promote cognitive performance and emotional well‑being. + +Validation of Integrated classroom yoga module by subject matter experts +The 24 practices selected from literature review were incorporated in 4 alternate sets of yoga module. These sets were meant to be rotated from 1 day to the next. A questionnaire was prepared for yoga experts. They were required to validate the practices on a three‑point scale: +1. Not essential: Has no role in improving physical fitness, cognitive performance, emotional wellbeing or personality characteristics of school children +2. Useful but not essential: Useful but not important in improving physical fitness, cognitive performance, emotional well‑being or personality characteristics of school children +3. Essential: Very important for improving physical fitness, cognitive performance, emotional wellbeing or personality characteristics of school children. + +The questionnaire further required them to rate the yoga module as a whole on its ability to achieve the objectives + +3 +Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module + +Table 1: Asanas (physical postures) selected from literature review + +Asanas (physical postures) Sideways bending/twisting +Katichakrasana TirikayaTadasana ArdhakatiChakrasana Parsvakonnasana +Forward and backward bending +Prasarita Padohastasana + Ardhachakrasana +Padahastasana + Ardhachakrasana + +Padahastasana + Hastauthanasana + +Stretching Tadasana + +ParivrittaTrikonasana + +Gaumukhasana + + + +Ardhachandrasana + + +Balancing Vrkshasana + +Garudasana + + +Veerbhadrasana Pose III + +Benefits + +Tones upper body; corrects posture; relieves stress Exercises and balances side muscles +Stimulates sides and spine; improves liver function Tones lower body; increases peristaltic activity + +Develops lower body muscles; improves flexibility, increase blood flow to head region +Tones abdomen; improves digestive health; improves metabolism, improves concentration + +Tones abdomen; improves digestive health; improves metabolism, improves concentration + + +Lightness; mental agility; physical and mental balance; tones nerves +Tones lower body; invigorates abdominal organs; stimulates nervous system +Tones upper body; regulates endocrine system; regulates prana flow; steadies body and calms mind, increases energy and awareness + +Strengthens lower body and abdomen; improves digestion; improves balance + + +Improves balance; strengthens lower body; promotes kidney health +Strengthens and loosens body; tones nerves, develops concentration + +Creates harmony and balance; tones abdomen; gives vigour; improves concentration + +Textual references + +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) + +Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) + +Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) + +Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) +Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) +Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) + +Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) + + + +of impacting physical fitness, cognitive performance, emotional wellbeing and personality characteristics of school children. The rating was on a three‑point scale. 1. Not at all +2. Moderately 3. Very much. + +Open ended suggestions for improvement of the module were also solicited in the questions. + +The experts were selected based on convenience sampling. 21 yoga experts responded to the questionnaire. Lawshe’s CVR formula was the statistical tool employed to analyze the data.[9] + +Designing a validated integrated classroom yoga +module +Definition of Integrated classroom yoga module +The premise worked on was that a short duration yoga module, amenable to be led by the class teacher + +4 + +and possible to practice in the limited spaces of the classroom environment would encourage schools to incorporate yoga in their daily schedule. ICYM was thus conceived as a 12‑min integrated yoga module to be practiced in the limited spaces of the classroom environment. It could be led by the class teacher after a 1‑week training in the practice and a working theory of yoga. + +The integrated module included different limbs of yoga namely asanas(physical postures), pranayama(breathing exercises), dhyana (meditation) and mantra (chanting). The design was based on three predefined criteria: +1. It should be an integrated yoga module +2. It should be possible to practice the module in the limited spaces of the classroom environment +3. The choice of practices should have the ability to impact physical fitness, cognitive performance, emotional well‑being and personality characteristics of school children. + +Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021 +Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module + +Table 2: Pranayama (Breathing exercises) selected from literature review + +Pranayama (breathing exercises) Bhastrika + + + +Ujjai + + + +Yogic breathing (abdominal) + +Nadi Shudhi + + + + +Sheetali and Sadanta + + + + +Bhramari + +Benefits +Stimulates cerebral region; strengthens nervous system; oxygenates blood; stimulates heart; detoxification; unblocks prana movement; stimulates metabolism; lowers stress; induces clarity of thought and improves concentration +Relaxes; develops psychic sensitivity; internalises the senses; calms the mind; promotes cardio and digestive health + +Relaxed and comfortable breathing; gives vitality and calmness; clarity of thought +Purifies nadis; increases prana capacity; eliminates bodily disorders; makes breathing rhythmic; soothes nerves; stills the mind; balances brain hemispheres; improves concentration + +Cools the body and mind; keeps teeth and gums healthy; harmonises the endocrine system; reduces BP; encourages flow of prana; gives vigour; gives inner tranquillity + + +Awakens psychic sensitivity; relieves anxiety; alleviates anger; reduces BP; helps in throat ailments; creates healing capacity + +Textual reference +Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) +Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) + +Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) +Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) +Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) +Light on Yoga. Iyengar (2012) +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) +Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha. Satyananda (2009) +Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) + + +Table 3: Dhyana (meditation) and mantra (chanting) practices shortlisted from literature review + +Meditation/Chanting Dhyana (meditation) +Mauna + + + +Mantra (chanting) +OM and Gayatri Mantras + +Benefits + +Control over mind; stillness, one pointedness, continuous awareness; deep relaxation; reduced metabolic rate; light and expansive feeling + + +Steadies the senses and quietens the mind; balances the emotions; purifies the mind + +Textual reference + +Patanjali Yoga Sutra. Vivekananda (1986) Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Muktibodhananda (1985) Gheranda Samhita. Niranjananda (2012) +Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) + +Svetasvatara Upanishad. Tejomayananda (2011) Brhadaranyaka Upanishad. Madhavananda (1934) +Positive Health. Nagarathna and Nagendra (2011) + + + +Designing a validated Integrated classroom yoga module The validated practices were incorporated in the ICYM. From the open‑ended suggestions given by experts we thought it useful to include a positive affirmation practice. Another suggestion incorporated was to slow down the pace of the practice to ensure that children were not tired. The parameters followed to design the module were: +1. The module duration was 12 min +2. Two sets were to be made meant to be practiced on alternate days to provide variety and derive more benefits +3. The practice was to start with dhyana (meditative silence) to harmonize the mental state of the cohort +4. The asanas (physical postures) that followed would comprise side bending or twisting, forward and backward bending, stretching and balancing to ensure that the whole body was exercised + +Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021 + + +5. The asanas were tobe followed by pranayama(breathing exercises) +6. At the tail end, there was dhyana(meditative silence) and OM chanting to relax the body and mind. The module ended with a positive affirmation. + +The ICYM module is presented in Table 4. + +Pilot study to confirm the feasibility of integrated +classroom yoga module +Design +The aim of the pilot study was to test the feasibility and efficacy of the validated ICYM in a school setting. The design was a paired sample prepost measurement of means of physical fitness, cognitive performance, self‑esteem, emotional well‑being, and personality characteristic variables. + +5 +Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module + +Table 4: Integrated classroom yoga module: Set 1 and Set 2 practiced on alternate days + + +Yoga practice +Dhyana (Meditative silence) + + +Asanas +Katichakrasana + +Set 1 +Time Description +1 min Sit straight with eyes closed. Attention on breathing. Watch your thoughts flowing + +1 min 20 rounds + + +Yoga practice +Dhyana (Meditative silence) + + +Asanas +Ardhakatichakrasana + +Set 2 +Time Description +1 min Sit straight with eyes closed. Attention on breathing. Watch your thoughts flowing + +1 min Hold for7 counts on each side + + + +Hastauthanasana/ Padahastasana + + +Tadasana + +1 min 3 rounds backward‑forward Ardhachakrasana/ bending. On 4th round hold for Padahastasana +7 counts on backward bend and then on forward bend +1 min 3 rounds of up and down Gaumukhasana (standing) followed by 1 round of holding +for 10 counts + +1 min 3 rounds of backward‑forward bending. On 4th round hold +for 7 counts on back bend and then +1 min Hold on each side to the count of 10 + + + +Vrkhsasana + +Pranayama +Yogic breathing (abdominal) Nadi Shudhi +Bhramari OM chanting Dhyana + +Affirmation + +1 min Hold on each side for 10 counts + +1 min 10 rounds 2 min 6 rounds 1 min 6 rounds 1 min 6 rounds +1 min Mentally recap the practices. Attention on breathing + +Garudasana + +Pranayama +Yogic breathing (abdominal) Nadi Shudhi +Bhramari OM chanting Dhyana + +Affirmation + +1 min Hold on each side for 10 counts + +1 min 10 rounds 2 min 6 rounds 1 min 6 rounds 1 min 6 rounds +1 min Mentally recap the practices. Attention on breathing + + + +I am a powerful soul +Closing + +0.5 min 3 rounds +0.5 min Rub palms, massage eyes, face, neck. With a few blinks open eyes + +I am a loveful soul +Closing + +0.5 min 3 rounds +0.5 min Rub palms, massage eyes, face, neck. With a few blinks open eyes + +Total timing 12 min Total timing 12 min + + +Participants +The participants for the present study were selected from an urban campus of the multi‑campus Samsidh Mount Litera Zee School group in Bengaluru, India. The participants were selected randomly from Grades 7–10. A grade‑wise quota was predecided, and equal gender ratio was fixed. The selection of participants was made blindly and randomly by drawing from paper slips. The inclusion criteria were: (i) participants must be from Grades 7–10 and (ii) of both genders. The exclusion criteria were: (i) any history of major physical illness or surgery in the past 2 months, (ii) any mental illness and (iii) any condition where physical activity was contraindicated. + +Intervention +The intervention period was 1 month, with 5 days a week of practice in the beginning of the first period of the school day. The class teachers were trained by qualified yoga instructors over daily 1 h sessions for 7 days. The training included an overview of the discipline of yoga and its various limbs. The benefits of each practice were conveyed to them. Each yoga exercise was demonstrated and practiced. Teachers had to lead mock sessions. A video of the module was also given to the teachers. Every 2 weeks, there was a top‑up training session conducted for the teachers. + +6 + +Ethics +The study was approved by the Institutional ethics committee of S‑VYASA University (reference number: RES/IEC‑SVYASA/145/2019). The school administration was briefed in writing and verbally on the details of the study and the intervention. Informed consent was obtained from the school administration. + +Assessment +The participants were assessed for physical fitness, cognitive performance, self‑esteem, emotional well‑being and personality characteristic. Four tests from EUROFIT physical fitness testing battery were conducted.[42] The Stroop color‑word naming task was used to measure cognitive performance.[43] Rosenberg self‑esteem scale[44] and WHO‑5 well‑being index[45] were utilized to measure emotional well‑being. Sushruta child personality inventory (SCPI)[46] was employed to measure child personality characteristic. + +EUROFIT physical fitness testing battery +Flamingo balance test +Participants balanced on a narrow wooden bar on their preferred leg. The free leg was flexed at the knee. Number of falls in 60 s was recorded. + +Sit and reach flexibility test +Participants were made to sit on the floor with both legs stretched, touching the base of a measuring table with + +Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 10 | April 2021 +Sinha, et al.: Validation of integrated classroom yoga module + + +their spine erect. The table had a measuring scale. The initial reading on the measuring scale was taken at the point where the tip of the longest finger touched. They were then asked to stretch fully without bending their legs. The final reading where the tip of the longest finger reached was taken and the distance of stretch calculated by subtracting the initial (non stretch reading) from the final (full stretch) reading. + +Sit ups trunk strength +Participants were required to lie on their back with knees bent; thighs kept at right angle to the torso and feet flat on the ground. Their hands were kept behind their head. Participants performed sit‑ups from this position and returned to the initial position. The number of sit‑ups in 30 s was recorded. Incomplete sit‑ups were not counted. + +10 × 5‑m shuttle run agility test +Cones were kept at a distance of 10 m. At the word ‘Go’ the participants ran to the cone 10 m away and back five times without stopping. At the end of the fifth round, the timing was recorded using a stopwatch. + +Stroop color‑word naming task +The Stroop color‑word task measures the executive function involving word, color and an interference naming response. The test consists of three pages. The first page tests how fast the participant can read out words (correct number of words read in 45 s). The second page tests how fast the participant can call out the colors(correct number of colors called in 45 s). The third page tests the speed with which the participant can name the color of the ink and disregard the word printed in that color ink (correct number of ink colors called in 45 s). The test in effect measures the participant’s control over neuropsychological functions involved in color and word naming responses.[39] The test extracts three scores, namely Stroop word score, Stroop color score and Stroop color‑word score. + +Rosenberg self‑esteem scale +The Rosenberg self‑esteem scale is a self‑report scale. It is a 10‑item scale measuring both positive and negative feelings associated with global self‑esteem. The instrument uses a 4‑point Likert scale. + +WHO‑5 well‑being index +The WHO‑5 well‑being index is a self‑report scale. It has 5 items measuring positive feelings associated with emotional well‑being. The instrument uses a 6‑point Likert scale. + +of response patterns called gunas. The three patterns are Sattva(controlled gentle steadiness), Rajas(uncontrolled restless activity) and Tamas (uncontrolled dullness).[47] Well‑being is disturbed when Rajas and Tamas become dominant. + +The raw data were analyzed using theStatistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 26, IBM, USA. + +Results + +Results of validation of Integrated classroom yoga module by subject matter experts +The ICYM was evaluated by subject matter experts(n=21). The qualification of the experts was Ph.D., (Yoga) 13, MD (Yoga Therapy) 1, M.Sc., (Yoga) 2, Yoga instructors certification course 5. The mean number of years’ experience in teaching yoga was M = 19.9 (8.57) and the range was 4–40. The characteristics of the expert panel are given in Table5. To test content validity of subject matter expert ratings, Lawshe’s CVR analysis was undertaken. Tables 6‑9 gives the results of content validity for the 24 yoga practices proposed. For a panel size of 21 the CVR was calculated at 0.429. A CVR score ≥CVR would constitute sufficient evidence to validate that practice. Conversely a CVR score0.05), middle to end(p>.05) and beginning to end (p>.05) in subjects of control group +Notes:** indicates that the values are significant; Pre,post1,post2 means the Study before intervention (baseline data), study in the middle of intervention, study at the end of intervention respectively; Y1,Y2,Y3 means yoga group(intervention group) at the time of before study, middle of study, after study; and C1,C2,C3 means control group at the time of before study, middle of study, after study +Limitations of the study and recommendations:The subjects are from different organizations and sectors. The changes in environment of their respective organizations and sectors during the study period may affect their responses. For further research, It is recommended to have subjects from the same organization.The control group is not given any intervention, which may affect their interest to give response to the questionnaires and affect it’s accuracy. Considering the ethical issues it is difficult for an outsider to insist on interest of subjects of control group while giving responses. For further research, it is recommended to give some non yoga intervention to control group.It is recommended for further research that if the intervention for both groups is given with in the organization, the same physical and office environment for all subjects in both +groups can ensure better accuracy, unbiased responses. + + + +Pre Y1 vs c1 .315 Post 1 Y2 vs c2 .012** Post 2 Y3 vs c3 .001** + + +Conclusions +The following conclusions can be drawn from the study - + + + +Table 4 shows that the difference in agreeableness among subjects in intervention group and control group before the study i.e, baseline data is not significant (p>.05). It shows that the score of agreeableness is relatively same in the subjects of both groups before study. Post 1 data i.e data in the middle of the study show that there is significant increase in the agreeableness in intervention group compared to control group (p < .001).Post 2 study i.,e data at the end of the study shows that there is significant increase in the agreeableness in intervention group compared to control group (p < .001). +Table 5: Agreeableness with in groups + + +Personality traits of employee especially agreeableness has an impact on the performance of employee; Personality is changeable by suitable environment and training; Practice of Integrated Yoga brings a positive transformation in the personality traits especially Agreeableness and the implication of the above points is that practice of Integrated Yoga can improve the performance of employee. +References +M.R.Barrick, The Big Five Personality Dimensions and Job Performance:Ameta analysis,” Personnel Psychology, +Spring 1991, pp 1-26 + + + +Group Yoga + + +Control + +Time factor Pre vs post 1 Pre vs post 2 +Post 1 vs post 2 Pre vs post 1 Pre vs post 2 Post 1 vs post 2 + +Significance (p value) .000** +.000** .000** 1.000 1.000 1.000 + + +Stephen P.Robbins, Timothy A.Judge, Neharika Vohra, Organisational Behavior, Pearson Education: Prentice +hall, 2011), p.128 + + +52 | Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 1, June 2015, ISSN 2277-7733 +INTEGRATED YOGA AND PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES + + +Stephen P.Robbins, Timothy A.Judge,Neharika Vohra, Organisational Behavior, Pearson Education:Prentice hall, 2011), p.131 +Timothy A. 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Nagendra, Effect Of Smet On Emotional Dynamics Of Managers, Voice Of Research, vol. 2 issue 1, June 2013, issn no. 2277-7733 +Sudheer Deshpande et al.,A Randomized Control Trial Of The Effect Of Yoga On Gunas (Personality) And Health In Normal Healthy Volunteers, International Journal of Yoga, January 06,2009 +Tikhe Sham Ganpat et al., Yoga Therapy for developing Emotional Intelligence in mid-life managers, Journal of Midlife Health, Vol2,issue1,Jan-Jun 2011,issn 0976-7800 +Akhilendra K. et al., Does Personality Predict Organisational Citizenship Behaviour among Managerial Personnel, Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology July 2009, Vol. 35, No. 2, 291-298. +HasmukhAdhia, HR Nagendra1, B Mahadevan , Impact Of Yoga Way Of Life On Organizational Performance, International Journal of Yoga, DOI: 10.4103/0973-6131.72631 +John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big-Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin& O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (Vol. 2, +pp. 102–138). New York: Guilford Press. + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 1, June 2015, ISSN 2277-7733 | 53 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect Of Yoga Practice On Acceptance And Mindfulness On Adolescence_ A Randomized Control Study conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect Of Yoga Practice On Acceptance And Mindfulness On Adolescence_ A Randomized Control Study conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..336d88523760e004c04ac4c26f4d8c6b714dfccd --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect Of Yoga Practice On Acceptance And Mindfulness On Adolescence_ A Randomized Control Study conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +YOGA FOR ACCEPTANCE AND MINDFULNESS + +EFFECT OF YOGA PRACTICE ON ACCEPTANCE AND MINDFULNESS ON ADOLESCENCE: A RANDOMIZED CONTROL STUDY + + +Rakesh Shirsat & Sony Kumari +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhäna Samsthana-SVYASA University, Bangalore + +Abstract + +Voice of Research Volume 4, Issue 4 March 2016 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +The present study is assessing the effect yoga of acceptance and mindfulness on adolescence. The participants were divided into two groups – yoga (30) & Control (30). Yoga group has introduced 15 days yoga intervention program. The result has shown no significant changes in yoga group. Though mean value of yoga group has shown slight changes than control group. + +Keywords: acceptance, mindfulness, adolescence + +With 356 million 10-24 year-olds, India has the world’s largest youth population. This emerging power needs to navigate to the right direction. Present generation of children are undergoing a phase of intense competition. Acceptance and mindfulness is an important tool. The absence of ability to unconditionally accept oneself can lead to a variety of emotional difficulties, including uncontrolled anger and depression. The person who is caught up in self-evaluation rather than self-acceptance may also be very needy and may devote special care to self-aggrandizement in order to compensate for perceived personal deficits for healthy development of adolescence. (Langer, E. 1989).Self-acceptance enhancement has become an essential ingredient to comprehensive programs for dealing with a variety of mental health issues that arise with children and adolescents, parenting, relationship difficulties, women’s issues, chronic illness, and aging. It has been successfully taught in life skills, social and emotional learning, rational-emotive education, and psycho-educational curriculam to young people as part of school based prevention and promotion of mental health programs. (e.g., Bernard, 2007; Knaus, 1974; Vernon, 2006). +Adolescence is term apply to those group of people who are undergoing the transition. It is a developmental transition between childhood and adulthood consider the major physical, cognitive, emotional and psychological changes. Adolescence +has been described as transitional stage with uncertain + + + +intentional practice of mindfulness improves the immune system – as well as increases gray matter in the brain involved with memory processes, emotional regulation, empathy and perspective taking. While scientific research related to mindfulness and youth development is a newer area of study, practices of mindfulness are grounded in ancient wisdom and approaches to mental and spiritual health and wellbeing. +Methods +60 students from Jawaharlal Neharukendriyavidhyalaya, Dharawad were selected for the study and are divided into two groups Yoga (n=30) and control( n=30).Age group of the children in between 12 to 14.subjects educational qualification was eight and nine. +Measure +Child Acceptance and mindfulness measure (CAMM) test was originally develop by LauriA. Greco, S. E. Dew & S. Baer used for collecting data. It consists of 25 questions. . Higher scores indicate higher levels of acceptance and mindfulness.The CAMM is a 25-item measure of mindfulness and assesses the degree to which children and adolescents observe internal experiences, act with awareness, and accept internal experiences without judging them.Participants are asked to indicate how true each item reflects their experience using a 5-point scale ranging from 0 (Never true) to 4 (Always true). +Methodology + +boundaries. In Adolescence, self- image develops gradually Sixty students from Jawaharlal Neharukendriyavidyalaya, + +on the basic of social norms. For holistic development of adolescents, It’s an important for them to accept themselves +as it is. Self-acceptance involves a realistic, subjective, awareness + + +Dharawad were selected for the study and are divided into two groups. Yoga (n=30) and control (n=30). Yoga group +performed physical postures (Asanas), breathing practices + +of one’s strengths and weaknesses. Self-acceptance can be (Pranayam) and yoga based relaxation and listening to + +achieved by stopping criticizing and solving the defects of one’s self, and then accepting them to be existing within one’s self; that is, tolerating oneself to be imperfect in some parts. +Term of mindfulness is apt term to handle the hustle of the adolescence. Mindfulness is a process of active, open, nonjudgmental awareness. It is paying attention in the present moment with openness, curiosity, kindness and flexibility. +Neuroscience and psychological research suggest that the + + +moral stories for 60 mins, whereas control group follows daily routine. Age group was carefully selected in between 12 to 14 years .There were no significant differences in socioeconomic state. CAMM test was used to measure the different pre and post changes in subjects in duration of 15 days. We compared the data within group Wilcoxon signed ranked Test and between the Group Mann Whitney Test +for getting the final result. + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 4, March 2016, ISSN 2277-7733 | 31 +YOGA FOR ACCEPTANCE AND MINDFULNESS + + +Result +Data was not normally distributed. Hence, we have conducted non parametric test, Data was analysis by Wilcoxon signed ranked Test was conducted to see the pre post changes within group and between the group Mann Whitney test. Result shows no significant changes with and between the group but mean value of yoga group has shown increase in yoga group from 55.03 to 57.67 where as in control group it decreased 55.53 to 55.10.In future, study would have been conducted with larger sample group and more variable study may show significance result. +Table 1 - Within group Wilcoxon signed ranked Test +Variable Pre Post % mean P value value (with +group Mean ± Mean ± +SD SD +Yoga 55.03 ± 57.60 4.68 .057 CAMM 7.13 ±6.49 +Control 55.53 ± 55.10 0.77 .180 CAMM 7.71 ±7.94 + +Adolescence with ADHDA Feasibility study suggested the promising result. ADHD is a childhood onset psychiatric condition that often continues into adulthood. Stimulated medications are the mainstay of treatment; however additional approaches are frequently desired. In recent years, mindfulness meditation has been proposed to improve attention, to reduce stress, and improve mood. This study tests feasibility of an 8 week mindfulness training program for Adult and Adolescents with ADHD. Twenty four adult and eight adolescents with ADHD enrolled in feasibility study of an eight week training program. The majority of participants completed the training and reported high satisfaction with training. Pre-post improvements in self–reported ADHD symptoms and test performance on tasks measuring attention and cognitive inhabitation were noted. Improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms also observed. +Based on previous literature, the current study has been done to assess the effect of acceptance and mindfulness in +adolescence. This data was not normally distributed and we + + + + + +Variable CAMM PRE CAMM POST + + +Table 2 - Between Group Test- +P value .912 .216 + +have conducted non parametric test. Within Group Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Between- Group-Mann Whitney Test. This is a first attempt trial study to measure the effeof yoga +practice on adolescence.it showed the partial changes in variable, + + + +The current study has been done to assess the effect of acceptance and mindfulness in adolescence. This is a first attempt trial study to measure the effect of yoga practice on adolescence.it showed the partial changes in variable, which proves that yoga has an important role to play in assessing acceptance and mindfulness level of adolescence. +Discussion and Conclusion +This study reported the results of a pilot trial of learning to breathe, a mindfulness curriculum for adolescents created for a class room setting by P.C. Broderick and S. Metz. The primary goal of the program is to support the development of the emotional regulation skills through the practice mindfulness, which has been described as intentional, nonjudgmental awareness of present moment experience. The total class of 120 seniors (average age 17.4) from a private girl’s school participants reported decreased negative affect and increased the feeling of calmness relaxation, and self-acceptance. Improvements in emotion regulation and decreases in tiredness, aches and pains were significant in the treatment +group at the conclusion of the program satisfaction. The results + +which proves that yoga has an important role to play in assessing acceptance and mindfulness level of adolescence. +Yoga practice has trend to be leverage the level of acceptance & mindfulness in adolescence. It is attempt to use yoga intervention in acceptance and mindfulness level in children by using CAMM. +References +Kroger,1993: Ego Identity, An overview, In J. Kroger(Ed), Discussion on Ego. +Langer, E. (1989).Mindfulness. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesleyerence +Karen Pace Mindfulness in adolescence,Posted on February 2, 2015 , Michigan State University Extension. +Michael E. Bernard .prevention and promotion of mental health programs (e.g., Bernard, 2007; Knaus, 1974; Vernon, 2006 +Butler, J. and Ciarrochi, J (2007).Psychological Acceptance and Quality of Life in the Elderly. Quality of Life Research, +16, 607-615. + + + +suggest that mindfulness is a potentially promising method for enhancing adolescents’ emotion regulation and wellbeing. +Another study was conducted by L Zylowska, DL Ackerman, +MH Yang. Mindfulness Meditation training in Adults And + +Sheerer , E. T. (1949). An analysis of J. consult. Psychol., +1949, 13, 169-175. + + + + + +32 | Voice of Research, Vol. 4 Issue 4, March 2016, ISSN 2277-7733 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of Indian Devotional Music on Students and Performers Measured with Electron Photonic Imaging.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of Indian Devotional Music on Students and Performers Measured with Electron Photonic Imaging.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..985d3b06b219109e1d7c87919235c5c1d1e32a1c --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of Indian Devotional Music on Students and Performers Measured with Electron Photonic Imaging.txt @@ -0,0 +1,518 @@ +Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-IV, Issue-IV, July-Aug 2014 + + +w w w . o i i r j . o r g I S S N 2 2 4 9 - 9 5 9 8 + +Page 284 +Effect of Indian Devotional Music on Students and Performers +Measured with Electron Photonic Imaging + +aT. Indira Rao, bKuldeep Kumar Kushwah, cT.M. Srinivasan +aDepartment of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA, Bangalore, Karnataka, India +bDepartment of Yoga and Physical Sciences, SVYASA, Bangalore. Karnataka, India +cDepartment of Yoga and Physical Sciences, SVYASA, Bangalore, Karnataka, India + +The effect of music on the physiological and psychological well being is documented in +the literature. The present study aims at finding the influence of Indian devotional music +on the human energy measured with EPI (Electron Photonic Imaging) also known as +(Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) technique. The subjects were from Swami +Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, the performers (singers and +accompanists) of the music program and the audience. It was a 2.5 hrs program of Indian +devotional music. The design was a pre-test and post-test one. After getting informed +consent, sixteen students were taken randomly for the pre data. The pre data of three +singers and three accompanists was also obtained. Four from the students and one from +the singers dropped in the post data. SPSS version 19 was used for the analysis. GDV +parameters- area and intensity - showed positive significant increase and the entropy was +not significantly decreased in the students and though the change is not significant, the +same trend is found in the singers and accompanists. The interviews of the audience were +transcribed into different themes. On the whole, the parameters showed that Indian music +entertained, relaxed and energized the listeners. +KEYWORDS: EPI, GDV, area, intensity, entropy, Indian devotional music. +Introduction +The influence of music is not unknown to the world. Music evokes strong emotion +(Koelsch, 2010), changes mood (Schellenberg, 2013) and consoles the mind +(Prajnanananda, p. 356). Singing and listening have different effects. Singing has positive +influence on the health and well being of the singer. It arouses positive emotions and +improves immune functions (Gunter, Stephan, Sonja, Volker, Dorothee, 2004). Fast +tempo music piece provides higher arousal and mood change compared to slow tempo +music (Schellenberg, 2013). + +The effects of listening to music have also been investigated widely. Listening to relaxing +music +reduced +subjective +anxiety, +systolic +blood +pressure +and +heart +rate +(Knight & Richard, 2001), pulse rate and respiratory rate (Siritunga, Wijewardena, +Ekanayaka, Mudunkotuwa, 2013) in normal healthy men and women and state anxiety in +the students after the exposure of a stressor (Labbe, Schmidt, Babin, Pharr, 2007). +Cognition is benefitted by long term music listening (Schellenberg, 2013). Music +distracts attention (Dibben and Williamson, 2007). This distraction is useful in pain relief +(Mitchell, MacDonald, Knussen, Serpell, M. G., 2007). +Abstract +Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-IV, Issue-IV, July-Aug 2014 + + +w w w . o i i r j . o r g I S S N 2 2 4 9 - 9 5 9 8 + +Page 285 + +Music is also used as a therapy because it reduces systolic blood pressure +(Mandel, Davis and Secic,2013, Khoshkhou, 2010), stimulates the depressed +(Ashida, 2000, Abhijeet et.al, 2009), pacifies agitated behavior (Lou, 2001) and reduces +hyperglycemia (Khoshkhou, 2010, Cioca, 2012, Mandel, Davis and Secic,2013) and +dementia (Sakamoto, Ando, & Tsutou, 2013). + +Listening to a combination of Indian cine, classical, folk and instrumental music reduced +stress during colonoscopy (Harikumar et al, 2004). Indian classical instrumental music +throughout gastroscopy reduced systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart +rate and respiratory rate (Kotwal, Rinchhen and Ringe, 1997). Raga Darbari kanada for +22 minutes reduced systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate and +respiratory rate in asymptomatic individuals (Siritunga, Vijayendra, Eknayaka et al., +2013). The combination of Bageshri, Bhupaltodi, Ahir Bhairav, Kalyan and +Chandrakauns ragas for three months reduced the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, +Fasting Blood Sugar, HbA1c, LDL and VLDL and increased HDL significantly, in +metabolic syndrome patients (Sharma & Mathur, 2011). Instrumental music in +Hindustani +Todi +raga +reduced +pain +in +children +undergoing +venepuncture +(Balan, Bavdekar, Jadhav, 2009). But listening to Neelambari raga for one and half hours +did not change the sleep pattern of the male healthy volunteers (Gitanjali, 1997). + +India is a land of spirituality. In ancient India music was taken as sacred and religious and +it was associated with rituals and temple worship (Bhagyalekshmy, p. 2). Different parts +of India have similar cultures though different languages. The devotional singing in +different parts of India are in different languages. The Kirtans (devotional songs) of the +famous saint poets like Tyagaraja, Syama Sastry, Muttuswami Dikshitar, Bhadrachala +Ramadas and the abhangas of Tukaram, Jnanadev, Meerabai, Sikh Bhajans and many +more compositions of renowned saint poets are sung in programs. + +One such program of devotional music was organized by SVYASA in Bangalore. The +effect of the music was measured with EPI (Electron Photonic Imaging) also known as +GDV (Gas discharge visualization) technique. + +EPI is a new tool which works on the principle of Kirlian photography. It images the +photonic light produced by ionization of gas molecules around the object through a +sliding discharge due to the emission of excited electrons avalanches caused by a pulse +with high voltage and high frequency (Korotkov, 2004). Figure 1 shows a schematic of +the system. A finger of the subject is placed on a specially constructed glass plate. A brief +high voltage, high frequency current is impressed on the finger through a metal filter at +the underside of the glass plate. Electrons pulled out of the finger in this manner collide +with air molecules in the atmosphere surrounding the finger and creates a discharge +pattern. Thousands of experiments conducted in Russia have shown a correlation between +organ function and discharge pattern. This tool is also very sensitive to capture the +influence of thoughts, emotions and mental exercises on the human energy +(Khannanov, 2009). A filter (special plastic membrane) may also be interspaced between +the finger and the glass plate. The images that are taken without filter reflect the person’s +Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-IV, Issue-IV, July-Aug 2014 + + +w w w . o i i r j . o r g I S S N 2 2 4 9 - 9 5 9 8 + +Page 286 +current psychological and physiological condition and with filter the somatic level of +energy. + +Aim + +To find out the effect of Indian devotional music on the students, singers and +accompanists and the audience. + +Objectives + + To find out the effect of listening to devotional music on the area, intensity and +entropy in the EPI patterns of students. + To determine the effect of listening to music on the emotion of the audience. + To find the effect of singing on the area, intensity and entropy in the EPI patterns +of the singers. + To determine the effect of playing the instruments on the area, intensity and +entropy in the EPI patterns of the accompanists also. + +Null hypotheses + +• There will be no change in the area, intensity and entropy in the EPI parameters of +the students before and after listening to devotional music. +• There will be no difference in the emotions of the audience before and after +listening to the devotional music. +• There will be no change in the area, intensity and entropy in EPI patterns of the +singers before and after singing the devotional music. +• There will be no change in the area, intensity and entropy in EPI patterns of the +accompanists before and after playing the instruments. + +Materials and methods +This is a mixed method design. The response of the students, singers and accompanists +was measured using EPI and the audience with short interviews. The source of the +students was Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, the singers and +accompanists who participated in the program and the audience from different parts of +the city. +Inclusion criteria +The students were sampled randomly. All the musicians and accompanists were included +in the study. Fifty five people from the audience were randomly interviewed. +Exclusion criteria + Participants with fingers having obvious visible lesions such as cuts or cracks, moles or +tattoos, less or more number of fingers than the normal and hearing impaired were +excluded. People from the audience who were not willing to be interviewed were also +excluded. + + + +Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-IV, Issue-IV, July-Aug 2014 + + +w w w . o i i r j . o r g I S S N 2 2 4 9 - 9 5 9 8 + +Page 287 +Tool of measurement + +GDV Pro instrument was used to capture the data. + +Intervention + +An Indian devotional music program of 2.5 hours. + +A flow chart (Figure 1) is given to show the details of the subjects. + +Figure 1: Flow chart of data collected + + + + + + + + + + + +Data extraction + +After taking informed consent of the students, singers and accompanists, the pre and post +data were extracted with EPI. People from the audience who were willing to participate +were interviewed for eliciting general comments regarding their experience after the +program. + +Data analysis + +Data analysis was done with SPSS 19 version and Excel. Shapiro Wilk’s normality test +was done for the EPI parameters of the students and singers and accompanists. Students’ +entropy was not normally distributed. Hence, Wilcoxon non-parametric test was carried +out. Paired sample t test was done for the difference between pre and post results both for +the students and the performers. +Audience response was measured using interview and later themes were gathered by the +transcribed interviews. + +Results + +The present data supports the hypotheses that listening to music brings a significant +change in the area (9006.75±1966.71to10295.70±1600.48, p=0.003) and intensity +(73.37±6.78 +to +84.11±6.59, +p=0.002) +of +the +students +(Table1).The +area +(from12678.86±1730.771 +to +13289.34±1508.254, +p += +0.20) +and +intensity +(from 84.44±7.83 to 86.28±1.61, p=0.61) of the singers and accompanists also increased +Devotional music program +Singers and +accompanists +Students +Audience +Pre-16 +Post-12 +Pre-6 +Post-5 +55 +Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-IV, Issue-IV, July-Aug 2014 + + +w w w . o i i r j . o r g I S S N 2 2 4 9 - 9 5 9 8 + +Page 288 +showing the same trend but the increase is not significant (Table 2). In case of entropy +the results fail to reject the null hypothesis. The interviews supported the positive change +in the audience (Table 3). + +Table 1 + +Pre – post values of area, intensity and entropy of the students + +Variable +Pre +post +t value +p value +Effect size +Area +9006.75±1966.71 10295.70±1600.48 +-3.702 +0.003** +0.71 +Intensity +73.37±6.78 +84.11±6.59 +-4.179 +0.002** +1.60 +Entropy +3.08±0.30 +3.07±0.11 +-0.863 +0.388 +0.07 + ** p<0.01 + +Table 2 + +Pre – post values of area, intensity and entropy of singers and accompanists + +Variable +Pre +Post +t value p value Effect size +Area +12678.86±1730.771 13289.34±1508.254 +-1.53 +0.20 +0.37 +Intensity +84.44±7.83 +86.28±1.61 +-0.56 +0.61 +0.25 +Entropy +3.01±0.15 +3.00±0.09 +0.40 +0.71 +0.07 + + +Themes were derived from the transcribed interviews of the audience. A sample of the +transcribed version is given as follows: 1. It was terrific. I just loved it. 2. Amazing. 3. +Really outstanding. 4. It was wonderful. It puts you to another mood altogether, happy, +light hearted and free. 5. It is divine. It is beautiful. +A total of 55 responses were divided into different themes as shown in Table 3. +Table 3 +Thematic representation of the response of the audience +Theme +No. of people +Enjoyment +11 +Expansion + 2 +Exaltation + 2 +Freshness + 1 +Memorable + 3 +Loved + 33 +Divinity + 3 +Soothing + 1 + + +Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal, {Bi-Monthly}, ISSN2249-9598, Volume-IV, Issue-IV, July-Aug 2014 + + +w w w . o i i r j . o r g I S S N 2 2 4 9 - 9 5 9 8 + +Page 289 +Discussion +In the present study, listening to a 2.5 hrs program of Indian devotional music increased +the EPI parameters as follows: area (from 9006.75±1966.71to 10295.70±1600.48, +p=0.03) and intensity (from 73.37±6.78 to 84.11±6.59, p=0.02) of the students increased +significantly. Singing and playing the instruments did not show significant increase in the +area (from12678.86±1730.771 to 13289.34±1508.254, 0.20) and intensity (from +84.44±7.83 to 86.28±1.61, p=0.61); however, the increase is considerable. It may be +because that the professionally settled musicians have a relaxed approach towards the +performance (Robert, Terry, David et al, 2006). This increase in area and intensity could +indicate increased physiological protection mechanism of the body from the influence of +the toxins (Gibson, 2004). Negligible change in entropy in both students and performers +shows that the organism uses internal energy economically (Korotkov, 2002). +The themes derived from the interview of the audience support the results of EPI that +listening to devotional music enhances the energy and feelings of expansion. The music +took to the otherworld suggests the elevation of spirituality. The themes have also shown +that the devotional music is loved not only by the elderly but also the people of different +ages. +Conclusion +Listening to devotional music entertains, expands and energizes. + It may be used as a therapy to strengthen the human energy field. + +Acknowledgements +A part of the paper was presented in the 6th World Music Therapy Conference organized +by Nada Centre for Music Therapy. + +References +Deshmukh, Abhijeet, D., Sarvaiya, Avani, A., Seethalakshmi, R., Nayak, & Ajita, S. +(2009). Effect of Indian classical music on quality of sleep in depressed patients: a +randomized controlled trial. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 18(1), 70-78. +Ashida, S. (2000). The effect of reminiscence music therapy sessions on changes in +depressive symptoms in elderly persons with dementia. Journal of Music +Therapy. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10990595. +Balan, R., Bavdekar, S. B., & Jadhav, S. (2009). 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Effects Of Music Therapy On Clinical And +Biochemical Parameters Of Metabolic Syndrome. Journal of Bangladesh Society of +Physiologist, 6(2), 108-115. +Siritunga, S., Wijewardena, K., Ekanayaka, R., & Mudunkotuwa, P. (2013). Effect of + +music on blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate of asymptomatic + +individuals: +A +randomized +controlled +trial. +Health, +05(04), +59–64. + +doi:10.4236/health.2013.54A008. diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of Prosody of Rhythmic Yoga-Based Recitation on Positive and Negative Affect among Adolescents A Four-Armed Comparative Study. Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of Prosody of Rhythmic Yoga-Based Recitation on Positive and Negative Affect among Adolescents A Four-Armed Comparative Study. Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of Residential Integrated Yoga on Physical Fitness of Adolescents using EUROFIT battery.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of Residential Integrated Yoga on Physical Fitness of Adolescents using EUROFIT battery.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5e08d441ba493800bb8abd515bd7751ff95dfb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of Residential Integrated Yoga on Physical Fitness of Adolescents using EUROFIT battery.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2444 @@ + + +Research article + +EFFECT OF RESIDENTIAL INTEGRATED YOGA ON PHYSICAL FITNESS +OF ADOLESCENTS USING EUROFIT BATTERY + +Astha Choukse*, Amritanshu Ram**, H R Nagendra*** + +*PhD Scholar, Dept. Yoga & Humanities, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, India +**Scientist, CAM Program, HCG Enterprise Ltd., Bengaluru, India +***The Chancellor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, India + +Received 3rd September 2018, Accepted 28th September 2018 + +Abstract +Decrease in physical activity and sedentary behavior in adolescents is very prevalent +today. These factors can constitute risks in physical and mental health. It is important to +promote physical fitness in adolescence to prevent health problems and to minimize sedentary +life style in adulthood. Yoga, which includes asana, pranayama, yogic diet and relaxation, is +considered an important intervention that provides the right dose of activities to promote +physical fitness. To evaluate the effectiveness of short term residential integrated yoga +intervention on physical fitness among adolescents. A single group pre-post yoga +interventional study was carried out in three independent cohorts, batches 1, 2, and 3, in a +residential setting. Sample comprised of 145 (41.38% girls), 166 (27.11% girls) and 194 +(38.14% girls) respectively. A 7-day holistic integrated yoga program was given as an +intervention. Physical fitness tasks such as body mass index (BMI), plate-taping test (PLT), sit +and reach (SAR), standing broad jump (SBJ), sit-ups (SUP) and 10x5m Shuttle run (10x5mR) +were assessed using Eurofit battery and relevant analyses were carried out. Significant (p +value<0.05) positive changes were observed in BMI, SBJ, SAR and SUP in all the cohorts. The +study concludes that even a short term residential yoga intervention is an effective tool to +enhance physical fitness in adolescents. +Keywords: Yoga; adolescents; Physical fitness; Residential + © Copy Right, IJAPEY, 2018. All Rights Reserved + +Corresponding Author: Astha Choukse +e-mail: asthachoukse@yahoo.co.uk + + + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +2 + + +INTRODUCTION +There is steady decline in physical +activity in children and adolescents as +they spend majority of their time in +classrooms (indoor) and less time for +activity (physical education) (Ahn & +Fedewa, +2011; +Brodersen, +Steptoe, +Boniface, Wardle, & Hillsdon, 2007). The +amount of physical activity is further +reduced by limited use of active means of +transport (i.e., biking, walking) and +outdoor play due to perceived safety risks, +distance, child's age, and parents’ travel +mode (Merom, Tudor- Locke, Bauman, & +Rissel, 2006; Stevens, To, Stenvenson, & +Lochbaum, +2008). +Easily +available +technology has given rise to opportunities +to watch TV, play video games or browse +the Internet during and after school hours, +resulting in more sedentary lifestyle +(Atkin, Gorely, Biddle, Marshall, & +Cameron, 2008). Physical inactivity is a +leading cause of juvenile obesity (Leech, +McNaughton, & Timperio, 2014) as well +as in increasing public health costs across +all age groups (An, Xiang, Yang, & Yan, +2016; Kohl et al., 2012; World Health +Organization, 2010). Reduced physical +activity among adolescence not only +troubling the implications related to +health +but +also +their +academic +performance (Stevens et al., 2008) and +mental health (Ahn & Fedewa, 2011). The +risk for adult inactivity was significantly +lower for those who were physically +active +in +adolescence +(Huotari, +Nupponen, +Mikkelsson, +Laakso, +& +Kujala, 2011). + +Physical fitness is an important factor that +influences daily routine activities and +sportive productivity of an individual +(Erİkoğlu, +Güzel, +& +Pense, +2015; +Houwen, +Visscher, +Hartman, +& +Lemmink, 2006). Physical fitness refers +to the full range of physical qualities, i.e. +muscular +strength, +flexibility, +coordination, +speed, +agility +and +cardiorespiratory fitness (Ruiz et al., +2006). Physical fitness assessments for +each child help to get information about +their physical status (Erİkoğlu et al., +2015). Development of a positive attitude +towards their bodies and physical fitness +may help children to improve positive re- +appraisal +and +thereby +several +psychological +constructs. +EUROFIT +(European Test of Physical Fitness) +battery is helpful tool to measure and +evaluate the physical fitness of school age +children and to motivate them to enjoy +taking regular exercise and promote the +importance of children’s sport and fitness +(Council of Europe. Committee for the +Development of Sport.; Committee of +Experts on Sports Research., 1988). +Effective intervention programs, +along with nutritional education are found +effectively helpful in promoting physical +fitness in children and adolescents +(Poitras et al., 2016). Physical fitness can +be achieved through right nourishment, +exercise and rest (de Groot & + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +3 + +Fagerström, +2011; +Malina, +2010). +Physical fitness is closely associated with +health and skills. It is also very closely +linked to mind state or mental health +(Lang et al., 2018; University of Tsukuba, +2015). Corroborating this concept, +review +studies +recommend +multi- +component intervention programs for +improving +physical +fitness +among +children and adolescents (Camacho- +Minano, LaVoi, & Barr-Anderson, 2011) +(Kriemler et al., 2011). +Any physical activity could be +considered an exercise, usually when one +does it deliberately for fitness or training, +rather than something that's part of daily +routine. Similarly any physical activity or +an exercise is considered as yoga when +the +body, +breath +and +mind +are +synchronized with it in a harmonious +way. +Yoga, which is a holistic multi- +component program that includes asana, +pranayama, yogic diet and relaxation, is +considered as an effective intervention +that provides perfect combination of +activities for promoting physical fitness. +Review studies suggest that yoga is +generally effective in improving physical +and mental health in children and +adolescents +(Birdee +et +al., +2009) +(Greenberg & Harris, 2012) (J. Davidson +et +al., +2012). +Yoga +promotes +psychological +fitness in +adolescents +(Choukse, Ram, & Nagendra, 2018), +cardiopulmonary +fitness +(Bhutkar, +Bhutkar, Taware, & Surdi, 2011) (Chen, +Mao, Lai, Li, & Kuo, 2009) and weight +loss in obese children (Benavides & +Caballero, 2009). Yoga is found effective +in improving posture among children with +physical malformations (Savić, Pfau, +Skorić, Pfau, & Spasojević, 1990) and +many +behavioral +issues +(Harrison, +Manocha, & Rubia, 2004). Yoga is +beneficial for improving the fitness +among children with visual impairment +(Telles & Srinivas, 1998) and to increase +their exercise capacity (Jain et al., 1991). +Yoga as a therapy is effective in +alleviating many disease conditions in +adolescents and children (Kuttner et al., +2006), (Kaley-Isley, Peterson, Fischer, & +Peterson, 2010). Studies on yoga and +adolescents are generally conducted in +school setting, with yoga as part of +curriculum, or before / after school hours +on homogeneous sample. +An important research question in +this field relates to whether yoga offers +any positive effects on physical fitness of +children in a different setting other than +school. Thus, the present study was done +to explore the efficacy of short term +integrated residential yoga intervention +on physical fitness of adolescents. This +study is part of bigger study done on +overall fitness of adolescents registered in +the Clinical Trials Registry of India +bearing +the +trail +number +CTRI/2018/02/011709. + +METHODS AND MATERIALS +The aim of this study was to +examine the effects of an integrated yoga +intervention +on +physical +fitness + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +4 + +parameters in adolescents, and across +different age groups within adolescence. + +Experimental Design +This pre-post residential yoga +interventional study was done during the +summer holidays at the campus of Yoga +University, Bengaluru, India. Three +independent +cohorts +of +adolescents +underwent similar yoga intervention +program with same guidelines. The +consecutive studies were conducted in the +month of April between 1st and 10th (batch +1), 11th and 20th (batch 2) and 21st and 30th +of April (batch 3) in the year 2016. The +duration of the intervention was 7 days +with 8 hours of yoga based sessions per +day. All the components were similar and +consistent as far as possible like living +conditions, teachers, daily routine and +dietary plan. + +Participants +The sample of the study comprised +of healthy adolescents, between the age of +9 and 16 years, studying in English +Medium schools, who registered for the +yoga camp. The participants were divided +into three batches as per the registration +and selected time slot. And they were +grouped into juniors (9-12years) and +seniors (13-16years) to evaluate changes, +as the age range 9-16 is wide considering +the rapid changes during adolescents. +Sample were 145 (91 juniors and 54 +seniors), 166 (90 juniors and 76 seniors) +and 194 (111 juniors and 83 seniors) in +batch 1, 2 and 3 respectively. +For easier implementation of the +intervention, participants were further +randomly divided into smaller groups of +12-15. Each smaller group was under +supervision of two teachers for better +monitoring. Teachers were trained on the +implementation of the intervention to +ensure uniformity and all of them +possessed bachelor degree in yoga. +Sample was heterogeneous in +nature, with subjects from different socio- +economic strata, cultures, ethnicity and +different academic status, as the study +was conducted in a residential yoga camp. +Subjects with single parents, acute or +chronic health problems, on medication, +those who attended any yoga program in +the last three months were excluded. +Ethical approval was obtained +from the Institutional Ethical Committee +with +reference +number +RES/IEC- +SVYASA/64/2015. After explaining the +study, written informed consent from +parents, and informed assent from all +participants, were obtained prior to +screening. + +INTERVENTION +The intervention was a 7-day +residential yoga program, with sessions +running from 5.00 am till 9.30 pm each +day, based on multilevel approach of +yoga. The contents of this holistic +integrated yoga intervention program +were based on concept of Pancha kosha +model (five layers of existence) as +explained in Taitairya Upanishad. The +specially designed and modified version + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +5 + +of Integrated Yoga Module had multiple +components of yoga to ensure its +effectiveness at all the five koshas (Gross +body – Annamaya Kosha, Energy body – +Pranamaya Kosha, Emotional Body – +Manomaya Kosha, Intellectual Body – +Vijnanamaya Kosha and Bliss body – +Anandamaya Kosha). The yoga module +was customized to the target age group, +interactive and children friendly, referring +to various yogic texts on yoga for +children. Further the module was +reviewed by yoga experts. The yoga +module included Asana, Pranayama, +Relaxation, Meditation and also Jnana +Yoga (Yama Niyama Concepts) and +Bhakti Yoga. The yogic techniques +/activities +were +designed +to +inculcate/drive +the +Yama-Niyama +concepts. Jnana yoga sessions included +lectures, creativity - like role-playing, +parables, journal/diary writing etc., while +bhakti yoga sessions included chanting +and singing. Yogic games (Krida yoga) +were played in free time. Several friendly +competitions and events were arranged +during the study between groups to +encourage the participation and team +cohesiveness. They were spread over the +day with mixing of events to make the +program interesting. Daily schedule is +given in table 1. Details of asana and +pranayama practice sessions are provided +in table 2. + +TABLE-I + DAILY SCHEDULE OF INTEGRATED YOGA INTERVENTION +Time +Session +Details +5am + +Wake Up +5:30am to 5:45am +Session 1 +Morning Prayer +5:45am to 6:45am +Session 2 +Asana practice (Physical postures) +6:45am to 7:30am +Session 3 +Meditation ( Om meditation, Cyclic meditation ) +7:30am to 8:15am + +Breakfast +8:15am to 9.00am +Session 4 +Social works (altruistic group activities) +9.00am to10:00 am + +Bath & Wash +10:00am to11:00am +Session 5 +Lectures on concepts of Yoga ( Yama Niyama +concepts) +11:00am to12:00pm +Session 6 +Pranayama practice +12:00pm to 1:00pm + +Lunch +1:00pm to 2:00pm +Session 7 +Relaxation (IRT,QRT, DRT) +2:00pm to 3:30pm +Session 8 +Indoor activities (parables, creativity, chanting) +3:30pm to 4:30pm +Session 9 +Asana practice +4:30pm to 5.00pm + +Evening Tea, Snacks +5.00pm to 6:15pm + +Free time + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +6 + +6:15pm to 7:15pm + +Dinner +7:15pm to 8:30pm +Session +10 +Happy assembly (Cultural programs) +8:30pm to 9.00pm +Session +11 +Tranquilling Pranayama and Meditation +9.00pm to 9.15pm + +Milk, Snacks +9.15pm to 9:30pm +Session +12 +Diary Writing +9:30pm + +Good Night Sleep + + +TABLE-II +CONTENT OF ASANA AND PRANAYAMA SESSIONS +Component +Content details +Prayer +Opening and closing prayer (Taitairya Upanishad 2.1 Shanti Mantra) +Warm up and +loosening +practices +Warm up +Jogging, +jumping, +forward +& +backward +bending, Side bends, Twisting +Anga-sanchalana +Loosening for toes, ankle, knee, hips, fingers, +wrist, elbow and neck +Stretching +with +breathing +Hands stretch, Ankle stretch, Back stretch, +Tiger stretch, Lumber stretch +Shakti-chalana +Cycling, Rowing, Rocking and rolling +Asana +Standing postures + +Half wheel posture (Ardhacakrasana) +Foot palm posture (Padahastasana) +Half +waist +rotation +posture +(Ardhakaticakrasana) +Triangle posture (Trikonasana) +Tree posture (Vrkshasana) +Sitting postures + +Bolt posture (Vajrasana) +Rabbit posture (Shashankasana) + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +7 + +Spinal +twist +posture +(Vakrasana +/Ardhamatsyendrasana) +Camel posture (Ustrasana) +Posterior stretch (Paschimottanasana) +Prone postures +Cobra posture (Bhujangasana) +Grasshopper posture (Salabhasana) +Bow posture (Dhanurasana) +Inverted postures +Shoulder stand (Sarvangasana) +Plough posture (Halasana) +Variation of head stand (Viparitakarni) +Supine postures +Boat posture (Naukasana) +Fish posture (Matsyasana) +Surya +Namaskara +Each round of 12 +Steps +1st round with mantra, rest 11 rounds without +mantra +Breathing +practices +Conscious breathing Awareness of natural breathing pattern +Sectional breathing +Separately Abdominal, Thoracic and Clavicular +breathing +full yogic breathing +Combination of Abdominal, Thoracic and +Clavicular breathing +Kriya +Kapalbhati +Alternate and both nostril (Active exhalation) +Pranayama +Dynamic +pranayama +Bhastrika (Breathing with rapid inhalation & +exhalation) +Balancing +pranayama +Anulom-vilom (Slow & rhythmic alternate +nostril breathing) +Cooling pranayama +Shitli (Inhalation through mouth- beak of the +tongue) + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +8 + +Tranquilising +pranayama +Bhramari (Exhalation, with a honey bee sound) +Mudra +Jnana mudra +Relaxation +IRT (Instant Relaxation Technique), QRT (Quick Relaxation +Technique), DRT (Deep Relaxation Technique) + + +ASSESSMENTS +The assessments for measuring +physical fitness were done using Eurofit +physical fitness testing battery. This +battery of tests, designed by the European +Council (Council of Europe. Committee +for +the +Development +of +Sport.; +Committee +of +Experts +on +Sports +Research., 1988), is a standardized set of +tasks evaluating physical speed, strength, +flexibility, +balance, +and +agility. +Reliability of Eurofit physical fitness +parameters for adolescent males ranged +from 0.84 to 0.94 (Donncha, Watson, +McSweeney, & O’Donovan, 1999). +Participants +were +instructed +and +familiarized with each of the tests prior to +administration. +The +procedure +for +selected tests were detailed below. + +Anthropometry: Height and weight was +measured +using +standard measuring +device. Body mass index (BMI) was +calculated by using formula BMI = +(Weight in kg) / (height in m)2. +Plate-Taping Test (PLT): On the table +two discs were placed 60 cm apart with a +rectangle in the centre. Keeping the non- +preferred +hand +on +the +rectangle, +participants moved the preferred hand +back and forth between the discs as +quickly as possible. The time taken to +complete 25 cycles ((50 taps) is recorded +using a stopwatch. The process was done +twice and best result was recorded. +Sit-and-Reach +Test +(SAR): +Trunk +flexibility was measured with participant +seated on the floor with legs extended to +front with knee locked. The soles of the +feet were placed flat against the sit and +reach box. Participants were asked to +reach forward along the measuring line as +far as possible by keeping hands side by +side with palms facing downwards. After +some practice reaches, the maximum +distance was recorded to the nearest +centimeter. +Standing Broad Jump (SBJ): The +starting line was marked on a sturdy mat. +The participants were told to stand behind +the starting line, to jump forward by +swinging arms and slightly bending their +knees and land on both feet. The distance +from the starting line to the back of their +heels was measured. This process was +done three times and the best attempt was +recorded. + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +9 + +Sit-Ups Test (SUP): This test was done +by lying down in supine position with +bent knees at right angle, feet on the floor +kept hold down by trainer and hand +crossed over chest with palms on opposite +shoulders. Lifting upper body to a vertical +position and then returned to the supine +position was counted as one sit-up. +Number of sit-ups in 30 seconds was +recorded. +10x5m Shuttle run (10x5mR): Two +lines were made 10 meters apart and the +participants were told to stand behind the +starting line with preferred leg forward. +At the whistle participant started running +to the other line, crossed it and then ran +back to the starting line. Time taken to +complete five round-trips at maximum +speed between the two lines was recorded +in seconds. +Socio-demography measures: A short +demographic questionnaire and screening +sheets were completed by adolescents and +parents. Variables included are gender, +age, handedness, sibling hierarchy, family +background, mother’s age, father’s age +etc. + +Data collection was done on the +first day (pre-data) and on the ninth day +(post-data) of the 10 day camp. Small +station set up was done for each +performance test by investigators. Three +trained researchers were available on each +station for data collection. Out of three, +one was supervising the test process, one +with measuring instrument and third was +recording the result and signing the sheets +for confirmation of test completion. Each +participant was provided with individual +excel sheet table with all details. When +the participant came to station, he/she +handed over the sheet to the researcher +(who filled the result column). As the +subject finished each test, his/her sheet +was signed off and moved on to the next +station. +After +finishing +all +tests, +participant handed over the sheet to one +senior researcher, who checked the sheet +and signed it and put it in the collection +box. Calibrated stop watches, standard +measuring and test materials were used to +conduct the tests and record the data. + +DATA ANALYSIS +To maintain confidentiality, data +sheets were coded and all personal +identifiers along with name were omitted. +Data analysis was done with SPSS +(Version 19). Paired samples t-test was +used to evaluate change over time. The +results of the tests were deemed to be +significant if probability values were less +than 0.05 whereas trends (p<0.1) were +also highlighted. + +RESULTS +The three cohorts comprised of 145 +(41.38% girls) (62.76% Juniors), 166 +(27.11% girls) (59.64% Juniors) and 194 +(38.14% girls) (57.22% Juniors), with a +mean age of 11.84 ± 1.77, 12.22 ± 1.82 +and 12.06 ± 1.82 respectively. All +individual cohorts were evaluated for the +effects of a 7-day holistic integrated yoga +intervention program on weight and BMI + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +10 + +(Anthropometry), +speed +of +limb +movement (PLT), explosive leg power +(SBJ), trunk strength and endurance +(SUP), +running +speed +and +agility +(10x5mR) and flexibility (SAR) using +European Test of Physical Fitness +(EUROFIT) battery by a single arm pre- +post study. + +TABLE-III +COMPARISON OF PRE-POST DATA OF THREE COHORTS +Measur +es +Batch 1 (n=145) +Batch 2 (n=166) +Batch 3 (n=194) + +Pre +Mean +(±SD) +Post +Mean +(±SD) +p value +Pre +Mean +(±SD) +Post +Mean +(±SD) +p value +Pre +Mean +(±SD) +Post +Mean +(±SD) +p value +Weight +(kg) +43.42 +42.32 +< +0.001* +41.33 +40.47 +< +0.001* +44.04 +42.75 +< +0.001* +±13.2 +0 +±13.1 +5 +±12.2 +4 +±12.0 +8 +±12.3 +8 +±12.4 +1 +BMI +(kg/m2) +19.34 +18.84 +< +0.001* +18.24 +17.85 +< +0.001* +19.28 +18.68 +< +0.001* +±3.80 +±3.80 +±3.95 +±3.86 +±4.98 +±4.93 +10x5mR +(sec) +15.81 +15.79 +0.888 +15.91 +15.82 +0.301 +16.27 +16.11 +0.020* +±1.63 +±1.73 +±1.69 +±1.66 +±1.59 +±1.77 +SBJ +(cm) +126.4 +4 +131.3 +5 +0.001* +128.3 +4 +136.7 +1 +< +0.001* +131.4 +8 +133.7 +0 +0.061 +±27.8 +7 +±27.3 +6 +±25.8 +2 +±25.4 +4 +±24.3 +5 +±26.9 +6 +PLT +(sec) +11.85 +10.81 +< +0.001* +12.01 +12.95 +< +0.001* +13.09 +12.32 +< +0.001* +±1.44 +±2.22 +±2.07 +±2.55 +±2.00 +±1.81 +SUP +(freq./30 +s) +13.87 +14.90 +0.003* +15.93 +17.33 +< +0.001* +15.13 +17.98 +< +0.001* +±6.44 +±6.23 +±6.35 +±6.37 +±5.76 +±6.45 + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +11 + +SAR +(cm) +31.78 +33.22 +< +0.001* +31.11 +32.45 +< +0.001* +31.12 +31.69 +0.069 +±6.31 +±7.29 +±6.21 +±6.21 +±7.21 +±7.06 +BMI (Body mass index); 10x5mR (Shuttle run); SBJ (Standing board jump); PLT (Plate tapping); +SUP (Sit-ups); SAR (Sit and reach); SD (Standard deviation); *indicates p < 0.05. + +As seen in Table 3, comparing pre and post data for each of the cohorts, there was +significant (p < 0.001) decrease in scores of weight and BMI in all the three cohorts. Time +taken in 10x5mR has not shown significant change in batch 1 and batch 2 but significant +change is seen in batch 3 (p = 0.020). Scores of SBJ in batch 1 (p = 0.001) and batch 2 (p +< 0.001) increased significantly and positive trend is observed in batch 3 (p =0.061). Time +taken for PLT was significantly decreased in batch 1 (p < 0.001) and batch 3 (p < 0.001), +but significant increase is observed in batch 2. SUP scores were significantly increased in +batch 1 (p = 0.003), batch 2 (p < 0.001) and batch 3 (p < 0.001). Scores of SAR in batch 1 +(p < 0.001) and batch 2 (p < 0.001) increased significantly and positive trend is observed +in batch 3 (p =0.069). +TABLE-IV +COMPARISON OF PRE-POST DATA OF THREE COHORTS OF JUNIORS +Measure +s +Batch 1 (n=91) +Batch 2 (n=90) +Batch 3 (n=111) + +Pre +Mean +(±SD) +Post +Mean +(±SD) +p value +Pre +Mean +(±SD) +Post +Mean +(±SD) +p value +Pre +Mean +(±SD) +Post +Mean +(±SD) +p value +Weight +(kg) + +37.26 +36.01 +< +0.001* +36.03 +35.03 +< +0.001* +38.27 +36.74 +< +0.001* +±10.2 +8 +±10.0 +4 +±10.7 +2 +±10.3 +1 +±9.99 +±9.98 +BMI +(kg/m2) + +18.32 +17.70 +< +0.001* +17.62 +17.14 +< +0.001* +18.35 +17.59 +< +0.001* +±3.55 +±3.52 +±4.14 +±3.98 +±3.58 +±3.58 +10x5mR +(sec) +16.12 +15.99 +0.438 +16.75 +16.38 +0.001* +16.57 +16.60 +0.752 +±1.61 +±1.68 +±1.31 +±1.42 +±1.52 +±1.70 + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +12 + +SBJ (cm) + +121.5 +7 +126.5 +4 +0.012* +119.6 +9 +127.9 +7 +< +0.001* +129.8 +5 +128.5 +0 +0.272 +±26.5 +2 +±26.0 +5 +±23.1 +3 +±20.0 +8 +±21.3 +4 +±21.8 +6 +PLT +(sec) + +11.86 +11.39 + +0.026* +12.21 +14.72 +< +0.001* +13.47 +13.04 +0.018* +±1.15 +±2.30 +±2.42 +±2.02 +±2.06 +±1.56 +SUP +(freq./30 +s) + +13.11 +14.30 + +0.011* +13.76 +15.20 +0.001* +14.27 +15.52 +0.001* +±6.67 +±6.18 +±6.55 +±6.67 +±5.91 +±6.64 +SAR +(cm) + +32.18 +34.52 + +< +0.001* +30.97 +32.11 +< +0.001* +30.62 +31.25 +0.121 +±5.50 +±6.63 +±5.60 +±5.48 +±6.41 +±6.40 +BMI (Body mass index); 10x5mR (Shuttle run); SBJ (Standing board jump); PLT (Plate tapping); SUP +(Sit-ups); SAR (Sit and reach); SD (Standard deviation); *indicates p < 0.05. + +Analysis of the junior subgroup, as +presented in Table 4, showed significant +decrease in scores of Weight (p < 0.001) +and BMI (p < 0.001) in all three cohorts. +Time taken in 10x5mR has not shown +significant change in batch 1 and batch 3 +but significant decrease is seen in batch 2. +Scores of SBJ in batch 1 (p = 0.012) and +batch 2 (p < 0.001) increased significantly +and slight decrease is observed in batch 3 +but non-significant (p = 0.272). Time +taken for PLT is significantly decreased in +batch 1 (p = 0.026) and batch 3 (p = 0.018) +respectively, but significant increase is +observed in batch 2. SUP scores were +significantly increased (p = 0.011), (p = +0.001) and (p = 0.001) in batch 1, 2 and 3 +respectively. Scores of SAR in batch 1 +and batch 2 increased significantly (p < +0.001) and no significant change was seen +in batch 3 (p = 0.121). + + + + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +13 + +TABLE-V +COMPARISON OF PRE-POST DATA OF THREE COHORTS OF SENIORS +Measure +s +Batch 1 (n=54) +Batch 2 (n=76) +Batch 2 (n=83) + +Pre +Mean +(±SD) +Post +Mean +(±SD) +p value +Pre +Mean +(±SD) +Post +Mean +(±SD) +p value +Pre +Mean +(±SD) +Post +Mean +(±SD) +p value +Weight +(kg) +53.81 +52.96 +< +0.001* +47.60 +46.91 +< +0.001* +51.77 +50.80 +< +0.001* +±10.9 +1 +±10.7 +1 +±10.9 +5 +±10.8 +2 +±11.0 +3 +±10.6 +9 +BMI +(kg/m2) +21.10 +20.78 +< +0.001* +18.96 +18.69 +< +0.001* +20.52 +20.13 +< +0.001* +±3.58 +±3.49 +±3.60 +±3.56 +±6.20 +±6.03 +10x5mR +(sec*) +15.23 +15.42 +0.262 +14.94 +15.17 +0.067 +15.88 +15.47 +< +0.001* +±1.53 +±1.78 +±1.57 +±1.69 +±1.60 +±1.66 +SBJ +(cm) +135.0 +8 +139.8 +5 +0.015* +138.7 +2 +147.2 +0 +< +0.001* +133.6 +6 +140.6 +6 +0.001* +±28.3 +5 +±27.8 +1 +±25.1 +8 +±27.3 +1 +±27.8 +5 +±31.3 +6 +PLT +(sec*) +11.83 +9.80 +< +0.001* +11.79 +10.95 +< +0.001* +12.59 +11.37 +< +0.001* +±1.84 +±1.65 +±1.56 +±1.31 +±1.81 +±1.68 +SUP +(freq./30 +s) +15.10 +15.88 +0.143 +18.50 +19.84 + 0.001* +16.28 +21.28 +< +0.001* +±5.92 +±6.24 +±5.03 +±4.96 +±5.39 +±4.41 +SAR +(cm) +31.10 +31.04 +0.883 +31.29 +32.86 +< +0.001* +31.78 +32.29 +0.319 +±7.49 +±7.88 +±6.89 +±7.00 +±8.15 +±7.85 +BMI (Body mass index); 10x5mR (Shuttle run); SBJ (Standing board jump); PLT (Plate +tapping); SUP (Sit-ups); SAR (Sit and reach); SD (Standard deviation); *indicates p < +0.05. + + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +14 + +Analysis of the senior subgroup, as +presented in Table 5, showed significant +decrease in scores of weight and BMI in +all three cohorts. Time taken in 10x5mR +was increased but not significant in batch +1 and batch 2 but significant decrease was +seen in batch 3 (p < 0.001). Scores of SBJ +increased significantly with (p = 0.015), +(p < 0.001) and (p =0.001) in batch 1, 2 +and 3 respectively. Time taken for PLT is +significantly decreased with p < 0.001, p +< 0.001 and p < 0.001 in batch 1, 2 and 3 +respectively. +SUP +scores +were +significantly increased in batch 2 (p = +0.001) and 3 (p < 0.001) but not in batch +1 (p = 0.143). Scores of SAR increased +significantly (p < 0.001) in batch 2 but not +in batch 1 and 3. + +DISCUSSION +The current study has examined +the effect of short term residential +integrated yoga intervention on physical +fitness among adolescents in residential +setting in summer holidays. In present +study, +significant +weight +loss +and +decrease in BMI were observed which is +in line with previous study done on adults +with 6-day residential program (Telles, +Visweswaraiah, Balkrishna, & Kumar, +2009) and in contrast with another study +where weight loss was not seen (Telles, +Singh, Bhardwaj, Kumar, & Balkrishna, +2013), which may be due to variation in +time duration and yoga intervention. As +the present study was carried out in a +residential setting, the weight loss across +all batches could be attributed to the +holistic approach which included yogic +practices, disciplined life style and +balanced diet. Reduction in time taken in +10x5mR has shown improvement in +agility and speed. Direction of positive +change is similar in all three batches +although significant in batch 3. Distance +covered in SBJ has shown improvement +in explosive leg strength which was +significantly seen across the batches. This +might be due to stretch and strengthening +of +the +muscles +by +asana +and +Suryanamaskara practices. Reduction in +time shows improvement in PLT which +measures upper body reaction and +coordination. The results of the batch 1 +and 3 has shown significant positive +change in alignment with the previous +study (Telles, Sharma, Yadav, Singh, & +Balkrishna, 2014). The increase in +reaction and coordination could be +attributed to improved concentration and +attention due to calming down the mind +by practicing bhakti yoga and jnana yoga. +Significant increase in SUP across the +batches has shown improvement in +abdominal +strength +and +muscular +endurance which is aligned with earlier +study in children (Telles et al., 2013). +Significant increase in SAR across the +batches has shown improvement in +flexibility. Results aligned with the study +done among children (Chen et al., 2009) +and young adults (Bal B.S., 2009) +following yoga. This improved flexibility +might be due to different loosening +practices and yoga postures included in +this study. However, any physical + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +15 + +activity, mainly asana, pranayama etc. +involve +concentration, +mindfulness, +psychological steadfastness, a relaxed and +calm mind. This could be achieved +through Jnana yoga, Bhakti yoga and +Karma yoga practices. +All three batches have shown +significant changes in weight, BMI, SBJ, +SUP and SAR. Junior group has shown +significant changes in Weight, BMI, SUP +and SAR across all three batches. PLT has +shown negative change in juniors of batch +2 which could be contributed to the +negative change in PLT results of batch 2. +Senior +group +has +shown +similar +significant changes in Weight, BMI, SBJ +and PLT. Trend of change was in same +direction and similar in all three batches. +Time taken for 10x5mR did not change +significantly overall. Long intervention +may be required to improve agility and +speed. +In present study, significant results +across +three +independent +cohorts +corroborate the benefits of short term +integrated yoga towards improvement in +weight loss, flexibility, endurance and +strength in adolescents in residential +setting. The positive outcomes of the +present study also corroborates the +finding of earlier studies on yoga and +physical fitness among children (Bal B.S., +2009; Benavides & Caballero, 2009; +Bhavanani, Udupa, Madanmohan, & +Ravindra, 2011; Bhutkar et al., 2011; +Chen et al., 2009; D’souza & Avadhany, +2014; Donahoe-Fillmore, Brahler, Fisher, +& Beasley, 2010). The findings suggested +that the integrated yoga module specially +designed for yoga camp recognized as a +tool to establish physical fitness in +adolescents. Children found the program +captivating and inspiring. Parents also +acknowledged that the program was +beneficial. +The +subjective +feedback +received from children at the end of the +program showed that they benefited from +a number of positive takeaways in terms +of discipline, engaging in good physical +activity etc. +This integrated approach to yoga +acts on multiple layers of existence +(pancha koshas) which comprises of +asana, pranayama, meditation, relaxation +and knowledge imparted via interactive +discussions, lectures, activities, games +and friendly competitions. The multi- +component +nature +of +yoga +and +intervening effect of each technique on +various koshas, makes it complicated to +precisely assign the particular effect to +any parameter. Asana practice leads to +expansion of mind and ceasing of +dualities, according to sage Patanjali +(Swami Satyananda Saraswati, 1976). +Practice of pranayama, relaxation and +meditation works on cellular activities +and gives better clarity of thoughts. Jnana +yoga sharpens the mind while Bhakti +yoga calms down the mind. A healthy +mind has impact and influence on +physical fitness especially in speed, +agility, endurance, perseverance etc. A +prospective +study +recommended +considering +cognitive +factors +while +developing +exercise +intervention + + + +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., Nagendra, H R. (2018) ISSN: 2455-8958 + + +International Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12 +www.ijapey.info + + + + +16 + +programs +targeting +physical +fitness +among adolescents (Lang et al., 2018). +The +school-based +application +of +multicomponent intervention strategies +was the most consistent promising +intervention +strategy +for +improving +physical fitness among children and +adolescence (Dobbins, Husson, DeCorby, +& LaRocca, 2013). +Not having a control group has had +limitations on the study. Having a control +group was a practical challenge as this +was a residential program and the sample +was heterogeneous in nature. This +limitation was addressed by having three +independent cohorts where large and +matched sample size were subjected to +have same intervention to observe the +repeatability and consistency of the effect, +which helped to prove the effect of +intervention. As there was no follow up, +sustainability of the improvements was +not known, which could have been +considered +for +future +studies. +As +uniformity has been maintained in the +execution of the intervention, and in +conducting the program across three +independent cohorts, this acts as a +replication of the study. Results from all +the three cohorts indicate consistent and +similar trends, which confirm the positive +effect of the integrated yoga module in +adolescents. + +CONCLUSION +Successful +repeatability +with +independent cohorts provide evidence for +promoting residential short term yoga +camps as a powerful tool to establish +physical fitness among adolescents. The +results of the study show that yoga is an +effective tool to enhance physiological +functioning +in +adolescents. +Another +aspect of the study exhibits that yoga is +one of the sportive components which +helps to improve fitness in a holistic way. + +ACKNOWLEDGEMENT +The authors would like to extend +their heartiest thanks and appreciation to +the University and its faculty, for +allowing the study to be conducted during +the residential summer camp. The authors +thank all the participants and parents for +their support. 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WHO Regional +Office +for +Europe, +268. +http://doi.org/http://www.euro.who.i +nt/en/health-topics/health- +determinants/gender/publications/20 +10/environment-and-health-risks-a- +review-of-the-influence-and-effects- +of-social-inequalities. + + +Site this article: +Astha Choukse., Amritanshu Ram., & Nagendra, H.R. (2018). Effect of Residential +Integrated Yoga on Physical Fitness of Adolescents using EUROFIT battery. International +Journal of Adapted Physical Education & Yoga, Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 1 to 21. diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET Programme based lifestyle on cancellation task, on managers conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET Programme based lifestyle on cancellation task, on managers conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8a28389fdcff30b7853b0fbacd3095d1f2ac949 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET Programme based lifestyle on cancellation task, on managers conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,429 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Shatrughan Singh Naruka, M.Sc., Rabindramohan Acharya, M.Sc., Balaram Pradhan, Ph.D., Nagendra HR. Ph.D. + + + + +Division of Yoga and Mangaement, S-VYASA, Bengaluru + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +All correspondence related to this article ha sto be addressed to +Dr. Balaram Pradha, Eknath Bhavan,# 19, Gavipuram Circle, Bangalore- 560 01, Tele Phone- 080 2263 9961, E-mail address- : pradhanbalaram@rediffmail.com + +ABSTRACT + +Background: Top-line managers have to work with production or sales targets to meet their challenges in a specific time frame which naturally generate stresses, tensions, and gradually place them into frustration, insomnia, and cognitive deficits and decrease their efficacy. In a long run this can lead them to one or more life-style disorders. +Objective: To assess intentional task performance using Six Letter Cancellation Test (SLCT) in managers who participated in a 5 days Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) residential workshop. +Material and Method: The study consisted of 78 managers of ONGC company undergoing a single arm per-post design. SLCT was assessed at the beginning and end of the 5 days SMET program. +Result: The net score of SLCT showed highly significant (P<0.001) increase of 17.17%. Conclusion: The result suggests that cognitive task needing selective attention enhanced after SMET program based life style is enhanced which may bring greater efficiency among managers. + + +Key word: Attention, managers, self-management of excessive tension. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + +INTRODUCTION + +Organizational growth depends on their managers who work for its all-round growth. Organizational performance can be enhanced by improving quality of work attitude of executives, which can be measured through five indicators such as job satisfaction, job involvement, goal orientation, effective organizational commitment and team building behavior. Scientific investigation showed that Yoga Way of Life by managers had a significant positive impact on four out of five of these indicators of organizational performance indicators (Adhia, Nagendra, and Mahadevan, 2010). There are few other studies which has shown improvements in EQ (Sony, Nagendra, and Nath, 2007), EI (Adhia and Nagendra, 2009; Ganapath and Nagendra, 2010) on the managers whereas yoga student found improvement in cognitive capabilities (Sarang and Telles, 2006 ) and improved the sleep status ( Patra and Telles, 2008). +Fatigue, best defined as the difficulty in initiating or sustaining voluntary activities (Chaudhuri A, Behan PO, 2004) which falls under physical and mental catagoires. Physical fatigue caused due to repeated muscular activity. In contrast, mental fatigue due to failure in complete mental tasks that require self-motivation and internal cues in the absence of demonstrable cognitive failure or motor weakness (Chaudhuri A, Behan PO, 2000). Thus, mental fatigue decreases sufferers' work or study efficiency in daily life. Sympathetic hyperactivity based on decreased parasympathetic activity is associated with mental fatigue induced by prolonged cognitive load (Mizuno K, Tanaka M, Yamaguti K, Kajimoto O, Kuratsune H, Watanabe Y, 2011). +Hence the present study was attempted to measure the attention task of the manager undergoing 5 days of SMET program was taken up. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +2 + +MATERIAL AND METHODS + +The sample size was calculated based on an effect size (0.82) obtained from a previous study of changes in Cyclic Meditation (Pradhan & Nagendra, 2010). It was calculated using G*Power software, Version 3.0.10 (Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, and Buchner, 2007), where the level of α = 0.05, power β = 0.95 and the recommended sample size was 22 participants. The present study consisted of 78 Managers (including12 Females) with the age range of (37 to 62 years) with a Mean±SD of (53.46±4.57). All participants were from Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited. They were free from cognitive impairment but had mild form of physical illness. The signed informed consent forms were obtained from them after explaining them about detailed study design. The pre-post design was adopted in the present study. + +Interventions + +All participants followed 5 days of SMET based lifestyle modification by following schedule given in the Table 1 and Table 2. + +Table 1: The schedule of the Self –Management of Excessive Tension Program + + +Time Activity + +5.00 AM Ablution +5.30 AM Prayer (Prathasmaran) + + +6.00 AM Asana / Special yoga technique + +Time Activity + +3.00 PM SMET lecture session 2 4.00 PM SMET practice (Cyclic +Meditation) +5.00 PM Tuning to nature + +7.15 AM Friendship meet (Maitri Milan)- 6.00 PM Devotional Gita sloka chanting and session(Bhajan) + + +8.00 AM + + +9.30 AM 10.30 AM + + + +11.30 AM + + +12.05 PM +1.00 PM + +discourse(Satsang) Breakfast + +SMET lecture session-1 SMET practice (Cyclic Meditation) + +Milk or Ayurvedic Tea (Malt) + + +Special yoga techniques +Lunch and rest + + +6.45 PM + + +7.30 PM 8.30 PM + + + +9.15 PM + + +10.00 PM + + +MSRT(Mind Sound Resonance technique) Dinner +Happy assembly (Yogagame session)/ Cultural program Group discussion/ Self practice +Lights off + + + + + +3 + +Table 2: Lecture sessions during Self –Management of Excessive Tension Program. + + +Sl.No Session 1 + +1 Concept of stress + +Session 2 + +Stress-induced problem and management + +2 Stimulation- Relaxations Stress and its management according to yoga + +3 Stress levels and its release 4 Executive growth +5 Group awareness + +Recognition of stress is half the solution Depth of perception and awareness +Progress in tune with nature + + + +Cyclic Meditation + +The SMET program consisted of the practical sessions called cyclic Mediation which was developed at VYASA (Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation) to combat the stress of excessive tension (Nagendra and Nagarathna, 1997). Cyclic meditation is repetition in a cyclic order stimulation and relaxation as postulated in mandukya karika stimulations to break open the stagnations and drowsiness while relaxation featured by slow movements in asanas as meant to calm down the distractions of mind. These components trained the practitioner to develop mental wakefulness, vigilance, concentration without getting disturbed by stress, eustress and distracted thoughts; they were able to reach to a state of mental equilibrium. + +Throughout the Cyclic Meditation practice subjects kept their eyes closed, and followed the instructions given by the instructor. The instructions emphasized carrying out the practice slowly, with awareness and relaxation. The practice began by repeating a verse from the yoga text, the Mandukya Upanisat (Chinmayananda, 1984); followed by isometric contraction of the muscles of the body ending with supine rest in a supine position, slowly coming up from the left side and standing at ease (called tadasana) and ‘balancing’ the weight on both feet, called centering; then the first actual posture, bending to the right (ardhakaöicakräsana); a gap of few min in täòäsana with instructions about relaxation and awareness; bending to the left (ardhakaöicakräsana); a gap as before for few min; forward bending (pädahastäsana; another gap similarly as given earlier; backward bending (ardhacakräsana); and slowly coming down in the supine posture with instructions to relax different parts of the body in sequence. The postures were practiced slowly, with awareness of all the sensations that are felt. The key + + +4 + +features of cyclic meditation are (i) postures interspersed with relaxation, (ii) slowness of movements, (iii) continuity, (iv) inner awareness, (v) feeling of heart beat, changes in blood flow and sound resonance, and (vi) recognition of linear, surface, three-dimensional and all pervasive awareness. + +Assessments: Six letter cancellation test (SLCT) + +The participants of the SMET group were assessed before and after 5 days of SMET + +program on SLCT. + +Cancellation tests require visual selectivity and a repetitive motor response. A six letter + +cancellation test was administered to assess functions such as selective and focused attention, visual scanning, and the activation and inhibition of rapid responses. The six letter cancellation test has been used in Indian population (Natu and Agarawal, 1997). +The six letter cancellation task work sheet consists of an array of random alphabets, A-Z, + +in 14 rows and 22 columns. Participants are seated with the worksheet turned over until the start of the test. All participants tested in one group are also given a instruction sheet (coding sheet) indicating the six target letters to be cancelled. The instructions are given asking them to cancel as many target letters as possible in the specified time of 90 seconds. They are given the choice of cancellation strategy to do it horizontally, vertically, or selecting a particular letter one at a time randomly in the array. Finally, after ensuring that they have understood the test by answering all their queries they are instructed to turn over the worksheet and start the test. Each test was timed for 90 seconds on a standard stopwatch. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +5 + +DATA EXTRACTION + +SLCT: The total number of cancellations attempted, and the number of wrongly cancelled were counted. Then net score is obtained by deducting the latter from the former (Natu and Agarwal, 1997). The answer sheets were coded and scoring was done by the researcher who was not involved in the study. It was cross checked by another researcher. Then entry was done in computer checking was done. +DATA ANALYSIS + +The data were analyzed using SPSS 16. The Komologorov- Smirnove test found total and net score normally distributed while wrong scenes were not normally distributed. Hence both paired ‘t’ test for net total and net score and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for wrong scores. Six participants were excluded from the final analysis because they were not given the post assessment. + + +RESULTS + +The paired‘t’ test found that there were significant improvement in total (p<0.001, 16.79%) and net score (p<0.001, 17.17%) when post scores compared with their respective pre scores as shown in Table 3. +Table 3 Total Scores, Net Scores and Scores for Wrong Cancellation in a Six-letter Cancellation Task pre and post 5 days of SMET program. Values are Group Mean and Standard Deviations. + +Variables + + +Total Score + + +Wrong Score + + + +Net Score + + + +Assessments + +Pre + +Post + +Pre + +Post + +Pre + +Post + + + +Score (n=78) + +30.18 ±9.85 + +35.21±10.71*** + +0.18±0.5 + +0.27±0.78 + +29.86±10.01 + +34.95±10.83*** + +Percentage changes + +16.79% + + +50% + + +17.17% + + + +p-values + + +P< 0.001 + + +P= 0.389 + + +P< 0.001 + + +*** P < 0.001, pre compared with post using paired‘t’ test. + + + + + + +6 + +DISCUSSIONS + +The performance in the letter cancellation task improved after 5 days of SMET program and life style by 17% significantly. + +Comparision with the previous study: + +Previously there were two studies using SLCT which had investigated (i) The effect of integrated yoga module University students and (ii) school students having immediate effect of CM. Both these studies had similar trend of results (Sarang and Telles, 2007; Pradhan and Nagendra, 2010) 24.9% and 11.6% respectively. These differences of finding could be due to the fact that the subjects in the previous studies were from different population, used different study design and their training periods might be influened the scored of SLCT. + +Mechanisms + +Alone immediate effect of CM has produced significant improvement at physiological level (Sarang and Telles, 2006), neurophysiology level (Subramanyam and Telles, 2008), sleep quality (Patra and Telles, 2010), cognitive performance (Subramanyam and Telles, 2008, Pradhan and Nagendra, 2008, 2010). The results suggest that CM brings improvements in Physiological and psychological level. These scientific finding indiacting that subjectes mental state might be heightened which may be contributing the improvement in the SLCT score of Managers of the present study. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +7 + +REFERENCES + +Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., and Mahadevan, B. (2010). Impact of Adoption of + +Yoga Way of Life on the Emotional Intelligence of Managers. IIMB + +Management Review, 22:32-41. + +Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., and Mahadevan, B. (2010). Impact of Adoption of + +Yoga Way of Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers. Vikalpa, IIMA Journal, 35(2):21-33. +Chaudhuri, A., & Behan, P.O. (2000). Fatigue and basal ganglia. J Neurol Sci. 179(1-2):34–42. +Chaudhuri, A., & Behan, P.O. (2004). Fatigue in neurological disorders. Lancet.. 363(9413):978–988. +Kumar, S., Telles. S. (2009). Meditative states based on yoga texts and their effects on performance of a letter-cancellation task. Percept Mot Skills. 109(3), 679-689. +Kumari, S., Nath, N. C. B., & Nagendra H, R. (2007). Enhancing emotional competence among managers SMET. Jour Nat Acad Psych (India), 52,171-173. Mizuno, K., Tanaka, M., Yamaguti, K., Kajimoto, O., Kuratsune, H., & Watanabe, Y. (2011). Mental fatigue caused by prolonged cognitive load associated with sympathetic hyperactivity. Behav Brain Funct. 23;7:17. Nagendra, H. R., & Nagarathna, R. (1997). New perspectives in stress management. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Publications. +Natu, M. V., & Agarawal, A. K. (1997). Testing of stimulant effects of coffee on the psychomotor performance: an exercise in clinical pharmacology. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 29, 11-14. +Patra, S., & Telles, S. (2009). Positive impact of cyclic meditation on subsequent sleep. Med Sci Monit, 15(7):375-381. +Pradhan B., & Nagendra H.R. (2010).Immediate effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on attention in children. International Journal of Yoga, 3, 2; 67-69. + + + + + +8 + +Sarang S. P. & Telles, S. (2006). Change in P300 following two yoga-based + +relaxation techniques, Int J Neurosci, 116(12), 1419-1430. + +Sarang S. P. & Telles, S. (2006). Oxygen consumption and respiration during + +and after two yoga relaxation techniques. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 31(2), 143-153. +Sarang, S.P., & Telles, S. (2007). Immediate effect of two yoga- based relaxation techniques on performance in a letter-cancellation task. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 105, 379-385. +Sony Kumari, N. C. B. Nath, H. R. Nagendra, and Subhasha Sharma. (2008). An exploration of relationship between E.Q. & Guna typology and H.Q.Q. Journal of Indira IManagement Review, 1(1): 72-81. +Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and H. R. Nagendra. (2007). Effectiveness of SMET program with respect to emotional well being among managers-An Empirical Study, XIMB Journal of Management (Vilakshan), 4(1): 165-173. +Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and H. R. Nagendra. (2007). Enhancing emotional competence among managers SMET, Journal of the National Academy of Psychology (Psychological Studies), 52(2): 171-173. +Subramanya, P., & Telles, S. (2009). Performance on psychomotor tasks following two yoga-based relaxation techniques. Percept Mot Skills, 109(2):563-576. +Subramanya, P., & Telles, S. (2009). Performance on psychomotor tasks following two yoga-based relaxation techniques. Percept Mot Skills. 109(2), 563-576. +Tikhe, S. G., & Nagendra, H. R.. Yoga therapy for developing emotional intelligence in mid-life managers. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol,under print. + + + + + + + + + + + + +9 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET of emotions and self-esteem conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET of emotions and self-esteem conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..71b99b9035b27a61930efa08593418b46e210d16 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET of emotions and self-esteem conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,755 @@ + +Effect of SMET on Emotions and Self-esteem -A Study of Managers in a Large PSU in India +Rabindra Acharya*, Balaram Pradhan** and HR Nagendra*** + +Abstract + +Stress and strain is an integral part of modern-day managers in corporations; more so, in the + +current globalised world. It adversely affects their health, productivity and well-being. Managing + +stress in the workplace of the managers appears to be a huge challenge for many corporations. Many previous studies on Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) have indicated how SMET has led to a reduction of stress in managers. A pre-post study was conducted to investigate the effect of the five days residential SMET program for the managers of a large public sector energy Organisation in India. Two psychometric instruments; Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Scale (PANAS) and Self-esteem Scale were administered before and after the SMET workshop. The study showed a significant increase, in PA scores as well as self-esteem scores and NA significant decrease in NA scores of the managers. The paper concludes how the SMET workshop enhanced emotional well-being and self-esteem of the managers in the Organisation. The author also indicates a few areas of further research. + +Key Word: Yoga, Manager, Positive and negative affect, Self-esteem, SMET, PANAS, ONGC + +Introduction + +Economic liberalization: India had played an important role in global trade over the earlier centuries. Though it had closed the borders over last few decades, the change seems to have been initiated through the process of liberalization. The economic liberalisation in India refers to ongoing economic reforms in India that started on 24 July 1991. After Independence in 1947, India adhered to socialist policies. Attempts were made to liberalise the economy in 1966 and 1985. In 1991, after India faced a balance of payments crisis, the IMF required India to undertake a series of structural economic reforms. The new neo-liberal policies included opening for international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation of privatisation, tax reforms, and inflation-controlling measures (Wikipedia, 2014). + + +Further, India’s growth miracle has attracted worldwide attention, particularly, because + +this growth has been pursued to the wide ranging economic reforms introduced in the early + + +1 + +1990s. Many other developing countries intensified linearization during this period, but were + +unable to experience a similar spurt in their economic growth. One distinctive feature of + +India Liberalization experience is the gradual and calibrated manner in which reforms were + +introduced, especially with respect to external Liberalization, be it in the financial, agricultural or + +manufacturing sector (UNCTAD, 2012). + + + +In other words, Indian economy has gone through liberalization since 1990s, leading to rapid + +globalisation. This pace of globalisation has been picking up, leading to economic growth, + +infrastructure development, and employment generation. On the other side, while meeting the + +high targets and the rapid pace of growth under constraints, the managers of large corporations + +have been facing many challenges; time management, stress, health issues of non-communicable + +diseases (Shah, & Patnaik, 2011). + + + +Stress at work place: In the corporate organisations, the managers are expected to meet the + +challenges of profitability, growth, customer satisfaction, employee attrition and statutory + +compliance along with deadlines to achieve the above objectives. These challenges create stress + +at workplace. + +The relationship between work stress and well-being has flourished over the past 20 years. One of the major advances in this literature has been the emergence of the Allostatic Load model as a central organizing theory for understanding the physiology of stress. This has considered as health outcomes that are associated with exposure to psychosocial stressors at work and provide insight into how workplace experiences affect well-being. Within an Allostatic Load framework, with a focus on primary (e.g., stress hormones, anxiety and tension) and secondary (e.g., resting blood pressure, cholesterol, body mass index) mediators, as well as tertiary disease end points (e.g., cardiovascular disease, depression, mortality). Recommendations are provided for how future research can offer deeper insight into primary Allostatic Load processes that explain the effects of workplace experiences on mental and physical well-being (Daniel, & Christopher, + +2 + +2013). + + +Stress, according to Robbins (2003) is an opportunity, demand, constraint, threat or challenge + +can create stress for an individual when the effect of the event is uncertain and important. Factors + +relating to the environment, the organization, and the individual can also trigger stress (Robbins + +& Judge, 2007). This happens especially when s/he is unable to deal with the demands or + +constraints encountered. While stress at work as a concept has been in existence since long and + +has been widely studied, both the antecedents and consequences of stress in modern day are very + +different and have strong implications in ones’ personal and professional lives too. + + + +Further, if the stress continues for long duration, it affects the growth and potential development + +of the individual and which starts declining at both personal and professional levels. This is more + +so, as an individual goes against his or her own true nature of self. Eventually, the emotional + +upsurges take over his/her discrimination faculties and lead him towards destruction. All these + +leads to stress; leading to ill-health, lower the productivity, and other related issues. + + +As the business environments become more competitive, businesses more dynamic and + +organizational roles become more complex, the potential for organizational role stress increases. + +Varied sources of work stress have been identified by researchers. Five categories of stressors + +were identified by Landy and Trumbo (1976) such as excessive competition, hazardous working + +conditions, job insecurity, task demands and long or unusual working hours. Marshall and + +Cooper (1976) classified stress as intrinsic to a job or role, career growth, relationship with + +colleagues and Organisational climate and structure as five main clusters of work stress. + + + + + + +3 + +Srivastava (2009) found that the role of an employee in the organization may create conditions + +that cause stress for employees at work effecting the quality of work life. Such Organizational + +role stress has been found to be negatively related to managerial effectiveness. Nelson and + +Burke (2000) suggest that a number of factors such as role ambiguity, lack of power and role + +conflict can also be stressful. Sharma and Devi (2008) further add that role overload, lack of + +senior level support, lack of group cohesiveness, inequity at workplace, role stagnation, resource + +inadequacy in the role, constraints on change contribute to the stress of employee. + + + +Role of yoga in stress: Patanjali suggests a solution, that the above can be overcome by + +adopting “Yoga as a way of life” (Taimni, 1961). According to him, Yoga is all about controlling + +the thought processes of human beings (Taimni, 1961). In other words, Patanjali, many other + +spiritual and Yogic leaders have recommended Yoga for overcoming stress and taking care + +of the physical, emotional and psychological well-being of individuals. This has become an + +imperative the modern day life. + +Pattanjali defines yoga is a technique used to calm down mental thoughts to reach the true Self + +(Iyenger, 1996) and skills to manage life that fosters moderation and harmony is the message of + +Patanjali’s yoga sutra (Becker, 2000). Yoga harnesses our will, emotions, expands our power + +of insight, vision and analysis. Yoga is a science to harness the will, calm the mind and steady + +the emotions, without losing the sharpness of intellect is the key to human progress (Nagendra + +& Nagarathna, 1997). The integrated Yogic technique is able to accommodate and bring a + +harmonious work culture without expecting any return (Chakraborty, 1978). + + + + + + + + +4 + +Yoga offers us a holistic lifestyle of bliss, efficiency, emotional equipoise, mental clarity, + +intellectual sharpness and physical well-being. It is towards the holistic lifestyle that we should + +move through SMET (Nagendra & Nagarathna, 1997). + +Emotional Intelligence: To meet various opportunities and challenges in a corporate setup, + +more so, in a globalized world, manager is expected to have high levels of their emotional + +intelligence (EI) and positive emotion that helps them in the execution of work without + +hampering their well-being. If not adequate, there can be an opportunity to develop this EI. + +Emotional Intelligence has evolved as an area in the last three decades. This has gained further + +significance in the context of globalization. “Emotional Intelligence is the ability to perceive + +emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and + +emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and + +intellectual growth” (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). + +While elaborating what makes a leader, Goldman (1998), the thought leader of EI states + +“effective leaders possess high degrees of emotional intelligence. Along with IQ and technical + +skills, emotional capabilities are the entry-level requirements for executive positions. Emotional + +intelligence is playing an important role at the highest levels of the company, and is often linked + +to exceptional performance. Social skill is another key component to successful management”. + + + +Review of literature on stress management: Few previous studies on executives had shown + +significant improvement in EI. Specifically, an integrated yoga practice program of one month + +has shown significant improvement of the EI level of Managers in (Adhia, Nagendra, & + +Mahadevan, 2010). In another study, managers undergoing one-hours of SMET program for + +one month period reported significant improvement in EI (Kumari, Nath, Nagendra, & Sharma, + + + +5 + +2007) and EC (Kumari, Nanth, & Nagendra, 2007). In another study, the five days SMET + +program also showed significant improvement in EI (Ganpat & Nagendra, 2011) as well as + +in executive functions based on Brain wave coherence (Ganpat & Nagendra, & Muralidhar, + +2011). In a recent study of managers in ONGC, a large public sector energy corporation found + +a significant increase in the scores of cognitive abilities, anxiety scores and in lowering the + +symptoms of distress in ONGC managers (Singh, Pradhan, & Nagendra, 2013). + +Effect of Yoga on Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS): An emotion is defined + +as a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts, and + +behaviors. It is a prime determinant of the sense of subjective well-being and appears to play + +a central role in many human activities as quoted by (Narasimhan, Nagendra, & Nagarathna, + +2011). These emotions were grouped under positive and negative effect. Positive Affect + +Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) is a tool to measure the person both positive and negative + +emotion aspect which is very essential for anybody irrespective of professions (Watson, Clark & + +Tellegen, 1988). In a randomized control study design on prisoners in 7-British jail participated + +in either yoga program (1 class per week) or a control group for 10-week. Yoga group had + +increased self-reported a positive effect, and reduced stress and psychological distress compared + +to control group (Bilderbeck, Farias, Brazil, Jakobowitz, & Wikholm, 2013). Similarly, an + +open-arm pre-post study having 450 participants were undergoing integrated yoga module + +that consisted of asanas, pranayama, relaxation, notional correction and devotional sessions. + +Three hundred and twelve pre-post sets of data showed an increase in Positive Affect by 13% + +and Negative Affect reduced by 47% after a week long Yoga program. Even short term open + +armed study can bring a significant positive change in individuals positive and negative effect + +(Narasimhan, Nagendra, & Nagarathna, 2011). + + + +6 + +Effect of Yoga on self-esteem: In a Randomized Control Trial study, which consisted of 226 + +normal, healthy participants were undergoing a set of integrated yoga module that include + +asanas, pranayama, meditation, notional correction, and devotional sessions. The control group + +took part in physical exercises (PE). Both groups had under supervision for 6-day/week, for eight + +weeks, 1-hour/day. The effect size for self esteem in the Yoga group was higher than control + +group in three domains of self-esteem. The results suggested that both groups had an influence of + +self esteem in different magnitude of changes (Deshpande, Nagendra, & Nagarathna, 2009). + + + +The research gap of present study: The author found the research gap in India and the + +significance of exploring the impact of SMET training on ONGC participant’s on their emotional + +health benefits. Hence the current study aimed to evaluate the effect of SMET training on + +Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS) and self-esteem. + + +METHODOLOGY + +Keeping the above objectives in mind, the researcher selected ONGC, where the research + +objectives can be met fruitfully. Purposive sampling was adopted for conducting the study. + +ONGC is a large scale public sector undertaking in the energy sector. + +Participants + +In this research study, the sample size was calculated using the G*Power (a general power + +analysis program) 3.1 (Faul, Erdfelder, Buchner, & Lang, 2009). The minimum sample size + +need for this study was (no = 65) calculated based on previous study, i.e. The effect size was + +calculated as 0.456, fixing alpha = 0.05, power = 0.95 (Narasimhan, Nagarathna & Nagendra, + +2011) and But present current study consisted of seventy participants. All the participants were + +recruited from ONGC executive undergoing Self-Management of excessive tension (SMET) + + +7 + +workshop at S-VYASA. Both male and female participants with the age ranging from 25 to 60 + +years were included in this study. Participants having multiple ailments and health related issues + +and women during menstruation were excluded based on general routine health check up by + +resident doctors. The current study was approved by the Institutional ethics committee and an + +informed consent form was obtained from all the participants after explaining them regarding the + +trial of the research. + + +Limitations of the study: This study was confined to ONGC; only one large PSU managers + +over a period of one year. Such studies could be done in other sectors with similar growth pattern + +such as aviation, Hospitality, education, etc. to map and mitigate stress levels among employees. + +Further, there was no control group and only subjective variables were measured, short term in a + +residential setup. + +Assessment + + +Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): All subjects were recorded before the start + +and end of the SMET workshop. Positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS). The PANAS + +is comprised of a total 20-item with two sub-scales 10-item each measure to assess positive and + +negative affect. Participants were asked to rate themselves on the scale over past 5-day using a + +Likert scale from 1 (“very slightly or not at all”) to 5 (“extremely”). The PANAS alpha internal + +consistency reliabilities are high, ranging from 0.86–0.90 for positive affect and from 0.84–0.87 + + +for negative affect (Watson, 1988; Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988). + +Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale: This is a self-reported scale consisted 10-item evaluates + +individual global feeling of self worth. The rating scale ranges from 1 (strongly agree) to 4 + +strongly disagrees). It is validated and reliable for self-esteem measures (Rosenberg, 1965). + + +8 + +Study Design: The current study was designed as a single armed pre-post study, wherein the subjects + +were interviewed on the record both before and after the 5 days SMET intervention. + +Intervention Adopted +SMET Intervention: SMET comprises of a set of theory. The practices (Cyclic Meditation) + +based on the principle of ‘stimulation followed by relaxation’ derived from Mandukyakarika. + +Cyclic Meditation (CM), consisting of a set of eight techniques practiced cyclically, is a key process + +in SMET, and was practiced for 30 minutes every day. CM is very different from any other form of + +meditation. It comprises of a set of physiological stimulations (Yogic postures) followed by relaxation + +techniques, i.e. The Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT), the Quick relaxation Technique (QRT) and + +the Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT). The CM process is given below in a pictorial format and more + +details about the structure of the SMET program are given in Table-1. As explained above, the SMET has + +multiple component/dimensions. The details of SMET are provided in Figure-1. + + +Table 1: SMET Program details + + +SMET THEORY Theory +1. Introduction to SMET +2. Concept and Physiology of Stress 3. Stress and it’s Release +4. Executive Growth 5. Group Dynamic +6. SMET and Yoga Therapy Research 7. Integrated Approach of Yoga therapy 8. Pranayama and Health +9. Yoga for Mastery over Emotion (Bhakti Yoga) 10. Action in Relaxation (Karma Yoga) +11. Concept and Basis of Yoga (Happiness Analysis) + +SMET Practices Practice session Cyclic Meditation + + + + + + + + + +Figure-1: Schematic diagram of Cyclic Meditation + + +9 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +10 + + + + + +Results +Data were analyzed using paired ‘t’ test to assess the effect of SMET intervention for five days. + + +PANAS + + +It was observed that the scores of negative affect were lower (p<0.001) and positive scores + +were found to be higher (p<0.01) following the SMET intervention of five days. The significant + +change in the scores is quoted in Table-2. + + +Self-esteem + + +It was evident that the self esteem scores was higher (p<0.001) following the SMET intervention. + +The significant changes in Self-esteem scores were reflected in Table-2. + + +Table-2: The Pre & Post scores of positive & negative effect, self reported self esteem is given in the form of Mean±SD. + + +n=70 + +Positive affect +Negative affect Difference of (Positive-Negative) affect Self-esteem + + +PRE 37.4±6.35 +14.13±6.09 23.27±9.10 + + +21.79±4.05 + + +POST 40.31±5.97*** +12.54±4.26** 27.22±8.21 + + +23.3±4.52*** + +Percentage changes +-7.78 +11.25 -19.34 + + +-6.93 + +P values + +P<0.001 +P=0.004 P<0.001 + + +P<0.001 + +Legend: ***p< 0.001, **p<0.01, comparing Pre & Post scores of the above mentioned variables by using paired ‘t’-test. + + +Discussions + +The present study found there were improvements in positive affect, self-esteem score and + +decrement negative affect scores after SMET training program. + + + + + +11 + +Our findings are supported by the previous scientific finding on the beneficial effects of yoga on + +emotional effect measured using PANAS (Bilderbeck, Farias, Brazil, Jakobowitz, & Wikholm, + +2013; Narasimhan, Nagendra, & Nagarathna, 2011) and self-esteem (Deshpande, Nagendra, + +& Nagarathna, 2009). The current findings also substantiate the a few studies conducted in + +targeted ONGC managers, where SMET has been shown positive improvements in EI (Adhia, + +2010, Kumari, Nath, Nagendra, & Sharma, 2007), recent mental status symptoms somatisation, + +anxiety, social dysfunction, and depression (Ganpat & Nagendra, 2011). + +Mechanisms: The component of SMET consisted of cyclic meditation, lecture sessions, and + +talks on Indian Psychology of Gita. The effect of Cyclic meditation immediately after a single + +session found a reduction in oxygen consumption (Sarang & Telles, 2006), increase high + +frequency component of HRV (Patra & Telles, 2010); improve the cognitive domains measured + +by memory (Subramanya & Telles, 2009), attention task (Sarang & Telles, 2007; Subramanya & + +Telles, 2009), P300 auditory oddball task (Sarang & Telles, 2006). Further quality of sleep was + +enhanced in subsequent night on day practice day of CM (Patra & Telles, 2009). This suggests + +that CM which is a key practice of SMET practice could bring about change not only at the level + +of gross level but also at the tissue level. + +Major Findings and Conclusions: SMET program had enhanced the psychological well-being + +of ONGC participants in a residential setup where in they were not exposed to any work related + +stress. SMET appears to be a very powerful tool, with lesser investments (time, money, and + +resources) resulting in high impact outcomes of positive affect, lower negative affect, higher + +self-esteem. This study was first of its kind where in the strong psychological tools like PANAS, + +self-esteem was studied in a considerably good sample size. + + + + + +12 + +Applications of the study: This study has a wide range of applied value. SMET practice can be + +introduced in an industrial setup to ensure better health and to remain unfected with stress at the + +workplace. + +Suggestions for future: In the future a large sample size with a follow up and assessment of + +objective variables needs to be studied to explore the effectiveness of SMET in the industrial set + +up where the managers really face the challenge of work and targets. + +In summary five days SMET program had a positive influence on positive affect scores, reducing + +negative affect scores and enhancing self-esteem scores of ONGC participants. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +13 + + + +Reference +Adhia, H., Nagendra, H.R., & Mahadevan, B. (2010). Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers. IIMB Managment Review, 22, 32-41. +Shah, A., & Patnaik, I,. (2011). India's financial globalisation. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ ft/wp/2011/wp1107.pdf. 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(2006). Changes in p300 following two yoga-based relaxation techniques. Int J Neurosci, 116(12), 1419-1430. +Sarang, S. P., & Telles, S. (2007). Immediate effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on performance in a letter-cancellation task. Percept Mot Skills, 105(2), 379-385. +Sharma, J. & Devi, A. (2011). Role stress among employees: An empirical study of commercial banks, Gurukul Business Review Vol. 7, pp. 53-61. +Singh,S.N., Pradhan, B., & Nagendra, H.R. (2013). Effect of five days of self management of excessive (SMET) residential workshop on top line days. Ph D. Thesis. +Srivastava, A.K. (2006). Role stress in the public sector: An empirical study, Managment and Change, 10 (1) pp. 1-10. +Subramanya, P., & Telles, S. (2009a). Effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on memory scores and state anxiety. Biopsychosoc Med, 3, 8. +Subramanya, P., & Telles, S. (2009b). Performance on psychomotor tasks following two yoga-based relaxation techniques. Percept Mot Skills, 109(2), 563-576. +Taimni, I. K. (1961). The Science of Yoga. The Theosophical Publishing House, India: Madras UNCTAD. (2012). Annual report. pp.22. http//www.unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ +dom2013d1_en.pdf. + + + +15 + +Watson, D. (1988). Intra-individual and inter-individual analyses of positive and negative affect: their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54(6), 1020-1030. +Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol, 54(6), 1063-1070. +Wikipedia (2014), “The free encyclopedia, Economic liberalisation in India”, as seen on the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +16 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics of Managers conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics of Managers conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67fa58edf8aa11b3d641216b566291bd72bf4109 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics of Managers conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,319 @@ +EMOTIONAL DYNAMICS OF MANAGERS + +EFFECT OF SMET ON EMOTIONAL DYNAMICS OF MANAGERS + +Sony Kumari Assistant Professor +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA) , Bangalore Alex Hankey +Associate Professor +SVYASA University, Bangalore H.R.Nagendra +Chancellor +SWASA University, Bangalore +Abstract + + +Voice of Research Vol. 2 Issue 1, +June 2013 +ISSN No. 2277-7733 + +The opening up of the Indian economy through liberalization, privatization, globalization and natural thrust towards information technology has made the task of managers increasingly more demanding. The challenges get multiplied when the executives have to work in diversified cultures. The workforce diversity has not only affected the emotional stability of the executives but has also come on the way of leadership behavior and effectiveness. The need for executives who are emotionally stable even in adverse circumstances is increasing. The present study examined the possibility of enhancing emotional competence (EC) through self management of excessive tension (SMET) program. Keywords : Executives, Emotional stability, Emotional competence & SMET + +The current upsurge of interest in emotions at the work place owes largely to the ideas of Goleman (1996, 1998) who observed that getting others to respond in a desired way is the heart of EC. At the heart of EC are two abilities-empathy, which involves reading the feeling of others, and social skills, which allow handling those feelings artfully. Our emotional intelligence (EI) determines our potential for learning the practical skills that are based on its following five elements i.e. self awareness, self regulation, empathy, adeptness in relationships, and motivation. EC shows how much of that potential we have translated into on the job capabilities. For instance, being good at serving customers is an EC based on empathy, likewise, trustworthiness is a competence based on self regulation or handling impulses and emotions well. Both customer service and trustworthiness are competencies that can make people outstanding in their work. Simplybeing high in EI doesn’t guarantee a person will have learned the EC that matters for work; it means only that they have excellent potential to learn them. EC clusters into groups, each based on common underlying EI capacity The EC framework basically measures the two types of competencies self competence consisting involving self awareness, self regulation, and motivation and social competence consisting two dimensions i.e. empathy and social skills. The use of psychological measurement has always been somewhat controversial. Chadha (1998) observed that EC is a personal trait or a set of habits that leads to more effective or superior job performance. In other words, it is an ability that adds economic value to the efforts of a person at the workplace. The data documenting the importance of each of the 20 emotional intelligence competencies have been building for more than two decades. McClelland (1975) was perhaps the first to propose the concept of competence as a basis for identifying what differentiates outstanding from average + +performers at work. McClelland (1998) reviewed data from more than 30 different organizations and for executive’s positions in many professions, from banking and managing to mining, geology, sales and health care. He showed that a wide range of emotional competencies (and a narrow range of cognitive ones) distinguished top performers from average ones. EC is not crying openly in the workplace. It is not talking about your personal life to detriment of your job. It is not permitting managers to lash out at employees. It is not “letting it all hang out”. The first model of EI was developed by Bar-On (1980). The basic research in this area was conducted by Salovey and Mayer (1995) who concluded that EI meets the traditional standards for being separate from “intelligence”. Concept of Emotional Intelligence in IndianContext Several Indian studies have been done on emotional intelligence but still some of the issues have not clear. A study has been done to see the relevance of the concept of E.I in handling the problems in organizations. As Sinha & Jain (2004) have indicted the power of E.I. as a predictor of organizationallyrelevant outcomes in limited. There is a need to make the net larger by covering a wider spectrum of emotionally intelligent behaviors and as well as E.I. concepts need to be broadened to encompass cultural specifies. E.I. has found increased acceptance as a factor that is potentially useful in understanding and practicing individual performance at work. The role of E.I. in leadership development process and many organizations has been analysed.Bhalla & Nauriyal (2004) have addressed the implications of E.I. for leadership, management and business education. +Study done by Srivastava and Bharamanaikar (2004) on Indian army officers showed that E.I. significantly correlated with transformational leadership and success, but not with job satisfaction .E.I. also differed across rank + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 1, June 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733 ...49... +EMOTIONAL DYNAMICS OF MANAGERS + +or length of service. Another related objective was to examine the impact of E.I. on leadership effectiveness, success and job satisfaction. In the paper by Sibia, Misra & Srivastava (2004) they have analyzed the notion of E.I. in the context of temporary development in the field of intelligence and growing cultural sensitivityin the domain of self and emotions. Based on interacting with parents, childrens and teachers they have come up with an extended view of E.I comprising of prosocial values, action tendencies and affective states. As is evident front e results of the study and in view of the distinctive characteristic of the Indian culture context, a culturally appropriate model of E.I. must take into cognizance the following factors: prosocial values, social sensitivity, action tendencies & affective states. Sharma and Sharma (2004) have used qualitative method to evolve an understanding of emotional competence as shared by the children. They have illustrated the interplay of thoughts and feeling as a part of self- narratives. Pant and prakash (2004) have tried to replicate the findings using a standardized measure of E.I.They report low reliabilities and mixed relationships of E.I. with key variables. They tried to empiricallyexamine the relevance of the concept of E.I. and its assessment in Indian context. This study assesses the psychometric properties of the MEIS and whether it correlated with measures that are theoretically related to E.I.another study done by Shailendra Singh (2004) in the field of development of a self report measure of E.I is a modest attempt in Indian setting, based on the views of Goleman and has reported five factors of E.I. .He found encouraging results in the terms of the structure of E.I. and its value in organizational setting. Similarly Bhattacharya, Dutt & Mandal (2004) have tried developed a five factor measure of E.I. the result suggested that the construct of E.I. involve appraisal and experience of emotion for self and interpersonal situation in valence specific term (positive-negative).E.I. largely depends on the acceptability of an individuals emotional experience and behavior in the particular socio-cultural context, which is not emphasize in other scales. Pandey and Tripathi (2004) have reported developmental change in perception, recognition and identification of emotions in children from five age group developing a new measure of E.I. focusing on understanding emotions. Results indicated that there was increase in E.I. with age and females were more proficient in mangling and handling their emotions as well as of others. Results are discussed in the light of Indian socialization process. Tiwari and Srivastava, s (2004) work showed interesting linkages between E.I. and medium of instruction. it was noted that the children attending English medium schools scored higher followed by Hindi and mixed medium schools children,respectively.it was found that perceived environmental quality of home as well as school were positivelyrelated to E.I. scores. Lastly + +Nutan Thingujam (2004) has provided a completed and methodological overview of the present scenario. He critically evaluates the diverse proposals for ability, personalityand mixed models of E.I.He notes the strengths of the construct and reminds the readers about the various problems encountered at conceptual and methodological levels .he also noted the need of an awareness of the cultural context in conceptualizing and assessing E.I. development of an ability measure of E.I. in India should be done carefully with special reference to the diverse cultural context in which there is predominantly collectivistic culture values. +Further other research has been done in the field of emotions in the relation of disaster, care of Schizophrenic members in the familyand in the field of treatment, healing and rehabilitation. +On the basis of earlier researches in Indian context here in this paper effort has been made to see the effect of certain set of yogic practice on enhancing the level of emotional competence. +SMET +SMET is a set of techniques developed by SVYASA (Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 1986) Bangalore. It consists of theoretical as well as the practical inputs. The conceptual inputs are in areas like stress, executive growth, group dynamics, and stress physiology. The practical part consists of practices related to Cyclic Meditation and asanas including instant relaxation and deep relaxation. Cyclic Meditation is a combination of stimulation and relaxation, where relaxation period is longer than stimulation. This practice is based upon two principles i.e. depth of perception, and expansion of awareness. This study focused on measuring the level of emotional competence by using SMET program as an instrument to change. It was hypothesized that the SMET intervention would significantly enhance the EC among managers. +Methods +The sample consisted of 163 middle and top class and middle class employees from “Salora” company, the age range were between 25 to 50 years with mean and S.D (35.97 ± 5.40 ). The rank structure for the respondents varied from engineer to deputy managers, and length of service ranged between 5 to 20 years. Total sample size (163) was divided into two groups-Yoga group (81) and Control group (82). E.Q (Emotional Quotient) has been measured by using the emotional quotient questionnaire where 15 questions are asked for 15 situations developed by N.K.Chadha. E.C (Emotional Competence) A Scale developed by Sharma and Bhardwaj (1995) was used. It has 30 items to measure 5 emotional competencies i.e. adequate depth of feeling (ADF), adequate expressions +and control of emotions (AEC), ability to function with + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 1, June 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733 ...50... +EMOTIONAL DYNAMICS OF MANAGERS + +emotions (AFE), ability to cope with problem emotions (ACPE) and encouragement of positive emotions (EPE). The retest reliabilities of the five subscales ranged between .74to .90. The internal consistency estimates ranged between .71to .82. +Procedure +The E.I & E.C. Scale was administered to all the members participating in this study, before the intervention and after the intervention. The intervention which was given to yoga group was SMET programme, which consists of six lecture sessions as well as practical training for one hour everyday for one month, whereas control group was given only half an hour walking everyday in the evening and was told to write diaryabout their improvement. Theory: – Six lecture session based on Indian philosophy, name of lectures are as follows-Introduction to SMET (Self Management of Excessive Tension), Introduction to Stress Executive growth, Group dynamics, Stress research and stress physiology, SVYASA (Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana ) research. Practical: Starting prayer , Instant Relaxation Technique (I.R.T), adasana, Bhramari (Makara chanting), Centering, Ardhakatichakrasana, Quick Relaxation Technique (Q.R.T), Shasankasana with Makara chanting, Ustrasana with Aakara chanting,Deep Relaxation Technique (D.R.T),and Closing prayer. +Results and Discussion +The performances of the control and yoga intervention groups +on themeasureofE.I&ECareshown inTable1,2,3&4. + + +Table 1 : Test of Normality for E.I Pre EI Scores Kolmogorov-Smirnov (Sig.) +Yoga .200 +Control .200 + +Table 2 : Tests of Normality for E.C +Subscale of Group Kolmogorov- Shapiro-E.C Smirnov (sig.) Wilk (Sig.) +ECPREA Yoga .090 +Control .492 ECPREB Yoga .017 +Control .334 ECPREC Yoga .001 +Control .400 ECPRED Yoga .001 +Control .010 ECPREE Yoga .048 +Control .286 +Table 3 : Within and between group changes of EI Scores Group Pre-E.IScore Post-E.IScore pValue Yoga vs.control +Mean S.D Mean S.D Withingroup Betweengroup +Pairedttest Indep.ttest +YogaGroup 213.04 41.42 239.07 43.92 0.001 Pre-pre.867 +12.20% +ControlGroup 211.93 36.54 193.50 39.68 0.001 Post-Post.001 +8.70% + +The EI score increased by 12.20% points in yoga group while decreased by 8.70% in Control, significance of p < 0.001. Both changes were significant at (p<0.001). + + +Table 4 : Within and between group changes of EC Subscales + +GROUP + +Yoga + + + + + + + + +Control + + + + + + +Between + +Groups +Yvs. C + + +Pre (Mean±sd) + +Post(Mean±sd) + + +Change of mean + +P Value + +(WithinGroup) + +Pre (Mean±sd) + +Post(Mean±sd) + +Change of mean + +P Value + +(Within Group) + +Pre-pre + +Post-post + +ECA + +53.97±8.06 + +64.71±10.43 + + +18.04% + +0.001 + + +54.97±7.75 + +54.48 ±9.45 + +.89 % + +0.921 + + +0.594 + +0.001 + +ECB + +56.57±6.92 + +60.57±8.52 + + +7.07% + +0.001 + + +56.70±5.62 + +52.76±8.42 + +6.95% + +0.005 + + +0.935 + +0.001 + +ECC + +56.88±7.41 + +59.78±8.28 + + +5.10% + +0.005 + + +57.85±5.96 + +51.34±8.77 + +11.25% + +0.001 + + +0.836 + +0.001 + +ECD + +57.47±5.95 + +62.20±7.81 + + +8.23% + +0.001 + + +57.89±5.95 + +53.14±9.01 + +8.21% + +0.002 + + +0.658 + +0.001 + +ECE + +58.82±6.80 + +61.85±7.68 + + +5.16% + +0.001 + + +59.19±7.71 + +50.14±9.11 + +15.29% + +0.001 + + +0.760 + +0.001 + +TOTAL + +283.74±25.11 + +309.13±38.04 + + +8.94% + +0.001 + + +192.44±136.58 + +175.84±127.51 + +8.62% + +0.001 + + +0.002 + +0.001 + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 1, June 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733 ...51... +EMOTIONAL DYNAMICS OF MANAGERS + +The E.C Subscale scores increased by 5 to 18 % in yoga group while decreased by 1 to 15% in Control. Both changes were significant at (p<0.001) (Within groups – Wilcoxon signed rank test). +Highly Significant increase in EC Subscale scores in Yoga group compared to Control group (p<0.001) (Between groups Mann-Whitney U test) +Conclusion: The present study clearly indicates that SMET intervention contributed to better E.I & EC. In general the participating executives reported improvement in efficiency at work. In addition they have experienced other benefits like reduction in blood pressure, sleep decreases in the consumption of the tranquilizers, clarityin thinking, and relaxed feeling in action. Earlier research on occupational stress level and physiological responses (Vempati & Telles, 2000) and level of oxygen consumption and respiration following SMET program (Telles, Reddy& Nagendra, 2000) have indicated positive benefits of the SMET program. This study lends further support to the supposed linkages between SMET and its health related psychological consequences. However, there is need for a more detailed study to spell out the processes and mechanisms of SMET intervention. +References +Bhalla,S.& Nauriyal,D.K., (2004) The Emergingparadigm in personnel Dynamics, journal of National Academy of Psychology,vol-49,97-106 +Bhattacharya,M., Dutta,K.A.,& Mandal.,K.M. (2004) Factor Structure of Emotional Intelligence in India,Journal of National academy of psychology,vol-49,142-146 +Chadha,N.K.(1998).Indian Prime Ministers and Their E.Q.(Unpublished) +Goleman, Daniel (1996). Emotional intelligence: Why it can more matter than I.Q., NewYork: Bantam Books. Goleman Daniel (1998). Working with Emotional +Intelligence, NewYork: Basic Books. +Mc. Clelland, D.C. (1975). Power: The inner experience. NewYork: Irvington Press +Mc Clelland, D. C. (1998). Identifying competencies with behavioral –event interview, Psychological Science, 9(5), 331-340 +Nagendra.H.R, & Nagarathn.R (1986). New Prospective in Stress Management, SVYASA (Swami Vivekananda yoga Anusandhana Samsthana) Publication. +Pandey,.R &Tripathi,.N.A. (2004) Development of + +Emotional Intelligence :Some Preliminary observations Journal of National Academy of psychology,,vol-49,147-150 +Pant, N. & Prakash,A.(2004) Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS) in India: An Evaluation , Journal of National Academy of Psychology,vol-49,128-135 +Salovey Peter & Mayer John (1995). E.I. Consortium at www.eiconsortium.com. +Sharma,B.& Sharma,N.(2004) Emotional Competence in children: a Qualitative Approach, Journalof National academy of Psychology, vol-49,124-127 +Sharma.H.C. & Bhardwaj, B.L. (1995). Manual for the scale of emotional competency. Agra: Mapan. +Sibia,G.Misra,G. & Srivastava,K.A.(2004) Towards Understanding Emotional Intelliegnce in Indian context (perspectives of parents, teachers and childrens ) journal of National academy of Psychology,vol-49,114-123 +Singh Dalip (2001). Emotional intelligence at work. New Delhi: Sage. +Singh, S. (2004) Development of a Measure of Emotional intelligence, Journal of Naational Academy of Psychology, vol-49,136-141 +Sinha ,A.K.,Jain & Jain, A.K.(2004) imperative for the organizationally relevant outcomes, journal of National Academy of Psychology, vol-49,81-96 +Srivastava,K.B.L.& Bharamamaikar,S.R.,(2004) Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Behavior , Journal of National Academy of Psychology,vol-49,107-113 +Telles, Shirley , Redddy, S.K. & Nagendra, H.R. (2000). Oxygen consumption and respiration following two days yoga relaxation techniques. Applied Psychology and Biofeedback, 25, no24 +Thingujam.,N.S., (2004) Current Trend &Future Perspective on E.I.,Journal of National Academy of Psychology,vol-49,155-166 +Tiwari.,P.S.N.&Srivastava,.N.(2004) Schooling and Development of Emotional Intelligence , Journal of National Academy of psychology,vol-49,151-154 +Vempati R.P. & Telles, Shirley(2000). Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program. Journal of Indian +Psychology, 18, no 1& 2. + + + + + + + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 1, June 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733 ...52... diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET program base lifestyle on state anxiety on managers conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET program base lifestyle on state anxiety on managers conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec4029ce3140bf4f21d75cb971b217b49ed2c481 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET program base lifestyle on state anxiety on managers conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,520 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +EFFECT OF SMET PROGRAM BASE LIFESTYLE ON STATE ANXIETY ON MANAGERS + + +Shatrughan Singh, M.Sc.,Balram Pradhan, Ph.D.,Nagendra HR. Ph.D. + + + + + +Division of Yoga and Management, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bengaluru + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +All correspondence related to this article has to be addressed to: + +Dr. H. R. Nagendra, Eknath Bhavan, #19, Gavipuram Circle, Bangalore 560 019, Phone numbers 080 2263 9961, E-mail address: hrnagendra@gmail.com + +ABSTRACT + +Objective +To determine the short term effect of SMET programed on top executive managers. Design +73 managers were participated in a five days Yoga based stress management program. The session was comprised of lecture on stress, mediation techniques, devotional sessions, discorses on Bhagavadgita, and practical seesions SMET. +Main outcome measures +The pre- and post SMET effects were mesured using the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results +Thre were significant reduction in state anxiety after five days, Changes from pre to post-session assessments suggested improvement in anxiety score (10.45%, p<0.001) +Conclusion +The reduction anxiety score may have contributed due to impact of different yoga techniques and well-structured lifestyle intervention supervised program. +Key word: Anxiety, managers, STAI, self-management of excessive tension. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + +INTRODUCTION +Yoga is an ancient Indian science which helps to improve physical, mental, social and spiritual + +health. To achiev the state of health various yoga techchniques have been used as a tool. Patanjali has precribed eight limbs of yoga but most of the people very often used asana, pranayams, and mediation. Apart from conventional treatment many choose yoga as an atlenatve excecise. A article on yoga program reported combines meditation and regulated breathing (pranayamas) as a program called Siddha Samadhi Yoga, reduced scores of anxiety (state and trait), depression, and feelings of tension were reported [1]. Also some similar scientific studies on different study found improvement in stai including other measures immediate effect of relaxation responces, Deep Relaxation techniques [2]; cyclic meditation [3] showed reduction in State Anxiety. In a clinical randomize study Integrated approach of yoga therapy had positive effect on reducing pain, morning stiffness, state and trait anxiety, blood pressure and pulse rate in patients with OA knees[4]. + +Japan study showed the irrespective of age difference, yoga shown positive effect on different + +age group. Senior group (65 to 75 years) and Younger group (20 to 30 years) found reduction salivary amylase activity, State and Trait anxiety score following on month of Yoga practices of 90 minutes ones or twice for a month [5]. + +The pre and post Tai chi/yoga effects were found increase relaxation including decrease anxiety and a trend for increased EEG theta activity [6].Yoga program is helping to achieve relaxation and reduce stress which performs in a daily as their routine activities, and increases the quality of life in cancer patients measure by state and trait anxiety inventory [7]. + +Sahaja Yoga meditation is a safe and effective strategy for dealing with work stress and depressive feelings. The findings suggest that "thought reduction" or "mental silence" may have specific effects relevant to work stress and hence occupational health [8]. + +Job satisfaction, job involvement, goal orientation, effective organizational commitment and team building behavior are the five indicatore to measure the work attitude to improve the organizatioanl performance. This depends on the manager who works for its developments. Scientific investigation showed that Yoga Way of Life by managers had a significant positive impact on four out of five of these indicators of organizational performance indicators [9]. A + + + +2 + +study had shown improvements in Emotion intelligence [10] on the managers. Since, there is no study which evaluates the anxiety. Hence this study was attempted to investigate the State anxiety of the manager undergoing 5 days of SMET program was taken up. + +Material and Methods + +The present study consisted of 73 Managers (58 male; 15 Female) with the age range of (37 to 62 years) with a mean±SD of (52.38±5.02). All participants were from Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited. They were free from cognitive impairment but having mild form of physical illness. The signed informed consent forms were obtained from them after explaining them about detailed study design. The pre-post design for the present study due to fact that the participant staed over in a residential setup and all of them were sent by the ONGC to join this SMET program. Hence any kind of control group design was quite impractical in present conditions. + +Interventions + +All participants followed 5 days of a SMET based lifestyle modification based on the following + +schedule given in the Table 1 and Table 2. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +3 + +Table 1: The schedule of the Self –Management of Excessive Tension Program + + +Time Activity + +5.00 AM Ablution + +5.30 AM Prayer (Prathasmaran) + + + +6.00 AM Asana / Special yoga technique + +Time Activity + +3.00 PM SMET lecture session 2 + +4.00 PM SMET practice (Cyclic Meditation) + +5.00 PM Tuning to nature + + +7.15 AM Friendship meet (Maitri Milan)- 6.00 PM Devotional session(Bhajan) + +Gita sloka chanting and discourse(Satsang) + + +8.00 AM + + + +9.30 AM + +10.30 + +AM + +11.30 AM + +12.05 PM + +Breakfast + + + +SMET lecture session-1 + +SMET practice (Cyclic + +Meditation) + +Milk or Ayurvedic Tea (Malt) + + + +Special yoga techniques + +6.45 PM + + + +7.30 PM + +8.30 PM + + + +9.15 PM + + + +10.00 PM + +MSRT(Mind Sound + +Resonance technique) + +Dinner + +Happy assembly (Yogagame + +session)/ Cultural program + +Group discussion/ Self practice + + + +Lights off + + +1.00 PM Lunch and rest + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +4 + +Table 2: Lecture sessions during Self –Management of Excessive Tension Program. + + +Sl.No Session 1 + +1 Concept of stress + +2 Stimulation- Relaxations + +3 Stress levels and its release + +4 Executive growth + +5 Group awareness + +Session 2 + +Stress-induced problem and management + +Stress and its management according to yoga + +Recognition of stress is half the solution + +Depth of perception and awareness + +Progress in tune with nature + + + + + +Cyclic Meditation + +The SMET program is based on the cyclic Mediation which was developed at Swami Vivekananda Yoga Research Foundation to combat the stress of excessive tension [11]. Cyclic meditation is repetition of cyclic order of dharana and dhyana phase of yoga component. These components trained the practitioner to develop mental wakefulness, vigilance, concentration without getting disturbed by stress and distracted thoughts; they were able to reach to a state of mental equilibrium. The practitioner trained himself to recognize distracted thought (stress and tension) and gradually converted it into the focused or attentive thought (Relaxation). + +Throughout the Cyclic Meditation practice subjects kept their eyes closed, and followed the instructions given by the instructor. The instructions emphasized carrying out the practice slowly, with awareness and relaxation. The practice began by repeating a verse from the yoga text, the Mandukya Upanishat [12]; followed by isometric contraction of the muscles of the body ending with supine rest; slowly coming up from the left side and standing at ease (called tadasana) and ‘balancing’ the weight on both feet, called centering; then the first actual posture, bending to the right (ardhakatichakrasana); a gap of few min in täòäsana with instructions about relaxation and awareness; bending to the left (ardhakatichakrasana); a gap as before for few min; forward bending (padahastasana; another gap similarly as given earlier; backward bending (ardhacakrasana); and slowly coming down in the supine posture with instructions to relax + + + +5 + +different parts of the body in sequence. The postures were practiced slowly, with awareness of all the sensations that are felt. The key features of cyclic meditation are (i) postures interspersed with relaxation, (ii) slowness of movements, (iii) continuity, (iv) inner awareness, (v) feeling of heart beat, changes in blood flow and sound resonance, and (vi) recognition of linear, surface, three-dimensional and all pervasive awareness. + +Assessments + +State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was given before and after 5 days of SMET programm to + +assess change in State anxiety. The State anxiety evaluates how respondents feel right now which consisted 20 questions and each question is rated 1 to 4. In responding to the STAI S-Anxiety scale, partiipants rated on the standard test form to the right of each item statement, which describes their feeling 1) not at all, 2) somewhat, 3) moderately so, 4) very much so. The questionnairs consisted of both anxiety questions and anxiety absent questions. The score of the anxiety present items are the same as the respondent rated in the test form i.e. 1,2,3, and 4 whereas items are reversed for the anxiety absent items scored as 4,3,2,1 for 1,2,3,4 respectively. Scores for the STAI scales ranges from 20 to 80 [13]. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +6 + +DATA ANALYSIS + +The data were analyzed using SPSS 16. Twelve participants were excluded from the final analysis because they were not given the post assessment. The paired‘t’ test used to compared the pre and post of state anxiety score. + +RESULTS + +There was a significant different in state anxiety score (P<0.001, 10.45%) compared to its base + +line. + +Table 3 State anxiety score pre and post 5 days of SMET program. Values are Group Mean and Standard Deviations. + + +Variables + + + + +Total Score + + + +Assessments + +Pre + +Post + + + +Score (n=73) + +33.0 ±9.59 + +29.55±6.29*** + +Percentage + +changes + + + +10.45% + + + +p-values + + + +P< 0.001 + + +*** P < 0.001, pre compared with post using paired‘t’ test. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +7 + +DISCUSSIONS + +The present study showed an imoprovement of 10.45% in anxiety reduction following 5 days an integrated yoga-based SMET programed attended by top-executive managers. In the previous study, there was a 6% reduction was seen followigng immmediate effect a combined form of 20-minute of tai chi/yoga [6], 13.88% reduction in state anxiety followong yoga based lifestyle intervention [14]. + +Scientific investigation had showed reduction in anxiety through relaxaion techniques [15], systemic review on yoga [16], with six session of yoga programed on dementia caregiver [17], and a week yoga program amonge flood surviors [18], 20 yoga sessions programe in participant diagnosed with anger and anxiety symptoms [19]. These reports and the present study results suggested the followed 5 days of a SMET based lifestyle modification training programed may improved anxiety score. + +The limitaion of the present study were (i) with short duration of intevetion (ii) simple pre-post + +design where it is difficult to identify the exact effect of perticular intervention. Further study need to be done with ramdomize control with an exteded time dutration on intervention with objective measure such as cotisol level and other stress indicator vriable which will give insight to understand machanism. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +8 + +REFFERENCES + +1. Kozasa, E.H., et al., Evaluation of Siddha Samadhi Yoga for anxiety and depression symptoms: a preliminary study. Psychol Rep, 2008. 103(1): p. 271-4. +2. Khemka, S.S., N.H. Rao, and R. Nagarathna, Immediate effects of two relaxation techniques on healthy volunteers. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 2009. 53(1): p. 67-72. +3. Subramanya, P. and S. Telles, Effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on memory scores and state anxiety. Biopsychosoc Med, 2009. 3: p. 8. +4. Ebnezar, J., et al., Effect of integrated yoga therapy on pain, morning stiffness and anxiety in osteoarthritis of the knee joint: A randomized control study. Int J Yoga, 2012. 5(1): p. 28-36. +5. Gururaja, D., et al., Effect of yoga on mental health: Comparative study between young and senior subjects in Japan. Int J Yoga, 2011. 4(1): p. 7-12. +6. Field, T., M. Diego, and M. Hernandez-Reif, Tai chi/yoga effects on anxiety, heartrate, EEG and math computations. Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2010. 16(4): p. 235-8. +7. Ulger, O. and N.V. Yagli, Effects of yoga on the quality of life in cancer patients. Complement Ther Clin Pract, 2010. 16(2): p. 60-3. +8. Manocha, R., et al., A randomized, controlled trial of meditation for work stress, anxiety and depressed mood in full-time workers. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2011. 2011: p. 960583. +9. Adhia, H., H. Nagendra, and B. Mahadevan, Impact of yoga way of life on organizational performance. Int J Yoga, 2010. 3(2): p. 55-66. +10. Ganpat, T.S. and H.R. Nagendra, Yoga therapy for developing emotional intelligence in mid-life managers. J Midlife Health, 2011. 2(1): p. 28-30. +11. Nagendra, H.R. and R. Nagarathna, New perspectives in stress management. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Publications. , 1997. +12. Chinmayananda, S., Mandukya Upanisad. Sachin publishers, Bombay. Sachin publishers, Bombay., 1984. 1(5): p. 386-91. +13. Spielberger, C.D., R.L. Gorsuch, and R.E. Lushene, Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. . Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. +14. Gupta, N., et al., Effect of yoga based lifestyle intervention on state and trait anxiety. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 2006. 50(1): p. 41-7. + + +9 + +15. Smith, C., et al., A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complement Ther Med, 2007. 15(2): p. 77-83. +16. Kirkwood, G., et al., Yoga for anxiety: a systematic review of the research evidence. Br J Sports Med, 2005. 39(12): p. 884-91; discussion 891. +17. Waelde, L.C., L. Thompson, and D. Gallagher-Thompson, A pilot study of a yoga and meditation intervention for dementia caregiver stress. J Clin Psychol, 2004. 60(6): p. 677-87. +18. Telles, S., et al., Post traumatic stress symptoms and heart rate variability in Bihar flood survivors following yoga: a randomized controlled study. BMC Psychiatry, 2010. 10: p. 18. +19. Shapiro, D., et al., Yoga as a Complementary Treatment of Depression: Effects of Traits and Moods on Treatment Outcome. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2007. 4(4): p. 493-502. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +10 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET yoga program on Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Occupational Stress of employees_ a randomised controlled study conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET yoga program on Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Occupational Stress of employees_ a randomised controlled study conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f282702bb03ef11d7184d19c80927b47f919764 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET yoga program on Organisational Citizenship Behaviour and Occupational Stress of employees_ a randomised controlled study conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees_ a randomised controlled study conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees_ a randomised controlled study conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59d164325c9a4ae4fa564459216bd1f2b7efb312 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees_ a randomised controlled study conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,903 @@ +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees; a randomised controlled study. + +Jyothi Vasu +Research Scholar, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + + + +Towards the partial fulfillment of Doctoral degree in Yoga + + +under the guidance of + +Sony KumariM.A., PhD +Professor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + + +and co-guidance of + +K. B. AkhileshM.S., PhD +Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + +H. R. NagendraM.E., PhD + +Chancellor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + +The Division of Yoga & Management +Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (SVYASA- A university established under section 3 of the UGC Act. 1956) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 203 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Abstract + + +Background : + +This study seeks to investigate the impact of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) yoga program on changes in Positive and Negative affectivity of the employees. +Materials and methods: It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group) intervention study with pre and post assessments. SMET yoga program is used as an intervention.A sample of 240 employees (120-Yoga and 120-Control group) consisting of both male and female, working for a BPO office in Bengaluru, India belonging to an age group of 20-45 years participated in the study. PANAS scale was used to administer the study parameters. Data was analysed by using SPSS software. +Results:A considerable variation in mean values (difference in pre and post data) were observed after SMET intervention for various dimensions ofPositive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Schedule (PANAS). The results were found to be significant with p < 0.05. +Conclusions: Studyshowed that SMET helped to increase Positive affectivity and to reduce the Negative affectivity of the employees. + +Key words: Cyclic Meditation, Negative Affectivity,Personality Traits, Positive Affectivity, SMET, Yoga + + + +Background: + +The word "personality" originates from the Latin word persona, which means mask (Stevko, 2014). In French, it is equivalent to personalete. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviours consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes (Srivastava & Mishra, 2016). It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress. + +Personality affects all aspects of a person's performance, even how he reacts to situations on the job. Not + +every personality is suited for every job position, so it's important to recognize personality traits and pair + +employees with the duties that fit their personalities the best. This can lead to increased productivity and job satisfaction, helping your business function more efficiently. + +Introduction: + +Positive Affectivity: + +Positive Affectivity (PA) is a personality characteristic that describes how humans experience positive emotions while interacting with others and with their surroundings. Those with high positive + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 204 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +affectivity are typically enthusiastic, energetic, confident, active, and alert. Those having low levels of positive affectivity can be characterized by sadness, lethargy, distress, and un-pleasurable engagement (Watson et al, 1988). + + +Positive affect reflects neither a lack of negative affect, nor the opposite of negative affect, but is a + +separate, independent dimension of emotion. Positively affected people are said to be more active physically, socially, mentally and emotionally (Watson &Tellegen, 1988a). + + +Positive affectivity is a managerial and organizational behavior tool used to create positive environments + +in the workplace. Through the use of PA, the manager can induce a positive employee experience and culture. The positive affectivity hypothesis predicts that employees with positive dispositions receive more supervisor support because they are more socially oriented and likable.PA can be measured as both a state and a trait; state affect captures how a person feels at any given time while trait affect is the tendency of a person to experience a particular affective state over time (Watson and Pennebaker, 1989). + + +PA helps individuals to process emotional information accurately and efficiently, to solve problems, to make plans, and to earn achievements. Psychological capital (PsyCap) refers to an individual’s positive psychological state of development and is characterised by positive affectivity, self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism. + + +PA may influence to enhance the personal resources which can help to overcome or deal with distressing situations. These resources are physical (e.g., better health), social (e.g., social support networks), intellectual and psychological (e.g., resilience, optimism, and creativity). PA provides a psychological break or relief from stress, supporting continued efforts to replenish resources depleted by stress.Its buffering functions provide a useful antidote to the problems associated with negative emotions and ill health due to stress. Likewise, happy people are better at more mature coping efforts than people with negative emotions. + + +Negative Affectivity: + +Negative Affect (NA) is a dimension of subjective distress that includes a variety of adverse mood states, including anger, contempt, disgust, fear, and nervousness (Watson et al., 1988). NA, like PA, can be measured as both a state and a trait and has been linked to both subjective and objective health indicators. State NA has been linked to increased same-day pain (Gil et al., 2003) and decreases in self-reported health (Benyamini et al., 2000). Evans and Egerton (1992) found that state NA led to a higher incident of + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 205 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +colds. Burnout is a negative affective state caused by recurring distress (Shirom, 1989).Negative affectivity is a stable and inherited disposition to experience nonspecific distress or unpleasant emotions (Clark et al. 1994). It is considered by some to be synonymous with the personality factor of neuroticism, which corresponds to individuals’ tendency to experience negative affect states (Costa and McCrae 1980; Watson et al. 1988a). + +It is important to an organisation that its employees must be emotionally balanced. The greatest competitive advantage for an organisation’seconomy is a positive workforce. Therefore it is important for organisations to find ways to enhance their employees’ positive psychological states of mind and decrease their negative emotions i.e. their psychological capital, to achieve desired organisational outcomes. + +Negative affectivity (NA) is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Watson and Clark (1984) proposed that negative affectivity encompasses a range of constructs including trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, and maladjustment, among others. Negative affectivity roughly corresponds to the dominant personality factor of anxiety/neuroticism that is found within the Big Five personality traits as emotional stability. Neuroticism can plague an individual with severe mood swings, frequent sadness, worry, and being easily disturbed, and predicts the development and onset of all common mental disorders.Research shows that negative affectivity relates to different classes of variables such as, self-reported stress and poor coping skills, health complaints, and frequency of unpleasant events. Weight gain and mental health complaints are often experienced as well. + + +Negative affectivity is considered a general risk factor for a range of physical and mental health problems, which frequently co-occur. For example, someone experiencing one negative mood state (e.g., sadness) is likely to report greater levels of other negative mood states such as fear or anger (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2010). As a trait, negative affectivity is considered a broad predisposition to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, fear, and sadness (Watson et al. 1988b). Indeed, negative affectivity is associated with a range of psychopathology, including eating disorders (Cook et al. 2014; Stice 2002), substance use disorders (Cook et al. 2014), schizophreniaspectrum disorders (Blanchard et al. 1998), personality disorders (Zeigler-Hill and Abraham 2006), and a variety of health concerns (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2014). Additionally, negative affectivity is theorized to play an etiological role accounting for the overlap in negative emotional disorders of anxiety and depression (Clark and Watson 1991). + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 206 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Further, negative affect was identified as one of five “core elements” of personality along with detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism (Krueger et al. 2012), emphasizing the role of negative affectivity not only in personality disorders but also personality at a broader level. Notably, negative affectivity is theorized to be a preexisting temperamental disposition, occurring prior to the onset of specific pathology. Prospective studies have found negative affectivity to predict later onset of a range of problems including mental health, hypertension, and substance abuse (Craske et al. 2001; Jonas and Lando 2000; Measelle et al. 2006; Pine et al. 1998). Overall, available works suggest negative affectivity is a consistent marker of distress across a range of presenting problems and plays an etiological role in their onset. + +Hence employees having more negative affectivity trait cannot use their maximum potential and hence will find it difficult to give their fullest to the organization. Therefore these employees may be assisted to decrease their negative affectivity, so that they would be able to work more efficiently and contribute positively to the growth and success of the organization. + + +Stress Management programs (SMP) are conducted in organisations to help employees to overcomephysical and mental imbalances. Though everyone is unique, we all possess certain traits that set us apart from the rest, for many reasons. These traits define who we are and how we respond to situations. We only need to ignite that dormant passion and give a boost to our persona. + + +The Stress Management programs assists individuals to effectively manage the imbalance in healthy ways, including - exercising, seeking social support, using pleasant activities and relaxation techniques. The Stress Management training program in the workplace builds on the better Work-Life balance. Studies on Stress Management programs suggests that these comprehensive programs can improve mental health, behaviour and well-being of workers. +Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the imbalances enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension(SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based stress management program developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 207 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +YOGA: + +Yoga is a conscious process of gaining mastery over the mind. It’s a process of elevating oneself through calming of mind. + +The great sage Patanjali ‘father of yoga’ uses the word ‘Klesha’ in his ‘Yoga Sutras’ for stress and + +proposes the techniques of yoga for reducing (thinning) stress. It will not be a sudden elimination but gradual systematic process of moving from higher stress levels to lower ones and slowly eliminating. + +According to ‘Bhagavadgita’ (2 - 62, 63), by using the technique of yoga, we learn to expand our + +horizons, increase our capacities and manifest our dormant potentialities. + + +Hence yoga is one of the popular ways to reduce physical and mental imbalances to a greater extent. It helps to set right the defects in different koshas. The negative emotions like Negative Affectivity can be minimised which helps to develop confidence, to increase optimism, enthusiasm and other positive characters. An employee with more positivities, tries to improve his performance and in turn strives for the growth of the organisation and also helps to achieve its goals and targets. + +Benefits of Yoga : + +Yoga offers man a conscious process to solve menacing problems of unhappiness, restlessness, emotional upset, hyper-activity and so on. + +It helps to evoke the hidden potentialities of man in a systematic and scientific way by which man becomes a complete individual. His physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and intellectual faculties develop in a harmonious and integrated manner to meet the all-round challenges of the modern technological era with its hectic speed. + +It also helps for muscular relaxation, developing willpower and improving creativity. + +SMET- Self-Management of Excessive Tension + +Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) module is a holistic yoga-based stress management program which is developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. Yoga offers total rehabilitation by integrated module of SMET. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 208 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +SMET is based on MāndukyaUpanishad consisting of Yogic science and Vedic ideology for combating physical and mental imbalances and ensuring all round health of the body and mind combined. It is a series of successive stimulations and relaxations that can solve the complex problems of the mind. It helps to release stress at deeper levels. This technique is interspersed and an aspirant finds it easy in comparison with other practices of yoga. + + +The cardinal principles of Yoga are; “stimulation and relaxation of the body; slow down the breath and calm down the mind”. Crystallizing such principles into practical techniques, S-VYASA has developed highly effective programs of stress management, offered under the following four headings: + + +1. Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT) 2. Quick Relaxation Technique (QRT) 3. Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT) +4. Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) + + +Aim and Objectives of SMET: 1. Stimulate the mind. +2. Calm down the distractions. 3. Recognize the Stagnations. +4. Achieve peace and happiness. + +5. Enhancing the efficiency of staff involved in management and other stream 6. Promoting health and wellbeing through yoga +7. Recovering and managing various physical and mental aliments through specific yoga techniques. + +8. Improving the skills and equipoise in action by developing concentration and absolute focus towards work through various Yoga techniques. + + +Components of SMET : + +(a) Theory sessions - namely Lectures, Talks, Counselling, Discourses and + +(b) Practice sessions - Cyclic Meditation (CM) which includesÄsanas, Relaxation techniques and Meditation. + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 209 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Theory sessions - topics: + +1. Concept of Stress + +2. Growth of Executives 3. Group Dynamics +4. Introduction to SMET + +5. Recognition of problem is half solution 6. S-VYASA movement +7. Researches on SMET + +8. Benefits and Advantages of going through SMET program + + + +Practice session - Cyclic Meditation - CM: + +Cyclic Meditation is a practice, built on the principle of alternate Stimulation and Relaxation. This technique was developed by Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru. It is a simple and effective technique to relieve stress and induce deep sleep and relaxation. There are proven results that, CM can reduce the number of hours needed in order to feel rejuvenated. + +Cyclic Meditation involves the following steps : + +Step 1. Lie down in śavāsana and chant Opening Prayer “Layesambodhayetchittam……….” + +ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल३-४४॥ +layesaṃbodhayeccittaṃvikṣiptaṃśamayetpunaḥ | sakaṣāyaṃvijānīyātsamaprāptaṃnacālayet ||māndukyopaniśat kārika|| 3-44 || + +Meaning: If the mind becomes inactive in a state of oblivion awaken it again. If it is distracted,, bring it + +back to the state of tranquility. (In the intermediary state) know the mind containing within it desires in potential form. If the mind has attained the state of equilibrium, then do not disturb it again. + +Stimulate & awaken the sleeping mind, calm down the distractions, recognize the innate stagnations & stay in steadiness without disturbing it. + + +Step 2 (a) Perform IRT - Instant Relaxation Technique + +(b) Coming up to Tāḍāsanasthiti (standing position) – Linear awareness (c) Relaxation and centering in Tāḍāsana +Step 3. Standing asana - Perform Ardhakaṭicakrāsana (first right and then left ) + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 210 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +(a) Coming down tośavāsana from right side Step 4. Perform QRT - Quick Relaxation Technique +Step 5. Sitting āsanas - Sit up and relax in Danḍāsana (sitting with leg stretching) (a)Perform Vajrāsana +(b)Perform Sasankāsana and return to Vajrāsana (c) Perform Ardha-uśtrāsanaor uśtrāsana +(d) Relax in leg stretching sitting position (e) Go straight back to śavāsana +Step 6. Perform DRT – Deep Relaxation Technique + +(a) Come up straight and assume any sitting position -preferably Vajrāsana (b) Chant Closing Prayer “ Omsarvebhavantusukhinah…….” + +ॐललललल लललललल लललललल|ललललल ललललल लललललललल । +ललललल ललललललल लललललललल +|लल लललललललललललललललललललल । ॐललललललल ललललललल ललललललल ॥ + +sarve bhavantu sukhinah, sarve santu nirāmayāh, sarve bhadrāṇi paśyantu, mā kaścit duhkha bhāgbhavet; om ṣāntih ṣāntih ṣāntihi॥ + +Meaning: + + +May all become happy, May none fall ill; May all see auspiciousness everywhere, May none ever feel sorrow, Om peace peacepeace. + + +Need for the study : + +Physically healthy and mentally sound employees are the assets for an organisation.Improved Positive affectivity and reduced Negative affectivity of employees are considered to be very important factors which are necessary for the growth and success of an organization in achieving its goals. + +No studies have reported examining the impact of SMET Yoga Program on Positive and Negative + +affectivity. Hence the need. + +Study Rationale: + +There are many reasons for all sorts of physical, mental and emotional imbalances of a person. Hence these imbalances causes hindrances for an employee to work to his maximum potential or to exhibit positive characters. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 211 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +So by reducing theimbalance , one can maximize his potential and work with a healthy and positive state of mind. Keeping this aspect as a rationale, efforts have been made to improve the positive characters of employeesand to minimise theirnegative characters. +Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the Negative affectivity and improve positivity enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based stress management program developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, which has been used as an intervention in our study. + + +Aim: + +To study the impact of SMET yoga module on positive and negative characteristics of employees. + + +Objective: + + To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Positive affectivity of employees.  To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Negative affectivity of employees. + +Hypothesis: + +Null Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will not improve Positive affectivity and will not reduce Negative affectivity of the employees. +Research Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will improve Positive affectivity and will reduce Negative affectivity of the employees. + + +Research Methodology:- + +Research Design: + +It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group), intervention study with pre and post assessments. + +SMET program is used as an intervention. Yoga group will undergo SMET yoga program and Control group will be engaged in their routine work and they will undergo SMET program after the study. It will be a waitlist control group. + +Measures:- + +Dependant variables– Positive affectivity andNegative affectivity + +Independent variable –Job stress + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 212 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Control Variables – Age, Gender, Qualification, Designation, Job Tenure + +Research Instruments used: + +PANAS scale- developed by Watson, D.,Clark, L. A., &Tellengen, A., (1988) - measures 10 specific positive and 10 specific negative affects each at two different levels. It uses a 5-point scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to indicate the extent of generally feeling the respective mood state. The Authors calculated Cronbach á coefficients in different samples range from 0.90 to 0.96 for PA and from 0.84 to 0.87 for NA. + +Reliability and Validity: + +Reliability and Validity reported by Watson (1988) was moderately good. For the Positive Affect Scale, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.86 to 0.90; for the Negative Affect Scale, 0.84 to 0.87. Over a 8-week time period, the test-retest correlations were 0.47-0.68 for the PA and 0.39-0.71 for the NA. The PANAS has strong reported validity with such measures as general distress and dysfunction, depression, and state anxiety. + + +Samples : + +Source – The sampling technique used in this research is simple random sampling. Employees working + +for Vee-Technologies private Ltd., a BPO organisation at Bengaluru, India were selected randomly for the study. Subjects of the present study were from different departments of the organization like finance, HRM, production etc. and they belonged to the category of managers, non-managers and official staff of the organization. + +Criteria - Both male and female employees of 20 to 45 years of age group were selected. + +Size - Total of 240 employees participated in the study, out of which 120 belonged to ‘experimental Yoga group’ and 120 belonged to ‘waitlisted Control group’. + +Duration of the study :3 months, weekly 2 days, one hour session per day. Employees were asked to practice the same at home for the remaining 3 days of the week by listening to the instructions which were recorded by them. They self-reported their home practice. + + +Statistical Analysis: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 213 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +Results / Findings: + +The response choices of the scale used, consisted of a Likert type 5 point rating scale. + +As the data consists of scores given to the response choices, the variables under measurement are not normally distributed. Hence analysis was made using non-parametric tests. The Mann -Whitney U test is used to measure the significance of the data. + +Table 1 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Yoga group. + +In this table we can see that there is a significant change in the mean values of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This implies that SMET has a positive impact in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees. + +Table 2 shows median, mode and percentile values for yoga group of employees. + +Table 3 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Control group. + +In this table, there is not much difference in the mean values of the variables of pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program. + +Table 4 shows median, mode and percentile values for Control group of employees. + +Table 5 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Yoga group - employees. + +In this table we can see that there is a tremendous change in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This proves the positive effect of SMET in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees. + +Table 6 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Control group - employees. + +In this table, there is not much difference in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of the variables of pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program. + +Table 7 shows the actual significance values of the test for PANAS of employees of Yoga group. + +This table clearly shows the significance of data of each dimension of PANAS of Yoga group. Since the P value is < 0.05 in each case, it means to say that, Reject Null Hypothesis and Accept Research Hypothesis. + +The post data of different variables of Control group were not found to be significant for PANAS (p not less than 0.05) as per our observation. + +SMET has a positive impact on all the variables of PANAS. SMET has helped the employees in improving their Positive (characters) Affectivity and to reduce theirNegative (emotions) Affectivity to a maximum extent. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 214 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Discussions : + +Previous studies and research findings aboutSMET : + +A study on SMET, reported decrease in occupational stress levels and baseline autonomic arousal in managers, showing significant reduction in sympathetic activity (Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S. (2000)). Effectiveness of Self- Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) programme on emotional well-being of managers was studied.. In this study, Emotional Quotient was used as an indicator for emotional well-being. SMET intervention contributed to the betterment of emotional well- being of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study was made to assess the effect of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET), on brain wave coherence. Results of a study showed that participation in a SMET program was associated with improvement in emotional stability and may have implications for 'Executive Efficiency'. On the whole, significant increase in cognitive flexibility, intelligence and emotional stability were attained by following SMET (Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R. (2011)) .A study examined the possibility of enhancing emotional competence (EC) along with emotional Intelligence (EI) through Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program. The participating executives reported improvement in efficiency at work. In addition they have experienced other benefits like reduction in blood pressure, sleep decreases in the consumption of the tranquilizers, clarity in thinking, and relaxed feeling in action (Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R. (2013)). In another study, SMET intervention has again proved to contribute to significant enhancement of emotional competence level of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study evaluates the impact of a 5 day stress management programme (SMET) for managers as measured by AcuGraph3 - ‘Digital Meridian Imaging’ system. The 5 days SMET intervention increased overall ‘Prāṇic’energy in the main acupuncture meridian channels. The program significantly improved overall chi (Chinese term) energy. Chi energy would increase, both in individual meridians and the overall (Meenakshy K. B., Alex Hankey, HongasandraRamarao Nagendra. (2014)). A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 5 days yoga based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) on profile of mood states of managers. The negative moods were significantly reduced following SMET program. Whereas positive moods improved. The intense yoga based SMET program enhanced the profile of mood in managers (Rabindra M.A., Pradhan B. and Nagendra H.R, (2014)). SMET intervention with an insight of group dynamics & executive growth along with the practices proved to bring about a significant trend in scores which suggested that SMET as part of Yoga could be an effective tool for managing stress and hence enhancing managerial leadership (PadmavatiMaharana, DrSanjib Patra , Dr. T M Srinivasan, Dr. H R Nagendra,. (2014)). A study was conducted to examine the effect of Stress Management Programme, Self- Management of excessive Tension (SMET) on the managers. It was observed that significant improvement in health and personality traits were recorded (Rabindra Acharya, BalramPradhan and H. R. + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 215 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Nagendra (2017)). Effect of SMET Programme showed to improve the attention of top line managers in another study (Shatrughan Singh and Nagendra, H. R. (2012)). + + +Findings from the present study: + +In this study, 2 sub-scales were studied with the help of PANAS scale. + +It was observed that some positive changes happened in the employees who underwent SMET program as mentioned below for each sub-scale or component. + +Negative affectivity :Employees complaining about distress, upset, guilty, scare, hostile, irritability, + +ashamed, nervous, jittery or afraid became more confident, open minded, optimistic and also their participation and involvement increased to a greater extent after going through the SMET programme. + + +Positive Affectivity: The interest, excitement, strength, enthusiasm, pride, alertness, inspiration, determination, attentiveness, activeness and self-motivationof the employees improved noticeably who underwent SMET programme. + + +In total, this study has proved that SMET helps in improving the Positive affectivity of employees to a noticeable extent. It has also showed that the SMET has helped to a large extent in reducing the Negative affectivity of the employees to a minimum level which in turn increased their positivities. + + +Advantages of going through SMET Program : + + +This methodology has been formulated after years of in-depth study and research into actual case histories by highly qualified doctors and yoga experts. Professionals need sensitivity, brilliance and creativity. But in the process of career advancement one’s stress levels rise and this ultimately leads to deteriorating health. Also any activity related to computer leads to Musculoskeletal, Emotional and Visual problems. With SMET all these issues can be avoided or managed if they occur. + + +Over the last 25 years, these programs have been conducted at various business houses, factories, industries, and educational institutions, management development institutions and for the common public in general. Course participants have experienced deep relaxation resulting in great calmness of mind and body during the programs. Preliminary investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of this program in handling stress effectively. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 216 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +The program ushers in a new era in that, it brings about a ‘Turn around’ in the participant’s outlook, both official and personal and propels him along the path of progress towards efficiency, physical & mental equipoise. SMET improves the sharpness of the mind which is the decision making machinery, by inculcating techniques that help one to go to deeper and subtler levels of consciousness and gain mastery over the mind. It helps to provide the much needed - but denied unwittingly - relaxation to the body-mind complex and to break the shackles of baser thoughts besides elevating one to unlimited expansiveness of understanding - Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru ; founder of this module. + + +Importance of Positive and Negative affectivityof an employee for an organisation: + +Personality traits are extremely important in today’s competitive organisational setting. Employees + +individually possess diverse personality traits that may influence negatively or positively their performance of jobs assigned to them. It is therefore important that managers and organisational members take into account these important individual differences because realising these traits will help managers and colleagues to deal with employees’ job performance. + +Personality has received much attention from the research community in many contexts. In recent decades research on personality traits and its exploration in the context of work behavior has been revitalized . Personality trait is relatively stable and enduring individual tendency of reacting emotionally or engaging in a behavior in a certain way. Hence Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Here we study about two most important personality traits namely Positive affectivity and Negative affectivity of employees in an organisation. + +Conclusion: + +Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program deals with the employees (human beings as a whole), by approaching them in a holistic way to minimize their problems related to various areas of an organisation. SMET Program is exclusively and extensively developed for those having physical and mental imbalances due to various reasons such as work pressure,job stress and so on in specifically corporate world. The techniques are simple but very much effective if practiced regularly. In a very short span of time, the program helps to acquire the power to perform better, free from stress in a relaxed and balanced way. From this study we can see that SMET program contributes considerably to improve the positive behaviourof the employees and reduce their negativities at the same time. Hence it is suggestive that SMET intervention is a very effective way of enhancing employees’ potential to get the maximum benefit out of them and also to enhance their persona. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 217 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Limitations of the study: + +Although the study provided interesting insights, the study also has shortcomings. + +Firstly, the measures used in the study are self-report measures, whichtypically suffers the problem of a social desirability effect. Many a times, participants choose an ideal alternative instead of the truth. + +Secondly, this study is restricted to a private BPO organisation and the findings are provisional and cannot be generalized to other organizations in the same sector as well as to other sectors. Thus, the external validity of the study is low. + +Thirdly, the study has been conducted with a sample size of 120 respondents. More appropriate results could have been obtained if sample size would have been increased. + +In this study, three months intervention was given. Intervention period can be increased. Only one company /organization was studied. Studies can be conducted at different organisations. This could give stronger findings. + +The study would have brought more good results if the comparative analysis would have been made between males and females and between different variables. Some more demographic variables would have been selected to make the study more detailed one. + +Scope for future research : + +Some moderator and mediator variables like age, experience or gender variables can be considered to study the parameters and their consequences. Other possible negative consequences can also be studied to enrich this field of research. + +Future researchers may also wish to develop their own set of questionnaires. Future research can replicate the methodology adopted in the present study to other sectors. More studies can be carried out to find out the extent to which personality traits influences other perceptions of the organisation. The development of scientific and practical tools and techniques to implement the above findings can be a future initiative. + +Conflict of Interest Statement: + +The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 218 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +References: + +Benyamini, Y., Idler, E. L., Leventhal, H. and Leventhal, E. A. (2000). ‘Positive affect and function as influences on self-assessment of health: expanding our view beyond illness and disability’. Journals of Gerontology, 55B, 107–16. + +Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., &Bellack, A. S. (1998).Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(3), 413–424. + +Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 316–336. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 843X.100.3.316. + +Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Mineka, S. (1994). Temperament, personality, and the mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(1), 103–116. http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.1.103. + +Cook, B. J., Wonderlich, S. A., & Lavender, J. M. (2014). The role of negative affect in eating disorders and substance use disorders. In T. D. Brewerton & A. B. Dennis (Eds.), Eating disorders, addictions and substance use disorders (pp. 363–378). Berlin: Springer. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-45378-6_16. + +Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 668–678. http://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.668. + +Craske, M. G., Poulton, R., Tsao, J. C., &Plotkin, D. (2001). Paths to panic disorder/agoraphobia: An exploratory analysis from age 3 to 21 in an unselected birth cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(5), 556–563. http://doi. org/10.1097/00004583-200105000-00015. + +Evans, P. D. and Egerton, N. (1992). ‘Mood states and minor illness’. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 65, 177–86. + +Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R., “Effects of yoga on brain wave coherence in executives.”Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol 55(4), (2011), pp. 8-12. + +Gil, K. M., Carson, J. W., Porter, L. S., Ready, J., Valrie, C., Redding-Lallinger, R. and Daeschner, C. (2003).‘Daily stress and mood and their association with pain, health-care use, and school activity in adolescents with sickle cell disease’.Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28, 363–73. + +Jonas, B. S., &Lando, J. F. (2000).Negative affect as a prospective risk factor for hypertension. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(2), 188–196. http://doi.org/10. 1097/00006842-200003000-00006. + +Krueger, R. F., Derringer, J., Markon, K. E., Watson, D., &Skodol, A. E. (2012).Initial construction of amaladaptive personality trait model and inventory for DSM-5. Psychological Medicine, 42(9), 1879– 1890. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711002674. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 219 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R., “Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics of Managers.” Voice of Research, vol 2(1), 2013, pp. 49-52. + +Measelle, J. R., Stice, E., & Springer, D. W. (2006). A prospective test of the negative affect model of substance abuse: Moderating effects of social support. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(3), 225– 233. http://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.3.225. + +Meenakshy, K. B., Alex Hankey, HongasandraRamarao Nagendra, “Electrodermal Assessment of SMET Program for business executives.” Voice of Researchvol 2 (4), 2014, ISSN 2277-7733. + +PadmavatiMaharana , Dr. Sanjib Patra , Dr. T. M. Srinivasan, Dr. H. R. Nagendra, “Role of Yoga based + +stress management program towards leadership development in managers.” IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. vol 16(5) ver II, 2014, pp. 01-05, www.iosrjournals.org. + +Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998).The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(1), 56–64. http://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56. + +Rabindra Acharya, Balram Pradhan and H. R. Nagendra, “Effect of Stress Management Programmes on the Health and Personality Traits of Managers.”Indian Journal of Public Administration, vol 60(2),2017, pp. 350-359. + +Rabindra, M.A., Pradhan, B. and Nagendra, H.R., “Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers.” International Journal of Education & Management Studies, vol 4(2), 2014, pp. 150-152 http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/21#list© Indian Asociation of Health, Research and Welfare. +Shatrughan, Singh, and Nagendra, H. R., “Effect of SMET Programme on attention of top line managers.”Space, vol 3(3), 2012, pp. 20. + +Shirom, A. (1989). ‘Burnout in work organizations’.In Cooper, C. L. and Robertson, I. (Eds), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. New York: John Wiley, 25–48. + +Sony Kumari, N. C. B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R., “Enhancing emotional competence among managers – SMET.”Journal of the National Academy of Psychology (Psychological Studies), vol 52(2): 2007. pp.171-173. + +Srivastava1, A. & Mishra, A. (2016).A Study on the Impact of Big Five Personality Traits on Consciousness. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(2), 77 – 83. + +Stevko, R. (2014). Neurophysiology.Morrisville:Lulu + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 220 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(5), 825–848. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 2909.128.5.825. + +Stone, A. A., Cox, D. S., Vladimarsdottier, H. and Jandorf, L. (1987). ‘Evidence that secretory IgA antibody is associated with daily mood’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 988–93. + +Stone, A. A., Neale, J. M., Cox, D. S. and Napoli, A. (1994). ‘Daily events are associated with a secretory immune response to an oral antigen in men’. Health Psychology, 13, 400–18. + +Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S., “Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program.” Journal of Indian Psychology, vol 18(1 & 2), 2000, pp. 33-37. + +Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465–490. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465. + +Watson, D., Clark, L. A., &Tellegen, A. (1988a). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. http:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063. + +Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988b). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97(3), 346 .http://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.97.3. 346. + +Watson, D. and Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). ‘Health complaints, stress and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 234–54. + +Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2010). On the specificity of positive emotional dysfunction in psychopathology: Evidence from the mood and anxiety disorders and schizophrenia/schizotypy. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 839–848. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr. 2009.11.002. + +Watson, D., &Naragon-Gainey, K. (2014).Personality, emotions, and the emotional disorders. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(4), 422–442. http://doi.org/10. 1177/2167702614536162. + +Zeigler-Hill, V., & Abraham, J. (2006). Borderline personality features: Instability of self-esteem and affect. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(6), 668–687. http://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.668. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 221 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +TABLES + +Table 1 : PANAS – Yoga – Descriptive Statistics + +Descriptive Statistics + +N Range + +Posit_pre 120 10 + +Minimum + +11 + +Maximum + +21 + +Mean + +15.54 0.162 + +Std. Deviation 1.777 + +Variance + +3.158 + + + +Posit_post 120 9 Negat_pre 120 9 Negat_post 120 9 +Valid N 120 (listwise) + +40 49 44.79 40 49 44.60 +11 20 15.28 + +0.168 1.842 3.393 0.162 1.770 3.133 +0.152 1.670 2.789 + + + +*Posit_pre – Positive Affect pre data values,*Posit_post - Positive Affect post data values + +*Negat_pre –Negative Affect pre data values, * Negat_post - Negative Affect post data values + + + +Table 2 : PANAS – Yoga –Statistics + + + + + +N Valid +Missing + + +Posit_pre 120 +0 + +Statistics Posit_post 120 +0 + + +Negat_pre 120 +0 + + +Negat_post 120 +0 + +Std. Error of Mean 0.162 0.168 0.162 0.152 Median 16.00 45.00 44.50 15.00 Mode 16 45 43 16 + +Percentiles 25 50 +75 + +14.00 43.00 43.00 14.00 16.00 44.50 44.50 15.00 +17.00 46.00 46.00 16.00 + + + +Table 3 : PANAS –Control – Descriptive Statistics + +Descriptive Statistics + +N Rang Minimu e m +Posit_pre 120 10 11 +Posit_post 120 10 11 Negat_pre 120 9 40 Negat_post 120 9 40 +Valid N 120 (listwise) + +Maximu Mean m +21 15.38 0.166 +21 15.41 0.175 49 44.55 0.162 +49 44.67 0.163 + +Std. Deviation 1.820 +1.916 1.777 +1.789 + +Variance + +3.312 3.672 3.157 +3.199 + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 222 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +Table 4 : PANAS –Control –Statistics + +Statistics + + +N Valid +Missing + +Posit_pre 120 +0 + +Posit_post 120 +0 + +Negat_pre 120 +0 + +Negat_post 120 +0 + +Std. Error of Mean 0.166 0.175 0.162 0.163 Median 15.00 15.00 44.00 45.00 Mode 16 15 43 43a + +Percentiles 25 50 +75 + +14.00 14.00 43.00 43.00 15.00 15.00 44.00 45.00 +16.00 17.00 46.00 46.00 + + + +Mann Whitney U Test - Independent samples : + + + +Table 5 : PANAS – Yoga group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks + + + +Variable + +Posit_pre Negat_pre + +N Mean Sum of rank Ranks +120 1.53 183.6 120 3.45 414 + +Variable N + +Posit_post 120 Negat_post 120 + +Mean Sum of rank Ranks +3.55 426 1.47 176.4 + + + +Mann Whitney U Test - Independent samples : + +Table 6 : PANAS – Control group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks + + + +Variable + +Posit_pre Negat_pre + +N Mean Sum of rank Ranks +120 1.48 177.6 120 3.49 418.8 + +Variable N + +Posit_post 120 Negat_post 120 + +Mean Sum of rank Ranks +1.52 182.4 3.51 421.2 + + + +Table 7 : Hypothesis Test statistics summary + + +N = 120 +Degrees of freedom = 3 +Exact significance – 2*(1-tailed sig) = 0.00 Variable +Posit_post Negat_post + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 + + + + +Asymptotic Significance (2 sided Test) = 0.00 0.00 +0.00 + + + + + + +Page No: 223 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees_ a randomised controlled study. conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees_ a randomised controlled study. conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59d164325c9a4ae4fa564459216bd1f2b7efb312 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees_ a randomised controlled study. conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,903 @@ +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Effect of SMET yoga program on Positive and Negative Affectivity of employees; a randomised controlled study. + +Jyothi Vasu +Research Scholar, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + + + +Towards the partial fulfillment of Doctoral degree in Yoga + + +under the guidance of + +Sony KumariM.A., PhD +Professor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + + +and co-guidance of + +K. B. AkhileshM.S., PhD +Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + +H. R. NagendraM.E., PhD + +Chancellor, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + +The Division of Yoga & Management +Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (SVYASA- A university established under section 3 of the UGC Act. 1956) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 203 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Abstract + + +Background : + +This study seeks to investigate the impact of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) yoga program on changes in Positive and Negative affectivity of the employees. +Materials and methods: It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group) intervention study with pre and post assessments. SMET yoga program is used as an intervention.A sample of 240 employees (120-Yoga and 120-Control group) consisting of both male and female, working for a BPO office in Bengaluru, India belonging to an age group of 20-45 years participated in the study. PANAS scale was used to administer the study parameters. Data was analysed by using SPSS software. +Results:A considerable variation in mean values (difference in pre and post data) were observed after SMET intervention for various dimensions ofPositive Affectivity and Negative Affectivity Schedule (PANAS). The results were found to be significant with p < 0.05. +Conclusions: Studyshowed that SMET helped to increase Positive affectivity and to reduce the Negative affectivity of the employees. + +Key words: Cyclic Meditation, Negative Affectivity,Personality Traits, Positive Affectivity, SMET, Yoga + + + +Background: + +The word "personality" originates from the Latin word persona, which means mask (Stevko, 2014). In French, it is equivalent to personalete. Personality also refers to the pattern of thoughts, feelings, social adjustments, and behaviours consistently exhibited over time that strongly influences one's expectations, self-perceptions, values, and attitudes (Srivastava & Mishra, 2016). It also predicts human reactions to other people, problems, and stress. + +Personality affects all aspects of a person's performance, even how he reacts to situations on the job. Not + +every personality is suited for every job position, so it's important to recognize personality traits and pair + +employees with the duties that fit their personalities the best. This can lead to increased productivity and job satisfaction, helping your business function more efficiently. + +Introduction: + +Positive Affectivity: + +Positive Affectivity (PA) is a personality characteristic that describes how humans experience positive emotions while interacting with others and with their surroundings. Those with high positive + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 204 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +affectivity are typically enthusiastic, energetic, confident, active, and alert. Those having low levels of positive affectivity can be characterized by sadness, lethargy, distress, and un-pleasurable engagement (Watson et al, 1988). + + +Positive affect reflects neither a lack of negative affect, nor the opposite of negative affect, but is a + +separate, independent dimension of emotion. Positively affected people are said to be more active physically, socially, mentally and emotionally (Watson &Tellegen, 1988a). + + +Positive affectivity is a managerial and organizational behavior tool used to create positive environments + +in the workplace. Through the use of PA, the manager can induce a positive employee experience and culture. The positive affectivity hypothesis predicts that employees with positive dispositions receive more supervisor support because they are more socially oriented and likable.PA can be measured as both a state and a trait; state affect captures how a person feels at any given time while trait affect is the tendency of a person to experience a particular affective state over time (Watson and Pennebaker, 1989). + + +PA helps individuals to process emotional information accurately and efficiently, to solve problems, to make plans, and to earn achievements. Psychological capital (PsyCap) refers to an individual’s positive psychological state of development and is characterised by positive affectivity, self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism. + + +PA may influence to enhance the personal resources which can help to overcome or deal with distressing situations. These resources are physical (e.g., better health), social (e.g., social support networks), intellectual and psychological (e.g., resilience, optimism, and creativity). PA provides a psychological break or relief from stress, supporting continued efforts to replenish resources depleted by stress.Its buffering functions provide a useful antidote to the problems associated with negative emotions and ill health due to stress. Likewise, happy people are better at more mature coping efforts than people with negative emotions. + + +Negative Affectivity: + +Negative Affect (NA) is a dimension of subjective distress that includes a variety of adverse mood states, including anger, contempt, disgust, fear, and nervousness (Watson et al., 1988). NA, like PA, can be measured as both a state and a trait and has been linked to both subjective and objective health indicators. State NA has been linked to increased same-day pain (Gil et al., 2003) and decreases in self-reported health (Benyamini et al., 2000). Evans and Egerton (1992) found that state NA led to a higher incident of + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 205 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +colds. Burnout is a negative affective state caused by recurring distress (Shirom, 1989).Negative affectivity is a stable and inherited disposition to experience nonspecific distress or unpleasant emotions (Clark et al. 1994). It is considered by some to be synonymous with the personality factor of neuroticism, which corresponds to individuals’ tendency to experience negative affect states (Costa and McCrae 1980; Watson et al. 1988a). + +It is important to an organisation that its employees must be emotionally balanced. The greatest competitive advantage for an organisation’seconomy is a positive workforce. Therefore it is important for organisations to find ways to enhance their employees’ positive psychological states of mind and decrease their negative emotions i.e. their psychological capital, to achieve desired organisational outcomes. + +Negative affectivity (NA) is a personality variable that involves the experience of negative emotions and poor self-concept. Watson and Clark (1984) proposed that negative affectivity encompasses a range of constructs including trait anxiety, neuroticism, ego strength, and maladjustment, among others. Negative affectivity roughly corresponds to the dominant personality factor of anxiety/neuroticism that is found within the Big Five personality traits as emotional stability. Neuroticism can plague an individual with severe mood swings, frequent sadness, worry, and being easily disturbed, and predicts the development and onset of all common mental disorders.Research shows that negative affectivity relates to different classes of variables such as, self-reported stress and poor coping skills, health complaints, and frequency of unpleasant events. Weight gain and mental health complaints are often experienced as well. + + +Negative affectivity is considered a general risk factor for a range of physical and mental health problems, which frequently co-occur. For example, someone experiencing one negative mood state (e.g., sadness) is likely to report greater levels of other negative mood states such as fear or anger (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2010). As a trait, negative affectivity is considered a broad predisposition to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, fear, and sadness (Watson et al. 1988b). Indeed, negative affectivity is associated with a range of psychopathology, including eating disorders (Cook et al. 2014; Stice 2002), substance use disorders (Cook et al. 2014), schizophreniaspectrum disorders (Blanchard et al. 1998), personality disorders (Zeigler-Hill and Abraham 2006), and a variety of health concerns (Watson and Naragon-Gainey 2014). Additionally, negative affectivity is theorized to play an etiological role accounting for the overlap in negative emotional disorders of anxiety and depression (Clark and Watson 1991). + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 206 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Further, negative affect was identified as one of five “core elements” of personality along with detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism (Krueger et al. 2012), emphasizing the role of negative affectivity not only in personality disorders but also personality at a broader level. Notably, negative affectivity is theorized to be a preexisting temperamental disposition, occurring prior to the onset of specific pathology. Prospective studies have found negative affectivity to predict later onset of a range of problems including mental health, hypertension, and substance abuse (Craske et al. 2001; Jonas and Lando 2000; Measelle et al. 2006; Pine et al. 1998). Overall, available works suggest negative affectivity is a consistent marker of distress across a range of presenting problems and plays an etiological role in their onset. + +Hence employees having more negative affectivity trait cannot use their maximum potential and hence will find it difficult to give their fullest to the organization. Therefore these employees may be assisted to decrease their negative affectivity, so that they would be able to work more efficiently and contribute positively to the growth and success of the organization. + + +Stress Management programs (SMP) are conducted in organisations to help employees to overcomephysical and mental imbalances. Though everyone is unique, we all possess certain traits that set us apart from the rest, for many reasons. These traits define who we are and how we respond to situations. We only need to ignite that dormant passion and give a boost to our persona. + + +The Stress Management programs assists individuals to effectively manage the imbalance in healthy ways, including - exercising, seeking social support, using pleasant activities and relaxation techniques. The Stress Management training program in the workplace builds on the better Work-Life balance. Studies on Stress Management programs suggests that these comprehensive programs can improve mental health, behaviour and well-being of workers. +Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the imbalances enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension(SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based stress management program developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 207 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +YOGA: + +Yoga is a conscious process of gaining mastery over the mind. It’s a process of elevating oneself through calming of mind. + +The great sage Patanjali ‘father of yoga’ uses the word ‘Klesha’ in his ‘Yoga Sutras’ for stress and + +proposes the techniques of yoga for reducing (thinning) stress. It will not be a sudden elimination but gradual systematic process of moving from higher stress levels to lower ones and slowly eliminating. + +According to ‘Bhagavadgita’ (2 - 62, 63), by using the technique of yoga, we learn to expand our + +horizons, increase our capacities and manifest our dormant potentialities. + + +Hence yoga is one of the popular ways to reduce physical and mental imbalances to a greater extent. It helps to set right the defects in different koshas. The negative emotions like Negative Affectivity can be minimised which helps to develop confidence, to increase optimism, enthusiasm and other positive characters. An employee with more positivities, tries to improve his performance and in turn strives for the growth of the organisation and also helps to achieve its goals and targets. + +Benefits of Yoga : + +Yoga offers man a conscious process to solve menacing problems of unhappiness, restlessness, emotional upset, hyper-activity and so on. + +It helps to evoke the hidden potentialities of man in a systematic and scientific way by which man becomes a complete individual. His physical, mental, emotional, spiritual and intellectual faculties develop in a harmonious and integrated manner to meet the all-round challenges of the modern technological era with its hectic speed. + +It also helps for muscular relaxation, developing willpower and improving creativity. + +SMET- Self-Management of Excessive Tension + +Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) module is a holistic yoga-based stress management program which is developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru. It is a simple and easy technique to practice which is based on traditional concept of yoga for improving both internal and external well-being of an individual. It is specially suited to the modern day executives, professionals, management experts, housewives and others. Yoga offers total rehabilitation by integrated module of SMET. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 208 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +SMET is based on MāndukyaUpanishad consisting of Yogic science and Vedic ideology for combating physical and mental imbalances and ensuring all round health of the body and mind combined. It is a series of successive stimulations and relaxations that can solve the complex problems of the mind. It helps to release stress at deeper levels. This technique is interspersed and an aspirant finds it easy in comparison with other practices of yoga. + + +The cardinal principles of Yoga are; “stimulation and relaxation of the body; slow down the breath and calm down the mind”. Crystallizing such principles into practical techniques, S-VYASA has developed highly effective programs of stress management, offered under the following four headings: + + +1. Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT) 2. Quick Relaxation Technique (QRT) 3. Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT) +4. Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) + + +Aim and Objectives of SMET: 1. Stimulate the mind. +2. Calm down the distractions. 3. Recognize the Stagnations. +4. Achieve peace and happiness. + +5. Enhancing the efficiency of staff involved in management and other stream 6. Promoting health and wellbeing through yoga +7. Recovering and managing various physical and mental aliments through specific yoga techniques. + +8. Improving the skills and equipoise in action by developing concentration and absolute focus towards work through various Yoga techniques. + + +Components of SMET : + +(a) Theory sessions - namely Lectures, Talks, Counselling, Discourses and + +(b) Practice sessions - Cyclic Meditation (CM) which includesÄsanas, Relaxation techniques and Meditation. + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 209 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Theory sessions - topics: + +1. Concept of Stress + +2. Growth of Executives 3. Group Dynamics +4. Introduction to SMET + +5. Recognition of problem is half solution 6. S-VYASA movement +7. Researches on SMET + +8. Benefits and Advantages of going through SMET program + + + +Practice session - Cyclic Meditation - CM: + +Cyclic Meditation is a practice, built on the principle of alternate Stimulation and Relaxation. This technique was developed by Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru. It is a simple and effective technique to relieve stress and induce deep sleep and relaxation. There are proven results that, CM can reduce the number of hours needed in order to feel rejuvenated. + +Cyclic Meditation involves the following steps : + +Step 1. Lie down in śavāsana and chant Opening Prayer “Layesambodhayetchittam……….” + +ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल ललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललललल३-४४॥ +layesaṃbodhayeccittaṃvikṣiptaṃśamayetpunaḥ | sakaṣāyaṃvijānīyātsamaprāptaṃnacālayet ||māndukyopaniśat kārika|| 3-44 || + +Meaning: If the mind becomes inactive in a state of oblivion awaken it again. If it is distracted,, bring it + +back to the state of tranquility. (In the intermediary state) know the mind containing within it desires in potential form. If the mind has attained the state of equilibrium, then do not disturb it again. + +Stimulate & awaken the sleeping mind, calm down the distractions, recognize the innate stagnations & stay in steadiness without disturbing it. + + +Step 2 (a) Perform IRT - Instant Relaxation Technique + +(b) Coming up to Tāḍāsanasthiti (standing position) – Linear awareness (c) Relaxation and centering in Tāḍāsana +Step 3. Standing asana - Perform Ardhakaṭicakrāsana (first right and then left ) + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 210 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +(a) Coming down tośavāsana from right side Step 4. Perform QRT - Quick Relaxation Technique +Step 5. Sitting āsanas - Sit up and relax in Danḍāsana (sitting with leg stretching) (a)Perform Vajrāsana +(b)Perform Sasankāsana and return to Vajrāsana (c) Perform Ardha-uśtrāsanaor uśtrāsana +(d) Relax in leg stretching sitting position (e) Go straight back to śavāsana +Step 6. Perform DRT – Deep Relaxation Technique + +(a) Come up straight and assume any sitting position -preferably Vajrāsana (b) Chant Closing Prayer “ Omsarvebhavantusukhinah…….” + +ॐललललल लललललल लललललल|ललललल ललललल लललललललल । +ललललल ललललललल लललललललल +|लल लललललललललललललललललललल । ॐललललललल ललललललल ललललललल ॥ + +sarve bhavantu sukhinah, sarve santu nirāmayāh, sarve bhadrāṇi paśyantu, mā kaścit duhkha bhāgbhavet; om ṣāntih ṣāntih ṣāntihi॥ + +Meaning: + + +May all become happy, May none fall ill; May all see auspiciousness everywhere, May none ever feel sorrow, Om peace peacepeace. + + +Need for the study : + +Physically healthy and mentally sound employees are the assets for an organisation.Improved Positive affectivity and reduced Negative affectivity of employees are considered to be very important factors which are necessary for the growth and success of an organization in achieving its goals. + +No studies have reported examining the impact of SMET Yoga Program on Positive and Negative + +affectivity. Hence the need. + +Study Rationale: + +There are many reasons for all sorts of physical, mental and emotional imbalances of a person. Hence these imbalances causes hindrances for an employee to work to his maximum potential or to exhibit positive characters. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 211 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +So by reducing theimbalance , one can maximize his potential and work with a healthy and positive state of mind. Keeping this aspect as a rationale, efforts have been made to improve the positive characters of employeesand to minimise theirnegative characters. +Previous research studies have proved that yoga techniques can bring down the Negative affectivity and improve positivity enormously. Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) is one such holistic yoga-based stress management program developed by Swami Vivekananda Yoga AnusandhanaSamsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, which has been used as an intervention in our study. + + +Aim: + +To study the impact of SMET yoga module on positive and negative characteristics of employees. + + +Objective: + + To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Positive affectivity of employees.  To evaluate the impact of SMET yoga module on Negative affectivity of employees. + +Hypothesis: + +Null Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will not improve Positive affectivity and will not reduce Negative affectivity of the employees. +Research Hypothesis: SMET Yoga Module will improve Positive affectivity and will reduce Negative affectivity of the employees. + + +Research Methodology:- + +Research Design: + +It is a randomised two group (yoga and control group), intervention study with pre and post assessments. + +SMET program is used as an intervention. Yoga group will undergo SMET yoga program and Control group will be engaged in their routine work and they will undergo SMET program after the study. It will be a waitlist control group. + +Measures:- + +Dependant variables– Positive affectivity andNegative affectivity + +Independent variable –Job stress + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 212 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Control Variables – Age, Gender, Qualification, Designation, Job Tenure + +Research Instruments used: + +PANAS scale- developed by Watson, D.,Clark, L. A., &Tellengen, A., (1988) - measures 10 specific positive and 10 specific negative affects each at two different levels. It uses a 5-point scale (1 = very slightly or not at all, 5 = extremely) to indicate the extent of generally feeling the respective mood state. The Authors calculated Cronbach á coefficients in different samples range from 0.90 to 0.96 for PA and from 0.84 to 0.87 for NA. + +Reliability and Validity: + +Reliability and Validity reported by Watson (1988) was moderately good. For the Positive Affect Scale, the Cronbach alpha coefficient was 0.86 to 0.90; for the Negative Affect Scale, 0.84 to 0.87. Over a 8-week time period, the test-retest correlations were 0.47-0.68 for the PA and 0.39-0.71 for the NA. The PANAS has strong reported validity with such measures as general distress and dysfunction, depression, and state anxiety. + + +Samples : + +Source – The sampling technique used in this research is simple random sampling. Employees working + +for Vee-Technologies private Ltd., a BPO organisation at Bengaluru, India were selected randomly for the study. Subjects of the present study were from different departments of the organization like finance, HRM, production etc. and they belonged to the category of managers, non-managers and official staff of the organization. + +Criteria - Both male and female employees of 20 to 45 years of age group were selected. + +Size - Total of 240 employees participated in the study, out of which 120 belonged to ‘experimental Yoga group’ and 120 belonged to ‘waitlisted Control group’. + +Duration of the study :3 months, weekly 2 days, one hour session per day. Employees were asked to practice the same at home for the remaining 3 days of the week by listening to the instructions which were recorded by them. They self-reported their home practice. + + +Statistical Analysis: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 213 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +Results / Findings: + +The response choices of the scale used, consisted of a Likert type 5 point rating scale. + +As the data consists of scores given to the response choices, the variables under measurement are not normally distributed. Hence analysis was made using non-parametric tests. The Mann -Whitney U test is used to measure the significance of the data. + +Table 1 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Yoga group. + +In this table we can see that there is a significant change in the mean values of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This implies that SMET has a positive impact in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees. + +Table 2 shows median, mode and percentile values for yoga group of employees. + +Table 3 shows the Descriptive Statistics of the PANAS of the employees of Control group. + +In this table, there is not much difference in the mean values of the variables of pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program. + +Table 4 shows median, mode and percentile values for Control group of employees. + +Table 5 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Yoga group - employees. + +In this table we can see that there is a tremendous change in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of post data compared to pre data of all the variables. This proves the positive effect of SMET in improving the positive characters and reducing the negative characters of the employees. + +Table 6 shows the Mean Ranks and the sum of Ranks for PANAS of the Control group - employees. + +In this table, there is not much difference in the mean Ranks and sum of Ranks of the variables of pre and post data of the employees who have not participated in the SMET Yoga program. + +Table 7 shows the actual significance values of the test for PANAS of employees of Yoga group. + +This table clearly shows the significance of data of each dimension of PANAS of Yoga group. Since the P value is < 0.05 in each case, it means to say that, Reject Null Hypothesis and Accept Research Hypothesis. + +The post data of different variables of Control group were not found to be significant for PANAS (p not less than 0.05) as per our observation. + +SMET has a positive impact on all the variables of PANAS. SMET has helped the employees in improving their Positive (characters) Affectivity and to reduce theirNegative (emotions) Affectivity to a maximum extent. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 214 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Discussions : + +Previous studies and research findings aboutSMET : + +A study on SMET, reported decrease in occupational stress levels and baseline autonomic arousal in managers, showing significant reduction in sympathetic activity (Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S. (2000)). Effectiveness of Self- Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) programme on emotional well-being of managers was studied.. In this study, Emotional Quotient was used as an indicator for emotional well-being. SMET intervention contributed to the betterment of emotional well- being of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study was made to assess the effect of Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET), on brain wave coherence. Results of a study showed that participation in a SMET program was associated with improvement in emotional stability and may have implications for 'Executive Efficiency'. On the whole, significant increase in cognitive flexibility, intelligence and emotional stability were attained by following SMET (Ganpat, T. S., and Nagendra, H. R. (2011)) .A study examined the possibility of enhancing emotional competence (EC) along with emotional Intelligence (EI) through Self Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program. The participating executives reported improvement in efficiency at work. In addition they have experienced other benefits like reduction in blood pressure, sleep decreases in the consumption of the tranquilizers, clarity in thinking, and relaxed feeling in action (Kumari, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra H. R. (2013)). In another study, SMET intervention has again proved to contribute to significant enhancement of emotional competence level of the managers (Sony Kumari, N.C.B. Nath, and Nagendra, H. R. (2007)). A study evaluates the impact of a 5 day stress management programme (SMET) for managers as measured by AcuGraph3 - ‘Digital Meridian Imaging’ system. The 5 days SMET intervention increased overall ‘Prāṇic’energy in the main acupuncture meridian channels. The program significantly improved overall chi (Chinese term) energy. Chi energy would increase, both in individual meridians and the overall (Meenakshy K. B., Alex Hankey, HongasandraRamarao Nagendra. (2014)). A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 5 days yoga based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) on profile of mood states of managers. The negative moods were significantly reduced following SMET program. Whereas positive moods improved. The intense yoga based SMET program enhanced the profile of mood in managers (Rabindra M.A., Pradhan B. and Nagendra H.R, (2014)). SMET intervention with an insight of group dynamics & executive growth along with the practices proved to bring about a significant trend in scores which suggested that SMET as part of Yoga could be an effective tool for managing stress and hence enhancing managerial leadership (PadmavatiMaharana, DrSanjib Patra , Dr. T M Srinivasan, Dr. H R Nagendra,. (2014)). A study was conducted to examine the effect of Stress Management Programme, Self- Management of excessive Tension (SMET) on the managers. It was observed that significant improvement in health and personality traits were recorded (Rabindra Acharya, BalramPradhan and H. R. + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 215 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Nagendra (2017)). Effect of SMET Programme showed to improve the attention of top line managers in another study (Shatrughan Singh and Nagendra, H. R. (2012)). + + +Findings from the present study: + +In this study, 2 sub-scales were studied with the help of PANAS scale. + +It was observed that some positive changes happened in the employees who underwent SMET program as mentioned below for each sub-scale or component. + +Negative affectivity :Employees complaining about distress, upset, guilty, scare, hostile, irritability, + +ashamed, nervous, jittery or afraid became more confident, open minded, optimistic and also their participation and involvement increased to a greater extent after going through the SMET programme. + + +Positive Affectivity: The interest, excitement, strength, enthusiasm, pride, alertness, inspiration, determination, attentiveness, activeness and self-motivationof the employees improved noticeably who underwent SMET programme. + + +In total, this study has proved that SMET helps in improving the Positive affectivity of employees to a noticeable extent. It has also showed that the SMET has helped to a large extent in reducing the Negative affectivity of the employees to a minimum level which in turn increased their positivities. + + +Advantages of going through SMET Program : + + +This methodology has been formulated after years of in-depth study and research into actual case histories by highly qualified doctors and yoga experts. Professionals need sensitivity, brilliance and creativity. But in the process of career advancement one’s stress levels rise and this ultimately leads to deteriorating health. Also any activity related to computer leads to Musculoskeletal, Emotional and Visual problems. With SMET all these issues can be avoided or managed if they occur. + + +Over the last 25 years, these programs have been conducted at various business houses, factories, industries, and educational institutions, management development institutions and for the common public in general. Course participants have experienced deep relaxation resulting in great calmness of mind and body during the programs. Preliminary investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of this program in handling stress effectively. + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 216 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +The program ushers in a new era in that, it brings about a ‘Turn around’ in the participant’s outlook, both official and personal and propels him along the path of progress towards efficiency, physical & mental equipoise. SMET improves the sharpness of the mind which is the decision making machinery, by inculcating techniques that help one to go to deeper and subtler levels of consciousness and gain mastery over the mind. It helps to provide the much needed - but denied unwittingly - relaxation to the body-mind complex and to break the shackles of baser thoughts besides elevating one to unlimited expansiveness of understanding - Dr. H. R. Nagendra of S-VYASA university, Bengaluru ; founder of this module. + + +Importance of Positive and Negative affectivityof an employee for an organisation: + +Personality traits are extremely important in today’s competitive organisational setting. Employees + +individually possess diverse personality traits that may influence negatively or positively their performance of jobs assigned to them. It is therefore important that managers and organisational members take into account these important individual differences because realising these traits will help managers and colleagues to deal with employees’ job performance. + +Personality has received much attention from the research community in many contexts. In recent decades research on personality traits and its exploration in the context of work behavior has been revitalized . Personality trait is relatively stable and enduring individual tendency of reacting emotionally or engaging in a behavior in a certain way. Hence Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Here we study about two most important personality traits namely Positive affectivity and Negative affectivity of employees in an organisation. + +Conclusion: + +Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program deals with the employees (human beings as a whole), by approaching them in a holistic way to minimize their problems related to various areas of an organisation. SMET Program is exclusively and extensively developed for those having physical and mental imbalances due to various reasons such as work pressure,job stress and so on in specifically corporate world. The techniques are simple but very much effective if practiced regularly. In a very short span of time, the program helps to acquire the power to perform better, free from stress in a relaxed and balanced way. From this study we can see that SMET program contributes considerably to improve the positive behaviourof the employees and reduce their negativities at the same time. Hence it is suggestive that SMET intervention is a very effective way of enhancing employees’ potential to get the maximum benefit out of them and also to enhance their persona. + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 217 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +Limitations of the study: + +Although the study provided interesting insights, the study also has shortcomings. + +Firstly, the measures used in the study are self-report measures, whichtypically suffers the problem of a social desirability effect. Many a times, participants choose an ideal alternative instead of the truth. + +Secondly, this study is restricted to a private BPO organisation and the findings are provisional and cannot be generalized to other organizations in the same sector as well as to other sectors. Thus, the external validity of the study is low. + +Thirdly, the study has been conducted with a sample size of 120 respondents. More appropriate results could have been obtained if sample size would have been increased. + +In this study, three months intervention was given. Intervention period can be increased. Only one company /organization was studied. Studies can be conducted at different organisations. This could give stronger findings. + +The study would have brought more good results if the comparative analysis would have been made between males and females and between different variables. Some more demographic variables would have been selected to make the study more detailed one. + +Scope for future research : + +Some moderator and mediator variables like age, experience or gender variables can be considered to study the parameters and their consequences. Other possible negative consequences can also be studied to enrich this field of research. + +Future researchers may also wish to develop their own set of questionnaires. Future research can replicate the methodology adopted in the present study to other sectors. More studies can be carried out to find out the extent to which personality traits influences other perceptions of the organisation. The development of scientific and practical tools and techniques to implement the above findings can be a future initiative. + +Conflict of Interest Statement: + +The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 218 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +References: + +Benyamini, Y., Idler, E. L., Leventhal, H. and Leventhal, E. A. 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Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(6), 668–687. http://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.6.668. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 221 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +TABLES + +Table 1 : PANAS – Yoga – Descriptive Statistics + +Descriptive Statistics + +N Range + +Posit_pre 120 10 + +Minimum + +11 + +Maximum + +21 + +Mean + +15.54 0.162 + +Std. Deviation 1.777 + +Variance + +3.158 + + + +Posit_post 120 9 Negat_pre 120 9 Negat_post 120 9 +Valid N 120 (listwise) + +40 49 44.79 40 49 44.60 +11 20 15.28 + +0.168 1.842 3.393 0.162 1.770 3.133 +0.152 1.670 2.789 + + + +*Posit_pre – Positive Affect pre data values,*Posit_post - Positive Affect post data values + +*Negat_pre –Negative Affect pre data values, * Negat_post - Negative Affect post data values + + + +Table 2 : PANAS – Yoga –Statistics + + + + + +N Valid +Missing + + +Posit_pre 120 +0 + +Statistics Posit_post 120 +0 + + +Negat_pre 120 +0 + + +Negat_post 120 +0 + +Std. Error of Mean 0.162 0.168 0.162 0.152 Median 16.00 45.00 44.50 15.00 Mode 16 45 43 16 + +Percentiles 25 50 +75 + +14.00 43.00 43.00 14.00 16.00 44.50 44.50 15.00 +17.00 46.00 46.00 16.00 + + + +Table 3 : PANAS –Control – Descriptive Statistics + +Descriptive Statistics + +N Rang Minimu e m +Posit_pre 120 10 11 +Posit_post 120 10 11 Negat_pre 120 9 40 Negat_post 120 9 40 +Valid N 120 (listwise) + +Maximu Mean m +21 15.38 0.166 +21 15.41 0.175 49 44.55 0.162 +49 44.67 0.163 + +Std. Deviation 1.820 +1.916 1.777 +1.789 + +Variance + +3.312 3.672 3.157 +3.199 + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 Page No: 222 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +Table 4 : PANAS –Control –Statistics + +Statistics + + +N Valid +Missing + +Posit_pre 120 +0 + +Posit_post 120 +0 + +Negat_pre 120 +0 + +Negat_post 120 +0 + +Std. Error of Mean 0.166 0.175 0.162 0.163 Median 15.00 15.00 44.00 45.00 Mode 16 15 43 43a + +Percentiles 25 50 +75 + +14.00 14.00 43.00 43.00 15.00 15.00 44.00 45.00 +16.00 17.00 46.00 46.00 + + + +Mann Whitney U Test - Independent samples : + + + +Table 5 : PANAS – Yoga group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks + + + +Variable + +Posit_pre Negat_pre + +N Mean Sum of rank Ranks +120 1.53 183.6 120 3.45 414 + +Variable N + +Posit_post 120 Negat_post 120 + +Mean Sum of rank Ranks +3.55 426 1.47 176.4 + + + +Mann Whitney U Test - Independent samples : + +Table 6 : PANAS – Control group – Friedman’s Two way Analysis of Variance by Ranks + + + +Variable + +Posit_pre Negat_pre + +N Mean Sum of rank Ranks +120 1.48 177.6 120 3.49 418.8 + +Variable N + +Posit_post 120 Negat_post 120 + +Mean Sum of rank Ranks +1.52 182.4 3.51 421.2 + + + +Table 7 : Hypothesis Test statistics summary + + +N = 120 +Degrees of freedom = 3 +Exact significance – 2*(1-tailed sig) = 0.00 Variable +Posit_post Negat_post + + + + + + +Volume XIII Issue III MARCH 2020 + + + + +Asymptotic Significance (2 sided Test) = 0.00 0.00 +0.00 + + + + + + +Page No: 223 diff --git "a/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on Adolescents\342\200\231 Attitude towards Violence.txt" "b/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on Adolescents\342\200\231 Attitude towards Violence.txt" new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..31030c3b57f6604039f337ebd00d0f587398ae77 --- /dev/null +++ "b/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on Adolescents\342\200\231 Attitude towards Violence.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,552 @@ +Article +Effect of Yoga on Adolescents’ +Attitude towards Violence +Govindaraja Setty A. G.1 +Pailoor Subramanya1 +B. Mahadevan2 +Abstract +As society progresses with newer technology choices and greater materialistic welfare, we also witness +more incidences of aggression and violence among the youth and adolescents. This is partly due to +the mental stress that they undergo. There has been a renewed interest to understand the causes of +aggression and violence. More importantly, there is an interest to identify methods to manage these. This +article is an attempt to showcase the usefulness of yoga in addressing this aspect. The present study was +conducted to find out the effect of 4 weeks’ yoga practice on 158 (76 girls and 82 boys) normal healthy +adolescents’ attitude towards violence (ATV) in comparison to practice of physical exercises (PE). +The study showed that both yoga and PE groups demonstrated significant reduction in their positive +ATV strategies and increased positive use of non-violent strategies. Boys in the yoga group showed +significant improvement, whereas the control group showed non-significant improvement. Girls in the +yoga also displayed significant progress over the control group. Thus, the study points to the usefulness +of introducing yoga to the adolescents in their formative years through a structured curriculum. This is +likely to provide numerous benefits both for the individual and the society at large. +Keywords +Yoga, adolescents, violence, aggression, empirical study +Introduction +Violent behaviour is one of the negative and undesirable behaviours in adolescents. Being one’s +destructive way of expression and interaction with others, an adolescent might choose violent mode to +indicate his desire or wish or way for solving interpersonal problems. During adolescence, an individual +Journal of Human +Values +23(2) 81–91 +© 2017 Management Centre + +for Human +Values +SAGE Publications +sagepub.in/home.nav +DOI: 10.1177/0971685816689734 +http://jhv.sagepub.com +1 Swami Vivekananda Yoga University (SVYASA), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. +2 Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. +Corresponding author: +Govindaraja Setty A. G., Swami Vivekananda Yoga University (SVYASA), #19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, K.G. Nagar, +Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. +E-mail: saphalyayoga@yahoo.co.in +82 + +Journal of Human Values 23(2) +exhibits highest level of violence by flouting code of conduct and rules, disobedience, aggression and +fighting. When they feel their safety is challenged, persona is affected owing to others actions, or their +ideas or tastes are not appreciated, they exhibit aggressiveness in their efforts to protect themselves or +their interests or ideas. Such aggressive or violent adolescents face rejection by their social groups owing +to powerful cultural and social sanctions, hence aggressive tendency is always considered socially +unacceptable. +Being considered as a major global health problem which is neither country-specific nor religion- +specific, causing concern is unrestrained aggression or violence could lead to substantial toll on our +societies, affecting both the delinquent and the one who is uninvolved. The seriousness could be +understood from the fact that violence is the second foremost cause of death for youth in USA (Deshpande, +Nagendra & Raghuram, 2008). Some studies suggest that 10–15 per cent of children are aggressive or +violent in Western countries, which is more or less comparable in other countries as well (Olweus & +Limber, 2010), as aggression- or violence-related conducts in adolescents are extraordinarily similar all +over the world. +Men in India are seven times more offenders than women, which is analogous to offences in +demographics of other countries of the world as well. More than 66 per cent of juvenile violence in India +is committed by adolescents (Mukherjee, Rustagi & Krishnaji, 2001) and elderly adolescents are more +likely to be arrested and put behind bars than their younger counterparts (Kethineni & Klosky, 2000). +Further, aggression and violent behaviour is considered to be mostly stable from childhood to adulthood +which could lead to multitude of problems, such as juvenile delinquency, adolescent relational problems +and adulthood criminal attitude; hence, it is essential to correct the adolescents’ violent attitude at the +earliest to avoid delinquency in the later age points. +The rest of the article is organized as follows. In the next section, we introduce the notion of violence, +forms of violence and the role of yoga in addressing them. In the following section, we present the +details of the study conducted followed by a section that discusses the results, their usefulness and +implications for practice. Finally, we conclude the article by pointing to certain areas that require further +study on this issue. +Violence and Role of ‘Yoga’ in Addressing Violence +Before we dwell into the main aspects of the study findings, it is imperative to define some key terms. +These definitions clarify the study’s scope with respect to violence, its causes and impact. Violence is +‘intentional or deliberate use of bodily power against others, which can result in (or high chance of +resulting in) harm, death, mal-developments or deprivation’ (WHO). It is the conduct engaged towards +another individual or against a group or community, with the sole intention of initiating damage, injury +or harm. ‘Attitude’ presupposes actions and is person’s preparedness to act or react in a particular/ +specific mode. +‘Aggression’ is the resentment expression resulting in violence or hostility; or preparedness to attack +or confront. ‘Violent attitude’ is hidden or latent discernment variable towards violence, that is guided by +one’s own assessment systems. Aggression or violent action carried out is dependent on one’s violent +attitude. Thus, violent attitude can be a good predictor of one’s aggression/violence level. +Violence is treated as intense form of physical aggression that is likely to end up in physical injury; and +in extreme form it could lead to homicide as well. Human being, the most intelligent creature, is the only +species on this earth that can resort to mass massacre driven by his own violent attitude. Thus, he can be +(and is) highly disruptive. Various ways in which violence is expressed or gets manifested in man are the +Setty A. G. et al. +83 +basis for its classification. Accordingly, it could be physical, verbal or covert. Physical violence could lead +to physical injuries to others. Verbal aggression is preference to attack others self-concept, thus includes +threatening warnings, use of disruptive, abusive words and verbal expression of animosity. Covert or +concealed aggression is instigating others to attack, without one’s express involvement in aggression. +Indian yogic scriptures proclaim that yoga is a way to explore external and internal realms, finally to +attain ultimate knowledge. Herein, the Indian yogis equated yoga with a way of living to be in tune with +‘Supreme Reality’. They preached that yoga is both for internal bliss and external coherence, with an +objective of unifying body, mind and emotions. Addressing violent behaviour through yoga, which has +its roots in Indian scriptures, is suggested by many researchers on the grounds that it is very effective and +could be documented to promote research on violent attitudes and applications of yoga. +If violent attitude is one’s latent perception to be violent, it can be reversed only through non-violent +(peaceful) mechanisms, such as yoga. If violent attitude is uncontrolled speed or arousal, aimed at instant +intention of initiating harm to others, yoga is the art of slowing down, to remain equipoise in all +conditions. Yoga has diverse constituents, such as guided relaxation, physical postures (yogasanas), +regulated breathing (pranayama), meditation and sermons on philosophy of yoga (Nagendra, 2000). The +ultimate aim of yoga is perfection of the personality of its practitioner so that he could stay equipoise in +every circumstance. Yogasanas are methodical physical movements, synchronized with slow breathing +to give exercises to various organs, systems and tissues and provide them an avenue to deal with character, +attitudes and tensions that can bring about healthy changes in several psychopathological aspects. When +yoga-induced non-violence in speech, thought and action is established, one’s violent nature is +relinquished and even violent persons abandon their hostility in such a yogi’s presence (Iyengar, 1993). +Yoga is growing in popularity in many countries. But sometimes yoga is confused and equated with +physical exercises (PE). However, the comparative roles of PE and yoga are yet to be understood in +respect of their effects on attitude towards violence (ATV) in adolescents, beliefs about aggression and +alternatives, normative beliefs about violence. The present study seeks to fill this gap by systematically +studying the effect of integrated yoga module on adolescents’ ATV in comparison to PE. +Details of the Empirical Study +Research Design +Since the study was directed towards finding effect of yoga on ATV of adolescents, children in 12–16 +years of age group were considered for the study. Two schools, namely, ‘Lords’ and Samarthanam, +located in south Bangalore were selected. These schools were approximately identical in respect to +financial status of parents, standard of education and medium of instruction. In both the schools, English +and Kannada languages were taught as medium of instruction. Both the school managements had +confirmed that this kind of yoga programmes was never conducted in their schools previously. The +consent was obtained from managements of two schools to conduct the present research with a condition +that the data collected from students would not be published in any kind of media, by mentioning names +of the students. +The adolescents were exposed to an introductory lecture, along with parents and school teachers. The +students were given the choice of not participating in the study and of not answering the questionnaire. +They were also given choice to quit the study at any point of time without assigning reasons. The +adolescents who took part in the current study expressed their approval by signing ‘Informed Consent’ +which was provided in English or Kannada as per their choice. Parents also signed ‘consent forms’, +84 + +Journal of Human Values 23(2) +agreeing for their children’s participation. Both the school managements agreed for the study. Further, +Institutional Ethical Committee of SVYASA (parent Institution) had also cleared the project. Figure 1 +shows a pictorial representation of the study plan. +Totally, 180 students (88 girls and 92 boys) satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria and agreed to be +in allotted groups (Yoga/PE). The inclusion criteria were healthy adolescents of both genders and ability +to read and write both the languages namely, English and Kannada (local language). The exclusion +criteria were chronic illnesses, anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse, such as nicotine, +intoxicant drinks and drugs. Besides student’s own confirmation, this was again checked with school +teachers and concerned parents. +ATV scale (English or Kannada as per adolescents’ choice) was administered on the first day (before +start of yoga/PE) and on the last day (after the practice of yoga/PE) in a single sitting, in the presence of +a psychologist, who had no roles in grouping of participants or in the conduct of sessions. He was totally +an outsider from the point of schools. During administration of scale, adolescents were made to sit +silently and it was ensured that they were free from diversions and influences of one over the other, by +having no interaction or discussion. Two supervisors fluent in English and Kannada languages were +moving around and clarifying adolescents’ doubts. +After the pre-data collection, 180 adolescents were randomly allocated to yoga and control groups (90 ++ 90). The yoga group practiced integrated yoga module for 4 weeks (for 1 hour a day, for 5 days a week) +taught by qualified yoga professionals, who were proficient in both the languages (English and Kannada). +The integrated yoga module (Table 1) used in this study was designed based on the ancient Indian yoga +scriptures, and the same has been used in previous studies on yoga for promotion of positive health. + +Figure 1.  Pictorial Representation of Study Details +Source: Authors’ own. +Setty A. G. et al. +85 +This module has been found to be useful for all round personality development of the practitioners—at +corporeal level, mental level, emotional level, spiritual level and for their social ability. The topics +mentioned in the table may appear to be exhaustive, given the duration of the programme. However, it +must be mentioned that there were variable depth of coverage. All the asanas mentioned in the tables +were covered, albeit in different combinations on different dates. Compared to the asanas and meditation, +the coverage on yogic way of life was minimal. For instance, meditation was taught for 3 days and the +tips on yogic diet were taught on 1 day. +The control group practiced moderate PE for the same period simultaneously in different floors of the +same premises. Physical exercises module was developed by professionals and was taught to the +participants by trained teachers. The PE selected in this study was aimed at moderate exercise of various +parts of the body, loosening of joints, muscles, besides, PowerPoint presentation on healthy lifestyle +according to modern medical science, importance of balanced diet, ill-effects of drug abuse, alcoholism, +injurious effects of smoking, modern stressful life, effects of sedentary lifestyle, obesity and related +ailments, remedial measures through PE. Unguided relaxation was taught for 5 minutes every day. +By the end of study period, there was participant attrition to the extent of 22 adolescents (12.22 per +cent) and reason was attributed to inter-school sports meet. At the end of 4 weeks, complete data were +available for 158 adolescents (76 yoga, 82 control; boys 82, girls 76; 89 seventh, 69 eighth grades) in the +age groups: 12 years (13), 13 years (39), 14 years (36), 15 years (69), 16 years (1). Both the pre- and +post-intervention questionnaires administered and collected were marked suitably by the psychologist +and preserved for future analysis. Access to these materials was limited only to the psychologist and the +researchers of the present study. +Measurement Scale for Attitude towards Violence +Since the purpose of this study is to understand the effect of yoga on aggression and violence, it was +decided to make use of an appropriate instrument for measurement. This study uses the ATV scale +originally designed by Houston Community demonstration project (1993) and later adapted by Bosworth +Table 1.  Yoga Module Coverage +Category +Details +Yogasanas +Supine postures: Pavanamuktasana, Paryankasana, Sethubandhasana, Dhanurasana, +Chakrasana. +Prone postures: Bhujangasana, Shalabhasana, Naukasana. +Sitting postures: Janushirasana, Vakrasana, Vajrasana, Ushtrasana, Shashankasana, +Padmasana. +Standing postures: Trikonasana, Prasarita Padottasana, Parshva-konasana, +Ardhakaticakrasana. +Balancing postures: Vrikshasana, Utthita Padmasana, Shirasasana. +Pranayama +Cleansing techniques, breathing techniques, yogic breathing. +‘Way of life’ aspects +Yogic diet, meditation, prayer gatherings, yogic life style in the light of yoga scriptures, +such as Patanjali yoga sutras and Bhagavad Gita. +Others +Suryanamaskara, yogic relaxation. +Source: Authors’ own. +86 + +Journal of Human Values 23(2) +and Espelage (1995). The scale has an internal consistency of 0.67. Targeted at middle school children +in the grades 6–8, the scale evaluates adolescents’ ATV and its acceptability or otherwise and assesses +their extent of use of non-violent strategies as alternatives to violent strategies. Details of the scale are +available in Appendix 1. +The process involves translation of adolescents’ subjective perceptions towards violence into +numerical objectivity so that the output is analyzed mathematically. The respondents are asked to indicate +the extent to which they agree/disagree with different statements using a Likert type of scale. The score +for six items in scale range from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). Items two and five are +reverse coded. Therefore, the score ranges from 6 to 30. Higher scores indicate positive ATV strategies +and limited use of non-violent strategies and vice versa. +Results and Implications +The data collected from the study were suitably coded and statistically analyzed using SPSS 21.0. It was +preferred to assess normality visually as well as through Shapiro–Wilk test provided by SPSS. The data +have Cronbach’s alpha of 0.766 which shows good internal consistency of scale items. Data are normally +distributed (Shapiro–Wilk (Sig) 0.051) and hence parametric test is conducted. +The results (Table 2) show that the impact of yoga in influencing ATV is most pronounced during the +age group of 12–14 years. As the adolescents grow up, they tend to be relatively less influenced. This is +partly because of the formative years in their schooling. The results, though based on a single intervention, +point to the usefulness of teaching yoga at formative years of a child. Equipped with this knowledge and +yoga practice, they may be in a better position to handle the stress that they are likely to face as they +grow up. +Table 3 has salient aspects of the paired t-test. The results are also tabulated with respect to the gender. +Paired sample t-test at the overall level shows a significant change in both yoga and control groups, +F(1,158) = 0.000 ( p < 0.05) in self-reported ATV, pre- and post-intervention. But the mean change in the +yoga group is 39.59 per cent, as against 7.51 per cent in the case of control group, demonstrating +significant improvement in the yoga group. On the other hand, though there is an improvement, it is not +significant in the control group. Thus, yoga could be a powerful intervention to reverse the adolescent’s +ATV compared to PE, and the outcome is comparable to several previous studies. +In boys, the yoga group showed significant improvement F(1, 39) = 0.000 ( p < 0.05), whereas in the +control group, it was non-significant F(1, 43) = 0.507 ( p > 0.05). In girls, both yoga and control groups +Table 2.  ATV: Impact of Respondents’ Age +Age +(Years) +Frequency +Pre +(Mean) +Post +(Mean) +Pre–Post +(Mean) +% Mean +Difference +Sig +(Two-tailed) +12 +13 +22.62 +16.69 +5.93 +22.22 +0.000 +13 +38 +21.45 +16.68 +4.77 +22.24 +0.000 +14 +37 +19.81 +14.76 +5.05 +25.49 +0.000 +15 +69 +18.67 +15.33 +3.34 +17.89 +0.000 +16 +1 +22.00 +23.00 +– 1.00 +– 4.55 +NA +158 +Source: Primary data collected by authors. +Setty A. G. et al. +87 +displayed significant progress F(1, 76) = 0.000 ( p < 0.05), but the mean change in the yoga group is +28.54 per cent; against 14.90 per cent in the control group. This again demonstrates that yoga brought +about a significant change in the participants’ decreased positive ATV strategies and increased positive +use of non-violent strategies. This outcome also demonstrates that irrespective of gender, yoga can bring +about positive changes in their ATV more than the PE does. +Discussion +Earlier studies have mixed patterns as far as the effect of yoga on ATV is concerned. In one of the +randomized control trial, no significant changes were reported between groups (yoga/control) in self- +reported positive effect, aggression indices, and global self-worth (Haden, Daly & Hagins, 2014). For +children participating in the yoga group, negative effect (where ‘hostility’ is an item) augmented when +compared to the control group which practiced PE. This finding suggested that yoga and PE curricula did +not differentially impact on middle-school children’s emotional and behavioural operative. However, +most of the earlier scientific studies have demonstrated that yoga practice would reduce the ATV (Berger, +Silver & Stein, 2009; Deshpande, Nagendra & Nagarathna, 2009; Frank, Bose & Schrobenhauser- +Clonan, 2014; Khemka, Hankey & Ramarao, 2011; Raghuraj & Telles, 1997; Ramadoss & Bose, 2010; +Schell, Allolio & Schonecke, 1994). Thus, in consistent with these majority of the studies, the findings +of present study show that intervention of yoga can reduce the adolescents’ ATV significantly F(1, 76) = +0.000 ( p < 0.05) as compared to PE. +Many studies reported that women are more empathy driven compared to men and men are found to +be significantly violent, highly approving of violence, heated discussions, war, interest in penal code, +political disputes, crime stories/news and support capital punishment (Anderson, et al., 2006). Hence, + +Table 3.  Details of Paired t-test Results +Cronbach’s Alpha 0.766 +Normality Tests: +Kolmogorov–Smirnov (Sig) 0.030 +Shapiro–Wilk (Sig) 0.051 +Groups +Measures +Overall +Male +Female +Yoga group +Pre +Mean +17.91 +19.97 +15.73 +SD +2.936 +1.967 +2.090 +Post +Mean +10.82 +10.41 +11.24 +SD +3.063 +3.185 +2.910 +Pre–Post (Mean) +7.09 +9.56 +4.49 +Percentage Mean Difference +39.59 +47.87 +28.54 +Sig (Two-tailed) +0.000 +0.000 +0.000 +Control group +(PE group) +Pre +Mean +21.84 +22.91 +20.67 +SD +3.218 +2.827 +3.247 +Post +Mean +20.20 +22.56 +17.59 +SD +3.320 +1.968 +2.436 +Pre–Post (Mean) +1.64 +0.35 +3.08 +Percentage Mean Difference +7.51 +1.53 +14.90 +Sig (Two-tailed) +0.000 +0.507 +0.000 +Source: Primary data collected by authors. +88 + +Journal of Human Values 23(2) +in the present study, it was expected that boys would be more aggressive. The data analysis in the + +present study did support this view. In both yoga and control groups, boys were more aggressive. These +gender-related variations in aggression level may simply reveal the factual phenomenon that girls and +boys have different ‘perceptions’, ‘styles’ or ‘strategies’ of aggressive behaviour and may vary according +to context. The instinct theory of aggression (notably Sigmund Freud) presupposes that there exists a +‘sex instinct’ which makes men more likely candidates than women to outbursts of anger, violence and +aggression (Eron & Huesmann, 1994). Further, the theory of hormones and chromosomes, which became +popular since 1920, says that excessive violent attitude in men is attributable to presence of extra ‘Y’ +hormone and supporters of this theory opine that by increasing ‘Y’ hormone, a person’s aggression/ +violent attitude can be increased. +Some research studies say that ATV is inversely related to age. The age brings about maturity and +sensitive to the pains of others, and owing to this fundamental change in their attitude, adolescents +increasingly become aware of their surroundings, with increase in age (Huesmann & Guerra, 1997). +Accordingly, it was predicted in the present study that the violent attitude of adolescents would decrease +as they get older. The pre-intervention mean scores of ATV (age wise) is 12 years (22.62), 13 years +(21.45), 14 years (19.81) and 15 years (18.67), showing a gradual tapering as the age increases and thus +the age of the adolescent is a good predictor of ATV. Even in case of post-intervention, this correlate with +age mostly remains and ATV (age wise) is 12 years (16.69), 13 years (16.68), 14 years (14.76) and 15 +years (15.33). +The present study demonstrated that 4 weeks’ intervention of integrated yoga module on the yoga +group and PE on the control group decreases positive ATV strategies and increases positive use of non- +violent strategies. However, the significance of change in case of the yoga group is more than the PE +group. If aggression and violent attitude is uncontrolled or unrestrained rapidity or speed or provocation, +aimed at instant intent of initiating harm to others, yoga is the art of slowing down, to remain equipoise +in all conditions, which can cause to increase the self-control and tolerance (titiksha, in the words of +yoga). Owing to this slowing down, the person is more thoughtful about his own actions. Devotional +sessions, spiritual discourse, bhajans (devotional songs) and recitation of Vedic mantras (which are all +integral parts of yoga) have direct impact on person’s emotions and make him more sensitive to +happenings around and to the pain of others (Nagendra, 2000). +Improved self-control and emotional change make a person reciprocate with ‘empathy’, which is a +derivative of sensitivity (to the pains/sufferings of others and to behave responsibly). Empathy and level +of aggression are inversely related to each other (Anderson et al., 2010). Yogasanas are very methodical +stretching physical movements, exercising various organs, systems, muscles, tissues and provide them a +way to deal with character, attitudes and tensions and can bring about healthy changes in several +psychopathological conditions, as body and mind are different facets of one’s personality. Peaceful, +harmonious society is the need of the hour and research works have to try for methods that can bring +about strong and effective psychological changes, in order to achieve harmony with nature, with society +(where we are integral parts), and finally among ourselves and yoga can do this (Ditmanson, Koller & +Kupperman, 2002). +Implications for Practice +The study results point to certain implications and useful directions in terms of use of yoga in addressing +the issue of aggression and violence. In an era characterized by increased competitive pressures from +schooling right up to professional growth, individuals are expected to face more stress which can lead to +Setty A. G. et al. +89 +aggression and violent behaviours. As discussed earlier, introduction of yoga at the formative years will +provide a significant helping hand in addressing the problem. Schooling system needs to recognize the +importance of introduction of yoga and provide a structured mechanism to incorporate it into the +curricula. Yoga lessons could be introduced at the third grade. A 5–6 year curricula with relevant inputs +from yoga could be designed and progressively introduced. +Practice of yoga not only helps in addressing aggression, but also helps an individual to develop a +more balanced view of life, empathy towards multiple actors and situations, an overall and a holistic +perspective of life and a sense of preparedness to face difficulties in life. This results in developing +healthy individuals in the society. The indirect effects of such a development include greater work +productivity for the organizations these individuals are associated with in the future. +Addressing aggression-related ailments through yoga as proposed in this study is alternative to drug +therapy. Drug therapy is normally associated with high costs and is known to produce various side +effects. The present study strengthens the view that yoga could be a safe and cost-effective alternative +for drug therapy to address violent attitudes of adolescents without side effects. Another important +strength of the study is that, irrespective of sex, yoga intervention can bring about upbeat changes in the +adolescents’ ATV, more than the PE does. Hence, the study outcome is consistent with the Indian +conventional yoga scriptures which did not make any gender discrimination for yoga practice. +Conclusions +The study has established the potential of yoga to address aggression and ATV among the adolescents. +The sample size has been large enough providing a certain statistical stability to the results and the +findings. There are certain limitations in the present study which could be overcome by conducting +additional studies in the future. Use of Likert scale for soliciting responses is traditionally found to have +certain limitations in terms of translating the respondents’ specific perception to a point in the scale. +Increasing the sample size, maintaining and ensuring privacy and protection of data, building anonymity +into the data collection method are some of the known methods to minimize these. The present study has +taken care of these issues. However, this can be further strengthened by gathering data on parent rating +and teachers’ rating. Further, the present study does not include other variables, such as income levels of +the parents and racial/ethnic differences, which are considered to be the good predictors of violent +attitude. Despite these limitations, the present study opens up the possibilities for future research. +Acknowledgements +We would like to thank the parent Institution SVYASA, students, school management, school teachers, yoga and PE +teachers, translators and psychologist who have helped in completion of this study. +90 + +Journal of Human Values 23(2) +How much do you agree or disagree with the following statements? +Items +5* +4 +3 +2 +1 +1 +If I walk away from a fight, I’d be a coward (‘chicken’). +2 +I do not need to fight because there are other ways to deal with being mad. +3 +It is okay to hit someone who hits you first. +4 +If a kid teases me, I usually cannot get him/her to stop unless I hit him/her. +5 +If I really want to, I can usually talk someone out of trying to fight with me. +6 +If I refuse to fight, my friends will think I am afraid. +Note: * Scale description: strongly disagree (1); strongly agree (5). +Appendix 1.  +ATV Scale +Name of the Student:_______________ +Class _________ +Age__________ +Gender: M / F +References +Anderson, C.A., Benjamin, A.J. Jr., Wood, P.K., & Bonacci, A.M. (2006). Development and testing of the velicer +attitudes toward violence scale: Evidence for a four-factor model. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 122–136. +doi:10.1002/ab.20112 +Anderson, C.A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E.L., Bushman, B.J., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein H.R., Saleem, M. +(2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western +countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151–173. doi:10.1037/a0018251 +Berger, D.L., Silver, E.J., & Stein, R.E.K. (2009). Effects of yoga on inner-city children’s well-being: A pilot study. +Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 15(5), 36–42. +Bosworth, K., & Espelage, D. (1995). Teen Conflict Survey (Unpublished). Bloomington, IN: Center for Adolescent +Studies, Indiana University. +Deshpande, S., Nagendra, H.R., & Raghuram, N. (2008). A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on +Gunas (personality) and health in normal healthy volunteers. International Journal of Yoga, 1(1/2), 2–10. +doi:10.4103/0973–6131.36785 +———. (2009). A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on Gunas (personality) and self-esteem in normal +healthy volunteers. International Journal of Yoga, 2(1), 13–21. doi:10.4103/0973–6131.43287 +Ditmanson, P., Koller, J.M., & Kupperman, J.J. (2002). Asian philosophies. The Journal of Asian Studies, 61(3), +1010. doi:10.2307/3096359 +Eron, L.D., & Huesmann, L.R. (1994). Theories of aggression: From drives to cognitions. In L. Rowell Huesmann +(Ed.), Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspective, 3. New York: Plenum Press. doi: 10.1007/978–1–4757–9116– +7_1 +Frank, J.L., Bose, B., & Schrobenhauser-Clonan, A. (2014). Effectiveness of a school-based yoga program on +adolescent mental health, stress coping strategies, and attitudes toward violence: Findings from a high-risk +sample. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 30(1), 29–49. doi:10.1080/15377903.2013.863259 +Haden, S.C., Daly, L., & Hagins, M. (2014). A randomised controlled trial comparing the impact of yoga and physical +education on the emotional and behavioural functioning of middle school children. Focus on Alternative and +Setty A. G. et al. +91 +Complementary Therapies : FACT/Department of Complementary Medicine, Postgraduate Medical School, +University of Exeter, 19(3), 148–155. doi:10.1111/fct.12130 +Huesmann, L.R., & Guerra, N.G. (1997). Children’s normative beliefs about aggression and aggressive behavior. +Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(2), 408–419. doi:10.1037/0022–3514.72.2.408 +Iyengar, B.K.S.M.Y.P. (1993). Light on the yoga sutras of Patañjali: Patañjala yoga pradipika (11th ed., p. 46). +New Delhi: Harper Collins. +Kethineni, S., & Klosky, T. (2000). The impact of juvenile justice reforms in India. International Journal of Offender +Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(3), 312–325. doi:10.1177/0306624X00443005 +Khemka, S., Hankey, A., & Ramarao, N. (2011). Effect of integral yoga on psychological and health variables and +their correlations. International Journal of Yoga, 4(2), 93. doi:10.4103/0973–6131.85492 +Mukherjee, C., Rustagi, P., & Krishnaji, N. (2001). Crimes against women in India analysis of official statistics. +Economic and Political Weekly, 36(43), 4070–4080. +Nagendra, H.R. (2000). Yoga its basis and applications (1st ed.). Bangalore: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana. +Olweus, D., & Limber, S. (2010). Olweus bullying prevention program. In Shane R. Jimerson, Susan M. Swearer, +Dorothy L. Espelage (Eds), The handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (p. 72). Retrieved +22 November 2015, from http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=d2–NAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA +377&dq=Olweus+bullying+prevention+program&ots=gpL3gauIB2&sig=RvfOzC9snZpbRt97rHb4YYs4uOQ +Raghuraj, P., & Telles, S. (1997). Muscle power, dexterity skill and visual perception in community home girls +trained in yoga or sports and in regular school girls. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 41(4), +409–415. +Ramadoss, R., & Bose, B.K. (2010). Transformative life skills: Pilot studies of a yoga model for reducing perceived +stress and improving self-control in vulnerable youth. International Journal of Yoga Therapy, 20(1), 73–79. +Schell, F.J., Allolio, B., & Schonecke, O.W. (1994). Physiological and psychological effects of Hatha-Yoga exercise +in healthy women. International Journal of Psychosomatics, 41(1–4), 46–52. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi. +nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7843867 diff --git "a/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on Adolescents\342\200\231 Beliefs about Aggression and Alternatives.txt" "b/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on Adolescents\342\200\231 Beliefs about Aggression and Alternatives.txt" new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7e47ccca149dc8d78290e7366cba9ed6b90315f --- /dev/null +++ "b/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on Adolescents\342\200\231 Beliefs about Aggression and Alternatives.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,705 @@ +Int J Med. Public Health. 2017; 7(3):166-171 +A Multifaceted Peer Reviewed Journal in the field of Medicine and Public Health +www.ijmedph.org | www.journalonweb.com/ijmedph +Original Article +International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol 7, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2017 +166 +Effect of Yoga on Adolescents’ Beliefs about Aggression and +Alternatives +Govindaraja Setty A.G.1*, Pailoor Subramanya2, B.Mahadevan3 +Govindaraja Setty +A.G.1*, Pailoor Subra­ +manya2, B.Mahadevan3 +1PhD Scholar Swami Vivekananda Yoga University +(SVYASA)#19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, +K.G.Nagar, Bangalore-560 019, Karnataka ,INDIA. +2Associate Professor Swami Vivekananda Yoga +University (SVYASA) #19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram +Circle, K.G.Nagar, Bangalore-560 019, Karnataka, +INDIA. +3Professor Indian Institute of Management Bangalore +Bangalore – 560076, Karnataka, INDIA. +Correspondence +Govindaraja Setty A.G +Member of Visiting Faculty for Yoga, In­ +dian Institute of Management, Bangalore +PhD Scholar Swami Vivekananda +Yoga University (SVYASA) #19, Eknath +Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, K.G.Nagar, +Bangalore-560 019, Karnataka, INDIA. +Mobile no: 9916874263, 080-26993443 +Email: saphalyayoga@yahoo.co.in, govin­ +darajasettyag@gmail.com +History +•  Submission Date: 25-11-2016; +•  Revised Date: 26-06-2017; +•  Accepted Date: 17-07-2017; +DOI : 10.5530/ijmedph.2017 +.3.34 +Article Available online +http://www.ijmedph.org/v7/i3 +Copyright +© 2017 Phcog.Net. This is an open- +access article distributed under the terms +of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 +International license. +Cite this article : Setty GAG, Subramanya P, Mahadevan B. Effect of Yoga on Adolescents’ Beliefs about Aggression +and Alternatives. Int J Med Public Health. 2017;7(3):166-71. +ABSTRACT +Introduction: While the adolescents are trying to adapt to changing life styles and emerging +challenges, they are also becoming increasingly aggressive/violent. This is largely attributable +to increased competition, stress, and anxiety, besides poor parenting methods. Several stud­ +ies seek to understand the causes for this delinquency and search for preventive interventions. +Indian traditional texts claim that yoga is one of the important preventive interventions. The +objective of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of yoga in addressing the non-clinical +adolescents’ beliefs about aggression and alternatives compared to physical exercises (PE). +Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty eight normal healthy adolescents participated +in this ‘Randomized Control Trial’ design study (Yoga: 76, aged 14.03±1.00 years; PE: 82, aged +14.06 +/- 1.03 years). Yoga/PE intervention was for one hour a day, five days a week, for four +weeks. Adolescents’ ‘beliefs about aggression and alternatives’ were measured using ‘beliefs +about aggression and alternatives scale’ developed by Multisite violence prevention project +(2004). Data analysis was done using SPSS 21.0. Results: Yoga practitioners significantly de­ +creased their overall beliefs supporting aggression (p<.05) and significantly increased their +beliefs favoring alternatives to aggression (p<.05), compared to PE practitioners. Conclusion: +Four weeks yoga practice significantly reduces the adolescents’ beliefs supporting aggression +and increases their beliefs supporting alternatives to aggression compared to PE. +Key words: Yoga, Physical Exercises, Aggression, Beliefs about Aggression, Alternatives. +INTRODUCTION +Ancient Indian texts identify non-violence, tranquil­ +ity, compassion, gentleness, modesty, tolerance as +divine traits; aggression, arrogance, wrath, rudeness, +insensitiveness to others pain/spiritual values, as de­ +moniac traits. Patanjala-Yogasutra (2.35) proclaims +there is no enmity where a yogi resolutely commits to +non-violence and yoga can bring about mental/emo­ +tional equipoise. In our contemporary world such an +equipoise is increasingly becoming hard to possess as +the modern living is characterized by greed, speed, +stiff-competition, restlessness, and struggle, causing +stress on our personality, and manifesting as aggres­ +sion/violence.1 +Several studies have demonstrated that adolescents +believe and endorse aggression, and the aggression +level may be predicted on the basis of one’s beliefs +about aggression. They have also demonstrated that +aggression is extensively employed by adolescents +that poses a serious threat to individuals/society.2 +Childhood aggression largely continues and stabi­ +lizes across different age points like juvenile conduct +problems, adolescent relational problems, and adult­ +hood antisocial behavior.3 Suggesting the ill-effects +of aggression, anger, and hostility, one of the review +papers reveals that these personality traits have long +been identified as the risk factors associated with +coronary heart disease.4 Another paper suggests that +there are certain personality trait differences (in the +form of hostility, anger, and aggression) between In­ +dian female and male suicide attempters which can +be targeted through suicide prevention interventions, +thus signifying the gender differences.5 General Ag­ +gression Model says ‘belief about aggression’ is accep­ +tance of aggression for expressing disagreements that +is driven by one’s latent value-structure. It is based on +one’s past knowledge and accumulated for future re­ +trieval.6 This latent knowledge-base is the self-guide +in all contexts. +There is a constant search for effective interventions +to address adolescents’ aggressive behavior. In one of +the studies verbal aggression in normal healthy adults +reduced significantly through yoga intervention +in the form of asana, pranayama and meditation.7 +Another study showed that the yoga intervention +(in the form of asanas, pranayama and meditation) +can reduce adolescents’ anxiety and aggression lev­ +els where yoga intervention was twice a week for 12 +weeks.8 In another study it was demonstrated that +practice of asanas, pranayama, and meditation for +eight weeks significantly reduces one’s self-reported +perceived stress, verbal aggression, and life satisfac­ +tion increases.9 Though yoga literature offers promis­ +ing tools, there are no previous research studies on +effect of yoga on adolescents’ beliefs about aggression +Govindaraja et al.: Effect of Yoga on Adolescents’ Beliefs about Aggession and Alternatives +International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol 7, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2017 +167 +and alternatives to aggression. Hence, this study was designed to address +this gap. +Definitions +‘Aggression’ is inclination to attack that may result in hostility.10 ‘Belief +about aggression’ is opinion (based on belief-system) as to whether ag­ +gression is acceptable or not.11 ‘Belief’ is deep-rooted, more sustainable, +and spreads across a section of larger society, built over a period of time +by culture, customs, and traditions,12 and individual sticks to ‘belief’ +even when the outcomes are disappointing. Aggression-justification re­ +inforces ‘aggression-perpetration’ +. ‘ +Alternative’ is intensifying peaceful +ways by opposing ‘aggression’ +. +Aggression could be physical, verbal, or covert. Physical aggression ends +in physical injuries. Verbal aggression is use of abusive words, expressing +animosity, intended at spoiling others self-concept, thus causing psycho­ +logical injury. While physical/verbal aggressions are ‘overt’ +, instigating +others without getting oneself personally engaged is ‘covert’ +. Males ex­ +hibit overt-aggression more frequently, and approve aggression; where­ +as, females frequently show covert aggression. +Yoga: Conventional perspective +Our search for remedial measures for aggressiveness leads to yogic sci­ +ence. Yoga is sourced in traditional Indian texts. While Bhagavad-Gita is +estimated to have been written about 3000 years before Christ, Patanjali- +Yogasutras, Hathayoga-Pradipika, Goraksha-Samhita, Geranda-Samhita, +Hatharathnavali, are estimated to have been written between 2nd -15th +CE.13 Authors of these texts say that they systematically codified what +was being practiced in this part of world since time immemorial. Pa­ +tanjali-Ashtanga-Yoga focuses on meditational/contemplative practices, +albeit asanas and pranayama are advocated as movement based medita­ +tive/contemplative aspects: +Yama, Niyama: Behavioral practices +Asana, Pranayama: Slow/rhythmic physical practices +Prathyahara, Dharana: Mental practices - slowing the mind +Dhyana, Samadhi: Spiritual practices (being one with the Universal Su­ +preme) +While Bhagavad-Gita promotes Jnana yoga (discriminatory wisdom), +Bhakti yoga (emotional-culture), Karma yoga (selfless-work), and Raja +yoga (mastery of will-power) ‘Hathayoga-Pradipika’ additionally advo­ +cates cleansing techniques (kriyas) to purify energy channels. +Taittiriya-Upanishad says every individual has five layers/sheaths of ex­ +istence (Figure 1). Goal of yoga is to purify every sheath. Hence yoga +intervention with all its components is understandable. +Yoga involves a practice-sequence intended at slow transcendence from +gross/physical domain to deeper domain (gradual transition to peaceful/ +contemplative state): +Salutations to God (Prayer). +Light warm-up: Prepares body, deters injuries. +Slow/Rhythmic practice of select asanas, pranayama with expansive +awareness. Mind progressively relaxes. +Relaxed positive suggestions. +Prathyahara, dharana, dhyana. Mind becomes contemplative. +Closing prayer for the wellbeing of every soul (powerful optimistic sug­ +gestion). +However, many people practice physical aspects only (asanas, pranaya­ +ma) and yoga is sometimes equated with exercise. Even if we consider +only asanas, we notice fundamental differences. Patanjali says, ‘Stiram- +sukham-asanam’ meaning, ‘stable and comfortable posture is asana’. +Thus asana practice involves slow movements synchronized with slow- +breathing, with awareness to reach the final position, achieving stability +with expansive-awareness. +Therefore, besides physical health, yoga aims at achieving peace and +tranquility. Research says, behavioral corrections are possible through +yoga and suggests further exploration.7 If anxiety, aggression, and anger +are uncontrolled speed, yoga is the holistic art of slowing and culturing +the body, mind, and emotions. Practitioner becomes calm and serene, +experiencing increased body awareness, clarity of thoughts, and control +over emotions, thus correcting physical, mental, and emotional dimen­ +sions.14 +MATERIALS AND METHODS +Design +The ‘Institutional Ethics Board’ of SVYASA Yoga University approved +the present study. The study was conducted in Bangalore, where educa­ +tional and language policies are mostly state controlled. Of late, there is +greater focus on students’ all round personality growth. Extra-curricular +activities are becoming increasingly popular, with equal opportunities to +both genders. This is accompanied by increased educational costs and +stiff competition. Consequently, there is growing level of stress, anxiety, +and aggression across students of all ages. +Two schools in middle class neighborhood were identified for this study +(Figure 2). Students, parents, and school managements confirmed that +this kind of study was never done previously. Through an introductory +address, detailed protocol, design, and the scales were explained to stu­ +dents and parents. Totally 180 adolescents satisfied inclusion/exclusion +criteria and agreed to participate in this ‘Randomized Control Trial’ +study. The allocation of subjects to two groups was done randomly using +a standard random number table. The sample size was calculated based +on a previous study, wherein using Version 3.0.10 of G*Power software, +alpha = 0.05, power = 0.7, effect size = 0.5, the sample size was arrived at +as 118 (59 yoga, 59 PE). +Inclusion criteria: Healthy adolescents, who can read/write Kannada (lo­ +cal language) or English. Exclusion criteria: Adolescents having chronic +illnesses, depression, and substance abuse (Confirmed through self re­ +ports and cross checked with parents and school teachers). +‘Informed consent’/ ‘Informed assent’ were obtained from parents and +students respectively. The students had option to discontinue from study +at anytime without assigning explanations. +Scale +The scale used in this study was developed by Multisite violence pre­ +vention project (2004) and adapted from Farrell, Meyer & White, +2001.15 Targeting middle school students (grades 6-8), the scale consid­ +ers 12 hypothetical situations (Table 1): Beliefs about aggression (items +3,4,6,9,10,11,12), Beliefs about alternative to aggression (items 1,2,5,7,8). +In both the subscales, internal consistency (Reliability/Validity) is 0.72. +The scale was translated into ‘Kannada (local language)’ by language ex­ +perts and was administered to the subjects as per subjects’ choice (either +English or Kannada) at base-line and at the end of intervention period +of four weeks. In the presence of a psychologist, two supervisors fluent +in English and Kannada explained the meaning of each of the questions +and clarified the doubts of the students, thus ensuring validity of the re­ +sponses. +Randomly allocated groups (Yoga and PE) were subjected to respective +interventions during class hours for one hour a day, five days a week, for +four weeks under qualified teachers (Table 2). These teachers followed +the same protocol in both the schools, thus ensuring uniformity of inter­ +vention in the schools. +Govindaraja et al.: Effect of Yoga on Adolescents’ Beliefs about Aggession and Alternatives +168 +International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol 7, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2017 +supporting aggression (p<.05; mean score difference: 55.02%), whereas +the PE group females showed significant increase in their beliefs sup­ +porting aggression (p<.05; mean score difference: -10.61%). +Beliefs about alternatives to aggression +Yoga group showed significant increase in their beliefs about alternatives +to aggression (p<.05; mean score difference: 71.82%) whereas PE group +showed significant decrease (p<.05; mean score difference: -10.47%). +Gender analysis revealed that both males and females in yoga group +showed significant increase (p<.05; 49.42% and 93.98% respectively). +PE group males and females showed non-significant and significant de­ +crease respectively (p>.05 and p<.05; mean score differences: -5.71% and +-14.42% respectively). +DISCUSSION +Present study demonstrates that yoga practice significantly decreases +adolescents’ beliefs supporting aggression; increases beliefs supporting +alternatives to aggression, thus shaping adolescents’ beliefs about ag­ +gression and alternative to aggression. Being an outcome of belief-sys­ +tem, belief about aggression is deep rooted in personality.12 The study +outcome demonstrates that even this kind of deep rooted trait may be +corrected through yoga intervention. Yoga brings about relaxation and +self-control; mind becomes more receptive. Decrease in aggression lev­ +els is brought about with the mediation of ‘self-control’ +.16 The results are +comparable to a study where yoga intervention on adolescents showed +significant decrease in aggression/anxiety levels compared to baseline +scores on .01 significant level.17 +PE intervention included moderate physical exercises like warm-ups, +stretching, alternative toes-touching, dynamic forward/backward bend­ +ing, twisting, side bending, jogging, pull ups, knowledge on balanced +diet, alcoholism, smoking, and drug-addiction. +By the end of the study, there were 22 dropouts (12.22%) due to ‘Inter- +school sports meet’ and full data was available for 158 adolescents (76 +females, 82 males; 89 seventh, 69 eighth grades; 82 PE, 76 yoga). No out­ +liers were dropped. +RESULTS +SPSS 21.0 was used for data analysis. Data was not normal [Kolmogorov +(Sig) 0.005 and 0.000 for two subscales p < .05]. Hence, non-parametric +tests were done (Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test 0.000, p < .05). Cronbach’s +alpha was 0.805 and 0.657 for two subscales, indicating good internal +consistency of different items of scale. The baseline scores for both yoga +and PE groups were not significantly different [Sig(2-tailed) = .098 and +.116 respectively for both the subscales, p>.001], hence, paired t-tests +were conducted. Analysis was also done on variables ‘gender’ and ‘age’ +. +Beliefs supporting aggression +Yoga group showed significant decrease in their beliefs supporting aggres­ +sion (p<.05; mean score difference: 54.55%), whereas PE group showed +significant increase in their beliefs supporting aggression (p<.05; mean +score difference: -7.14%) (Table 3). Yoga group males showed significant +decrease in their beliefs supporting aggression (p<.05; mean score differ­ +ence: 54.10%), whereas PE group males showed non-significant increase +in their beliefs supporting aggression (p>.05; mean score difference: - +4.02%). Yoga group females showed significant decrease in their beliefs +Table 1: Scale +1 = strongly agree; 2 = agree somewhat; 3 = disagree somewhat; 4 = strongly disagree +1. +If I’m mad at someone, I just ignore them. +2. +Even if other kids would think I’m weird, I would try to stop a fight. +3. +It’s O.K. for me to hit someone to get them to do what I want. +4. +Sometimes a person doesn’t have any choice but to fight. +5. +When my friends fight, I try to get them to stop. +6. +If I back down from a fight, everyone will think I’m a coward. +7. +There are better ways to solve problems than fighting. +8. +I try to talk out a problem instead of fighting. +9. +I feel big and tough when I push someone around. +10. +If people do something to make me really mad, they deserve to be beaten up. +11. +Sometimes I have only two choices. Get punched or punch the other kid first. +12. +If I get crazy with anger, it’s O.K. to hit someone. +Table 2: Yoga module +Yogasanas: +Supine: Pavanamuktasana, Paryankasana, Sethubandhasana, Dhanurasana, Chakrasana +Prone: Bhujangasana, Shalabhasana, Naukasana +Sitting: Janushirasana, Vakrasana, Vajrasana, Ustrasana, Shashankasana, Padmasana +Standing: Trikonasana, Prasarita Padottasana, Parsvakonasana, Ardhakatichakrasana +Balancing: Vrikshasana, Utthita Padmasana, Shirasasana +Pranayama: Cleansing/Yogic-breathing. +Yogic life-style: Yogic-diet, meditation, prayer-gatherings, Suryanamaskara, yogic-relaxation. +Source: Authors’ own. +Govindaraja et al.: Effect of Yoga on Adolescents’ Beliefs about Aggession and Alternatives +International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol 7, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2017 +169 +Table 3: Results +Beliefs supporting aggression: +Cronbach’s-Alpha 0.805; Kolmogorov (Sig) 0.005 +Nonparametric: Wilcoxon-Signed-Rank: 0.000 +Yoga +PE +Overall +Male + Female +Overall +Male +Female + Pre-Mean +3.19 + 3.29 + 3.09 +3.08 + 3.23 + 2.92 + SD + 0.417 +0.350 + 0.461 +0.410 + 0.361 + 0.402 + Post-Mean +1.45 + 1.51 +1.39 + 3.30 + 3.36 + 3.23 + SD +0.246 +0.280 + 0.192 +0.341 + 0.335 + 0.340 + Pre-Post + 1.74 + 1.78 +1.70 +-0.22 +-0.13 +-0.32 + Mean difference +54.55% +54.10% + 55.02% +-7.14% +-4.02% +-10.61% + Sig(2-tailed) + .000 + .000 + .000 +.001 + .083 + .002 +Source: Primary data collected by authors. +Beliefs about alternative to aggression: +Cronbach’s-Alpha 0.657; Kolmogorov (Sig) 0.000 +Nonparametric-Wilcoxon-Signed-Rank 0.000 +Yoga +PE +Overall +Male +Female +Overall + Male + Female +Post-Mean +3.11 +2.57 + 3.68 + 1.71 + 1.65 + 1.78 +SD +0.590 +0.239 + 0.159 +0.330 + 0.311 + 0.340 +Pre-Mean + 1.81 + 1.72 + 1.90 + 1.91 + 1.75 + 2.08 +SD + 0.394 +0.310 + 0.451 +0.395 +0.329 + 0.396 +Post-Pre + 1.30 + 0.85 + 1.78 + -0.20 + -0.10 + -0.30 +Mean-difference +71.82% +49.42% +93.68% +-10.47% +-5.71% +-14.42% +Sig(2-tailed) + .000 + .000 + .000 + .001 + .120 + .003 +Source: Primary data collected by authors. +Table 4: Age impact +Beliefs about aggression: +Age +(n) +pre + sd + post + sd +pre-post +Sig +12 + 13 + 3.143 + 0.484 +2.329 + 1.066 +0.813 +.022 +13 + 38 + 3.184 + 0.419 +2.455 + 0.936 +0.729 +.000 +14 + 37 + 3.259 + 0.456 +2.262 + 0.996 +0.996 +.000 +15 + 69 + 3.041 + 0.362 +2.462 + 0.967 +0.580 +.000 +16 +1 + 2.714 +NA +3.714 +NA + NA + NA +Alternatives to Aggression: +12 + 13 + 1.846 + 0.463 + 2.400 + 0.898 +-0.554 + .052 +13 + 38 + 1.821 + 0.388 + 2.379 + 0.798 +-0.558 + .000 +14 + 37 + 1.751 + 0.431 + 2.432 + 0.825 + -0.681 + .000 +15 + 69 + 1.936 + 0.360 + 2.371 + 0.887 + -0.435 + .001 +16 +1 + 2.200 + NA + 1.400 +NA + 0.800 +NA +158 +Source: Primary data collected by authors. +Govindaraja et al.: Effect of Yoga on Adolescents’ Beliefs about Aggession and Alternatives +170 +International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol 7, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2017 +Age impact +Many studies have demonstrated that age brings about maturity and hos­ +tility drops.21 However, no such outcome surfaced in the present study +(Table 4). Possible reason is, the age range is too small (12-15 years). +Further, these adolescents are in the same school, mix up daily, on every +occasion; influence of one over the other cannot be ruled out. Conse­ +quently, aggression levels may not vary. +The study has good sample size and yoga intervention is for four weeks, +thus benefits are evident. Getting larger sample sizes is preferable to have +good estimates of the population.22 Therefore the results of the study can +provide greater confidence among potential users and policy makers. +Belief about aggression strongly influences aggression/hostility expecta­ +tions. Positive correlation exists between low empathy and aggression +acceptability.23 Empathy is a function of sensitivity to others’ sufferings.24 +Verbal skills may significantly predict beliefs about aggression.25This +Further, the study demonstrates that yoga practice enables the adoles­ +cents to look for alternatives to aggression. Yoga group showed signifi­ +cant increase, 71.82% (overall), 49.42% (males), 93.68% (females). Prac­ +ticing yoga rarely may not yield significant results,18 but longer duration +practices might convey more pronounced changes. Patanjali-Yogasutra +(1.14) says, to get palpable results, yoga practice should be continuous, +for a long time.19 In the present study, yoga practice is for four weeks +(considered intense), thus changes are significant. +Gender impact +Studies say, females have higher empathy and thus adapt peaceful strate­ +gies.20 In the present study, females demonstrated lower beliefs justify­ +ing aggression; higher beliefs supporting alternative strategies. Change +among yoga group females (93.68%) is more than the males (49.42%). +The reason could be that females respond more due to higher empathy, +and express themselves more positively; thus yoga impact is significant. +Figure 1: Five bodies’ concept. +Figure 2: Study design. +Govindaraja et al.: Effect of Yoga on Adolescents’ Beliefs about Aggession and Alternatives +International Journal of Medicine and Public Health, Vol 7, Issue 3, Jul-Sep, 2017 +171 +and aggression and the promotion of socio-emotional competencies in school- +aged children. Educ Res Eval An Int J Theory Pract. 2015;21(5-6):407-21. +9.  Amaranath B, Nagendra HR SD. Effect of Integrated Yoga Module on perceived +stress, Verbal Aggression and satisfaction with life in Home Guards in Bangalore +- A wait list Randomized Control Trial. J Ayurveda Holist Med. 2015;3(5):453-76. +10.  Eron LD, Huesmann LR. Theories of aggression: From drives to cognitions. In: +Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspective.; 1994:3. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757- +9116-7_1. +11.  Huesmann LR, Guerra NG. Children’s normative beliefs about aggres­ +sion and aggressive behavior. Journal of personality and social psychology. +1997;72(2):408. +12.  SwamiVivekananda. Selections from +The Complete Works of Swami Vivekanan­ +da. 6th ed. Calcutta: Swami Ananyananda, President, Advaita Ashrama, Maya­ +vati, Dt.Pithoragarh, Himalayas; 1988. +13.  Muktibodhananda S. Hatha Yoga Pradipika. 2nd ed. Munger, Gangadarshan, Bi­ +har, India: Yoga Publications Trust; 2004:57 +. +14.  Prabhavananda S. Patañjali Yoga Sūtra. 1st ed. Mylapore, Chennai: The Presi­ +dent, Sri Ramakrishna Math; 2004:97 +. +15.  Dahlberg LL, Toal SB, Swahn M BC. Measuring Violence-Related Attitudes, Be­ +haviors, and Influences Among Youths: A Compendium of Assessment Tools. +2nd ed. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center +for Injury Prevention and Control; 2005:23-24. http://www.cdc.gov/violencepre­ +vention/pdf/yv_compendium.pdf. +16.  Simons RL, Simons LG, Burt CH, Brody GH, Cutrona C. Collective efficacy, +authoritative parenting and delinquency: A longitudinal test of a model integrat­ +ing community-and family-level processes. Criminology. 2005;43(4):989-1029. +17 +.  Singh P +. Effect of some yogic practices on aggression level among college girls. +The International Journal of Indian Psychology. 2015;3(1). +18.  Streeter CC, Whitfield TH, Owen L, Rein T +, Karri SK, Yakhkind A, et al. Effects +of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: a randomized +controlled MRS study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medi­ +cine. 2010;16(11):1145-52. +19.  Adidevananda S. Patanjala Yogadarshana - Vyasabhashya Sahita. 4th print. My­ +sore: Sri Ramakrishna Math; 1998. +20.  Anderson CA, Benjamin AJ, Wood PK, Bonacci AM. Development and testing +of the velicer attitudes toward violence scale: Evidence for a four-factor model. +Aggressive Behavior. 2006;32(2):122-36. +21.  Wallenius M, Punamäki RL. Digital game violence and direct aggression in ado­ +lescence: A longitudinal study of the roles of sex, age, and parent–child com­ +munication. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology. 2008;29(4):286-94. +22.  Amir D Aczel SJ. Complete Business Statistics. sixth edit. New York: Tata +McGraw-Hill publishing company Ltd, 7 +, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110008; +1989:266. +23.  Anderson C a, Shibuya A, Ihori N, et al. Violent video game effects on aggres­ +sion, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a me­ +ta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2010;136:151-173. doi:10.1037/a0018251. +24.  Bartholow BD, Bushman BJ, Sestir MA. Chronic violent video game exposure +and desensitization to violence: Behavioral and event-related brain potential +data. Journal of experimental social psychology. 2006;42(4):532-9. +25.  Kikas E, Peets K, Tropp K, Hinn M. Associations between verbal reasoning, nor­ +mative beliefs about aggression, and different forms of aggression. Journal of +Research on Adolescence. 2009;19(1):137-49. +26.  Fagan AA. Family-Focused Interventions to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency. Crim­ +inology & public policy. 2013;12(4):617-50. +kind of trajectory analysis was not employed in the present study. The +objective was to know yoga’s effect on adolescents’ beliefs about aggres­ +sion and alternatives, in the light of tall claims made by yoga scriptures, +projecting yoga as an effective, non-invasive, drugless intervention. +More research is needed where aggression correlates like stress, anxiety, +frustration, and hostile expectations may be examined with yoga inter­ +vention. +CONCLUSION +Study suggests that during childhood/adolescence if parents could invest +in strategic preventive-interventions like yoga, delinquency may reduce. +Thus the study encourages policy makers to initiate yoga as a preven­ +tive intervention at school levels through standardized yoga curricula, +besides providing a good support for psychiatrists/therapists to apply +yoga as a rehabilitative adjunct therapy to address adolescent aggression. +Though we cannot fully protect our children from being witness to ag­ +gression, we can surely equip them with suitable dexterities by exposure +to preventive interventions.26 +ACKNOWLEDGMENT +Authors express gratitude to SVYASA Yoga University, school manage­ +ments, teachers, students, yoga and PE teachers, psychologist, and trans­ +lators. +CONFLICT OF INTEREST +There are no conflicts of interest. +ABBREVIATION USED +SVYASA: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana. +REFERENCES +1.  Wolff BC, Santiago CD, Wadsworth ME. Poverty and involuntary engagement +stress responses: Examining the link to anxiety and aggression within low- +income families. Anxiety, Stress & Coping. 2009;22(3):309-25. +2.  Pratt HD, Greydanus DE. Adolescent violence: concepts for a new millennium. +Adolescent medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.). 2000;11(1):103-25.http://www.ncbi. +nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&li +st_uids=10640341. +3.  Baumrind D. Rearing Competent Children. In: Child Development Today and +Tomorrow. 1989:349-78. +4.  Smith TW, Glazer K, Ruiz JM, Gallo LC. Hostility, anger, aggressiveness, and +coronary heart disease: An interpersonal perspective on personality, emotion, +and health. Journal of personality. 2004;72(6):1217-70. +5.  Menon V, Sarkar S, Kattimani S. Association between personality factors and +suicide intent in attempted suicide: Gender as a possible mediator?. Personality +and mental health. 2015;9(3):220-6. +6.  Anderson CA, Bushman BJ. Human aggression. Annu Rev Psychol. 2002;53:27- +51. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90294-1. +7 +.  Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N. A randomized control trial of the +effect of yoga on verbal aggressiveness in normal healthy volunteers. Interna­ +tional journal of yoga. 2008;1(2):76. +8.  Maria A.V, Maria A.L. NQ& DPP +. +Yoga for the intervention of depression, anxiety, +Cite this article : Setty GAG, Subramanya P, Mahadevan B. Effect of Yoga on Adolescents’ Beliefs about Aggression and Alternatives. Int J Med Public Health. +2017;7(3):166-71. diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees An Action Research Study conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees An Action Research Study conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..035746187971b9f716f49d8179064b367c52b181 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees An Action Research Study conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,264 @@ +Innovative Journal of Business and Management 4: 3 May – June (2015) 45 – 51. + +Contents lists available at www.innovativejournal.in + +INNOVATIVE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT + +Journal homepage: http://www.innovativejournal.in/ijbm/index.php/ijbm + +EFFECT OF YOGA ON CONSCIENTIOUSNESS AND PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES: AN ACTION RESEARCH STUDY + +Chokkalingam, Sony Kumari, K.B.Akhilesh, H.R.Nagendra + +S. Vyasa University, Bangalore, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + + + +ARTICLE INFO + +Corresponding Author: +Dr.Sony Kumari, +Associate Professor,SVyasa University,#19, ‘Eknath Bhavan’, Gavipuram Circle, Kempe Gowda Nagar,, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560019 Email: sonykarmanidhi@gmail.com + +Key Words Personality and performance of employee, Integrated Yoga, Conscientiousness + + + + +DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijb m.vol4.iss3.22.pp45-51 + +ABSTRACT + +Development of performance of employee is an important concern for employee, employer and society at large. In this study an important personality trait viz., conscientiousness, it’s importance in the performance of employee and impact of practice of integrated yoga on personality and performance of employee are studied. 51 employees are given Integrated Yoga intervention and another 51 employees, who comprise control group are not given any intervention for 4 months. Using the Big Five Personality Questionnaire, data about Conscientiousness is collected from Yoga intervention group and control group before the study, in the middle of the study and at the end of the study. The data is analysed using SPSS and significant increase (p value <0.001) in conscientiousness among subjects in Yoga intervention group is found and not in Control group. So it is concluded that practice of Integrated Yoga improves the Conscientiousness and thus performance of employee. + + +©2015, IJBM, All Right Reserved + + + +INTRODUCTION +Improving the performance of employee is an important issue for employee, employer and society at large. The Big Five Personality Model identifies five personality dimensions namely Conscientiousness, Openness to experience, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism which influence the performance of employee(Stephen Robbins et al,2011) . Among these, Conscientiousness and it’s improvement through practice of Integrated Yoga is discussed in this article. In the first part different facets of conscientiousness, it’s importance in job performance and different methods in vogue to improve the conscientiousness are discussed. In second part, different aspects of Integrated Yoga are discussed. The third part discusses the details of empirical study. The fourth part discusses the results of the study, limitations and suggestions. +Conscientiousness and Job Performance: +According to John O.P. and Srivatsava S(1999) facets (and correlated trait adjectives) of Conscientiousness are Competence(efficient), Order(organized), dutifulness( not careless),achievement striving(thorough),self discipline( not lazy),deliberation (not impulsive). +The pioneering studies on the relationship between personality and job performance are done by Barrick and Mount. They studied the importance of Emotional Stability on the following aspects of employee performance viz., Citizenship and non counterproductive work behavior, Low turnover and absenteeism, Leadership + + +and entrepreneurship, Expatriate success, Earnings, safety, Compliance, Healthy behaviors and longevity, Motivation, Job satisfaction, commitment, Life satisfaction(Edwin A.Locke,2009) +Most of the studies of Barrick and Mount show that conscientiousness is the most important trait among all the five traits, which contribute to the performance of employee. Eight meta-analyses reported that conscientiousness and emotional stability predicted overall job performance with an average true score validity of .24 and .15, respectively. Conscientiousness and emotional stability have been found to consistently (negatively) predict an individual’s propensity to withdraw from the job. Barrick and Mount showed that voluntary turnover was predicted by both personality traits . Mount and Barrick (1995) found that conscientiousness correlates highly with amount of effort exerted. This strong relationship indicates that conscientiousness affects task performance through increased time on task, which in turn affects performance through its effect on other mediating variables. Mount and Barrick (1995) found that conscientiousness is strongly correlated with quality . Another study by Barrick, Mount, and Strauss (1993) showed that highly conscientious sales representatives are more likely to set goals autonomously and to be more committed to their goal, which, in turn, led to higher performance . A study of the personality scores of 313 CEO candidates in private companies(of whom 225 were hired, and their companies’ performance later correlated with + + +45 +Soni et. al/ Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees: An Action Research Study + + +their personality scores) found conscientiousness was more important than other traits . +Employers are very interested in eliminating counterproductive or antisocial behavior at work. Research demonstrates integrity tests are valid predictors of these behaviors (Ones, Viswesvaran & Schmidt, 1993), and also predict supervisory ratings of performance . In addition, they identified more than 100 studies reporting correlations between integrity tests and temperament measures. It found that integrity tests were related primarily to conscientiousness and emotional stability (along with agreeableness). Ones and Viswesvaran (1996) found that emotional stability emerged as the strongest personality based predictor of customer service orientation followed by conscientiousness. Thus, a major component of what is measured by integrity tests and customer service tests is conscientiousness and emotional stability. Hurtz and Donovan ( 2000 ) found that conscientiousness and emotional stability influence citizenship behaviors at work through their relationship to job dedication and interpersonal facilitation. Berry et al. (2007) clarified how emotional stability and conscientiousness predict counterproductive behavior. They stated that the more conscientious and emotionally stable a firm’s employees are, the less likely they are to engage in counterproductive behaviors at work. +Frei and McDaniel (1998) reported that customer service measures were strongly related to conscientiousness and emotional stability , along with agreeableness. Selecting employees on conscientiousness and emotional stability is also important from the viewpoint of conforming to laws on anti discrimination. In a meta-analysis reported by Hough (1995), when selection of employees are made based on personality tests differences in selections between different races were very small . Similar non-significant differences have also been found for gender. Feingold (1994) found only small gender differences were found on measures of conscientiousness and emotional stability. Thus, from a legal perspective, selecting on conscientiousness and emotional stability (and other personality dimensions) is advantageous. +Conscientiousness and emotional stability are positively related to job satisfaction. Judge et al (1999) found that conscientiousness and emotional stability assessed at an early age (12-14) were strong predictors of overall job satisfaction in late adulthood and job satisfaction motives employees to perform well in their jobs Conscientiousness plays a major role in both job and life satisfaction because conscientious behavior is instrumental in attaining outcomes such as career success that achievement-oriented people value (McCrae & Costa, 1991). Schmutte and Ryff (1997) concluded that those high in conscientiousness are more satisfied because they achieve a heightened sense of control and competence through their diligent and responsible behavior. Conscientious people develop greater job knowledge and produce more and better quality output, they develop more positive beliefs about their capabilities to accomplish particular tasks. Chen et al (1999) have shown that employees with high scores of conscientiousness have scores of self efficacy and people with high self efficacy perform well in their tasks. +During the 1980’s, the U.S. Army conducted the Selection and Classification Project (Project A). The findings from this large-scale project were that intelligence + + +tests provided the best prediction of job-specific and general task proficiency (core technical proficiency and general soldiering proficiency), whereas the personality composites, particularly those traits measuring conscientiousness and emotional stability, were the best predictors of giving extra effort and leadership, exhibiting personal discipline , and physical fitness and military bearing(McHenry et al, 1990). +In a cross sectional survey with a study population of 159 employees of a pharmaceutical company showed that among others Conscientiousness is directly related to task performance(S.Rothman and E.P.Coetzer). The highest validity (PV=0.20) was found for Conscientiousness among the all the Big Five. For all four of the occupational categories under the study, conscientiousness exhibited the highest estimated true validity ranging from 0.15 to 0.26 across occupations. +Changeability of Conscientiousness +As has been discussed, Conscientiousness is a personality dimension. Whether personality is changeable is an issue of long debate. According to Allport, one of the pioneers in research on personality, personalities are stable dispositions of an individual . But, Mischel (1968) suggests that human behaviour is largely dependent on situations . The study of both of the above theories is called Interactionism. Rather than saying that situations determine behaviour (which ignores differences in individual reactions) or that personality determines behavior(which is misleading because of low cross situational consistency of behavior) interactionism expresses it differently. This Interactionist approach allows us to assume that the person is free because his personality is not genetically determined and that some of his personality traits may vary because of his own decisions(Jose Hernandez and Ricardo Mateo 2012). Brent W.Roberts et al(2012) stated that it is only a common misperception that personality traits are highly heritable. They have provided an alternative vision of personality traits that expands on the structure, the developmental, as well as the contextual nature of traits (Roberts, 2009; Roberts & Jackson, 2008). Although conscientiousness is heritable, the best estimate of the heritability of conscientiousness-related traits is between 40% and 50% (Krueger & Johnson, 2008) . Thus, like almost all constructs studied in psychology, the majority of variance in conscientiousness is attributable to environmental influences . Empirical evidence has repeatedly shown that conscientiousness, and the related constructs that fall within the conscientiousness spectrum, such as impulse control, are both changeable and continue to develop and change well into adulthood (Roberts et al, 2006). Though changeability should not be taken as meaning inconsistency, it is clear that personality traits retain robust rank-order consistency over time while showing slow, incremental changes from year to year (Roberts & Mroczek, 2008). From the above discussion it is clear that environment can act as the facilitator for personality development . +Conscientiousness can be improved, among other things, through employee empowerment, training, job enrichment and trust (Roberts,B.W.,& Mroczek,D, 2008). To the best of the knowledge of the authors, no study has been made so far to assess if practice of yoga can enhance conscientiousness. In this article, we want to study if + + +46 +Soni et. al/ Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees: An Action Research Study + + +Integral Yoga can facilitate a change in personality of the employees to develop conscientiousness in them. +Integrated Yoga as the facilitator to improve conscientiousness +Yoga is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy and it is practiced by many people from ancient times (Feuerstein, 1998) An analysis of the term Yoga, as given by different scriptures and gurus in different contexts is as follows. +“Yujyate anena iti yogah” –Yoga is that which joins.It implies that Yoga elevates a narrow minded person who is constricted in false ego(Ahamkara) to higher levels of consciousness where he identifies himself with his real ego(Aham) or the universe. Patanjali, an ancient Yoga sage, defines Yoga as Yogah Cittavritti Nirodhah –Yoga is a technique used to still the fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of the true self (Iyengar, 1966) . Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras outline a skillful way of conducting life that fosters moderation and harmony (Becker, 2000). According to Yoga Vashishta(3.9.32) Manah Prasamanopayah Yoga ityabhidhiyate- Yoga is a skillful and subtle process to calm down the mind +The most important definition relevant for the present study is given by Bhagavadgita as “Yogah Karmasu Koushalam”(Bhagavagita chapetr 2, shloka 50). +There is no synonym in English language for the word ‘Karma’ as used in the context of Bhagavadgita. However taking the spirit of Bhagavadgita to understand the word Karma and Koushalam the above definition can be interpreted as follows (Mahadevan,2014) +Yoga is working with mastery over knowledge of means and goals of work,Yoga is dexterity and skill in action, Yoga is working with proper order and industry, Yoga is working with focus on present activity rather than future results which depend many external factors,Yoga is to work in a sustainable way of life and social order(Dharma),Yoga is work without stress,Yoga is working your way to contentment, Yoga is to work with excellence in execution. Yoga is work the knowledge and abilities of - how to react to real time events, of change management, there is no state of ‘no work’, work is the only means for evolution of one self, engaging in work is always superior to no work, other than the work itself, we have no locus of control on other aspects of work,work without attachment (what is in it for me) is bound to be always superior & fulfilling +According to Swamy Vivekananda each soul is potentially divine. According to him every one can become divine by psychic control(Raja Yoga), devotion(Bhakti Yoga),Knowledge of self (Jnana Yoga),Selfless action(Karma Yoga). It is quite clear from the above statement that he brushed aside the notion that personality cannot be changed. According to him it is possible to bring perfection in a person. He suggests four ways for it viz., by Work(Karma Yoga), by Worship(Bhakti Yoga), by Philosophy (Jnana Yoga), by Psychic control (Raja Yoga).Yoga practice which aim at the integral development of the personality by a fine combination of the above four methods of yoga viz., Karma Yoga, Bhakthi Yoga, Jnana Yoga and Raja Yoga is called as Integrated Yoga. +Based on the above principles Swamy Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthan(S-Vyasa)University, Bengaluru, India developed a Holistic and Integrated Yoga Module. It encompasses the philosophy of Raja yoga(Asanas,pranayama,dhyana etc), Karma Yoga(path of + + +detached actions),Jnana Yoga(knowledge of self),Bhakthi Yoga(trust in the supreme order). Practicing this knowledge may bring out complete transformation of one’s personality on physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels which, among other things, strengthen his performance levels. +In modern times, some research has been done on application of Yoga for personality development which are summarised below: +Bhole (1977), in his conceptual paper, explained different aspects of Yoga. The Yoga way of life encompasses the philosophy of Karma Yoga (path of detached action), Jnana Yoga (knowledge of self), Bhakti Yoga (trust in the supreme order) and Raja Yoga (asana, pranayama, meditation, etc.). Practising this knowledge may bring about a complete transformation of one’s personality, on physical, a mental, emotional, and spiritual level which strengthens his stress-coping skills. +Pandey and Naidu (1986) studied the effort and outcome orientations as moderators of the stress-strain relationship. They noted that the concept of ‘detachment’ is highly valued in Indian culture. The doctrine of detached action calls upon the individual to serve the society by scrupulous performance of one’s duties with utmost skill but without desiring the fruits of actions so performed. It is one of the ways in which an altered super-conscious state or self-realization can be attained. Effort orientation, according to this doctrine, is the ‘individual’s focus on task at hand’ and ‘advice of not to focus on or to be concerned about the outcomes of that activity.’ Further, the doctrine emphasizes that an effort should be made to maintain emotional stability regardless of the outcome of the effort, be it success or failure. They theorized that the effort and outcome orientations may moderate the stress-strain relationship for three reasons. First, the individual practicing the ideal of detached action would concentrate on most of the activities in which he engages which, in turn, would lead to the attainment of a higher degree of skills. Second, the practice of being mentally less concerned about the outcomes may help in conserving the physical and psychic energies and hence, the subject would be less affected by mental distracters such as anxiety and fear of failure (which lead to energy dissipation). Third, it is likely that the person practising these ideals cognizes the stressful events in relatively more positive terms. In the light of these reasons, the authors hypothesized that in the case of subjects with a high degree of effort orientation compared to those with a high outcome orientation: (a) the correlation between stress and strain events would be smaller; and (c) the means of different strain scores would be smaller. +Misra (1989) found that effort orientation rather than concerns for outcome leads to greater intrinsic satisfaction . Chakraborty (1987, 1993) provides experimental evidence that practising Yoga, can enable workers and managers to control their turbulent mind and develop their self to include others around them and work without false ego. +Palsane et al (1993) have observed that modern Western psychological literature focusing on ideas related to the strength of motives and frustration and their behavioural consequences, the frustration-aggression hypothesis, ego involvement, mind-body interactions (psychosomatics), and locus of control have their parallels in the ancient Indian thought. + + +47 +Soni et. al/ Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees: An Action Research Study + +According to Srinivas (1994), a series of practicing Integrated Yoga (Intervention Group) and the techniques collectively known under the general label, remaining 51 of them not practicing Integrated ‘Yoga,’ way of management of human resources is better Yoga(Control group).The subjects for intervention group than western methods. He further states that Yoga is a well are taken from people who come voluntarily to learn and formulated approach to planned change.” practice Integrated Yoga in Andhra Pradesh Yogadhyayana Sripriya Krishnan(2006) in an empirical study Parishad, a state government establishment in Hyderabad. +proved that yoga can develop personality and academic Subjects for control group were taken from employees in excellence among students. R.Rangan et al(2010) made a different organizations in Hyderabad, who volunteered to study on the students’ planning ability, visual and verbal participate in the study. +memory, sustained attention and proved that Yoga system Inclusion and Exclusion: Employees-men and women, of education improves the planning ability. These three with normal health as declared by the subject are included abilities which are important for students performance in the study. Those who have any previous experience of which also are required for employee performance are any Yoga program or presently following any type of Yoga similar to aspects of conscientiousness. program or taking any medication for psycho somatic Aditi Kejriwal and Venkat R.Krishnan (2004) made problems or self occupied people or retired people are +a study on what the organizations can do for enhancing excluded from the study +transformational leadership by using the Guna( Sanskrit Data collection: The data for the study was collected word for ‘personality’) framework and by reinforcing the before the study i.e., before giving intervention(pre study), Vedic worldview and made recommendations for: in the middle of the study i.e, two months after the Designing training programmes to develop Sattva and intervention(post1) and at the end of the study.ie., four reduce Tamas, Building team-orientation and self-sacrifice months of the study(post2). +for directing energies towards super ordinate goals, Base The period of study is four months i.e from 1st organizational policies on a competency framework built October 2014 to 31st January 2015. +around Sattva and a Vedic orientation. In order to prove or disprove the hypothesis, data In a study by Sony Kumari( 2008) it is proved that was collected for both the groups before the study i.e, on practice of yoga improves Emotional Intelligence and October 1st 2014, in the middle of the study i.,e on Emotional Competence. Sudhir Deshpande (2009) in a December 1st 2014, at the end of the study i.e., on 31st +randamised control trail of the effect of yoga on January 2015 +personalities of 226 people stated that practice of yoga Intervention: The subjects in the intervention develops Sattva Guna(balanced personality) . According to group practiced Integrated Yoga for 4 months( 100 days, Tikheshyam Ganpath et al(2012) practice of Yoga can after deducting holidays, absents etc) for 1.5 hours a day. improve Emotional Quotient in employees and can enable The daily program contains Surya them to excel in execution . Namaskaras(Sun salutations), Asanas (Body +Hasmukh Adhia(2009) conducted an important study postures),Pranayama(Breath regulation exercises), Self relating to Improving Organisational Performance by Awareness Meditation and 10 minutes lecture on practice of Integrated Yoga by employees . This study deals application of traditional Indian knowledge to modern with impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the work and personal lives. +organizational factors responsible for success of the Every month a lecture viz., Jnana yoga class for 1 organization. It is established in the study that by practice hour on application of traditional Indian knowledge is of Integrated Yoga Module , Emotional Intelligence can be conducted by the first author on the following topics, either enhanced and Job Burnout can be reduced. Emotional thru oral lectures or audio visual presentations.1) Yogah Intelligence is positively correlated with Job Satisfaction, Karmasu Koushalam 2) Six Dimensions of Karma Yoga 3) Goal Orientation, Affective Organisational Commitment and Axioms of meaningful work 4) Lord Krishna as modern Organisational Citizenship Behaviour. Thus the study manager +concluded that practice of Integrated Yoga can bring better The subjects in the control group were not given any organizational climate which can bring organizational intervention. +success. Assessments: +Details of study design: The Big Five Inventory developed by Oliver P.John Aim: The aim of the study is to see if conscientiousness is and Sanjaya Srivastava was used to assess the changes in improved by practice of Integrated Yoga conscientiousness . It is a five point likert scale , contains 44 Subjects: The subjects for the study were 102 employees questions , and 9 of them are related to Conscientiousness. (after considering drop outs the study), 51 of them It has a reliability of .82 and validity of .92 +Figure 1: A schematic representation of the study plan + + + + + + + + + + + + + +48 +Soni et. al/ Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees: An Action Research Study + +Table 1: Age and job experience of subjects Table 2: Sector wise distribution of subjects +Age of Experience Age of Experience Sectors Intervention Control Intervention Of Control Of Control group group group intervention group group IT and related 21 20 +group Finance and 14 13 +Mean 34.784 10.627 32.21 7.2157 related +std 6.6677 6.1722 4.7744 4.265 Others 16 18 dev +Table 1 represents age and experience of subjects. shows that the background of subjects in terms of age and The average age of subjects in intervention group is 34.7 experience in control group and intervention group is years with standard deviation of 6.6 where as the average similar. +age of subjects in control group is 32.21 with standard Table 2 represents the industries in which the deviation of 4.77. The average experience of subjects in subjects are employed. For the sake of study, the industries intervention group is 10.6 years with standard deviation of are divided as 1) Information Technology and related 6.17 where as the average experience of subjects in control services like BPO, electronics 2) Finance and related group is 7.21 years with standard deviation of 4.2 years. services include banking, insurance, mutual funds, The average experience of subjects of intervention group is accounting services 3) those who do not fall under the about 3.4 years more than that of control group. This is in above two are categorized as ‘others’. The table shows the line with the average age of subjects, where average age of similarity in distribution of the subjects in both control subjects in intervention group is more by 2.5 years. Table 1 group and intervention group. + + +Table 3: Mean Change in scores of Conscientiousness in Intervention group during the study Pre Pre Post1 Post1 Post2 +(Yoga group) (control group) (yoga group) (control group) (yoga group) Mean 28.549 28.176 31.2549 28.705 33.65 +SD 3.8367 4.2056 3.931246 4.0843 4.46 Change 9.6 % 1.88% 18 % + + +Post 2 +(control group) 28.96 +4.9 2.78% + + + +Table 3 represents the average changes in the conscientiousness among the subjects in intervention group and control group. Since the total number of items in conscientious are nine and scales are five, the maximum score is 45. The pre study i.e., base line data shows that score of conscientiousness is 28.54 with standard deviation of 3.8 in subjects of intervention group whereas the same for control group is 28.17 and 4.2 respectively which show that the subjects have similar traits before the study. The post 1 study i.e., data in the middle of the study shows that there is 9.6% increase in conscientiousness in intervention group ,but only 1.88% increase in conscientiousness in control group. Similarly post 2 study i.e., data at the end of the study compared to beginning of study shows there is 18% increase in conscientiousness where as it is only 2.78% in control group. These clearly indicate the increase of conscientiousness by 6.5 times more from beginning of study to the end of the study, in intervention group than in control group. +Since the design of the study requires repetitive studies of the same subjects, Repetitive Measures ANOVA i.e. RMANOVA test was used to analyse the data which are collected before the study(pre study), in the middle of the study(post1 study) and at the end of the study(post2 study) both for intervention group and control group. The results of the shown in the table 4 +Table 4: Change in Conscientiousness- between groups Time factor Group Significance (p value) +Pre Y1 vs c1 .056 Post 1 Y2 vs c2 .000** Post 2 Y3 vs c3 .000** +Table 5 shows that the difference in conscientiousness among subjects in intervention group and control group before the study i.e, baseline data is not significant (p>.05). It shows that the score of conscientiousness is relatively same in the subjects of both groups before study. Post 1 data i.e data in the middle of + +the study show that there is significant increase in the conscientiousness in intervention group compared to control group (p < .001).Post 2 study i.,e data at the end of the study shows that there is significant increase in the conscientiousness in intervention group compared to control group (p < .001). +Table 5: Changes in Conscientiousness- Within group Group Time factor Significance (p value) Yoga Pre vs post 1 .000** +Pre vs post 2 .000** Post 1 vs post 2 .000** +Control Pre vs post 1 .275 Pre vs post 2 .327 Post 1 vs post 2 1.000 +Table 5 shows changes in Conscientiousness with in Intervention group and control group during the study. It shows a continuous increase in conscientiousness from beginning to middle(p<.001), middle to end(p<.001) and beginning to end (p<.001) in subjects of intervention group . There is no significant increase in conscientiousness from beginning to middle(p>0.05), middle to end(p>.05) and beginning to end (p>.05) in subjects of control group Notes: +• ** indicates that the values are significant +• Pre,post1,post2 means the Study before intervention (baseline data), study in the middle of intervention, study at the end of intervention respectively +• Y1,Y2,Y3 means yoga group(intervention group) at the time of before study, middle of study, after study +• C1,C2,C3 means control group at the time of before study, middle of study, after study +Limitations of the study and recommendations: +1. The subjects are from different organizations and sectors. The changes in environment of their respective organizations and sectors during the study period may affect their responses. For further research, It is + + +49 +Soni et. al/ Effect of Yoga on Conscientiousness and Performance of Employees: An Action Research Study + + +recommended to have subjects from the same organization. +2. The control group is not given any intervention, which may affect their interest to give response to the questionnaires and affect its accuracy. Considering the ethical issues it is difficult for an outsider to insist on interest of subjects of control group while giving responses. For further research, it is recommended to give some non yoga intervention to control group. +3. It is recommended for further research that if the intervention for both groups is given within the organization, the same physical and office environment for all subjects in both groups can ensure better accuracy, unbiased responses. +CONCLUSIONS +The following conclusions can be drawn from the study +1. Personality of employee especially consciousness has an impact on the performance of employee +2. 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Innovative Journal of Business and Management, [S.l.], v. 4, n. 3, p. 45-51, jun. 2015. ISSN 2277-4947. +Available at: . Date accessed: 27 Jun. 2015. doi:10.15520/ijbm.vol4.iss3.22.pp45-51. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +51 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on anxiety, depression and self-esteem in orphanage residents_ A pilot study.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on anxiety, depression and self-esteem in orphanage residents_ A pilot study.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b78dc4f2a772683d62949bf4d9cb75dc29d0c46 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on anxiety, depression and self-esteem in orphanage residents_ A pilot study.txt @@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ +Ayu. 2016 Jan-Mar; 37(1): 22–25. +doi: 10.4103/ayu.AYU_158_15 +PMCID: PMC5541462 +PMID: 28827951 +Effect of Yoga on anxiety, depression and self-esteem in orphanage +residents: A pilot study +Ravishankar Tejvani, Kashinath G. Metri, Jyotsna Agrawal, and H.R. Nagendra +Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, +Karnataka, India +Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, +Karnataka, India +Address for correspondence: Dr. Kashinath G. Metri, Assistant Professor, Division of Yoga and Life +Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru - 560 019, Karnataka, India. E-mail: +kgmhetre@gmail.com +Copyright : © 2017 AYU (An International quarterly journal of research in Ayurveda) +This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- +NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non- +commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. +Abstract +Introduction: +There has been an increase in a number of orphanages and children living in orphanages in last few +years. The children living in orphanages often have psychological problems among which anxiety, +depression, and low self-esteem are considered to be most prominent. Yoga is a noninvasive, cost- +effective, and safe intervention among complementary and alternative medicine which is known to +have a positive impact on psychological problems. +Aims: +The present pilot study intended to assess the effect of a two week Yoga intervention on anxiety, +depression, and self-esteem of adolescents and young adults living in an orphanage. +Materials and Methods: +Adolescent and young adults participants who were the permanent residents of an orphanage (n = 34; +males = 27, females = 7) between age ranges of 12–20 years underwent 2 week of Yoga intervention. +Yoga intervention comprised Asana (Yogic postures), Pranayama (Yogic breathing practices), and +Dharana-Dhyana (Yogic relaxation techniques) for 1 h daily over 15 days. Hospital anxiety and +depression and Rosenberg self-esteem scale were administered at baseline and after the intervention to +assess anxiety, depression, and self-esteem, respectively. +Results: +There was a significant reduction (P = 0.001) in anxiety, depression, and significant improvement in +self-esteem (P = 0.001) at the end of 2 weeks Yoga intervention. +Conclusions: +1 +1 +This pilot study suggests that 2 weeks of Yoga practice potentially reduced anxiety and depression and +improved self-esteem of orphanage adolescents and young adults. These findings need confirmation +from studies with a larger sample size and randomized controlled design, which are implicated in the +future. +Keywords: Adolescents, anxiety, depression, orphanage, self-esteem, Yoga +Introduction +It takes a parent, family, and community to bring up a healthy child through love, nurturance, and +gentle guidance. When children are neglected and abandoned or even abused, it may lead to a severe +effect on them lasting till lifetime. Several studies have shown such effects of child abuse and neglect +although the outcome may vary as a function of the interaction between specific genes and +environmental conditions.[1] Children living in orphanages not only have to face challenges such as +malnutrition, crowded living spaces, and lack of parental care which have been shown having a +deleterious effect on development[2] but they may also have psychological difficulties such as +loneliness, sense of abandonment, and difficulties in identity formation. One study from South Asia +found behavioral problems in around 33% orphanage children.[3] In another comparative study +between 52 adolescents living in an orphanage and 55 nonorphanage residents, it was reported that +participants living in the orphanage had significantly higher anxiety, depression, negative self-concept, +hostility, and Global Severity Index points than the control group.[4] Further, children living in +orphanages often have low self-esteem.[5] +Yoga is one of the alternatives and complementary medicine interventions, which is noninvasive, safe, +as well as cost-effective. It has found to be effective in many clinical health conditions such as +hypertension, diabetes, asthma, Parkinson's disease,[6] as well as psychological problems such as +anxiety[7] and depression.[8] In a study with school children, it was found that 10 days of residential +Yoga program improved short-term and working memory.[9] In another study, 8 weeks of mindful +awareness practice 30 min/session, 3 sessions/week showed a significant improvement in cognitive +functions.[10] +However, none of the earlier studies have looked into the effects of a short termYoga intervention on +anxiety, depression, and self-esteem in orphanage adolescents and young adults. Hence, this pilot study +was conducted to explore this area. +Materials and methods +Thirty-four adolescents and young adults’ residents of an orphanage Manav Mandir Gurukul, New +Delhi, were enrolled in this study. The participants were from both the genders (boys = 27 and girls = +7) and in the age ranges of 12–20 years. +Informed consent was obtained from both the participants and head of the orphanage home before the +commencement of the study. Those participants not willing to participate in the study and those who +had previous exposure to any form of Yoga were also excluded from the study. The study was approved +by the Institutional Board of Directorate of distance education, Swami Vivekananda Yoga +Anusandhana Samsthana University (no. 407/12-54; Dt. 16 February, 2015). +Exclusion criteria +Participants with a history of any acute or chronic disease, recent surgery, or under any long-term +antipsychotic medications were excluded from the study. Demographic details of the participants are +mentioned in Table 1. +Table 1 +The demographic details of the participants +Yoga module: Intervention +Asanas: Ardhakati Chakrasana (half waist pose), Pada Hastasana (hand feet pose), Vakrasana +(diamond pose), Bhujangasana (cobra pose), Shalabhasana (locus pose), Vajrasana (diamond +pose), etc. +Pranayama: Nadishudhi Pranayama (alternate nostril breathing), Bhramari Pranayama +(humming sound while exhalation), sectional breathing, etc., breathing practices – hands in and +out breathing and ankle stretch breathing +Suryanamaskara (twelve steps sun postures): Five rounds (increased day by day) – up to 12 +rounds +QRT – Quick Relaxation Technique and A-U-M and OM chanting +Deep relaxation technique OM meditation. +Criteria for assessment +Both anxiety and depression were assessed at baseline and after 2 weeks of yoga intervention using +Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). While self-esteem was assessed using Rosenberg self- +esteem scale. +Anxiety and depression +HADS[11] is a self-assessment scale, it is designed to assess the dimensions of anxiety and depression +in nonpsychiatric participants in both hospital and community settings.[12] It is a validated and reliable +tool to diagnose anxiety and depression in adolescents[13] and has been used for research in many +surveys with the adolescent population.[14] It has got 14 items, which are divided into two subscales of +seven items each, to measure the levels of anxiety and depression. Each item is rated on a scale from 0 +(not at all) to 3 (very much). This is a popular and reliable scale, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.89.[15] +Self-esteem +The Rosenberg self-esteem scale is a widely used self-report scale for evaluating individual self- +esteem[16] on a global basis.[17] It has been used in many studies to assess self-esteem in the +adolescent population.[18] It is a 10-item scale that measures global self-worth by measuring both +positive and negative feelings about the self. All items are answered using a 4-point Likert scale. +Intervention +All the participants underwent 2 weeks of Yoga intervention 1 h daily for 6 days/week. Yoga was +taught by an expert Yoga instructor. +Data analysis +Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 10 (IBM SPSS data analytics, headquartered in Armonk, +New York, United States). Data of all variables, except anxiety, were found to be not normally +distributed by Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied to see pre–post +changes and paired sample t-test was applied to find pre–post difference in the anxiety level. +Observations and results +At the baseline, we observed that a total number of the participants having HADS anxiety and +depression score above 11, suggestive of clinical anxiety and depression were 15 (42.82%) and 03 +(8.5%), respectively. After 2 weeks of yoga intervention, these numbers fell down to 1 and 1, +respectively. A significant reduction in a number of the participants having clinical anxiety (P < 0.001, +−93.33%) and depression (P < 0.001, −66.66%) was observed at the end of the intervention [Table 2]. +Table 2 +The number of participants with clinical anxiety and depression before and after Yoga +intervention +A significant reduction in depression (P < 0.001; −32.98%) and anxiety (P < 0.001; −32.95%) along +with significant improvement in self-esteem (P < 0.001; +19.24%) was also observed at the end of 2 +weeks [Table 3]. +Table 3 +Effect of Yoga intervention after 15 days (n=35) +Discussion +This study aimed to test the effect of short-term (2 weeks) Yoga intervention on anxiety, depression, +and self-esteem in adolescent and young adult participants living in an orphanage. On post +intervention, it is observed that a significant reduction in anxiety and depression along with a +significant increase in self-esteem. Also a significant decrease in the number of the participants having +clinical anxiety and depression after 2 weeks of Yoga intervention was observed. During the +intervention phase, most of the participants were enthusiastic and motivated. Participants enjoyed the +Yoga sessions, and no adverse effects of Yoga practice were reported. +In one of the earlier comparative studies between Yoga intervention and a control dance group with +orphanage children having trauma-related distress, the participants showed significant improvements in +symptoms after participation in an 8-week Yoga program as compared to controls.[19] Apart from this, +Yoga is widely used in the adolescent population (nonorphanage) in many health-related conditions and +one study with irritable bowel syndrome found 4 weeks of Yoga practice reduces anxiety, depression, +pain, and functional disability.[20] +One possible mechanism behind these findings could be that Yoga improves autonomic functions +through influencing neurohormonal mechanisms that suppress sympathetic activity through +downregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.[21] Reduced sympathetic activity leads to +enhanced physical and mental relaxation. This may help in reducing anxiety, depression, and improve +self-esteem. It has been reported that active participation in practice and increased physical activity +may improve self-esteem[22] by improving perceived physical competence. Structured group physical +activity program for the management of depression is a part of the treatment guidelines. +It is relevant to mention that in our study, we found the prevalence of anxiety is more than the +prevalence of depression in this orphanage. One possible reason behind high anxiety levels in this age +group may be related to worries about their career and uncertainty about future. +To the best of our knowledge, there are very few studies which have focused on the adolescent +population living in orphanages. Therefore, in future, another study may be planned with the inclusion +of a randomly assigned control group which can be given an intervention package of only physical +exercise and relaxation by a trainer. This will control factors such as increased activity, as well as the +interpersonal interaction, influencing the outcome. The blind objective behavioral rating can also be +included as an outcome measure in future. Long-term follow-up may also be done to assess whether +these children are able to sustain motivation to engage in Yoga once the intervention is over. +In summary, study results support the earlier findings about the efficacy of Yoga-based intervention in +at-risk children and adolescents to significantly reduce anxiety and depression, even with a short-term +intervention. More studies are required to explore the feasibility of scaling up such interventions as a +preventive public mental measure. +Future studies should be carried out with larger sample size, proper randomization, and inclusion of an +active control group. Duration of intervention should be increased and long-term effect should be +studied. The intervention should also include counseling sessions and other components of Yoga such +as Yama and Niyama. Assessment tools may include other robust objective variables such as heart rate +variability, muscle strength, cognitive functions, mindfulness, and emotional states. +Conclusions +Two weeks of Yoga intervention may help in reducing anxiety and depression and may improve self- +esteem in orphanage adolescents and young adults. However, further randomized controlled studies are +required to confirm these findings. The limitations of this study were a short period of intervention and +lack of a control group. However, as a pilot study, this research has brought new insights into the +potential positive role of Yoga on psychological states in adolescents and young adults living in +orphanages. +Financial support and sponsorship +Nil. +Conflicts of interest +There are no conflicts of interest. +References +1. Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. 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[PubMed] [Google Scholar] +Articles from Ayu are provided here courtesy of Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on depression and Quality of Life in Drug Abuser.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on depression and Quality of Life in Drug Abuser.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..069d622f346ba01aa3dece6f2799e1aa5d92c85a --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of Yoga on depression and Quality of Life in Drug Abuser.txt @@ -0,0 +1,664 @@ + +Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2014; 2(2): 61-65 + ISSN: 2322 - 0910 + + +Available online at : http://ijapr.in +Page 61 +International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research + Research Article +EFFECT OF YOGA ON DEPRESSION AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN DRUG ABUSERS +Naorem Jiteswori Devi1, Thongam Benji Singh2, Subramanya P.3* +1Ph.D. Scholar, Division of Yoga and Humanities, S-VYASA, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. +2Department of Distance Education, S-VYASA, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. + +*3Assistant professor, Department of Distance Education, S-VYASA, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. +ABSTRACT +Background: Drug abuse including alcohol may lead to health problems, social +problems, morbidity, injuries, unprotected sex, violence, deaths, motor vehicle +accidents, homicides, suicides, physical dependence or psychological addiction. +Objectives: To study the efficacy of yoga on Quality of life of drug abusers and to study +the efficacy of Yoga on measures of depression of drug abusers. Methods and +Materials: 66 drug abused males with the mean age of 32.50±9.86 years participated in +the randomized control trial pre and post study. BDI-II and WHOQOL-BREF were used +to assess depression score and quality of life before and after. Statistical analysis: +Shapiro - Wilk, Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann Whitney test were used for +analyzing the data with the help of SPSS 16. Results: There was significant reduction +after yoga intervention in depression scores (BDI-II) (p=0.000) and significant increase +in Quality of life Domain 1, 2 and 3 (p=0.000, p=0.043, p=0.015). There was no +significant increase in QOL Domain 4 (p=0.089). Regarding wait list control group, after +the intervention programme, there was significant reduction in depression score, +(p=0.040) and no significant increase in QOLBREF score in all four domains. +Conclusion: Thus this study has shown that Yoga practice can help in reducing +depression symptoms and increased quality of life in drug abuser. +KEYWORDS: Yoga Therapy, Alcohol Abusers, Drug abusers, Depression, Quality of Life. +INTRODUCTION +Substance abuse refers to the harmful or +hazardous use of psychoactive substances, +including alcohol and illicit drugs. Psychoactive +substance use can lead to dependence syndrome +- a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and +physiological phenomena that develop after +repeated substance use and that typically include +a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in +controlling its use, persisting in its use despite +harmful consequences, a higher priority given to +drug use than to other activities and obligations, +increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical +withdrawal state. [1] +Depending on the actual compound, drug +abuse including alcohol may lead to health +problems, social problems, morbidity, injuries, +unprotected sex, violence, deaths, motor vehicle +accidents, +homicides, +suicides, +physical +dependence or psychological addiction.[2] There +is a high rate of suicide in alcoholics and other +drug abusers. The reasons believed to cause the +increased risk of suicide include the long-term +abuse of alcohol and other drugs causing +physiological distortion of brain chemistry as +well as the social isolation. Another factor is the +acute intoxicating effects of the drugs may make +suicide more likely to occur. Suicide is also very +common in adolescent alcohol abusers, with 1 in +4 suicides in adolescents being related to alcohol +abuse. [3] +Severe anxiety and depression are +commonly induced by sustained alcohol abuse +which in most cases abates with prolonged +abstinence. Even moderate alcohol sustained use +may increase anxiety and depression levels in +some individuals. In most cases these drug +induced psychiatric disorders fade away with +prolonged abstinence.[4] Drug abuse makes +central nervous system (CNS) effects, which +produce changes in mood, levels of awareness or +perceptions and sensations. Most of these drugs +also alter systems other than the CNS. Some of +these are often thought of being abused. Some +drugs appear to be more likely to lead to +Subramanya P et al. Effect of Yoga Therapy on Depression and Quality of Life in Drug Abusers + +Available online at : http://ijapr.in +Page 62 +uncontrolled use than others.[5] A study which +was +done +in +Manipur[6] +concluded +that +prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use was high +among students. Familial use of substances was +associated with the behavior of adolescents. +Friends were the key proximal determinant. + +According to yogic science, psychological +problems arise due to the unbalance speed of +mind. Yoga is the science to control the mind. +The disturbance in the mind is the real cause of +the problem. Many studies conclude that yoga +improves mental health. A study shows that +mindfulness meditation improve psychological +well being and reduce psychological symptoms +of stress related problems, illness and anxiety. [7] +Another study was done on brief lifestyle +intervention, based on yoga, on anxiety level in +normal +and +diseased +subjects.[8] +The +intervention consisted of Asana, Pranayama, +relaxation techniques, group support, lecture +and film on philosophy of yoga, place of yoga in +daily life, meditation, stress management and +nutrition. +It was +concluded +that +lifestyle +modification +based +on +yoga +and +stress +management leads to remarkable reduction in +anxiety score within a period of ten days. Yogic +breathing (Pranayama) relieves post traumatic +stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.[9] Yoga +has been used as a tool for stress management +that can assist in alleviating depression and +anxiety disorders. +OBJECTIVES: To study the efficacy of yoga on +Quality of life and depression scores of drug +abusers. +METHODS AND MATERIALS +Subjects: 66 drug abused male with the mean of +age 32.50±9.86 years participated in the study. +Inclusion criteria + +Drug abuse 18 – 40 years old. +Exclusion criteria + +Complicated medical condition. +Source of Subjects +Study participants were obtained from +two de-addiction centers in Imphal, Manipur. +Place of Study + +This study is conducted at the following +two drug de-addiction centers Newlife drug de- +addiction centre, Airport road, Changanggei, +opposite ISKON temple, Imphal, Manipur. +Devinelight drug de-addiction centre, Canchipur, +Near Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur. +Food and other restrictions + +The participants were served both +vegetarian and non-vegetarian food at the de- +addiction centers. Alcohol, tobacco and other +intoxicating drugs are strictly prohibited by the +rules of the de-addiction centre. + +Ethical Considerations +The study was approved by the IRB of S- +VYASA University. Signed informed consent of all +subjects was obtained after explaining the study +in detail. +Design +Randomized control trial (Yoga and wait +list control groups). The yoga group had +undergone Yoga intervention program for 4 +week. Participants in the control group would +undergone +day +to +day +regular +activities. +Assessments were made before and after the 4 +weeks program in two groups. +Assessments +Assessments were made on two groups +before and after the 4 weeks of intervention. The +following Psychological variables were assessed: +Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) +The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a +21-item, self-report questionnaire that assesses +depressive symptoms experienced in the past +two weeks. Scores range from 0 to 63, with +higher scores +indicating +higher levels +of +depressive symptoms. [10] The BDI-II is positively +correlated with the Hamilton Depression Rating +Scale with a Pearson r of 0.71, showing good +agreement. The test was also shown to have a +high one-week test–retest reliability (Pearson r +=0.93).[11] +WHO Quality of Life –BREF +The +WHOQOL-BREF +instrument +comprises +26 +items, +which +measure +the +following +broad +domains: +physical +health, +psychological health, social relationships, and +environment. Conbach alpha value for each of +the domain scores range from 0.71 to 0.86 which +shows good internal consistency. [12] +Intervention +The intervention was for 4 weeks and +consisted of one hour and ten minutes of Yoga +practices every day. The schedule for 1 week (6 +days) is detailed in Table 1 below. Table 2 shows +the demographic data. + +Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2014; 2(2): 61-65 + ISSN: 2322 - 0910 + +Available online at : http://ijapr.in +Page 63 +Table 1: Daily Yoga Practices +Name of practice +Duration +Warming up +10 minutes +Surya Namaskara +15 minutes +Relaxation Techniques(QRT)- in Savasana +4 minutes +Asanas: +Set 1: Standing – Ardha kati chakrasana, Ardha chakrasana, Trikonasana, +Virabhadrasana 1 and 2, Parsvakonasana +Set 2: Sitting – Vakrasana, Ardha matsyendrasana, Paschimottanasana, Ustrasana, +Vajrasana +Set 3: Supine – Naukasana, Viparitta karani, Chakrasana, Setubandhasana. +Set 4: Prone – Bhujangasana, Dhanurasana, Salabhasana. +20 minutes +Each day only +one set of +Asanas are +practiced +Relaxation techniques(DRT)- in Savasana +6 minutes +Pranayama +15 minutes +Table 2: Demographic data +Group characteristics +Yoga +Control +AGE: +18 – 40 +41 – 60 +OCCUPATION: +Student +Employed +Unemployed +MARITAL STATUS: +Married +Single +RELIGION: +Islam +Christian +Hindu +FAMILY MONTHLY INCOME: +3,500 - 15,000 +15,000 - 25,000 +25,000 and above +ABUSED SUBSTANCE: +Spasmo proxyvon +Alcohol +Heroin +Others +QUALIFICATION: +Matriculation +P.U. +Graduate + +32.30±9.65 +26(78.78%) +7(21.21%) + +6(18.18%) +19(57.57%) +8(24.24%) + +17(51.51%) +16(48.48%) + +5(15.15%) +4(12.12%) +24(72.72%) + +20(60.60%) +8(24.24%) +5(15.15%) + +13(39.39%) +10(30.30%) +9(27.27%) +1(3.03%) + +14(42.42%) +13(39.39%) +6(18.18%) + +32.70±10.13 +26(78.78%) +7(21.21%) + +1(3.03%) +30(90.90%) +2(6.06%) + +24(72.72%) +9(27.27%) + +0 +4(12.12%) +29(87.87%) + +17(51.51%) +10(30.30%) +7(21.21%) + +14(42.42%) +7(21.21%) +11(33.33%) +1(3.03%) + +18(54.54%) +9(27.27%) +6(18.18%) + +Data Extraction +Data were extracted using standard +procedures for all the variables. Psychological +variables were scored as per standard scoring +guidelines. Data will be organized and tabulated +for statistical analysis. +Data Analysis +Data was analyzed using statistical +package SPSS software (Version 16.0). Baseline +values were not significantly different. As the +data was not normally distributed, Wilcoxon +Subramanya P et al. Effect of Yoga Therapy on Depression and Quality of Life in Drug Abusers + +Available online at : http://ijapr.in +Page 64 +signed ranks’ test was used to compare means +within the group and the Mann Whitney U test to +compare the means between the groups. +Results and discussion +There was significant reduction after +yoga intervention in depression scores (BDI-II) +(p=0.000) and significantly increased in Quality +of life Domain 1, 2 and 3 (p=0.000, p=0.043, +p=0.015). There was no significant increase in +QOL Domain 4(p=0.089). +Regarding wait list control group, after +the +intervention +programmed, +there +was +significantly reduction in depression score, +(p=0.040) +and +no +significant increase +in +QOLBREF score in all four domains (p=0.58, +p=0.37, p= 0.67, p=0.18) respectively. +Table 3: Wilcoxon signed rank test for Yoga group +Parameters +Pre(Mean ± SD) +Post(Mean ± SD) +P value +BDI II +32.03±10.65 +18.57±10.59 +0.00 +QOL-BREF (Domain 1) +21.75±5.89 +25.24±3.81 +0.00 +QOL-BREF (Domain 2) +19.42±4.61 +21.27±3.88 +0.043 +QOL-BREF (Domain 3) +9.75±2.63 +11.15±2.45 +0.015 +QOL-BREF (Domain 4) +23.87±6.33 +25.96±5.74 +0.089 +**p<0.001 and *p<0.05 +Table 4: Wilcoxon signed rank test for control group +Parameters +Pre (Mean ± SD) +Post(Mean ± SD) +P value +BDI +29.39±8.25 +27.51±8.10 +0.040 +QOL-BREF (Domain 1) +21.96±3.76 +21.69±3.94 +0.58 +QOL-BREF (Domain 2) +17.81±3.20 +18.12±3.14 +0.37 +QOL-BREF (Domain 3) +9.21±1.93 +9.12±1.93 +0.67 +QOL-BREF (Domain 4) +23.33±3.70 +22.51±3.01 +0.18 +*p<0.05 +Table 5: Mann-Whitney test to show difference of depression scores between yoga and control +after the intervention +Parameters +Post yoga +Post control +P value +BDI II +18.57±8.10 +29.39±10.65 +0.001 +**P<0.001 +The present study evaluated the effect of +Yoga on drug addiction, depression and quality +of life levels in drug abuse. The study has shown +that there was a significant reduction after yoga +practice in depression scores (BDI-II), and +increased in quality of life score except in +domain 4 (WHOQOL-BREF). +Yoga has been shown to be an adjunct in +rehabilitation +of +drug +abusers. +Previously +reported substance abuse interventions based +on yoga are believed to provide benefits on +psychological and psychosocial factors. The +practice of meditation was reported to decrease +the degree of substance (marijuana) abuse, by +strengthening the mental resolve and decreasing +the anxiety.[13] A study on mood state and quality +of life of female heroin addicts showed that after +yoga intervention a significant improvement in +mood status and quality of life over time +compared with their counterparts in the control +group.[14] Simple yogic-style breathing exercises +can reduce cigarette craving acutely in the +laboratory[15]. Another study was done on pilot +treatment program for substance abuse that +integrated a comprehensive array of yoga, +meditation, spiritual and mind-body techniques. +It showed improvements on a number of +psychological +self-report +questionnaires +including +the +Behavior +and +Symptom +Identification Scale and the Quality of Recovery +Index. +It +concluded +that +application +of +comprehensive spiritual lifestyle interventions +may prove effective in treating substance abuse. +This study is consistent with these findings, +indicating that practice of the yoga can help in +improving +quality +of +life +and +reducing +depression in drug abusers. [16] +This research was done by using only +psychological parameters. There was no long +term follow up. For the future research, some of +the physiological parameters can be used with +long term follow up to see better results. + CONCLUSION +Thus this study has shown that four +weeks Yoga practice can help in reducing + +Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research, 2014; 2(2): 61-65 + ISSN: 2322 - 0910 + +Available online at : http://ijapr.in +Page 65 +depression symptoms and increased quality of +life in drug abusers. To better evaluate the +impact of yoga on prevention and the treatment +of depression and the improvement of quality of +life, further studies are needed which include +long term follow up, larger sample sizes and +controlled group should engaged in some +physical activity. +REFERENCES +1. WHO | Substance abuse. World Heal Organ +[Internet]. World Health Organization; [cited +2014 +Apr +12]; +Available +from: +http://www.who.int/topics/substance_abuse/e +n/ +2. Burke PJ, O’Sullivan J, Vaughan BL. Adolescent +substance +use: +brief +interventions +by +emergency care providers. Pediatr Emerg Care. +2005;21:770–6. +3. O’Connor RC, P. Sheehy N. Suicidal Behaviour. +Psychologist. 2001;14(1):20–4. +4. Evans K, Sullivan JM. 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WHOQOL +User +Manual. +world +Health +Organisation; 1998. +13. Telles S, Naveen K V. Yoga for rehabilitation: an +overview. Indian J Med Sci. 1997;51:123–7. +14. Zhuang SM, An SH, Zhao Y. Yoga effects on mood +and quality of life in Chinese women undergoing +heroin detoxification: A randomized controlled +trial. Nurs Res [Internet]. 2013;62:260–8. +Available +from: +http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid +=2-s2.0- +84879951778&partnerID=40&md5=4149247a +a9ddb71d07f30cafc766c210 +15. Shahab L, Sarkar BK, West R. The acute effects +of yogic breathing exercises on craving and +withdrawal symptoms in abstaining smokers. +Psychopharmacology (Berl) [Internet]. 2013 +Feb +[cited +2014 +Apr +12];225(4):875–82. +Available +from: +http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/229930 +51 +16. Khalsa SBS, Khalsa GS, Khalsa HK, Khalsa MK. +Evaluation of a residential Kundalini yoga +lifestyle pilot program for addiction in India. J +Ethn Subst Abuse. 2008;7:67–79. + + + +Cite this article as: +Naorem Jiteswori Devi, Thongam Benji Singh, Subramanya +P. Effect of Yoga on Depression and Quality of Life in drug +Abusers. Int. J. Ayur. Pharma Research. 2014; 2 (2): 61-65. +Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None +Declared + +*Address for correspondence +Pailoor Subramanya +S-VYASA +# 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, +Kempe Gowda Nagar, Bengaluru – 560 019, +India. +Phone: +919886462201 +Email: pailoors@gmail.com diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of cyclic meditation on quality of life and perceived stress in female adolescence_unlocked conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of cyclic meditation on quality of life and perceived stress in female adolescence_unlocked conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..11dbeb24628aaba7e107faf6a1f2220b06051ca3 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of cyclic meditation on quality of life and perceived stress in female adolescence_unlocked conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,129 @@ +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijeprjournal.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + + +Original Article + + +Effect of cyclic meditation on quality of life and perceived stress in female adolescence + +Sony Kumari, Sumitabha Ghosh Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India + + + + + + + + + + + + +Address for Correspondence: Dr. Sony Kumari, +c/o, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, No. 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, +Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, Karnataka, India. E‑mail: sonykarmanidhi@gmail.com + +ABSTRACT +Aim: Effect of cyclic meditation (CM) on quality of life (QOL) and perceive stress in female adolescence.MaterialsandMethods:Thisstudy wascarriedout in school students(58 adolescence girl). Participants age ranged from 14 to 17 years with a mean age of (mean ± standard deviation = 16.41 ± 0.56). All subjects were recruited from Bongo Sishu Balika Vidhalaya Bali Hawra (West Bengal) India.The variables (perceive stress scale and QOL enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire) were assessed before the CM practices.All the student underwent CM practices daily for 30 min afternoon 3 pm to 3:30 pm, 5 days a week for 1‑month under the guidance of a trainer yoga therapist.These CMs consisted of eight steps.The eight‑step CM is the same, which is following in SVYASA Yoga University.After 30 days of intervention, the parameters were repeated. Results:The dataanalysis showed significant improvement in QOL(P<0.05) and significant changes in perceive stress (P < 0.05) and there is no significant change in quality of satisfaction.The result shows significant value in both the variables month of CM one.Conclusion:These findings suggest that practice 1‑month of CM showed that there is a significant impact on QOL and perceived stress in an adolescent girl. + +Key words:Adolescence, perceived stress, quality of life cyclic meditation, yoga + + + +Introduction +Quality of life (QOL) reflects an individual’s subjective perceptions of overall satisfaction with life and general well‑being. It is recognized as a multidimensional concept and, therefore, can be described in terms of fulfillment and functioning in physical, psychological, emotional, social and vocational/educational domains. The cognitive, behavioral, and social problems in adolescents girl with epilepsy results from multiple interacting causes, including socioeconomic‑family, psychological, biological, medication factors, and QOL. + +Perceived stress is one of the common problem in adolescent girl compared with boys, girl’s showed a higher amount of perceived interpersonal stress and prone for social support. There is a research, whichdetects that the female + + +Access this article online +Quick Response Code: +Website: www.ijeprjournal.org + + +DOI: +10.4103/2395-2296.158348 + + +adolescent has more problem‑focused and emotion‑focused coping were negatively related to emotional and behavioral problems, whereas perceived stress and maladaptive coping was positively associated with adjustment problems. These relations were stronger in female than in male adolescents.[1] Most of the girl feel distress and perceive stress because the phase changes between early childhood to full adolescent they faced so many changes on her family, society, and in school. These changes create differences in their moods, behaviors, and psychological aspects.[2] + +Yoga is an ancient Indian science, which includes the practice of loosening exercises (sithilikaranavyayama) specific postures (asana), cleansing practices (kriyas), voluntarily regulated breathing (pranayama), yoga‑based guided relaxation and meditation (dhyana). Yoga an ancient Indian culture and way of life, which gives the practitioner a healthy body and sound mind is known to alleviate stress and produce relaxation. Many branches of yoga have been described, such as “Hatha” yoga, “Karma” yoga, “Bhakti” yoga and others. Yoga includes postural exercises (asana’), breath control (Pranayama’) and at a higher state aims to “yoke’ or Join” the individual soul to the universal soul. Sahaja yoga is reported to help in the prevention of stress disorders. + + +238 International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches / Vol 1 / Issue 3 / July-September 2015 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijeprjournal.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + +Kumari and Ghosh: Meditation on quality of life + + +A randomized control trial study on adolescent psychiatric outpatient’s age range between 14 and 18 years they were given 5 month mind‑body intervention and the results showed reduction in symptoms of anxiety, depression, and somatic distress, and perceived stress.[3] + +The previous study investigated the effects of a 10‑week mindfulness‑based intervention on self‑reported mindfulness, impulsiveness, perceived stress, and healthy self‑regulation in a group of 32 incarcerated youth. Thirty‑two participants completed questionnaires pre‑ and post‑intervention. In addition, 23 participants were interviewed on completion of the intervention where the results suggest that mindfulness‑based intervention for incarcerated youth may mitigate the numerous psychological stressors associated with incarcerated living. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.[4] + +An observational, transversal study was carried out to examine cross‑cultural differences in perceived QOL and health‑related behaviors on adolescents from southern Portugal and southern Spain. Sample consists in 319 adolescents. The Kidscreen‑27 child self‑report, a short version of health behavior in school‑aged children questionnaire, and a Sociodemographic questionnaire were used. Results suggest significant differences between Portuguese and Spanish adolescents health behaviors. Portuguese adolescents experiment more legal drugs and consume more wine and beer. More Spanish adolescents smoke. No differences were found between countries on hashish use, liquor consumption, inebriation, Spanish adolescents perceived themselves with better QOL. Gender differences were found on several dimensions of QOL. Results are discussed with previous research on this topic and might be considered by nurses when promoting adolescent health. + +Cyclic meditation (CM) is the meditation technique named as moving meditation taken from Mandukiya Upanishad, which is a combination of the yoga postures and relaxation techniques. It is based on the principles of stimulation and relaxation. There are three relaxation techniques included in this meditation practice, which are instant relaxation technique, quick relaxation technique, and deep relaxation technique. + +Materials and Methods +Subjects were recruited from Bongo Sishu Balika Vidhalaya Bali Hawra (West Bengal) India all subjects were 10th‑12th standard pass out. Participants are school students (58 adolescence girl) participants age ranged were + +from 14 to 17 years with a mean age of (mean ± standard deviation = 16.41 ± 0.56). Subjects age range was between 14 and 17 years. All subjects were female and subjects were 10th–12th standard pass out. The study protocol will be explained to the subjects, and their signed consent will be obtained. The design of this study was single group pre‑and post‑design and the sampling were convenient sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 version (Armonk, NY: IBM Company) using nonparametric test. In the present study, QOL and perceived stress scale (PSS) variables were used. + +Quality of life enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire The scoring of the QOL enjoyment and satisfaction questionnaire (Q‑LES‑Q‑SF) involves summing only the first 14 items to yield a raw total score. The last two items are not included in the total score, but are standalone items. The raw total score ranges from 14 to 70.[5] For assessing the validity of the Q‑LES‑Q‑SF – short form research was done in adults, and the research found with Internal consistency of the Q‑LES‑Q‑SF items was 88, and the correlation between the Q‑LES‑Q‑SF total score and the SAS total T‑score was 72. After these results, it can be supported that the Q‑LES‑Q‑SF is valid to measure the QOL.[6] + +Perceived stress scale +The PSS measures a global perception of the stress response on a continuum from mild to severe. PSS is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. The questions in the PSS are of general nature, relatively free of content specific to any sub‑population group and enquire about feelings and thoughts to measure the “degree to which situations in one’s life is appraised as stressful” especially, over last 1‑month. The items are easy to understand, and response alternatives are simple to grasp. Items are designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. It comprises of 10 items, four of which are reverse‑scored, measured on a 5‑point scale from 0 to 4. PSS scores are obtained by reversing responses (e.g., 0 = 4, 1 = 3, 2 = 2, 3 = 1 and 4 = 0) to the four positively stated items (items 4, 5, 7, and 8) and then summing across all scale items. The total score ranges from 0 to 40. The measure has good reliability, validity and internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha of 88. It has been widely used, is general in nature, and brief. + +Intervention Cyclic meditation +Cyclic meditation is the meditation technique named as moving meditation taken from Mandukiya Upanishad which is a combination of the yoga postures. This + + + +International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches / Vol 1 / Issue 3 / July-September 2015 239 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijeprjournal.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + +Kumari and Ghosh: Meditation on quality of life + + +Table 1: Pre‑ and post‑changes of perceive stress, QOL and quality of satisfaction after 1‑month of CM +Assessment Pre Post Percentage P (mean±SD) (mean±SD) of change +Perceive stress 18.58±3.5 20.0±3.3 +7.1 0.020* QOL 46.6±9.5 49.01±10.2 +4.9 0.023* Quality of 3.43±0.94 3.41±1.05 −0.2 0.661 satisfaction + +Paired t‑tests revealed a significant decrease (P < .05) in perceived stress and a significant increase (P < .001) in healthy self‑regulation. No significant differences were found on self‑reported mindfulness. Results suggest that +mindfulness‑based interventions are feasible for incarcerated adolescents + +technique of yoga postures with guided meditation was given by H. R. Nagendra, Ph. D, called CM, which has its’ origin in an ancient Indian text, Mandukiya Upanishad.[7] It is interesting that CM does induce a quiet state of mind, which is compatible with the description of meditation (dhyana or effortless expansion), according to Patanjali the description states Tatra pratyayaikatanata dhyanam’ (Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, chapter 3: verse 2). This means that the uninterrupted flow of the mind towards the object chosen for meditation is dhyana.[8] In CM the period of practicing yoga postures is a combination of alternate stimulation and followed by relaxation’. Stimulation is done by stretching part by part and relaxation by savasana or relaxation technique. An essential part of the practice of CM is being aware of sensations arising in the body.[9] + +Results +Data were not normally distributed, and we have conducted a nonparametric test to see the within group result. Result showed significant improvement in QOL+4.9%(P>0.05) and significant changes in perceive stress + 7.1% (P > 0.05) and there is changes in the mean value of postquality of satisfaction − 0.2%. Thus, the results of the study concluded that the significant value of both variables is highly significant [Table 1]. + +The mechanism behind the find could be because, the practice of CM leads to deeper physical and mental relaxation, which could be cause for improved positive attitude and approach towards life. Previous study investigated the effects of a 10‑week mindfulness‑based intervention on self‑reported mindfulness, impulsiveness, perceived stress, and healthy self‑regulation in a group of 32 incarcerated youth. Thirty‑two participants completed questionnaires pre‑ and post‑intervention. In addition, 23 participants were interviewed upon completion of the intervention where the results suggest + +that mindfulness‑based intervention for incarcerated youth may mitigate the numerous psychological stressors associated with incarcerated living. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed. + +The present study was aimed to see the effect of 1‑month CM practice on perceive stress and QOL in an adolescent girl. End of the study we observed significant improvement in QOL and changes in perceive stress. The result shows that there is significant result in both variables. + +Conclusion +This study has the strength with large sample size and success to show the preliminary step in determining the effect of CM on QOL and perceive stress in female adolescence. In future, we can examine the effect of CM on QOL and perceive stress in other generation, and we have to expand our sample size. + +References + +1. HampelP, PetermannF. Perceived stress, coping, and adjustment in adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2006;38:409-15. +2. Pierrehumbert B, Torrisi R, Glatz N, Dimitrova N, Heinrichs M, Halfon O. The influence of attachment on perceived stress and cortisol response to acute stress in women sexually abused in childhood or adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009;34:924-38. +3. Biegel GM, Brown KW, Shapiro SL, Schubert CM. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for the treatment of adolescent psychiatric outpatients: A randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009;77:855-66. +4. Himelstein S. A mixed method study of a mindfulness-based intervention on incarcerated youth. Diss Abstr Int B Sci Eng 2010;59:151-6. +5. Endicott J, Nee J, Harrison W, Blumenthal R. Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire: A new measure. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993;29:321-6. +6. Mick E, Faraone SV, Spencer T, Zhang HF, Biederman J. Assessing the validity of the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2008;11:504-9. +7. Swami C. Mandukya Upanishad. Bombay, India: Sachin Publishers; 1984. +8. TaiminiIK. The Science of Yoga. Madras, India: The Theosophical Publishing House; 1986. +9. Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. New Perspectives in Stress Management. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashan; 1997. + +How to cite this article: Kumari S, Ghosh S. Effect of cyclic meditation on quality of life and perceived stress in female adolescence. Int J Educ Psychol Res 2015;1:238-40. +Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared. + + + + + + +240 International Journal of Educational and Psychological Researches / Vol 1 / Issue 3 / July-September 2015 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of fitness training and yogic practices on football passing skill.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of fitness training and yogic practices on football passing skill.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..111157061c9f1608d624b79a2263cfbe5f8ea4a3 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of fitness training and yogic practices on football passing skill.txt @@ -0,0 +1,393 @@ + +~ 120 ~ +International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education 2018; 3(2): 120-122 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +ISSN: 2456-0057 +IJPNPE 2018; 3(2): 120-122 +© 2018 IJPNPE +www.journalofsports.com +Received: 22-05-2018 +Accepted: 27-06-2018 + +Poornabodha V Kadagadakai +Division of Yoga and +Humanities, SVYASA Yoga +University, Bengaluru, +Karnataka, India + +Balaram Pradhan +Division of Yoga and +Humanities, SVYASA Yoga +University, Bengaluru, +Karnataka, India + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Correspondence +Poornabodha V Kadagadakai +Division of Yoga and +Humanities, SVYASA Yoga +University, Bengaluru, +Karnataka, India + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Effect of fitness training and yogic practices on football +passing skill + +Poornabodha V Kadagadakai and Balaram Pradhan + +Abstract +The aim of the study is to find out the effect of fitness training along with yogic practices on the passing +skill of football players. Eighty two male college football players divided randomly into treatment and +control group with the age range from 18-24 years. Each player underwent Bobby Charlton passing skill +test before and after intervention period of 4 months. The results shows significant pre-post +improvements in the treatment group Passing (P) (p< 0.006) variable where as control group showed +insignificant. In conclusion, the short period training program of fitness exercises along with yogic +practices is helpful in enhancing the skill level of football players. + +Keywords: Football skill, fitness training, yogic practices + +Introduction +Physical fitness is the ability to carry out day to day actions with no excessive tiredness. The +health related physical fitness components enhance the regular health and also fitness level, if +an individual take part regularly in the fitness activities. Poor physical fitness and inactive +living habits will lead to a negative impact of both health and daily living. The regular practice +of yoga shall improve one’s health and also keep fit for day to day activities. The measurement +of skillfulness is hardly ever built-in when the fitness of players is monitored. Soccer is a +complex sport, requiring the repetition of many disparate actions, and several tests are +currently being used to assess the physical ability of players (Rampinini et al., 2007) [1]. For +example, aerobic capacity can be assessed using the Yo-Yo test (Krustrup et al., 2003) [2], +simple running tests can be used to monitor speed, agility and repeated sprint performance, +and countermovement jumps can be used to assess leg power. The development of game +performance is generally seen in learning tactical and technical skills and their integration into +the game context (Mitchell, Oslin, Griffin, 2006; Grehaigne, Richard & Griffin, 2005) [3]. Skill +is the sportsman’s ability to perform the proper techniques in proper time, successfully with +less effort. It is the ability to carry out physical or intellectual tasks with a greatest level of +success. A more recent definition of skill is: ‘the consistent production of goal-oriented +movements, which are learned and specific to the task’ (McMorris, 2004) [4]. In order for +players to acquire and execute soccer skills adequately, it is important that they are equipped +with the fundamental motor skills, such as sprinting, agility, acceleration, etc. (e.g., Strand & +Wilson, 1993; Burton & Miller, 1998; Seefeldt, 1980). Fundamental motor skills are seen as +essential precursors or related factors to technical skills and therefore excellence in soccer +(Moore, Collins, & Burwitz, 1998) [5]. Technical skills are classified as on-the-ball- +performance actions and consist of: ball control, passes, crosses, dribbles, tackles, headers, +shots, corners, free-kicks and throwing (Rampinini et al., 2007; Taylor, Mellalieu, James, & +Shearer, 2008) [1, 6]. Technical skills are a prerequisite for playing soccer and are crucial in +soccer performance. These crucial moments consist of winning possession of the ball, +deceiving an opponent by passing or dribbling, and most importantly to score a goal (Bangsbo, +1994; Reilly et al., 2000b; Rienzi et al., 2000) [7]. All the sports, to unbalanced extents, occupy +the submission of cognitive, perceptual or motor skill (Bate, 1996) [8]. The motor skills +required to successfully control, pass, dribble and shoot the ball at goal are fundamental skills +of the soccer player (Ajmal Ali, 2010) [9]. Since, the performance in skill tests depends on +physical fitness abilities, it is challenging for measurements of skill development. + +~ 121 ~ +International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education +The passing and dribbling skill tests comprise of extensive +amount of running. Hence, the predictors of successful +performance in many skill tests have been shown to depend +on measured tasks (Malina et al., 2005) [10]. In football game, +a player might have good patterns of technique (movements) +but if he does not perform the right action (skill) at the right +time, then he becomes useless player (Knapp, 1977) [11]. The +physical fitness training along with yogic practices helps a +player to enhance his skill related physical fitness. In this +regard, this study was done on male football player’s, to know +the effect of fitness training along with yogic practices on +passing skill of college football players. + +Methods +Eighty two male football player’s age 18 to 24 years were +voluntarily involved in the present study for four months. All +the participants were informed about the possible benefits +associated with the study and experimental procedures. The +informed consent letter was collected from the subjects before +the pre test. The subjects were given freedom to withdraw +from the study at any point of time. The participants were +divided into Treatment group and control group randomly. +The physical fitness training of pushups, squat thrust, bench +dips, sit ups, back extension, step up and shuttle run training +was given to the treatment group along with dynamic +Suryanamaskar, asana, breathing practices, Kapalabhati and +pranayama for 4 months. The control group was not provided +any training. + +Assessment +Bobby Charlton’s passing test is intended to encourage the +use of both feet by passing over short distance. + +Experimental design +The physical fitness training along with yogic practices was +planned for four months to the college football players from +Monday to Friday for one hour. The pre-test was taken for +both treatment (n=41) and control (n=41) group before start of +the intervention. The subjects were allowed to take 20 min +warm up including jogging, stretching and football specific +exercises every day. Squat thrust, bench dips, sit ups, back +extension, step up and shuttle run training were included in +the intervention to measure the possible changes or +improvement in the football passing skill. The physical fitness +components, training methods, related tests and its criterion +measures are as shown in table 1. + +Table 1: Football skills and Bobby Charlton’s soccer sports tests. + +S. No +Variable +Test +Criterion Measures +1 +Short Passing +Passing over short distance +Scores + +Statistical Analysis +At base line there was no significant difference between +groups for passing (p = 0.824). Repeated measures anova +difference +between +pre-post +scores, +and +group-time +interaction scores for football skill variables are as shown in +Table 2. + +Table 2: Comparison of the Tests Executive Functions of Treatment and Control group by using SPSS 23 version software. + + +Treatment (n=41) +Control (n=41) +Pre vs +pre +Post vs post +Group* time + +Pre +Post +P values +(% cha) +% +PRE +POST +P values +(% cha) +% + + + + +Mean ± +SD +Mean± +SD + + +Mean ± SD +Mean ± SD + + + + + +Passing +(score) +79.27± +48.70 +100.00± +43.30 +0.006 +26.15 +76.83± +50.12 +81.71± +47.11 +0.505 +6.35 +0.824 +0.071 +0.128 + +Results: Passing showed a difference between times [F (1,80) += 6.185, p= 0.015] but, there is non-significant difference in +group-time interaction [F (1,80) = 2.370, p=0.128] as shown +in fig.1. + + + +Fig 1: Passing in scores + +Significant pre-post improvements were seen in the treatment +group in the variable passing (p< 0.006) whereas control +group showed insignificant. +Discussion of Findings +The four months intervention program of physical fitness +training along with yogic practices was mainly consisting of + +~ 122 ~ +International Journal of Physiology, Nutrition and Physical Education +the actual performing fitness and yogapractices. The +importance was given on specific fitness training of particular +fitness components and selected yogic practices. There is a +significant improvement on passing. Control group showed no +significant +gains +in +passing +skill. +The +significant +improvements in accuracy passing by the treatment group +may be due to increase in pelvic rotation. Kicking opens the +hips, allowing the pelvis to move through a greater range of +motion and prolonging ball contact time, which may have +positive benefits for accuracy (Barfield, 1998) [12], Lees and +Nolan (2002) [13]. +Enhancing muscle activation of the Tibialis anterior (TA) and +biceps femurs (BF) and reducing gastronomies muscle (GAS) +activation may assist players to kick accurately against top +targets. In contrast, players who display higher Tibialis +anterior (TA) and rectus femurs (RF) activation may be less +accurate against a bottom target. It was concluded that muscle +activation of the kicking leg represents a significant +mechanism which largely contributes to soccer kick accuracy +(Athanasios Katis et al., 2013) [14]. + +Conclusions +The treatment group showed significant improvement in +passing skill is mainly due to regular physical fitness training +of pushups, squat thrust, bench dips, sit ups, back extension, +step up and shuttle run training along with dynamic +Suryanamaskar, asana, breathing practices, Kapalabhati and +pranayama. Rhythmic exercises like asana practice increased +the flexibility thereby players are able to rotate pelvic during +ball kick which opens the hips, allowing the pelvis to move +through a greater range of motion. This will help during +kicking, shooting for accuracy (Barfield, 1998) [12]. Therefore +the present study shows that, the short time training program +of fitness exercises and yogic practices helpful in improving +motor related physical fitness components there by enhances +passing skill of football players. It is also suggested that, long +duration training program may be more effective as compared +to short duration by considering high level competitions. + +References +1. Rampinini E, Bishop D, Marcora SM, Bravo DF, Sassil +R, Impellizzeri FM. Validity of simple field tests as +indicators of match-related physical performance in top- +level professional soccer players. Int J Sports Med. 2007; +28:228-235. +2. Krustrup P, Mohr M, Amstrup T, Rysgaard T, Johansen +J, Steensberg A et al. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery +test: physiological response, reliability, and validity. Med +Science Sports Exercise. 2003; 35:697-705. +3. Mitchell SA, Oslin JL, Griffin LL. Teaching sport +concepts and skills: A tactical games approach (2nd ed.). +Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2006. +4. McMorris T. Acquisition and Performance of Sports +Skills.Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2004. +5. Moore Collins, Burwitz. The development of Talent +study (DOTS) London: English Sports Coouoncil, 1998. +6. Taylor JB, Mellalieu SD, James N, Shearer DA. The +influence of match location, quality of opposition, and +match status on technical performance in professional +Association football. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2008; +26:885-895. +7. Bangsbo J. The Physiology of Soccer. Acta Physiol +Scand. 1994; 151:1-155. +8. Bate D. Soccer skills practice. In: Reilly T, ed. Science +and soccer. London: E & FN Spon, 1996, 227-241. +9. Ajmal Ali. Measuring soccer skill performance: a review. +Scandinavion journal of Medicine & science in sports, +2010. +10. Malina RM, Cumming SP, Kontos AP, Eisenmann JC, +Ribeiro B, Aroso J. Maturity-associated variation in sport +specific skills of youth soccer players aged 13-15 years. +Journal of Sports Sciences. 2005; 23(5):515-522. +11. Knapp B. Skill in sport: the attainment of proficiency. +London: Routledge, 1977, 1-6. +12. Barfield WR. Biomechanics of kicking in soccer. Clinical +Sports Medicine. 1998; 17:711-728. +13. Lees A, Nolan L. Three-Dimensional Kinematic Analysis +of the Instep Kick Under Speed and Accuracy +Conditions. In: Science and Football IV. Ed: Spinks, W., +Reilly, T. and Murphy, A. London, Routledge, 2002, 16- +21. +14. Athanasios Katis, Emmanouil Giannadakis, Theodoros +Kannas, Ioannis Amiridis, Eleftherios Kellis, Adrian +Lees. Mechanisms that influence accuracy of the soccer +kick. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. +2013; 23:125-131. + + + + + + + + diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of integral yoga on psychological and health variables and their correlations.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of integral yoga on psychological and health variables and their correlations.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3c3d147f2d8c4f0929a19ee52fdfec0ba0540d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of integral yoga on psychological and health variables and their correlations.txt @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ +8/11/2014 +Effect of integral yoga on psychological and health variables and their correlations :[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga (IJoY) +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973-6131;year=2011;volume=4;issue=2;spage=93;epage=99;aulast=Khemka +1/5 +ORIGINAL ARTICLE +Year : 2011 | Volume : 4 | Issue : 2 | Page : 93--99 +Effect of integral yoga on psychological and health variables and their correlations +Sushil S Khemka1, Nagendra Hongasandra Ramarao1, Alex Hankey2, +1 Department of Yoga and Life Sciences, Sw ami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Bangalore, India +2 Institute of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, Bangalore, India +Correspondence Address: +Sushil S Khemka +Sw ami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Eknath Bhavan, 19, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegow da Nagar, Bangalore - 560 019 +India +Abstract +Objective: Certain psychological and health variables are commonly measured in India. This study evaluates the effects of integral yoga practices on these variables and also the +consistency of correlations observed between them. Materials and Methods: The study was a pre-post intervention study. The variables were measured at the beginning and the +end of a one-month yoga course. There was no control group.The study was carried out at Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University, in its rural +campus south of Bangalore. Based on health criteria, 108 subjects were selected out of 198 volunteers to form the experimental yoga group. Ages ranged from 17 to 63 years. The +yogasanas (postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), relaxation techniques, meditation, chanting and lectures were the components of yoga intervention. The variables +measured were sustained attention, emotional intelligence - EQ, general health - GHQ, guna personality - sattva, rajas and tamas. Results: Significant pre-post changes were found +in all variables. Significant correlations were found between the following pairs: The two sustained attention variables; emotional intelligence and general health; GHQ and tamas; +sattva and tamas; and rajas and tamas. Conclusion: The study shows that there were significant changes in all variables (P< 0.001) except in sattva. It also confirms that EQ and +general health variables correlate significantly with each other and negatively with tamas. EQ and tamas form positive and negative predictors of health respectively. Sattva correlates +positively with EQ suggesting that a sattvic personality indicates better self-control. This suggests that, by improving guna personality, long-term yoga practice may stabilize EQ. +How to cite this article: +Khemka SS, Ramarao NH, Hankey A. Effect of integral yoga on psychological and health variables and their correlations.Int J Yoga 2011;4:93-99 +How to cite this URL: +Khemka SS, Ramarao NH, Hankey A. Effect of integral yoga on psychological and health variables and their correlations. Int J Yoga [serial online] 2011 [cited 2014 Aug 11 ];4:93-99 +Available from: http://www.ijoy.org.in/text.asp?2011/4/2/93/85492 +Full Text + Introduction +Yoga is widely practiced for its benefits to body and mind. Yoga therapeutics is an increasingly appreciated discipline, particularly in India where it is overseen by the Ministry of +Health and Family Welfare's Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH). Not many studies have assessed the influence of integral +yoga practices on psychological and health variables, establishing many possible benefits. This study apart from establishing the benefits of internal yoga investigates the +relationships between the variables themselves. Up till now, this correlation aspect has not been much investigated, since this requires simultaneous measuring of many variables +for a large group, and then to correlate. The aim of the present study is to begin to remedy this deficiency. It measured many variables on a group of volunteers large enough to +identify significant correlations between variables. Specifically it evaluated correlations between measures of sustained attention, emotional intelligence, general health and guna +personality before and after a one-month Yoga instructor's course. +Sustained attention is the capacity to attend to a task for a required period of time. The ability may be related to steadiness of focus, which in turn is a sign of mental stability. +Sustained attention may thus depend on emotionality. +A self-controlled study on 20 male volunteers measured immediate effects of three yoga-breathing techniques on performance of a letter cancellation task (LCT). [1] Practice of +alternate nostril yoga breathing (Nadi suddhi pranayama) and right nostril yoga breathing (Surya anuloma pranayama) improved task performance. No significant change was +observed following left nostril breathing, or simple breath awareness. The authors concluded that anxiety-reducing effects of pranayama might have contributed to better LCT +performance, since this requires selective attention. +Patil and Telles [2] measured the effects of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on six letter cancellation (SLC) test performance, a task requiring selective attention, concentration, +visual scanning abilities and repetitive motor response. Cyclic meditation brought about a greater improvement than supine rest again suggesting anxiety reduction. +Khemka et al,[3],[4] in a two separate control studies measured immediate effects of two relaxation techniques and immediate effect of Kapalbhati and breath awareness on healthy +volunteers on performance of SLC task and digit letter substitution (DLS) task and found significant increase in both task performances of attention in all four interventions of two +studies. +Emotional intelligence has been variously defined as "the ability to control one's own and other's feelings and emotions, to discriminate amongst them, and to use this information to +guide one's thinking and actions", [5] "… the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in ourselves and +in relationships." [6] Goleman claims that about 80% of a person's success in life depends on emotional competencies as measured by EQ. [7] +A controlled study of 170 subjects by Kumari et al,[8],[9] assessed the effects of a six week part-time self management of excessive tension (SMET) program for managers on their +emotional well-being. EQ scores increased significantly on four of the five subscales. +General health is not just absence of disease, but is well being on physical, mental and social levels. [10] Many studies have found improvements due to yoga practice. A small +randomized control trial of sahaja yoga[11] evaluated effects on depressive disorders. Anxiety and depression scores reduced more in the yoga group. In a study of Yoga's effects on +8/11/2014 +Effect of integral yoga on psychological and health variables and their correlations :[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga (IJoY) +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973-6131;year=2011;volume=4;issue=2;spage=93;epage=99;aulast=Khemka +2/5 +distress symptoms in survivors of the 2005 tsunami, [12] self-rated fear, anxiety, sadness and disturbed sleep decreased significantly along with heart and breathing rates for +indigenous people. A review of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga for stress, anxiety, and depression concluded that the technique enhances well being, mood, attention, mental focus and +stress tolerance, [13] and seems beneficial as a low risk, low cost adjunct to treatment of many conditions, and for criminal rehabilitation. A study of hatha yoga's effects in 107 +healthy adults found improved physical and mental health and well-being. [14] +A controlled pilot study evaluating a comprehensive yogic breathing program observed reduced anxiety, depression and stress, and increased optimism in the experimental group. +[15] An RCT comparing meditation stress-management and education programs as adjuncts to pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorder found reduced anxiety and depression. [16] +These results consistently find that professionally administered yoga programs improve many health variables. +Guna personality variables are three Vedic personality patterns named sattva, rajas and tamas: Sattva brings calmness, lightness, illumination, control, and the beginning of +selflessness, all triggering constructive action; rajas is a more compulsive tendency to action and selfishness, producing pain, and a restless mind; tamas manifests as lethargy, +drowsiness or sleepiness, blocks, and stagnation. According to Vedic psychology, these gunas constantly control a person's tendencies: "Everyone is helplessly driven to action by +the gunas". [17] +An evaluation of yoga's impact on the gunas, and on self-ideal disparity [18] found significant correlations between self and ideal self for the yoga group, but not for controls. Tamas +was associated with disparity between self and ideal self. Another study [19] found that the Hare Krishna mantra increased sattva and decreased rajas and tamas. Generally, Yoga +aims to improve guna quality, until sattva dominates all the time. [20] +Correlations between attention and gunas: gunas are related to cognitive characteristics, [21] perceptual acuity and field independence, [22] intelligence, memory, and attention- +concentration. [23] Negative correlations are reported between tamas and field independence, short-term memory, intelligence and attention-concentration, and positive correlations +between sattva and general intelligence, short-term memory and attention-concentration. Ability to focus attention correlates positively with sattva, and negatively with tamas. +Correlations between EQ and gunas have been studied by Kumari et al.[24] Finding none, they concluded that the two are distinct personality concepts. +Correlations between health and gunas: A study of rajas and tamas in psychological disturbance found the two predominant factors in the patient population, [25] suggesting that +elevated levels of rajas and tamas give rise to mental ill health. It is generally agreed that predominance of rajas and tamas leads to psychological disturbance. Sattva guna, on the +other hand, leads to positive mental health and optimal functioning. It embodies spiritual values, considered to take subjects beyond mental health problems. Similarly, a study of +100 cancer patients found that patients high in rajas or tamas are more prone to cancer. [26] +On the other hand, an RCT on gunas and health [27] found sattva improved more in the yoga group than in controls. Rajas reduced significantly in the physical exercise (control) +group. General health status improved in both groups, consistent with the finding that, while sattva correlates positively with health, rajas correlates negatively. Based on previous +studies on various variables and their correlations, we give below details of different tests by which these variables are measured. +The tests +The SLC and DLS tests assess selective, focused and sustained attention, visual scanning and activation and inhibition of rapid responses. Psychomotor performance is a complex +phenomenon. The tests identify major components of performance: Detection, perception, recognition, processing and integration. They have previously been used on the Indian +population. +N. K. Chadha developed the adapted emotional intelligence (EQ) test in 2003 as discussed by Dalip Singh. [28] He compiled situations experienced by people in real life situations +deemed neutral with regard to social desirability, and selected to avoid response bias. +The general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) [29] contains 28 items in four 7-item sub-scales: A-somatic symptoms, B-anxiety/insomnia, C-social dysfunction, and D-severe +depression. The test examines recent mental status, identifying possible psychiatric disturbance. +The guna-based personality test [30] uses an inventory of 88 items, characteristic of sattvic, rajasic and tamasic personalities collected from the literature. [23] +No previous study has evaluated the effect of integral Yoga in a residential set up on healthy volunteers and consistency of correlations between these variables before and after a +yoga intervention and hence this study was undertaken. + Materials and Methods +Subjects comprised 108 healthy volunteers (male and female, aged 17-63 years, mean 31 10.75) attending one-month, residential, Yoga Instructor's Courses at Swami +Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Bangalore during August 2005 and February 2006. +Inclusion criteria +Healthy student volunteers attending Yoga instructor courses. +Exclusion criteria +Poor health as indicated by personal data, taking medication, or initial GHQ value over 5. +Design +Subjects were assessed in a single group before and after the yoga practice. +Intervention +An integrated approach to yoga therapy (IAYT) module includes yogasanas, pranayama, meditation, kriyas, lectures, singing, and yogic games. Each 45-60 min session was taught +by qualified instructors and teachers. Lecture topics included the four paths of yoga, pancha-koshas, diet, and stress management. [31],[32],[33] +Assessments +Subjects took the five tests named below in a single sitting at the same time of day immediately before and after the one-month yoga training period. They were not allowed to talk +after receiving test sheets, and instructed to remain in place until everyone had finished, so as not to disturb others. +Six letter cancellation (SLC) test.Digit letter substitution (DLS) test.Emotional intelligence (EQ) test.General health questionnaire (GHQ) test. +8/11/2014 +Effect of integral yoga on psychological and health variables and their correlations :[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga (IJoY) +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973-6131;year=2011;volume=4;issue=2;spage=93;epage=99;aulast=Khemka +3/5 +Guna personality (tamas, rajas, sattva) test +The SLC test comprises a worksheet specifying six target letters to be cancelled from a working section of 22 rows by 14 columns randomly arranged letters of the alphabet. +Subjects are asked to cancel as many target letters as possible in 90 s. +The DLS test consists of a similar test worksheet, containing a key, pairing digits 1-9 with letters of the alphabet. The working section displays 12 rows Χ 8 columns of randomized +digits. Subjects are asked to substitute as many target digits as possible in 90 s. A similar digit letter substitution task has been used on an Indian population confirming its validity +to study immediate effects. The two tests are standard measures of attention span. +Chadha's EQ test consists of 15 questions, based on 15 socially neutral situations, offering five possible answers for each carrying scores 0-20. Total scores are converted into +percentiles. Interpretation is as follows: +[INLINE:1] +The test was standardized on broad populations in Indian society; hence it is used here. Retest reliability: 0.94; test validity 0.78. [28] +The GHQ 28 questionnaire provides individual diagnostic profile information: Four 7-item sub-scales are based on factor analysis, with factor structures consistent with the original +studies. [34] Internal consistency, and reliability: Cronbach's alpha, 0.85, and validity, 0.76. [25],[29] +It has no thresholds for individual sub-scales. Hence, the total of all sub-scales was used. All items have a 4 point scoring system: 'better than usual', 'same as usual', 'worse than +usual', and 'much worse than usual', scored: 0-0-1-1. [35] +Pathak et al,[30] developed a triguna-based personality test, with items taken from guna depictions in Sankhya Karika.[36] It consists of 88 items: 24 sattva, 34 rajas and 30 tamas, +scored on a five point scale ranging from 'not at all' to 'very much'. Low between scale correlations were reported. Test reliability coefficients were reported: sattva r =0.62, rajas r +=0.83 and tamas r =0.70. Population norms, percentiles and categorizations were given. +Data analysis was carried out using SPSS-10. + Results +Data were first analyzed for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. This found SLC, EQ, tamas, rajas and sattva pre-data to be normally distributed (P > 0.05), while those of +DLS, EQ, and GHQ were not normally distributed (P < 0.05). The effect of integral yoga on each variable is shown in [Table 1]. Correlation coefficients and their significance are given +in [Table 2],[Table 3],[Table 4] where results for each class of data are presented.{Table 1}{Table 2}{Table 3}{Table 4} +The effect of integral yoga practices shows significant improvement in all the variables but not much in sattva. Improvement in sustained attention, emotional intelligence, general +health and rajas changes were at P< 0.001 significant level while tamas at P< 0.01 significant level and sattva at P<0.447 insignificant level after integral yoga practices as shown in +[Table 1]. +Correlation coefficients range from -1.00 to +1.00, extreme values indicating a precise algebraic relationship. Similar measures are highly correlated - for the two measures of +sustained attention, SLC and DLS: Positive (P < 0.001) both before (r = 0.616) and after (r = 0.55) the intervention. Correlations between these and other variables were not correlated +consistently before and after e.g. SLC was significantly correlated only before the intervention with EQ, tamas and sattva (P< 0.05), while DLS was significantly correlated only after +the intervention with EQ (P < 0.05), a curious inconsistency. +[Table 2],[Table 3],[Table 4] list correlations among the other variables. [Table 4] gives internal correlations of gunas. Sattva correlated negatively with tamas while rajas correlated +consistently with tamas before and after yoga (see below, discussion section). +Finally, since pre and post intervention data are available, we present correlations between pre- and post-data for each variable in [Table 5].{Table 5} + Discussion +The results of the effect of the integral yoga practices on psychological and health variables showed significant improvement in all measures except sattva guna where improvement +did not reach significant level. +Deshpande et al,[27] measured the same health variables (GHQ) and guna variables in a randomized control trial in normal healthy volunteers in Bangalore city and found +significant improvement (P<0.001) on all the four domains in both Yoga and exercise groups while increase in sattva in both the groups and decrease of rajas and tamas in yoga +and physical exercise group after the intervention in a non residential set up with daily 1 h classes for eight weeks. +GHQ is scored according to negative health findings and so negative percentage value indicated tendencies to better health. Both Deshpande et al,[27] scores of GHQ and gunas +were almost in line with the result of this study. Similarly sustained attention (SLC and DLS) scores of Khemka et al,[3],[4] controlled studies of integral yoga practices on healthy +volunteers were also in lines with the result of this study. +A controlled study of Kumari et al[8],[9] who assessed emotional intelligence (EQ) on corporate managers giving intervention of cyclic meditation found significant increase in EQ as +in this study of integral yoga practices. +The results of all above studies on various psychological and health variables show beneficial effect of yoga practices in healthy volunteers. Therefore, one may conclude that yoga +imparts significant benefits to healthy people also. +In correlation studies, pairs of variables are usually correlated if there is overlap between the various brain regions that each involves, even secondarily. Sustained attention +variables, though well correlated with each other, do not correlate significantly with most other variables. The reason is probably that there is little overlap between the principal brain +regions utilized. Sustained attention is primarily governed by cortical areas concerned with various stages of cognition. +In healthy subjects, cortical areas concerned with variables like EQ and health are only secondarily involved. Sustained attention is strongly dependent on tamas probably due to +common influence of stress, anxiety or depression, on both task performance and personality. Cognitive processing is mostly cortical, but emotions and imbalances are more +connected to mid-brain centers, which also modulate cortical function. Negative influence on these centers will have corresponding effects on cortical function. Sattva on the other +hand may be postulated to be a state where modulation of cortical processing is optimal. +Common use of brain regions, which tends to correlate variables with each other as seen between EQ and guna personality, may be predicted from traditional guna analysis. +8/11/2014 +Effect of integral yoga on psychological and health variables and their correlations :[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga (IJoY) +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973-6131;year=2011;volume=4;issue=2;spage=93;epage=99;aulast=Khemka +4/5 +Detailed characteristics of guna personality types identify sattvic people as having higher EQ, rajasic people as slightly negative, and tamasic people as low in EQ. Could this be due +to insensitivity to mirror neuron functions? This sequence is reflected in pre-pre and post-post correlations between EQ and sattva, rajas and tamas: Positive for the first, a little +negative for the second, and far more negative for the third. One way to understand Yoga's strong positive effect on EQ is that it first increases alertness (exemplified by increases in +sustained attention); next it erases negative influences on personality (exemplified by decreases in tamas); and finally this leads to increased sensitivity to others' feelings and +emotions (exemplified by increases in sattva). +Previous failure to observe the EQ-guna correlations identified here [24] may have been due to a more restricted sample: Industry managers, with a more limited range of +personalities. Our observations of independence of sattva and rajas agree with previous results as do negative correlations between sattva and tamas. However, our study found +high correlation between rajas and tamas, not seen previously. [24] These correlations may be due to a restricted range of subjects (healthy), manifesting less tamas than a general +population. Kumari's result [24] suggests it is probably not due to inherent weakness in the questionnaire. This topic merits further investigation. +When these correlations are compared with each other, many offer self-consistent results; negative correlations between scores on the SLC test and tamas, and between tamas +and sattva are consistent with positive correlations observed between SLC scores and sattva. +Remarkably, although the SLC and DLS tests are considered equivalent, they produced inconsistent correlations with the variables EQ, tamas and sattva. It is not clear whether +these are chance results or if they effectively distinguish between SLC and DLS tests. +Of particular interest are the correlations between general health and other variables. GHQ is scored according to negative health findings, so high scores indicate susceptibility to +disease, particularly psychic illness. Thus, positive r-value correlations with GHQ scores indicate a tendency to fall sick, while negative correlations indicate tendencies to better +health. Here negative correlations between GHQ and EQ indicate improved health with improved EQ. Positive correlations with tamas confirm tendencies of high tamas people to +disease. +The result that tamas correlate negatively with sattva confirms that the two oppose each other. Post-post correlations between GHQ and tamas increased, while correlations +between GHQ and sattva and rajas remained similar. Yoga's improvements in these three variables did not alter their mutual correlations. The failure of tamasic personalities to +improve in health increased the negative correlations between GHQ and tamas. +Correlations observed between the gunas themselves do not necessarily indicate poor choice of variables, as normally holds for tests of individual differences in personality. Rather, +they tend to confirm that elevated levels of tamas (and to some extent rajas) prevent subjects from manifesting high levels of sattva. The observed negative correlations between +sattva and tamas are therefore to be expected. + Conclusions +A single month of integral yoga practices imparts significant benefits to healthy volunteers in all psychological and health variables. It improves sustained attention and EQ. It +improves the personality of the healthy person by increasing sattva and decreasing rajas and tamas. It also improves all dimensions of general health. +Cognitive processes involved in sustained attention tests did not correlate with health and personality tests. This may be because the major brain regions involved in cognitive +abilities were sufficiently different from those of personality for this group of healthy subjects. Enhancement in the functioning of one would not then seem to affect the other. +On the other hand, the impact of sattvic personality on both emotional intelligence and tamas was established. These significant results would not emerge by measuring single +variables alone. It suggests that regular yoga practice benefits people for deeper reasons than immediate effects on the physical body. As Yoga practice transforms people's +dominant guna making them more sattvic, their ability to spontaneously maintain high levels of health increases while not being affected by unhelpful emotions. +Thus, it is seen that integral yoga practices impart significant benefits and measuring correlations between different variables can yield significant information of potential importance +that would not otherwise be available. Such studies should definitely be continued in future. + Acknowledgments +This work forms part of a dissertation to be submitted by the first author (SSK) to the Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusamsthana Sansthana in partial fulfillment of his doctoral degree. +He is grateful to the University authorities for the opportunity given to him. The authors would like to thank Dr. Ravi Kulkarni of the Division of Physical Sciences at SVYASA for +assistance in analysis of statistical data. +References +1 +Telles S, Raghuraj P, Maharana S, Nagendra HR. Immediate effect of three yoga breathing techniques on performance on a letter cancellation task. Percept Mot Skills +2007;104:1289-96. +2 +Patil SS, Telles S. Immediate effect of two yoga based relaxation techniques on performance in a letter cancellation task. Percept Mot Skills 2007;105:379-85. +3 +Khemka SS, Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. Immediate effect of two relaxation techniques on healthy volunteers, Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2009;53:67-72. +4 +Khemka SS, Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. Immediate effect of stimulation in comparision to relaxation in healthy volunteers. Indian J Tradit Knowl 2010;9:606-10. +5 +Salovey P, Mayor J, Brackett MA. Emotional Intelligence: Key readings on the Mayor and Salovey model. New York: Natl professional Resources Inc; 1995. +6 +Goleman D. 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Madras: Published by Sri Ramakrishna Math; 1995. + + +Monday, August 11, 2014 + Site Map | Home | Contact Us | Feedback | Copyright and Disclaimer diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of integrated yoga module on perceptibility of stress and emotional competence based on coping strategies on diabetes mellitus patients conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of integrated yoga module on perceptibility of stress and emotional competence based on coping strategies on diabetes mellitus patients conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34fa29ffe6b59af3150dcbf578fec35ea1f7346c --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of integrated yoga module on perceptibility of stress and emotional competence based on coping strategies on diabetes mellitus patients conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3469 @@ + +Voice of Research An International Refereed Journal for Change and Development + +ISSN 2277-7733 Volume 3 No.1 June 2014 + + + + + +Dr. Varesh Sinha (IAS) Chief Secretary, Gujarat. +Dr. Jayanti Ravi (IAS) Commissioner, Technical Education, Gujarat. +Shri Vinod Kumar Mall (IPS) I.G. Police, Commissioner (Communication), Gujarat. +Shri U. S. Jha +Sr. DCM, Indian Railways +Dr. R. S. Patel Professor and Head, Gujarat University + +Advisory Committee Dr. Akshay Agrawal Vice-Chancellor, GTU +Dr. Sunil Shukla Chief Faculty, EDII Ahmedabad +Dr. Arbind Sinha Professor, MICA +Dr. C.N.Ray +CEPT University, Ahmedabad +Minesh S. Jha Management Consultant +Dr. Uma Shrivastava Professor and Head, Jabalpur + + +Dr. M. N. Patel Vice-Chancellor, Gujarat University +Dr. C.P.Bhatta Professor, IIM, Calcutta +Dr. Rajul Gajjar Dean (Masters and Ph.D.) GTU +Dr. G. S.Parasher Ex. Pro Vice-Chancellor, +RTMU, Nagpur +Ajay Patel Project Scientist, BISAG + + +Chief Editor Dr. Avdhesh S. Jha Ahmedabad. + + + +Dr. Amit K. Dwivedi Editorial Director +Dr. Rajesh Sharma Editor + + +Prof. Philip Holt Washington, USA +Prof. Pooja Kashyap University of Colorado, USA +Prof. Kim Fam +Victoria University New Zealand +Dr. A. K. Kulshreshtha DEI Agra. +Dr. Kalpana Modi SNDT University, Mumbai +Prof. Deepti Tarani BSSS, Bhopal + +Editors Prof. Nilesh Jha +Editor +Bharti Venkatesh Issue Editor + +Editorial Committee Prof. Patthira Phonngam Loei University, Thailand +Dr. Hiren Karathia University of Lleida, Spain +Dr. S. Ahmed Khan BIT, Dubai. +Dr. Madhura Kesarkar SNDT University, Mumbai. +Dr. Shailendra Gupta Calorx University, Ahmedabad. +Dr. Veena Jha +Rajiv Gandhi College, Bhopal + + +Dr. Pankaj Bharti Issue Editor +Dr. Asha Thokchom Issue Editor + + +Dr. Anjana Bhattacharjee Tripura University, Tripura +Prof. Lokanath Suar G.M.Law College, Odisha +Dr. Kumara Charyulu D.ICRISAT, Hyderabad +Dr. T. V. Ramana Andhra University Campus, Kakinada +Dr. Lalima Singh S.S. Khanna Girls Degree College, Allahabad +Dr. Vivekanand Jha Consultant + + + +Marketing Manager Ganapathi Batthini + +Reg. Publication Office: E/1, Samay Apparments, Behind NID, Paldi. Ahmedabad-380007 Contact: 9227576835 Website: www.voiceofresearch.org Dr. Avdhesh S. Jha + +Publisher +Copyrights @ Publisher, Voice of Research. All rights reserved. No part of this Journal may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. Feedback e-mail: feedback@voiceofresearch.org + + +EDITORIAL + + +To sustain in a dynamic environment with bulk of challenges and changes, it is necessary to inculcate research attitude and initiate the research movement throughout the country in the different faculties. This issue enriches us with the discussion of topics related to psychology, education, management, entrepreneurship, and law with ambitions, motivation, belief and action of the potential researchers. + + +To widen the horizon of knowledge in psychology and education Bose and Bhattacharya studies work attachment and priority needs; Nandi & Sony Kumari presents effect of yoga on perceptibility of stress and emotional competence based on coping strategies on diabetes mellitus patients; Battalwar reveals high prevalence of malnutrition in children; Mistry discusses adjustment; Singh compares the private and government high schools; Sapre comes up with professional competence test; Vijaya Lakshmi talks of inclusion in education whereas Murthy enriches us with role of ICT in primary mathematics education. + + +To expand the ideas in Management and technology, Solanki initiates with biotech inventions and its protection; Chingtham focuses on talks of women and human resource development; Harish Kumar stresses on promoting work life balance; Deota further elaborates work life balance of women; Bhardwaj discusses emotional and family influences in family owned businesses; Shah reveals an experience in rural management education; Goel and Om prakash analyse micro entreprises in Haryana; Gupta presents a case of inclusive responsible leadership; Gaikwad and Kalpande describes the design & analysis of crankshaft of die station of vacuum forming machine whereas Hasan focuses on secularism with special reference to constituent assembly debates. + + +Research is deeply rooted in social science, humanities and technology. With inclusion of variety of topics as such work life balance, women leadership, entrepreneurship, child education, health, nutrition and psychology which is the need of the time, I am sure that this + +issue will be of +of society. + +much concern to all those interested in research, education and thus upliftment + + +Chief Editor +LIST OF CONTENTS + +1. WORK ATTACHMENT AND PRIORITY NEEDS – A STUDY ON TEACHERS +Rema Bose and Swaha Bhattacharya...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 + +2. EFFECT OF INTEGRATED YOGA MODULE ON PERCEPTIBILITY OF STRESS AND EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE BASED ON COPING STRATEGIES ON DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS +Priti Nandi & Sony Kumari...................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 + +3. HIGH PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS FROM RURAL THANE DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA +Rekha Battalwar.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 + +4. ADJUSTMENT OF THE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR BIRTHORDER AND SES +Milan Mistry............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 + +5. A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS BETWEEN THE STUDENTS OF PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT HIGH SCHOOLS WITHIN IMPHAL EAST DISTRICT (MANIPUR) +T. Surendra Singh......................................................................................................................................................................................................12 + +6. CONSTRUCTION AND STANDARDIZATION OF THE TEST OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF SCHOOL SUPERVISORS +Alka Sapre .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17 + +7. INCLUSION IN EDUCATION: SOME APPRECIABLE EFFORTS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF GUJARAT +Y. Vijaya Lakshmi .....................................................................................................................................................................................................19 + +8. ICT AND ITS’ ROLE IN PRIMARY MATHEMATICS EDUCATION +Amarnath Murthy .....................................................................................................................................................................................................21 + +9. PROTECTING BIOTECH INVENTIONS: ARE WE READY? +Namrata Solanki........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 27 + +10. WOMEN AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AT EMA MARKET: A CASE STUDY +Tomba Chingtham.....................................................................................................................................................................................................32 + +11. ROLE OF TRAINING IN PROMOTING WORK LIFE BALANCE (WLB) +Harish Kumar None................................................................................................................................................................................................. 37 + +12. WORK LIFE BALANCE OF WOMEN AND LEADERSHIP +Sangita Deota.............................................................................................................................................................................................................41 + +13. EMOTIONALAND FAMILY INFLUENCES IN SUCCESSION PLANNING OF FAMILY OWNED BUSINESSES WITH RESPECT TO SMES +Shikha Bhardwaj ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43 + +14. ONE STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP -AN EXPERIENCE IN RURAL MANAGEMENT EDUCATION +Amisha Shah ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................49 + +15. MICRO ENTREPRISES IN HARYANA: AN ANALYSIS +M.M. Goel & Om Prakash .....................................................................................................................................................................................53 + +16. LIJJAT PAPAD: A CASE STUDY OF INCLUSIVE RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP +Ananda Das Gupta ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 59 + +17. DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFT OF DIE STATION OF VACUUM FORMING MACHINE +C. P. Gaikwad and S. D. Kalpande ....................................................................................................................................................................... 63 + +18. SECULARISM: CONCEPT AND APPLICATION IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES +Rajib Hassan ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................67 +Call For Papers ISSN 2277-7733 Voice of Research, published quarterly to disclose the research abilities and promote quality and excellence in the society calls for research paper, case study or article in the field of social science, humanities and technology. +Guidelines to Authors +• Papers submitted for the Journal should not be under consideration for any other publication at the same time. +• A declaration should be made by the author in the covering letter that the paper is original and has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere. +• The cover page should contain the title of the paper, author’s name, designation, official address and address for correspondence, contact, phone/fax number and e-mail address. +• Papers should bear the abstract, introduction, rationale, review, research design, analysis and interpretation, findings and conclusion, and references in APA style. +• Research papers should be typed in double-space with 12 font size in Times New Roman and one inch margin on all sides on A4 size paper. +• Research paper with the abstract containing tables, figures and reference should be around 3000-4000 words. +• Publication of the article or paper rests with the Editorial committee and it depends entirely on its standard and relevance. 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The prescribed contribution of journal subscription is sent herewith by Demand Draft No _____________________ for Rs 1500 (Fifteen Hundred Only or as applicable in multiples of nos. of years) dated _____________ in favour of “Editor, Voice of Research” payable at UCO Bank, Ahmedabad. +Kindly send the journal to the following address (Please give address in Block Letters) + + + +Name (in Block Letters): Flat/ Bungalow no.: Street: +City: State: Country: +Pin/Zip code: Telephone / Mobile No.: E-Mail Address: + +Details of Subscriber Individual/Institute/University + + + + + + + + +Signature + +Note: Subscribers from India may pay their subscription fee in Indian Rupee amounting to Rs. 1500.00 through Direct Deposit into Bank Account or through demand draft favouring “Editor, Voice of Research (A/c No.: 03340210001387) payable at Ahmedabad. The Draft can be sent to the given address. +To, +The Editor, Voice of Research, E/1, Samay Appartments, Behind NID, Paldi. Ahmedabad. 380050 E-mail: editor.vor11@gmail.com; editor.vor11@yahoo.in + +The subscription charges are as follows: Period of Subscription + +1 year 2 years 3 years +Lifetime + + +Rate of Subscription Individual Institutional +Rs. 1500 Rs. 2500 Rs. 2800 Rs. 4500 Rs. 4000 Rs. 6000 Rs.10000 Rs. 20000 +WORK ATTACHMENT AND PRIORITY NEEDS + +WORK ATTACHMENT AND PRIORITY NEEDS – A STUDY ON TEACHERS + + +Rema Bose +Guest Lecturer, Department of Psychology, West Bengal State University. Swaha Bhattacharya +Associate Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, University of Calcutta. + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + + +Abstract +Work attachment is the degree to which a person psychologically identifies himself with his work. This study investigated the attachment that the teachers of Government and Government-aided colleges have towards their work and how they prioritize their needs. Accordingly, a group of 120 college teachers (60 from government colleges and 60 from government-aided colleges) were selected as sample. A general information schedule, work attachment questionnaire and priority need questionnaire were used as tools. The findings reveal that work attachment of both groups of teachers is moderate. But duration of service period takes an important role in this regard. Work attachment of the teachers who are engaged in government colleges and whose duration of service is 10 years or less is better than those whose duration of service is above 10 years. On the contrary, no significant difference was observed for the government-aided colleges. Findings also revealed that priority need as expressed by two groups of teachers differ significantly in some areas. +Keywords: Work Attachment, Priority Needs, Teachers + +Work attachment is the degree to which a person government owned college teachers were more satisfied psychologically identifies himself with his work. than government aided and self-financed college teachers. + +Alienation is the feeling of estrangement that a person feels towards his work. Work attachment and alienation have been used loosely to explain work related problems like low morale, absenteeism, turnover, etc. Knoop and Robert (1980) investigated the relationship between job involvement and three sets of variables: nine personal, three structural, and eight job factors. Results indicated that involvement is mainly related to three variables: job motivation, job satisfaction, and marital status. Mistry (1985) found that to fill some of the gaps in the existing field of knowledge regarding job satisfaction, job involvement and n-achievement as outcome variables of locus of control, motivational climate, participation in academic climate and various types of role stresses the teaching population faced. The climate of academic motivation was found to be significantly associated with such dimensions as job satisfaction, involvement as well as overall satisfaction. Job involvement was found to be significantly and positively related with different aspects of job satisfaction. Cherian and Victor (2012) sought to explore the two dimensions of teacher commitment, job involvement and their work ethics. The analysis of the data revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between job involvement of degree college teachers and their work ethics. Kaur and Sidana (2009) aimed at finding the level of job satisfaction of college teachers of Punjab with respect to area, gender and type of institution. The study revealed that rural college teachers were more satisfied as compared to urban college teachers because of their low expectations. On the other hand, male college teachers were more satisfied as compared to their female counterparts. Majority of women teachers pointed that they have not got recognition for job and work done. Furthermore, + +Ishwara and Laxman (2007) evaluated the perceived level of job involvement among the university teachers working at the postgraduate departments is at moderate level. The present investigation has been designed to study the work attachment and priority needs of teachers of Government and Government-Aided colleges across Kolkata. +Objectives +To study the work attachment of the teachers of Government and Government-Aided colleges across Kolkata. +To study the priority need assessment of the teachers of Government and Government-Aided colleges across Kolkata. +Hypotheses +Hypothesis-I : The teachers of the Government colleges and that of the Government-aided colleges differ in terms of their work attachment. +Hypothesis-II : Work attachment as expressed by the teachers of the Government colleges is differentially associated with gender differences. +Hypothesis-III : Work attachment as expressed by teachers of the Government- aided colleges is differentially associated with gender differences. +Hypothesis-IV : Work attachment as expressed by the teachers of Government colleges is differentially associated with duration of service. +Hypothesis-V : Work attachment as expressed by the teachers of the Government-aided colleges is differentially associated with duration of service. +Hypothesis-VI : Teachers of Government colleges and Government-aided colleges differ among themselves in terms of perceived priority need. + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 1 +WORK ATTACHMENT AND PRIORITY NEEDS + + +Research Design +A group of 120 teachers (60 from Government and 60 from Government –Aided colleges across Kolkata) were selected as the sample. They were between the ages 30 to 50 years and their duration of service is below and above 10 years. Tools as such General Information Schedule that consists of name, address, age, gender, duration of service etc.; Work Attachment Questionnaire that consists of 50 statements answerable in a five point scale from strongly agree to strongly disagree where high score indicates good work attachment and vice versa. Odd-even split-half reliability is 0.82; Priority Need Questionnaire that consists of set of 6 priority needs viz., good pay package, significant post in the hierarchy, comfortable workplace, friendly work environment, job inspiring a creative instinct and job offering incentives after regular appraisals were considered to be ranked according to the priority of the respondents. +General Information Schedule, Work Attachment Questionnaire and Priority Need Questionnaire were administered to the subjects. Data were collected and properly scrutinized. Scoring was done with the help of standard scoring key. Mean and SD were calculated for work attachment questionnaire. Rank was done for priority need questionnaire. Comparisons were made by applying t-test and chi-square. +Results and Interpretation +The Data inserted Table-1 reveals that there seems to be indication of moderate level of work attachment as expressed by the teachers of government and government-aided colleges across Kolkata. Analysis of data reveals that the government college teachers are happy with their job security and hefty pay package. On + +in terms of work attachment. No significant difference between the two groups. The Hypothesis -II is also rejected +Table 2 – Comparison between male and female group of teachers of Government colleges in terms of work attachment +Govt. colleges Work Attachment Category Mean SD +t-value +Male 135.90 15.99 0.46* Female 137.60 12.40 +* Difference is insignificant +Comparison was also made between the male and female group of teachers of the government-aided colleges of Kolkata in terms of their work attachment. Here also no significant difference was observed. The Hypothesis – III is rejected. +Table 3 – Comparison between male and female group of teachers of Government-aided colleges in terms of work attachment +Category Work Attachment +t-value Govt.-aided colleges Mean SD +Male 137.83 16.62 0.84* Female 141.17 14.03 +* Difference is insignificant +Data inserted in Table - 4 reveals that work attachment as expressed by the teachers of the Government colleges whose service is below 10 years is comparatively better than those whose service in above 10 years. The analysis of data reveals that scope of self development and comparatively less fatigue to carry out the job are the main reasons behind this. When comparison was made between the two groups, significant difference was observed. Thus, the Hypothesis - IV is accepted. +Table 4 – Comparison between the teachers of Government colleges whose duration of service is below and above 10 years in terms of work attachment + +the other hand, the government-aided college teachers are satisfied with the significant role they play in the decision-making processes, comparatively less competition and the scope to work together in case of crises. Overall picture reveals no significant difference between the two groups. Thus, the Hypothesis - I is rejected. + + +Category + +Govt. colleges Below 10 years Above 10 years + +* p < 0.01 + + +Work Attachment + +Mean SD 148.10 12.68 134.50 14.61 + + +t-value + +3.78* + + + +Table 1 – Comparison between the teachers of Government and Government-aided colleges in terms of work attachment + + +Comparison was also made between the two groups of teachers of Government-aided colleges whose duration + + +Category + + +Combined Male Female + + +Work Attachment +Govt. colleges Govt. aided colleges Mean SD Mean SD +136.75 14.34 139.50 15.47 135.90 15.99 137.83 16.62 137.60 12.40 141.17 14.03 + + +t-value + +0.71* 0.46* 1.04* + +of service is below and above 10 years in terms of work attachment, no significant difference was observed. Thus, the Hypothesis – V is rejected. +Table 5 – Comparison between the teachers of Government-aided colleges whose duration of service is below and above 10 years in terms of work attachment + + + +Score – range: 50 to 200 * Difference is insignificant +High score indicates good work attachment and vice- + + +Category Work Attachment +t-value + + + +versa. +Comparison was made between the male and female group of teachers of the government colleges of Kolkata + +Govt. Aided colleges Mean Below 10 years 140.27 Above 10 years 138.73 +* Difference is insignificant + +SD +15.10 0.39* 15.79 + + + +2 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +WORK ATTACHMENT AND PRIORITY NEEDS +Cate +gorie +s + +Data inserted in Table-6 reveals the six different types of priority need as ranked by the teachers of government and government-aided colleges of Kolkata city +Table 6 – Priority needs as expressed by the teachers of government and government-aided colleges + + +Good Pay Package + +R +A + +Significant Post in the Hierarchy + +Friendly working environment + + +Comfortable workplace + + +Job inspiring a creative instinct + +Job offering incentives after regular appraisals + + +Chi-square value + + + +N G. G.A. G. K +S +1st 18 22 9 2nd 6 3 5 3rd 10 6 9 4th 15 9 8 5th 8 9 13 +6th 3 11 16 + + +G.A. G. G.A. G. G.A. G. G.A. G. G.A. + + +4 16 8 11 11 4 15 2 0 10 18 25 23 7 4 9 4 6 9 9 7 11 27 14 7 7 4 14 8 9 6 7 17 11 6 10 10 5 8 6 5 12 13 16 15 +13 4 3 3 3 9 5 25 25 + + + + +13.34** 14.66** 11.15** 5.56* 1.88* +6.18* + + +* Difference is insignificant, ** p < 0.01 +Thus, the Hypothesis – VI is accepted for the assessment of 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranks, and is rejected for 4th, 5th and 6th ranks in this investigation. + + +Concluding Remarks +The significant highlights of the study may help to create a congenial work environment considering the work attachment of the teachers in educational institutions. Incentives are remotely available for the teachers in most of the educational institutions. This can be a potential factor because of which, some teachers feel the lack of scope of self-development in their job. Incentives can not only motivate the teachers to perform well, it can also improve the overall working climate of the institutions. The teachers of the government-aided colleges have expressed slight apprehension about their job security. Appropriate measures should be taken to ward off this feeling of insecurity, as it can result in the feeling of alienation towards the job, which is very detrimental to the whole educational scenario of those institutions. Care should also be taken to create a pleasant working environment which will finally lead to much better educational environment in comparison to the existing setting. + + +References +Cherian, J. and Victor, S. R. (2012). Job Involvement of Degree College Teachers in relation to their Work Ethics, Golden Research Thoughts, 1 (9), 1-3. +Ishwara, P. and Laxman, P. (2007). Job Involvement Among University Teachers: A Case Study of Karnataka State, The Icfai Journal of Higher Education, 2, 59-65. +Kaur, G. and Sidana, J. (2009). Job Satisfaction of College Teachers of Punjab with respect to Area, Gender and Type of Institution, e-Social sciences. Online journal : www.esocialsciences.com/essResearchPapers/ displayArticles.asp?aid=92&type=0 +Knoop, R. and Robert, K. (1980). Job Involvement of Teachers, Meeting of the Mid-Western Educational Research Association Papers, 1, 29. +Mistry, T.C. (1985). Need Achievement, Job Satisfaction, Job Involvement as a Function of Role Stress, Locus of Control and Participation in Academic Climate: A Study of College and Secondary Teachers, Fourth Survey of Research in Education, 11, 1090-91. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 3 +PERCEPTIBILITY OF STRESS AND EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE + +EFFECT OF INTEGRATED YOGA MODULE ON PERCEPTIBILITY OF STRESS AND EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE BASED ON COPING STRATEGIES ON DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS + + +Priti Nandi +Research Scholar, SVYAS University, Bangalore Sony Kumari +Assistant Professor, SVYAS University, Bangalore + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + + +Abstract +The present study is aimed at assessing the perceived stress and emotional competence in various group of subjects, coping of their stress by using different strategies. A sample size of sixty five (n=65) subjects undergoing a yoga training of 10 days participated in the trial were included in the study. Variables such as Coping Strategy (CS) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were assessed at once before the start of intervention, where as Emotional Competence (EC) was assessed twice i.e., before and after the intervention. Paired ‘T’ Test was used to compare the effect of intervention within the group but no statistical test was taken into consideration as the other variables were recorded once. It was reported that the Emotional Competence Score was higher (p<0.05) following a 10 days of yoga intervention. More clearly perceived stress is highly related with Emotional Competence and yoga plays a vital role in managing their stress and makes them emotionally competent. +Keywords: Coping Strategy, Emotional Competence, Perceived Stress. + + +Stress has been a major etiological cause behind many health-related problems. Stress is currently understood in terms of an individual’s sense of control over the events and symptoms in one’s life (Bandura, 1995). When individuals believe that they can control negative events, they cope better and experience less stress. It is commonly defined as “a particular relationship between the person and environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his other wellbeing” (Rosengren, 2004). Stress is associated with physiological hyper arousal, negative cognitions, and negative mood and has been associated with a wide variety of physical and mental health problems. Another interesting fact is that Type-A personalities tend to acquire more amount stress and this been well understood and implicated. Hyper arousals caused by stress may express various psychosomatic ailments viz., type-2 DM, hypertension, stroke, metabolic disorders etc. +Emotional competence can lead to improved health through avoiding stress that would otherwise result from suppressing emotions. It can also lead to improved relationships since inappropriate emotions are less likely to be expressed and appropriate behaviour is not avoided through fear of triggering some emotion. +The new study focused on teens with type 1 diabetes. It suggests that negative emotions like anger or sadness interferes with their management of diabetes (Mendosa, 2009) Adolescents dealing with type 1 diabetes experience disruptions in affect and diabetes management that may influence their blood glucose. +Yoga can be used as an effective therapy in reducing oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. Yoga in addition to standard care helps reduce BMI and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients (Hegde and dhikari 2011). Treatment with CAM widely used in persons with diabetes. Ethnic group differences determine a variety of + + +practices, reflecting groups’ cultural preferences. (Caballero and Morello, 2010). +Methods Sample +The sample consisted of sixty five participants between the age 25 and 65 years Type-2 DM subjects were recruited in the present study following a clinical screening. All subjects were recruited from a Diabetes camp, planned to be held in Husarghatta, Bangalore, Karnataka. India. +A simple ‘Test and Retest’ design were followed for the current research trial. Subjects were assessed with Coping Strategy, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Emotional Competence Scale. +Table 1 – Depicting the Structure of the Research Design + +Pre Recording Intervention Pre Recording + Coping Strategy + Perceived Stress Scale Yoga Emotional + Emotional Intervention Competence Scale Competence Scale. + +Varaibles viz., Emotinal competence was recorded before and after ten days of a therapeutic intervention where as perceived stress scale and coping strategy were assessed once. +Coping Strategy +This Scale is used to assess the coping ability of a person. A 12-item questionnaire was use to assess coping strategies. The coping strategy questionnaire consisted of 6 questions. These covered the possible coping strategy each person used to cope with stress under 3 main categories such as +1. Philosophical-spiritual strategies, 2. Interpersonal strategies, 3. Denial strategies +These questions intend to find out the various strategies used by subject to cope up with stress. The validity and + + +4 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +PERCEPTIBILITY OF STRESS AND EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE + + +consistency of the questionnaire were varied when the questionnaire was administered to 518 tsunami survivors in the Andaman islands (Telles, Dash & Naveen, 2007). +Perceived Stress Scale +The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. It is a measure of the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. The questions in the PSS ask about feelings and thoughts during the last month. In each case, respondents are asked how often they felt a certain way. +Emotional Competence +The Emotional Competence Scale developed by Sharma and Bharadwaj (1995) was used as the emotional competence measuring instrument. The scale was developed as follows: for its preliminary form: 50 experts were asked to suggest items suitable to measure the 5 emotional competences separately and objectively, which are- +ADF-Adequate depth of feelings (Subscale A) +ACE-Adequate expressions and control of emotions (Subscale B) +AFE- Ability to function with emotions (Subscale C) +ACPE - Ability to Cope with Problem Emotions (Subscale D) +EPE - Encouragement of Positive Emotions (Subscale E) EC - Emotional Competence Score +Their responses were consolidated, and scale values determined for each item separately. From these scale values, 15 items were identified as more important in measuring each emotional competency; each was given five alternative responses. +Intervention +All subjects in the camp will be trained with two hours of therapeutic yogic intervention specially designed for Type-2 DM patients +Table 2 – Depicting the practices and duration of Yogic intervention + +Sl. No. Practices Duration 1 Special Yoga Technique 2 hours 2 Lecture 1 hour 3 Pranayama 1 hour 4 Bhajan ½ hour 5 Games ½ hour 6 C.M (Advance Technique) ½ hour 7 D.R.T (Relaxation Technique) ½ hour + +Results & Discussion Coping strategy +When the entire sample size was divided into 3 sub-categories, it was observed that there were significant no + +of philosophical and inter-personal categories where as denial sub category was almost negligible. +Perceived stress scale (PSS) +There was no significant change in PSS in any one of the sub categories. +Table 3, Perceived Stress Scale +Variable MEAN±SD P. Value PSS 18.12±0.48 0.04 +Emotional Competence +Scores of AEC was significantly higher (p.05) and AFE(p<0.01) following the practice of therapeutic yoga module. +Fig 4: Graph Showing the Pre and Post Score of E.C. score. +Table 1, Emotional Competence +Variable Pre Post t-value p-value MEAN±SD MEAN±SD +ADF 16.38±0.48 16.95±0.48 0.79 0.42 +AEC 17.84±0.48 19.92±0.48 3.26 0.00 AFE 18.55±0.48 19.83±0.48 2.08 0.04 ACPE 19.10±0.48 19.64±0.48 0.86 0.39 EPE 20.63±0.48 21.07±0.48 0.72 0.47 +There is high correlation between the stress that we perceive in our day to day life and emotional competency, when the stress is perceived high the competency declines and vice-versa during the low level of stress. Earlier studies have already documented that yoga reduces the amount PSS and improves the competency. Since yoga reduces the perceived stress, it would have been contributed in benefitting the diabetics to control and function their own emotions. +Conclusion +In the present study the EC scores of AEC and AFE were higher suggestive of better managing to control and function with emotions. To understand the correlation between emotional competence and emotion need to be understood emotional competence well. It has been well experimented that yoga practices benefited the company employees in reducing the blood pressure, improving sleep, consumption of the tranquilizers, clarity in thinking and relaxed feeling in action. Earlier research reported that yoga can be an effective tool in managing the emotion of an individual. +Based on the previous discussion three statements can be made such as- +Baseline data based on the coping strategy suggest that those who fall under denial category have low score of EC & high score of PSS compare to interpersonal and philosophical category. +After having 10 days IYM intervention result shows that there are high scores of EC in all the five dimensions in + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 5 +PERCEPTIBILITY OF STRESS AND EMOTIONAL COMPETENCE + + +denial group compare to interpersonal and philosophical category +In all the five dimensions of EC result of post data shows trend of getting significant changes, out of which AEC and AFE scores compare to other three dimensions has shown the significantchanges at 0.005 level. +Yoga practices have been found to be beneficial in Diabetics to control and function their emotions following the practice of yoga. +References + +Alexander G, Innes KE, Bourguignon C, Bovbjerg VE, Kulbok P, Taylor AG.(2012). Patterns of yoga practice and physical activity following a yoga intervention for adults with or at risk for type 2 diabetes. J Phys Act Health. 9(1):53-61. +Badr Aljasir, Maggie Bryson, Bandar Al- shehri, 2008. Yoga Practice for the Management of Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Adults. A systematic review, P1-10. +Bansal R, Gupta M, Agarwal B, Sharma S. (2013). Impact of short term yoga intervention on mental well being of medical students posted in community medicine: a pilot study. Indian J Community Med. 38(2):105-8. +Beena RK, Sreekumaran E. (2013). Yogic practice and diabetes mellitus in geriatric patients. International Journal of Yoga. 6(1):47-54. +Blom K , Baker B, How M, Dai M, Irvine J, Abbey S, Abramson BL, Myers MG, Kiss A, Perkins NJ, Tobe SW , 2013. Hypertension analysis of stress reduction using mindfulness Meditation and Yoga. +Bhawna Sharma, Alex Hankey, and Hongasandra Ramarao Nagendra (2013) Gas discharge visualization characteristics of an Indian diabetes population. Journal of Voice of Research,Vol-2, Issue 4 + +Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386-396. +Caballero L, Morello CM, Chynoweth ME, Prieto-Rosinol A, Polonsky WH, Palinkas LA, Edelman SV. (2010). Ethnic differences in complementary and alternative medicine use among patients with diabetes. Complement Ther Med.18 (6):241-8. +Hegde SV, Adhikari P, Kotian S, Pinto VJ, D’Souza S, D’Souza V. (2011). Effect of 3-month yoga on oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes with or without complications: a controlled clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 34(10):2208-10. +Hegde SV, Adhikari P, Shetty S, Manjrekar P, D’Souza V. (2013). Effect of community-based yoga intervention on oxidative stress and glycemic parameters in prediabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 21(6):571-6. +Jyotsna VP, Ambekar S, Singla R, Joshi A, Dhawan A, Kumar N, Deepak KK, Sreenivas V. (2013). Cardiac autonomic function in patients with diabetes improves with practice of comprehensive yogic breathing program. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 17(3):480-5. +Jyotsna VP, Joshi A, Ambekar S, Kumar N, Dhawan A, Sreenivas V. (2012). yogic breathing program improves quality of life in patients with diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab.16 (3):423-8. +Madanmohan, Bhavanani AB, Dayanidy G, Sanjay Z, Basavaraddi IV. (2012). Effect of yoga therapy on reaction time, biochemical parameters and wellness score of peri and post menopausal diabetic patients. Int J Yoga. 5 (1):10-5. +Sharma.H.C. & Bhardwaj, B.L. (1995). Manual for the scale of emotional competency. Agra: Mapan. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +6 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN + +HIGH PREVALENCE OF MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS FROM RURAL THANE DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA + + +Rekha Battalwar +Associate Professor, Food and Nutrition Department, +S.V.T. College of Home Science (Autonomous), SNDT Women’s University, Juhu Tara Road, Santacruz (W), Mumbai + + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + + +Abstract +Malnutrition in children is a wide spread public health problem. Preschool children constitute the most vulnerable segment. Considering the increasing prevalence of malnutrition, the present study attempts to assess nutritional status of pre-school children in the age group 0-5 years in rural Thane district of Maharashtra. The objective of the study comprised to evaluate the prevalence of malnutrition in children, to assess the nutritional status of the children and to assess the prevalence of other nutritional deficiency disorders in the children. A cross sectional study was conducted in rural Thane district, India during November 2006 to February 2007.444 children (254 boys) aged 0 – 5 years Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Height (HAZ), weight (WAZ) and BMI (BAZ) for age Z scores were calculated using World Health Organization growth charts. 24 hours dietary recall method was used to collect the dietary intake details of the children. Clinical examination was conducted by the paediatrician to assess the prevalence of other nutritional deficiency disorders. The results depivted that the height (83.8±12.2 cm) and weight (11.3±2.6 kg) was significantly higher in boys than that in girls [height (81.3±12.2 cm); weight (10.7±2.6)] (p<0.05). In boys, 67.7% had stunting (HAZ <-1) and 73.6% boys were underweight (WAZ <-1). In girls, 58.9% and 67.4% were stunted and underweight respectively. When BAZ was evaluated 22.4% boys and 13.7% girls had BAZ low (BAZ <-1). The mean energy 637 Kcal (p<0.012), carbohydrate 123.65 gms (p< 0.023), protein 13.1 gms (p< 0.042) and fat 10 gms (p<0.001) intake was significantly less than the recommended daily allowances (RDA). 16.9 % of children suffered from Vitamin A deficiency, 18.7 % from B Complex deficiency, 8.5 % from Vitamin C deficiency, 100 % from Iron deficiency and 55.3 % from Amoebiasis & Worm infestations. +Keywords: Stunting, Underweight, Z-Score, India, Nutritional deficiencies. + + +Malnutrition in children is a wide spread public health problem. The most neglected form of human deprivation is malnutrition, particularly among preschool children. Preschool children constitute the most vulnerable segment of any community because of their rapid growth rate. Their nutritional status is a sensitive indicator of community health and nutrition. Nutrition of preschool children is of considerable importance not only because they are in formative stage but also has persistent impact on their physical and mental development and on their health status as adults. [1] +The best global indicator of children’s wellbeing is growth. Assessment of growth best defines the nutritional and health status of children.[2] Indicators like underweight, wasting, stunting are generally used in children for assessment of nutritional status. +Chronic under-nutrition is considered to be the primary cause of ill health and premature mortality among children in developing countries.[3] About 50% of the children less than 5 years in India are moderately or severely undernourished.[4] Under-nutrition among children is prevalent in almost all the states in India.[5] Child malnutrition has risen in recent years in India. Thus, considering the increasing prevalence of malnutrition, the present study attempts to assess nutritional status of pre-school children in the age group 0-5 years in rural Thane district of Maharashtra. + +Methodology +A cross sectional study was conducted to analyse the prevalence of malnutrition in rural Thane district, India during November 2006 to February 2007 in children aged 0 – 5 years. Study subjects consisted of 444 (254 boys) children. Informed consent was obtained from parents. All measurements were recorded in morning between 8am to 11am. +Length was measured in children aged 0–1 years in a supine position using a flexible measuring tape from crown to heel. For children older than one year of age, standing height was measured using a flexible measuring tape which was fixed on the wall. Weight was measured on an electronic weighing scale to the accuracy of 100 g. For children less than 2 years of age, the mother was weighed with the child and then the weight for child was calculated by subtracting the weight of mother alone. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by dividing weight (kg) by height (m2). All the measurements were taken thrice and the average was taken. +Height, weight and BMI for age Z scores were calculated using World Health Organization (WHO) growth charts.[6] +24 hours dietary recall method was used to collect the dietary intake details of the children. Clinical examination was conducted by the paediatrician to assess the prevalence of other nutritional deficiency disorders. + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 7 +MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN + +Analyses were performed using SPSS software for Windows (version 16.0, 2007, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Data are presented as Mean ± SD. Independent sample T-test was used to analyse the difference in the anthropometric measurements between boys and girls. +Results : +Table 1 – Anthropometric Parameters in the study group + +Boys (n=254) +Age (years) 2.7±1.4 + +Girls P (n=190) value +2.6±1.4 0.530 + + + +Height (cm) 83.8±12.2 Weight (kg) 11.3±2.6 Body mass index (kg/m2) 16.2±3.0 HAZ -0.57±4.91 WAZ -1.70±1.67 BAZ 0.88±3.02 +Data presented as Mean±SD + +81.3±12.2 0.024 10.7±2.6 0.011 16.2±2.7 0.897 -0.22±5.42 0.486 -1.61±1.95 0.617 +1.52±3.66 0.052 + + +Figure 3 – Associated Nutritional Deficiency Diseases in the study group +Discussion +In the present study the mean age of the study group was 2.6±1.4 years. 61.5 percent of the children belonged to low income group and 38.5 percent belonged to middle income group. Table 1 presents the anthropometric parameters of the study group according to gender. There was no significant difference in age of the two groups (p>0.1). The height (83.8±12.2 cm) and weight (11.3±2.6 kg) was significantly higher in boys than that in girls [height (81.3±12.2 cm); weight (10.7±2.6)] (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in BMI between boys and girls (p>0.1). As seen in table 1, there were no significant differences in the mean height for age (HAZ), weight for age (WAZ) and BMI for age (BAZ) Z score +between boys and girls (p>0.1). + +In comparison to the WHO Standards, of the 444 + + +Figure 1: prevalence of malnutrition in boys and girls + +Table 2: Major Nutrient levels of the study group Nutrients Mean Intakes Std.Deviation p values Energy (Kcal) 637.0 206.19 0.012 RDA 1060.0 240.86 + +CHO (gms) 123.65 40.62 0.023 RDA 187.6 53.5 + +Protein (gms) 13.1 5.62 0.042 RDA 16.7 4.40 + +Fat (gms) 10 2.50 0.001 RDA 27 5.30 + +children, 64% had stunting whereas 70.9% (HAZ <-1) children were underweight (WAZ <-1). Overall, 19.7% children had BAZ less than -1. Figure 1 describes the gender wise percentage prevalence of malnutrition in comparison to the WHO Standards. As seen in Figure 1, 67.7% boys had stunting (HAZ <-1) whereas 73.6% boys were underweight (WAZ <-1). In girls, 58.9% and 67.4% were stunted and underweight respectively. When BAZ was evaluated 22.4% boys and 13.7% girls had BAZ low (BAZ <-1). A very high prevalence of stunting (64%) and underweight (70.9%) was observed in the subjects in the study. +Chronic stunting and underweight is a pandemic affecting children across the world. Stunting is found in 28.6 – 44.2% children whereas 11.4 – 26.7% are found to be underweight in the Sub-Saharan Africa.[7] The prevalence of stunting has been reported to be between 14 – 54% and that of underweight between 19 – 48% in the South Asian Region.[8] In India, 48-78% children under 5 years in India are stunted and 40-43 % are underweight.[9,10] Similar +results were seen in the current study. + + +Figure 2 – Percentage of Recommended Daily Allowances met for Major Nutrients by the study group + +8 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN + +As per Table 2 the mean intakes of the energy 637 Kcal References + +(p<0.012), carbohydrate 123.65 gms (p< 0.023), protein 13.1 gms (p< 0.042) and fat 10 gms (p<0.001) intake was significantly less than the recommended daily allowances (RDA). This observation highlights that basically the dietary intake of the nutrients is not able to meet the normal requirements of the children, which further complicates because of the rapid growth period in this pediatric age group. +Figure 2 describes the percentage of Recommended Daily Allowances met for Major Nutrients i.e. total energy, carbohydrate, protein intake by the children which are lower than the standards. The reason for protein intake which is better than the other nutrients though less than the standards may be because the study group was staying in the coastal areas and the intake of sea food available locally was consumed. +Under-nutrition predisposes the children to multiple nutrient deficiencies leading to various nutritional deficiency disorders. the gut functioning is also affected in this condition. Figure 3, describes the percentage (%) prevalence of other nutritional deficiency diseases observed in the children on clinical examination. 16.9 % of children suffered from Vitamin A deficiency, 18.7 % of children from B Complex deficiency, 8.5 % of children from Vitamin C deficiency, 100 % of children from Iron deficiency and 55.3 % of children suffered from Amoebiasis & Worm infestations. +Conclusion +A variety of factors like poverty, low literacy rates, poor infrastructure, inadequate health and sanitary conditions could be a reason for the high prevalence of malnutrition in the current study. A further study, comparing the nutritional intake, paternal education and income can is required to determine the causes of malnutrition in Indian rural children. +In conclusion, a high prevalence of malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies is prevalent in children under the age of 5 years in rural Thane district, India and steps need to be taken to combat high levels of malnutrition. There is a strong felt need to implement effective nutrition intervention programmes to improve the nutritional status +of the children in rural areas with poor economic status. + + +1. Scrimshaw NS. Special issue on vitamin A. A supplementation and control of vitamin A deficiency. Food and nutrition bulletin 2001; 22(3):235 – 340. +2. Joshi HS, Gupta R,Joshi M C, Mahajan V. Determinants of Nutritional Status of School Children - A Cross Sectional Study in the Western Region of Nepal. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine 2011; 2(1): 2230 - 9969 +3. Nandy S,Irving M, Gordon D, Subramanian SV, Smith GD. Poverty, child undernutrition and morbidity: New evidence from India. Bull World Organ 2005; 83: 210-216. +4. Bisai S, Bose K, Dikshit S. Undernutrition among slum children aged 3-6 years in Midnapore town, India. Internet J Biol Anthropol 2009;2:2. +5. Som S, Pal M, Bhattacharya B, Bharati S, Bharati P. Socio-economic differentials in nutritional status of children in the states of West Bengal and Assam. J Biosoc Sci 2006; 38: 625-642. +6. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. Assessment of differences in linear growth among populations in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study. Acta Paediatr Suppl 2006; 450:56-65. +7. Garcia V. Children Malnutrition and Horizontal Inequalities in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Focus on Contrasting Domestic Trajectories. United Nations Development Programme, Regional Bureau for Africa WP 2012; 2012-019. [cited 2013 Jan 270;Available from http://web.undp.org/africa/knowledge/WP-2012-019-garcia-working-afhdr-malnutrition-inequalities.pdf +8. Khan AA, Bano N, Salam A. Child Malnutrition: An Overview of Trends, Issues, and Policy Prescriptions. Vikalpa; 2006;31(4):81-90. +9. Fred Arnold, Sulabha Parasuraman, P.Arokiasamy, and Monica Kothari. Nutrition in India. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005-06. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences; Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF Macro. 2009. +10. Deshmukh PR, Sinha N, Dongre AR. Social determinants of stunting in rural area of Wardha, Central India. Medical Journal Armed Forces India 2012 +[online first] doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2012.10.004 + + + + + + + + + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 9 +ADJUSTMENT, BIRTH ORDER AND SES + +ADJUSTMENT OF THE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR BIRTHORDER AND SES + + +Milan Mistry +Associate Professor, Department of Education, Gujarat University + +Abstract + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +Adjustment is very important for a successful and harmonious life. The present study focuses on birth-order and SES and thus studies the adjustment of the high school students with reference to these variables. The research aimed to study effect of birthorder and SES on the adjustment of the high school students of Ahmedabad district. The study comprised of 800 high school students of Ahmedabad selected by cluster multistage sampling. In the present study the survey method was used and the verbal adjustment scale was used. To conduct analysis and interpretation of data Mean, S.D, and t-test was used. The results declared that there exists significant difference in the adjustment of the high school students with the first and second birthorder as well with high and low SES. + +Keywords: adjustment, birthorder, SES + +Education is necessary to understand the life, the world, the nature, the happening and the invent a system for learning, earning, improving and distinguishing between the right and the wrong, the good and the evil, the vice and the virtue, the angel and the devil. Education is process in life to developing personality of an individual. The true goal of education is to teach a person about the way and means of learning language, interaction with difficult things in the world,acquiring moral and ethical values, adjustment and other psychological aspects in nature preparation of gainful employment and service in the society attainment of satisfaction of the mind and finally to become a flawless perfect person on earth. One of the aspects of education is adjustment. Education strives to make the child adjusted with environment but the same is not possible always. With the advent of 21st century and the awareness towards education every child has now a chance to go to the school. Further each child passes through different stages of growth and development whereby they undergodifferent changes. With these changes they feel uncomfortable and the need of adjustment arises. In the school also the child faces several troubles related to the infrastructure, instructional facility and the human resources whereby they are supposed to do the adjustment. Adjustment is the most important aspect for an individual. Age, gender and category all these are origin of the maladjustment of the students with inferiority complex in the students. Hence, it is the necessary to assess the factors affecting adjustment or display in a positive manner to face the problem and do the adjustment.Again, it is possible that adjustment may be affected by birthorder and SES related to the high school student. In order to fasten their adjustment it is necessary to know the level of adjustment and the effect of these variables on the adjustment of the high school students. Looking to the aspects of adjustment the present investigation seeks to know the amount of adjustment in the high school students and the way the adjustment are related to these variables. +The studies by Ramakrishnan. P. (2008) revealed that majority of the pupils in the whole sample are highly adjusted with the school environment and majority of the pupils possess more characteristics of all Thinking Styles. K.Ranganayagam (2008) suggested that higher secondary adolescent girls have scored less in the adjustment problems in the post-test than in the pre-test. Ranjit Singh (2010) declares that the degree/level of job stress, job satisfaction and adjustment with which the Physical + + + +Education teachers working in various types of schools in the state of Haryana differ amongst one another. Laurier Fortin, (2003)declares that the Students’ antisocial behavior can often lead to violence in school. Heck, and Voliter, (1998) indicated that interpersonal variables (e.g., school adjustment,delinquency, relationships with parents and community) primarily affected reported substance use. Intrapersonal variables (e.g., self-concept, attitudes toward school), however, were unrelated to substance use. Townsend, and Wan, (2007) identified that socio-cultural adaptation statistically demonstrates an initial negative relationship with multiculturalexperience,but develops beyond this period with a positive increase and relationship at the end of three years. The studies by Makkar, Narinder, Kaur, Pushpinder (2010)is concerned with Educational Aspirations and School Adjustment of students in relation to Organizational climaterevealed the significant differences in the adjustment of with respect to the location, type of school and gender of secondary school students. Studies by Bharti (2008) revealed difference in terms of home adjustment of the high and low intelligent subjects. +Objectives +The objectives comprised to study the effect of birthorder and SES on the adjustment of the high school students of Ahmedabad district. +Hypothesis +There will be no significant difference between the mean scores of adjustment of the high school boys and girls of Ahmedabad district with first and second birthorder +There will be no significant difference between the mean scores of adjustment of the high school students of Ahmedabad with high and low SES +Research Design +The study comprised of 800 high school students of Ahmedabad selected by cluster multistage sampling. In the present study the survey method was used and the verbal adjustment scale was used. To conduct analysis and interpretation of data Mean, S.D, and t-test was used. +Analysis and Interpretation +There will be no significant difference between the mean scores of adjustment of the high school students of Ahmedabad district with first and second birthorder. + + +10 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +ADJUSTMENT, BIRTH ORDER AND SES + + +Table 4.1 – Test of Significance of the Adjustment of the High School Students with First and Second Birthorder +Birthorder N Mean Deviation StMeanor value +Std. d. Err t- + +Birthorder 306 50.35 8.52 0.48 8.62** Adjustment +First +Second +Birthorder 494 55.66 8.45 0.38 + +** Significant at 0.01 level of significance +From table 4.1, it is evident that the tcal = 8.62 which is significant at 0.01 level of significance. It indicates that the +hypothesis may be rejected at 0.01 level of significance. Thus the hypothesis that there will be no significant difference between the mean scores of adjustment of the high school students of Ahmedabad district with first and second birthorder may be rejected at 0.01 level of significance. It clarifies that there may be significant difference between the adjustment of the high school students of Ahmedabad district with different birthorder. Further from the table it is observed that the mean score of adjustment of the high school students having second birthorder is higher than the students having first birthorder. Thus it could be said that the adjustment of the high school students having second birthorder is more than the students having first birthorder. +There will be no significant difference between the mean scores of adjustment of the high school students of Ahmedabad with high and low SES +Table 4.2 – Test of Significance of Adjustment of high school students of Ahmedabad District with High and Low SES + +SES N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean t- value + +Adjustment High 374 51.98 9.06 0.46 5.02** + +Low 426 55.08 8.42 0.40 + +** Significant at 0.01 level of significance +From table 4.2, it is evident that the tcal = 5.02 which is significant at 0.01 level of significance. It indicates that the +hypothesis may be rejected at 0.01 level of significance. Thus the hypothesis that there will be no significant difference between the mean scores of adjustment of the high school students of Ahmedabad with high and low SES may be rejected at 0.01 level of significance. It clarifies that there may be significant difference between the adjustment of the high school students of Ahmedabad district belonging to different SES. Further from the table it is evident that the mean score of adjustment of the high school students with low SES is higher than the high school students with high SES. Thus it could be said that the adjustment of the high school students with low SES is more than the high school students with high SES. +Results +There exists significant difference between the adjustment of the high school students of Ahmedabad district with the first and second birthorder and that the adjustment of the high school students with second birthorder is more than the high school students with first birthorder. + +There exists significant difference between the adjustment of high school students of Ahmedabad district with high and low SES and that adjustment with low SES students is higher than the high school students with high SES. +Discussion +The adjustment of the high school students with second birthorder is more than the high school students with first birthorder. It might be possible due to the birthorder consciousness. The firstchild is normally given more freedom and hardly has to face compromise than the other. +There exists significant difference between the adjustment of high school students of Ahmedabad district with high and low SES and that adjustment with low SES students is higher than the high school students with high SES. This might be possible due to the societal structure. The high school students with high SES are more free and capable to get what they want which might be possible for this result. On the contrary high school students with low SES are more inclined to adjust. +Conclusion +The objectives of the present study comprised to study the effect of birthorder, and SES of the high school students on their adjustment. The present study was conducted on 800 high school students selected by cluster multistage sampling. The standardized tool of adjustment was used. Data was collected by survey from the sample. The analysis was conducted by descriptive statistics, t-test. The results declared that there exists significant difference between the adjustment of the high school students of Ahmedabad district with the first and second birthorder and that the adjustment of the high school students with second birthorder is more than the high school students with first birthorder as well there exists significant difference between the adjustment of high school students of Ahmedabad district with high and low SES and that adjustment with low SES students is higher than the high school students with high SES. +References +Bharti, Raman (2008) Adjustment patterns of high and low intelligent students during examination periods Ph.D. +Laurier Fortin, (2003), Students’ antisocial and aggressive behavior: development and prediction, Journal of Educational Administration, Vol. 41 Iss: 6 pp. 669 - 688 +MakkarNarinder,Kaur, Pushpinder (2010) A study of educational aspirations and school adjustment of students in relation to organizational climate, Dept. of Education Punjabi University +Peter Townsend, Caroline Wan, (2007), The impact of multicultural experience in the development of socio-cultural adaptation for international business students, International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 21 Iss: 3 pp. 194 - 212 +Ranjit Singh (2010) Job Stress, Job Satisfaction And Adjustment Among Physical Education Teachers Of Haryana Schools, Punjabi University, Patiala +Ronald H. Heck, Robert C. Voliter, (1998), Background, psycho-social factors and substance use: their effects on high school seniors’ perceptions of their education,International Journal of Educational Management, Vol. 12 Iss: 3 pp. 120 - 132 + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 11 +ACHIEVEMENT OF PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT HIGH SCHOOLS + +A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENTS BETWEEN THE STUDENTS OF PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT HIGH SCHOOLS WITHIN IMPHAL EAST DISTRICT (MANIPUR) + + +T. Surendra Singh +Assistant Professor, D M College of Teacher Education, Imphal (Manipur) India + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + + +Abstract +The main objective of the formal system of education in India is to achieve more academic achievement by the students in the public examination result as Indian schooling system is mainly examination based education. So, general people like to send their wards to the schools, where more academic achievement is found. Because, the student having high division with high percentage of marks has a lot of opportunity at the time of admission, training and vocation purposes. To improve the academic achievement is the need of the hour. It is due to some factors affecting like input, process, and output. The overall academic improvement in an institution leads more and high achievement in the public examination. The present study is trying to check the position of academic achievement at government and private high schools in the state as a whole. Specially, the article tries to study and to find out the reasons of the different academic achievements of students between the government and private high schools in the district of Imphal East of Manipur State during 2009-2011. Moreover, the article also tries to find out some of the suggestive measures for the improvement of high school education in the said district on the basis of (a) findings of the study and (b) the opinion given by the principals of the reputed institutions. +Keywords: academic achievement, type of schools, and Khurai Assembly Constituency. + + +In today’s 21st century, various changes from the socio-economic, political, cultural, science and technology, etc. have brought about large impacts on the educational system. With the view of the modern educational system, today, education in India as well as in our state, have virtually segregated into public and private educational systems. And there are mushrooming up of Private and Public Secondary Schools, in the past ten years. But the academic achievement and performance of Private and Govt. School students, has been widening a gap. Factors like inadequate infrastructure, facilities and lack of trained teacher, geographic location, demography of places, transport and communication etc. has been drastically brought difference in the academic performance between public and private schools in our state. Modern system of education demands a comprehensive education i.e. scholastic and non-scholastic area of children. The academic achievement at the High Secondary Level plays an important role in determining the career of the students, ultimately in the overall development of the society and state, at large. It is of utmost importance to study the current status of the academic achievements of Manipur as it plays the foundation to the growth and development of the state as well. Though, on a brighter side, the overall academic performance has been on the rise in Manipur. But, along with it, there has also been a widening gap between the percentage of academic achievements amongst the student of the private schools and the public schools. This needs to be studied and addressed, so as to rectify the various factors that have been behind this cause. And at a time, when the National and the state, together, are focusing on the educational sector through various schemes, it is worth studying if the past factors have been addressed to successfully. If it has been, there ought to be a change in the academic performance of public schools vis-a-vis the academic performance of private schools, with respect to + +the past performance. The following researches support the study. +Canadian Council on learning (2009) : Impact of Homework on Academic Achievement, Main objectives: The research addresses the question, ‘Is there an academic benefit to homework for students enrolled in the K-12 school system, Major findings: (i) Moderate evidence that home workwhich engages students in active learning (rather than rote repetition) increases achievement; (ii) Credible evidence that students in classes that assign more homework, (iii) Perform modestly to moderately better than those in classes that assign less, though no causal link could be established; (iv) Evidence that effort spent on homework is a stronger correlate of achievement than time spent on homework; (v) Inconclusiveevidence that involving parents in homework helps achievement, but no evidence that they impede it. +Julia Dilley (2009): The School based Health Interventions and Academic Achievement. Objectives: What is the relationship between a student’s health and academic achievement? Are they competing priorities? Or do healthy students really learn better?,Major findings: (i) Data from Washington show a clear relationship between increasing numbers of health risks and increasing academic risk. (ii) The data from Washington are similar to national data findings. (iv) They do not have longitudinal information to tell whether the health risks discussed in their report precede achievement risk. In some cases, they may see a synergistic relationship; potentially, challenges in school may lead to unhealthy choices which compound school challenges. These studies suggested that health risks do precede achievement risks, or that health interventions address some common underlying condition that benefits both health and achievement outcomes. +BARUA, A.P. (1989): Causes of Failure in Higher Secondary Leaving Certificate Examination Independent Study. Assam : State + + +12 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +ACHIEVEMENT OF PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT HIGH SCHOOLS + + +Council of Educational Research and Training. Major Findings: (1) Various teacher factors that cause failure in the HSLC examination included inadequate number of teachers, a large number of teachers who did not teach incentives, inadequate school inspection, and attaching more importance to private tuitions. (2) Various students’ factors included no specific time for study at home irregular attendance, getting promotion with grace marks, and various sources of distraction in studies. (3) The parent’s factor included their negligence towards their children once they were admitted to schools and +Satyanandam, B.D. (1969): A Study of Socio-Economic Status and Academic Achievement Government College of Education Kurnool. The findings : (i) The children of graduate parents performed far better than the children of matriculate parents.(ii) The children of upper economic strata and lower economic strata differed very significantly. (iii) The upper and middle economic groups differed significantly. (iv) The middle and the lower economic groups did not differ significantly. However, the middle economic group was better than the lower economic group and (v) Sex had no bearing upon the achievement level. +As it has been commonly observed in the past, there still exist a clear demarcation between the academic performance of the students of public schools and private schools at the High School Level. Since the academic performance at this level is considered to be the initial frontier to the career that a student is likely to choose in the future, their academic achievement at the High School level is of outmost significance to them and the society as well. This has been the scenarios in the past, but today when the state as well as the central govt. has been earnestly putting in effort towards the education with various educational schemes and reforms; it is worth revisiting and re-examining if public schools has managed to narrow down the widening gap of academic achievement when compared to that of the private schools, or thus the rift still exist despite of all the efforts put in by the government. And also, if the past factor still continue to exist. Therefore, the study tried to find out the actual difference on the academic achievement between government and private at the High School Leaving Certificate Examination of Manipur (2009-2011) within Khurai Assembly Constituency of Imphal East District, Manipur. The study also found out the factors and remedial measures for the improvement of academic achievement of the students at HSLC examination. +In the present study, Academic Achievement means the level of actual accomplishment or proficiency one has achieved in an academic area, as opposed to one’s potential based on examination result at HSLC; Student means those boys and girls who appeared in Class X at the High School Leaving Certificate Examination, Manipur; Private High Schools means High Schools, which are under management of the private individuals without the support of Government; Government high Schools means High Schools, which are + +under management of the Government and Khurai Assembly Constituency means a constituency in the Imphal East District of Manipur. +The present study was limited only to the High/Higher Schools in the Khurai Assembly Constituency of Imphal East District, Manipur. Only areas of High School Leaving Certificate Examination results of Government and Private Schools within Khurai Assembly Constituency of Imphal East District, Manipur were concerned. That study was confined to a period of 3 (three) years (2009- 2011) of the Academic Achievement of the students in the High School Leaving Certificate Examination of Manipur within the Khurai Assembly Constituency of Imphal East District, Manipur. +Objectives +To compare the academic achievements of the students of HSLC Examination in Manipur in regards to the pass and fail % in the following areas: (i) overall and (ii) sex wise (2009 to 2011). +To compare the overall academic achievements of the students of Private and Government Schools at HSLC Examination within Imphal East District (Khurai Assembly Constituency) during 2009 to 2011. +To compare the academic achievements of the boys and girls students of the Schools at HSLC Examination within Khurai Assembly Constituency during 2009 to 2011. +To compare the School wise academic achievement at the High School Leaving Certificate Examination in Manipur within Khurai Assembly Constituency of Imphal East District during 2009 to 2011. +To find out the related problems and their suggestive measures for more academic achievement. +Hypotheses +There are significant differences between the academic achievements of the students of HSLC Examination in Manipur in regards to the pass and fail % in the following areas: (i) overall and (ii) sex wise (2009 to 2011). +There is a significant difference between the overall academic achievements of the students of private and government at HSLC Examination within Imphal East District (Khurai Assembly Constituency) during 2009 to 2011. +There is a significant difference in the academic achievement at the H.S.L.C. Examination of Manipur between the boys and the girls within Imphal East District (Khurai Assembly Constituency) during 2009 to 2011. +There is a significant difference between the School-wise academic achievement at HSLC Examination within Imphal East District (Khurai Assembly Constituency) during 2009 to 2011. +Research Design +The investigator selected 3 (Three) Schools out of four Government High schools and 3 (three) Private High Schools out of six schools through random sampling technique + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 13 +ACHIEVEMENT OF PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT HIGH SCHOOLS + + +respectively .The government high schools were Khurai sajor leikai high school, Lamphel High School, and Top Dusara High School, whereas private high schools were Bal Vidya Mandir,Kongpal,Young Pioneers’ English School, and North Eastern English School. Examination results of the HSLC in Manipur (2009-2011) was the tool in order to find out the differences on the academic achievements of the students of Private and Government High Schools within the state and Imphal East District (Khurai Assembly Constituency) . For the proper interpretation and analysis of the collected + +data in view of the hypothesis of the study, the Percentage and Graphs were used. +Analysis and Interpretation +The analysis and interpretation of results have been presented under the five hypothesis: +Hypothesis-1 : To compare the academic achievements of the students of hslc examination of manipur in regards to the pass and fail % in the following areas: (1) overall (2) sex wise (2009 to 2011). + +Table 1 – Comparative statement of the hslc examination results of manipur for the years 2009 to 2011 + + +Yr No of candidates enrolled No of candidates appeared No of candidates passed + +Sex-wise +pass % Overall pass % + + + +Male Female 2009 14041 13935 2010 14264 13290 +2011 18819 16756 + +Total Male Female 27976 13888 13796 27554 14093 13188 +35575 18458 16485 + +Total Male Female 27684 8699 6989 27281 9338 7239 +34943 13869 10856 + +Total Male Female +15688 55.45 44.54 56.66 % 16577 56.33 43.66 60.76 % +24725 56.09 43.90 70.75 % + + +Hypothesis-2 : To compare the overall academic achievement of the students of private and government schools at hslc examination within imphal east district (2009-11). +Table 2 – The academic achievement of students of government and private high schools within khurai a/c (2009 to 2011). + +Figure 1 – Comparative statement of the hslc examination results of manipur (2009 to 2011) + + +Year No of candidates appeared + + +No of candidates passed + + +Pass percentage + + +Overall pass % + + + +Govt Pvt +2009 28 68 +2010 23 69 +2011 27 69 + +Total Govt +96 4 +92 4 +96 8 + +Pvt Total Govt Pvt +53 57 14.28 77.94 59.37 +45 49 17.39 65.21 53.26 +46 54 29.62 66.66 56.25 + + + +Figure 2 – Sex wise comparative statement of the hslc examination results of manipur (2009 to 2011). +Table No: 1, figure No: 1 and 2 shown above reveals the academic Achievement of students at HSLC examination in Manipur state context in the following ways: +The highest enrollment of male and female students is found in 2011, whereas lowest enrollment of male and female students is found in 2010. +The highest number of male and female appeared students is found in 2011, whereas lowest is found in 2010. +The highest number of appeared of male and female students are found in 2011,whereas lowest male and female is found in 2009 and 2010. +The highest number of passed out of male and female students are found in 2011, whereas lowest passed out male and female is found in 2009. +The highest number of overall passed out students is found in 2011,whereas lowest over all passed out is found in 2009. +It is therefore, the First hypothesis of the present study that was constructed for testing “There are significant differences between the academic achievements of the students of HSLC Examination of Manipur in regards to the pass and fail % in the following areas: (i) overall and (ii) sex wise (2009 to 2011)” is accepted. + + + + + + + +Figure 3 – The academic achievement of students of government and private high schools within khurai assembly constituency during 2009 to 2011. +Interpretation: Table No. 2 and figure no: 3 shown above reveals in the following: +In 2009, the overall academic achievement of Govt. Schools is at 04 (14.28%), whereas the overall academic achievement of Pvt. Schools is at 53 (77.94%). +In 2010, the overall academic achievement of Govt. Schools is at 04 (17.39%), whereas the overall academic achievement of Pvt. Schools is at 45 (65.21%). +In 2011, the overall academic achievement of Govt. Schools is at 08 (29.62%), whereas the overall academic achievement of Pvt. Schools is at 46 (66.66%). +It can be concluded that the second hypothesis “There is a significant difference between the overall academic achievements of the students of Private and Government Schools at the High School Leaving Certificate Examination within Imphal East District, during 2009 to 2011.” is accepted. + + + +14 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +ACHIEVEMENT OF PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT HIGH SCHOOLS + + +Hypothesis 3 – To compare the academic achievements of the boys and girls students of the schools at hslc examination within khurai assembly constituency (2009 to 2011). +Table 3 – Showing the academic achievement of the boys and girl students of the high schools at the hslc examination of the high schools within khurai assembly constituency during 2009 to 2011. +Year No of candidates No of candidates Sexwise Overall +appeared passed pass p.c. pass Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls p.c. +2009 45 51 96 28 29 57 62.22 56.86 59.37 +2010 49 43 92 32 17 49 65.3 39.53 53.26 +2011 38 58 96 24 30 54 63.15 51.72 56.25 + + + + + + +Figure 4 – Showing the academic achievement of the boys and girl students of the high schools at the hslc examination of the high schools within khurai assembly constituency during 2009 to 2011. +Interpretation: Table no 3 and figure No: 4 indicate the sex-wise academic achievement of students of HSLC examination in Khurai A/C in the following ways : + +The pass percentage of boys was higher than that of the pass percentage of girl students in all the three years. +The highest percentage of male candidates was passed in the year 2010 with 65.3% while the lowest was in the year 2009 with 62.22%. +The highest percentage of female candidates passed was in the year 2009 with 56.86% while the lowest was in 2010 with 39.53%. The highest overall pass percentage was in the year 2009 with 59.37%. +The overall pass percentage of male candidates is 63.55% whereas the overall pass percentage of female candidates is 49.37% during 2009 to 2011 in Khurai Assembly Constituency. It is therefore, the 3rd hypothesis that “There is a significant difference in the academic achievement at the HSLC Examination of Manipur between the boys and the girls within Khurai Assembly Constituency of Imphal East District, during 2009 to 2011” is accepted. +Hypothesis 4 – To compare the school-wise academic achievement at the hslc examination of manipur within khurai assembly constituency during 2009 to 2011. + + +Table 4 – Showing the school wise academic achievement of class x students of government high schools during 2009 to 2011. + +YEAR LAMPHEL HIGH SCHOOL TOP DUSARA HIGH SCHOOL KHURAI SAJOR HIGH SCHOOL + +APPEARED +2009 11 2010 06 +2011 08 + +APPEARED P.C. +11 16.66 06 22.22 +08 71.42 + +APPEARED PASSED +11 02 08 02 +12 02 + +P.C. APPEARED PASSED P.C. +18.18 11 01 9.09 25 06 00 00.00 +16.66 08 01 12.50 + +Overall % 36.77 Overall % 19.94 Overall % 07.20 + +Table 5 – Showing the school wise academic achievement of class x students of private high schools during 2009 to 2011. + +Year NORTH EASTERN ENGLISH BAL VIDYA MANDIR SCHOOL + +YOUNG PIONEERS’ ENGLISH SCHOOL + + + +Appeared 2009 24 2010 36 +2011 33 + +Passed % 21 87.5 27 75 +29 87.87 + +Appeared 34 31 +29 + +Passed % 29 85.29 17 54.83 +16 55.17 + +Appeared 10 2 +7 + +Passed % 03 30 01 50 +01 14.28 + +Overall % 83.46 Overall % 65.10 Overall % 03.43 + +Interpretation: Table No. 4 and 5 shown above indicate that the school-wise academic achievement of class X students of Government and private High Schools in the following ways: +All the overall academic achievement of students of three government high schools at HSLC examination is found differently at three government high schools in 2009, 2010 and 2011. +The Government schools, where highest academic achievement is found at the Lamphel High School at 36.77%, whereas the lowest academic achievement is found at the Khurai Sajor High School at 07.20% +All the overall academic achievement of students of three private high schools at HSLC examination is found different in 2009, 2010 and 2011. +The private schools, where highest academic achievement is found at the North Eastern High School at 36.77%, whereas the lowest academic achievement is found at the Young Pioneers’ English High School at 07.20% +It is therefore, the 3rd hypothesis of the present study that was constructed for testing “There is a significant difference between the school-wise academic achievement at the High School Leaving Certificate Examination between Government and Private Schools during 2009 to 2011” is accepted as the academic achievements of the students of Government and Private Schools are quite different. + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 15 +ACHIEVEMENT OF PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT HIGH SCHOOLS + + +Main findings of the study +The First hypothesis that “There is a significant differences between the academic achievements of the students of HSLC Examination of Manipur in regards to the pass and fail % in the following areas: (i) overall and (ii) sex wise (2009 to 2011)” is accepted. +The second hypothesis that “There is a significant difference between the overall academic achievements of the students of Private and Government Schools at the High School Leaving Certificate Examination within Khurai Assembly Constituency of Imphal East District, during 2009 to 2011” is accepted. +The 3rd hypothesis that “There is a significant difference in the academic achievement at the HSLC Examination of Manipur between the boys and the girls within Khurai Assembly Constituency of Imphal East District , during 2009 to 2011” is accepted. +The 4th hypothesis that “There is a significant difference between the school-wise academic achievement at the High School Leaving Certificate Examination between Government and Private Schools during 2009 to 2011” is accepted. +The reasons for low academic achievement of Government Schools are: +Lack of supervision by Govt. authorities. +Lack of more dedicated teachers and lack of competition among students. +Lack of involvement of parents in the education of students. Lack of professional qualifications among teachers. +Improper teaching methods, not systematic and regular. The teacher teaching is being provided is not at the national standard as the curriculum is not up-to-date yet. +Adequate transport facility is provided at a few government schools only. +The reasons for the better academic achievement of Private Schools are : +Teachers are devoted, dedicated, systematic, punctual, and regular. +There is a better interaction and cooperation among the students, teachers and school authorities. +There is a better infrastructure and good administration. There is a good spirit of competition. +School authorities keep a strict supervision on the teachers and students. +There are regular tests and examinations conducted. Healthy appointment process of qualified teachers and selection of good students at the time of admission. +Adequate transport facility is provided at most of the private schools. +Suggestions for remedial measures +To maintain a good academic calendar through the year. + +Frequent inspection of the school by the supervising authority. +Well built infrastructure and equipments should be available as per RTE norms. +Regular attendance of teachers and students must be checked by biometric divices. +Full support and cooperation should be extended by the Government to the schools. +Common question pattern should be framed and followed in all schools. +To develop democratic academic environment in all schools. +Availability of modern teaching aids should be made at all schools. +The syllabus and standard of text books should be at the level of CBSE. +Effective training should be provided for all principals of the schools for efficient management system in the campus. +Periodical exams should be encouraged. The teacher-students ratio should be 1:50. +Education should be free zone from political interference. +Education should be considered as essential service and freed from bandhs and strikes. +Modified Text books by SCERT should be made available in time at the market. +Co-curricular activities should be encouraged as the compulsory part of syllabus. +There should be Parent-Teacher association in every school. +Workshops, seminars and orientation programme should be conducted for the teachers before the new session. +Life skill training and counselling service should be provided at the schools. +References +B.N. Anuja & R.P. Tiwari (1998.) Problems of Education in N.E. India, Ludhiana: Prakash Brothers, +Buch. M B., Third Survey of Research in Education. Vol-II New Delhi: NCERT +Fifth Survey of Research in Education. Vol-II New Delhi: NCERT +Fourth Survey of Research in Education. Vol-II, New Delhi: NCERT +Indian Educational Abstracts. NCERT, Volume 4 to 5. Jamini (2006) Education in Manipur, Imphal: Rai Pravin +Brothers, +Koul Lokesh, (1997) Methodology of Educational Research New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Limited +Sen C.M., (2003) Education To What End?. New Delhi: New Book Society of India +Statistical Abstract of Manipur. Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Govt of Manipur, 2001. +Tewari, R.P (1998). Problems of Education in N.E. India, Ludhiana: Prakash Brothers +www.bosem.nic.in www.districtimphaleast.com + + +16 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF SCHOOL SUPERVISORS + +CONSTRUCTION AND STANDARDIZATION OF THE TEST OF PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF SCHOOL SUPERVISORS + + +Alka Sapre +JJTU Ph.D. Scholar + +Abstract + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +School supervision plays significant role in the development of education system, by monitoring the quality of schools and by supporting their improvement. For school supervision, supervisor plays an important role for the improvement of educational quality, controlling, decision making and guidance etc. The actions of supervisors are in principle based. For this supervisors should be competent enough. The research was of survey type, which consists of a multistage random sample of 252 supervisors of the GSEB English medium schools of Gujarat state. An opinionaire was constructed and standardized by the researcher and administered on the sample subject. The interpretation of data was done with the statistical methods mean, standard deviation and t-test. It was found that there exists the significant difference between the professional competence of male and female school supervisors and no significant difference found between the professional competence of granted and non-granted school supervisors. +Keywords: Professional Competence, Supervisors + + +School supervision plays significant role in the development of education system, by monitoring the quality of schools and by supporting their improvement. In almost all countries, the main performer incharge of supporting and controlling schools and teachers is the school supervision. The term supervision generally refers to two different, but corresponding tasks: one, to control and evaluate and other, to advice and support teachers.To undertake these functions, supervisors are in principle based. The actions of supervisors are expected to contribute to quality improvement. For school supervision, a supervisor plays an important role for the improvement of educational quality, controlling, decision making and guidance, etc. Core role of supervision is to support by offering advice and guidance on how to improve. +According to Igwe (2001) supervision includes evaluation, quality control and monitoring for the purpose of infrastructural and curriculum growth and development. In order to accomplish this, definite tasks of the supervisor in a current school have been identified as such help head teachers for knowing the students better, helping teachers for professional enlargement, making better use of teaching materials, acquiring cooperating spirit for team work, improving teacher’s appraisal of his standards, getting better methods of teaching, attainment of uniqueness for the teacher in the service, and curriculum development plan for the faculties. +Perception of professional competence has developed over the last four decades from a basic creation representing specific knowledge to a more universal one which includes an application of particular knowledge.The familiar meaning of the professional competence used now a days as routine and sensible use of values, clinical reasoning, knowledge, technological skills, reflections, emotions and communication in routine practice for the advantage of a commune and individual. The professional competence implies a minimum level of expertise in performance. +The observation of professional competence articulates a + +set of qualification preconditions which are skills,professional knowledge and attitudes essential for a flourishing professional performance. The core competencies should be always present at the commence of teaching profession and these conditions can be formed and developed over the career development. +Objectives of the study +To study whether there is any difference between the professional competence of male and female school supervisors +To study whether there is any difference between the professional competence of granted and non-granted school supervisors +Hypothesis of the study +HO1: There will be no significant difference between the mean scores of the professional competence of male and female +school supervisors. +HO2: There will be no significant difference between the mean scores of the professional competence of granted and non- +granted school supervisors. Research Design +The study is limited to the components of professional competency only. The study is limited to supervisors of schools only. The study is limited to the GSEB (English medium) schools only. The population of the present study comprises of supervisors of English medium schools of Gujarat. In the present study, the probability sampling technique, of which the multistage sampling will be used to select 252 supervisors as the sample subject from the given population. Here researcher selected ‘Survey Method’ to collect the information regarding the Professional Competence of school supervisors. For the present study, researcher decided to construct and standardized an opinionaire on the Professional Competence of school supervisors, for which the researcher adopted Likert’s method. + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 17 +PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF SCHOOL SUPERVISORS + + +Analysis and Interpretation of the data +Analysis of the data means studying the organized material in order to discover the inherent facts. The researcher collected the data representing the gender (male and female respondent) and type of schools (granted and non-granted). +Table 1 – Mean,S.D.,t-value and p-value of male and female supervisors + +Scores of Genders Statistical parameters +Male Female +N (No. of supervisor) 61 191 Mean 182.2787 185.5602 Std. Deviation 16.24000 4.53470 t-value -2.512 +p-value 0.013 + +It is observed from the table 1 that the calculated absolute value of t-test is 2.512 which is more than the table‘t’ value 1.96, at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis, “There will be no significant difference between the mean scores of the professional competence of male and female supervisors” is rejected. So, it is concluded that there is significant difference found between the mean scores of male and female supervisors. +Table 2 – Mean, S.D., t-value and p-value of Granted and Non-granted school supervisors +Scores of different types of school Statistical parameters supervisors +Granted Non-granted N (No. of supervisor) 68 184 +Mean 184.2206 184.9674 Std. Deviation 9.22172 8.90257 t-value -0.585 +p-value 0.559 +It is observed from the table 2 that the calculated absolute value of t-test is 0.585 which is less than the table‘t’ value 1.96, at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, the null hypothesis, “There will be no significant difference between the mean scores of the professional competence of supervisors of granted and non-granted schools” is accepted. So, it is concluded that there is no significant difference found between the mean scores of professional competence of supervisors of granted and non-granted schools. +Findings of the study +There is significant difference between the mean scores of the professional competence of male and female supervisors of Gujarat will be rejected at 0.05 level. The male and female teachers differ in their professional competence. This may be due to the difference between the treatment given to the male and female supervisors. The mean professional competence score of the female supervisors being more than the mean professional competence score of the male supervisors, the female supervisors tend to bear more professional competence than the male school supervisors of Gujarat. +There is no significant difference between the mean scores of the professional competence of supervisors of Gujarat belonging to different types of schools will be accepted at + +0.05 levels. The granted and non- granted school supervisors do not differ in their professional competence. This may be due to they are earning similar type of salary and grade. The mean professional competence scoreof the granted and non-granted school supervisors is almost similar. +Suggestions +The difference exists between the male and female school supervisors of Gujarat with respect to their professional competence. Hence, some extra programmes should be conducted to raise the professional competencies of male supervisors. Share various educational experiences with colleagues with a view to enriching knowledge to improve the development of common skills of male supervisors. The difference does not exist between the granted and non-granted school supervisors of Gujarat with respect to their professional competence. Hence, similar financial and non-financial incentives should be given to lift up their professional competencies. +Educational Implications +The educational implications of the present study were: Such test can help us in gathering vital information about the standards of the supervisors at the school level. Our supervisors should be encouraged to take such test for their self assessment, which can lead to the self improvement. The use of standardized test of professional competence can in the long run have a positive impact for the improvement of school system. Such test can also be used for diagnostic and remedial purpose. +Conclusion +The researcher collected the data by using self constructed tool, analysed and interpreted by applying relevant statistical methods. On the basis of interpretation, researcher presented the findings, suggestions and new areas of research. +References +Glickman, Carl D, Stephen P. & Ross- Gordon, Jovita M. (1998).Supervision of Instruction: A Developmental Approach, Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon. +Glickman, Carl D, Stephen P. & Ross- Gordon, Jovita M. (1998). Supervision of Instruction: A Developmental Approach. Massachusetts: Allyn & Bacon. Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia +Good, G.V. (1945) Dictionary of Education, New York: McGraw-Hill Book, Co. Inc. +Igwe, S. O. (2001) Supervision, Evaluation and quality control in Education in Nwagwu N.A Current Issues in Educational Management in Nigeria Benin City: Ambik Press Ltd. +Mood, A. M., Greybill,F.A. and Bose, D.C.(1974): Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, McGraw Hill +Patel R. S. (2011) Statistical Methods for Educational Research, Jay Publication, Ahmedabad. +Siddhu K.S. (1990) Methodology of research in Education, New Delhi: Sterling Publisher (P) Ltd., P. 253. + + +18 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +INCLUSION IN EDUCATION + +INCLUSION IN EDUCATION: SOME APPRECIABLE EFFORTS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS OF GUJARAT + + +Y. Vijaya Lakshmi +Lecturer, District Institute of Education and Training, Gandhinagar, Gujarat + +Abstract + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +An increase in the rate of enrolment of children in the primary education is clearly visible in India. The credit for this goes to number of initiatives being taken in the country to ensure that each and every child gets access to quality education. The enactment of Right to Education Act (RtE) 2009 adds further strength and as a result, today we see that the concept of inclusion in education is getting broader. Inclusion in education is an ideology which emphasizes that we need to enjoy the existence of each and every child in education system and also we have to develop the skill of enjoying the diversity existing in the classrooms. Inclusion in education integrates all such efforts done by various stakeholders of education system which would remove the discrimination done in the system in the name of social aspects, gender, ability, language, caste/religion etc. Thus, today, inclusion in education means accepting and celebrating all kind of differences whether it is social, gender, ability, language, caste/religion etc. The present article presents efforts done by the primary school teachers of Gujarat state to minimize the exclusion factors and to bring improvement in Enrolment, Retention and quality of education. + +Keywords: Enrolment, Retention and quality of education + +Right to Education Act (RtE) provides every child of the age six to fourteen years a right to free and compulsory education. The act states that the curriculum of the school education should be developed in consonance with the values enshrined in the Constitution, and it should ensure the all-round development of the child, building on the child’s knowledge, potentiality and talent and making the child free of fear, trauma and anxiety through a system of child friendly and child centred learning. Such a positive environment in the schools system can only be developed when each and every child of the system enjoys his/her school life.This also implies that each and every teacher should not only recognize the existence of the child but she/he should be able to celebrate the existence and diversity present in each and every child. What are the problems? To be clearer, let us see the following short anecdotes: +Ramya is a short and shy girl. She always remains quite in the class and sits in the last line in the class. Due to her calmness she always remains away from the sight of teacher and during class she remains in her own world. +Jayant is a short boy. Once in a week he gets the turn to sit in the 1st bench and other days he struggles very hard to look at the blackboard. +Rajeev does labour work in the field in the early morning time and comes to school only to have his mid-day meal. Teacher knows this fact but remains indifferent to him. Riya has drunken parents at home. She still struggles to come to school. +Rajan and sameer are good friends in school. Rajan and the class teacher belong to same caste so Ranjan gets more preference over Sameer. +Sahiti is the teacher of class 8. Most of the boys of her class go to work in food courts in the evening. As a result they do not study anything at home. These children feel excluded in the class when compared to other children of the class. Ramesh is the head teacher of the school and has lot of bias for his caste. As a result of his stereotype mentality he does not believe in any of his teachers who belong to other caste and also does not support their good initiatives this indirectly affects the school environment. +Seema is a child of migrated parents. She joined the new school just now. She is presently struggling very hard to match her pervious learning experiences with the current one. The situations narrated in these anecdotes are more common + + + +in our Indian classroom. When seen individually, they do not seem to be a major issue. However, if they are not addressed properly it would lead to the exclusion of children from the learning process and would finally affect the quality of education. Thus, exclusion practices happening in our education system play a prominent role in reducing the quality of education. Why should we care? It is high time to realize that we need to look at inclusion in education from a broader perspective. An increase in the rate of enrolment of children in the primary education in general and enrolment of children belonging to economically disabled classes like SC, ST, muslims etc in particular is clearly visible in our country. The credit for this goes to number of initiative being taken in the country to ensure that each and every child gets access to quality education. The enactment of RtE 2009, adds further strength to these initiatives. As a result today we see that the concept of inclusion in education is getting broader. +What is Inclusion and exclusion of education? Inclusion in education is not just a special drive that deals with physically and mentally challenged children rather it is an ideologywhich emphasizes the need to enjoy the existence and uniqueness of each and every child. Inclusion in education integrates all such practices (adopted by various stakeholders of education system) which leads to removal of the discrimination done in the schools in the name of social aspects, gender, ability, language, caste/religion etc. Thus, today, inclusion is a broader term and it means accepting and celebrating all kind of differences existing among children whether it is social, gender, ability, language, caste/religion etc. +The practice of exclusion shows its existence in various forms like in curriculum, in daily practices of teachers, inside school campus, outside the campus etc. Teachers intentionally or unintentionally carry these practices with them and it effects the overall development of the children. Hence, exclusion which happens in schools due to various aspects like social, economical, health, educational etc should be addressed seriously and immediately lest it would further degrade the quality of our education system. +What are the effects of exclusion practices? Teachers in the schools intentionally or unintentionally follow these exclusion practices which have a negative impact on the overall development of child. Hence, the ideology and spirit of inclusion in education should be developed and teachers + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 19 +INCLUSION IN EDUCATION + + +should be made sensitized to celebrate the existence and uniqueness of each and every child. +An analysis of the innovations made by various school teachers which were published in the Educational Innovations Bank (developed as an outcome of the MOU among GCERT, IIM-A and GEIC) shows the efforts of many such teachers who believed in the ideology of inclusion in education. These teachers believed that each and every child in the school is important and they tried to address various issues of exclusion like learning disabilities, learning styles, malnutrition, religious/caste beliefs, language,gender biases, health aspects etc. Addressing these issues helped the teachers to improve not only enrolment and retention of children but it also helped in improving the quality of education in their schools. Some such worthy efforts are mentioned below: +Effect of efforts of teachers in Gujarat: Inactive teaching learning process, inappropriate teaching methods, abstract concepts in the curriculum, lack of linkage of the curricular content with the daily life experiences of the children etc. are some of the factors which lead to exclusion of the children from the teaching learning process and thus reduce their retention in the system. The effect of these factors of exclusion can be reduced to a great extent by good efforts of teachers. Many such efforts are being done by the teachers who are teaching at elementary level in the government elementary schools of Gujarat as such Use of local day to day materials like product wrappers, tickets, advertisements cuttings etc helped a teacher to encourage the students to learn English language and enabled them to make their own English language dictionary. A language teacher used music to set the tunes to the poems included in English, Hindi, Sanskrit and Gujarati textbooks of standard 6 to 8 and it helped the teacher to increase the interest of students towards languages. On the other hand, use of drama by developing the paper masks for the roles students have to play on the basis of content given in the Sanskrit lessons helped a teacher to make Sanskrit a child friendly language. It also helped in developing their life skills like communication skill, creativity, inter-personal skills etc. Learning the concepts like volume, positive and negative numbers, pollution etc through activities made the classroom teaching learning process lively and thus improved students interest in learning. Technology aided activities in various forms like giving laptops for self learning, involving students in developing animated lessons based on textbook content, developing e-lessons and giving access to students, developing e-quiz, e-bank (collection of pictures, videos and other materials related to curricular subjects), communicating about the child’s performance through SMS to parents helped various teachers in improving the students retention. On the other side, use of various techniques like differentiated instruction, peer group assessment, developing customized dictionaries, mobile library kits etc helped the teachers a lot to improve the reading skill of students and in turn it improved the confidence of students which had a good impact on student’s retention. Activities like creating subject wise rooms, creating student oriented schools (where students themselves decide in advance on what to bring to schools, where to keep things in class, which book to read and when etc.), involving the youth of the villages as students mentors, orienting parents about the teaching methodology adopted in Pragna classrooms, creating learning spaces outside classroom, developing local dialect dictionary etc helped the teachers to increase the students interest in teaching learning process and thus increased their retention in the system. Health factors like malnutrition, illness etc often + +play an important role in exclusion of the children from education. Swami Vivekanada says that “a strong mind lies in a strong body” i.e., first you have to build the body by nutritious food then only will the mind be strong. Many teachers have made praisable efforts to improve the health of their children which had a positive impact on their retention in schools. A teacher from Rajkot district made appraisable efforts to gain the support from the community members to encourage their participation in the mid day meal programme. As a result he became successful in acquiring maximum Thiti Bhojan (donors) which helped in increasing the food supplements like milk, fruits etc to children. The improvement in the health of the children started showing its reflection in improving their achievement level in curricular subjects. A teacher from Nagar Primary Girls school-1 brings daily a handful of grains and also encourages the students to do the same. As a result he could increase the supplements in the midday meal and thus could solve the problem of anemia in students.A teacher from Surat started the practice of including tulsi and other ayurvedic leaves in mid-day meal. He also included the practice of yoga in daily schedule of students and thus could improve their health. Another teacher developed a checklist to inculcategood habits among students and gets it filled up by them daily. Giving students a tracking mechanism for measuring good habits is increasing their self awareness and is giving them a clear bar to measure their progress on a daily basis. Another teacher from Surendranagar district is making efforts to provide nutritious food to students by setting up a kitchen garden in school and use its produce during mid day meal. Conclusion +All these efforts made by teachers to improve the health of children are showing a good impact on their retention in the school system. Improving the life skills of students and linking their learning with the day to day required skills helped the teachers to increase the retention of students in schools and also resulted in improving the quality of education. Activities like initiating a school newspaper (where the students are wholly responsible right from collecting the articles to sending the paper to nearby schools), forming street wise peer based learning groups (who take up the responsibility of bringing the irregular children to schools, teaching the children in the evenings etc), organizing the content quiz in KBC (Kaun Banega Crorerpati) format, teaching work based skills like (book binding, making paper bags/pen stands, painting, toy making, embroidery), Street-wise monitoring of attendance by student leaders , students lead process to resolve the school problems, incentivizing students’ regularity, hardwork and good behavior, felicitating mothers of first grade students, encouraging for sharing responsibility of the disabled and mentally challenged children by other students of the class, spreading awareness about girls education among community members etc paid good results to improve the enrolment, retention and quality of education. Such appreciable efforts by teachers show us that inclusive practices in education are not something which demands a lot of time and a lot of hard work from teachers. Rather, inclusion in education is an attitude which all of us have but only need is to bring it out and put it in practice. References +Educational Innovations Bank. (2014). Retrieved February 15, 2014, from http://www.teachersastransformers.org/ resource-papers +UNESCO. (2005). Embracing Diversity: Toolkit for Creating Inclusive Learning-Friendly Environments. Bangkok: UNESCO Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau For Education. + + +20 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +ICT IN PRIMARY MATHEMATICS EDUCATION + +ICT AND ITS’ ROLE IN PRIMARY MATHEMATICS EDUCATION + + +Amarnath Murthy +DGM (E&T), Well Logging Services, ONGC, Ahmedabad + +Abstract + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +We live in a dynamic society with knowledge increasing at an unpredictable rate. With the accompanying advance in technology, developing countries are no longer insulated from the effects of these changes, as evidenced by the extent to which the whole world is fast becoming a global village with constant interaction on many levels. One goal of education is the preparation of the young not only for this changed world, but also with the willingness and ability to face new and changing situations. Social, economic, and technological changes of the past decades are making education and training for all more crucial than ever. Yet, educational systems, to different degrees worldwide, are struggling to afford educational opportunities for all, to provide their graduates with the necessary knowledge and skills for evolving marketplaces and sophisticated living environments, and to prepare citizens for lifelong learning. To meet these challenges, countries have to focus concurrently on expanding access, improving internal efficiency, promoting the quality of teaching and learning right from the elementary level, and improving system management. +Keywords: ICT, education, mathematics + + +Mathematics continues to be an important component in the formation of the educated person and as such, mathematics education should reflect the goals of education in a dynamic society. We must therefore address not only the acquisition of skills and mastery of ideas. We must address more than the accumulation of facts and principles. Mathematics education in the age of information must place emphasis on the higher skills of discussion, interpreting and evaluation. Also, the acquisition of communication skills must become one of its prime goals. Since many mathematical ideas are abstract in nature, every effort must be made to reduce the range of such concepts at the lower level. It is the understanding and grasp of concepts in practical experiences that give children the confidence to go on to more abstract ideas in later years. +A linear expansion of existing processes and methods may not be sufficient to meet these objectives within a reasonable time. Some countries and institutions have turned to information and communication technologies (ICTs) and are exploring ways by which ICTs may help them in pursuing their educational goals. Frequently, users and experts tend to concentrate on what a specific technology can and cannot do for education. But, as Table illustrates, one technology may have different potentials depending on the purpose for using it. Also, many of the technologies have similar characteristics. Therefore assessments of the potential and appropriateness of particular technologies must be based on educational needs and objectives, rather than on the technologies themselves., +ICTs and their potential for education + +Technology Outreach Flexibility Sensorial Interactivity Stimulation +Radio High Limited Audio Only Limited Television High Limited Audiovisual Limited Video Low High Audiovisual Limited PC Low High Audiovisual High Internet Highest High Audiovisual Highest + +* Limited = students and teachers must be present during transmission. +High = students can access the material at different times. +The main hindrances in the teaching–learning of Math as identified are variations in difficulty level of topics, some concepts are abstract, lack of student interest in the subject, shortage of teaching time, variations in teacher competencies, and The initial grooming at home (parental attitude and competencies) +To tackle these challenges the teaching of Math needs to be handled differently. A partial solution to all the above can be through introduction of audio visual aids in classroom teaching. +Learning perceptions +1% of what is learned is from the sense of TASTE. 1.5% of what is learned is from the sense of TOUCH. 3.5 % of what is learned is from the sense of SMELL. +11 % of what is learned is from the sense of HEARING. +83 % of what is learned is from the sense of SIGHT. +Technology And Innovation In Mathematics Education +This is a very exciting time in the development of the educational use of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) because of recent breakthroughs in technology which are making mobile computing devices ever smaller, powerful, robust, affordable and practicable . +In UK there has been considerable developments in the educational use of ICT to support classroom teaching of mathematics with nearly all teachers having access to laptops, data projectors and the Internet, and most also having the use of Interactive White Boards (IWB) and Virtual Learning Environment platforms (VLE). The + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 21 +ICT IN PRIMARY MATHEMATICS EDUCATION + + +problem now being addressed is that of providing hands-on access for students to ICT in their normal mathematics lessons when and where needed. +Educational Technology +It is concerned with the application of scientific knowledge about learning and conditions of learning. It helps to improve the effectiveness of teaching, learning and evaluation. Audio visual aids are an integral part of Educational Technology. + +Ground realities +Using Technology in Education is not an easy one step solution to making teaching easier. There are many obstacles that may still come in the way of introducing Technology Aided Education – these would be Resistance from school administrators; Resistance from teachers; Space; Time; Funds; Inertia ( resistance to change in general) These can be overcome if the introduction is not sporadic, but planned thoroughly and process worked out right till the end. +The process that should be followed is Identification of problem as such Problem of lack of time for teaching of certain topics, students lose interest in certain topics, student result being affected, teacher frustration, and administrator dissatisfaction, + +Solution; Means; Review; Modify; Educational + + + +Audio visual aids (general) helps to introduce a new topic, reinforce stated facts, aid the understanding of ideas, clarify relationships or physical layouts, and distance learning (no space and time bar). Audio visual aids can be used in Math to clarify and establish concepts +co-relate and co-ordinate concepts, to interpret abstract concepts, make learning more concrete, make learning more effective, and diagnosis and treatment of discalculia. With audio visual learning Math can become more interesting, meaningful and vivid. +ICT offer(s) opportunities in mathematics for practicing and consolidating number skills; developing mathematical models through exploring, interpreting and explaining data; exploring the links between shape and space and algebra; developing logical thinking; making connections within and across areas of mathematics; working with realistic data; exploring patterns and relationships; and working with graphic images. +PowerPoint Presentations can be created for a wide range of topics to help improve the average performance of students in Mathematics e.g. Numbers and number sense; Fractions; Basics concepts geometry; Area and perimeter; Time distance and speed; Circle; Angles; Elementary algebra; Mensuration; Proof without words; Audio visual proofs +Integration of PowerPoint lessons in classroom teaching can help in the effectiveness of teaching-learning of concepts in a large group is maximum, teachers find it easy to bridge the gap, when and wherever textbooks are not updated, using visuals to clarify concepts and to bring accuracy in learning Mathematics, reducing the time for learning a concept and increasing the learning outcome in the given time, and by enabling the teacher to follow the maxims of teaching like ‘concrete to abstract’, ‘known to unknown’ and ‘learning by doing’. + +technology cannot be implemented in isolation of the entire school system. It is a system with a number of interconnected and interdependent components. +Expanding Access +Education for All: Unattainable Reality? +Expanding access to education is a matter of both economic development and social justice. It is true that worldwide illiteracy rates have declined in the past 30 years, but it is also true that the demands on knowledge are much higher now than 30 years ago. In the past, an agrarian society could thrive economically even when more than half of its population was barely literate, but this is no longer possible in modern societies in the Information Age. To remain economically competitive and prosper in this global, knowledge-driven economy, countries cannot afford to have large sectors of their population excluded from education, or at the lower level of the educational process. Education is positively related to development—that is, a higher proportion of the population of the most developed countries has attained higher educational levels than the population of developing countries. +Reaching Large Audiences +For more than a century, education has used technology to expand beyond the physical limits of schools and university campuses and reach more and non-traditional groups of students. For instance, in the beginning of the last century, Australia and New Zealand used a system of itinerant teachers to educate children and youth living in sparsely inhabited territories. The teachers maintained contact with their students through postal correspondence. Radio, television, and computer-related technologies have expanded outreach potential further, and higher education institutions have been at the forefront of this expansion. In 1992, 41% of higher education students in Thailand and 38% in Turkey studied at a distance. The China TV University System + + +22 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +ICT IN PRIMARY MATHEMATICS EDUCATION + + +(Republic of China) and Anadolu University in Turkey each serves more than 500,000 students per year. The United Kingdom Open University has provided education to more than 2 million individuals since it was established about 30 years ago. Distance learning institutions generally use a mix of technologies that may include printed material, videos, videoconferencing, CD-ROMs, e-mail, and the Internet. Many of them start with less expensive technologies, such as printed materials, and move to faster and more powerful resources as the need for expansion increases. +Including the Excluded +Expanding access also means integrating populations that have been traditionally excluded from education for cultural and social reasons. In cultures with strict rules regarding interaction between genders, girls may be forced to leave school before puberty to avoid contact with male colleagues and teachers. For girls who remain in school, the rules regarding with whom they may or may not talk make it difficult to succeed. If a girl is having academic difficulties, she may rather fail than address the male teacher. Technology can promote alternatives for educating women that are more cost-effective than all-female schools without disrupting cultural traditions. Television and radio broadcasts or Internet-based technologies enable girls to continue their studies from home or small learning centers. Technology functions as a neutral mediator, without gender or cultural allegiances, thereby facilitating communication. +For persons with disabilities—who represent another + +Learners must congregate in a building where the teaching/learning process takes place. +There must be a predetermined path, divided into grades, that leads to a diploma, and students must follow this path, regardless of their interests, needs, or abilities. +There must be a hierarchic structure where the instructor is the provider of knowledge and the students are the recipients. +The traditional school is, therefore, a physical entity organized into classrooms where learners congregate according to a grade structure and constrained by the limits of space and time. If a school serves students from grades 1 through 12, it must have at least 12 classrooms to accommodate each grade separately. Each classroom must have one teacher. A certain number of teachers require a principal and, often, administrative and teaching support. If the number of students or grades increases, so must the number of needed classrooms, teachers, and support personnel. Generally, beginning in the seventh grade, another dimension is added to the classroom/grade framework: specialization. From then on, the number of teachers is related to both the number of classrooms and the number of specialties offered. Each school must have at least one mathematics teacher, a science teacher, a social studies teacher, and so on. As the educational level advances, classroom organizations will rely more on specialization than grades, but the framework is maintained. To be cost-effective within this structure, the learning place must have a critical number of students that justifies school construction and maintenance, particularly personnel costs. In areas of + +significant and forgotten sector of the world low population density, building and maintaining schools + +population—technologies provide essential supports enabling them to participate in the educational system and the job market. VisualTek is a camera and monitor that enlarge print materials for people with visual disabilities. Voice synthesizers enable individuals with muscular dystrophies to communicate. Special computer software can be used to ameliorate learning disabilities or to enhance the memory of individuals with traumatic brain injury. Keyboard adaptations enable individuals with motor disabilities to write, and the Internet can connect homebound individuals to classrooms and + +to serve the traditional paradigm is economically prohibitive. The requirement of one specialist per specialty makes secondary schools an even more expensive venture. Some countries sidestep the problem by leaving the solution to individual families, with catastrophic results. If the families choose to move to urban areas and ensure their children’s education, they jeopardize their country’s fragile economic balance and further deplete the economy of their native regions. If they decide to remain, they jeopardize their children’s future. Areas of high population density but weak economy are + +workplaces. Lifelong learning and economic not free of problems. In this case, the traditional model + +development for populations living outside mainstream cultures are two other venues for using ICTs. +Promoting Efficiency +The Traditional Paradigm +The internal efficiency of an educational system is measured by its ability to deliver quality education in cost-effective ways. The traditional model for providing primary through tertiary education, adopted across the world, relies on three basic principles. + +encourages administrators to accommodate as many students as possible in one classroom to control personnel costs, which leads to overcrowded and unsafe environments that are unfit for learning. +Learning Time vs. Classroom Time +The capacity of ICTs to reach students in any place and at any time has the potential to promote revolutionary changes in the traditional educational paradigm. First, it eliminates the premise that learning time equals + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 23 +ICT IN PRIMARY MATHEMATICS EDUCATION + + +classroom time. To avoid overcrowded classrooms, a school may adopt a dual-shift system without reducing its students’ actual study time. Students may attend school for half a day and spend the other half involved in educational activities at home, in a library, at work, or in another unconventional setting. They may be required to watch an educational radio/television program and complete related activities, or work on a computer-assisted lesson at the school technology lab or in a community learning center. For areas with low population density, multigrade schools become viable alternatives. While more advanced students listen to an educational program on the radio or watch a television broadcast, the teacher can attend to the students who are in less advanced level or vice versa. +Student-Centered Curricula +Traditional educational systems also tend to rely on curricula that were developed at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and are now disconnected from the realities of the job market. For bright students, these systems offer little in the way of motivation. Eventually, a few extraordinary students will be able to skip a grade, but rushing through the system is not encouraged, and early graduates may find obstacles when they attempt to gain access to the next level. For low-income students, who have less academic support, the schools offer even less: the wealthier schools lure the best teachers, leaving the least prepared for schools in poor and remote areas. When the need to work conflicts with schools’ requirements, the student sees no reason to stay in school. As a result, these systems perpetuate social inequalities, lose many excellent students to boredom, increase the costs of education through high dropout rates and grade retention, and pass on to employers or other systems the costs of retraining their graduates. ICTs have the potential to bring the products of the best teachers to classrooms anywhere in the world. For self-motivated, disciplined students, ICTs can speed the path toward a degree and expand their learning options through selfstudy. Students can “shop” courses on the Internet and choose their own program of study and schedules. Students in virtual schools can take extra online courses to graduate earlier or fulfil specific interests and curiosity. For those who need to balance studies with work and family obligations—full- or part-time workers, parents of small children, homebound individuals—this flexibility may be most cost-effective for them. +Improving the quality of learning Learning about Learning +ICTs diversify the systems of representation through the use of various types of stimuli (images, sound, and movement) and address the needs of diverse types of learning (visual, psychomotor, and affective). In addition, + +ICTs have the potential to enhance educational quality by increasing motivation, facilitating acquisition of basic skills, promoting inquiry and exploration, and preparing individuals for the technology-driven world. +Motivating to Learn +An effective teaching/learning process must stimulate intellectual curiosity and offer a sense of enjoyment that will move the students from the passive role of recipients of information to the active role of builders of knowledge. Yet, engaging the learner in this process can be the most challenging task for teachers. ICTs are effective instructional aides to engage students in the learning process. Videos, television, and computer multimedia software provide information that can be authentic and challenging in addition to stimulating students’ sensorial apparatus through images, color, sound, and movement. +Facilitating the Acquisition of Basic Skills +Transmission of accumulated knowledge to new generations is an essential component of the educational process. This includes basic skills and information that are at the foundation of more complex knowledge. It would be inefficient to use a time-consuming process, such as inquiry and exploration, to transmit basic information. In addition, non-structural learning environments based solely on inquiry and exploration may be confusing and overwhelming for some children and youth. These students will do better in well structured classrooms, where the information is broken into less complex units, thus making it easier to understand. Exposition and practice strategies help to structure the classroom, enhance retention and recall, and cut learning time. +Computers also can be used as auxiliary tools in mathematics and science classes to free teachers’ and students’ time. While computers work on repetitive tasks (such as long calculations and statistical computations), teachers and students can concentrate on analytical activities that require higher-order thinking skills. Research indicates that elementary and secondary school students who use calculators have higher test scores and better attitudes toward mathematics than their peers who do not use calculators. Elementary school children who use computers and calculators in the classroom were found to understand mathematical concepts much earlier than expected. (debatable). +Fostering Inquiry and Exploration +Although basic skills and information are essential components of the teaching/learning process, learning is more than information transfer. Learning requires the ability to analyze and synthesize information, use it in diverse circumstances, and propose new lines of inquiry that foster knowledge. Inquiry and exploration are essential strategies to attain those abilities. Astronomer Carl Sagan used to say that all children start out as + + +24 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +ICT IN PRIMARY MATHEMATICS EDUCATION + + +scientists, full of curiosity and questions about the world, but schools eventually destroy their curiosity. ICTs have the potential to restore curiosity to education. ICTs can take students on exciting journeys through time and space. Movies, videos, audio technology, and computer animations bring sound and movement to static textbook lessons and enliven children’s reading classes. They also provide social studies and foreign language students with vicarious experiences of distant societies and bygone times. Spreadsheets can store and analyze large amounts of data necessary for complex math and science studies. Computer simulations transform risky and expensive experiments into safe and cost-effective procedures. The Internet offers virtual reality settings where students can manipulate parameters, contexts, and scenarios. Computer simulations are a good example of the power of technology to improve the learning process. The flight simulator has been used for decades as the initial step in training airplane pilots. A flight simulator offers trainees the opportunity to practice the proper skills to control the plane and deal with emergency situations without risking lives or property loss. Although flight simulators can be complex and expensive machines, no pilot training program would question their utility. Simulators also are becoming essential tools in medical training. Through their use, medical students and residents are introduced to risky and invasive procedures without endangering patients’ lives or exposing them to unnecessary pain and discomfort. Simulations are particularly helpful in situations that are too risky, expensive, or time-consuming to allow real-life experiments. For instance, welding simulators have proved to be a cost-effective method to train future welders. Without simulators, this training requires long hours of practice and burning expensive electrodes. Simulations also enable students to test explosive materials virtually without running the risk of real explosions, and to “experiment” on animals without the ethical implications of real-life procedures. For elementary and secondary school students—and sometimes even for adults even for adults—exploring the Internet can be a fun and enriching experience, or a frustrating adventure in trivia. Teachers and instructors play an important role as guides and facilitators by providing background material and guidelines for the search. They also need to monitor the process, particularly for younger students, who tend to browse the Web, rather than follow structured search plans. Teachers and instructors also are instrumental in helping students to separate unreliable sources from reliable ones and make sense of the large amount of information that may overwhelm them. + +Enhancing the quality of teaching Teacher Training +Learning is only one component of the educational process, and quality learning cannot be attained without good teaching. For developing countries, in rural areas and in some specialties such as math and science, the teacher shortage has become critical. Simply hiring a teacher does not ensure quality education. To be effective, teachers must keep abreast of new perspectives on learning theories and their area of specialization, a task that becomes impossible when teachers work in distant, isolated areas. The mentoring process that has been used traditionally to prepare new cadres is an extra burden on experienced teachers, particularly in places where they are already in short supply. Some schools of education are using videotaped sessions to prepare new teachers to enter the classroom without relying solely on mentors. The process frequently involves videotaping experienced teachers during regular classroom time. Student teachers observe their experienced peers in action, analyzing in detail the strategies used to present the material and interact with the students. +The trainees then practice mock lessons with a group of peers or volunteer students while being videotaped. Peers and instructors review the tapes, highlighting weaknesses and strengths and making suggestions for improvement. Only after completing this process is the student teacher sent into actual classrooms. Videos can also be used to analyze teaching styles and idiosyncrasies and help educational systems to change their approaches. A research project related to the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) videotaped mathematics and science teachers in Japan, Germany, and the United States. The study analyzed variations in teaching style and lesson content among the three countries, looking for correlations between those dimensions and students’ performance. ICTs can be used as tools for training and support of teachers, regardless of their geographical dispersion. Scripted lessons in conjunction with educational programs via radio and television, ensure that all students receive quality, updated information, while imparting to inexperienced and generalist teachers the appropriate content knowledge and new pedagogical strategies. The use of technology for teacher training has at least three major advantages: it reduces travel costs, avoids disrupting classroom routines, and familiarizes the teachers with the technology. +Teacher Support +The Internet has myriad Websites to help teachers develop or improve lesson plans, exchange ideas, obtain information, and find free animations and simulations to enliven their lessons. Most Internet-based collaborative learning projects include teacher support and training, and conference proceedings are published regularly on the Web. Chat rooms or forums may become a laboratory for new ideas. + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 25 +ICT IN PRIMARY MATHEMATICS EDUCATION + + +Teacher Empowerment +More important still, research indicates that the introduction of ICTs for educational purposes has the potential to bring positive changes to teaching practices. In a survey of more than 2,000 teachers and school principals across the United States, the teachers stated that the technology helped them to become more effective (92% of respondents) and creative (88%). Both teachers and administrators agreed that technology had reinforced instruction, and functioned as a motivator for the students, who were more prone to ask questions and participate in the lessons. Despite this potential for training and support, ICTs have not been accepted easily among teachers. Some complain that scripted lessons take away their ability to address students’ individual differences and improve their own teastrategies. Others fear that technologies will reduce the role of teachers in defining curriculum and educational strategies, or totally replace them. This theme is discussed further in chapter4. +Improving Management Systems +Education policy development is an intricate process that requires reliable, timely, user-friendly data. ICTs can be valuable for storing and analyzing data on education indicators; student assessments; educational, physical, and human infrastructure; and cost and finance. The use of computer-related technology is particularly helpful in this field. For instance, administrators and policy makers can construct virtual scenarios around different policy options to determine needs and analyze potential consequences. Each scenario can be analyzed and evaluated systematically, not only in terms of its educational desirability, but also in terms of financial affordability, feasibility, and sustainability over a sufficient period of time to show results. The same elements of computing and telecommunications equipment and service that have made businesses more efficient and cost-effective can be applied to schools and educational systems. ICTs can help administrators and school principals to streamline operations, monitor performance, and improve use of physical and human resources. +Conclusion +Social, economic, and technological changes of the past decades are making education and training for all more crucial than ever. Transmission of accumulated knowledge to new generations is an essential component of the educational process. One goal of education is the preparation of the young not only for this changed world, but also with the willingness and ability to face new and changing situations. Educational systems required to prepare citizens for lifelong learning. Expanding access to education is a matter of both economic development and social justice. Education is positively related to development. To meet these + +challenges, countries have to focus on promoting the quality of teaching. Mathematics continues to be an important component in the formation of the educated person. Some countries and institutions have turned to information and communication technologies (ICTs). Teachers having access to laptops, data projectors and the Internet, and most also having the use of Interactive White Boards (IWB) and Virtual Learning Environment platforms (VLE) are more enabled. Distance learning institutions generally use a mix of technologies that may include printed material, videos, videoconferencing, CD-ROMs, e-mail, and the Internet. Technology can promote alternatives for educating women. Technology functions as a neutral mediator, without gender or cultural allegiances, thereby facilitating communication. ICTs have the potential to bring the products of the best teachers to classrooms anywhere in the world. For self-motivated, disciplined students, ICTs can speed the path toward a degree and expand their learning options through self-study. ICTs can be used as tools for training and support of teachers, regardless of their geographical dispersion. Despite this potential for training and support, ICTs have not been accepted easily among teachers. Some complain that scripted lessons take away their ability to address students’. +References +Adrian Oldknow,ICT bringing mathematics to life and life to mathematics Emeritus Professor University of Chichester U.K. +Anthony J. Jones (2010) Infusing ICT Use within the Early Years of Elementary Education Department of Science and Mathematics Education The University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia +BrigittaRéthey-Prikkel ,Design and evaluation of Maths related programs for special education Dept. of Media & Educational Technology, ELTE University, Hungary +Chong Chee Keong, SharafHorani& Jacob Danie, (2005) A Study on the Use of ICT in Mathematics Teaching Malaysian Online Journal of Instructional Technology (MOJIT), Vol. 2, No. 3, pp 43-51 December 2005 +JyotsnaDikshit and Santosh Panda ICT in personal Education. +ShafiaAbdul Rahman, MunirahGhazali, ZuridaIsmail Integrating ICT in Mathematics Teaching Methods Course: How has ICT Changed Student Teachers’ Perception About Problem Solving +Sue Trinidad, Sandra Frid, Len Sparrow, and David TreagustIssues in Teaching and Learning Science, ICT and Mathematics in Rural, Regional and Remote Western Australia Curtin University of Technology (SiMERR WA) +The Mathematics Education into the 21st Century Project Proceedings of the international conference. The Decidable and the Undecidable in Mathematics Education Brno, Czech Republic, September 2003 +Wadi D. Haddad Sonia Jurich, ICT for Education: Potential and Potency + + + +26 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +BIOTECH INVENTIONS + +PROTECTING BIOTECH INVENTIONS: ARE WE READY? + + +Namrata Solanki +Assistant Professor in Law, Faculty of Law, +Maharaja Pratapsinhrao Gaekwad Parishar, Vadodara. + +Abstract + + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +Biotechnology has been used in agriculture, food production and medicine since the dawn of our civilization. Biotechnology is a popular term for the generic technology of the 21st century. With the advancement in science and research, modern biotechnological inventions have brought a revolution in our lives. These inventions are protected under the Patent Law. The World Trade Organization’s TRIPS agreement sets down the minimum standards for intellectual property regulation for its member countries. India being one of the members of WTO has fulfilled the TRIPS commitments by amending the patent regime, the latest of which is the amendment of 2005. India has a large pool of scientific talent, world-class information-technology industry, and vibrant pharmaceutical sector. India has a rich human capital, which is the strongest asset for the knowledge based industry. India is also well positioned to emerge as a significant player in the global biotech arena. Though the Indian Patents Law has been very successful in promoting the progress of science but still the patent system is not as stronger as it is in other developed countries. So far as biotechnology is concerned there are no internationally accepted guidelines for the grant of patents and wide range of opinions exists regarding patenting of biotechnological inventions. The protection afforded to these inventions is sensitive and complex and has given rise to several technical and ethical issues. The general aim of this paper is to canvass those issues in the Indian context. +Keywords: biotechnology, invention, patents + + + +Human life has touched new horizons with the progress of science and technology and biotechnology is a revolution that has influenced the progress of mankind tremendously. The word bio is taken from Greek word ‘bios’ which means life. Technology means application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes to get desired results1. Biotechnology means the scientific knowledge that uses life or living entities like micro-organisms, plants and animals for practical and commercial purposes to get the desired results. +Biotechnology is one of the oldest technologies and is in use for thousands of years. It has been utilized for centuries in traditional production processes. For eg. the production of wine or beer which involves processes using living organisms2, Microorganisms are also used to turn milk into cheese and yogurt3, yeast is used in bread to make it rise4. All these techniques have been known for a long time and all of these can be considered biotechnology because it utilizes living organisms. Likewise, the selective breeding of plants and animals has an equally long history. What may be described as modern biotechnology is distinct from classical fermentation technology. Modern biotechnology is only about 50 years old, and in the last decades it has witnessed tremendous developments5 like rDNA techniques, hybridoma technology, Polymerase Chain Reaction and cloning methods. Further advances in biotechnology are interdisciplinary techniques like information technology and nano-technology etc. which is considered as the foundation of modern biotechnology6. + +Today biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, health care (medical and cosmetics), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil, bio fuels), environmental uses (bioremediation). +As in other fields of technology, there is also a need for legal protection in respect of biotechnological inventions. Such inventions are creations of the human mind just as much as other inventions, and are generally the result of substantial research, inventive effort and investment in sophisticated laboratories. Typically, enterprises engaged in research only make investments if legal protection is available for the results of their research. As with other inventions, there is an obvious need for the protection of biotechnological inventions, not only in the interest of inventors and their employers, but also in the public interest in order to promote technological progress. A biotechnological invention is dealt with patent laws under intellectual property rights. +Indian Law on Patents +The Patents Act, 1970, is a landmark in the industrial development of India. The basic philosophy of the Act is that patents are granted to encourage inventions and to secure that these inventions are worked on a commercial scale without undue delay and not merely to enable patentee to enjoy a monopoly of the patented article. +The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights popularly known as TRIPS is an international agreement administered by the World Trade + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 27 +BIOTECH INVENTIONS + + +Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO Members. It was negotiated in the year 1994. The TRIPS agreement introduced intellectual property law into the international trading system for the first time and remains the most comprehensive international agreement on intellectual property till date. TRIPS agreement under Article 27.1 provides that patents be available in all fields of technology, without discrimination, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are capable of industrial application. Article 27.2 enables a Member to exclude from patentability inventions whose commercial exploitation may be contrary to public order or morality. Further, Article 27.3 also allows Members to exclude from patentability certain subject matter, such as plants and animals. +India being a signatory to WTO’s TRIPS agreement was put under the contractual obligation to amend its Patents Act in compliance with the provisions of TRIPS. Accordingly the Indian Patent Act, 1970 was amended in 1999, 2002 and 2005 to meet the requirements of TRIPS. +Issues in grant of patent in India +Indian biotechnology industry has lots of strengths like good human resource, academic resource, clinical capability, vast bio-diversity, large domestic market, large export potential and most importantly low cost research base for international companies in comparison with other countries but still the Patent law needs to be clearer on the criteria for the patentability of biotechnological inventions. Robust intellectual property rights framework is the need of the any nation7. Though India is already a member to various international treaties and agreements but still significant improvement remains in the areas of implementation and enforcement of patent laws. +Some of the issues concerning biotech patents are discussed as under: +Life forms: Discovery v. Invention +Discovery means merely making available what already exists in nature. A substance freely occurring in nature, if merely found or discovered, is not patentable. However, if the substance found in nature has first been isolated from its surroundings and a process for obtaining it, is developed, that process is considered invention and hence patentable8. Biotechnology invention also includes inventions relating to an organism or material such as living entities of natural or artificial origin (animals, plants, and microorganisms), biological material (plasmids, viruses and replicas, and parts of organs, tissues, cells, and organelles), and naturally occurring substances from living entities, biological material and parts9. +The first area of concern relates to the legal standards in respect of the scope of patent protection for inventions in the field of biotechnology. Since Intellectual Property + +Right protection is granted only for invention and not for discoveries, in case of biotechnology innovations, it is difficult to say whether the new life form in the form of gene, DNA, cell, microorganism etc. is a scientific discovery or a technological invention. Hence a most critical problem faced by the biotechnological inventions is the interpretation as to what constitutes an invention in contrast to a discovery10. +Secondly, several Non-Governmental Organizations argue that naturally occurring organisms are God’s gift and therefore are common property of the mankind and therefore cannot be appropriated by any person(s) or organizations or entities by just modifying it or tinkering with it. In case of modern biotechnology, these objectors do not see much innovation being done, and therefore argue that any life form innovations must not be granted patent. +Thirdly, there are several ethical issues related to patenting of life forms, the most important being extent of private ownership that could be extended to life forms. It is argued that that nature has provided equal rights to all livings beings. Human beings do not have rights over other living beings and therefore rights of none of the human beings are higher than each other11. Hence human beings cannot take other living beings for granted and they cannot play with dignity and integrity of such living beings by manipulating them. +In spite of various issues involved in patenting biotechnology, it has brought enormous benefits to the society. The application of biotechnological inventions has extended to biomedical technologies like recombinant drugs, recombinant diagnostic kits and vaccines; to the agricultural sector in producing GM crops which are pest resistant and have high nutritional qualities; marine biotechnology which includes fish farming; environmental biotechnology including treatment of air pollution; forestry for tissue culture and production of wood for paper manufacture. Hence the benefits of biotechnology cannot be sidelined in the modern world as it is capable to cater the needs of the society. +Deposition requirements +Whether the claimed invention is a new microorganism itself or a new product obtained from it, the patent will be invalid unless it gives a disclosure of the invention that is sufficient to enable it to be reproduced. It is practically impossible to give a written description of a strain of a microorganism. In order to meet this problem the Budapest Treaty of 1977, which came into force in 1980 establishes a list of International Depository Authorities and provides that a single deposit made at any of these depositories will suffice for all signatory states. A serious problem arises is that most countries now have early publication of patent applications (18 months from the priority date) and consider that as a part of publication + + +28 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +BIOTECH INVENTIONS + + +the deposited strain must be made available from this time. This means that the applicant has to make his invention available to public, including his competitors, before there is any assurance that he will actually obtain patent protection. The traditional concept of patent protection as exchange for disclosure has thereby been distorted so as to require, before any protection exists. This has been aptly described as a ‘pocket factory handed over to the imitator on a silver plate’. 12 +Liberal stand taken by other countries +Two of the Sections 3(c) and 3(j) are important in the context of patentability of biotechnological inventions. Section 3 (c) states that “The mere discovery of a scientific principle or the formulation of an abstract theory or discovery of any living thing or nonliving substances occurring in nature will not be considered as patentable invention”. This provision of non-patentability is common to patent laws of other countries. The Clause 3(j) states that “Plants and animals in whole or any part thereof other than microorganisms including seeds, varieties and species and essential biological processes for production or propagation of plants and animals as non-patentable invention”. This provision differs from the patent laws of countries like the US, the European Union, and Japan, who follow liberal patent standards and where patents are also granted to genetically modified animals and plant varieties13. +Small and marginal farmers’ rights +Article 27 (3)(b) of TRIPs agreement allows members to exclude from patent protection, plants and animals other than micro-organisms; and biological processes for the production of plants or animals other than microbiological processes. TRIPS provide option to member states protecting new plant variety by means of patent or sui generis system or both. India opted for sui generis protection and has legislated “Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Right Act, 2000” that enables the farmer to save, use, sow, re-sow, exchange, or share the seeds of protected variety, besides offering protection on farmers’ variety, extant variety and essentially derived variety. Whereas plant variety protection could boost research in the area of plant biotechnology by both public and private bodies, it could also result in higher prices for seeds, thus naturally excluding the small and marginal farmers from accessing such new technologies14. Farmers accustomed to harvesting and replanting their seeds are not willing to pay for GM seeds year after year. These debates draw attention to the controversial TRIPs Article 27.3(b), which exempts certain life forms from patentability but requires countries to establish some form of protection for plant varieties. +Apart from the above issue there have been claims of genetically-modified seeds being responsible for the farmer suicides15 as the farmers using genetically-modified + +seeds led to rising debts which forced them to commit suicide when they do not get the returns after the seeds are cultivated. The decade of experience has shown that though biotechnology has benefited the seed industry but not the poorest of farmers which has resulted in agrarian distress and farmer suicides16. +Health and environment issues +The principal cause of the debate surrounding products of biotechnology is the uncertainty of the long-term health and environmental effects of genetically modified living materials. Though many scientists believe genetically-modified foods to be safe, a small but influential group of researchers believe uncertainty about their effects on human health. Transfer of genes from genetically-modified to wild plants could create health problems in humans, anti-biotic resistance in plants and associated insects, long-term damage to ecosystems, loss of biodiversity and lack of consumer choice17. +Other relevant issues, such as the conservation and preservation of the environment (including the protection of biodiversity) and moral and ethical dimensions of the protection and commercialization of biotechnological inventions have been discussed in many fora. Advocates of sustainable development also wary of the long term effects that genetically-modified crops could exert on the environment. +Genetically-Modified Food and Hunger +Producers of genetically-modified crops argue that biotechnology could be the world’s cure for hunger. They cite that the technology has the ability to produce high yields, resist natural disasters such as drought and certain viruses and be enriched with vital nutrients that starving people are likely to lack18. However, aid agencies and anti-GM countries argue that in many countries where hunger is a major problem, adequate amounts of food to feed their population has to be produced. Hunger, they argue, is not only a function of agricultural yield; it is also a function of mismanaged government and a series of other factors, which technology cannot resolve. +Defenders of biotechnology often argue that genetic manipulation holds the key to eliminating hunger and suffering across the world. One commonly cited example is ‘Golden rice’ which scientists have engineered to produce extra Vitamin A. The rice has been hailed as a godsend for malnourished people in the developing world because Vitamin A helps prevent blindness. Critics take two different stances on these wonder-foods. Some refer to recent studies and statements by doctors that Golden rice is not a sufficient source of Vitamin A. Specifically, people with diarrheal diseases are incapable of absorbing Vitamin A from the rice, and thus people in developing countries who commonly suffer from diarrheal disease and Vitamin A deficiency remain afflicted by both. Other critics reply that ‘Franken foods’ are the wrong answer to + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 29 +BIOTECH INVENTIONS + + +the problems of hunger and malnutrition, which they claim are the outcomes of distributional problems. Instead of posing a viable long-term solution, genetically-modified foods distract from and exacerbate the real issues involved19. +Criteria for patenting +In addition to the question of patentable subject matter, the patentability requirements, i.e. novelty, industrial applicability (utility), non-obviousness and disclosure requirements has been subject to an intense debate20. The consideration of industrial application is an obstacle for securing patents for inventions in biotechnology. Standards of novelty and non-obviousness are difficult to set for living organisms. Most developed countries now recognize that novelty is met if the claimed biotechnological product or process does not exist in the prior art. Sufficiency of disclosure is met for microorganisms by depositing microorganisms in any of the internationally recognized depository under the Budapest Treaty21. Hence an inventor apart from proving that his invention is a subject matter of patent has to comply with the above requirements which make it difficult for him to get the grant of patent. +Inventive Step +With the rapid progress in the field of biotechnology, something called as a ‘revolutionary practice’ quickly turns into ‘standard practice’. The state of the art changes so dramatically within the time during which a patent application is pending and this makes it difficult to judge the invention in the light of what was the state of art at the filing date22. +Problem of Bio piracy +Farmers and indigenous peoples in developing countries such as India are facing serious problems as plants that they developed and conserved are being ‘appropriated” by private entities leading to bio piracy and exploitation of traditional knowledge claiming the exclusive right to produce and sell many ‘modified’ plants and animals. This is a great matter of concern today that knowledge, innovation and efforts of these communities are not acknowledged when the legal ‘intellectual property rights’ systems grant patents on genetic and biological materials and on living organisms to private corporations. +Moreover due to difficulties in obtaining patents in India, CSIR in 2000, found that almost 80 per cent of the 4,896 references to individual plant based medicinal patents in the United States Patents Office that year related to just seven medicinal plants of Indian origin. Three years later, there were almost 15,000 patents on such medicines spread over the United States, UK and other registers of patent offices. In 2005 this number had grown to 35,000, which clearly demonstrates the interest of developed world in the knowledge of the developing + +countries23. Whilst the corporations stand to make huge revenues from this process, the local communities are unrewarded and they in fact face the threat in future of having to buy the products of these companies at high prices. Hence such system of IPR only benefits the private industries or multi-national corporations of industrially developed countries at the expense of the developing countries. There is need to define guidelines and policies for the implementation of IPR in India so that the people like farmers get recognition for their efforts and contributions prevent bio-piracy. World Intellectual Property Organization is now developing guidelines to protect traditional and indigenous knowledge systems24. +Conclusion +India is a country where ethics and morality are respected and adhered to at par with law. Indian tradition is well known for worshiping animals and plants. For an Indian, patenting plant, animals and other living beings would be like patenting and owing God. The Patents Act addresses ethics in patenting invention in general by saying that inventions which are against ethical and moral standards are not patentable. The amended Patents Act states that any invention, the exploitation of which is against public order and morality and that may cause serious prejudice to the health of human beings, animals or to the environments cannot be patented. +Biotech industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, including in India. India is a storehouse of biological resources and is one of the world’s richest biodiversity countries. In recent years, there has been a rise in the investment in the biotech oriented industries25. The importance of India in the field of Biotechnology is manifold. In addition to generating trained manpower and a knowledge base, India is proving to be an ideal setting for manufacturing activities and high-level biotechnology research programmes. With the initiatives taken by the government, Indian Biotechnology is poised for a tremendous growth. +Strong intellectual property rights in biotechnology are of critical importance for the continuous growth of the biotechnology industry. In either case, India companies, inventors and investors venturing into the biotech sector must be well informed and well aware of India laws, as well as the laws of other countries as they seek to join the biotechnology headlines. Also India is rich in traditional knowledge associated with biological resources. +In light of the increasing research in human genetics, the Indian Council for Medical Research issued guidelines26 to evaluate the ethics involved in human genetics. As the effect of ethical issues raised by research in human genetics is acute, these guidelines admit that ethical considerations in human genetic research are desirous compared to research in plants and animals. The + + +30 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +BIOTECH INVENTIONS + + +guidelines intend to guarantee human rights and dignity vis-a-vis genetic research where human beings, human tissues, cells and genetic material are being used as subjects. The guidelines acknowledge International Conventions on human rights and fundamental freedoms. +Biotechnology has faced problems in achieving equal protection in the patent system in different countries. Each and every application on biotechnology patent has to be rethought and interpreted anew in biotechnology. Due to this reason, many leading patent law decisions of the last decade have resulted from biotech cases. +The increase in research activities in the field of biotechnology has resulted in the optimum utilization of biotech resources, flow of investments and increased number of patents in the field of biopharmaceuticals. The evolutionary trends in patenting of biotech inventions are creating complexities and are becoming challenging tasks for the authorities in granting patents. +Today, biotechnological inventions face many critical issues, but still biotechnology has invented countless number of non-natural living beings or inventions involving life by manipulation of existing living beings, which have served and are serving the society. With its potential to manipulate living beings in a way as would benefit the society, biotechnology is promising to be capable of catering to the needs of the society. +References +1 Sreenivasulu, N.S. And Raju, C.B. (2008). Biotechnology And Patent Law: Patenting Living Beings Noida: Manupatra +2 Approx 6000 BC Sumerians and Babylonians first used yeast to make beer +3 China fermentation processes were discovered for preserving milk by lactic acid bacteria to make yogurt to produce cheeses +4 Egyptians were baking leavened bred by 4000 BC. +5 Sharma, B. IPR issues in Biotechnology, Foundations for Biotechnology Awareness and Education, www.fbae.org (last visited on Aug, 2013) +6 Tripathi, K.K. (2007). Biotechnology And Ipr Regime: In The Context Of India And Developing Countries. In Veena, (Ed), Biotech Patent Law (pp. 187). Hyderabad: ICFAI +7 Kulkarni, M. India, Biotechnology and Patents: Industry perspective, http://www.bicpu.edu.in/ ipr_ppt/15/kulkarni.pdf (last visited on Sept. 12, 2013) www.fbae.org (last visited on Aug, 2013) +8 Sharma, B. IPR issues in Biotechnology, Foundations for Biotechnology Awareness and Education, www.fbae.org (last visited on Aug, 2013) +9 Malviya, R. et. al. (2010). Biotechnological Innovations Patent: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, (July – August 2010),131 + +10 Gosset, N. Patentability of Biotechnological Inventions. eHow Contribution. www.ehow.com (last visited on Oct. 15, 2013) +11 Shantaraman, S. (2000) Biotechnology, Bio safety and Biodiversity: Scientific and Ethical Issues for Sustainable Development. U.S.: Science Publishers +12 Grubb, P.W. And Thomsen, P. (2010) Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Global Law, Practice and Strategy. UK: Oxford University Press. +13 Bhattacharya, S. (2007). Patenting in Biotechnology, Desidoc, Bulletin of Information Technology, (Vol. 27, No. 6, November 2007) pp 31-39 +14 Sharma, B. IPR issues in Biotechnology, Foundations for Biotechnology Awareness and Education, www.fbae.org (last visited on 18th August, 2013) +15 Rough Cut Seeds of Suicide India’s desperate farmers. (2005, July 26) PBS Frontline +16 GM crops are no way forward. (2012, August 24). The Hindu +17 Biotechnology summary. On Global Trade Negotiations Home Page, Centre for International Development at Harvard University. http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidtrade/ issues/biotechnology.html (last visited on Mar. 27, 2014) +18 Rosset, P. (2011). Preventing Hunger: Change Economic Policy. Nature (Volume 479) pp. 472 +19 Biotechnology summary. On Global Trade Negotiations Home Page, Centre for International Development at Harvard University. http:// www.cid.har vard.edu/cidtrade/issues/ biotechnology.html (last visited on Mar. 27, 2014) +20 Biotechnology; http://www.wipo.int/patent-law/en/ developments/biotechnology.html (last visited on Oct. 5, 2012) +21 Bhattacharya, S. (2007). Patenting in Biotechnology, Desidoc, Bulletin Of Information Technology, (Vol. 27, No. 6, November 2007) pp 31-39 +22 Grubb, P.W. And Thomsen, P. (2010) Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Global Law, Practice and Strategy. UK: Oxford University Press. +23 Menon, R. Securing Indian Traditional Knowledge from Western Patents, http://www.boloji.com (last visited on Feb. 10, 2014) +24 Intellectual Property Needs and Expectations of Traditional Knowledge holders, www.wipo.int +25 Indian Biotechnology Sector- Overview: European Business and Technology Centre. www.ebtc.eu +26 Ethical Guidelines for Bio Medical Research on Human Participants. Indian Council of Medical Research. New Delhi, 2006 + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 31 +WOMEN AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT + +WOMEN AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AT EMA MARKET: A CASE STUDY + + +Tomba Chingtham +Assistant Professor, D. M. College of Teacher Education, Imphal. + +Abstract + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +The present investigation aims to study the contribution of the areas related to the Women and Human Resource Development at Ema Market. This paper attempts to make a thorough, comprehensive and analytical study by exploring the impact of educated women vendors and uneducated women vendors how far they manage their business and economic status, self – sufficient, education of their children and social role. The research outcomes may improve the condition of the women vendors of Ema Market i.e., their problems, their day-to-day obstacles, their financial shortage and inconveniences of their children’s education. +Keywords: Women, Human Resource Development, Women Market, Manipuri Women + +Human Resource Development is an important women vendors assist in establishing moral values and + +committant of economic development. Human resource is the adjunct of capital investment. Human capital + +behaviour among their family members and render financial support in the maintenance of their families. + +formation is acknowledged in the economic development They possess the sense of discipline, regularity and of a nation than the physical development. Human systematic management of their domestic affairs as well + +Resource Development constitute both gender; male and female of a country. Man cannot alone take the role of + +as trade and business in the market. A unique feature of the women in Manipur is that they take the central role in + +socio-economic development of a country without the business of marketing of almost all goods-the + +women. Women is an important ingredient put in the social-economic development of the country. Nearly half of the world population is constituted by women and + +products of agriculture, handloom and handicrafts. The women in the ‘Ema Market’ which is also known as Sana Keithel of the capital town is constituted both the women + +woman is part and parcel of Human Resource of the town, rural and hilly areas. In the rural areas also + +Development. The international, national and state scenario of women status proved that women are also an important factor of the development of a country and their role is remarkable. Development is incomplete without women’s participation and contribution. +Role of the Women in Manipur +Manipuri women though take a crucial role in families’ + +there are market after the model of Sana Keithel run by women. It is these women who are coming from different villages of Manipur represents the mobility of women in the region. +Self-Help Programme +The new trend in the economic participation of women is the emergence of Self-Help-Groups that is gendered + +economy, they participate in trade and commerce, taking under the principal of ‘thrift’ that the Manipuri’s + +the major initiation in the market. The ‘Khwairamband Keithel’, the only unique women market on the globe examples the role of Manipuri women in socio-economic life in the state. Khwairamband Keithel is the place where women from different part of Manipur come and share their ideas, socio-economic life. It is not only serves as a market place but also a place where the women shared their views when state is under socio-economic turmoil with the negative movement of the political affairs. They play crucial roles exerting their voices against the pessimistic nature of the state affairs and helps in bringing a constructive result for the welfare of the collective involvement of women in bringing peace with socio-economic prosperity in the state. +Women Vendors of Ema Market +The women vendors of Ema Market are equally found to be active in socio-economic role of the state. In family, they manage their household activities and maintain the harmonious relationship among the family members. The + +traditionally termed it as ‘Marup’. With the advent of the Self-Help-Group in the State, the Manipuri women are able to produce substitute goods and became more effective in creating economic efficiency of the State by pulling down the rate of import of goods into the State. +Contribution in Education +The Vendors of Ema Market also work hard and encourage their children education. They were aware of the benefit and necessity of education in this 21st Century. They manage their family quite efficiently and also finance the education of their children when their husband were lying negligence from their responsibilities in bringing up their children. There are many examples of Ema Market’s women who made their son I.A.S officers, engineers, doctors and scholars, singly without their husband helping hand. The status of Manipuri women is really high in our state. The days of gender discrimination are over and the concept of women participation in the socio-economic and educational perspectives in the new + + + +32 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +WOMEN AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT + + +era. Manipuri women survives independently and courageously face every challenges of living. +R. Brown, the political agent of British give description of women vendor as, “Many of them (women) walk in miles in the morning, buy things from distant villages and sell it + +The vendors of Ema Market have the trade experience of highest in the group 11 – 20 yrs which is 37 % and the second highest trade experience of women vendors falls on 21 – 30 yrs which is 30 %. +Table 2 – How many children do you have? + + + +in the capital market ( Sana Keithel) in the evening. In the evening, the women were hurrying along their wares on their heads and little baby slung on their backs”. This + + +Responses No. of Children +0 – 3 + + +No. of Women Vendors + +17 + + +Percentage + +17 % + + + +statement on Meitei Women of Ema Market gives a beautiful picture of their bravery, hard working and love of their children. Hence, the present research aims to study the women and Human Resource Development at Ema Market on the educated women vendors and uneducated women vendors how far they manage their business and economic status, self-sufficient, education of their children and social role. +Objectives +To study the economic status of the women vendors of the Khwairamband Market of Imphal. +To find out the educated women vendors and uneducated women vendors how far they manage their business. +To assess how far they are self-sufficient. +To examine their effect on their children’s education. + + +3 – 5 48 48 % +5 – 7 29 29 % +Above 6 6 % Total 100 100 % +From the above table, it is quite char that the women vendors lack awareness of family welfare about small family. The maximum number of vendors has children of 3 – 5 and 5 -7 i.e, 48 % and 29%. This may be due to lack of education and poverty. +Objective 1 : To Study the Economic Status of the Women Vendors of the Khwairamband Market Imphal +Table 3 – How Much Profit do You Get in a Day? + +Responses Numbers Percentage Rs. 0 – 100 32 32 % +Rs. 100 – 200 36 36 % + + + +To examine their social role. Methodology +The present study was conducted through survey method on the random sample of 100 women vendors, 50 + + +Rs. 200 – 300 20 20 % Rs. 300 – 400 10 10 % +Above 2 2 % +Total 100 100 % + + + +educated women vendors and 50 uneducated women vendors selected from five sectors of Imphal West Ema Market. The sample comprised of 20 vendors of Punsiba Bazar, 20 vendors of Laxmi Market, 20 vendors of Purana Bazar, 20 vendors of new Market and 20 vendors of Cheirap Mamang. The tools for the study were used an Interview schedule which was developed by investigator himself. The data are interpreted in term of percentage. +Results and Discussion +Table 1 – Number of Women Vendors of Ema Market in Relation to Age Group and Working Experience. +Age Num- Perce- Working Num- Perce-Group bers ntage expe- bers ntage +rience +30 – 10 10 % 0 - 10 yrs 20 20 % 39 +40 – 12 12% 11-20 yrs 37 37 % 49 +50 – 28 28 % 21-30 yrs 30 30 % 59 +60 – 34 34 % 31-40 yrs 10 10 % 69 +70 – 16 16 % 41-50yrs 3 3 % above +Total 100 100 % Total 100 100 % +The above table shows that the age group of 60 – 69, 34 % of women vendors occupied the market. The next percentage is 28 % that is 50 – 59 age group of women are engaged in vending / trade business. + + +It was found that 36 i.e., 36 % of the women vendors got profit of Rs. 100 – 200 per days. And 32 i.c, 32 % of the women vendors profit of Rs. 0 – 100 per day. Therefore, it can be interpreted that this low profit is the marketing business of the women vendors. +Table 4 – Do You Get Business Loan for the Improvement of Your Business? +If Yes, From Where Did You Get the Loan? + +Responses Numbers Percentage Response Numbers Percentage + +Yes 67 67 % Private 98 98 % finance body +No 33 33 % Government 2 2 % +Total 100 100 % Total 100 100 +Out of the sample size of 100, 67 respondents i.e., 67 % of women vendors take business loan and 33 % do not take business loan. So, it can be stated that most of the women vendors take business loan for the improvement of their business. +It was found that 98 i.e., 98 % take loan from the private finance body in high interest and only 2 % of the women vendors take loan from government in low interest. It shows that the government is lacking in providing aids to the women vendors of Ema Market. + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 33 +WOMEN AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT + + +Table 5 – Can You Save Some Money From Your Earning? +Responses Numbers Percentage Yes 60 60 % No 40 40 % Total 100 100 % + +The above table indicates that 60 % of the women vendors can save money though they does not have saving account. They save it in the form of thrift ( marup i.e., a type of Self – Help-Group) in low amount but they are in dept though they save money. +Objective 2 : To Find Out the Educated Women Vendors and Uneducated Women Vendors How Far They Manage Their Business. +Table 6 – Are You Aware in Investment and Planning of Your Budget? + + +84 % of the educated women vendors are establish relation with other vendors by sharing and cooperation of their business. However, 66 % of the uneducated women vendors are establish relation with other vendors by sharing and cooperation of their business. It is quite clear that educated women vendors can make good relationship with others by discussing and solving their problems and also in every field of life. +Objective 3: To Assess How Far They are Self-Sufficient. Table 9 – Is Your Occupation Satisfied or Not? +Responses Numbers Percentage Yes 43 43 % No 57 57 % +Total 100 100 % + + + +Responses of educated women vendors +Yes No +Total + +Num- Perce-bers ntage + + + +46 92 % 4 8 % +50 100 % + +Responses of uneducated women vendors +Yes No +Total + +Num- Perce-bers ntage + + + +9 18 % 41 82 % +50 100 + + +The above table indicates that 43 % of the women vendors are satisfied with their occupation and 57 % of the women vendors of Ema Market are not satisfied with their occupation but still they are continuing their business due to family responsibilities. +Table 10 – Is it Sufficient with Your Income to Run the Family? + + + +92 % of the educated women vendors are aware in investment and planning of their budget and only 18 % of the uneducated women vendors are aware in investment and planning of their budget. Therefore, it can be interpreted that education is must in their business, + + +Responses +Yes +No +Total + + +Numbers +30 +70 +100 + + +Percentage +30 % +70 % +100 % + + + +investment and planning budget. +Table 7 – Could You Able to Communicate with Different Type of Customers? + +From the above data it is quite clear that the women vendors are not sufficient for the needs and demands of their family as 70 % of them responses ‘No’ and 30 % + +Responses of educated women vendors + + +Num- Perce-bers ntage + + +Responses of uneducated women vendors + + +Num- Perce-bers ntage + +can only sufficient their family needs and demands. +Table 11 – Are You Spending More Time and Energy Compared to Your Profit? +Responses Numbers Percentage + + + +Yes 47 94 % Yes 5 10 % No 3 6 % No 45 90 % +Total 50 100 % Total 50 100 + + +Yes 60 60 % +No 40 40 % +Total 100 100 % + + + +The above table indicates that 94 % of the educated women vendors are able to communicate with different type of customers and only 10 % of the uneducated women vendors are able to communicate with different type of customers. So, it is interpreted that to become a successful vendor, communication with the customers is very needed. For this, we can say that education is must. +Table 8 – Do You Establish Relation with Other Vendors by Sharing and Cooperation of Your Business? + + +It was found that 40 % of the women vendors are profitable in their business. However, 60 % of the women vendors are spending more time and energy regardless of their profit in order to fulfill their family needs. +Objective 4: To Examine Their Effect on Their Children’s Education. +Table 12 – Do You Like Your Children to Get the Light of Education ? + + + +Responses of educated women vendors +Yes No +Total + + +Num- Perce-bers ntage + + + +42 84 % 8 16 % +50 100 % + + +Responses of uneducated women vendors +Yes No +Total + + +Num- Perce-bers ntage + + + +33 66 % 17 34 % +50 100 + +Responses Numbers Percentage Yes 100 100 % No 0 0 % +Total 100 100 % + +100 % of the women vendors like their children to get the light of education. This clearly indicates that the women vendors are aware of the importance of education as a basic in life. + + +34 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +WOMEN AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT + +Table 13 – How Far Your Children are Educated? women vendors response that the objectives of the Meira + +Responses Under class X +XI and XII + + +Numbers 17 +31 + + +Percentage 17 % +31 % + +Paibi is to settle family disputes and to bring well being for the society. +Table 17 – Do You Participate in any Social Activities? + + + +B.A. 23 23 % M. A. 20 20 % +Others (professional and technical) 9 9 % +Total 100 100 % + +Responses +Procession, Hunger Strikes and Sit-in- Protest +None +Total + +Numbers 100 + +0 +100 + +Percentage 100 % + +0 % +100 % + + + +The above table shows that 23 % of the children of women vendors get education upto B.A. standard and 20 % upto M.A .standard but the maximum children’s education falls on XI – XII. And only 9 % of the children of women vendors get professional and technical education. Therefore, it can be interpreted that women vendors understand the significance of education in leading a good life for their children. +Table 14 – How Much You Spend in Your Children’s Education in a Month? + + +100 % of the women vendors response that they participate in procession, hunger strikes and sit in protest. Thus, it can be said that the women vendors are actively participate in social activities. +Conclusions and Suggestions +On the basis of the foregoing discussions, the following findings can be discerned: +There are women vendors of different ages in the Ema + + + +Responses Under Rs. 1000 Rs. 1000 – 2000 Rs. 2000 – 3000 Above +Total + + +Numbers 3 28 61 8 +100 + + +Percentage 3 % 28 % 61 % 8 % +100 % + +Market mostly starting from 30 to above 70 years of age. These above 70 years old women can also actively manage their business. Majority of the women vendors have trade experience of 20/30 years. +The women vendors have low profit in their vending +business. They are mostly doom in debt. They have no + + + +61 % of the women vendors spend Rs. 2000 – 3000 in their children’s education. 28 % spend Rs. 1000 – 2000 and only 8 % spend above Rs. 3000 in their children’s education. The expenditure on their children’s education is high in comparison to their income but low in comparison with the present trend of expenditure in education. +Objective 5: To Examine Their Social Role. +Table 15 – Are You a Member of Women Voluntary Organisation ( Meira Paibi )? + +idea of saving account because of their low profit of their business and it is hard for them to save. They save money in the form of thrift ( Marup) but that also in low amount. +Most of the women vendors take loan from the private sector and a few from the government. And those who are taking loan from private sector have to pay high interest. Most of the women vendors are poor and if they +pay high interest there will be no improvement in the + + + +Responses Yes No +Total + + +Numbers 97 3 +100 + + +Percentage 97 % 3 +100 % + +business. +Educated women vendors can invest and plan their vending business properly than the uneducated women +vendors. The educated women vendors can easily + + + +Out of the 100 women vendors, 97 % of women vendors response that they are members of Women Voluntary Organization ( Meira Paibi) inspite of their tight schedules of working. +Table 16 – What are the Objectives of Meira Paibi According to You? +Responses Numbers Percentage To settle family disputes 15 15 +To control drug problems 64 64 % To bring well being for the society 21 21 % +Total 100 100 % +64 % of women vendors claimed that the objectives of Meira Paibi is to control drug problems. 15% and 21% of + +communicate different type of customers and can also convince to buy their commodities. They also discuss and solve the problems of others by making a good relationship. So, education is essential in every field of life. +The women vendors are not satisfied with their business because of the low profit. The income they got from the business is not sufficient to fulfill the needs and demands of their family. But still they have to continue as there is no other option. +All the women vendors of Ema Market desire to give + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 35 +WOMEN AND HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT + + +education to their children. They said that education is must and its part and parcel of happy life. Without education it will be not fit to survive. They are deeply concerned about their children’s education. +Most of the children of women vendors are studying in the private schools inspite of their low income. Because they want to give the best of education to their children. +The women vendors of Ema Market are active in social activities. The women vendors, as a collective body always act as a force on issues concerning the social, economic and political life of the people of Manipur. They try to protect not only the interest of their families but also the interest of the state at large. +All the women vendors of Ema Market pay tax for their seat. Even those who are selling things on street are also pay tax equally with those who are sitting at shed. In this government policy, the street vendors feel injustice. +Based on the above situations, it is suggested to improve the condition of the women +vendors of Ema Market. +Most of the women vendors take loan from the private sector in high interest. If the government take initiative in financing the women vendors their economical status will improve to a large extent. +Majority of the women vendors do not have saving account and may be they are not aware of it. If they were made to open the saving account then at least they can save some money. +Self-Help-Programme like the insurance are needed to be organized by the government as well as the private sector. If such programmes are given then their condition will be improved. +Majority of the women vendors are not fully aware of the marketing system and trading. They are needed to give proper awareness programme in order to improve trading and marketing. +Women vendors who are sitting at the roadside are also +giving tax same as those who are sitting at the shed. If the + +government made proper policy and programme for this roadside women vendors the day-to-day problem that are facing by both the women vendors and public will be reduced to a large extent. +Government agencies need to take initiatives in their role for the development of women vendors and if there is co-operation among the women vendors, and women vendors with government agencies their condition will improve obviously. +As women plays a very important role in the society there need an improvement in the knowledge of women in every field of life. The women vendors are needed to aware socially, politically and most important is educationally. +Most of the women vendors are not aware of the family planning. They are needed to give family planning awareness in order to improve their status and control population explosion. +Though some women of the Ema Market are literate but majority of them are illiterate. The government need special programme for education like adult education for these illiterate women vendors. +References +Best, J.W and Kahn, J.V. Research in Education. Pentice Hall of India, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1999 +Chaudhury, S.N and Ch. Pratima, National Development and Women. Har Anand Publication, New Delhi, 1992. +Devi, Jamini, Nupigee Yaikairol. Rai Pravina Brothers Publications, Imphal, 2001. +Devi Shanti, M. Development of Education in Manipur. Rajesh Publications, New Delhi,2001. +Mamjuri Chaki Sircar. Feminism in a Traditional Society. Shakhi Books, New Delhi, 1984. +Thara Bhai, L.Women’s Studies in Indian, APH, +Publishing Corporation, New Delhi,2000. + + + + + + + + + + + + +36 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +PROMOTING WORK LIFE BALANCE + +ROLE OF TRAINING IN PROMOTING WORK LIFE BALANCE (WLB) + + +Harish Kumar +Professor, Business Administration, +Guru GhasidasVishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur + +Abstract + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +Work and life are two sides of a coin. They are interwoven in nature and overlap. An emotionally intelligent employee well knows how to strike balance between work and life, still lot of support is needed from top management/employers. Business organizations in India still have a long way to go so far as the espousal of WLB practices is concerned. In India, the private sector organizations have an edge over public sector organizations in name of WLB. Organizations, which attach adequate value to organizational learning, deliberately devise a well meditated training strategy. Some of the organizations resort to training exercise in a less formal manner. Training can modify the attitude of employers as well as employees towards WLB. As it is an established fact that employer and employees both are equally responsible for promoting the WLB initiatives in an organization, training can encourage both of them to be WLB conscious. +Keywords: Work Life Balance, Training, Interplay, Stress, Parenting + + +“Training is everything. The peach was once a bitter almond; cauliflower is nothing but cabbage with a college education.” - Mark Twain +Prologue +Work and life are two sides of a coin. They are interwoven in nature and overlap. An emotionally intelligent employee very well knows how to strike balance between work and life, still lot of support is needed from the top management/employers. A professionally sound organization can pledge to strike balance between work and life and keep its employees smiling. Indian business organizations as compared to their foreign counterparts have lesser concern for WLB. Business organizations in India still have a long way to go so far as the espousal of WLB practices is concerned. It is an established fact that the private sector organizations are doing better as compared to the public sector organizations in name of WLB. +Some of the Indian business organizations particularly in the public sector are yet to be identified with the term WLB. One of the reasons responsible for this may be that there is very less scope for WLB in such organizations. Either many of the people are hardly working or they are not properly engaged. The weak work culture appears to be a reason for overlooking the need for WLB. Majority of the organizations are not acquainted with the newer WLB practices. There is a lack of systematic viewpoint/ approach towards WLB. Besides, Indian business organizations confront with several problems including the problem of indifferent attitude of employers and employees towards training that work as hurdles for them in becoming WLB savvy. +Question crops up in mind, why training is at all required? The apt answer to the question is training enables organizations adapt to the shifting conditions and be ensuring its survival as well as success in the market. Training is an effective tool that facilitates the organizations in accomplishing their objectives in a meaningful manner. The term training, development and + +education are relative in nature. Training concerns with the acquisition of KSAs (Knowledge, Skills and Abilities) to perform the task at hand in an effective and efficacious manner. Development focusses on the attainment of KSAs needed to occupy the higher position. Education puts stress upon the acquisition of KSAs general in nature. Training and development are often used interchangeably. +Training is a process including several steps. The success of training activity entirely depends upon how effectually all these steps are dealt with. There may be the following stages in the conduct of a training program:Step-1: What are the training needs to be identified?Step-2: What are the training objectives to be accomplished? Step-3: What training methods need to be deployed? Step-4: What paraphernalia needs to be arranged to conduction the training program? Step-5: How the effectiveness of the training program will be measured? +Many of the related works were reviewed. Most of them by and large focus on significance of training in improving upon the abilities/attitudes, skills and knowledge of the employees. Besides, some of them revolve around role of training in augmenting the individual as well as organizational effectiveness and efficacy. The author could not come across an article/ paper solely talking about significance of training in promoting a balanced work life. +Some of the pieces of literature reviewed are as follows: +The work of Aguinis, Herman, and Kurt Kraiger (2009) contains a wide-ranging review of training and development literature from 1999 to 2009 with an emphasis on the benefits that training offers across multiple levels of analysis. +The work offers a comprehensive meta-analysis of the relationships among training design and evaluation features and various training effectiveness outcomes (reaction, learning, behavior, and results). Arthur, Winfred A., Jr., Winston Bennett Jr., Pamela S. Edens, and Suzanne T. Bell (2003). + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 37 +PROMOTING WORK LIFE BALANCE + + +The work is a comprehensive review of training and development in work organizations with an emphasis on the processes necessary for training to be effective for improving individual and team performance. Brown, Kenneth G., and Traci Sitzmann (2011). +How do you draw the line between work duties and home life? SociologistNippert-Eng, C. E. (1996) explores the answer to this question in her research. She finds that persons set several symbolic and practical boundaries to make these two crucial roles distinctive in life. +This piece of literature presents a typology summarizing elements of training and work environments that foster transfer of training. Russ-Eft, Darlene (2002). +How does training help in striking balance between work and life? +Training is an off shoot of HRD. HRD is an integral part of HR. Training is regarded to be a critical activity to the growth and development by many of the organizations. However, some of the organizations still treat it as a cosmetic exercise. Many of the organizations show a proactive approach towards training whereas; some still have an indifferent attitude towards training and possess a reactive approach towards it. The organizations, which attach lot of value to organizational learning, deliberately devise a well meditated training strategy. Some of the organizations resort to training exercise in a less formal manner. They get motivated to conduct training because the successful organizations conduct it. Figure-1 depicts the role of training in WLB vividly. + +A conducive work culture for WLB + + +A proactive approach by top management towards training + + +Training employees on WLB + + +Balanced work life + +Training is an investment not wastage of resources. In the light of the statement, it can be conveniently argued that training guarantees return on investment provided it is conducted in an effective manner. Returns on training can be delayed but not at all denied. Training can also play a pivotal role in boosting up the concept and practice of WLB in an organization. The following points highlight the training and WLB interplay: +Training needs to be regularly rendered so as to help employees in addressing work and personal responsibilities. +The employer can outsource trainers of WLB so as to provide the employees with the latest trends and practices to its employees. +The managers must possess the proper tools and receive appropriate training skills that are necessary for an effective implementation of organizational work-life balance policies. +Employees should actively participate in the training sessions on WLB related issues conducted by the organization. +Designing a WLB Training Program +A well contemplated training program on WLB can do miracles in making the trainees learn about the criticality of need for WLB training program, connect between WLB and Law, benchmarking WLB initiatives, time and stress management and so on. The description of training program is as follows: +WLB Training Program Purpose +A training program on WLB entitled, “Resolving Work Life/Life Work Conflict Meaningfully” has been evolved with a view to render training to the employees working in Indian business organizations so that they can be enabled to strike balance in their work and life. +Learning Objectives +On the completion of the training program the participants will be able to: +Figure out and define the term WLB; + + + +Improved level of employee satisfaction + + +Enhanced level of performance + +Understand the purpose and implications of WLB initiatives; +Examine the work-family family-work conflict; +Learn the benefits of WLB; + + + + +Glittering organizational image + + +Better results in name of improved customer satisfaction etc. + +Figure 1 – Training and WLB Interplay + +Be familiar with the antecedents and consequences of WLB; Know the relationship between WLB and Law; Comprehend WLB and stress interplay; +Realize the role of stakeholders; +Learn the role of time management in striking balance + + +38 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +PROMOTING WORK LIFE BALANCE + + +between work and life; and Transfer the learning to job. Methodology +The training program will be conducted through an experiential method so as to encourage the participants to be ready to change. A variety of instructional strategies as lectures, case studies, class discussions/interactions, assignments and presentations (Individual/Group), management/business games, exercises (behavioral aspects) and role plays will be used. The use of ICT enabled instructional aids as multimedia presentations, slides, audios and videos, flip chart etc. will be made so as to make the program lively. +The program can be of two to three days. The program can be attended by practicing managers, employees, consultants, faculty members of business schools, researchers and students. The fee for the training program can be as per the prevailing norms and specifications: +Modules +Thetraining program includes the following modules: Module-1: Introduction +Objective: The basic purpose of the module is to orient the participants about the topic, purpose and schema of the training program and to make them familiar with one another and arouse their interest in the program. +Contents: Welcome and introduction; Ice breaker; Why training program on WLB?; Relating the expectations of trainees with training agenda; Objectives of the training program; The relevance of WLB in today’s work environment +Review Questions +Module-2: How Do I Perceive WLB? +Objective: The elementary objective of the module is to persuade the participants to exchange their perceptions and experiences regarding WLB with one another. The information generated through the exercise can assist in sketching probable problems/challenges in striking WLB and their solutions. +Contents: Exchange of views among participants regarding WLB in general and their own organizations in specific; Understanding Work–family and family- work conflict; Measures they took/take in resolving the work-family and family- work conflict +Review Questions +Module-3: Criticality of WLB Need +Objective: The prime purpose of the module is to underscore the significance of WLB in wake of the employee performance and organizational effectiveness. +The employees can be made aware about the recompenses + +of balanced engagement in work and family roles. Contents: +In case there is balance between work and life there will be: +Sound wellbeing; Improved morale, motivation and commitment; Augmented performance, productivity and profits; Glittering organizational image +In case there is imbalance between work and life there will be: +Stress and burnout; Health related risks; Poor performance, productivity and profits; Bleak organizational image +Review Questions Module-4: WLB and Law +Objective: The basic objective of this module is to make the participants known to the legal implications related to WLB. Participants will also be made aware about the privileges available to the employees relating to WLB. +Contents: Acts/laws related to WLB; Legal aspects of WLB; Employee privileges relating to WLB as maternity leave, paternity leave, child care, time off for dependents, +Review Questions +Module-5: WLB and Stress Interplay +Objective: The purpose of this module is to make the participants able enough to understand the WLB and Stress relationship. +Contents: Understanding psychological perspective of stress; Learning organizational standpoint of stress; Reasons related to poor work life balance responsible for stress at work and home; Implications of stress generated through imbalanced work and life; Strategies to cope up/ mitigate stress in life in general and at work in specific. +Review Questions +Module-6: Analytical study of the current state of affairs with regard to WLB in respective organization +Objective: The analysis of the current situation in relation to WLB within the own organization will serve as a source so as to plan, pledge and put to practice the future courses of action in name of development of work-life-balance. +Contents: Organizational profile; Need for WLB; Promotion and implementation of WLB measures; Evolving an effective feedback and follow up mechanism +Review Questions +Module-7: Benchmarking WLB practices +Objective: This module will help in arousing and sustaining the motivation of the participants to encourage them to transfer their learning to job. They will be able to apply WLB related initiatives in their professional life. For this the certain best practices from other reputed +organizations will be offered and deliberated. + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 39 +PROMOTING WORK LIFE BALANCE + + +Contents: +WLB practices prevailing in various known organizations: + + +Epilogue +Training as and activity is an integral part of an + + + +Flexi work hours; Compressed work week; Job sharing; Part time working; Telecommuting/work from home; Part time work; Job share; Flexible starting and finishing times; Flexi time; Rostered days off (Phased retirement); Use flex days or rostered day off as half days; Work from home on an ad-hoc basis; Telecommuting; Compressed work week; Study leave; Career break; Paid parental leave; 48/52 working week per year; Paid leave for religious holiday; Shift working; Annualized hours +Benchmarking WLB practices Review Questions +Module-8: Examining role of stakeholders in promoting the concept and practice of WLB +Objective: The module will assist in convincing the stake holders as employers, employees, government, NGOs and social activists about their roles in striking the work life balance in organizations. +Contents: WLB and its stakeholders; Role of employers; Role of employees; Role of government; Role of NGOs and social groups/activists; How to work in unison +Review Questions +Module-9: Managing time importantly at work and home +Objective: The module will serve the purpose of the participants of learning the art of time management. They will be able to hone their time management skills so as to be adequately capable to accentuate the value of time in managing WLB. +Contents: +Time management and its significance in life in general and in WLB in specific +Time management skills: Cost/benefit analysis of time; To prioritize; Time logging; Chalking out action plans; Designing time tables; To do lists; Managing time at home. +Time management and WLB interlaces Review Questions +Module-10: Parenting Skills and WLB +Objective: The main objective of the module is to assist the dual career couples in proving to be good parents. +Contents: Parenting and its implication in the wake of WLB; Understanding elementary needs of children; Knowing implications if these need remain unfulfilled; Rearing out children as champions by inculcating sound personality traits in them without compromising with organizational commitments. +Review Questions + + +organizational functioning. Training recompenses organizations in a variety of ways as improved employee morale, enhanced performance level, increased productivity, improved employee retention, glittering organizational image and so on so forth. Training can also facilitate in modifying the attitude of employers as well as employees towards WLB. As it is an established fact that employer and employees both are equally responsible for promoting the WLB initiatives in an organization, training can facilitate/motivate both of them to be WLB conscious. +References +Aguinis, Herman, and Kurt Kraiger. (2009). “Benefits of Training and Development for Individuals and Teams, Organizations, and Society.” Annual Review of Psychology 60.1 : 451–474. +Arthur, Winfred A., Jr., Winston Bennett Jr., Pamela S. Edens, and Suzanne T. Bell. (2003). “Effectiveness of Training in Organizations: A Meta-analysis of Design and Evaluation Features.” Journal of Applied Psychology 88.2 : 234–245. +Brown, Kenneth G., and Traci Sitzmann. (2011) “Training and Employee Development for Improved Performance.” In APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Vol. 2, Selecting and Developing Members for the Organization. Edited by Sheldon Zedeck, 469–503. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. +How do you draw the line between work duties and home life? SociologistNippert-Eng, C. E. (1996) explores the answer to this question in her research. She finds that persons set several symbolic and practical boundaries to make these two crucial roles distinctive in life. +Nippert-Eng, C. E. (1996). Home and work: Negotiating boundaries through everyday life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. +Nippert-Eng, C. E. (1996). Home and work: Negotiating boundaries through everyday life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. +Russ-Eft, Darlene. (2002). “A Typology of Training Design and Work Environment Factors Affecting Workplace Learning and Transfer.” Human Resource +Development Review 1: 45–65. + + +40 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +WORK LIFE BALANCE OF WOMEN + +WORK LIFE BALANCE OF WOMEN AND LEADERSHIP + + +Sangita Deota +Assistant Professor, Career College of Management + +“Because man and woman are the complement of one another, +we need woman’s thought in national affairs to make a safe and stable government”. Elizabeth Cady Stanon + + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + + +Abstract +For the past years the conversation about women and leadership has revolved around challenges of Work-Life-Balance which most of the time actually means “Work-Family-Balance”. Woman hardly make it to the top of the companies not because of their personal choice but because of the fact that lots of ambitious women make them off the path of leadership. Women are also gently but firmly avoided while deciding about future leaders, this is mainly because their work and family invariably clash. By this the Government as well as the corporate is not using the talent deck upto it’s full potential. This research paper tries to address the varied dimentions which needs deep insight into the reasons of absenteesm of women leader & suggestions for their work life balance for the purpose of cultural, structural & organisational growth. +Key words: Women in leadership, Work life balance, ambitious, talent deck + + +Any countries customs, traditions, culture & social etiquette creates a great impact on the entrepreneurship of the people of that region. The current scenario however has changed to some extent. Now a days people have started taking interest in their own opinion. If they wish to do some thing then they are moving forward. Their innovativeness, imagination & vision plays a great role in their decision. As we know new ideas & out of box application of this can create wonders these days but very sadly we have to say that women’s talent deck has not been used to it’s full potential in this respect. We can see several kinds of professions being adopted in our surroundings. Some are very big, some big & also small. There is some difference between small scale business & entrepreneurship. Small business owners run their business to earn for their expenses to live but bigger firms & entrepreneurs use more & more innovations to explore more opportunities in the global market. The larger firms give more employment also. Now a days the number of female employees are increasing but they are facing trouble in balancing their family life along with work. +Women Entrepreneurship in India +Times have changed now. From the time the husband was earning, and the wife stayed at home. To the time now when the husband earns and the wife is earning too. But the wife still cooks and washes and runs the house. In this busy schedule how does she balance her work with life at home? +There is no simple answer to this question. Many of the issues are common to women throughout the global corporate 24x7x365 work world of today: long working hours,challenging schedules, need for childcare, household responsibilities, career path demands vs. family demands, stress-related health problems, and societal attitudes towards women and work. Work-Life Balance +Work-Life Balance does not mean an equal balance. Trying to schedule an equal number of hours for each of your various work and personal activities is usually unrewarding and unrealistic. Life is and should be more than that. Your best individual work-life balance will vary over time, often on a daily basis. The right balance for you today will probably be different for you tomorrow. The right balances for you when you are single will be different when you marry, or if + +you have children; when you start a new career versus when you are nearing retirement. There is no perfect, one-size fits all, balance you should be striving for. The best work- life balance is different for each of us because we all have different priorities and different lives. However, at the core of an effective work-life balance definition are two key everyday concepts that are relevant to each of us. They are daily achievement and enjoyment, ideas almost deceptive in their simplicity. Engraining a fuller meaning of these two concepts takes us most of the way to defining a positive Work-Life Balance.Change in the pattern of work and the concept of the workplace after the industrial revolution in the second half of the 18th century gave a new dimension to the concept of WLB. As time progressed, nuclear families increased. Working women drop out of the work force when they are doing well, simply because they wanted to stay at home with their children, or care for an ageing parent.There are women who havechildren later in life because they want to work for reasons of personal satisfaction or for the money. So, can a woman have it all? The working woman should refuse to take on too much. She should adopt a sense of belongingness.If she has children, she should teach them to share responsibilities. What about the husband ? Has he changed at all anywhere in the world ? Surprisingly, a survey in the UK revealed that a majority of men want a 50/50 partnership with their wives both at work and home. They no longer see themselves as macho men. They want to spend more time with their children. Has the Indian man change with the time? Can women achieve a work-life balance? Why Work Life Balance is Important to Women? Today’s career women are continually challenged by the demands of full-time work and when the day is done at the office, they carry more of the responsibilities and commitments to home. The majority of women are working 40-45 hours per week and 53% are struggling to achieve work/life balance. Women reported that their lives were a juggling act that included multiple responsibilities at work, heavy meeting schedules,business trips, on top of managing the daily routine responsibilities of life and home. “Successfully achieving work/life balance will ultimately satisfy more women who will contributes to productivity and + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 41 +WORK LIFE BALANCE OF WOMEN + + +success in the workplace.” Employers can facilitate WLB with many schemes that can attract women employees and satisfy their needs as such Facilities for child care, Flexi-timings, Work sharing, Part time employment, Leave plans-both paid and unpaid-to suit employee’s needs, Subsidized food plans, Insurance plans, Rest rooms, food preparation services, Jobs with autonomy and flexibility, Realistic work loads, Review of work processes to see if the burden on employees can be lightened, and Maintaining dialogue with the employees and considering their suggestions on a continuous basis Framework for successful Work-Life Balance in organizations Identify the key need or reason for introducing Work-Life Balance policies; Build the commitment to Work-Life Balance Policies into the organization ‘ s vision or value statement; Set up a Work-Life Balance Task Force to examine current practices in the organization; Hold joint discussions with employees to evolve policies, while also identifying possible barriers; Communicate policies through handbooks, newsletters, Intranet and other forms of communication; Hold workshops to help Managers implement and manage policies; and Monitor implementation and put feedback systems into place In India, there is a starting point in that organizations have recognized the need for and value of Work-Life Balance policies. An integral part of our lives is our profession. Just as there is responsibility and opportunity in life, our careers are also guided by opportunities and responsibilities. We must ensure that these two factors don’t work at cross purposes. Quality of life is something we all covet, every profession affects life in general and every profession has a duty towards life. +Top 5 Strategies to Strike a Balance +Budget your time both in and out of the office - Schedule your time efficiently at work. Put yourself on your calendar and take some time for you and your family / friends. Leave work on time at least three days per week - There are times when working late just can’t be helped, but schedule your time to leave on time three days per week. +Control interruptions and distractions - Stay focused while in the office, and budget your time effectively.Try to schedule a block of time during the day without meetings when you can focus on your tasks with minimal interruptions. Explore the availability of flex-time - Research or flex-time options within your organization. If available, it may be a helpful solution. Take break at the weekend - Plan your time off as you plan your work week. +Schedule activities with family and friends, a weekend trip, or just something fun. +Examples of some Women Leaders in India & their work life balance +Chanda Kochhar +How difficult can it be for the managing director and CEO of India’s largest private sector bank to manage a work life balance? While other female employees at her office leave at 5:30 pm sharp, Chanda is workaholic but is constantly in touch with family. She rarely manages time to sleep & that’ how she maintains her job & family life together. She has learnt to be a mother on the job. She returned to work just after delivering her second child. She manages to meet the official annual target in les than half of the year.She usually have 7-8000 likes in all happenings in social networking sites, so she is + +active in that also. She meets the women who keep the scrap book of all the articles written on her.It is some times difficult for her children to believe that she runs a company with 60,000 employees, for them she is only “The Mother”. Indra Nooyi +This year NDTV India selected 25 people from all over India for award & Indira Nooyi was one among them.Worked as a receptionist from midnight to sunrise and struggled to put together to earn moneyworth US$50 to buy herself a western suit for her first job interview out of Yale, where she had just completed her masters. Incidentally, she wasn’t comfortable trying out a formal western outfit and ended up buying trousers that reached down only till her ankles. Rejected at the interview, she turned to her professor at the school who asked her what she would wear if she were to be in India. To her reply that it would be a sari, the professor advised her to stick what she was comfortable with. +She says sleep is a gift that God has given to you & it’s a gift God has never given me. +she still considers herself her household’s primary caregiver. Nooyi has two daughters, 14 and 23 and in her words, “a supportive husband.’’ +she’s smart enough to know she has to work harder than a man and earn her stripes everyday. When asked what lessons she wants to teach her daughters, her answer was “be humble.’’ ‘‘This position can be gone tomorrow, but if the person in you is always the same, you can survive good and bad,” she said. Suggestions & Recommendations +Always make separation between family life & office life; Set goal according to your objectives; Show resilience to work where ever possible; Eat well & sleepwell,find time forexercise also; Never say no to help others & enjoy work; Find out difference between urgency & important; Always make list of works; Give yourself a deadline to each work; Keep yourself free from work at weekends; Flexibility in work is a very good advantage at work place; and Work to live don’t live to work Conclusion +Conclusion for working women is that getting caught in the work/life balance trap will continue to be an ongoing challenge. Careful & practically effetive planning and personal effort is the advice from those who have found balance in both career and home life. As one respondent summarized, “Plan, prioritize and schedule as efficiently as possible... and don’t be afraid of hard work!” Work-life balance is a person’s control over the conditions in their workplace. It is accomplished when an individual feels dually satisfied about their personal life and their paid occupation. It mutually benefits the individual, business and society when a person ‘ s personal life is balanced with his or her own job. The work-life balance strategy offers a variety of means to reduce stress levels and increase job satisfaction in the employeewhile enhancing business benefits for the employer. In our increasingly hectic world, the work-life strategy seeks to find a balance between work and play. A sentence that brings the idea of work life balance to the point is: “Work to live. Don’t live to work.” +References +Business India Magazines Internet +News Papers + + + +42 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +EMOTIONAL AND FAMILY INFLUENCES IN FAMILY OWNED BUSINESSES + +EMOTIONAL AND FAMILY INFLUENCES IN SUCCESSION PLANNING OF FAMILY OWNED BUSINESSES WITH RESPECT TO SMES + + +Shikha Bhardwaj +Assistant Professor, AIMT, Greater Noida. + +Abstract + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +Succession planning is an integral part of every business but how many houses actually realize this questionable. In India, even the big business houses are comfortable in discussing these matters in board meetings. Business in India is more like a property where one individual owns and further passed on to family member only. In recent past there has been tremendous change in our patterns of succession planning. Thus this article throws some light on these issues of succession planning in family owned businesses in India. The data have been collected from different Small and Medium Enterprises in automotive component Industry. The samples have been chosen out of family owned businesses (FOBs) only. The data have been collected from Delhi and National capital region of India. The data was collected from Chairman, Managing Director, Executive Director and Board members of the enterprises. The data is collected in two forms through Face to face interview with four basic questions. Further the data has been represented by content analysis of the respondents. +Keywords: Emotions, Succession planning, Family and Stress. + + + +Succession Planning has been an issue of concern for most of the business houses in India and aboard. Succession planning has been used to describe a wide variety of activities involving the planning for key transitions in leadership within organizations. The practice has been around since at least the beginning of recorded history in one form or another; its strongest (or, at least, its best documented) roots are in situations where power transitions routinely took place within family networks— for example, royal families and family-owned business empires. In more recent years, succession planning has been practiced more routinely and systematically in a large number of larger organizations (Rioux & Bernthal, 1999) and at levels far below the senior leadership. As in any organizational situation in which jobs or promotions are at stake, succession planning often becomes a highly politicized process, and the use of outside consultants is often sought. Beyond the value of having an objective third party involved, consultants can provide a systematic approach to succession planning, which will hopefully make the process more efficient and effective for the client organizations. There are a host of psychological and social considerations in developing a succession plan. Among them are what to do with the newfound time afforded after the implementation of a succession plan that brings retirement. Another is that how you will feel about the possible loss of status and whether you will miss the rewards of accomplishments. (Russ Jones, 2003). Except for a few cases of failures, many Indian family businesses have seen more than two or three generations and more so in the case of Coimbatore region (K Dr. R Nandagopal, Ms.V.Thilakam Nagaraj, 2008). Family as a social institution is one of the oldest surviving (Goode, 1982), but only in recent years family business, an important arm of it started receiving academic attention. After a detailed review of the existing literature, Zahra + +and Sharma (2004) concluded that family business research has a long way to go from the present fragmented and descriptive state. The country has a rich history and tradition of strong family ties and family businesses have long been a part of the Indian culture. Indian family businesses, thus, provide an interesting setting to understand the impact of management succession on firm value. However, it is only in recent years that efforts have been made to undertake serious empirical research in this emerging young discipline. The relationship between family businesses and various aspects of succession has not been investigated much. Researchers have argued that determinants of a successful succession can range from the subsequent financial performance of the firm after succession, the satisfaction of various stakeholders with the succession performance, to the ultimate viability or the survival of the firm (Miller, Steier and Miller, 2003). +Although with latest trends seen in succession planning, a lot of FOBs are going of non family member as successor. But in a report by Bain & Co., almost 70% of top management hesitate to discuss issue related to succession planning in any board meeting. Thus a need arises, to understand the process of succession planning in reference of Industrial/ Organisation Psychology (I/ O) way. +Literature Review +There are a number of researches, surveys and studies conducted in this topic. The studies have been conducted in varied dimensions and also across various sectors of the industry. Here are some of the studies that were conducted by researchers across the globe on “Succession Planning”. Literature review is basically collection of literature or past records on a particular topic. It serves as the foundation for further studies. This is basically a preamble of any thesis. Thus it includes a through effort + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 43 +EMOTIONAL AND FAMILY INFLUENCES IN FAMILY OWNED BUSINESSES + + +to capture or collect the entire related document or researches done in past. The Literature is collected with the intention of having a holistic as well as integrated approach towards Succession Planning. +On the basis of various papers it is evident that succession planning is most of the times not very well planned by the companies. Despite of the fact the top management understands the importance of the succession planning; they don’t make a technical procedure of going through. Most of the papers also reveal that succession planning is basically a part of human resource management. Thus the company should identify a suitable talent, develop, retain and then position at right place. Most of the paper collected also explains one or other succession model, which may be followed by companies. But one common point among all the papers is that succession planning is only possible with the support and commitment of top management. Most of the researches in this topic are still very confidential and critical. Thus most of the researchers have done it qualitative, because planners avoid themselves from converting it into black and white. On the basis of papers read, we can very well identify that succession planning is not a comfortable zone of top management to discuss and put it into documents. +From various literatures, it is evident that succession planning is a strategic issue for organisation’s success and survival. Although the papers had a widespread range of various issues like complexity of company, size of the company, interim CEO, environment to outside/inside approach. But out of all the papers one commonality is that an organization’s succession can be calculated from its financial performance. It is also visible that despite of understanding the criticality of the issue, the companies don’t plan it. Second most important finding is that, even today companies prefer insider or in-house successor rather than outsider. +On the basis of data available, it is visible that succession planning is an important concern for most of the companies across the world. One of the common factors is almost all the paper is that the researchers have connected succession planning with financial performance. Although many studies have proven it also that it is not the real indicator; yet it is treated. The researchers across the globe are doing research on this topic but none of the companies really declare their succession plan. With the data, it is evident that companies do prepare a contingency plan but a strategic one. Moreover, a more point is that females are treated as an option as successors. Many factors like leadership, diversity, planning, successor’s characteristics and company’s size were also considered. +We can very well identify that India too is focusing on Succession Planning. It is there but neither in right forms nor in rights same. Indian firm seems to be more reactive + +towards succession plans than proactive. In fact most of the studies reveal lack of focus in leadership. Also most of the paper discusses a lot of challenges of in Family owned business due to Family factor coming in business. Also it is visible that the studies are more for large companies unlike other countries. Thus there is shortage of data of succession planning in SMEs. Succession Planning requires a lot of exercise but Indian companies are still not prepared, in fact most of them think it as natural process passing the charge to their son/ heir apparent. In fact in India very rare researches have been done on SMEs especially in Automotive component Industry. +Most of the paper represents the practices followed by best of the companies. In fact a lot of papers have connected succession planning with leadership. But one of the most important aspects which were highlighted in few papers is the emotion. There are evidences which prove that emotional quotient holds due weight age in succession planning. These papers have created a lot of question as to how emotions are linked with selecting the right candidate and to extend they are correct. +After almost referring to 150 paper including surveys, research paper, articles etc. It is been observed that most of the Family businesses do have an emotional inclination towards their business but this area is neither documented nor researched. A family business floats between two important eco systems of family and business, thus to strike out a balance is quite difficult in most of the cases. +Research Problem +With the Literature review, the gap between planning and execution is clearly reflected. It is also seen that most of the family businesses face interference from family members. Thus there seems to some psychological and emotional side of succession planning. Most of the studies are focusing on patterns and practices of succession planning in Family owned business. But none of them is capturing the dynamics with which it is planned or floats. This leads to a research problem of understanding few key issues or research questions like: +Why do family businesses prefer family members over non family members? +Is selection of family members is an outcome of emotional and psychological stress? +Does the family and social value system of India, hits the decision making of next successors? +Why do companies in India, still hesitate to discuss Succession Planning in Board rooms and Family? +Research Objective +The objective of the study is to identify the existence of +Emotional Influence (EI) and Family Interference (FI) in Succession Planning with special reference to Family Owned Small and Medium Enterprises of India. + + + +44 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +EMOTIONAL AND FAMILY INFLUENCES IN FAMILY OWNED BUSINESSES + + +Research Methodology +The research design is exploratory. The data collected is primary in nature. The information is collected through face to face interview with structured questions. The sample is judgmental. The information is from 15 Director, Managing Director and CEOs of SMEs. Out of the total sample, 50% of them are from small enterprise and rest 50% from medium enterprise. The scope of study is extended to Auto Component Manufacturing units in Delhi & National Capital Region (NCR) of India. The data collected is qualitative in nature. Thus it is further analysed through content analysis. In content Analysis, relational analysis approach has been applied with semantic mode of finding similar words or texts or responses. Semantic mode is created with coding and structuring linguistic units presented by each respondent. +Information about Respondents +The Government of India has enacted the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 in terms of which the definition of micro, small and medium enterprises are - (a) Enterprises engaged in the manufacture or production, processing or preservation of goods and (b) Enterprises engaged in providing or rendering of services. +But for the above mentioned objective only category (a) applies and hence as specified below: +A micro enterprise is an enterprise where investment in plant and machinery does not exceed Rs. 25 lakh; +A small enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs. 25 lakh but does not exceed Rs. 5 crore; and +A medium enterprise is an enterprise where the investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs.5 crore but does not exceed Rs.10 crore. +Fam- Family Which Type of How Family ily Configuration family Business many Influence +member was successi over interviewed? ons have adderssing N=15 been succession +done? issues. +1 3 adult Children Father, Son Shafts and Two Extensive 4 grand children gears +2 2 adult children Father, HR Tubular Two Limited 1 grand child head parts & +accessories +3 3 adult children Father, Son Fabricated None Extensive 5 grand children tubular parts +4 2 adult children Father, HR Frame body Two Limited 1 grand child head & stocket +5 1 adult child Son Fabricated One Moderate 1 grand child tubular parts +6 2 adult children Father, Son Aluminium None Extensive 2 grand children die casting +7 2 adult children Father Brakeshoe None Limited 1 grand child +8 1adult child Father CED None Limited coating +9 2 adult child Father, Son CED None Limited solution +10 1 adult child Father Machine None Moderate tools + +The interview tool included several questions categories: 1) Background Information; 2) Presence of HRM function; 3) Succession planning decision; 4) Succession planning process; 5) General information about Family response post succession. The interview lasting from 60-90 minutes, were recorded. +Data Collection +The data is collected through face to face interview from various respondents. The questions were asked in a snowball effect. Hence the comfort level of the respondent was kept in mind as the issue of succession Planning is quite critical to the owners. The data analysis approach involved working inductively from specific points in the data (eg there response to family influence in decision making of successors) while simultaneously working deductively from larger body of contextualizing the study. The recorded data is analysed line by line and compared to draw conclusions. Once the initial analysis was complete, all important lines were coded, categorised and collapsed into major themes that reflect various influences present in the succession planning of family owned business. For each primary theme, data excerpted to provide examples of Emotional influence in the succession planning issues of the Family Businesses. +Findings +The themes in this section were identified as key factors related to family dynamics and emotions that influence the succession planning in small and medium FOB. +Formal policies for succession planning +Most of the respondents feel that the business will naturally be transferred to their heir. In case of siblings, elder one will get the right first and then to younger. Only one respondent felt that there is a need to put policies of succession planning to assure the continuity of leadership even in crisis and also seems to be working towards the same. The following comments were made by the head of the organisation, which are generally passive and indirect, most of them. +One has to be futuristic in approach towards running a business. So rather than taking abrupt decision at eleventh hour, it should be well planned. +Sooner or later any business which survives more than one generation, has to go ahead with planning more efficiently. And succession is one of the major decisions. +We are in this age of unpredictability in terms of social, business, political and economic changes. Thus at least in-houses planning can be done appropriately to behave proactively towards change. +We still hesitate to discuss it in board rooms due to simple +reason that succession planning is a very critical and + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 45 +EMOTIONAL AND FAMILY INFLUENCES IN FAMILY OWNED BUSINESSES + + +confidential issue. Moreover, ours is a very closed and small business. +Succession planning is a mere formality in FOBs and thus there is no such requirement of raising a discussion in board rooms or writing policies. They are only addressed when successors is decided, only to orient people with upcoming change. +Interference of family members in decision +Most of the Family businesses struggle between two ecosystems namely Family and Society. Thus both the +ecosystems interfere with each other constantly. + +emotion and psychological pressure/ stress which comes from family. +Selection of the successor is purely on the basis of potential and competency of the individual, because if it is not done wisely then the turnaround in negative direction can also come. +Family and social values hit the decision +In India, family and social values dominate most of the decision and succession planning is no different. The responses were a mix of agreement and disagreement on +the issue. But certainly it was visible that in India + +Practically it is very difficult to separate these two businesses are more emotionally run instead of + +ecosystems. Most of them stay in tune to Family as well as Social value with the business. Most of them agreed that there is interference from family members in decision of successor, probably because family is a stakeholder in such businesses. +Preference of family member as successor over non family member +Head of the organisation generally feel that it is a natural transfer of control and ownership to their children. Almost all of them prefer Family members over Non family member due to multiple reasons like trust, risk, sustainability, goodwill etc. Few comments referring to same +It minimises the risk, since you know your family and moreover in case of contingency a family members will always favour the organisation not his self interest unlike non family members. +Since I have got this business naturally from my father, my son will continue the tradition. +Any family business has a lot of stake holding from the family members and thus even though one may prefer non family members but due to unwanted influence, you have to choose family member. +We don’t discuss these issues in board room with the simple logic that succession is applicable to family members only then why unnecessary create a confusion. +Emotional influence in selecting successor +Most of the respondent realise that choosing successor among family is naturally a sign of emotional influence. Although they also confessed that it restricts their choice at times. The response of few respondents is +A family business is an amalgation of two big components namely family and business. Thus one needs to maintain balance between the two. Hence the selection of successor is an outcome of emotional influence. +In any family business, family holds maximum stake and +so it becomes essential to adjust and accommodate the + +professionally. Most of the decisions in Indian context are individual driven rather than process driven. The comments of the respondents +A SME is always leadership centric and thus the decision making tends to be more inclined towards the thinking of the leader. If leader is balanced, everything else will fall in its own place otherwise it will be disastrous. So are we. +In FOBs, everything is not in black and white. There are so many grey shades within the organisation. The system of succession planning is purely on the basis of certain influences. +Most of the FOBs realise the importance of having proper policies and procedure for succession planning but because of undue interference from family members, they generally don’t do. In fact most of them also feel that it should be planned only when the family is huge with large numbers of siblings. Otherwise in case of small family, this process is so natural to be carried forward to the next one. +Discussion +There is a lot of difference in succession planning of Small and Medium Enterprises. Small enterprises are generally in first generation and hence they feel secure by passing succession to their family members. Almost all the enterprises revealed that all SMEs are focusing on sustainability in first generation, they expand in second generation and they diversify in third generation. +The family has complex structure then the business should be divided amongst all. And if the family is simple then let it be handled by professionals. There is a huge difference between small and medium enterprise. Medium enterprises are generally in second and third generation. Hence they are open to experiment and pass succession to non family members/professionals also. Small Enterprises are still struggling to find their space and balance between two eco systems namely family and business. Medium Enterprises are relatively stable and settled. Most of the +Small enterprises feel that by passing their succession to + + + +46 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +EMOTIONAL AND FAMILY INFLUENCES IN FAMILY OWNED BUSINESSES + + +family members minimizes risk in future. Since they have limited finances also. Thus they emphasize on selecting a +family member as successor. + +Ali A., Chen T.Y., Radhakrishnan S. (2007): Corporate disclosures by Accounting and Economics, vol. 44, p. +238–286. + +Most of the SMEs understand the importance of Benchmarking Organizational Leadership, Effective + +succession planning and also feels that there should be formal policy. But unfortunately almost none of them have it. Although with the changing times they started formalizing it and will put it on paper soon, before they face real trouble. Both Small as well as Medium enterprises identify succession planning as an integral part of strategic management but in reality there is no formal policy for this. +Accordingly, emotions are integral part of one personality and thus they agreed that nevertheless emotions are there but the decision have to be balance of all. Although almost every organization stated different reasons for succession planning but majority of them expressed expansion, sustainability, talent management and owner’s age as few dominant reasons. +Research limitations and Implication for future research +There are two limitations to the study reported here. First, due to small group, the findings cannot be generalised to a large population with the measurable confidence. Second, the interview method used in the study provided respondents’ data on few issues only. Although the findings provide an insight into groups of similar characteristics on succession planning. But it can be further studied with diverse groups. +Further study can be done on major issues like sibling rivalry, communication, financial matters and many more as an antecedent in succession planning. +References +“A family feud that is threatening Asia’s energy needs,” Bangkok Post Opinion (e-paper), 31/08/ 2009,www.bangkokpost.com +According to the Third Census of India’s Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, there were more than 10 million (1, 05, 21, 190) units in this sector. +Anirudha Dutta and Anupam Dutta, “Family Fortunes: Behind the Public Face of Business”, CLSA AsiaPacific +Anand Saxena, “Behavioural Choices for Successful Entrepreneurship in the WTO Era,” Paper presented at National Seminar on WTO and Entrepreneurship Development, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur +Andrew N. Garman and Jeremy Glawe, Succession +Planning, Rush University Medical Center + +Executive, October 2006. +Business Legends, New Delhi: Viking, 1998 by the same author and Dwijendra Tripathi, “Change and Continuity,” Seminar, 482, 1999. +Cienski J. (2009): The Ice-Cream King of Poland, in “Financial TimesDjankov S., La Porta R., Lopez-de-Silanes F., Shleifer A. (2008): The law and economic dealing, in Journal of Financial Economics 88. +Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., & Sharma, P. (2003). Succession and non-succession concerns of family firms and agency relationship with non-family managers. Family Business Review, 16(2), 89-108. +Corbetta, G. & Salvato, C. A. (2004). The board of directors in family firms: One size fits all? Family Business Review, 17 (2), 119-134. +Daily, C. M. & Dollinger, M. J. (1993). Alternative methodologies for identifying family-versus non family managed businesses. Journal of Small Business Management +Davis, J. H., Schoorman, F. D., Mayer, R. C., & Tan, H. H. (2000). The trusted general manager and business unit performance: Empirical evidence of a competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 21(5), 563 +Dubois D. and Rothwell W., Competency-based human resource management, Davis- BlacPublishing, CA, 2004. +Ernesto Poza, Family Business, Mason, Ohio: Thomson Southwestern, 2004, pp. 27-33. +Family Business Feuds and Succession Planning in India, HRM Review, June 2008 +Fox, Nilakant, and Hamilton, “Managing succession in family-owned businesses,” International Small Business Journal , Vol. 15, No. 1, 1996, p. 15. +GenNext Leaders, Business Today, December 17, 2006 +Gurcharan Das, “A small matter of the ego,” The Times of India (e-newspaper), 12/12/2004, www. timesofindia.indiatimes.com, +Jess Chua, James Chrisman, and Pramodita Sharma, “Succession and non-succession concerns of family firms and agency relationship with non-family managers,’’ Family Business Review Vol.16, No. 2, +2003,pp. 101-02. + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 47 +EMOTIONAL AND FAMILY INFLUENCES IN FAMILY OWNED BUSINESSES + +Jim Grote, “Conflicting generations: A new theory of R. A. Sharma, Strategic Management in Indian + +family business rivalry,” Family Business Review, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2003, p. 113. +John Ward and Christina Dolan, “Defining and Describing Family Business Ownership Configurations,” Family Business Review Vol. 11, No. 4, 1998, pp. 305-310. +K. Ramachandran, Indian Family Businesses: Their Survival Beyond Three Generations, Working Paper, Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, India, 2005. +K. Ramachandran and Rachna Jha, “Governance in Family-Controlled Businesses- A Conceptual Discussion,” Working Paper, , Hyderabad: Indian School of Business, October 2007. +Lansberg, Ivan. (1999) Succeeding Generations: Realizing the Dream of Families in Business. Boston: Harvard Business School Press., 1999, p.6. +Leadership Succession Planning: A focus on midlevel managers, The Council for Excellence Government, September 2004. +Markets Special Report, September 2008. The Indian business houses covered in the study are Agarwals (Vedanta Group), Ambani (Reliance Group), Bajaj (Bajaj Auto), Chandra (Essel Group), Mittal (Bharti Group), Premji (Wipro Group), Singh (DLF Group), Tata (Tata Group). +Meijaard J, Uhlaner LM, Bedrijfsoverdrachten in Nederland: pilotstudie kosten,baten en determinanten van success, EIM: Zoetermeer, 2005, Cited in Family Business Research: A Literature Review, wms-soros.mngt. waikato.ac.nz, p. 10.‘Social capital’ refers to the trust and cooperation among people. Where people trust each other and cooperate there is high social capital. Family and community networks are said to have high social capital. See, “Indian Business Families,” gurcharandas.org +Nathaniel H. Leff, “Industrial Organization and Entrepreneurship in the Developing Countries: The Economic Groups,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26 (4), 1978, pp. 661–675. +P. O. Bjuggren,and Sund, L.-G. (2001), “Strategic decision-making in intergenerational successions of small- and medium-size family-owned businesses”, Family Business Review,Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 11-23. +Ramani V. V., Succession Planning Insights and Experiences, 1ed. ICFAI Universit Press Hyderabad, +2005 + + +Companies, (Report on Major Research Project Supported by the UGC), New Delhi: Department of Commerce, University of Delhi South Campus, November 1993, p.6.It would not be out of place to mention that the conflict between the two has been referred to as “shadow boxing” for one up-man ship by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India. +Rajesh Jain, Chains That Liberate: Governance of Family Firms, New Delhi, Macmillan India Ltd., 2006,p.56. +Reliance gas dispute like war between 2 nations: SC,” Deccan Chronicle (e-Paper), October 20, 2009,deccanchronicle.com . +Rothwell W., Effective succession management: Building winning systems for identifying and developing key talent. 2nd ed., The Center for Organizational Research, 2004. +Rothwell W., Effective succession planning: Ensuring leadership continuity and building talent from within. 2nd ed. Amacom, New York, 2001. +Succession Planning-A Resurrection, HRM Review, June 2008. +Succession Management – Lead the Tomorrow’s Leaders, HRM Review, April 2008. +Social Entrepreneurship, Leadership and Succession planning, Effective Executive, October 2006. +Succession Planning Insights from History, Effective Executive, December 2005 +Sue Birley, Dennis Ng, and Andrew Godfrey, (1999) ‘The Family and the Business’, Long Range Planning Vol. 32, No. 6, p. 598. +Sunil Mukhopadhyaya, “We have always been like that-Feuds are part and parcel of Kolkata-based Marwari businessmen,” Financial Express (E-Newspaper), 26/06/2005, www.financialexpress.com +Surajit Mazumdar, “The Analysis of Business Groups Some Observations with reference to India,” Working Paper No. 2008/11, Institute for Studies in Industrial Development (ISID), December 2008. +Top 5 CEO Challenges: 2008, 4 Ps Business and Marketing, 4 January-17 January, 2008. +Vijay Marisetty, K Ramachandran and Rachna Jha, “Wealth Effects of Family Succession: A Case of Indian Family Business Groups,” Working Paper, Thomas Schmidheiny Chair of Family Business & Wealth Management, Indian School of Business, +Hyderabad, India, 2008. + + +48 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP + +ONE STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP - AN EXPERIENCE IN RURAL MANAGEMENT EDUCATION + + +Amisha Shah +Assistant Professor, Centre for Studies in Rural Management, Gujarat Vidyapith, Randheja, District Gandhinagar. + +Abstract + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +Gandhiji always favoured the education system based on personal life experiences. It has been observed if some live demonstration, real experiences and worth examples are included in academic programmes of management studies; it can definitely be proved fruitful. This can develop spirit of entrepreneurship and the attributes and attitude as future entrepreneurs in students, who are going to be responsible citizens of India. Here, an attempt has been done to show the outcomes and to explain the possibilities of motivating the youth towards sustainable entrepreneurship, which can be proved as an effective step towards the sustainable rural development of India. +Keywords: Sustainable Entrepreneurship, Udyog, Nai Talim, Life Skill Development, Rural Management + + +Growth…Development…Progress…- These seem very attractive and rosy words, which attract us a lot. India has started progressing by leaps and bounds. With the massive change in the economic policy of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization in 1991, India has moved on the path towards modernization, urbanization, industrialization and great technical and professional advancement. Youth of India today is found crazy behind fulfilling their dreams and desires through this path. Tremendous growth of private sector enterprises is observed in our country. A number of educated youth are employed in these sectors. Physical growth, material prosperity, luxurious life style and urban habitation are considered only as a synonym of success. And hence our education system has become exam oriented and competition oriented only. Will it lead our nation towards the true ‘Swaraj’ dreamed by Mahatma Gandhi? Obviously not. According to Gandhi “Education should be so revolutionized as to answer the wants of the poorest villager, instead of answering those of an imperial exploiter. India’s way is not Europe’s, and India lives in seven hundred thousand villages.” +The dilemma of rural management education is between explicit value orientation towards the betterment of the poor and the value neutral optimization approach of conventional management education. In most of the cases, the situation of the students of rural management is very strange and full of dilemma. In their education, theories of rural development are discussed but the reality is quite different. Management education is provided through the books and case studies keeping in view the management principles and theories developed in foreign countries. They are given examples of corporate world and large scale industries. Sometimes practical application of such knowledge into real rural life is not possible. Thus, the students feel gap between the knowledge they gain and their practical life. Gradually, the direction of their thinking starts changing. + +This may be one of the most important but neglected causes of rural-urban migration in our country. Unfortunately rural management student is not found so much curious about the development of village as he/ she does not have any experience based knowledge. Most of the rural students aim at getting a good job in any of the reputed NGOs, co-operatives or companies. But the ideal situation is that - Our education system should make the students employment generators and not mere employment seekers. +In such circumstances, if any economic activity and practical experience are associated with the course curriculum, entrepreneurial attributes will automatically develop in the students. They themselves start learning management theories and principles relating the same to any of the interesting Udyog activity. New dimensions of thought are open up and many students can save their traditional and inherent art by giving it a modern touch suitable to the recent era. This article is based on an experimental experience with rural management students (girls) of the Centre for Studies in Rural Management of Gujarat Vidyapith. +Gandhiji and ‘Udyog’ +Gandhiji always favoured the education based on personal life experiences. Gujarat Vidyapith has still continued implementing successfully the thought of Gandhi by introducing ‘Udyog activities’ as an integral part of the curriculum. Adopting such structured skill development activities can pave the way for development of entrepreneurship. Such programmes can train, motivate and assist the upcoming entrepreneurs in achieving their ultimate goals. +The rural youth is having basic indigenous knowledge, skill, potential and resources to establish and manage enterprises. They only require proper guidance, motivation and encouragement to start any enterprise. If they are given knowledge regarding production process, marketing efforts, financial planning, technological + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 49 +SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP + + +advancement, etc. they can prove their abilities as entrepreneurs. +Udyog is not a subject to be thrust upon the students; it is related to life till death. Mahatma Gandhi observed that the so called literate class of people became idle + +treasure of virtues. Udyog make the students capable to understand the value of labour and to be economically free. Udyog can help the students in developing confident and self-reliant personality. +At Randheja campus of Gujarat Vidyapith, the task of + +instead of becoming industrious. This means that life skill development in students is being done very + +education makes man dead instead of living. It was found necessary to reestablish the value of Udyog in education. Hence, Gandhiji gave that new stream of education in which academic education of subjects is to be given only after accepting community living, Chhatralay and Udyog. These three thoughts are life centered. They are inevitable for living life. To live life in community befitting to it, to live self-reliant life and to become industrious are the basis of success of life. He named such a method of education as the Nai Talim. Gandhiji gave Udyog that much importance as one Jeevan Rasayan or Medium of Education. According to Mahatama Gandhi, “The principal idea is to impart the whole education of the body, mind and soul through the handicraft that is taught to the children.” +Udyog is WíkT + Þkuøk – Higher Yoga. Yog-sadhana is very necessary for stability, health, peace and power of mind, body and soul. Udyog should not be considered as mere + +effectively through various Udyog activities. Each and every student as well as teacher takes part in such activities with great enthusiasm, spirit, concentration and devotion. The period of one hour is appropriated to such Udyog daily. All the students of different faculties are assigned various Udyog activities such as agriculture, sewing and knitting, spinning, soap making, file making, handicraft, etc. +I have become inspired to write something about my experience of Udyog activities with the students of Masters of Rural Management (M.R.M.). The experience was quite inspiring and unique. In the Centre for Studies in Rural Management, the experience of coordinating the practical experience with the curriculum is felt quite successful. The group of 14 girls was divided into three sub groups according to their interest, skills and talents. After the discussion with each group, they were assigned the following Udyog activities. (Table:1) + + + +hard physical labour. Udyog should be integrated and introduced in education as an inevitable aid or medium of education-process. It is very true in all the disciplines of life. Being free from mere bookish knowledge, a student should resort to manual work and practical experience. Gandhiji put emphasis on vocational and functional education. “Earning while learning” was the motto of this education. This will increase the creativity in a student. As Gandhi wanted to make Indian village’s self-sufficient units, he emphasised that vocational education should increase the efficiency within the students who will make the village as self-sufficient units. +In other words, Gandhi’s educational philosophy was born out of his intense need to better the condition of rural India. As Kumarappa puts it, “Gandhiji saw that the only way of saving the nation at that juncture was to revive village economic life and to relate education to it. Education ... was to be based on village occupations. The child was to be trained to be a producer” (“Editor’s Note” to Basic Education: iii). + + +Table 1 – Description of Udyog Activities + +Team No. Of Udyog Description No. Students + +1 4 Hand bags • Hand bags with lining inside were made of pure Khadi. +• There were varieties in pattern and designs such as belt size, pockets, colour and print of material, etc. +• Bags were decorated with mirror, beads, lace, hand embroidery, Kodies, Tikies, etc. + +2 5 Ornaments • Mainly bracelets and ear-rings were produced. +• To take the advantage of Rakhi-day and Friendship day, some Rakhi and Friendship Bands were also produced and sold +• Bracelets were made of paper beads and plastic beads +• Earrings were made using waste plastic bags. + + + +Entrepreneurship Development in 3 5 Rural Management Students +Gujarat Vidyapith is based on the principles of Basic Education (Buniyadi Shikshan or Nai Talim). Hence, Udyog is considered as a foundation of education. According to Gandhiji, education brings out the talents hidden in the body, heart and soul of the students. Education teaches the true art of living. It includes acquiring entrepreneurial skills, maturity of thoughts and + + +Paper Flowers With Vase + + +• Whole product was 100% eco friendly and made of paper only. +• Vase were made of waste news papers and painted artistically. +• Flowers were made of florescent coloured papers by using various cutting and folding techniques. +• Origami (A Japanese art of folding paper) was also used to make some flowers. + + + +50 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP + + +Udyog is not merely a physical exercise done regularly but is a birth place of new thoughts, self confidence and +concentration. The students planned the designs and + +Division of Labour, Time Study, Motion Study, etc.; Test Marketing Experience; New Product Development +Process; Pricing Methods and Policies; Selling Strategies, + +targets to be accomplished in three months and after the Personal Selling Experience and Salesman Ship; + +completion of the period decided the target was almost achieved. From August to mid of October 2012, they worked for at least one hour on every working day. They had a very good experience of designing the product, production, marketing & selling, basic accounting and working in a team as if they were running a micro enterprise. On eighteenth of October at the convocation ceremony of Gujarat Vidyapith, these teams were given opportunity to exhibit and sell their products and to earn profit from the same. It was really a challenging opportunity and thrilling experience for them to plan and prepare themselves for such selling ground. +For fixing the prices of these products, cost plus pricing + +Branding, Labeling, Marking, Packaging and Packing; Advertising & Publicity Methods and Effectiveness; Applying Sales Promotion Tools such as Offering Discount, etc.; Consumer Behavior and Purchase Decisions; Communication and Human Psychology; Maintaining Stock Register and Calculation of Stock; Methods of Price Determination; and Basic Accounting and Record Keeping, etc. +The above practical knowledge is very much essential to be developed in management students, as they are going to be future entrepreneurs of our nation. Besides, the following life skills have also be developed in students as +such Team Management and Cohesiveness; Work + +method and penetration pricing policy was adopted, as Involvement and Sense of Cooperation; Creative & + +they were new players in the market. However, on-going price prevailing in the current market was also kept in mind while deciding prices for ornaments. The price tags +were attached with all the products. And special discount + +Logical Thinking and Practicability; Thrift, Honesty and Devotion towards Work and Life; Time Management and Value of Time; Self Confidence and Decision Making +Power; Ability of Taking Initiatives and Bearing Risk; + +was offered to the customers depending on the quantity Communication Skill and Art Of Expressing Self; + +purchased. +The students were given chance to have a real market experience to study the behavior, attitude, expectation and demands of the customers and consumers. On the occasion of the convocation ceremony, one stall was +provided to the students to exhibit their products. Here, + +Enthusiasm and Discipline; Concentration and Will Power; and Quality Consciousness +Thus, Indian education policy must be reviewed and Rural Management courses must be designed in such a way to inspire students not to leave the village but to +contribute for the development of the same. The youth + + + +they realize the importance of personal selling, +communication, demonstration, etc. + +is misguided and get confused between two choices: i) +Whether to live in village or ii) to leave the village!!! + + + +Before having this experience of exhibition, they carried on a ‘Test Marketing’ effort to know the taste and trend of the market. For that, samples of products were made and they were shown and sold in the hostel of the college and their own villages. They received the views and suggestions from them and finalized the designs, quality, targets, etc. The whole process, starting prior to production and continuing after the sale, gave them the overall idea about marketing. +Outcomes and Observations +Generally, management students are taught subjects such as marketing management, production management, finance management, human resource development, NGO management, project management, computer management, research methodology and statistics, etc. During my research study, it is observed that the following topics can be well correlated with the Udyog activities as such Principles of Management; Production Planning and Targeting; Lay Out of Unit, Managing +Mass Production; Standardization and Quality Control; + +Today the fact is that rural management students study their curriculum with a view to getting a good job in some of the NGOs or some corporate bodies. They feel proud to leave the native place or own village. Why is it so? And who forces them to feel so? It is a debatable issue. Sometimes leaving the village is considered as a Certificate of Success. This perception must be changed as early as possible. The Rural management courses must be designed in such a way that they can be able to awake the spirit of responsibility and critical thinking among the student to reshape the newer India comprising of wealthy villages and prosperous cultural heritage. This can be partially done possible to relate the practical experiences of life with the course structure so that rural youth can have entrepreneurial attributes and power to initiate own enterprise. +Research Methodology +The purpose of this case study is to observe the +applicability and relevance of principles of education + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 51 +SUSTAINABLE ENTREPRENEURSHIP + +shown by Mahatma Gandhi in today’s education system with practical life experiences. If some live + +by correlating Udyog activities with academic curriculum +of rural management students. The study is based on a + +demonstration, real experiences and worth examples are +included in academic programmes, it will definitely be + +case study, where questionnaire, feedback, observation proved fruitful. This can develop spirit of + +and personal interviews are used to come to the conclusion. The data has been collected from the 14 respondents (girls), students of MRM from CSRM, Gujarat Vidyapith to fulfill the purpose of the paper. The primary as well as secondary data sources have been used for the fulfillment of the purpose. The respondents shared their experience and findings related with the Udyog activities done from Aug to October 2012. Here, the data were analyzed by manual methods as the experimental research approach has been utilized to know the results of the Udyog activities carried out for the period of three months along with their formal study schedule. Though all the students of each semester used to do some type of Udyog activity, this study has been done keeping in consideration only one team consisting +of 14 girls. + +entrepreneurship and the attributes and attitude as future entrepreneurs in students, who are going to be responsible citizens of India. +Instead of using the talents to make rich richer (working for the benefit of big industrialists of corporate houses) our youth must utilize their time, efforts, skill and knowledge to become a master of their own independent enterprises, which can provide employment to many needy. This grass root level efforts are required to be done for the development of our country. Keeping in view the level of adaption, applicability, requirements and urge of students, various ‘Udyog’activities can be designed, adopted and included in the main stream of formal education. By sharing my personal experience as a case study, here I want to show +the outcomes and to explain the possibilities of + +Conclusion motivating the youth towards sustainable + +As we all understand that the real identity of India resides in the prosperity of human talents, rural resources and Indian heritage. But the scenario is quite surprising. Educated youth of rural India is very eager to leave the village. Even the rural management students don’t seem to be much concerned with rural development. The rural youth struggle to grab an employment opportunity in well-developed city, which causes burden on urban India and this situation is responsible for rural-urban imbalance and unemployment situation in India. With the expansion of educational opportunities rural-urban migration rate is also observed high. Students are degree/career oriented having dreams and desires of luxurious urbanized lifestyle. They are lacking long term sight and rushing blindly towards illusionary so called development. Indian rural women are naturally blessed with traditional art, mental courage, physical and mental strength and cultured attitude. Yet they are deprived of economical and social benefits due to lack of proper knowledge about utilizing such talents in a productive manner. If such attitude and flow of migration continues, the prosperity of Indian traditional rural art and skill will perish and disappear. If such strengths are appreciated, nurtured and taken care of seriously, they can do wonders. It is in the hand of youth to revive and reshape the dying Indian originality. They need proper guidance and direction only. +One of the very strong root causes behind such situation +is the absence of correlation of academic curriculum + +entrepreneurship, which can be proved as an effective step toward the sustainable rural development of India. +References +Bhardwaj Gurendra Nath, Parashar Swati, Pandey Babita, Sahu Puspamita. Women Entrepreneurship in India: Opportunities and Challenges. Retrieved from http://www.chimc.in/Volume2.1/Volume2Issue1/ GurendraNathBhardwaj.pdf. +Bhatt Nanabhai. Nai Talim: Abhinav Jivandarshan. Lokbharati Gramvidyapith, Sanosara. +Deshpande Sunil, Sethi Sunita (June, 2010). Role and Position of Women Empowerment In Indian Society. International Referred Research Journal ISSN-0974-2832 VOL. I * ISSUE—17 RNI : RAJBIL/2009/29954. +Gandhi, M. K. (1951). Basic Education. Bharatan Kumarappa, ed. Navjivan Publication, Ahmedabad. +Mehta Anita, Mehta Mukund Chandra (Dec. 2011). Rural Women Entrepreneurship in India:-Opportunities and challenges. International Conference on Humanities, Geography and Economics (ICHGE’2011) Pattaya. +Shah Amisha (2013). Rural-Urban Migration- As a Constraint in Rural Development. Rural Development of India. Guru Design Shop, Vallabh Vidyanagar. +Sriram M.S. (2007). Rural Management Education in India: A Retrospect, Indian Institute of Management. +W.P. No.2007- 04-01. + + +52 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +MICRO ENTREPRISES + +MICRO ENTREPRISES IN HARYANA: AN ANALYSIS + + +M. M. Goel +Professor of Economics & Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra +Om Prakesh +Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. +Abstract + + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +The objective of this paper is to understand, analyze and interpret the role of micro enterprises in the rapid growth of the Haryana economy as one of the fastest among 28 States and 7 Union Territories (UTs) of India. It would be no exaggeration to say that the industrial development lying within the ambit of micro enterprises especially those based on agriculture can go a long way in ensuring the overall economic well being of the people and thereby raising the quality of their life substantially. The sector has undergone several changes in terms of its nomenclature. Small Scale Industries (SSIs) have been reclassified as Micro and Small with the introduction of Micro and Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Act, 2006. MSMEs have been playing significant role in the overall economic development. MSMEs have been termed as ‘engine of growth’ for all the developing economies including Haryana. Annual Compound Growth Rates (ACGRs) have been used as the major statistical tool to analyze the functioning of micro enterprises in Haryana during pre and post reform period. Four economic parameters namely no. of units, investment, employment and production have been used as yardsticks to gauge or evaluate the contribution of the micro-enterprises in improving the financial health and economic scenario of the state. The major problems being encountered by micro enterprises have also been discussed. To ensure implementation of the policies and programmes for micro enterprises, we need good governance which means SMART (SIMPLE, Moral, Action Oriented, Responsive and Transparent) administration. The present study has been divided into five sections. Section I deals with the introduction and related concepts. Section II is devoted to Review of Literature. Section III highlights the research methodology. Section IV describes the growth of number, employment, total Investment and total production of micro enterprises in Haryana. Section V discusses the problems of micro enterprises in Haryana and last section VI, conclusion and policy implications. +Keywords: Micro,MSME Act 2006, Subsidy, Jugad Technology + + +Micro enterprises have only been recognized in last few years as an important subclass of the enterprise sector. But the evidence shows that one third of the population in developing countries derive their income from the micro enterprises sector, the very small, non-framing income generating units, including artisanal operations, family business, cottage industries and other prizes in the informal sector. The micro businesses include a wide spectrum of activities from rural traditional crafts handed down through generating to first steps in entrepreneurship taken by the impoverished unemployed. Micro enterprises embody an impressive array of initiatives, skill and talents which, if effective forms of assistance can be developed, have the potential to make enormous contribution to economic growth. +Industrialization is the main hope of most of the poor countries who are trying to increase their level of income and it is reckoned as a tested tool of development. Even Lt. Jawaharlal Nehru felt that the real development of a country depends upon industrialization. To quote him “We are bound to be industrialized, we must be industrialized, as progress ultimately depends upon industrialization”. In the broader sense, industrialization not only encompasses the entire gamut of economic activity but also has its impact on the social organization relations and attitude. + +terms or lease or on hire purchase does not exceed. Rs. 10 million. (Subject to the condition that the unit is not owned, controlled or a subsidiary or any other industrial undertaking). +The earliest definition of small scale industries was made in 1950. At that time, in addition to a limit on investment in fixed assets, there was also an employment stipulation. The employment condition was deleted in 1960.The limit on investment in fixed assets was changed to a limit on investment in plant and machinery (original value) only in 1966. Table I indicates the historical evolution of definition of MEs (SSIs). +Table 1- Micro Enterprises ceiling in India over the years +Year of Revision Amount Criteria for definition MEs of MEs (SSIs) (Rupees in (SSIs) investment in +Ceiling Lakh) +1955 Rs. 5.00 Fixed Assets and Employment less these 50/100 workers/ with/ without power +1960 Rs. 5.00 Fixed Assets +1966 Rs. 7.50 Plant and Machinery 1975 Rs. 7.50 Plant and Machinery 1980 Rs. 20.00 Plant and Machinery 1985 Rs. 35.00 Plant and Machinery +1991 Rs. 60.00 Plant and Machinery + +Historical Evolution of the Definition of Micro Enterprises 1997 Rs. 300.00 Plant and Machinery + +As per industries (Development and Regulation) Act 1951, a small scale industrial undertaking w.e.f. 21.12.1999, means an industrial undertaking in which the investment in fixed assets in plant and machinery whether held on ownership + + +1999 Rs. 100.00 Plant and Machinery +2006 Rs. 25 Lakh to Plant and Machinery 5 Crore +Sources:- www. smallindustryIndia. com + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 53 +MICRO ENTREPRISES + + +The present definition of a maximum of Rs. 1 Crore of investment plant and machinery (and Rs. 25 Lakh for tiny or micro units.), excluding equipment for environmental control and research and development, has had a tortous history. In the immediate post-reform (post-1991) period, the prevailing definition was an investment limit of Rs. 60 Lakh for SSIs and Rs. 75 Lakh for ancillaries, with no formal definition of tiny or micro units. The then Govt. tried to enhance the SSIs investment limit to Rs. 1 Crore or 3 Crore but ultimately lest the matter undisturbed, apparently to avoid antagonising on section or another. The succeeding Government raised the limit sharply to Rs. 3 Crore from Rs. 60 Lakh/ Rs. 75 Lakh towards the and of its tenure, without a modicum of debate and later reduced the limit to Rs. 1 crore in 1999. +Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 +According to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act 2006 – it provides the first ever legal framework for recognition of the concept of ‘enterprises’ (comprising both manufacturing and services) and integrating the three-tiers of these enterprises, viz, micro, small and medium. +Manufacturing Enterprises : based on investment in plant and machinery. +Micro Enterprises – Investment upto Rs. 25 lakh +Small Enterprises – Investment above Rs. 25 lakh and upto Rs. 5 crore. +Medium Enterprises – Investment above Rs. 5 crore and upto Rs. 10 crore. +Service Enterprises : based on investment in equipments Micro Enterprises – Investment upto Rs. 10 lakh. +Small Enterprises – Investment above Rs. 10 lakh and upto Rs. 2 crore. +Medium Enterprises – Investment above Rs. 2 crore and upto Rs. 5 crore. +The ceilings on investment for the micro, small and medium enterprises both in manufacturing sector and service sector can be summarized in the following table 2 +Table 2 – Classification of MSMEs based on investment slabs Manufacturing Enterprises +Enterprises Investment in Plant and Machinery Micro Upto Rs. 25 Lakhs +Small More than Rs. 25 Lakhs and upto Rs. 5 crores Medium More than Rs. 5 crores and upto Rs. 10 crores Service Enterprises +Enterprises Investment in Equipments Micro Upto Rs. 10 Lakhs +Small More than Rs. 10 lakhs and upto Rs. 2 crores Medium More than Rs. 2 crores and upto Rs. 5 crores. +Source: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006. + +Review of Literature +To justify the need of the study, there is a strong case for review of the literature in the field of research .The literature demonstrates that the micro enterprises are necessary for economic growth and development of any economy including Haryana. The review includes the following studies: +Ganguly (1988) studies the performance, policies, problems and prospects of the small scale industrial sector. Study reveals that the sector suffers from various problems such as inadequacy of raw materials and financial assistance, lack of effective marketing and encroachment on the areas reserved for SSIs by large and medium sectors, conscious efforts of the govt. to promote the small sector not with standing. But the author maintains the view that the faster growth of the medium and large scale sectors considerably. +Balu (1991) examined the overall financing of small scale industries and also the contribution of the financial institutions and banks in financing small scale units. The study is mainly based on primary data and covering a sample of 150 small scale entrepreneurs spread over Madras city. It has been found that the entrepreneur with non business background relied heavily on external sources like banks and other financial institutions. They face problems like delay in sanction and disbursement, inadequacy of loan, insistence for collateral security, impersonal and non cooperative attitude of the officials. A single agency approach has been recommended as a solution to these problems in the study. +Subramanian and Pillai (1994) in their article reported a survey of small industries in Kerela and compared their performance with the small industries in other major states and with all India average. The poor performance of small industries in Kerala is attributable to low capacity utilization, low factor productivity, unfavourable usage-productivity relationship and industrial ‘sickness’ following severe financial and marketing problems. The performance of the small sector in Kerala could be improved by changing growth strategies which may enable them to reap economies of scale and lead to sectoral linkages and agglomeration. +Chattopadhyay (1995) with the help of primary and secondary data discusses the causes and solutions of industrial sickness in India. By using various mathematical and statistical tools like financial ratios and multiple regression, it has been observed that sick industrial units have been suffering from managerial inefficiency, demand recession, obsolete plant and machinery and labour problems. Sufficient financial aid from financial institutions is not forthcoming. Policies framed by the govt. need to be implemented strictly to being about improvement in the situations. +Abid Hussain Committee (1997) reiterated the recommen-dations of Nayak Committee in general and recommended introduction of innovative finance and made a case for higher earmarking of credit for tiny sector units among small scale units. + + +54 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +MICRO ENTREPRISES + + +Mali (1998) in his study has observed that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and micro enterprises have to face increasing competition in the present scenario of globalization, they have to specifically improve themselves in the fields of management, marketing, product diversification, infrastructural development, technological up gradation. Moreover, new small and medium enterprises may have to move from slow growth area to the high growth area and they have to form strategic alliance with entrepreneurs of neighboring countries. +Neelamegam and Inigo (1999) in their study discussed the financial aspects of the SSIs. Three districts of Tamil Nadu, + +than that of post liberalization period (1991-92 to 2007-08). They concluded that MSMEs failed to put up an impressive performance in post reform era. +Sanchita (2010) observed that management problems and constraints experienced by women entrepreneurs in Small Scale industry of Haryana including lack of confidence, problems of finance, working capital, Socio-cultural barriers, production problems and inefficient marketing arrangements. To solve the management problems of for women entrepreneurs in Haryana specially in Small Scale sectors, there is a strong case for simple and systematic procedures at all administrative levels for ensuring the + +SSIs are contributing in providing employment planned benefits to the needy women entrepreneurs for + +opportunities, increase in production. It has been found that managerial inefficiency is the most serious problem. The study made empirical analysis especially for textile & engineering goods industries and observed that mere recommendations and enactment of policies are not enough unless proper implementation is ensured. Therefore, Government should take necessary steps as it is highly desirable to tackle the problem. +Goel (2002) has diagnosed the problems of SSIs and talked about excellence models for management of SSIs in India. The products of the SSIs would be popular only if they satisfy the essential need of the customer (foreign as well as domestic) and is utilitarian. Glamour alone can not be a substitute for the basic requirements of Need, Affordability and Worth (NAW approach) of the product. To adopt and accept the normative approach to HRD in SSIs, it is essential to understand SIMPLE model of HRD consisting of six human development activities such as Spiritual development, Intuition development, Mental level development, Physical Development, Love-yourself attitude development and Emotional quotient (EQ) development. +Bala Subrahmanya (2004) highlights the impact of globalization and domestic reforms on small-scale industries sector. The study states that small industry has suffered in terms of growth of units, employment, output and exports. The Researcher highlights that the policy changes have also thrown open new opportunities and markets for the small-scale industries sector. He suggests that the focus must be turned to technology development and strengthening of financial infrastructure in order to make Indian small industry internationally competitive and contribute to national income and employment. +Sonia and Kansai Rajeev (2009) studied the effects of globalization on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) during pre and post liberalization from 1973-74 to 2008-09. They used four economic parameters namely number of units, production, employment and export and interpreted study results based on Annual Average Growth Rate (AAGR) calculation. AAGR in pre liberalization period (1973-74 to 1989-90) was higher in all selected parameters + +optimal utilization without underutilization and wastage of scarce financial resources. +Singh et al, (2012) analyzed the performance of Small scale industry in India and focused on policy changes which have opened new opportunities for this sector. Their study concluded that SSI sector has made good progress in terms of number of SSI units, production & employment levels. The study recommended the emergence of technology development and strengthening of financial infrastructure to boost SSI and to achieve growth target. +Research Methodology +The present study analyses the growth, performance and problems of micro enterprises in Haryana. The data structure for the study is based on official publications of the directorate of industries, Haryana Chandigarh. The study covers a period from 1966-67 to 2011-12. Four parameters namely No. of Units, Employment, Investment and Total Production have been used for the analysis of micro enterprises in Haryana inclusive of both pre and post-reform periods. In this paper we have used Annual Compound Growth Rate(ACGR) for analysis of data. +Annual Compound Growth Rates +The ACGRs have been calculated by using the semi-log model as explained below: +Yt = ab1t +(i)Taking log, we have +Log Yt = Log a + t Log b1 (ii) +G = [Anti Log (Log b1) -1] x 100 +Yt = tth observation on the variable Y +T = tth variable taking n values 1,2,3, ..n +G = Annual compound Growth Rate in percentage (ACGR) +The test of significance has been applied to find out whether the estimated growth rate is significant or not and for this purpose, we have used ‘t’ statistics. +Analysis the growth of micro enterprises regarding number of units, employment, total investment and total production. + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 55 +MICRO ENTREPRISES + + +Table 3 – Growth of the number of Micro Enterprises A Decomposit Analysis + +Period B0 B1 (T-Values) R2 1966-67 - 1976-77 8.271 0.127 34* 0.970959 +ACGR +(16.3729) +1977-78 - 1986-87 9.289 0.184 52.8* 0.989174 (27.0957) +1987-88 - 1996-97 11.167 0.065 16.1* 0.994616 (37.9706) +1997-98 - 2006-07 11.544 -0.047 -10.26* 0.466324 (-2.6463) +2007-08 - 2012 11.149 0.033 7.9* 0.961867 (9.7429) +1966-67 - 2012 9.607 0.051 12.5* 0.430654 (5.7692) + +Sources : Directorate of Industry, Haryana Chandigarh Note : i) Figures in parentheses denote T-Values +ii) *T-values are significant at 1 percent level significant. +It is evident from the table 3 that annual compound growth rate of the number of micro enterprises in Haryana for various time periods is significant, except the period 1997-98 to 2006-07 for which ACGR is negative. It is not worthy here that for the years 1977-78 to 1986-87, the ACGR of micro enterprises is highest that is 52.8 percent followed by the ACGR 34% during 1966-67 to 1976-77. However for the whole period from 1966-67 to 2012. the ACGR is 12.5 percent which is low in comparison of the growth of micro enterprises in the earlier years. +Besides, regression coefficient (B1) is found to be significant for all models. Similarly, coefficient of determination (R2) is +extremely high (0.99 percent) in case of regression models for the period 1987-88 to 1996-97 and 1977-78 to 1986-87. Whereas value of R2 is poor for the regression models associated with period 1997-98 to 2006-07 & 1966-67 to 2012. +Table 4 – Growth of Employment of Micro Enterprises A Decomposit Analysis +ACGR +Period B0 B1 R2 +(T-Values) +1966-67 - 1976-77 11.249 0.058 14.3* 0.957317 +(13.2996) + +time periods (except 1997-98 to 2006-07) is positive and considerable. During 1977/78 - 1986/87, it is 32.4 percent which is highest. If whole time spans from 1966-67 to 2012 is considered. then ACGR is 5.2 percent, only. +The regression coefficient (B1) in all cases, except in case of 1997/98 - 2006/07 is statistically significant at 1 percent level +of significance. The value of R2 for all cases excluding 1997/ 98 - 2006/07 and 1966/67 - 2012, is quite high and showing goodnesses of fit of the selected models. +Table 5 – Growth of Total Investment of Micro Enterprises A Decomposit Analysis + +Period B0 B1 (T-Values) R2 1966-67 - 1976-77 11.249 0.058 14.3* 0.957317 +ACGR +(13.2996) +1977-78 - 1986-87 11.670 0.122 32.4* 0.964388 (14.7102) +1987-88 - 1996-97 12.939 0.065 16.1* 0.942807 (11.3642) +1997-98 - 2006-07 13.288 -0.033 -7.32* 0.261736 (-1.6850) +2007-08 - 2012 13.088 0.066 16.4* 0.991696 (20.5613) +1966-67 - 2012 12.135 0.022 5.2* 0.362470 (5.0016) +Sources : Directorate of Industry, Haryana Chandigarh Note : i) Figures in parentheses denote T-Values +ii) *T-values are significant at 1 percent level significant. +The above table 5 highlights the annual compound growth rate of total investment in micro enterprises for various time spans. ACGR is highest (93.6 percent) for the time periods 2007-08 to 2012, followed by 64.1 percent during 1977-78 to 1986-87. However, during 1997-98 to 2006-07 the growth of investment in micro enterprises is found to be negative. It may be due to the negative growth of number of units of micro enterprises in Haryana. +Moreover, regression coefficients for all models, except for 1997-98 to 2006-07, are statistically significant at 1 percent level of significance. The value of R2 is also appreciable in all regression models except for 1887-98 to 2006-07 and 1966-67 to 2012. + +1977-78 - 1986-87 11.670 0.122 32.4* 0.964388 Table 6 – Growth of Total Production of Micro Enterprises + +(14.7102) +1987-88 - 1996-97 12.939 0.065 16.1* 0.942807 (11.3642) +1997-98 - 2006-07 13.288 -0.033 -7.32* 0.261736 (-1.6850) +2007-08 - 2012 13.088 0.066 16.4* 0.991696 (20.5613) +1966-67 - 2012 12.135 0.022 5.2* 0.362470 (5.0016) +Sources : Directorate of Industry, Haryana Chandigarh Note : i) Figures in parentheses denote T-Values +ii) *T-values are significant at 1 percent level significant. +The above table 4 clearly reveals that the growth rate of employment in micro enterprises in Haryana for different + + +Period B0 B1 (T-Values) R2 1966-67 - 1976-77 7.797 0.208 61.4* 0.989097 +ACGR +(26.9585) +1977-78 - 1986-87 9.662 0.215 64.1* 0.982664 (21.3044) +1987-88 - 1996-97 11.728 0.064 15.9* 0.994575 (40.7098) +1997-98 - 2006-07 12.006 -0.015 -3.39* 0.058559 (-0.7054) +2007-08 - 2012 12.022 0.287 93.6* 0.966336 (10.7240) +1966-67 - 2012 10.132 0.044 10.7* 0.368923 (5.0717) + +Sources : Directorate of Industry, Haryana Chandigarh Note :i) Figures in parentheses denote T-Values +ii) *T-values are significant at 1 percent level significant. + + + +56 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +MICRO ENTREPRISES + +The above table 6 reveals that the ACGR of the sector of an economy, without adequate and timely production of micro enterprises is positive and supply of required raw material, is not likely to make considerable in all time periods. During 2007-08 to much progress. Different types of micro enterprises 2012, ACGR is highest and stood at 87.9 percent require different types of raw material. For some while for the years 1997-98 to 2006-07, it is 8.4 industries local raw material is used and the same is percent, as the total number of micro enterprises abundantly available. But in other industries raw declined during 1997-98 to 2006-07 despite that the material is required from other states and for some production of these enterprises have grown. However even from other countries too which creates the the regression coefficient for all time spans except problem of non-availability of good quality raw + +1997-98 to 2006-07 are statistically significant at 1 percent level of significance. Similarly, R2 is appreciable in all modals except for 1997-98 to 2006-07 and 1966-67 to 2012. +It is clear from the above table no. (3), (4), (5) and + +material at low prices. +Lack of labour : The labour is an essential and active factor of production besides raw material, power and capital. It is manifestly different from other factors of +production. Empirical study of Eresi (2001) concludes + +(6) that the growth rate of the number of units, that labour related problems constitute on of the employment, investment and total production has important reasons for the failure of micro enterprises. + +increased before the post reforms periods. After 1991, there has been a sharp decline in the number of units, +the number of persons employed, investment and total + +Labour is a living thing that makes all the difference. So well planned recruitment and training facilities are +basic requirement for an industry. Proper manpower + +production. An analysis of pre and post reform planning is the basic requirement for the recruitment + +period, reveal that new economic policy has adversely +affected the micro enterprises (SSIs) in Haryana. + +of an effective working force in any enterprise. +Lack of power shortage : In modern times, power is + +Problems of Micro Enterprises in Haryana the most important ingredient of production. The + +The development of micro enterprises has been hampered due to diversity of problems. Micro Enterprises have suffered with many problems. Though, there are many problems connected with micro enterprises, some of them are as under: +Competition ( both healthy as well as unhealthy) with other categories of industries: Micro enterprises have to compete with medium and large scale industries which outstrip the former interms of competent entrepreneurs, abundant and superior raw material modern and sophisticated equipment, development of latest modern technology, immense financial sinews and latest marketing strategies. With their primitive methods of production and limited financial resources and illiterate incompetent and ignorant entrepreneurs and non-standardized nature of their product, micro +enterprises are out performed by large scale industries + +entire movement of the machinery depends upon power. If there is a short supply of power or electricity, there is an interruption in production stream and the entrepreneur has to suffer heavy losses. The state should therefore, pay special attention to the problem of power shortage/crisis in micro enterprises. +Financial problems: Every problem of small producer concerning production, raw material quality or marketing is in the ultimate analysis, a financial one. The producers in the small scale industries have small means and require short, medium and long-term loans to meet their obligations. The internal sources of micro enterprises mainly consist of ploughed- back profits. Since absolute size of profit is small for the finance facility, they have to depend upon central and state governments, commercial banks, SFCs and other +private financiers. + +in a big way. They find it almost impossible to Marketing problems: Micro enterprises in the region compete with then interms of price and quality of are plagued by certain problems on marketing front. gives. Unless micro enterprises are incentivized and In the present competitive world, the sale of a subsidized by the government their survival is under product can be improved with a suitable marketing threat and it would be disastrous for Indian economy strategy. The concept of marketing signifies much if these labour intensive and employment generating more than the traditional act of selling rather it is an + +unity are forces to close down due to their un-viability in the face of mounting competition from large scale industries. +Lack of raw material: The raw material is the basic +pre-requisite of an industrial enterprise and industrial + +integrated effort. Since most of the units in the region are very small in size and financially not very strong, so individual units have limited production capacity, limited sustaining power and competitive strength. +Micro enterprises suffer from marketing difficulties. + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 57 +MICRO ENTREPRISES + + +Policy Implications: The following policy implications +are flowing from the analysis of micro enterprises in + +6. Annual Report (2010-11), Ministry of Micro, Small and +Medium Enterprises, Government of India, 2010-11. + +the state of Haryana for their survival & progress : 7. Ganguly, Nirmal (1988), “Small Scale Sector The problems of the entrepreneurs need to be Problems and Prospects”, Yojana, Vol. 32, No. 4, + +addressed by the government by devising suitable policies and strategies to surmount them. The survival of the micro is under grave threat in the face of stiff competition triggered by the commencement of the globalised era. Upgradation of technology (juggad technology), innovations, liberal credit facilities, marketing devices and proper and intensive advertising to capture national and international markets-all these steps need to be taken on priority basis to save our overpopulated economy from being swallowed by the monster of unemployment and poverty. These micro enterprises must be enabled to withstand the ever growing pressure of global competition by introducing competitiveness in terms of quality and price of their products otherwise not only will the progress of the economy be decelerated but it will fall into a shambles. Micro enterprises will help in the development of Indian economy by generating additional employment opportunities, reducing poverty and regional inequalities. It is the need of the hour that govt. should be adopt certain policies and strategies which will boost micro enterprises to increase the number of units, employment, investment and production. To ensure implementation of the policies and programmes for micro enterprises, we need good governance which means SMART (SIMPLE, Moral, Action Oriented, Responsive and Transparent) administration. +These above given recommendations flowing from the study need to be implemented seriously and sincerely with honesty of purpose. Only then the micro enterprises in the state Haryana will survive, exist and thrive. +References +1. Levitsky Jacob (1989), Microenterprises in Developing countries, Washington, D.C., London, International Technology Publications, 1989. +2. Aggarwal, A.N.& Singh, S.P. (1977), “The Role of Industrialization in Development Programme: Economics of underdevelopment.” Oxford University Press, New Delhi. +3. Bryce, D.M. (1960), “Industrial Development,” McGraw Hill Publication, New Delhi. +4. Bogna, Jozsef (1969), “Economic Policy Planning in +Developing Countries.” Abadoniali, Kiado, Budapest. + +March 1-15. +8. Balu, v. (1991), “Financing of Small Scale Industries. A Sample Study Including Notified Backward Ares”, The Indian Journal of Economics, vol. 72, No. 285, pp. 258-0289. +9. Subrahmanian, K.K., Pillai and P. Mohanan (1994), Liberalization and small scale industry need for new growth strategy in Karla:, Economic and political weekly, vol. 29, No. 33 pp. 2168-74. +10. Chattopadhyay, S.K. (1995), Industrial Sickness in Indian, Sage Publications, New Delhi. +11. Abid Hussian Committee Report on Small Enterprises 1997. +12. Mali, D.D. (1998) ‘Development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises of India: Current scenario and challenges’, SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management and Extension) Journal,VoI.25, No.4, December. +13. Neelamegam, R. and Maria Inigo, R. (1999), “Small Industries with Strong Equity”, Prajnan (April-June) +14. Goel, M.M.(2002): Excellence Model for Management of Small Scale Industry in India, Udyog Yug. +15. Bala Subrahmanya, M. H. (2004), ‘Small Industry and Globalization: Implications, Performance and Prospects’ Economic and Political Weekly, Volume XXXIX, No.18, pp 1826-1834. +16. Sonia and Kansai Rajeev (2009), “Globalisation and its impact on Small Scale Industries India” , PCMA Journal of Business, Vol. 1, No. 2 (June, 2009) pp. 135-146, ISSN0974-9977, (Available in http://www. Publishingindia.com/Upload/ SampIe Article/PCMA-Sample- Article.pdf, Accessed 27.9.2012 at 9.23 a.m.) +17. Sanchita (2010): Small Scale Industries in Post Reform Era: A Study of Management Problems of Women Entrepreneur In Haryana, un-published Ph.D thesis of Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. +18. Singh, R., Verma, O.P., and Anjum, B. (2012), ‘Small Scale Industry: An Engine of Growth’, Zenith +International Journal of Business Economics & + + + +5. K. Padmanabhan (2011), “WTO and Small +Enterprises in India,” Chapter 2, Page No. 39, 40. + +Management Research, Vol.2 Issue 5. Online +available at http://www.zenith research.org.in + + + +58 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +INCLUSIVE RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP + +LIJJAT PAPAD: A CASE STUDY OF INCLUSIVE RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP + + +Ananda Das Gupta +Head (HRD), Indian Institute of Plantation Management, Bangalore. + +Abstract + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + +Shri Mahila Griha Udyog, the makers of the famous Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad Papad, is an organisation, which symbolises the strength of a woman. Only women can become the members of the organisation. All members are also the owners of the organisation and are fondly referred to as ‘sisters’. There is a central managing committee of 21 members to manage the affairs of the organisation. To aid the management, there are also Sanchalikas to look after the day-to-day affairs of the individual centers and also of that of the Udyog as a whole. The organisation functions on the basis of consensus and each member has ‘veto’ powers. +Keywords: Lijjat Papad, leadership, Inclusive Responsible Leadership + + +It all began on 15th march. 1959, A majority of the revolutionary march. This story fanciful at any rate. But to women inhabitants of an old residential building in say so would be undermining the contribution of a well + +Girgaum (a thickly populated area of South Bombay), were busy attending their usual domestic chores.A few of them, seven to be exact, gathered on the terrace of the building and started a small inconspicuous function. The +function ended shortly, the result - production of 4 + +thought-out Gandhian business strategy, equally well executed by his followers, late Chhaganlal Karamshi Parekh and Damodar Dattani, who worked tirelessly from behind the scene. Their vision was clear – an exclusive women’s +organisation run and managed by them, a quality product + +packets of Papads and a firm resolves to continue that these women had the expertise to make, and, finally, a + +production. This pioneer batch of 7 ladies had set the ball rolling. As the days went by, the additions to this initial group of 7 was ever-increasing. The institution began to grow. The early days were not easy. The institution had its trials and tribulation. The faith and patience of the members were put to test on several occasions - they had no money and started on a borrowed sum of Rs. 80/-. Self-reliance was the policy and no monetary help was to be sought (not even voluntarily offered donations). So work started on commercial footing +The Success Formula +The vision and principles of Sri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad (SMGULP) are based on the ideals of trusteeship. The basic principles underlying the philosophy of the organization are; +SMGULP is a voluntary organization. SMGULP never accepts charity or grants. +SMGULP believes in running the business wisely. +SMGULP is like a family and the sisters run it as if they all belonged to the same family. +SMGULP is like a revered place of worship. +SMGULP is a combination of three concepts, the business concept, the family concept and the devotion concept. +Today, Lijjat is more than just a household name for ‘papad’ (India’s most popular crispy bread). Started with a modest loan of Rs 80, these women took its turnover from Rs 6,196 in the first year to Rs 300 crore in the next +few decades, involving over 40,000 women on its + +work environment which is not competition-driven and mechanised but based on pure labour and love for the organisation and its people. Lijjat is today guided by separate divisions of advertising, marketing, sales promotion and exports. There is greater coordination between branch offices (different production and marketing units) and centralised marketing, advertising and exports departments. the cooperative now has annual sales exceeding Rs 301 crore (Rs 3.1 billion). What’s more stunning than its stupendous success is its striking simplicity. With quality consciousness as the principle that guided production, Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad grew to be the flourishing and successful organisation that it is today. +The model of Responsible Leadership +Every morning a group of women goes to the Lijjat branch to knead dough, which is then collected by other women who roll it into papads. When these women come in to collect the dough, they also give in the previous day’s production, which is tested for quality. Yet another team packs the tested papads. Every member gets her share of vanai (rolling charge) every day for the work she does and this is possible only because the rest of the system is geared to support it. +Every branch is headed by a sanchalika (branch head) who is chosen from among the sister-members by consensus. Similarly, allotment of different works like dough-making, distribution of dough, weighing and collection of papad, packaging, etc. are all decided by the sister-members by consensus. The wage pattern is such that the same amount of work fetches almost the same wages. In any case, it is +the collective responsibility of the sister-members to + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 59 +INCLUSIVE RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP + + +manage all branch activities efficiently and profitably. Apart from production, the branch is also responsible for marketing its products in the area allotted to it. +Decentralization +All sister members of the institution are the owners. The committee of 21 members manages the affairs of the institution. There are also Sanchalikas, or supervisors, for each centre to look after the daily affairs of a centre. But the work of the institution is such that each and every member can take any initiative or any decision. +At the same time, each and every member has the veto power. All decisions, major or minor, are based on consensus among members. Any single member’s objection can nullify a decision. To maintain the high quality and standard of Lijjat products and uniformity in taste for the same product from different branches, the central office supplies the raw material – mung and urad flour — to all its branches. This remains the only involvement of the central office in the entire production and marketing exercise of the branch office. +Distributing profits +There are accountants in every branch and every centre to maintain daily accounts. Profit (or loss, if any) is shared equally among all the members of that branch., irrespective of seniority or responsibility. +Delivering quality +Lijjat papad members proudly claim ‘consistently good quality’ to be their USP (Unique Selling Proposition). From the moment a new member joins, she is repeatedly told to make quality her mantra. At the training session, sister members are taught to make the ‘perfect’ Lijjat papad. Quality work is strictly expected from each member. +Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad is synthesis of three different concepts, namely – The concept of business, The concept of family, and The concept of Devotion +All these concept are completely and uniformly followed in this institution. As a result of this synthesis, a peculiar Lijjat way of thinking has developed therein. The institution has adopted the concept of business from the very beginning. All its dealings are carried out on a sound, pragmatic and commercial footing - Production of quality goods and at reasonable prices. It has never and nor will it in the future, accept any charity, donation, gift or grant from any quarter. On the contrary, the member sisters donate collectively for good causes from time to time according to their capacity. +Besides the concept of business, the institution along with all it’s member sisters have adopted the concept of mutual +family affection, concern and trust. All affairs of the + +institution are dealt in a manner similar to that of a family carrying out its own daily household chores. But the most important concept adopted by the institution is the concept of devotion. For the member sisters, employees and well wishers, the institution is never merely a place to earn one’s livelihood - It is a place of worship to devote one’s energy not for his or her own benefits but for the benefit of all. In this institution work is worship. The institution is open for everybody who has faith in its basis concepts. +Market Positioning +As a business enterprise, the declining sales figure for three consecutive years – Rs 298 crore (1999-2000), Rs 288 crore (2000-2001) and Rs 281 crore (2001-2002) – is a matter of concern for Lijjat management. Some of its home turf in Maharashtra and Gujarat has been captured by a growing competitive local market. But Lijjat has also expanded to the North – Delhi, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and, with the latest branch in Jammu, to the Kashmir market as well. +Though each branch is responsible for the marketing of its products in the areas allotted to it, the new centralised marketing offices now procure surplus production from different branches and market it at an all-India level. This coupled with a healthy upward trend in the export of Lijjat papad positions Lijjat as the strongest brand in the papad industry. The other big brands in the papad market are Bikaner, MDH and Saktibhog, but none seem to be able to make any dent in Lijjat’s share of the industry as their core business is not papad. Lijjat markets its products through a wide network of dealers and distributors all across the country, and has never chosen to sell or push its products directly through the vast network of its offices and sister-members even during the initial years. Rather, over the years, Lijjat has developed cordial and mutually beneficial relationships with its dealers. Sisters (employees) claim they believe in doing the business wisely and on sound business ethics. Dealers are given a set commission of seven per cent and retailers’ earnings are fixed between Rs 25 and Rs 26 on the investment of Rs 14 for 200 grams and Rs 150 for 2.5 kilogram packs respectively. +Management: The management involves President – Jyoti J. Naik; Vice - President Smt.Kamal D.Dhandore; Treasurer. Smt.Sharda S.Landge; and Kum. Pratibha H. Trilotkar; Secretary Smt.Malti M. Pawar and Smt. Sunanda R.Belnekar +Diversifications: +Shri Mahila Griha Udyog has diversified its various activities. Besides it’s world famous papads, it also currently has a Flour division at Vashi (Mumbai) where +flour is milled from Udad Dal and Moong Dal, a Masala + + +60 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +INCLUSIVE RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP + + +Division at cotton Green(along with a Quality Control Laboratory) at the same place where different kinds of spice powders like Turmeric, Chillies, Coriander and ready mix masala and like Garam masala, Tea masala, Pav-Bhaji masala, Punjabi Chole Masala etc. are prepared and packed in consumer packs; Printing Division also at the same place; Lijjat Advertising Services at Girgaum (Mumbai); Khakra Division at Buhari (Dist-Valod). Export division at Wadala; Chapati divisions at Mumbai; +Polypropylene set-up at Kashi-Mira Road; A Vadi producing factory at Valod; Bakery division at Valod; and Detergent Powder and Cakes manufacturing unit at Dahisar and office at Borivali (Bombay). +Marketing Activities +Products- Papads, Khakras, Masalas, Lijjat ATTA, Swadeshi ATTA,Detergents +Pricing +Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad adopts a Cost Plus Pricing Strategy for all their products. The Lijjat products are targeted at the middle and lower segments of society. These segments are highly price sensitive and hence this method of pricing allows them to market their products extensively. +While calculating the price the expenses taken into consideration are Cost of Raw material, Rolling Charges, Packaging Costs, Transport, Selling Expenses, and Administrative expenses. +The manufacturing process for making papad starts at 5:00 a.m. everyday. All the sisters or ‘bhaginis’ are fetched from their homes at brought to their respective production centers in institutional vehicles. These sisters who arrive at 5:00 a.m. are responsible for kneeding the papad dough. After 7:00 a.m. the rest of the sisters come in and dough is distributed to each one of them in ‘dabbas’. These sisters take the flour to their respective houses, roll out papads and place them in the sun for drying. It is extremely essential that the papad once rolled gets a sufficient number of hours per day to dry in the sun and that is the reason that the entire process is initiated at 5:00 a.m. +Every morning when the sisters come to work, they bring with them the rolled out papad of the previous day. Only on giving this in do they receive dough for the next day. Most of the centers carry up to 15 days* inventory.The ‘sanchalika’ of each center ensures that there is no wastage or pilferage by counting the papads that are bought in each day. +From 8:00 to 9:00 a.m., the packing process takes place. The packing bags are manufactured by Lijjat itself, so as +to maintain high standards and quality. This is also done + +to prevent duplication of their product, which could occur if this process was outsourced. Quality of the product is of utmost importance. If a slight defect is identified in a day’s production, then the entire production will be destroyed. To maintain standard and assured quality, the purchase of raw materials is carried out by a central authority. The main raw material, Udad dal, is bought and processed in Nashik and Vashi. This is then transported to the Mumbai Head Quarters and then channelised to various centers across the country as per their requirements. +Distribution +In Mumbai, Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad has 18 branches. The daily production is collected at the 6 depots. From here the various products are distributed to the authorized Distributors who in turn deliver it to the retail outlets all over the city, such that every resident of Mumbai is a hop, skip and jump away from the nearest shop selling Apart from production, the branch is also responsible for marketing its products in the area allotted to it. The wide network of dealers and the goodwill that Lijjat products enjoy with customers make the marketing relatively easy. To maintain the high quality and standard of Lijjat products and uniformity in taste for the same product from different branches, the central office supplies the raw material – mung and urad flour — to all its branches. This remains the only involvement of the central office in the entire production and marketing exercise of the branch office. +The distributors pick up the quantity of papad they require and pay cash on delivery because Lijjat pays their bens (members are called bens, or sisters) every day. Since they have an estimate of the quantity each distributor takes, they produce accordingly. This ensures that they neither stock inventory nor pay heavily for storage. +They have about 32 distributors in Mumbai. Each distributor picks up an average of 100 boxes per day from the depot. This is where their job ends. They are not involved in how and where a distributor delivers as long as he stays within the area they have marked for him. Generally each distributor has his three-wheeler and about eight to ten salesmen to deliver to retail outlets within his territory. To select a distributor, they first give an advertisement in newspapers for the areas they have marked. Members from their marketing division personally go and check the godown facilities and only on their approval do they appoint distributors. +A distributor pays us Rs150000 as deposit. They make it clear to them that they must pay on delivery if they want +their distributorship. This system is followed all over India + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 61 +INCLUSIVE RESPONSIBLE LEADERSHIP + + +and it works well for them.When they discover that there is demand in a particular place, they open a new branch, like they recently opened one in Jammu and Kashmir. Whether or not they have a centre in an area, their goods reach there. +For example, they do not have any centre in Goa, but they have appointed a distributor for that area to ensure that Lijjat papads reach Goa. Their communication with distributors is regular through monthly meetings where they discuss their problems and also the issues that they may have about quality, price, reach, etc. +Lijjat’s Ranchi branch was established in November 1997 bifurcating it from the only branch in Bihar at Muzaffarpur. It pays Rs 11,000 per month as rent for the building that houses its office and workshop. A “trekker” (thirteen-seater passenger vehicle) has also been purchased for the conveyance of sister-members from home to the Lijjat office and back. This branch has 165 sister-members and sold papad worth Rs 0.65 million in November 2002. Vanai charge is Rs 14 per kilogram of papad and each sister was paid Rs 250 as extra vanai charge on Dipawali. The Muzaffarpur branch, according to Lijjat sources, paid Rs 2,500 as extra vanai charge to its sister-members. Similarly, the Mumbai and Thane branch distributed gold coins of five grams to each of the 4,056 sister-members a couple of months ago. The branch averages around four rupees as gross profit and one rupee as net profit from per kilogram of papad. +“As an experiment, Lijjat has insulated its sister-members from joblessness. These women also work from their homes, where help from other family members not only adds up to the income but also makes the work more enjoyable. At the workplace they are self-respecting, hard-working and sisterly to one another. More importantly, besides the strength of womanhood, Lijjat is also an experiment in the restoration of the essence of womanhood. The Lijjat women offer an alternative to the highly competitive and stressful work environment defined and dominated by men in which a woman competes with a man more as a man than a woman,” says an elderly Gandhian, TK Sumaiya, of Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal. +They do not have individual door-to-door salesmen or women selling from homes — only the appointed distributor for the area. The same system is followed for other products, but they may have different distributors and depots for different products. Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad has a policy of not allowing any sales to be made on credit terms. All sales are made on cash- +at-delivery or advance payment basis. + +A close check is kept on the distributors to make sure that the products reach every nook and corner of the cities. They make sure that every retailer, no matter what size, stocks their brand of products if they are stocking any other brands of the same product. +Promotions +At Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad, they believe that the best promotion they could possibly receive is by word of mouth. Therefore they concentrate more on cost effectiveness and quality rather than on more expensive modes of promotion like advertisements. Therefore their annual expense on advertisements and promotions amounts to Rs. 60 Lakhs, a mere 0.2% of total turnover. The extremely famous ‘Bunny rabbit’ campaign continues to be aired on specific regional channels. For e.g. Alpha Gujarati, Alpha Bengali, Sun etc. They also advertise in English and regional newspapers. The distributors also need to be motivated properly, so that they in turn make a greater effort to sell large volumes of the products to the retailers. Targets are set quarterly for the distributors. Should they exceed this target, the distributor will receive a further 1% discount. +Exports +Their exports alone account for Rs 10 crore (Rs 100 million).Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad started exporting in 1980. At that time they, directly exported the products themselves. However, this endeavor was shot lived and they stopped direct export in 1982. Today they export through Merchant Exporters, as they do not have the required skilled manpower. All export sales are made on advance payment basis. The merchant exporters provide the cartons with the delivery addresses printed on them. The papads are packed in these and returned to the merchant exporters. When the papads are exported to countries where languages other than English are used, then inserts are added in the packets with all the details given in that local language. +They export to United Kingdom, United States of America, Middle East, Thailand, and Other European Countries +References: +Grassroots Developments in Women’s Empowerment in India: Case Study of Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad (1959-2000) Malathi Ramanathan, Department of History, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India. http://www.pcr.uu.se/conferenses/ myrdal/pdf/Malathi_Ramanathan.pdf +http://www.indiatogether.org/2003/feb/eco-lijpapad.htm +http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/apr/15spec.htm + + + +62 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +VACUUM FORMING MACHINE + +DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF CRANKSHAFT OF DIE STATION OF VACUUM FORMING MACHINE + + +C. P. Gaikwad +Pune University, MET Institute of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adgaon, Nashik +S. D. Kalpande +Pune University, MET Institute of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Adgaon, Nashik + + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + + +Abstract: +The objective of this work is to design and analyze the performance of crankshaft, through a simple experimental model of Forming and Cutting Die Station of Vacuum Forming Machine. A crankshaft is basically designed for bending failure of the crank pin. A parametric mathematical model of crankshaft is modeled using Pro-E Wildfire 4.0 Software and its Static Structural Analysis is carried on Ansys v-11.0 Workbench.FEA of crankshaft is done to determine its von-Misses stress, Max shear Stress, von-Misses strain and Alternating stress to cycles graph. +Keywords: crankshaft, bending, FEA, stress, forming, vacuum, machine, ProE, model, failure, static, structural. + + +In its simplest form the Vacuum forming process consists essentially of inserting a thermoplastic sheet in a cold state into the forming clamp area, heating it to the desired temperature either with just a surface heater or with twin heaters and then raising a mould from below. The trapped air is evacuated with the assistance of a vacuum system and once cooled a reverse air supply is activated to release the plastic part from the mould. [3].The crank shaft is used to convert rotary motion into reciprocation motion of Die plates. +Experimental Setup +Forming and Cutting Die Pillar Station +Thermoforming machine is used to form the plastic parts to desired shape. In this Figure1 there is a top and bottom plate within which the forming cum cutting die is placed between the two plates. The Vacuum System is used to form the plastic by means of high vacuum pressure as well as high pressure air from top also for equal distribution of wall thickness of plastic. Before this station there is heating station to preheat the sheet which is to be formed and after heating station this forming cum cutting station is placed.Figure:1 show the Experimental setup of forming cum cutting die pillar station. The various parts of the Die pillar stations are as follows: 1)Top plate, 2)Bottom plate, 3)Shaft, 4)Crankshaft, 5)Connecting rod, 6)Bearings, 7)Die Pillars, 8)Gear box and 9)Motor. Out of all these parts we are designing the Crankshaft which is an important part in transmitting motion + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Figure 1 – Forming & Cutting Die pillar station of Vacuum forming Machine. + +Table 1: Vacuum forming Machine Specifications + +Machine Specifications +Die Size 1010 mm x 300 mm Cutting Force 50 tons = 490.5 KN No: of cycles 40 cycles/min Forming Process Vacuum forming Heaters capacity 55 KW +Material to be Formed & Cut PVC,PET,HIPS,ABS +Thickness Range 0.1 – 4 mm + + + + + + + + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 63 +VACUUM FORMING MACHINE + + +Design of Crankshaft +Crankshaft is connected to shaft and connecting rod. It is used to transmit power and torque. +The design of Crankshaft involves design of crank pin and thickness of crank web. [1] +Let, + +212.5 = 34.58 x 106 1536 w +w= 106 mm +But, dc is attached to crank web so w is increased to about w= 180 mm +Table 2 – Parameters Values + + + +M= Bending Moment, N.mm W = Load applied +lc = Length of crankpin,mm +l = Length of connecting rod, mm +r= Radius of crank = 82 mm +tc = thickness of crankweb,mm á b = Bending Stress, N/mm2 Z= Section modulus, mm3 +w= width of crankweb, mm + + +Parameters Values +Diameter of Crank pin 160 mm Length of Crank pin 124 mm Crank web thickness 96 mm Width of Crank web 106 mm Diameter of small shaft 112 mm Length of small shaft 100 mm + +Methodology +Modeling of Crankshaft + + + +dc= Diameter of crank pin, mm +Pb = Bearing pressure (Generally 9.8 – 12.6 N/mm2) 1)Design of crank Pin +W = dc x lc x Pb +245.25 x 103 = dc x 0.8 dc x 12.6 dc = 160 mm approx +lc = 124 mm +Bending Moment at Crank pin, +M = ¾ W x lc += 22.808 x 106 N.mm Z =  /32 x dc3 += 402.12 x 103 mm3  b = M/Z += 56.71 N/mm2 < 212.5 N/mm2 +Therefore the design of crank pin is safe +2) Design of Crank Web Thickness of crank web (tc) tc = 0.6 dc += 0.6 x 160 += 96 mm +The Bending moment +M= W (0.75 lc +0.5 tc) += 245.25 x 103 ( (0.75 x 108) + (0.5 x 108)) += 34.58 x 106 N.mm + + +Section modulus +Z = w tc2 /6 = w x 962 +6 += 1536 w mm3 Bending stress + b = M/Z + + +Crankshaft is modeled on Pro-E Wildfire 4.0 software. The Mathematical Model is imported to ansys software is shown in Fig +Steps to Model Crankshaft +Open Pro-E Wildfire 4.0 software enter into sketching plane section draw the sketch of Connecting rod with help of various sketching commands and 3D modeling commands in modeling the connecting rod. Once the Mathematical model is prepared and exported to iges format and imported to Ansys v 11.0 software for analysis purpose. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Figure 2 – Mathematical model of Crankshaft + + +Finite Element Analysis (FEA) +In this study, the crankshaft is designed for bending strength of crank pin .In this study of FEA of crankshaft the calculated bending stress value is compared with Ansys Von-Mises stress. Basically the analysis is in Static Structural Analysis module. +Steps Involved in FEA +Following steps are used for making Finite element analysis of crankshaft in Ansys v 11.0 software. + + +64 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +VACUUM FORMING MACHINE + + +Meshing +Basically in Ansys v 11.0 software it automatically selects the type of mesh .In this case Tetrahedral meshing of element size 3 mm is selected for its analysis. For analysis the element size selected is 3mm with fine mesh. + +Structural Analysis +When all loads and displacement are applied analysis would be last step. Select the option called Solve .The software starts analyzing automatically and finally solves the problem. +Result +Once the individual attachment is done for viewing different results select each attachment for viewing individual results. +Results and Discussion + + + + + + + + + +Figure 3 – Meshed Mathematical model of Crankshaft + + +Table 3 – Number of Nodes and Elements + +Statistics Nodes 244866 +Elements 156881 Figure 5: Von-misses Stress for Crankshaft Properties +The material properties given in below table are entered in Engineering Data with name as Structural Steel. +Table 4 – Material Properties [4] + + +Material Properties Young's Modulus Poisson's Ratio Density +Yield Strength +Tensile Ultimate Strength + + +2.1e+005 MPa 0.3 +7.85e-006 kg/mm³ 600. MPa +850 MPa + + + +Constraints +Crankshaft is a constraint with bearings .The bearings are press fit to the crankshaft and does not allow the crankshaft to have any motion other than rotation about its main axis. Since only 180 degrees of bearing surface facing the load direction constraint the motion of crankshaft, this constraint is defined as fixed semicircular surface as wide as bearing width. [2].The load applied on crank pin is 245.25 KN. + + + + + + + + + + +Figure 4 – Boundary Conditions of Crankshaft + + + + + +Figure 6: Maximum Shear Stress for Crankshaft + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Figure 7: Von-misses Strain for Crankshaft + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 65 +VACUUM FORMING MACHINE + + +Table 5 – Results + +Theoretical Stress Value Ansys Von misses Stress Value +56.71 N/mm2 55.70 N/mm2 + +The theoretical design of crank pin seemed to be safe. The theoretical stress value is 56.71N/mm2 which is less than the prescribed value. In addition to theoretical design, analysis was made on Ansys v 11.0 workbench in order to conform the theoretical results and it was found that results are almost nearer to each other. The Figure 5. Indicates that maximum stress value occurs at the smaller shaft end which indicates as the weaker section. + +Table 6: shows the graph of Alternating Stress values for given cycles indicate the life of crankshaft. It shows that crankshaft will have a life span of about 3.16 e+6 cycles. +Conclusion +The theoretical stress and Ansys v 11.0 workbench stress values were compared in order to confirm the accuracy and reliability of the design. Crankshaft will have a life span of about 3.16 e+6 cycles from Figure 8.In addition to that the maximum stress values is also estimated in ansys as 30.73 N/mm2 and Von misses strain as 0.00027852 . +References +Bhumesh J Bagde, 2013, Finite Element Structural and Fatigue Analysis of Single Cylinder Engine Crank Shaft, IJERT, Vol.2, Issue 7. +http://inventionstudio.gatech.edu/wp/wp-content/ uploads/2010/11/FormechVacuumGuide.pdf +PSG Design Data Book, 2011, Kalaikathir Achchagam. + +R.S.Khurmi & J.K.Gupta, 2005, A Textbook of Machine Design, Eurasia Publishing House, 2005 + + + + +Figure 8: Alternating Stress v/s Cycles Graph + +Table 6: Alternating stress Values for given cycles + +Cycles +10. 20. 50. 100. 200. 2000. 10000 20000 +1.e+005 2.e+005 +1.e+006 + +Alternating Stress MPa +3999. 2827. 1896. 1413. 1069. 441. 262. 214. 138. 114. +86.2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +66 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +SECULARISM AND CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES + +SECULARISM: CONCEPT AND APPLICATION IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES + + +Rajib Hassan +Ph.D Scholar, Lecturer, Haldia Law College, Haldia + +Voice of Research Vol. 3, Issue 1, +June 2014 +ISSN 2277-7733 + + +Abstract +The process of secularization has to be viewed in the context of separation of state from religion, but one has also to remember that secularization came to be an important handmaid of the entire process of modernization. Secularism has been thought of in various ways such as its antithesis to religion and its consistency with rationality, utilitarianism, materialism, individualism etc. The process and movement towards secularization has certain antecedents both in the world at large and in India. In India the movement towards secularization has its roots in the efforts to bridge the gulf between the Hindus and the Muslims so as to evolve a nation. It was felt that only through secularism could India evolve itself into a meaningful entity, particularly in terms of fighting against the British. In the Indian context, one has to remember that the content of secularism stems out of this major concern. +Keywords: secularism, constitution, constituent assembly debates + + +The process and movement towards secularization has certain antecedents both in the world at large and in India. Taking the overall development into account, one + +various ways such as its antithesis to religion and its consistency with rationality, utilitarianism, materialism, individualism etc. Secularism has been regarded as the + +has to remember that secularism developed as a sine qua non of economic development, industrialization philosophy in reaction to the hold of religion on state. and an overall development in favour of rationality. A Secularism was equated with rationality, positivism, breakthrough from traditional social structure is materialism, utilitarianism etc. George Jacob Holyoake is implicit in the process of secularization. Secularism is regarded as the father of secularism who started felt to be congenial to innovation and change. On the propagating the movement in 1846 and laid down its other hand, a society where religion predominates is principles in his book The Principles of Secularism.1 Even not so congenial to innovation and change.2 + +though secularism was regarded as materialistic and rationalistic at the same time it was an ethical system founded expressly to provide an alternative theory of life. +In India the movement towards secularization has its + + +The word ‘secular’ is among the richest of all words in its range of meaning. It is full of subtle shades which involve internal contradictions and of these contradictions the conventional dictionary meaning can hardly give a correct + +roots in the efforts to bridge the gulf between the view. But even so it is instructive to note what the Concise + +Hindus and the Muslims so as to evolve a nation. It was felt that only through secularism could India evolve itself into a meaningful entity, particularly in terms of fighting against the British. In view of the communal riots which preceded and followed the partition of the country, secularism became an article of faith with our leaders who wanted to shape the destiny of India along secular lines. The leaders felt that it is only through secularism that the two nation theory which played such a havoc, and is playing even + +Oxford Dictionary and the Encyclopedias state to be the meaning of the word ‘secular’. +The Concise Oxford Dictionary states that the word ‘secular’ is concerned with the affairs of the world, worldly not sacred, not monastic, not ecclesiastical, temporal, profane, lay. +Encyclopedia Britannica says the word ‘secular’ means: non-spiritual, having no concern with religion or spiritual matters. + +now, particularly in respect of Kashmir, could be Structural Characteristics of Secularism + +finally put a stop to. In the Indian context, one has to remember that the content of secularism stems out of this major concern. +Meaning +The process of secularization has to be viewed in the context of separation of state from religion, but one has also to remember that secularization came to be an important handmaid of the entire process of modernization. Secularism has been thought of in + + +If secularism has to be a process of overall development, it will have to be something much more than mere economic and technological development. Some of the structural characteristics which would be an integral part of secularism would be Rationality and emphasis upon cognition; Scientific spirit; Individualization and individualism; Universalism and freedom pluralistic loyalty such as those of caste, kinship, region, religion etc. Rule of law; and Achievement of ethics. These characteristics constitute + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 67 +SECULARISM AND CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES + +an essential feature of modernization and secularism.3 profession or faith; and shall observe an attitude of absolute + +Elements of Secularism +According to Donald Smith upon closer examination it will be seen that the conception of a secular state involves three distinct but inter-related sets of relationship concerning the state, religion and the individual. These three sets of relation are:- +Religion and the individual [freedom of religion]; + +neutrality in all matters relating to the religion of any class of its citizens or other persons in the Union.…..” 6 +Professor K.T. Shah tried to get the said words incorporated a third time through a third amendment and failed.7 All these amendments proposed by Mr. KT Shah were opposed by Dr. BR Ambedkar, the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly and were ultimately rejected.8 A further proposal for incorporating the + +The state and the individual [citizenship]; words “secularism” as part of the preamble was also rejected + +The state and religion [separation of state and religion].4 +Having adopted this definition, it may be noticed that the concept of secularism involves several elements, they are:- +One is that, every person must have the same rights as a citizen and must be entitled to the same basic human rights irrespective of the religion he professes and practices; +There must be complete freedom of conscience, thought and belief and everyone should be entitled to profess and practice the religion of his own choice; + +by the Constituent Assembly.9 Thus it is evident from the above paragraphs that the omission to include the word ‘secular’ was deliberate and not merely accidental. +Reason Behind such Deliberate Omission +It seems that perhaps, the Constitution framers were apprehensive that if the words ‘secular’ or ‘secularism’ were introduced in the Constitution, they might unnecessarily bring in, by implication, the anti-religious overtone associated with the doctrine of secularism as it had developed in Christian countries. The Constitution makers might perhaps had felt that it was not necessary to use the word ‘secular’ or ‘secularism’, + +And lastly, the state should not identify itself with any particularly as it might give the impression of particular religion nor should it promote or establishing a state structure inconsistent with the support or discriminate in favour of any particular cultural ethos of Indian people. +religion. The 42nd Amendment- Inclusion of the Word + +Secularism and the Constituent Assembly Debates: Deliberate Omission + +‘Secular’ in the Preamble +During the Emergency imposed by the Government + +At the outset it must be pointed out that in the of Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the Preamble of the Indian + +Constitution of India, as originally enacted, the word ‘secular’ did not appear in the Preamble to describe + +Constitution was amended by the Constitution [Forty-Second Amendment] Act, 1976 so as to include the + +the character of the Sovereign Democratic Republic word ‘secular’ before the words “Democratic of India, nor was the word ‘secular’ used in the Republic”. The Indian Republic at that time appeared relevant provisions of the Constitution which to be undergoing communal strains and the word guarantee freedom of religion. The omission to use ‘secular’ was inserted to emphasize the secular + +the word ‘secular’ was not accidental but deliberate. The proceedings of the Constituent Assembly show that a member of the Constituent Assembly called Mr. KT Shah made some attempts to introduce the concept of secularism by using the word ‘secular’ or ‘secularism’ in a suitable place. +The first of these amendments related to Article 1 of the Draft Constitution which read: “India shall be a union of states” and the amendment sought to insert the words “secular, federal, socialist” after the words “shall be a” in the said Article so that as amended that Article would have read: “India shall be a secular, federal, + +character of the country. +Secularism and Judicial Observation +In St. Xavier’s College v. State of Gujarat,10 explaining the secular character of the Indian Constitution the Supreme Court said: +“There is no mysticism in the secular character of the State. Secularism is neither anti-God nor pro-God; it treats alike the devout, the antagonistic and the atheist. It eliminates God from the matters of the State and ensures that no one shall be discriminated against on the ground of religion…….” + +socialist union of states”.5 The other amendment what In S.R. Bommai v. Union of India,11 a nine-Judge Bench Mr. KT Shah wanted to introduce was in the form of referred to the concept secularism in the Indian a new Article and it read thus: “The state in India being context. According to SAWANT, J.: +secular shall have no concern with any religion, creed or + +68 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 +SECULARISM AND CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES + + +“………religious tolerance and equal treatment of all religious groups and protection of their life and property and of the places of their worship are an essential part of secularism enshrined in our Constitution…….” +B.P. JEEVAN REDDY, J., observed: +“……… while the citizens of this country are free to + +Supreme Court observed: +“…… ‘religion is the belief which binds spiritual nature of men to super-natural being’. It includes worship, belief, faith, devotion etc. and extends to rituals. Religious right is the right of a person believing in a particular faith to practice it, preach it and profess it.” + +profess, practice and propagate such religion, faith or Article 25: Freedom Of Conscience And Free + +belief as they choose, so far as the state is concerned, i.e. from the point of view of the state, the religion, faith or belief of a person is immaterial. To it all are equal and all are entitled to be treated equally”. +In Ismail Faruqui v. Union of India,12 VERMA, J., observed: +“It is clear from the Constitutional scheme that it guarantees equality in the matter of religion to all individuals and groups irrespective of their faith emphasizing that there is no religion of the state itself. The Preamble of the Constitution read in particular with Articles 25-28 emphasizes this aspect and indicates that it is in this manner the concept of secularism embodied in the constitutional scheme……..” +Secularism as a Basic Feature +In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala,13 the Supreme Court inter alia, held that secularism is one of the basic features of the Constitution (as per SIKRI, C.J., as he was then). In SR Bommai v. Union of India,14 the SC held that secularism is a basic feature of the Constitution. +Provisions15 Relating to Freedom of Religion: Application of Secularism in India +In the discussions of the ‘secular’ provisions of the Indian Constitution from the drafting stage onwards, this point has been made repeatedly clear- +When I say that a State should not identify itself with any particular religion, I do not mean to say that a State should be anti-religious or irreligious. We have certainly declared India to be a secular State. But to my mind, a secular State is neither a God-less State nor an irreligious State.16 +Meaning of Religion + +Profession, Practice And Propagation Of Religion.- +(1) Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practice and propagate religion. +(2) Nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any law- +(a) regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity which may be associated with religious practice; +(b) providing for social welfare and reform or the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of the Hindus. +Explanation 1.- The wearing and carrying of kirpans shall be deemed to be included in the profession of the Sikh religion. +Explanation 2.- In sub-clause(b) of clause (2), the reference to Hindus shall be construing as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Jaina or Budhist religion and the reference to Hindu religious institutions shall be construed accordingly. +Article 26. Freedom To Manage Religious Affairs - Subject to public order, morality and health, every religious denomination or any section thereof shall have the right- +to establish and maintain institutions for religious and charitable purposes; +to manage its own affairs in matters of religion; +to own and acquire movable and immovable property; and +to administer such property in accordance with law. + +Before we go on discussing freedom of religion in Article 27. Freedom As To Payment Of Taxes For India or application of secularism in India, we need to Promotion Of Any Particular Religion- No person know meaning of the term ‘religion’. The term shall be compelled to pay any taxes, the proceeds of ‘religion’ is not defined in the Constitution of India. which are specifically appropriated in payment of + +According to Christopher Marlowe, “….religion is man’s one true way to salvation, to righteousness and even to manhood….”17 + +expenses for the promotion or maintenance of any particular religion or any religious denomination. +Article 28. Freedom As To Attendance At Religious + +According to Talcott Parsons, religion is a matter of Instruction Or Religious Worship In Certain “concern of the innermost core of the individual Educational Institutions- + +personality for his own identity and commitments.”18 +In P.M.A. Metropolitan v. Moran Mar Marthoma,19 the + + +(1) No religious instruction shall be provided in any religious institution wholly maintained out of State funds. + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 | 69 +SECULARISM AND CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES + + +(2) Nothing in clause (1) shall apply to an educational institution which is administered by the State but has been established under any endowment or trust which requires that religious shall be imparted in such institution. +(3) No person attending any educational institution recognized by the State or receiving aid out of State funds shall be required to take part in any religious instruction that may be imparted in such institution or to attend any religious worship that may be conducted in such institution or in any premises attached thereto unless such person or, if such person is a minor, his guardian has given consent thereto. +Conclusion + +Rajeev Bhargava published in Political Ideas in Modern India: Thematic Explorations, edited by V.R. Mehta and Thomas Pantham first published in 2006 by Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, p. 294 +5 Constituent Assembly Debates, Monday, 15-11-1948 at p. 399. +6 Constituent Assembly Debates, Friday, 3-12-1948 at p. 815. 7 Constituent Assembly Debates, Thursday, 25-11-1948. +8 Constituent Assembly Debates, Monday, 15-11-1948 at pp. 401-02 +9 Constituent Assembly Debates, Monday, 17-10-1949. +10 AIR 1974 SC 1389 at 1414; Quoted by Dr. J.N. + +In the light of the above discussion it can be Pandey; The Constitutional Law of India; 48th concluded that secularism in India has assumed several Edn. 2011 published by Central Law Agency, + +forms or aspects and it has come to stand for all that tends to- +eliminate religion and caste as factors in political life; +remove legal, economic or social inequalities based on religion or caste; +ensure equal treatment by the state to various religious or sub-religious groups in the multi-religious society of India; and +integrate various religious and caste groups into a single stream of national life.20 +In conclusion, the observation of the Supreme Court is worth mentioning, in Aruna Roy v. Union of India,21 the Supreme Court observed that the concept of secularism is not endangered if the basic tenets of all religions all over the world are studied and learnt. Value-based education will help the nation to fight against fanaticism, ill-will, violence, dishonesty and corruption. These values can be inculcated if the basic tenets of all religions are learnt. +References + +Allahabad p. 326 +11 AIR 1994 SC 1918; Quoted by M.P. Jain; Indian Constitutional Law; Fifth Edition; Reprint 2007 by Wadhwa Nagpur; p. 1201 +12 AIR 1995 SC 604 at 630; Quoted by M.P. Jain; Indian Constitutional Law; Fifth Edition; Reprint 2007 by Wadhwa Nagpur; , at pp. 1201-1202 +13 AIR 1973 SC 1461; Quoted by Dr. J.N. Pandey; The Constitutional Law of India; 48th Edn. 2011 published by Central Law Agency, Allahabad p. 773 +14 AIR 1994 SC 1918; Quoted by Dr. J.N. Pandey; The Constitutional Law of India; 48th Edn. 2011 published by Central Law Agency, Allahabad., at p. 326 +15 P.M. Bakshi; The Constitution of India; Universal Law Publishing Co. New Delhi; Eleventh Edn. 2011; pp. 72-77 +16 H.V. Kamath, in 7 C.A.D. (1948) 837, quoted by M.V. Pylee, Constitutional Government of India (1960) 253 +17 Christopher Marlowe, The Jew of Malta, 1.14 And cf. with general tenor of the above paragraph R. + +1 George Jacob Holyoake: The Principles of Secularism: Carrington, A Million Years of Man (1963) 280-81; B. Illustrated Published by Austin & Co., 17, Malinowski, Foundations of Faith and Morals (1936) 1 + +Johnson’s Court: Fleet Street; London; Book Store, 282, Strand; Third Edn. Revised: 1871 +2 G.S. Sharma(ed), Secularism: Its Implications for Law and Life in India; Published by N.M. Tripathi Private Ltd. Bombay, 1996; p. 87 +3 Y.B. Damle, “Education and Modernisation“ (1965) 29 Radical Humanist, Nos. 4-6 (January 25, 1965). +4 Donald Eugene Smith: India as a Secular State (1963); Published by Princeton University Press, Princeton New Jersey, p.4; Quoted in Indian Secularism: An Alternative, Trans-cultural Ideal by + + +18 Talcott Parsons, Structure and Process in Modern Societies (1960) Glencoe: The Free Press, +19 AIR 1995 SC 2001 +20 P.N. Masaldan: Political Programmes and the Concretization of Secularism published in Secularism: Its Implications for Law and Life in India; Edited by G.S. Sharma; Published by N.M. Tripathi Private Ltd. Bombay, 1996; p. 222 +21 AIR 2002 SC 3176; Quoted by M.P. Jain; Indian Constitutional Law; Fifth Edition; Reprint 2007 by Wadhwa Nagpur; p. 1202 + + + +70 | Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 1, June 2014, ISSN No. 2277-7733 + + + + + + + + +Calorx Institute of Education, Ahmedabad ( A constituent unit of Calorx Teachers' University) Because the World Needs Good Teachers + + + + +ADMISSION ANNOUNCEMENT: 2014-15 + + +Course + +B.Ed. (Innovative)* + +B.A.B.Ed. (Integrated)* + + +M.A. (Education) + +M.Phil. (Education) + +Ph.D. (Education) + +Eligibility + +Graduation in any discipline with at least 50% marks in aggregate or equivalent CGPA from a recognized University + +Higher Secondary/Sr. Secondary or equivalent examination with at least 50% mark or equivalent CGPA in aggregate from a recognized board. + +Graduation in any discipline with at least 50% marks or equivalent CGPA + +Masters Degree in any discipline with at least 55% marks or equivalent CGPA + +Masters Degree in any discipline with at least 50% marks or equivalent CGPA + +Duration + +3 semester + + +4 Years +(8 semester) + + +2 years (4 semester) + +1 Year +(2 semester) + +2 years (4 semester) + + +*NCTE Recognized Course. + +Note: Relaxation of 5% marks for SC/ST candidates Admission is through entrance test and interview + + + + + + + +For admission and more details, Please contact: Registrar +Calorx Teachers' University +Greenwoods, Near Vaishnodevi Circle, Ognaj, Ahmedabad, Gujarat Phone no. 02717 242328/29 +Email : registrarctu@calorx.org website: www.ctu.calorx.org diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of integrated yoga on Emotional Stability conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of integrated yoga on Emotional Stability conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f282702bb03ef11d7184d19c80927b47f919764 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of integrated yoga on Emotional Stability conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1 @@ + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of integrated yogic practices on positive and negative emotions in healthy adults_unlocked.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of integrated yogic practices on positive and negative emotions in healthy adults_unlocked.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f573a549038fac9c661c6c502e98bfe515742139 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of integrated yogic practices on positive and negative emotions in healthy adults_unlocked.txt @@ -0,0 +1,765 @@ +13 +International Journal of Yoga  Vol. 4  Jan-Jun-2011 +coping resources of the body-mind complex. This involves +cognitive appraisal and coping processes. When these +resources are taxed and the responses exceed the coping +abilities it can result in distressful negative emotions.[2] +These precipitate aggressive behaviors such as anger, +fear, distress, irritability etc. Stress and coping are closely +related to affect or emotions because they are affected by +cognitive appraisal.[3] Thus the heightened stress responses +that result in negative affect and distress, are reflections of +an inability to cope with demanding situations.[4] +An emotion is defined as a mental and physiological +state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts, +and behaviors. It is a prime determinant of the sense of +subjective wellbeing and appears to play a central role in +many human activities.[5] Watson et al., measured these +emotions under two major categories namely positive and +negative affect. Pleasant emotions of different intensities +may be grouped as ‘positive affectivity’ (PA) and unpleasant +emotions under ‘negative affectivity’ (NA).[6] +INTRODUCTION +In present-day lifestyle, although modern technology has +helped to protect us from physical damages like injuries, +infections, accidents, we are faced with many emotionally +demanding situations in all fields of life, such as high-level +competition, unemployment, unending and ever-mounting +targets, high expectations at the workplace, adjustments in +families, dealing with difficult personalities, etc. causing +heightened anxiety and stress.[1] Stress is not viewed as a +singular event, but as a transaction between an individual +and the environment that makes demand on all available +Background: Studies on affective wellbeing have shown the beneficial role of positive emotions on cognitive processing and +the harmful role of negative emotions on coping, stress and health status. Studies have shown that yoga practices reduce +anxiety and depression and improve wellbeing. +Objective: The aims of the study were to, (i) examine the safety and feasibility of conducting a weeklong free yoga camp, and +(ii) assess its impact on the negative and positive affect in normal healthy volunteers. +Materials and Methods: In this open-arm study 450 participants were taught integrated yoga module. It included asanas, +pranayama, relaxation, notional correction and devotional sessions. Assessment was carried out on the first and last day of +the camp, using a modified version of Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). It has ten questions each to measure +positive (PA) and negative affect (NA). Nine questions have been added which are referred as other positive affect (OPA) and +other negative affect (ONA) domains. +Results: Three hundred and twelve sets of pre–post data were analyzed. There was an increase in PA of PANAS by 13% +(P<0.001, Wilcoxon’s signed rank test) and OPA by 17% (P<0.001). The NA reduced by 47% (P<0.001) and ONA by 48% +(P<0.001). +Conclusion: It is feasible and safe to conduct a weeklong yoga camp in an urban setting, and integrated yoga practices can +reduce the negative affect and increase the positive affect within one week. +Key words: Negative affect; one week; positive affect; yoga. +ABSTRACT +Effect of integrated yogic practices on positive and negative +emotions in healthy adults +Lakshmi Narasimhan, R Nagarathna, HR Nagendra +Division of Life Sciences and Yoga, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Aunsandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Jigani, Bangalore, Karnataka, India +Address for correspondence: Mrs. Lakshmi Narasimhan, + +171, 24th Cross, 6th Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore - 560 070, Karnataka, India. +E-mail: lakumateach1956@yahoo.co.in +Original Article +Access this article online +Website: +www.ijoy.org.in +Quick Response Code +DOI: +10.4103/0973-6131.78174 +[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +International Journal of Yoga  Vol. 4  Jan-Jun-2011 +14 +Negative affect +Negative affect (NA) is the dimension with aversive +mood states and subjective distress. It lowers self-esteem, +depresses the quality of relationships with others, +and leads to anxiety and depression that narrows the +attention.[7] NA as fear facilitates withdrawal behavior +in situations that threaten survival[7] which depends on +the capacity to cope with different situations.[8] A state +of calmness and contentment are characterized by low + +NA.[6] +Positive affect +Those with greater tendencies to cope through humor +reported greater positive mood, and have shown increased +levels of salivary immunoglobulin A (S-IgA), a vital +immune system protein.[9] Positive emotions, especially +hope, may uniquely contribute to the health benefits +accrued by dispositional optimists.[4] +Remedial measures +Coping strategies related to the occurrence and maintenance +of positive emotions (e.g., positive reappraisal, problem- +focused coping, and infusing ordinary events with +positive meaning) help buffer against stress and depressed +mood.[10] These strategies help individuals emerge +from crises with new coping skills through closer +relationships, and a richer appreciation for life, all of +which predict an increase in psychological wellbeing.[11] +Studies have shown the benefits of positive affect in +prevention and rehabilitation of stress-related diseases +like hypertension,[12] gastrointestinal disorders,[13] coronary +heart disease[14] and diabetes parameters. Higher positive +affect predicted lower levels of glycosylated hemoglobin in +normal people, indicating the beneficial effect of positive +affect on diabetic parameters.[15] +Yoga +Yoga is one of the popular practices that has the potential +to promote positive affect. According to a recent +survey in 2008, conducted by the National Centre for +Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 38% percent of +adults and 12% of children in USA use complementary and +alternative therapies and yoga is one amongst the top five +of these.[16] Yoga, developed thousands of years ago, is now +recognized as a form of mind-body medicine. It addresses +the full scope of a person’s life including physical, mental, +emotional and spiritual aspects of the individual in disease +and health. +Reduction in negative affect with yoga has been shown +to improve depression and anxiety amongst distressed +women.[17] Also, yoga has been used effectively in reducing +pain and increasing flexibility in chronic low back +pain,[18] to combat stress in cancer patients,[19] to increase +lung functions and reduce usage of bronchodilator in +asthmatics[20] and for rehabilitation of patients with post- +stroke hemiparesis.[21] +The benefits of reduction in negative emotions can +improve the quality of life in healthy people with increased +immunity,[9] better pulmonary functions[22] and increased +lifespan.[23] +Yoga and physical health +In young trainees yoga improved joint flexibility,[24] +respiratory endurance and muscle strength[25] and also +dexterity in students.[26] Reduction in body fat, improved +shoulder flexibility in elderly females,[27] improvement in +immunological tolerance,[28] favorable changes in neuro- +endocrine functions including melatonin and cortisol +secretions[29-31], lower perceived exertion after exhaustive +exercise[32] are the other documented physical health +benefits of yoga. +Yoga for positive mental health +Improved cognitive functions have been reported in +children and adults after practicing integrated yoga. +Increased visual perception,[33] better learning skills[34] +and increase in spatial and verbal memory[35] have been +demonstrated within 10 to 30 days of yoga practices. +Yoga for positive emotional health +Studies that have assessed the emotional states by ‘Profile +of Mood States’ after yoga have reported significant +improvements in negative emotions including tension- +anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, fatigue- +inertia, and confusion-bewilderment.[17,36] A short-term +Iyengar yoga (10 h) has shown improvement in self- +reported acute mood states of depression trait anxiety, +negative mood and fatigue in young adults.[37] A study +that compared African dance and Hatha yoga showed +reduced perceived stress and negative affect with both +these practices but reduced cortisol levels in the hatha +yoga group.[30] The utility of yoga in improving mood and +the differential effects may be related to its influence on +physiological states of arousal[30] through establishing +stable autonomic balance.[38] +Thus, ameliorating negative affectivity and increasing +positive affectivity is one of the main concerns in stress +management. In the present study, we examined the +positive and negative affect outcomes after a short-term +intervention of integrated yoga in normal adults who +volunteered to attend a yoga camp. +Narasimhan, et al.: Yogic practices and emotions +[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +15 +International Journal of Yoga  Vol. 4  Jan-Jun-2011 +(40 min). This session of physical practices ended with +guided deep relaxation technique in supine position for +10 min. The sessions ended with a closing prayer. The +evening sessions (6-8 pm) comprised of devotional sessions +for emotion culture, followed by lectures and answers to +written questions based on the previous day’s lecture. +Assessment +Assessment was done using the PANAS questionnaire +developed by Watson et al.[6] The PANAS is a 20-item +questionnaire designed to measure positive and negative +affect. It has ten questions each to measure positive and +negative emotions, referred to as positive affect (PA) and +negative affect (NA). The internal reliability (Cronbach’s +coefficient alpha) is 0.86 to 0.96 for positive affect and +0.84 to 0.87 for negative affect of the PANAS.[6] To tap other +aspects of emotions relevant to the Indian population, we +added nine (four positive and five negative) questions +for this study which are referred as Other Positive Affect +(OPA) and Other Negative Affect (ONA). The PANAS and +OPANAS domain scores were analyzed and interpreted +separately since the questions that were added had not +been tested earlier for validity and reliability. +Data extraction +The participants rated all questions on a 5-point scale of +0-4. +(0=not at all, 1=a little, 2=moderately, 3=quite a +bit, 4=extremely) reflecting the extent to which they +experienced the emotion during the past one week. All 29 +questions were intermixed in the questionnaire. They were +carefully isolated for obtaining the individual scores for +the four domains i.e. PA, NA, OPA and ONA. Incomplete +answer sheets were discarded. +Data analysis +Statistical analysis was done using ‘SPSS, 10’ software. +Normality was checked using Kolmogorov Smirnov test. +As the dataset was not normally distributed, Wilcoxon’s +test was used to compare the pre-and post-values. +RESULTS +Of the 450 participants who satisfied the selection criteria +for promoting positive health, 355 were available on +the morning of the last day of the camp to answer the +questionnaire and 312 suitable sets of pre and post answer +sheets were available for final analysis. +Reasons for dropout were incomplete answer sheets and +inability to attend all classes due to various reasons. One +of the reasons for poor attendance appeared to be lack of +Narasimhan, et al.: Yogic practices and emotions +MATERIALS AND METHODS +Participants +Nine hundred and forty participants in the age range of 13- +78 years volunteered to attend a weeklong non-residential +free yoga camp in response to public advertisements in +the city of Patna, India. Those who had health problems +as per their statement in their registration were excluded. +Thus, 450 participants were included in the positive health +program designed for normal healthy participants of both +sexes. The inclusion criteria were participants from both +sexes between the age group of 15-78 years and those who +could read and write Hindi or English language. Signed +informed consent was obtained from all participants before +the camp started. +Design +This was an open-armed observational study in a +naturalistic setting to evaluate the changes in positive and +negative emotions after yoga intervention in participants +who attended the weeklong free yoga camp at Patna, +India. The camp was advertised through banners, local +newspapers and local TV channels. The camp was +conducted from 1st to 7th November 2006. The classes were +conducted from 6 to 8 am and 6 to 8 pm, in the centre of +the city to suit the convenience of people. After checking +the registration forms for inclusion and exclusion criteria, +the participants were divided into different groups based +on their age and sex. All participants recruited for the study +were assessed on the first and last day of the camp using +modified Positive Affect Negative Affect Questionnaire +(PANAS). The questionnaire was printed in both Hindi +and English. After reading out the instructions on the +public address system, they were asked to fill up the sheets +carefully. The group instructors were monitoring the entire +procedure in their groups. The instructors took care not +give any interpretation of the questions. +Intervention +The instructions with demonstrations for the practices +were given from a common raised platform on the public +address system by the senior yoga faculty of VYASA. Each +group was supervised by two to three assistant instructors +for corrections of the practices. These instructors +developed a good rapport with their group and enquired +about any negative affect about practices. +The classes began at 6 am with a prayer followed by +loosening exercises (Çithilékarëa vyäyäma) and breathing +exercises for 20 min. Then, there was a talk followed by the +practice of praëäyäma for 40 min with 10 min for questions +and answers. This was followed by Suryanamaskära +and Yoga postures that were introduced systematically + +[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +International Journal of Yoga  Vol. 4  Jan-Jun-2011 +16 +commitment as it was a free camp. +Table 1 shows the demographic data of the participants. +Out of 312 participants, 78% were below 25 years and 22% +were above 25 years of age. 0nly 8% of the participants +were females. +Table 2 shows the changes in PANAS after yoga. There was +a significant improvement in positive affect after yoga at a +P<0.001, showing 13% and 17% changes in PA and OPA +respectively. The NA decreased after yoga at a P<0.001, +with 47% and 48% reduction in NA and ONA respectively. +Table 3 shows the changes in individual items of positive +affect domains (PA and OPA). There was an increase +ranging from 3-21% in the individual items of PA with a +negative change -3% in the question ‘excitement’. There +was 17-28% increase in the OPA scores. Question number +15 (‘content’) indicating the degree of contentment showed +the highest degree of improvement (28%.) +Table 4 shows the changes in the individual items of the +negative affect. It is noteworthy that the degree of changes in +the negative affect is better, in the range of 38-55%, than the +increase in the items on positive affect. The NA descriptor +‘Irritability’ showed the maximum reduction of 55%. +Narasimhan, et al.: Yogic practices and emotions +Table 1: Demographic Data +Variable +Number +Total +312 +Males +287 +Females +25 +Age in years +15-20 +200 +21-25 +55 +>25 +57 +Age range (in years) +15-78 +Age mean±SD (in years) +24.92±13.85 +Occupation +Students +249 +Working men +38 +Working women +04 +Housewives +21 +Retired +09 +Education +School +252 +Graduates +55 +Postgraduates +05 +Table 2: Results of integrated yoga practices in normal volunteers +Variables +Mean±SD +95% CI of mean pre +95% CI of mean post +Pre-post Wilcoxon’s P value % changes +Pre-yoga +Post-yoga +Lower +bound +Upper +bound +Lower +bound +Upper +bound +PANAS positive +23.47±7.04 +26.54±6.37 +22.68 +24.25 +25.83 +27.25 +<0.001 ++13 +Other positive +9.33±3.42 +11.28±2.98 +8.95 +9.71 +10.95 +11.61 +<0.001 ++17 +PANAS negative +12.51±8.25 +6.62±6.39 +11.59 +13.43 +5.91 +7.33 +<0.001 +-47 +Other negative +7.36±4.99 +3.86±3.75 +6.80 +7.91 +3.44 +4.28 +<0.001 +-48 +DISCUSSION +Summary +This open-armed observational study on 312 participants +of a weeklong free yoga camp for promotion of positive +health through integrated yoga practices showed +significant reduction in negative affect and increase in +positive affect scores on modified version of PANAS +questionnaire. +Probable mechanisms and correlation with previous findings +The descriptive of negative emotions, ‘guilty’ and +‘ashamed’ showed 48% and 45% reduction respectively. +Since the maximum number of participants in this study +group were below the age of 25 years (78%), it points +to the beneficial effect of the integrated yoga module in +unwinding the guilt feeling in young students within +a short period that may be considered an important +contribution of this study. Yoga techniques that are meant +to develop better mastery over the modifications of the +mind (yogah chitta vrtti nirodhah as defined by the sage +Patanjali)[39] through introspective awareness to calm +down the mind (manah prashamana upayah as defined +by sage Vasishtha),[40] may have increased their level of +confidence to make a resolve to change themselves and +overcome their guilt, shame and the related complexes. +Similar changes have been reported in a study after +Vipassana meditation in Tihar Jail. The inmates of the +jail showed reduced hostility, anxiety and depression +with improved sense of wellbeing and hope for the +future in those with or without psychiatric problems.[41] +Reduction in aggressive behavior has been demonstrated +in normal young volunteers after 12 weeks of integrated +yoga program similar to the practices used in this study.[42] +Emotions such as ‘Jittery, Nervous, Afraid and Scared’, +may all be looked upon as different degrees of performance +anxiety that is a very common stress response to academic +and psychosocially demanding situations in a progressive +society. Many studies have shown the stress-reducing +effect of yoga[17,19,30] which support the observation of the +present study. +The relaxation response after yoga may offer the ability to +face the situations in a relaxed state of mind and perform +[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +17 +International Journal of Yoga  Vol. 4  Jan-Jun-2011 +Narasimhan, et al.: Yogic practices and emotions +with utter ease and effortlessness. This is described as +one of the quoted definitions of yoga, ‘yogah karmasu +kaushalam’ by Sri Krsna in the Bhagavadgita,[43] which +means ‘yoga is a special skill of action in relaxation’. +This was observed with yoga practices in musicians +with the relative reduction in performance anxiety, +musculoskeletal conditions, mood and flow experience.[44] +Yoga practices prior to exams in medical students showed +improved concentration, improved efficiency, increased +attentiveness, and significant reduction in number of +failures.[45] +‘Disappointed, upset, irritable, hostile’ are different facets +of anger resulting from unsatisfied desires or the inability +to cope. All this is described in the Bhagavadgita as violent +speed of mind resulting in anxiety or depression. These +have shown reduction in this study. Benefits of yoga +practices for rapid stress reduction and anxiolysis among +distressed women,[17] betterment of mood in psychiatric +inpatients,[36] and reduction in symptoms of depression[37] +are reported. +The perception of vigor ‘Strong’ and ‘active’ (q.10, 25) +have increased by 21% and 20% respectively. The feeling +of wellness was contributed by asanas and loosening +exercises which increases spinal flexibility,[24] dexterity[26] +and stamina.[25] +The integrated yoga program taught in this camp included +lectures and practice of bhakti yoga (devotional sessions) +that are meant for direct handling of emotions by nurturing +the positive emotions of pure love and surrender to the +divine as tools for stress reduction and positive health.[46] +Similar thinking is expressed by a study, which said that +spirituality (faith, selfless service and pure love) promotes +a healthier coping style.[47] An increase in positive affect +‘contentment’ by 28% and the reduction in the positive +affect ‘excitement’ by (-3%) reflects the calming effect of +yoga rather than a stimulated happy state of excitement. +CONCLUSION +Integrated yoga can be taught to normal participants +without any harmful effects and it may reduce the negative +affect and increase the positive affect within a week. +Limitations of the study +a. Since this was an open-armed observational study in a +free camp, the conclusions from this are only pointers +rather than evidence-based conclusions. +b. The questions of OPA and ONA are not validated. +c. High dropout due to the nature of the free camp where +it was not possible to control the attendance. +Strength of this study +This study provides evidence for the feasibility of +conducting camps ‘yoga for promotion of positive health’ +in a city where people can be taught yoga practices during +the working days. The camp attracted a good number of +students, which is a welcome sign that yoga is acceptable +to healthy youngsters. The observation that there could +be significant changes after a weeklong program supports +the utility of such free camps which have become very +popular in India. +Suggestions for future work +Randomized controlled studies are necessary to confirm +these results. Future studies may also incorporate other +psychological and objective measures of mood and +emotions to understand the mechanisms. +Table 3: Changes in individual items of positive affect +after yoga practices +Question no +Panas positive affect +Descriptor +% Change (increase) +Positive affect +2 +Attentive +16 +3 +Interested +12 +7 +Excited +decrease - 3 +10 +Strong +21.0 +11 +Enthusiastic +03.0 +17 +Determined +12.0 +18 +Proud +16.0 +22 +Inspired +17.0 +25 +Active +19.7 +29 +Alert +13.5 +Other positive affect +1 +Happy +18.0 +8 +Pleased +19.7 +15 +Content +28.0 +26 +Glad +17.0 +Table 4: Changes in individual items of negative affect +after yoga practices +Question no. +Panas negative affect +Descriptor +% Change (decrease) +Negative affect +4 +Afraid +44.00 +6 +Distressed +49.00 +9 +Upset +38.00 +12 +Jittery +43.00 +14 +Guilty +47.90 +16 +Nervous +46.70 +20 +Scared +43.02 +21 +Hostile +45.00 +24 +Ashamed +49.70 +28 +Irritable +54.90 +Other negative affect +5 +Disappointed +47.00 +13 +Sad +49.33 +19 +Unhappy +46.66 +23 +Troubled +46.00 +27 +Miserable +47.81 +[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +International Journal of Yoga  Vol. 4  Jan-Jun-2011 +18 +Narasimhan, et al.: Yogic practices and emotions +ACKNOWLEDGMENTS +We are grateful to Dr. Ravi Kulkarni for his help in statistical +analysis and Mr. Amrit Ram while writing the manuscript. We +thank the medical doctors, yoga instructors, senior faculty of +SVYASA for their help in conducting this camp. We are grateful +to the philanthropic persons of Patna city for their donations +and the management of the school for providing the venue to +conduct this camp. Author wishes to acknowledge the support +extended by principal Dr. K. S. Nagesh, DAPM RV Dental College, +Bangalore, during her study. +REFERENCES +1. +Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Yoga for anxiety and depression. 1st ed. +Bangalore: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana; 2001. +2. +Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Integrated approach of yoga therapy for positive +health. 3rd ed. Bangalore: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana; 2006. +3. +Lazarus RS. Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future. +Psychosomat Med 1993;55:234-47. +4. +Carr A. Positive psychology. Spl Indian Reprint. New York: Routledge; + +2008. +5. +Santrock JW. Psychology essentials. 2nd ed. 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Effect of Vipassana Meditation on Quality of life, +Subjective well-being, and Criminal Propensity among inmates of Tihar +jail, Delhi. Final report submitted to Vipassana Research Institute June +2000. Available from: http://www.geocities.com/pldhar/publications.htm. +[cited in 2010]. +42. Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N. A randomized control trial of the +effect of yoga on verbal aggressiveness in normal healthy volunteers. Int J +Yoga 2008;1:76-82. +[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +19 +International Journal of Yoga  Vol. 4  Jan-Jun-2011 +Narasimhan, et al.: Yogic practices and emotions +43. Tapasyananda S. Gita SB. Mylapore, Chennai: Sri Ramakrishan Math +Printing Press; 1984. +44. Khalsa SB, Cope S. Effects of a yoga lifestyle intervention on performance- +related characteristics of musicians: A preliminary study. Med Sci Monit +2006;12:CR325-31. +45. Malathi A, Damodaran A. 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Int J Yoga 2011;4:13-9. +Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared +New features on the journal’s website +Optimized content for mobile and hand-held devices +HTML pages have been optimized of mobile and other hand-held devices (such as iPad, Kindle, iPod) for faster browsing speed. +Click on [Mobile Full text] from Table of Contents page. +This is simple HTML version for faster download on mobiles (if viewed on desktop, it will be automatically redirected to full HTML version) +E-Pub for hand-held devices +EPUB is an open e-book standard recommended by The International Digital Publishing Forum which is designed for reflowable content i.e. the +text display can be optimized for a particular display device. +Click on [EPub] from Table of Contents page. +There are various e-Pub readers such as for Windows: Digital Editions, OS X: Calibre/Bookworm, iPhone/iPod Touch/iPad: Stanza, and Linux: +Calibre/Bookworm. +E-Book for desktop +One can also see the entire issue as printed here in a ‘flip book’ version on desktops. +Links are available from Current Issue as well as Archives pages. +Click on + View as eBook +[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of kapalabhati on performance of six-letter cancellation and digit letter substitution task in adults_unlocked.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of kapalabhati on performance of six-letter cancellation and digit letter substitution task in adults_unlocked.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b21be677bdfd39bf2a116766fd4b00e1622004ed --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of kapalabhati on performance of six-letter cancellation and digit letter substitution task in adults_unlocked.txt @@ -0,0 +1,294 @@ +International Journal of Yoga  Vol. 6  Jul-Dec-2013 +128 +Effect of kapalabhati on performance of six‑letter cancellation +and digit letter substitution task in adults +Balaram Pradhan +Division of Yoga and Humanities, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India +Address for correspondence: Dr. Balaram Pradhan, +Eknath Bhavan, 19 Gavipuram Circle, Bangalore - 560 019, India. +E‑mail: pradhanbalaram@rediffmail.com +Most systems of Hatha Yoga incorporate KB practice, the +length of recommended time depending on the program, +the teacher and the student’s needs. Some Yoga teachers +recommend long practice of KB, and say that it can help +remedy almost every physical condition. It is therefore of +fundamental interest to the evidence base of Yoga and Yoga +medicine to understand the effects of KB practice on the +human psychophysiology. +A number of scientific studies have investigated +biochemical and physiological effects of KB. Desai and +Gharote[2] observed decrease in blood urea, and increases +in creatinine and tyrosine. Another study found during KB +compared to rest increased cardiovascular and respiratory[3] +and increases in heart rate and blood pressure.[4] +In a third study, Stancak et al.[5] found increased in Alpha, +Beta‑1 and Theta activity during the initial 5 min, 10 min +and later stages of 15 min KB compared to the pre‑exercise +period. During rest after KB, Alpha and Beta‑1 activity +decreased, but Theta activity was maintained at the same +INTRODUCTION +The word ‘Kapalabhati’ is constructed from two component +words: Kapala and Bhati. In Sanskrit Kapal means forehead +and Bhati means to shine. Hence, Kapalabhati (KB) is +an exercise that makes the forehead shine. It consists +of fast, shallow, abdominal respiratory movements at +about 2 Hz (120 per min). KB is one of the six major +kriyas (cleansing techniques) described in Hatha Yoga +Pradipika.[1] +Access this article online +Website: +www.ijoy.org.in +Quick Response Code +DOI: +10.4103/0973-6131.113415 +Background: Attention and concentration are valuable skills for all fields of human activity. Training to improve these skills is +described in ancient hatha yoga texts. +Aims: To study the effect of 1‑min Kapalabhati (KB1) and 5‑min Kapalabhati (KB5) practice of the Yoga rapid breathing +exercise, Kapalabhati (KB), on psychomotor performance, as measured by the six‑letter cancellation task (SLCT) and digit‑letter +substitution task (DLST). +Materials and Methods: Thirty‑six subjects, 21 male (mean age 25.71 years, SD 2.10), 15 female (mean age 24.13 years, +SD 2.23) participated in the study. All were participating in a 3‑month pranayama training program, part of residential degree +courses at Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Yoga University. The subjects were divided into two groups, +and assessed on the SLCT and DLST, immediately before and after KB on two successive days. The first group did KB1 on +day 1, and KB5 on day 2. For the second group, the order was reversed. +Results: There were no significant differences on SLCT and DLST on Total and Net Scores between sessions for the same +group, and between groups for the same session i.e. the effects of KB1 and KB5 were not distinguishable. However, both +groups made more errors on DLST after the interventions, 525% after KB1 and 562.5% after KB5, P < 0.018 and P < 0.041, +respectively (Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test). In contrast, scores on SLCT remained completely unchanged. +Conclusions: Both KB1 and KB5 found no change on both SLCT and DLST. But, this kind of breathing practices leads to +increases error score. +Key words: DLST; high frequency yoga breathing; kapalabhati; pranayama; SLCT. +ABSTRACT +Short Communication +[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +129 +International Journal of Yoga  Vol. 6  Jul-Dec-2013 +Pradhan: Effect of kapalabhati on performance on psychomotor performance +level as during the initial resting period. Subjects reported +a sense of rest and relaxation after KB. +Heart rate variability  (HRV) is an indicator of cardiac +autonomic control. A study assessed before and after KB +practice and found increase in low frequency (LF) power, +and LF/HF ratio, and decrease in high frequency (HF) +power, following KB.[6] +In a recent study of the effects of KB on Six Letter +Cancellation  (SLC) task in three different age +groups (medical students, middle‑aged adults and older +persons) both total errors and net scores improved after +10 min KB practice.[7] +Since KB practice has been found to influence EEG +i.e.,  cortical electrical activity, connected to cognitive +processes, it is surprising that there has not been more +investigation of the effects of KB on cognition. This +study compares the effects of two different lengths of KB +practice on attention task performance using the six‑letter +cancellation (SLC) and digit letter substitution (DLS) tests. +The use of this DLST protocol to study immediate effects +has already been validated for the Indian population.[8] +Materials and Methods +Subjects +Twenty‑one male and 15  female  (total group: mean +age 25.05 years, SD 2.27) were selected for the study. They +were free from neurological, respiratory diseases, and +students of Yoga couses. They were right handed based on +the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory[9] and familiar with +KB. All gave their signed informed consent. +Study design +Subjects were assigned randomly into two sessions that +is KB for 1 min (KB1) and KB for 5 for min (KB5). On day +one, who were performed KB1 session and KB5 session. +The next day they were reversed their order of session. +They were assessed before and immediately after the each +session i.e., KB1 and KB5. +Intervention +In performing KB, subjects sat cross‑legged, keeping +their head, neck and spine erect. Active exhalation is +effected by rapid contraction of the abdominal muscles, +inhalation is passive. The two durations were 1 min (KB1) +and 5 min (KB5). They were trained prior to the start of +the study. +Instruments +The six‑letter cancellation task (SLCT) consists of a sheet +of 22 rows × 14 columns of randomly arranged letters of +the alphabet. The top of each sheet names six target letters. +Subjects are given the choice of two possible strategies to +cancel target letters (i) all six letters at once or (ii) selecting a +single target letter at a time. It is also suggested that, according +to their own choice, they follow horizontal, vertical, or +random paths on the test sheet. They are told to cancel as +many target letters as possible in the test time of 90 secs. +The digit letter substitution task (DLST) test sheet consists +of 8 rows × 12 columns of randomly arrayed digits. The key +at the top of each sheet, pairs each of the 9 digits with 9 +selected letters. Subjects have to write the corresponding +letters in the empty box below each digit. Choice of strategy +for substituting letters is up to each subject: horizontally, +vertically, or selecting one digit at a time. Subjects have +to substitute as many letters for digits as possible in the +test time of 90 sec. Test supervisors timed each test on a +standard stopwatch. +To compensate for test‑retest, and memory effects due to +short intervening time intervals, i.e. interventions of only +1 and 5 minutes, different worksheets and coding were +used for each test, with different digit‑letter pairing in +the key and differently randomized arrays of digits on the +worksheets. Similar rules were followed for the SLCT by +changing target letters and using differently randomized +arrays of letters on the worksheet. +Assessment +Scoring for both tests counts total substitutions/ +cancellations attempted, and number of wrong +substitutions/cancellations. Net Score was obtained +by deducting the wrongly attempted score from total +attempted score. Scoring was carried out by blind rater. +Data analysis +Statistical analysis was done using SPSS‑10. +RESULTS +Student’s paired ‘t’ Test was used for total and net scores, +and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for wrong scores [Table 1]. +Although none of the differences on SLCT and DLST on +total and net scores between sessions for the same group +reached significance, the fact that all four improved has a +chance of 1/16 = P < 0.0625 according to a sign test, and is +borderline significant. Both groups made more errors on +[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +International Journal of Yoga  Vol. 6  Jul-Dec-2013 +130 +Pradhan: Effect of kapalabhati on performance on psychomotor performance +DLST after the intervention, 525% after KB1 (P < 0.018) +and 562.5% after KB5 (P < 0.041). Wrong substitution +data has significant implications for subjects’ vigilance +following KB practice. +DISCUSSION +The present study found wrong letter substitution +significantly increased in DLST without significant change +in Net Score, while no changes in either total wrong or Net +Scores were observed in SLCT after either KB1 or KB5. As +measures of sustained attention, the two tests are usually +considered equivalent, so at first sight this difference in +task performance seems remarkable. +Our results were unexpected contrast to the previous +finding. Natu and Agrawal[8] assessed the effect of a +stimulant (coffee) on psychomotor performance in third +year medical students using the SLC and DLS tasks. Net +Scores increased significantly on both tests. Since KB +is considered to have a stimulating effect on the central +nervous system,[6] we had expected to observe similar +improvements after KB practice. +The following may help us understand the new result. +The substitution tasks involve visual scanning, mental +flexibility, sustained attention, psychomotor speed, and +speed of information processing.[10] The KB practice may +have interfered with the mental flexibility component, +which is not present in the cancellation task. In contrast to +the cancellation task, which can be performed as a simple +reaction to seeing the selected letter(s) without thinking what +to do about it, the DLST requires a selective substitution to be +made, and this requires an instant of reflective consideration. +Our results indicate that KB marginally interferes with this +moment of reflection. Possible reasons can be found in +terms of panchamahabhutta functions: thought involves +prana (Vayu), and KB would initially cause a disturbance +in system Vayu functions. However, how to translate this +phenomenological explanation into modern scientific terms +is an open question, and the effects of different pranayama +techniques need to be considered, particularly on EEG. +In contrast, an earlier study of the effects of KB on SLCT +found contrasting results in different age groups. They +observed a decrease in total errors for the younger and +medical students group. In the middle age and older +persons groups, they found no changes in total errors +after KB, but Net Scores were higher after KB in these two +groups by 32.5% and 16.4%, respectively. In the medical +students group, Net Scores did not change significantly.[7] +Our finding, that both KB1 and KB5 selectively impair DLS +task performance, suggests that motor skills are not being +improved. Further study is required to understand effect +of KB on attention using P300 event‑related potentials +and sensory motor task. Limitation of the study, it is a +comparative study without control group with small +sample size. +REFERENCES +1. +Swami Muktibodhananda, Hatha Yoga Pradipika. Yoga Publication Trust, +Munger Bihar, India; 2003. +2. +Desai BP, Gharote ML. Effect of Kapalabhati on blood urea, creatinine and +tyrosine. Act Nerv Super (Praha) 1990;32:95‑8. +3. +Stancak A Jr, Kuna  M, Novak  P, Srinivasan  MA, Dostalek  C, +Vishnudevananda  S. Observations on respiratory and cardiovascular +rhythmicities during yogic high‑frequency respiration. Physiol Res +1991;40:345‑54. +4. +Stancak A Jr, Kuna  M, Srinivasan, Vishnudevananda  S, Dostalek  C. +Kapalabhati‑‑yogic cleansing exercise. I. Cardiovascular and respiratory +changes. Homeost Health Dis 1991;33:126‑34. +5. +Stancak A Jr, Kuna  M, Srinivasan, Dostalek  C, Vishnudevananda  S. +Kapalabhati‑‑yogic cleansing exercise. II. EEG topography analysis. Homeost +Health Dis 1991;33:182‑9. +6. +Raghuraj P, Ramakrishnan AG, Nagendra HR, Telles S. Effect of two selected +yogic breathing techniques of heart rate variability. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol +1998;42:467‑72. +7. +Telles  S, Raghuraj  P, Arankalle  D, Naveen  KV. Immediate effect of +high‑frequency yoga breathing on attention. Indian J Med Sci 2008;62:20‑2. +8. +Natu MV, Agarawal AK. Testing of stimulant effects of coffee on the +psychomotor performance: An exercise in clinical pharmacology. Indian J +Pharmacol 1997;29:11‑4. +9. +Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh +inventory. Neuropsychologia 1971;9:97‑113. +10. Van Hoof JJ, Lezak MD. Neuropsychological assessment. 3rd ed. New York: +Oxford UP; 1995. +Table  1: Mean values and standard deviation for total scores, wrong substitutions, and net scores of six-letter +cancellation task and digit-letter substitution task +Variables +Scores +KB1 +KB5 +Pre +Post +Pre +Post +SLCT +Total +47.94±12.75 +48.78±13.01 +46.06±13.27 +47.72±12.93 +Wrong +0.28±0.74 +0.36±0.59 +0.31±0.86 +0.42±0.84 +Net +47.67±12.92 +48.42±13.01 +45.75±13.64 +47.31±12.73 +DLST +Total +63.44±14.54 +64.61±12.32 +59.94±17.24 +63.22±14.81 +Wrong +0.08±0.37 +0.5±1.16* +0.08±0.37 +0.53±1.32* +Net +63.36±14.6 +64.11±12.56 +59.86±17.27 +62.69±14.76 +SLCT = Six‑letter cancellation task; DLST = Digit letter substitution Task, *P < 0.05, Wilcoxon singed rank test, post compared with pre of KB1 and KB5 +How to cite this article: Pradhan B. Effect of kapalabhati on +performance of six-letter cancellation and digit letter substitution task in +adults. Int J Yoga 2013;6:128-30. +Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared +[Downloaded from http://www.ijoy.org.in on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of short term yoga practices on cognitive function and attitude towards violence in school children-A randomized control study conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of short term yoga practices on cognitive function and attitude towards violence in school children-A randomized control study conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..047379eb442e97136c05d60f2d67c1ec71366132 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of short term yoga practices on cognitive function and attitude towards violence in school children-A randomized control study conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +YOGA AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS VIOLENCE + +EFFECT OF SHORT TERM YOGA PRACTICES ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS VIOLENCE IN SCHOOL CHILDREN- A RANDOMIZED +CONTROL STUDY + + +G.K. Reddy +Research Scholar, SVYAS University, Bangalore. Sony Kumari +Assistant Professor, SVYAS University, Bangalore. + + +Voice of Research Volume 3, Issue 4 March 2015 +ISSN 2277-7733 + + +Abstract +The effectiveness of short term yoga practice on cognitive function and attitude towards violence in school children (n = 100) was examined. The participants were divided into two groups -Yoga and Control group. Yoga group was given 10 days yoga intervention programme for one hour every day. Results indicated that yoga intervention contributed significant result in cognitive function and no significant result in ATV (attitude towards violence) in school children. +Keywords: School children, cognitive function, attitude towards violence, yoga + + +Cognition: A term psychologists use to refer to the activity of knowing and the mental processes by which human beings acquire and use knowledge to solve problems, the cognitive processes that help us to understand and to adopt to the environment include such activity as attending, perceiving, learning, thinking and remembering in short, the unobservable events and undertaking that characterize the human mind. Cognition is a term referring to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. These processes include thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem-solving. These are higher-level functions of the brain and encompass language, imagination, perception, and planning. +Cognition and its development: The activity of knowing and the processes through which knowledge is acquired. Change that occur in mental activities such as attending, perceiving, learning, thinking and remembering. +Cognitive equilibrium & Meta cognition: Piaget’s term for the state of affairs in which there is a balanced or harmonious, relationship between one’s thought processes and the environment. One’s knowledge about cognition and about the regulation of cognitive activities. +Cognitive function in school children: Developing an understanding of the world around you is a lifetime process that begins at birth. Knowing about the regularity and predictability of the universe is important. This knowledge, called cognitive development, is learned through mental processes and sensory perceptions. Warm, supportive interactions with others, as well as the ability to use all five of the sensory modes—seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, and smelling—are required for maximum development of the mental or cognitive processes. High-quality child development centers have always placed priority on children’s intellectual learning. +Today the emphasis is greater than ever, because new + +research is being reported that helps teachers better understand the mental or cognitive processes that are at work in the child. +Violence: The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal development, or deprivation. +Effect of violence in school children: High profile acts of violence, particularly in schools, can confuse and frighten children who may feel in danger or worry that their friends or loved-ones are at risk. They will look to adults for information and guidance on how to react. Parents and school personnel can help children feel safe by establishing a sense of normalcy and security and talking with them about their fears. +Attitude: Attitude is a readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way. Attitude is an evaluation of an attitude object to vary from extremely negative to extremely positive, but also admits that people can also be conflicted or ambivalent toward an object meaning that they might at different times express both positive and negative attitude toward the same object. This has led to some discussion of whether individual can hold multiple attitudes toward the same object. +Violence attitude in school children: Children who exhibit explosive or noncompliant behaviour can be a difficult challenge to school personnel and parents. These children are chronically violent or aggressive and may be defiant, start fights, push, kick, hit or grab, throw things, verbally threaten classmates or staff, or destroy property. Some children respond to verbal prompts to interrupt and stop this type of behaviour. Others melt down with little obvious provocation and, once they “lose it,” cannot be reached until they have exhausted their rage. Typically, these +children do not handle transitions or unexpected change + + + +14 | Voice of Research,Vol. 3 Issue 4, March 2015, ISSN 2277-7733 +YOGA AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS VIOLENCE + + +well and have low tolerance for frustration. This is different from violent behaviour that is “episodic” (i.e., out of the norm for the child and perhaps the result of an isolated event at school or home) or “goal oriented” (i.e., employed to achieve a specific desire or targeted at a specific person). Aggression is usually defined by behavioural scientists as behaviour that is intended to harm another person. Common forms of aggression are physical (for example, punching), verbal (for example, saying or writing hurtful things to another person), and relational (for example, intentionally and publicly not inviting someone to a party to harm his social relationships). Violence usually is conceived as more extreme forms of physical aggression that are likely to result in physical injury. The most extreme form of violence is homicide, but any form of aggressive behaviour that is likely to result in an injury serious enough to warrant medical attention is considered violence. Thus, fights involving weapons as well as fistfights by adolescents old enough to be able to inflict serious injuries are considered acts of violence. +Literature Review +Faculties’ beliefs in their collective instructional efficacy contribute significantly to their schools’ level of academic achievement. Findings shows there are diverse ways in which perceived self-efficacy contributes to cognitive development and functioning. Faculties’ beliefs in their collective instructional efficacy contribute significantly to their schools’ level of academic achievement. +Progressive behavior both in Grades 1 through 3 (ages 5– 8) and Grades 4 through 6 (ages 9–12), the effects on social cognition were only evident in the later grades. Furthermore, the effect of violence exposure on aggression in the later grades was partially mediated by its effect on social cognition. These findings suggest that witnessing community violence has an effect on children’s aggressive behavior through both imitation of violence and the development of associated cognitions as children get older. +The yoga intervention produced improvements in physical measures (e.g., timed 1-legged standing, forward flexibility) as well as a number of quality-of-life measures related to sense of well-being and energy and fatigue compared to controls. Those in the yoga group showed significant improvement in quality-of-life and physical measures compared to exercise and wait-list control groups. +Three hundred and twelve sets of pre–post data were analysed. There was an increase in PA of PANAS by 13% and OPA by 17%. The NA reduced by 47% and ONA by 48% It is feasible and safe to conduct a weeklong yoga camp in an urban setting, and integrated yoga practices can reduce the negative affect and increase the positive affect +within one week. + +Method +Sample: The sample consisted of 100 school students, Chaitanya Vidyanikethan Educational Society, Hyderabad. The school is situated in rural area. The age ranges were between 13 to 15 years. 8th & 9th standard from both sex (boys and girls) Total sample size 100 was divided into two groups. Experimental group 50 No. and control group 50 No. +Measure: DLST (Digit Letter Substitution Test), scale is developed by Natu MV, Agarwal AK. (1997). was used to measure the cognitive function (perception, thinking, memory, recollect, analyze, judgment, fast dissension). ATV (Attitude towards Violence) scale is used to measure the attitude towards violence in school children. +Procedure: The DLST and ATV scales were administered to all the members participating in this study, before and after the intervention. The intervention which was given to yoga group was short term yoga practices which consist of Starting prayer (Om sahanavavatu…..) loosening exercise, breathing exercise, relaxation techniques like QRT, DRT, asana ( physical postures), pranayama ( breathing practices ).Meditation and closing prayer (Sarve bhavanthu…..) daily 1 hr and 15 minutes for 10 days. Loosening exercise: condition exercise from toe to head. Breathing exercise: hands in & out, hands stretch, ankle stretch. Relaxation techniques: like QRT (quick relaxation technique), DRT (deep relaxation technique). Asana: Standing-Ardhachakration, padahasthsan, Ardhakati chakrasan, Pariorutha, Trikonasan. Sitting- vajrasan, shasankasan, ustrasan, bharadvajasan. Pranayama: Kapalabathi, bastrika, bhramari, Nadisuddi pranayama. Meditation: silence. Whereas the control group was given PE (physical exercise) daily 45 minutes for 10 days. +Results and Discussion: Intense short term yoga practice in school children lead to significant improvement in cognitive function and no significant result shown in attitude towards violence. +Table 1 - DLST (within group result) Paired Sample T test +Scale/Gro Pre/po MEA Percent Std. Sig{2-up st N age of Deviatio tailed +Mean n test} DLST(Y) PRE 45.22 42% 8.09 0.000 +POST 64.30 11.69 +DLST(C) PRE 49.5 24% 6.84 0.000 POST 61.4 7.87 + +Table 2 - ATV (within group result) wilcoxon signed rank test +Scale/Gro Pre/po MEA Percent Std. Sig{2-up st N age of Deviatio tailed +Mean n test} ATV(Y) Pre 16.3 3.0% 4.2 .572 +Post 15.8 4.1 +ATV(C) Pre 17.9 12.8% 3.3 .003 Post 15.6 3.4 + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 3 Issue 4, March 2015, ISSN 2277-7733 | 15 +YOGA AND ATTITUDE TOWARDS VIOLENCE + +Table 3 - DLST & ATV (Between Groups) Independent t Wertsch, James V., and Peeter Tulviste. “LS Vygotsky and Test Mann Whitney test contemporary developmental psychology.” + +scale Pre/post Pre +DLST Post ATV Pre +Post + + +Sig{2-tailed test} + +0.003 .654 + +Developmental psychology 28.4 (1992): 548. + +Lewis, Marc D. “The promise of dynamic systems approaches for an integrated account of human +development.” Child Development 71.1 (2000): 36-43. + + + +In table-1, the data was normally distributed therefore parametric test (Paired sample T test) within group was conducted . In yoga group the percentage mean is increased by 42% (p> .05) and the control group is increased by 24% (p>.05).; In table -2, Data was not normally distributed therefore Non-Parametric test (Wilcoxon signed rank test) within group was conducted . Here there is 3.0% percentage change in yoga group (p< .05) and there is 12.8% change in ATV in control group (p>.05).; In table -3, Betweens group DLST & ATV (Independent t test & Mann Whitney test) was administered and result showed significant result (p> .05) in DLST and no significant result in ATV.; In addition they have experienced other benefits like physical flexibility digestion, sleep, mental relaxation and stress free and they are very cooperative with teachers and parents. This study lends further support to supposed linkages between yoga and personality development at physical and mental level in school children. However, there is need for a more detailed study to spell out the processes and mechanisms of yoga intervention in school children. +Conclusion + +This study was conducted with aim to see the effect of short term yoga intervention on cognitive function and attitude towards violence in school children at the end of the study we observed significant improvement in cognitive function and mean percentage change is high in yoga (42%) compare to control (24%) and, no significant result shown in attitude towards violence but there is a sign of improvement in ATV in terms of mean percentage change by 3 % in Experimental group. This is an first attempt to measure ATV ( Attitude towards Violence) in school children’s. +References +Uhlén, Mathias, and et al. “A human protein atlas for normal and cancer tissues based on antibody proteomics.” Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 4.12 (2005): 1920-1932. +Cherry, Kendra. The Everything Psychology Book: Explore the human psyche and understand why we do the things we do. +Everything Books, 2010. + + +By P.F. Hearron|V. Hildebrand — Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall Updated on Jul 20, 2010 +WHO-2014, global campaign for violence prevention +NASP has additional information for parents and educators on school safety, violence Prevention, children’s trauma reactions, and crisis response at www.nasponline.org. ©2006, National Association of School Psychologists, 4340 East West Highway #402, Bethesda, MD 20814 +Main, R. (2004). The rupture of time: Synchronicity and Jung’s critique of modern western culture. Routledge. +Wood, W. (2000). “Attitude Change: Persuasion and Social Influence”. Annual Review of Psychology51: 539–570. +By Diane Smallwood, PsyD, NCSP,South Brunswick (NJ) School District +Journal Issue: Children and Electronic Media, Volume 18 Number 1 Spring 2008 +Educational Psychologist,Albert Bandura,Volume 28, Issue 2, 1993,pages 117-148 +Child Development,Nancy G. Guerra, L. Rowell Huesmann, +and Anja Spindler,Volume 74,Issue 5, pages 1561–1576, October 2003,Sample: 4458. +Accpted for publication in a peer reviewed journal, Barry S. Oken, Daniel Zajdel, Shirley Kishiyama, Kristin Flegal, Cathleen Dehen, Mitchell Haas, Dale F. Kraemer, PhD, Julie Lawrence, and Joanne Leyva, 2006; 12(1): pp.40– 47.Sample : 135 +International journal of yoga, Lakshmi Narasimhan, R Nagarathna, and HR Nagendra, v.4(1); Jan-Jun 2011, Int J Yoga. 2011 Jan-Jun; 4(1): 13–19. pp. 312 sets of samples +Natu MV, Agarwal AK. Testing of stimulant effects of coffee on the psychomotor performance: An exercise in clinical pharmacology. Indian J Physiology +Pharmacol. 1997; 9:11–4. + + +16 | Voice of Research,Vol. 3 Issue 4, March 2015, ISSN 2277-7733 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5187c08df2df2861f0d23b12217ce668be16f54e --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ + + +International Journal of Education & Management Studies, 2014, 4(2), 150-152 +http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/21#list + + +© 2014 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare + + +Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers + +Rabindra M.A., Pradhan B. and Nagendra H.R. Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore + +The manager's come across challenging situations in there day to day working environment. The demanding conditions produces lot of variations in their mood profile, which in turn leads to stress and strain and end up in physical illness. Solution to tackle the mood fluctuation is a need of hour. To evaluate the effect of 5 days yoga based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) on profile of mood states of managers. A single pre-post pilot study was conducted on seventy seven managers recruited from Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). The negative moods sub-scale of POMS was significantly reduced following SMET program. Whereas positive mood sub-scale improved but there was non-significant. Intense five days yoga based SMETprogram shown enhanced of profile of mood in manages. + +Keywords: yoga managers POMS SMET + + +Organizational performance depends on multi-factors. In corporate sectors major components of human recourses development are entrepreneur, managers, and workers. They play a measure role in the developments of organization/industry/corporate/business worlds. They were commonly met with targets to achieve their goal in deadlines. In the long run unconsciously psychological strain were accumulated which led to hamper individuals' and professional growth. There were many programs which deal with management stress at various institutions using life-style modification, mind-body training, yoga, meditation, Tai-chi, and Qigong technique. +Current study explored the effect of Self-Management of Excessive Tension a yoga based Stress management program developed by Swami Vivekanada Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA). The SMETconsists of two major component theory and practical sessions. Detail description of the program is presented in the Table 1. Previous studies on SMET has shown improvement in emotional well-being (Kumari, Nath, Nagendra, & Sharma, 2007), and general health (Ganpat & Nagendra, 2011). The core practical component of SMET is Cyclic Meditation (CM). CM has been scientifically explored extensively. A review on Cyclic Meditation suggested that single sessions of CM provide deep rest to individual physiological arousal measured through metabolic cost and autonomic arousal (HRV). Further, studies has shown enhancement of attention and memory. Furthermore, CM has shown significant improvement in the quality of sleep (Subramanya & Telles, 2009). Hence, a single armed pre-post study has evaluated the effect of SMETprogram on ONGC managers' profile of mood. +Method + +Participants + + +participation. Calculated sample for current study was fifty four based on previous study. The sample size was calculated based on previous study setting effect size (0.45), alpha = 0.05 and power = 0.95 using the G*Power (a general power analysis program) 3.1(Faul, Erdfelder, Buchner, & Lang, 2009). The sample size of present study was seventy seven managers. Both the gender included based on general medical routine health check up by residential doctors. Further those who were unwilling to volunteer for the study were excluded. The informed consent form was obtained from them with prior information regarding the study. Each participant read and signed an informed consent document. All procedures were reviewed and accepted by the appropriate institutional review board. Participants were given questionnaire packets including demographic details and profile of mood state. After participants completed the packet of questionnaires, they were debriefed about the study. Masking has been implemented through not involving researcher in the part of intervention, assessment, scoring and analysis of data. +Interventions +Cyclic Meditation: Cyclic Meditation is vital part of SMET is a 30 minute practice which is very different from any other form of meditation. It comprises of a set of asanas (yogic postures) followed by relaxation techniques; Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT), Quick relaxation Technique (QRT) and Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT). The key features of cyclic meditation are (i) postures interspersed with relaxation, (ii) slowness in movements, (iii) continuity, (iv) inner watchful awareness, (v) feeling of changes in breathing, heartbeat, blood flow and the resonance of sound, and (vi) recognition of linear, surface, three-dimensional and all pervasive awareness. + + + +Seventy seven managers affiliated to Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), India were recruited for this study. Sample consisted of 10 females and 67 males. Participants age ranged from 29 to 61 years with a mean age of 52.25 years (SD=5.94). Participants were not provided with any incentives for their + +Correspondence should be sent to Rabindra M.A. +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore + + +Table 1: SMETProgram details + +SMETTheory + +Theory +1. Introduction to Yoga 2. Introduction to SMET +2. Concept & Physiology of Stress +3. Stress & it's Release + + + +SMETPractices + + +Practice session: Cyclic Meditation Instant Relaxation Technique Täòäsana (Tree posture) +Centering in Täòäsana + +151 International Journal of Education & Management Studies, 2014, 4(2), 150-152 + + +3. Stress & it's Release 4. Executive Growth 5. Group Dynamic +6. SMET& Yoga Therapy Research 7. Integrated Approach of Yoga +therapy +8. Pranayama and Health +9. Yoga for Mastery over Emotion (Bhakti Yoga) +10. Action in Relaxation (Karma Yoga) +11.Concept and Basis of Yoga +(Happiness Analysis) + + +Ardhakaöicakräsana (Half wheel posture) +Pädahastäsana( Forward bending posture) +Ardhacakräsana (Backward bending posture) +QRT Ustrasana Shashankasana +Deep Relaxation Technique +(DRT) + +activity sub-scale (Shacham, 1983; Spinella, 2007). +Data analysis +All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 16.0).Data were analyzed using paired 't' test for evaluating the effect of SMET intervention within the group. The results are summarized in Table 2. +Results + +Profile of Mood State (POMS): There were significant improvements in the sub-scale profile of mood state in post anger (8.09±3.38) compared to pre anger (9.64±4.24), p<0.001, ES = 0.39, 16.08%); post confusion (6.4±2.86) compared to pre confusion + +Variables studied +Profile of Mood State: Profile of Mood States (POMS) test, which has been used extensively to measure mood states in a variety of situations. The POMS test consists of 37 adjectives describing mood, rated on a five-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). The POMS is divided into 6 factors describing six mood dimensions that include: tension, depression, anger, fatigue, confusion, and vigor. Following standard procedure, general distress was calculated by summing scores on the tension, depression, anger, +fatigue, and confusion subscales and subtracting scores on the vigor- + +(8±3.62), p<0.001, ES = 0.45, 20%); post depression (9.23±3.61) compared to pre depression (10.71±3.98), p<0.001, ES = 0.33, 13.82%); post fatigue (6.31±2.87) compared to pre fatigue (8±3.69), p = 0.005, ES = 0.46, 21.13%); post tension (8±3.37) compared to pre tension (10.25±4.16), p<0.001, ES = 0.46, 21.95%); post vigor (20.42±6.69) compared to pre vigor (18.91±5.6), p=0.133, ES = -0.21, -7.99%); post Tmp (38.04±14.6) compared to pre Tmp (46.6±17.1), p<0.001, ES = 0.48, 18.37%); post Tem variation (17.62±14.52) compared to pre Tem Variation (27.69±17.29), p<0.001, ES = 0.61, 36.37%). + + +Table 2: Mean±SD of pre and post Profile of Mood State +Variable PRE POST n ES Percentage p value + + +Anger Confusion Depression Fatigue Tension Vigor +Tmp +Tem variation + +9.64±4.24 8±3.62 10.71±3.98 8±3.69 10.25±4.16 18.91±5.6 46.6±17.1 +27.69±17.29 + +8.09±3.38*** 77 0.39 6.4±2.86*** 77 0.45 9.23±3.61** 77 0.33 6.31±2.87*** 77 0.46 8±3.37*** 77 0.46 20.42±6.69 77 -0.21 38.04±14.6*** 77 0.48 +17.62±14.52*** 77 0.61 + +16.08 <0.001 20.00 <0.001 13.82 0.005 21.13 <0.001 21.95 <0.001 -7.99 0.067 18.37 <0.001 +36.37 <0.001 + +Legend: Profile of Mood State (POMS). +***p< 0.001, paired t-test; post score compared with respective pre score. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Fig. 2. Comparison of six scales of the POMS Pre and post SMET program. Blue bar, five negative moods and one positive mood pre SMET program; red bar, five negative moods post SMET program; green bar, one positive mood post SMETprogram. Significance was found in POMS scales of anger (A), confusion (C), depression (D), fatigue (F), tension (T) post SMET program. No significant difference was found in POMS scale V(vigor) post SMETprogram. + +Discussion +Few published studies have explored the effect of Stress management and Integrated yoga technique in executive (Adhia, Nagendra, & Mahadevan, 2010a, 2010b, 2010c). The present study shown that a short duration intense yoga based self-management of excessive tension has enhanced the mood state of ONGC manager. The study found significant reduction in five negative mood sub-scale measures of POMS. Current study was in line with previous study evaluated the effect of short duration of meditation training program, Forty Chinese students had participated in a 5 days of meditation practice with the integrative body-mind training for 20-min(Tang, et al., 2007) shown enhancement of mood. Further, four training sessions of meditation has showed improvement on the POMS scale (Zeidan, Johnson, Diamond, David, & Goolkasian, 2010). +The implications of these findings will help for policy making. Hence with support of scientific investigation on effect of SMETon profile of mood state give better understating and to manage +excessive stress of a managers. + +RABINDRA ETAL./ EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM YOGA BASED STRESS 152 + + +There are some limitations to this study that need to be considered. The sample consisting entirely ONGC managers only from a large public sector unit may limit the generalization. Further, there was no control group and only subjective variables were measured, short term in a residential set-up. Future research should examine our findings in more diverse populations. Further self-report measures may be compromised by response biases. Future work should explore on large sample size with a follow up and the use of comprehensive behavioral and physiological measures of mood. Despite these limitations, the present study confirmed our primary hypothesis; five days of intense SMET program enhances profile of Mood. Future exploration is necessary to reconnoiter the outcome of SMETprogram with randomized control trial. + +References +Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., & Mahadevan, B. (2010a). Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers. IIMB Managment Review, 22, 32-41. +Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., & Mahadevan, B. (2010b). Impact of adoption of yoga way +of life on the reduction of job burnout of managers. Vikalpa, 35(2), 21-33. + + +Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., & Mahadevan, B. (2010c). Impact of yoga way of life on organizational performance. International Journal of Yoga, 3(2), 55-66. +Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149-1160. +Ganpat, T. S., & Nagendra, H. R. (2011). Integrated yoga therapy for improving mental health in managers. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 20(1), 45-48. +Kumari, S., Nath, N. C. B., Nagendra, H. R., & Sharma, S. (2007). Effectiveness of SMETprogramme with pespect to emotional well-being of managers -An Empirical Study. Vilakshan, XIMB Journal of Management, 4,172. +Shacham, S. (1983). A Shortened Version of the Profile of Mood States. Journal of Personality Assessment, 47, 305. +Spinella, M. (2007). Measuring the executive regulation of emotion with self-rating scales in a nonclinical population. The Journal of General Psychology, 134(1), 101-111. +Subramanya, P., & Telles, S. (2009). A review of the scientific studies on cyclic meditation. International Journal of Yoga, 2(2), 46-48. +Tang, Y. Y., Ma, Y., Wang, J., Fan, Y., Feng, S., Lu, Q., et al. (2007). Short-term meditation training improves attention and self-regulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(43), 17152-17156. +Zeidan, F., Johnson, S. K., Diamond, B. J., David, Z., & Goolkasian, P. (2010). Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training. +Consciousness and Cognition, 19(2), 597-605. diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress, emotion regulation and affect a study on senior managers in an Indian multinational corporate conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress, emotion regulation and affect a study on senior managers in an Indian multinational corporate conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b2d784860a7538fbeec37405659f57d14c0aa4b --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress, emotion regulation and affect a study on senior managers in an Indian multinational corporate conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,418 @@ +Int. J. Indian Culture and Business Management, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2021 37 + +Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress, emotion regulation and affect: a study on senior managers in an Indian multinational corporate + + +T.S. Sreekumar + +Division of Yoga and Management Studies, +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, +KG Nagar, Bangalore 560019, India Email: ts.sreekumar@gmail.com + +H.R. Nagendra + +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, +KG Nagar, Bangalore 560019, India Email: chancellor@svyasa.edu.in + +Judu V. Ilavarasu* + +Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, +KG Nagar, Bangalore 560019, India Email: judu@svyasa.edu.in *Corresponding author + +Abstract: Psychological distress is highly prevalent among leadership professionals. Workplace yoga interventions to enhance psychological wellbeing and further follow-up studies are limited. We studied the effect of a residential five days yoga intervention and later follow-up after three months of home practice on 102 senior level managers of Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC). They were assessed for various psychological constructs like mindfulness, emotion regulation, positive and negative affect and perceived stress. Results of linear mixed effects model showed that all the variables had significantly influenced the perceived stress, except for emotion regulation. Findings suggest that intervention is effective in addressing the stress of senior managers by improving mindfulness, positive affect, and better emotion regulation strategy, but due to lack of supervised guidance after the program, there is a high chance of further relapse, which needs further attention to maintain an environment of sustained wellbeing. + +Keywords: yoga; stress; leaders; mindfulness; emotion regulation. +Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Sreekumar, T.S., Nagendra, H.R. and Ilavarasu, J.V. (2021) ‘Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress, emotion regulation and affect: a study on senior managers in an Indian multinational corporate’, Int. J. Indian Culture and Business Management, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp.37–52. + +Copyright © 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. +38 T.S. Sreekumar et al. + +Biographical notes: T.S. Sreekumar is a PhD scholar in the Division of Yoga and Management Studies, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore. He is a leadership and talent development professional with over 20 years of experience in the corporate world. He also has IT consulting experience in a global context. He has worked in leadership roles in Infosys and Deloitte and as Director-HR at UST Global. + +H.R. Nagendra is the Chancellor of Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, a deemed to be university based at Bangalore. He has authored 35 books, and over 100 research articles in scientific journals. He was also honoured with Padma Shri for his contributions to promote yoga. + +Judu V. Ilavarasu is an Associate Professor at the Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana. His area of research interest includes yoga, psychology, and human bioenergy field, and consciousness studies. + + + + +1 Introduction + +Stress in an organisational setup is common, and also among people who are at managerial positions, who have the responsibility of fulfilling organisational goals and also delegating work among employees, seeking their cooperation and support. Placed in such critical positions, their jobs demand them to maintain a delicate workplace balance. Situation can become more challenging when the nature of a company’s work involves high risk operations. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is one such Indian multinational corporate, where the senior level managers encounter various challenging workplace situations and experience stress. Even though there are many stress management programs offered in corporate sectors, there are limited scientific works on effectiveness of stress management program in such challenging work place setups. +Exploring new techniques, such as mindfulness, can lead to the development of novel methods for enhancing employee wellbeing at work (Schultz et al., 2015). Mindfulness studies have grown exponentially over the past three decades. However, investigation into the beneficial effects of mindfulness interventions at workplace is still in infancy stage (Jamieson and Tuckey, 2017). Research suggests that mindfulness could be a trait that buffers against burnout (Taylor et al., 2016). Mindfulness meditation can be an on the spot intervention which can be used in specific work situations (Hafenbrack, 2017). One key mechanism by which mindfulness has its beneficial effects is by promoting effective emotion regulation (Roemer et al., 2015). Mindfulness can facilitate emotion regulation at both explicit and implicit levels (Remmers et al., 2016). Emotional intelligence is known to affect the leadership skills (Pooja and Kumar, 2019). +Like mindfulness based interventions yoga is also another popular method of addressing stress in workplace setups. Yoga is shown to have a positive effect on health in the workplace, particularly in reducing stress (Puerto Valencia et al., 2019). Meditation-based intervention for executives in a large public sector company showed a reduction in perceived stress and also improvements in physical indicators of stress (Mulla et al., 2017). However, studies explaining the effect of yoga in various workplace setups are still limited. +Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress 39 + +In this study, we tried to study the effect of yoga based intervention on mindfulness, stress, emotion regulation and affect on the senior managers of the ONGC, a large multinational public sector undertaking in India. + + +2 Literature review + +Estimates suggest that working adults, on an average, spend about one third of their waking life at work (Harter et al., 2002). Previous studies have shown psychological distress as highly prevalent among working adults (Hilton et al., 2010; Larsen et al., 2010). Physical manifestations of stress include musculoskeletal pain, headaches, constant fatigue, sleep disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular illnesses, and substance use, while its psychological manifestations include lack of concentration, negative affect, low self-esteem, aggression among others (Constantino et al., 2013). +Managers consider the most important sources of work stress to be lack of control and work life balance. Work relationships, control, nature of job and communications were found to be significantly related with work engagement and job satisfaction (Gupta and Tyagi, 2009). +Work related factors are shown to have significant and differential relationship with perception of quality of work life among employees of public and private sectors and entrepreneur’s groups (Sinha and Subramanian, 2013). Moment demand is identified as a major factor contributing to job stress among officers and supervisors (Sidhu et al., 2019). +Stress is experienced in response to a range of physical, occupational and emotional stimuli. Within manageable parameters one’s sense of well-being is maintained, but if these stimuli go beyond normal limits, they become stressors. +There are many interventions available to handle workplace stress. Since stress is more appraised in the mind, even though it may have its sources at physical or mental levels, many mindfulness based interventions are used to handle workplace stress. It has been recognised that mindfulness can be used for enhancing employee wellbeing at work (Schultz et al., 2015). Preliminary research in embedding mindfulness interventions into the workplace appears to show promising results – few examples are stress reduction and increasing job satisfaction among workers (for a review, see Good et al., 2015). Few studies have provided theoretical accounts of how mindfulness might improve task performance, physical health, and psychological health (Dane, 2011; Glomb et al., 2011). Mindfulness is shown to act as a protective factor even in non-optimal work environments and appears to provide a potential pathway to wellness at the workplace (Schultz et al., 2015). One of the main areas of interest is the use of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) to reduce the effects of stress and distress in working adults who are at risk of higher stress due to the nature of their occupation or work situation (Irving et al., 2009; Jacobs and Blustein, 2010). +Yoga based interventions have mindfulness as an inherent component. Cyclic meditation (CM) is one such practice which requires mindfulness throughout the practice session. It involves a combination of a set of ‘stimulation’ and ‘relaxation’ practices, based on the knowledge from the ancient yoga texts that suggests that such a combination may be especially helpful to reach a state of mental equilibrium (Sarang and Telles, 2006). The current evidence base on CM shows that the practice of CM significantly +40 T.S. Sreekumar et al. + +reduces oxygen consumption and energy expenditure to a greater degree (32.1%) than a comparable period of supine rest (Sarang and Telles, 2006). The CM practice has also been shown to decrease occupational stress levels and baseline autonomic arousal (Vempati and Telles, 2000). Practice of CM has shown a significant reduction in stress levels, significant improvement in two positive subscales and reduction in two negative subscales on PANAS (Hankey, 2013). A 5-day intervention of CM practice found a significant reduction in five negative mood subscale measures of POMS. The study found there were improvements in positive affect, self-esteem score and decrement in negative affect scores after the self management of excessive tension (SMET) training program (Rabindra et al., 2014). Following the practice of CM, all the domains of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were improved (Maharana et al., 2014). A controlled study on the immediate effect of a single session of CM suggested higher levels of state mindfulness following the practice (Vinchurkar et al., 2014). + +2.1 Purpose of the study + +In this current study, CM was used an intervention in a five days residential stress management program. There was also a follow-up after three months. Studies on the effect of such yoga-based interventions on corporate leaders are limited and hence this study was conducted, to evaluate the effect of a yoga-based intervention on mindfulness for working adults, more specifically for corporate leadership professionals. The study examines the effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, emotion regulation, perceived stress, positive affect and negative effect in leadership professionals. The aims of the study were: + +1 Examine the effect of yoga based intervention on mindfulness in working professionals. + +2 Examine the effect of yoga based intervention on perceived stress, positive and negative affect and emotion regulation in working professionals. + +3 Examine the follow-up effect of the residential intervention, after three months of home practice. + +2.2 Rationale of the study + +Mindfulness intervention studies in workplace are burgeoning area of research with significant practical implications. Studies focusing on yoga based interventions to promote mindfulness are limited. In one of the mindfulness intervention studies, an unexpected finding was the strong association between the mindful yoga form of practice and changes in other variables, including increased mindfulness skills, reduced symptoms and improved wellbeing. Given that mindful yoga was practiced on fewer days and for fewer total hours than the other formal practices, these results are striking and bear further investigation (Carmody and Baer, 2008). In the field of mindfulness research, mind or thought control is emphasised, but the role of body regulation has often been underemphasised. In practices like integrated body mind technique or yoga, mind-body interaction facilitates the mindfulness process and outcomes (Tang and Tang, 2015). Cyclic meditation (CM), which is a yoga based intervention, involves awareness over various bodily movements. This has an advantage of having an anchor at the physical +Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress 41 + +body, which makes it possible to keep the mind focused on the bodily changes, and avoid distractions. CM has been reported to enhance mindfulness (Vinchurkar et al., 2014) and mindfulness is known to have an impact on emotion regulation, stress, and affect variables. In this study, we hypothesise that cyclic meditation intervention will influence psychological constructs like mindfulness, perceived stress, emotion regulation, and positive and negative affect scores. + + +3 Method + +3.1 Participants + +3.1.1 Source of participants + +Participants were recruited from a large multinational public sector undertaking, ONGC. We adopted a convenience sampling procedure. Program details were shared with senior level leadership professionals in the organisation and the sample was drawn from senior executives who voluntary opted for the program. However, the sample had representation from various states across India, like Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, and Uttarakhand. Participants were sent in four consecutive batches, spanning across two months. + +3.1.2 Sample size + +105 participants reported for the residential program located in a Yoga university setup at Bengaluru. There were three dropouts due to personal exigencies during the study. 102 senior level leadership professionals with a mean age of 53.85 years and ranging from 30 to 60 years participated in the study and were given five days residential yoga-based stress reduction program. Both males and females who volunteered for the program were included in the study. Later they were asked to continue the practices at home and assessments were made at the baseline, after the residential program and following three months home practice. Out of the 102 participants who attended the full 5-day residential intervention, 83 participants provided follow-up data after three months. + +3.2 Design + +Repeated measures design with a single group followed at three time points, baseline, after the intervention, and after the follow-up for three months. + +3.3 Assessments + +They were assessed for mindfulness, emotion regulation, positive and negative affect, and perceived stress, apart from the demographic details. Mindfulness was measured using the mindfulness attention awareness scale (MAAS). MAAS is a 15‑item self‑reported single‑factor scale that is exclusively focused on attention/awareness component of mindfulness construct (Brown and Ryan, 2003). The items are answered on a six‑point scale (1 = almost always; 6 = almost never) on which higher scores are an indication of a +42 T.S. Sreekumar et al. + +higher trait mindfulness. The MAAS has been validated in various samples of students (alpha = 0.82) and adults from the general community (alpha = 0.87). +Emotion regulation was measured using the emotion regulation questionnaire (ERQ). ERQ is designed to assess individual differences in the habitual use of two emotion regulation strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression (Gross and John, 2003). The questions involve two distinct aspects on emotional life. One is on the emotional experience, or what you feel like inside. The other is on emotional expression, or how you show your emotions in the way you talk, gesture, or behave. ERQ has ten items and is self-reported on a 7-point scale (1= strongly disagree; 7 = strongly agree). +Positive affect and negative affect were measured using the positive affect and negative affect schedule (PANAS). PANAS consists of 20 items with two sub-scales and 10-items each measure to assess positive and negative affect. This is measured using a 5-point scale that ranges from very slightly (1) to extremely (5). It can show the relationship between positive and negative affect with personality states and traits. The internal consistency, alpha reported for PANAS ranges from 0.86–0.90 for positive affect and from 0.84–0.87 for negative affect (Watson et al., 1988). +Perceived stress was measured using the perceived stress scale (PSS). PSS is a widely used and well-validated 10-item scale that measures the degree to which the situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful (Cohen, et al.; 1983). A higher score indicates a greater degree of perceived stress. 10-item version of PSS showed adequate internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.67 (Leung et al., 2010). +The assessments were conducted at three different time points. First assessment was done as the baseline on day1 before commencement of the intervention. Second assessment was done on day 5, on the last day of the residential intervention program. Both these assessments were conducted in a computer lab in supervised settings. The third assessment was done after three months of home practice, following the residential intervention. The same was administered online through a confidential Google form link where in the participants duly submitted their responses on the various questionnaires. + +3.4 Intervention + +The residential program was termed as SMET and it covered theory sessions that provided conceptual understanding of yoga, stress and its release, concept of executive growth and group dynamics. Theory sessions were followed up with practice sessions on cyclic meditation (CM) technique. Interaction sessions were conducted to address any participant queries. In addition, the program had components on yogasanas (postures), kriyas (cleansing techniques), pranayama (breathing practices) and bhajan (devotional sessions). Simple, healthy nutrient rich vegetarian diet was served. +Following the residential program, participants were expected to continue their daily practice of 35 minutes of cyclic meditation on their own for an additional period of three months. Standardised guided instructions in audio format were provided to facilitate the individual practice. + +3.5 Ethical considerations + +Signed informed consent form was obtained from participants before beginning of the study, after explaining in detail about the study. Subjects were explained about their +Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress 43 + +rights to withdraw from the study at any point of time. The current study was approved by the Institute Ethics committee, before commencing the study. + + +4 Results + +4.1 Data extraction and analysis + +Data were extracted from the Google form where the responses were originally recorded. Data were cleaned by checking for outliers and missing values. Outliers were checked using boxplot and the Grubbs tests. There were no outliers and all the values fell in the acceptable range. There were no missing data at T1 (baseline) and T2 (after residential intervention) however, after the home practice follow-up, there were 19 drop outs and at T3 only 83 were left for analysis. Various assumption tests were checked for suitability of running parametric tests. We used linear mixed effects models for analysis of repeated measures data, as we found this to be an unbalanced repeated measures design due to dropouts at T3. Linear mixed effects model are considered to be a better method whenever there is an unbalanced repeated measures design (Locker et al., 2007). We used R statistical software for analysis (R Development Core Team, 2018) and its packages nlme for mixed effect modelling (Pinheiro et al., 2012). The raw data, and analysis code used in this study are shared through Open Science Framework (link provided in the acknowledgement section). + +4.2 Baseline characteristics + +Table 1 contains the descriptive statistics of all the measured dependent variables across T1, T2, and T3. The n was 102 at T1, except for two of the sub domains in the variable emotion regulation questionnaire, where due to some technical reason, we failed to collect the data. The general trend that can be observed is almost all the variables have shown improved in scores after the residential intervention at T2 and tend to diminish after 3-months of follow-up. Table 2 shows the correlation between the measured variables at the baseline. +Table 1 Mean and standard deviations of dependent variables at baseline (T1), after residential intervention (T2), and after three months follow-up (T3) + +Variable T1 (n = 102*) T2 (n = 102*) T3 (n = 83) + +M SD 1 Mindfulness 4.27 0.75 2 Reappraisal 29.22 6.18 3 Suppression 15.65 5.67 4 PosAffect 34.02 6.47 5 NegAffect 19.53 7.00 +6 Perceived stress 15.71 5.33 + +M SD 4.62 0.77 +30.71 5.94 15.69 6.07 38.3 5.1 14.52 4.93 +13.36 5.52 + +M SD 4.58 0.88 +28.43 7.72 16.52 5.69 35.43 6.72 15.6 5.25 +13.48 6.56 + +Note: *For two sub domains of emotion regulation questionnaire, the n were 86 and 85 at T1 and T2 for reappraisal, and 86 and 86 at T1 and T2 for suppression. +44 T.S. Sreekumar et al. + +The internal consistencies, Cronbach’s alpha for various questionnaires used in this study were: 0.84 for MAAS, 0.87 for negative affect of PANAS, 0.86 for positive affect of PANAS scale, 0.77 for PSS, 0.69 for ERQ reappraisal, and 0.77 for ERQ suppression. +Table 2 Correlations with 95% confidence intervals of all the variables at baseline + +Variable 1 2 3 4 5 + +1 Mindfulness_T1 2 Reappraisal_T1 + +3 Suppression_T1 + +4 PosAffect_T1 + +5 NegAffect_T1 + +6 PSS_T1 + + +.04 +[–.17, .25] –.17 +[–.37, .05] .30** [.11, .47] –.40** +[–.55, –.23] –.49** +[–.62, –.32] + + + + + +.18 +[–.03, .38] .10 +[–.11, .31] –.11 +[–.32, .10] –.05 +[–.26, .17] + + + + + + + +–.08 +[–.29, .13] .01 +[–.20, .22] .01 +[–.20, .23] + + + + + + + + + +–.24* +[–.41, –.04] –.38** +[–.53, –.20] + + + + + + + + + + + + +.60** +[.46, .71] + + +Note: *Indicates p < 0.05 and ** indicates p < 0.01. + +It shows that mindfulness has a significant positive correlation with positive affect, and a significant negative correlation with negative affect and perceived stress. Similarly, negative and positive affect were significantly correlated with perceived stress. Emotion regulation strategies were not found to be correlated with any of the variables. + +4.3 Linear mixed effects model + +Linear mixed effects model was used as our design had some missing values and therefore, we had unbalanced repeated measures data. We performed the one-way repeated measures analysis using linear mixed effect model with time (T1, T2, and T3) and the fixed factor and each of the measured variables as dependent variables one at a time. We used subject as a random factor in all these models. The results are presented in Table 3. Planned contrasts were done using the paired sample t-test to test if the means have changed at T2 and T3 compared to the baseline T1. 0.05 was fixed as the level of statistical significance. The mindfulness score has changed significantly over three assessment points. The change after the residential program compared to baseline was significant, t(101) = 5.35, p < 0.001, d = 0.53, and the increase in the MAAS scores after the follow-up compared to the baseline was significant, t(82) = 2.93, p = .004, d = 0.32, where t is the t-statistic from paired samples t-test, p is the p-value of the statistic, and d is the Cohen’s effect size. The perceived stress scores (PSS) have reduced significantly after residential orientation compared to the baseline, t(101) = –5.81, p < .001, d = –0.58, and there was a significant decrease after the follow-up compared to the baseline, t(82) = –3.39, p = .001, d = –0.37. The ERQ-reappraisal scores have improved significantly after residential orientation compared to baseline, t(83) = 2.35, p =.021, d = 0.26, and there was no significant decrease after the follow-up compared to the baseline, t(68) = –1.54, p = .128, d = –0.19. +Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress 45 + +Table 3 Repeated measures results using linear mixed effects model + + + +Baseline Model 2 +(MAAS) + + +(Intercept) (Intercept) MAAS_T2 +MAAS_T3 + +Estimate 4.47 4.27 0.35 +0.26 + +Std. error 0.07 0.08 0.07 +0.08 + +df t-value 185 66.17 183 54.47 183 4.97 +183 3.49 + +p-value < .001 < .001 < .001 +0.001 + +Comparison of model fit: χ2(2) = 25.07, p < .001 + +Baseline Model 2 +(PSS) + +(Intercept) (Intercept) PSS_T2 +PSS_T3 + +14.23 0.48 15.71 0.57 –2.34 0.56 +–2.26 0.60 + +185 29.92 < .001 183 27.45 < .001 183 –4.20 < .001 +183 –3.77 < .001 + +Comparison of model fit: χ2(2) = 20.86, p < .001 + +Baseline Model 2 +(ERQ-reappraisal) + +(Intercept) 29.57 (Intercept) 29.44 ERQreappraisal_T2 1.51 +ERQreappraisal_T3 –1.04 + +0.51 154 57.55 < .001 0.71 152 41.51 < .001 0.83 152 1.83 0.069 +0.85 152 –1.22 0.224 + +Comparison of model fit: χ2(2) = 8.82, p = .012 + +Baseline Model 2 +(ERQ-suppression) + +(Intercept) 15.97 (Intercept) 15.68 ERQsuppression_T2 –0.01 +ERQsuppression_T3 0.85 + +0.48 154 32.98 < .001 0.61 152 25.64 < .001 0.63 152 –0.02 0.982 +0.66 152 1.29 0.200 + +Comparison of model fit: χ2(2) = 2.19, p = .334 + +Baseline Model 2 +(PANAS-positive) + +(Intercept) (Intercept) Posaffect_T2 +Posaffect_T3 + +35.91 0.48 34.02 0.61 4.28 0.64 +1.20 0.69 + +185 74.43 < .001 183 56.08 < .001 183 6.69 < .001 +183 1.74 0.083 + +Comparison of model fit: χ2(2) = 42.27, p < .001 + +Baseline Model 2 +(PANAS-negative) + +(Intercept) (Intercept) Negaffect_T2 +Negaffect_T3 + +16.65 0.44 19.53 0.58 –5.01 0.65 +–3.79 0.70 + +185 37.44 < .001 183 33.78 < .001 183 –7.68 < .001 +183 –5.43 < .001 + +Comparison of model fit: χ2(2) = 55.14, p < .001 + +Note: MAAS = mindfulness attention awareness scale, ERQ = emotion regulation questionnaire and PANAS= positive and negative affect scale. + +The ERQ-suppression scores have increased after residential program compared to the baseline, but the change was not statistically significant, t(83) = 0.18, p =.86, d = 0.02, and the scores increased after the follow-up compared to the baseline, but again statistically non-significant, t(68) = 1.00, p = .32, d = 0.12. The PANAS positive affect scores have increased significantly after residential orientation compared to the baseline t(101) = 6.95, p <.001, d = 0.69, and there was an increase after the follow-up compared to the baseline which was not statistically significant, t(82) = 1.42, p = .141, d = 0.16. +46 T.S. Sreekumar et al. + +The negative affect scores decreased significantly after residential orientation compared to the baseline, t(101) = –7.00, p <.001, d = –0.69, and there was a significant decrease after the follow-up compared to the baseline, b = –0.86, t(82) = –4.92, p = .04, d = –0.54. + + +5 Discussion + +The main aims of the study were to evaluate effect of yoga-based intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress, positive and negative affect and emotion regulation in working professionals and also to check the stability of the effect after three months of home practice. Most of the variables showed improvement during the 5-day interventional program, however perceived stress, and negative affect showed statistically significant improved even after the follow-up period. ERQ-reappraisal increased significantly and later it decreased during the follow-up period; ERQ-suppression scores however, remained almost similar. +The results show that the 5-day yoga based residential intervention was helpful in managing the stress levels. Better change in various measures after the five days program can be attributed to the intense residential nature of the intervention. However, except mindfulness, and positive affect and emotional suppression strategy, all others domains showed promising improvement even after the self-motivated home practice. This suggests that trait-mindfulness requires more than three months bringing in and sustaining changes and mindfulness helps to promote reappraisal strategy more than suppression. The overall adherence rate was found to be good as in the follow-up data, 33 (32%) reported practicing at least 1–2 times a week and 26 (26%) reported practicing 3–4 times a week. +Mindfulness interventions and its effect on reducing psychological distress is known. Mindfulness is related to effective emotion regulation (Hill and Updegraff, 2012). Emotion regulation refers to the process by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them (Gross, 1998). Cognitive reappraisal and suppression are the two major strategies of emotion regulation. Mindfulness practice appears to develop and strengthen cognitive reappraisal as it enables an individual to create an inner space and respond rather than just react to various situations and events. In our study this aspect has been strengthened considerably especially after the residential intervention. Mindfulness practice is known to be associated with both top down and bottom up emotion regulation strategies (Chiesa et al., 2013). Insights regarding the unique and shared consequences of specific types of emotion regulation are promising area for future research (Gross, 2015). +Mindfulness is known to have an inverse relationship with negative affect and a stronger positive relationship with positive affect (Giluk, 2009). Similar results are also found in our study. Reduced positive affect after the home practice in our case may indicate presence of constant work pressure and an associated tendency of reduced positive thinking. This situation is likely to improve with longer duration of practice as higher mindfulness practice time corresponds to lower levels of negative affect and higher levels of positive affect (Jha et al., 2010). Similar results were also reproduced with respect to perceived stress. Overall, our results reinforce the reported idea that MBIs can be used in organisational settings for the reduction of psychological distress (Virgili, 2015). +Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress 47 + +As a means of providing a unified body mind experience, yoga has few equals (Salmon et al., 2009). Yoga is one of the six foundations of Indian philosophy and has been used for millennia to study, explain, and experience the complexities of the mind and human existence (Feuerstein, 1998). Yoga is universal, and the postures a reflection of the extraordinary range of the human body’s capacity for movement and balance and stillness (Kabat-Zinn, 2017). Yoga interventions foster psychological wellbeing (Conboy et al., 2010; Gard et al., 2012; Hartfiel et al., 2012). Practice of yoga increase levels of trait mindfulness in healthy population, who had no prior yoga experience (Shelov et al., 2009). Advanced practitioners of yoga are reported to have higher levels of mindfulness and lower levels of stress (Brisbon and Lowery, 2011). Highly involved yoga practitioners had a significant increase in levels of mindfulness and psychological wellbeing (Gaiswinkler and Unterrainer, 2016). +However, MBIs that have been developed for use in work-places or for specific occupational groups differ from those developed for the clinical context in terms of course content and structure [e.g., session length, overall duration (Virgili, 2015)]. Typically, truncated versions of well-validated programs (e.g., MBSR) are deployed in workplace settings. These adaptations are made without drawing on specific knowledge of how and why these programs work (Good et al., 2015). Moreover, duration of mindfulness intervention and the time needed to experience benefits is a common question among potential participants (Creswell, 2017). Most participants have competing time demands, expectation of lengthy out-of-class practice may act as a barrier to participating for some (Carmody and Baer, 2008). Research also needs to examine whether there is a dose response relationship between amount of intervention exposure and amount of psychological benefits (Keng et al., 2011). The practicality of mindfulness training may hinge on the “dose” required for effects. Research on minimum effective doses is promising; yet the sustainability of these effects and their generalisability to the workplace is unknown and their merits need further investigation (Good et al., 2015). +Testing for intervention effects at follow-up time points is an important area that needs research attention. Very few studies have reported on the follow-up daily practice that participants do in the weeks, months, and years post completion of formal mindfulness intervention programs (Creswell, 2017). The current study also tested for the intervention effect after three months of individual practice following the residential intervention. In the current study, following the residential program, participants were expected to continue their daily practice of 35 minutes of cyclic meditation on their own for an additional period of three months. Standardised guided instructions in audio format were provided to facilitate the individual practice. A common trend that a score improves considerably after the residential intervention and later it diminishes a bit during the home practice indicate that a supervised interventional at workplace is necessary in order to harness the best interventional affect. +Mindfulness interventions are multidimensional in nature and involve multiple active components. Future research should examine how individual components of mindfulness intervention contribute to overall treatment effects (Keng et al., 2011). Little work has been done to identify the active ingredients in these programs. Which specific ‘active ingredient’ of the intervention produces what effect is still not known (Chiesa et al., 2013). If different components of mindfulness training have differential effects, then organisations may tailor interventions based on program goals (Carmody and Baer, 2008). Sitting meditation and mindful yoga are found to produce greater differential +48 T.S. Sreekumar et al. + +effects in psychological wellbeing (Sauer-Zavala et al., 2013). Most often previous studies have usually evaluated mindfulness meditation in the context of a mindfulness-based program such as MBSR. MBSR uses meditation as one element among others (e.g., psycho education). Hence, the observed effects are not singularly attributable to the meditation component (Eberth and Sedlmeier, 2012). Future studies may also focus on how proven interventions can be incorporated into the workplace practice so that wellness becomes an integral part of work life. + +5.1 Limitation and future scope + +In our current study, we could not have a control group because all the participants were participating in the program as a part of their institutional wellbeing promotion program, and therefore we focused on follow-up study design. In order to evaluate the generalisability of the results, the study can be conducted in different work settings and also with a control group added. Different methods of incorporating this intervention into the daily or weekly activities of the organisation can also be one potential area to focus on in the future. + + +6 Conclusions + +Yoga-based intervention is effective in addressing the stress of senior leadership professionals by improving mindfulness, positive affect, and better emotion regulation strategy. Our study introduces cyclic meditation, as a unique yoga based intervention, and is shown to enhance mindfulness and overall psychological wellbeing. The intervention can easily be implemented and adopted in a workplace context. The time duration for daily practice is only 30 minutes and addresses the minimum ‘dosage’ considerations needed for practical implementation in a workplace. Organisations can implement such tailored interventions producing differential effects in workplace setups where the luxury of a full fledged time consuming interventions is practically limited. Our study also examined the follow-up effect after three months. Management development programs in corporate can include yoga based interventions as a continuous process for fostering employee wellbeing at workplace. +Our study was done on a very large resource based company in India and the same can be replicated in different organisational contexts for generalisability of results. Also, we did not have a control group in the current study and this can be added in future studies. In our current study we observed that due to lack of supervised guidance after the program, there is a high chance of further relapse, which needs further attention to maintain an environment of sustained wellbeing. The underlying pathway mechanisms producing the change could also be a future area of research. + + +Acknowledgements + +We thank and acknowledge the ONGC participants and also S-VYASA yoga university to provide the necessary support to conduct this research. +The raw data, and analysis code used in this study are shared through OSF (https://osf.io/mdhrk/). +Effect of yoga intervention on mindfulness, perceived stress 49 + +References +Brisbon, N.M. and Lowery, G.A. 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(1988) ‘Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp.1063–1070, https://doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063. diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga module on low back pain in information technology professionals conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga module on low back pain in information technology professionals conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b68e1d44849af1df5eb235fc2cddeb4b0386b8a --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga module on low back pain in information technology professionals conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +3/1/2017 Effect of yogamoduleonlow back painininformationtechnology professionals :ParimalaSunil, Sony Kumari, International Journal of Educational and... + + + + + + + + + + + +ORIGINAL ARTICLE +Year : 2016 | Volume : 2 | Issue : 4 | Page : 234­­237 + +Effect of yoga module on low back pain in information technology professionals + +Parimala Sunil, Sony Kumari +Department of Yoga and Management Studies, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhäna Samsthana University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + +Correspondence Address: Sony Kumari +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhäna Samsthana University, Bengaluru, Karnataka India + +Abstract + +Introduction: The prevalence of back pain is on the rise. “ Throughout the medical profession, we are finding a shocking increase in both the frequency and severity of back problems,” writes Alfred O. Bonati, MD, Director of Orthopedic Center Institute and Shirley Linde, Ph.D., in their No more back pain (Pharos, 1991). A modern computer professional is a typical example of back pain. He has all three problems such as sedentary life, wrong posture and the pressure of targets. All these lead to chronic back pain. Design: Two group pre­post design is used. On first day, before giving the yoga module, Pre STAI(X1), Pre STAI(X2) and Pre BDI is measured. After giving yoga module for 10 days, Post STAI(X1), X2 and BDI is measured. Result: The data was not normally distributed hence we are using non parametric test Wilcoxon test within group and Mann Whitney test between groups. The results show that there was significant change in STAI(X1) and BDI variables between groups and no significant change in STAI(X2). Conclusion: The present study has shown significant result in STAI(X1) and BDI when compared with previous studies. There was 80% decrease in backpain using RMDI based on collective feedback report. With this, we can conclude that yoga module was effective in reducing chronic low back pain, anxiety and depression levels. + + +How to cite this article: +Sunil P, Kumari S. Effect of yoga module on low back pain in information technology professionals.Int J Educ Psychol Res 2016;2:234­237 + + + +How to cite this URL: +Sunil P, Kumari S. Effect of yoga module on low back pain in information technology professionals. Int J Educ Psychol Res [serial online] 2016 [cited 2017 Mar 1 ];2:234­237 +Available from: http://www.ijeprjournal.org/text.asp?2016/2/4/234/189663 + + +Full Text + + +Introduction + + + +”Anyone who lives an average life span without suffering from backache belongs to a privileged minority,” says Hamilton Hall, an orthopedic surgeon in his book “The back doctor.”[1] Eighty percent of us suffer from some form of back pain in our lifetime. Recent studies and surveys report that approximately half of us who are of working age will suffer from backache in the coming year, and on any given day, whooping 6.5 million people are too incapacitated by back pain is now the number­one reason people see their primary care doctors, and other research shows that it is now second only to the common cold at causing us to miss work.[2] The prevalence of back pain in on raise.[3] It has an overall prevalence of 60–80% in industrialized countries. [4] + +http://www.ijeprjournal.org/printarticle.asp?issn=2395­2296;year=2016;volume=2;issue=4;spage=234;epage=237;aulast=Sunil 1/4 +3/1/2017 Effect of yogamoduleonlow back painininformationtechnology professionals :ParimalaSunil, Sony Kumari, International Journal of Educational and... + +A modern computer professional is a typical example of back pain. He has all three problems such as sedentary life, wrong posture, and the pressure of targets. The rapid pace of life demands long hours of work. A young, energetic, enthusiastic engineer in his twenties who is attracted by the big money that his job offer enters the company, he pushes himself into long working hours ignoring his sleep, food, and entertainment leaving alone his emotional needs. He starts feeling oppressed and suppressed by the seniors. The suppressed reactions along with the speed of competitiveness persist as uncontrollable speed in the manomaya kosha. Not well trained in handling this speed he drains out his energies just to manage the demands of the situation. This results in increased irritability, frustration, indecisiveness, etc. Over the next few months or years, he starts getting low back pains which may pass off with rest in bed for a few days. However, this may come back and lead to chronic back pain.[5] + +He experiences physical and mental tension because of the continual effort to deal with the pressures of work and with the demands that are made upon him.[6] To have a physical, emotional, and mental balance, it is important to harness our will power and aim at the growth of right side of the brain. This balance is only possible through yoga. Yoga, far from being a mere physical or breathing acrobatics, is a science of future with a holistic vision relevant to a progressive society. Yoga is a conscious process helping us to rise from our animal instincts to a level of normal discrimination.[5] + +Four main streams of yoga techniques could be identified. They utilize the four major faculties in man – intellect, emotion, will­ power, and the executive capacities through the sensory and motor apparatus. They are called Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Raja Yoga, and Karma Yoga, respectively. The path of wisdom – Jnana Yoga uses the intellect. In this path of study, the most basic questions, regarding reality, goal of life, happiness and misery, life beyond death, etc., are posed. The techniques in Bhakti yoga, the science of emotions culture, are becoming more relevant in the modern era. This yoga harnesses the inherent qualities of the right side of the brain. Bhakti yoga teaches the art of invoking the emotions, intensifying them, and diffusing them at will. It also helps us to gain control over our emotions and thus leads us to a life full of love, harmony, and bliss. Harnessing the “will” and the capacity to do, undo or do it in a different way is the technique of Raja Yoga. In karma yoga, we learn the art of “working in relaxation” with total “Awareness in action.” The regular release of stress and tension helps to spread that insight throughout the action phase. Applications of karma yoga techniques help to reduce the accumulation of tension and stress and thus make the possibility of a tension­free life, a reality. + +The concept of Pancha kosha is described in Taittiriya Upanishad. There are five koshas namely Annamaya kosha, Pranayama kosha, Vijnanamaya kosha, Manomaya kosha, and Anandamaya kosha. The disturbances in the manomaya kosha percolate into the physical layer (Annamaya kosha) through the Pranamaya kosha. Hence, in the treatment of psychosomatic ailments, it becomes mandatory to work at all these levels of our existence to bring about the quickest results. [5] + +Yoga module is developed by S­Vyasa works. It consists of yogasanas that helps to mobilize and activate particularly affected parts of the body and strengthen the spine as well as muscles. By practices of pranayama, greater control over the vital life force is achieved. Bad and poor health is due to the imbalance in prana. Hence, when this prana is regulated, the body is resolved back to its healthy condition. Yoga meditation is the very process of recovering and retrieving our psychophysiological and psychological intervention that, otherwise, almost always remains under constant demand from our psychophysiological, social, and bioecological phenomena.[5] + + +Methods + + + +A study was conducted by Dr. Padmini Tekur titled “Effect of Yoga Therapy on chronic low back pain (CLBP) – A randomized control study.” The design was crossover randomized control study in a residential health center in Bangalore, South India. The sample size taken was eighty, out of which forty were in control group and other forty were in experimental group. The control group was given physical exercises whereas experimental group were administered with yoga practices with an intervention of 2 weeks intensive residential program. Results suggested that there is a significant reduction in Oswestry Disability Index scores in the yoga group compared to control group (P = 0.01, effect size = 1.06). The spinal flexibility measures improved significantly in both the groups but yoga group showed significant improvement as compared to control (P = 0.01, effect size = 1.26). There was a better reduction (P = 0.001, repeated measures n ANOVA) in pain in yoga (P = 0.01, effect size 1.26) than control group on Pain Analog Scale (PAS).[7] + +Another study titled conducted by Bhatta, Jalandhar titled “Effect of IAYT on Back pain as measured by Rolland Morris Disability Index,” State­Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) 1 and STAI 2 revealed that there was 40.10%, 38.82% decrease in STAI and STA2 score (P < 0.001) after the practice of integrated approach to yoga therapy for 7 days. In trait anxiety tests, subjects are asked to indicate how they felt “most of the time” during the preceding week, i.e., before they came for the intervention on the 1st day and on the 7th day after the yoga practice. And in back depression inventory (BDI) there was 69.90% decrease in BDI score (P < 0.001).[8] + +The role of add­on yogic relaxation technique to standard physiotherapy in the management of acute low back pain was + +http://www.ijeprjournal.org/printarticle.asp?issn=2395­2296;year=2016;volume=2;issue=4;spage=234;epage=237;aulast=Sunil 2/4 +3/1/2017 Effect of yogamoduleonlow back painininformationtechnology professionals :ParimalaSunil, Sony Kumari, International Journal of Educational and... +studied by Anuprita with a sample size of 60 patients undergoing traction therapy for CLBP for 10 days in a Physiotherapy Department of an Orthopedic Hospital were randomized into yoga and control groups. The yoga group had mind sound resonance technique for 10 days through prerecorded audio instructions that was heard by the patient through a headphone while undergoing traction treatment. The control group had nonguided supine rest. Results showed significant improvement in forward bending, back bending, sit and reach and PAS. Autonomic means including systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate were found significant improvement.[9] + +Design of study + +The sample size was 46, both men and women, age range was between 24 and 50 included. All were information technology professionals working in different companies residing in Pashan­sus road area, Pune. Age group was 24–50 years. Total sample size (n = 46) was conveniently divided into two groups, yoga group (n = 23) and control group (n = 23). + +Measure + +The data are being measured by using 24­point BDI, STAI (X1 and X2). This 21­item inventory was devised by Beck et al. (1961) that measures cognitive, affective and vegetative symptoms of depression. It assesses the severity of both symptoms and attitudes specific to depressed individuals. The score of each item ranges from 0 to 3, and the range of total score is 0–63. + +STAI developed by Spiel Berger et al., (1970)[10] consists of X1 and X2 each comprising on 20­items rated on a4 point scale. Form X1 assess state anxiety defined as “transitory emotional state that varies in intensity, fluctuates over time and is characterized by feelings of tension and apprehension and by heightened activity of the autonomic nervous system (Spielberg, 1970). It evaluates how the respondent feels right now at this moment. Form X2 evaluates trait anxiety, which is a relatively stable individual predisposition to respond to situations perceived as threatening (Spielberg, 1970). + +Procedure + +Two groups such as pre­ and post­design were used for the study. BDI, STAI (X1), STAI (X2) were used to measure the depression and anxiety levels in information technology professionals. The data were collected on the 1st day and on the 10th day for both yoga and control group. The intervention was given for 10 days consisting of asanas, pranayamas, meditation, and relaxation techniques for 1 h. The control group did not receive any intervention during 10 days and continued with normal daily routine work. + + +Results + + + +[Table 1] represents the Mean, SD, percentage change and P value of STAI1, STAI2 and BDI of Yoga group. To see the within group pre and post changes in STAI 1, nonparametric test Wilcoxon signed ranked test was used and result shows there is significant change 0.038 (P< 0.05). In STAI 2, there was no significant change 0.676 (P > 0.05) and in BDI, result shows the change is significant 0.002 (P< 0.01). The mean value of STAI 1 has decreased from 50.18 to 35.10 (42.96%) change, whereas in STAI 2, it is increased from 47 to 47.36 (0.76%) change. BDI mean value is significantly decreased from 9.54 to 2.5 (73.79%) change.{Table 1} + +[Table 2] represents the Mean, SD, percentage change and P value of STAI1, STAI2 and BDI of Control group Variables. To see the within group pre and post changes in STAI 1, nonparametric test Wilcoxen Signed Test was used and result shows there is no significant change 0.271 (P > 0.05). In STAI 2, there was no significant change 0.729 (P > 0.05) and in BDI also, results show the change is not significant 0.713 (P > 0.05). The mean value of STAI 1 has decreased from 47.46 to 47.19 (0.56%) change whereas in STAI 2, it is decreased from 45 to 45.73 (0.23%) change. BDI mean value is decreased from 9.80 to 9.73 (0.71%) change.{Table 2} + +[Table 3] represents the between group P value of STAI1, STAI2 and BDI. To see the between group pre and post changes in STAI 1, nonparametric test – Mann–Whitney Test was used and result shows there is significant change 0.007 (P< 0.05). In STAI 2, there was no significant change, i.e. 0.345 (P > 0.05) and in BDI, the result shows the change is highly significant 0.000 (P< 0.01).{Table 3} + + +Discussion + + + +The current study was done for 10 days to assess the effect of yoga module on low back pain in information technology professionals. The data were not normally distributed using Wilcoxon Signed Test within the group and Mann–Whitney test between group. When STAI 1 and BDI scores of the previous study and this study was compared, the percentage of decrease is more in this study compared to the previous study. The percentage of decrease in STAI 1 and BDI is 40.10%, 69.90, +http://www.ijeprjournal.org/printarticle.asp?issn=2395­2296;year=2016;volume=2;issue=4;spage=234;epage=237;aulast=Sunil 3/4 +3/1/2017 Effect of yogamoduleonlow back painininformationtechnology professionals :ParimalaSunil, Sony Kumari, International Journal of Educational and... +respectively, in previous study, whereas in our study, it is 42.96% and 73.79%. Based on the collective feedback report, there was 80% decrease in CLBP using Roland­Morris Disability Index scores. + +The above two studies has been done in a residential setup, whereas the present study was done in a nonresidential set up among information technology people. Based on the BDI and STAI1 result, we can assume that if we had larger sample with extended intervention, we can expect to get good results in STAI 2 in terms of other studies in same area. + + +Conclusion + + + +The current study was done for 10 days with yoga module on sample size of 23 to assess the effect of yoga on chronic low back pain in IT professionals. When STAI(X1) and BDI scores of previous study and this study are compared, the percentage of decrease is more in this study. Hence, we conclude that yoga module was effective in reducing chronic low back pain, anxiety and depression levels. + +Financial support and sponsorship + +Nil. + +Conflicts of interest + +There are no conflicts of interest. + +References + +1 McClelland & Stewart. The Back Doctor. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart; 1987. +2 Inlander BC, Shimer P. Backache 51 Ways to Relieve the Pain. New York: Walker Publishing Company, Inc.; 1997. 3 Bonati AO, Linde S. No More Back Pain. New York: St. Martins Publishers; 1991. +4 Borenstein DG. Epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of low back pain. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001;13:128­34. +5 Nagaratna R, Nagendra HR. Yoga for Back Pain. Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana publishers; 2001. 6 Julie Friedberger. Office Yoga Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas Publishers; 2000. +7 Tekur P, Chametcha S, Hongasandra RN, Raghuram N. Effect of yoga on quality of life of CLBP patients: A randomized control study. Int J Yoga 2010;3:10­7. +8 Bhatta, Jalandhar. Effect of integrated approach of yoga therapy on back pain as measured by Rolland Morris Disability Index. Bangalore: SVYASA Publishers; 2015. +9 Bali Yogita, R Nagaratna, Ebnezer John, H R Nagendra. The role of add­on yogic relaxation technique to standard physiotherapy in management of acute low back pain. Bangalore: SVYASA Publishers; 2007. +10 Spiel Berger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Manual for the Strait Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting psychologists press; 1970 + + + + + +Wednesday, March 01, 2017 + +Site Map | Home | Contact Us | Feedback | Copyright and Disclaimer + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +http://www.ijeprjournal.org/printarticle.asp?issn=2395­2296;year=2016;volume=2;issue=4;spage=234;epage=237;aulast=Sunil 4/4 diff --git "a/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga on positive\342\200\223Negative affect and self-esteem on tribal male adolescents-A randomized control study conv.txt" "b/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga on positive\342\200\223Negative affect and self-esteem on tribal male adolescents-A randomized control study conv.txt" new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..718e8afdc09280e7f73f22be2df276a39999ebb1 --- /dev/null +++ "b/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga on positive\342\200\223Negative affect and self-esteem on tribal male adolescents-A randomized control study conv.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,277 @@ +[Downloaded free from http://www.indjsp.org on Friday, January 29, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + +Original Article + +Effect of Yoga on Positive–Negative Affect and Self‑Esteem on Tribal Male Adolescents‑ A Randomized Control Study + + +Abstract +Aim: Effect of yoga on positive–negative affectivity and self‑esteem in tribal adolescents. Material and Methods: This is a pilot randomized control study. Several chits were made in which the name of all the available students was written. The youngest boy from the group selected 30 chits for yoga group and the remaining students were included in the control group. The yoga group included 30 male adolescents between the age of 10 years and 18 years (M = 14.4, SD = 3.51). Control group included 25 male adolescents between the age of 10 years and 18 years (M = 13.3, SD = 1.90). PANAS‑C and Rosenberg self‑esteem scales were used to measure the positive–negative affectivity and self‑esteem, respectively. Data was collected before and after interventions. Results: Study shows significant increase in positive affect (P = 0.008) and negative affect (P = 0.047) in experimental group as compared to control group’s positive affect (P = 0.468) and negative affect (P = 0.156). Self‑esteem in experimental group slightly reduced (P = 0.927). Similarly, self‑esteem in control group reduced (P = 0.019). Conclusion: Study suggests that two weeks of yoga practice has a significant impact on positive‑negative affect in tribal adolescents. + +Keywords: Positive–negative affect, self‑esteem, tribal adolescents, yoga practice + + +Rema Mohan, Sony Kumari +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, Karnataka, India + + + +Introduction +Adolescence is a period of physical and psychological development which is overruled by emotions. The adolescents may have been suffering from emotional, behavioral and developmental disorders. Previous studies have shown increase in rates of suicide, leaving home at an early age, vulnerability to addiction and psychological illness.[1] Youth who have been victims of high impact trauma, chronic abuse and neglect are especially vulnerable and may impair the ability of the youth during their developmental period.[2] Tribes are one of the most exploited populations in Indian society (UNICEF). Being the earliest inhabitants of the country, they have maintained a distinct style for centuries. The isolation has kept them out of mainstream and made them easy prey to exploitation.[3] Lack of education and deprivation that these tribes face due to poverty may result in frustration both in personal and social relations. Further, the tribal children are subject to acculturation pressures that do not exist for other populations, which create unique problems + +This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. +For reprints contact: reprints@medknow.com + + +during their transition to adulthood.[4] Tribal students are emotionally immature,[5] show poor emotional intelligence,[3] high prevalence of anxiety/depression, somatic, withdrawn/depressed thought problems and attention problems,[6] aggression regardless of age and gender ,[7] and poor self‑esteem.[8] +The term yoga comes from Sanskrit word Yuj which means union. Traditionally, yoga is a method of joining individual self with the divine. Yoga is the art and science of living. It is concerned with the evolution of the mind and body. Yoga incorporates all aspects of an individual. First aspect of personality is physical body and we begin with disciplining the body by asana or physical postures. Asana makes the spine, muscles, and joints healthy and flexible. Internal organs are getting subtle massage and they balance the physiological abnormalities, faulty insulin secretions and hormonal imbalances. Pranayama or breathing techniques strengthen the lungs, increase the supply of fresh oxygen and have a direct effect on brain and emotions. By emotional stability, mental and creative energies are directed in a constructive way + + +How to cite this article:Mohan R, Kumari S. Effect of yoga on positive–Negative affect and self-esteem on tribal male adolescents- A randomized control study. Indian J Soc Psychiatry 2018;34:48-51. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Address for correspondence: Dr. Sony Kumari, +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA University), Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda nagar, +Bangalore, Karnataka, India. E‑mail: sonykarmanidhi@gmail. com + + +Access this article online + +Website: www.indjsp.org +DOI: 10.4103/0971-9962.228795 +Quick Response Code: + + + +48 © 2018 Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow +[Downloaded free from http://www.indjsp.org on Friday, January 29, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146] + +Mohan and Kumari: Effect of Yoga on tribal students + + +and child become more self‑confident, self‑aware and self‑ control.[9] +There is growing empirical support for positive health effects,[10] psychological and physiological improvement after yoga intervention,[11] and thus may be an ideal practice to introduce to children and adolescents. Present study is trying to explore the construct positive and negative affectivity and self‑esteem on tribal adolescents. +Positive affect is the state where the person feels enthusiastic, active, and alert. Negative affect is a dimension of subjective distress and un‑pleasurable engagement. It includes variety of aversive mood states, including anger, contempt, disgust, fear and nervousness. Low PA is described by sadness and lethargy. Low NA (positive affect) is described by calmness and serenity.[12] Further low PA (positive affect) and high NA (negative affect) are major distinguishing features of depression, and anxiety, respectively,[13] as well as its ability to identify individuals with mood problems.[14] PA ‘‘buffer’’ the negative effect of NA on job performance.[15] PA was consistently related negatively only to symptoms and diagnoses of depression.[12] Character strengths appears to be crucial for students to experience school‑related positive affect, which in turn supports students’ positive school functioning and their overall school achievement.[16] The happiness–success link exists not only because success makes people happy, but also because positive affect brings about success.[17] Frequent positive emotions during school were associated with higher levels of student engagement and negative emotions with lower levels of engagement.[18] +Self‑esteem is the totality of self‑confidence and self‑respect. It is the capability of being skillful to cope with the basic challenge of life and being worthy of happiness.[19] Self‑esteem includes feeling of worthiness and pride.[20] It is a significant element affecting their mode of life and well‑being. With good self‑esteem, people do constructive things for themselves and due to poor self‑ esteem, avoid doing such things.[21] Stigma associated with mental illness harms the self‑esteem of many people.[22] Self‑esteem changes in middle school years.[23] +Self‑esteem has a positive role in association with adolescent’s life and this relationship is equally strong for both genders and across age.[24] Self‑esteem is relatively a stable trait and reflects life satisfaction and affective symptoms rather than functional status.[25] +Yoga improves adolescents’ mood and affect and is highly beneficial for students.[26,27] In a mindfulness based intervention for at‑risk adolescents, positive affect increased significantly and mindfulness increased.[28] A one‑month residential yoga program showed significant change in reducing negative attitude and improvement in positive attitude in healthy volunteers.[29] A randomized control study on the effect of yoga for a month for school + +children showed significant improvement in positive affect and attitude towards violence. Yoga intervention increased self‑esteem, life satisfaction, and enthusiasm for a better life, scores of interpersonal anxiety and perfectionism dropped.[30] Review articles suggest that yoga can be a beneficial adjunctive treatment.[11] Yoga enhances self‑ esteem and attention abilities of high school children.[31] +The present study + +The purpose of the present study was to measure the positive–negative affect and self‑esteem in tribal male adolescents using PANAS‑C scale and Rosenberg self‑esteem scale, respectively. Although many studies have been conducted using yoga as intervention, no study is available where positive–negative affectivity and self‑esteem is measured on tribal adolescents. We hypothesized that yoga may have effect on positive affectivity and self‑esteem in tribal adolescents. + +Materials and Methods + +Patients were taken from Arshavidya Kendra, Palakkad‑Kerala. N = 54 under the age group of 10 years to 18years. Patients were men and they were randomly divided into two groups. Thirty of them were in the experimental group and 24 in the waitlist control group. Mean age of patients in experimental group was (M = 14.4 years, SD = 3.51) and of control group was (M = 13.3 years, SD = 1.90). Informed consent was signed by the head of the organization. Data was analyzed using SPSS‑version 16. +PANAS‑C + +The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule scale for children,[32] is a 27 item youth self‑report measure used in child and adolescent population to measure positive and negative affectivity. It is used to measure the respondent’s emotions during the past few weeks. The respondent is asked to read several words which describe feelings and emotions and enter a number that corresponds to the value on a scale. The five‑item scale ranges from not much or not at all, with a value of 1, to a lot with a value of 5.The PANAS‑C has been used successfully on large studies of children and exhibits high reliability and good convergent and discriminant validity. Study revealed that 12‑item PA and 15‑item NA scale scores demonstrated support for convergent and divergent validity and yielded internal consistency (PA 0.89, NA 0.92).[32] Laurent et al. (1999)[32] reported alpha coefficients of 0.94 for NA, and 0.90 for PA in the scale development sample.[33] + +Rosenberg Self‑Esteem Scale + +A 10‑item scales that measures global self‑worth by measuring both positive and negative feelings about the self. The scale is believed to be uni‑dimensional. All items are answered using a four‑point Likert scale format + + +Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry | Volume 34 | Issue 1 | January-March 2018 49 +[Downloaded free from http://www.indjsp.org on Friday, January 29, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146] + +Mohan and Kumari: Effect of Yoga on tribal students + + +Table 1: Yoga and control group‑Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (Within Group) + + +Variables + + +PA + +NA + +SE + + +Yoga Pre M±SD +Post M±SD 36.50±8.1 41.10±8.7 36.90±8.4 34.03±9.5 23.70±3.0 +23.47±3.1 + + +P ‑Value + + +0.008 + +0.047 + +0.927 + + +% Change + + +12.60 + +7.77 + +0.97 + + +Control Pre M ± SD Post M ±SD +37.58±9.6 39.0±9.5 35.75±11.11 38.04±8.77 23.21±4.6 +21.67±4.3 + + +P‑Value + + +0.468 + +0.156 + +0.019 + +% CHANGE % Change + + +3.77 + +6.40 + +6.63 + +PA = Positive Affect, NA = Negative Affect, SE = Self Esteem + + +Table 2: Between group ‑ Mann Whitney Test + +Variables + + +PA + +NA + +SE + +Yoga Pre M ± SD +Post M ± SD 36.50 ± 8.1 41.10 ± 8.7 36.90 ± 8.4 34.03 ± 9.5 23.70 ± 3.0 +23.47 ± 3.1 + +Control Pre M ± SD Post M± SD 37.58 ± 9.6 +39.0 ± 9.5 35.75 ± 11.11 38.04 ± 8.77 23.21 ± 4.6 +21.67 ± 4.3 + +P‑value (pre) + + +0.571 + +0.787 + +0.587 + +P‑value (post) + + +0.497 + +0.086 + +0.094 + + + +ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Items 2, 5, 6, 8, 9 are reverse scored. Give “Strongly Disagree” 1 point, “Disagree” 2 points,“Agree” 3 points, and “Strongly Agree” 4 points. Higher scores indicate higher self‑esteem.[34] RSE scale is of high internal reliability (alpha 0.92). Reliability is high in all age groups and in diverse population. Convergent validity is proven by research studies.[35] +Intervention + +Intervention was given for two weeks (14 days) for experimental group, in two sessions in a day. Sixty minutes in the morning and 30 minutes in the evening. Program included breathing, loosening practices, sun salutation, asanas, pranayama, japa, and trataka. Pre and post data was collected from both the groups before and after intervention. + +Results +The data was not normally distributed, hence we have conducted non‑parametric test, in within group and between groups. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test shows highly significant improvement in positive affect in yoga group 12.60% (P < 0.01) and significant reduction in negative affect 7.77% (P < 0.05) and self‑esteem in not significant 0.97% (P > 0.05). In control group positive affect increased 3.77% (P > 0.05), negative affect increased 6.40% (P > 0.05), and of self‑esteem 0.019% (P < 0.05) [Table 1]. In between group analysis using Mann–Whitney test showed no significant result in positive–negative affect and self‑esteem [Table 2]. + +The mechanism behind the result could be because of the pranayama, japa and trataka practices. Previous studies shows on adolescents shows there is a sharp decline in self‑esteem during middle school years.[36] A study conducted by[37] on ninth grades students by giving yoga as an intervention found no change in yoga group as well as in control group. Directions for the future study are discussed. + +Conclusion + +This study is a pilot randomized control study on tribal adolescents measuring positive–negative affect and self‑esteem after giving yoga practices. Experimental group shows significant improvement in the variables positive–negative affect. Between groups analysis did not give any significant result. In future effect of yoga can be examined with larger sample size and longer duration of intervention. +Financial support and sponsorship + +Nil + +Conflict of interest + +There are no conflicts of interest + +References +1. Kumar V, Talwar R, Roy N, Raut D, Singh S. Psychosocial determinants of tobacco use among school going adolescents in Delhi, India. Journal of addiction, 2014.:170941 +2. Ashwini HR, Kumari S. Effect of One Month Residential Yoga Program On Measuring The Positive And Negative Attitude +(No. 2015‑03‑04). 2015. + + +50 Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry | Volume 34 | Issue 1 | January-March 2018 +[Downloaded free from http://www.indjsp.org on Friday, January 29, 2021, IP: 136.232.192.146] + +Mohan and Kumari: Effect of Yoga on tribal students + + +3. Ahmed R, Haque ME. A comparative study in aggression between adolescent boys and girls of tribal and non‑tribal students in Chitagong Hill Tracts. J Life Earth Sci 2007;2:79‑84. +4. Adams SK, Kuhn J, Rhodes J. Self‑Esteem Changes in the Middle School Years: A Study of Ethnic and Gender Groups. RMLE Online: Research in middle level education 2006;29:1‑9. +5. Branden N. The psychology of self‑esteem: a new concept of Man's psychology. 1969. +6. Büssing A, Khalsa SBS, Michalsen A, Sherman KJ, Telles S. Yoga as a therapeutic intervention. Evidence‑Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012;[174291]. DOI: 10.1155/2012/174291. +7. DuBois DL, Burk‑Braxton C, Swenson LP, Tevendale HD, Hardesty JL. Race and gender influences on adjustment in early adolescence: Investigation of an integrative model. Child Dev 2002;73:1573‑592. +8. Ebesutani C, Regan J, Smith A, Reise S, Higa‑McMillan C, Chorpita BF. The 10‑item positive and negative affect schedule for children, child and parent shortened versions: application of Item Response Theory for more efficient assessment. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2012;34:191‑203. +9. Büssing A, Khalsa SBS, Michalsen A, Sherman KJ, Telles S. Yoga as a therapeutic intervention. Evidence‑based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012,2012;174291. DOI: 10.1155/2012/174291. +10. Gopal DV, Ashok A. Prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems among tribal and non‑tribal adolescents. J Indian Acad Appl Psychol 2012;38:63‑67. +11. Ghosh D. Self‑esteem and depression of the tribal and non‑tribal students: It's role on academic achievement need. Indian J Health Wellbeing 2013;4:1042‑48. +12. Hall CA. Differential relationships of pleasure and distress with depression and anxiety over a past, present, and future time framework (Doctoral dissertation, ProQuest Information and Learning). 1978. +13. Kumar S, Dixit V, Chaudhury S, Kenswar DK. Racial differences in suicidal ideation among school going adolescents. Indus Psychiatry journal 2013;22:118‑24. +14. Kundu M. Tribal education in India: Some problems. J Indian Educ 1984;10:1‑7. +15. Kokinakis LH. Yoga and adolescents: what do we know? the effects of yoga on adolescents’cognition and social‑emotional development (Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University). 2011. +16. Kaley‑Isley LC, Peterson J, Fischer C, Peterson E. Yoga as a complementary therapy for children and adolescents: a guide for clinicians. Psychiatry (Edgmont) 2010;7:20‑32. +17. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, O'Brien MJ, Gottlieb LS, Sternberg SS, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. The National Polyp Study Workgroup. N Engl J Med, 1193;329:1977‑1981. +18. Laurent J, Catanzaro SJ, Joiner TE, Jr Rudolph KD, Potter KI, Lambert S, et al. A measure of positive and negative affect for children: scale development and preliminary validation. Psychol Assess 1999;11:326. +19. Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Psychological +bulletin 2005;131:803‑55. + +20. Link BG, Struening EL, Neese‑Todd S, Asmussen S, Phelan JC. Stigma as a barrier to recovery: The consequences of stigma for the self‑esteem of people with mental illnesses. Psychiatric services 2001. +21. Moksnes UK, Espnes GA. Self‑esteem and life satisfaction in adolescents‑gender and age as potential moderators. Qual Life Res 2013;22:2921‑2928. +22. Nandwana S, Joshi K. Assessment of emotional intelligence of tribal adolescents of Udaipur: an exploratory study. Studies of Tribes and Tribals, 2010;8:37‑40. +23. PV P, Premsingh JG. Self‑esteem‑its influence and structural changes in the lives of tribal students of Kannur district, Kerala. +24. Rhodes J, Roffman J, Reddy R, Fredriksen K. Changes in self‑ esteem during the middle school years: A latent growth curve study of individual and contextual influences. J School Psychol 2004;42:243‑261. +25. Reschly AL, Huebner ES, Appleton JJ, Antaramian S. Engagement as flourishing: the contribution of positive emotions and coping to adolescents' engagement at school and with learning. Psychol Schools 2008;45:419‑431. +26. Selbo‑Bruns, Nakamura BJ, Higa‑McMillan CK, Hayashi K, Chorpita BF. A multi‑informant multi‑measure approach to the two factor model of emotion with youth. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2012;34:520‑530. +27. Sinha VK. A Study of Emotional Maturity Among Tribal and Non‑Tribal Adolescent Girls. RMLE Online:Research in middle level education. 2014;393‑95. +28. Sw. Satyananda S. Yoga Education for Children. 1990;299. +29. Sethi JK, Nagendra HR, Ganpat TS. Yoga improves attention and self‑esteem in underprivileged girl student. J Educ Health Promot 2013;2. +30. Tellegen A. Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self‑report. 1985. +31. Van Yperen NW. On the link between different combinations of negative affectivity (NA) and positive affectivity (PA) and job performance. Personality Indiv Diff 2003;35:1873‑1881. +32. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Personality Soc Psychol 1988;54:1063‑70. +33. Wekerle C, Waechter RL, Leung E, Leonard M. Adolescence: A window of opportunity for positive change in mental health. First People Child Fam Rev 2007;3:8‑16. +34. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self‑image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1965. +35. Swenson, P. L. A psychometric study of the Rosenberg self‑esteem scale: An investigation of gender dif. Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia; 2003. +36. Weber M, Wagner L, Ruch W. Positive feelings at school: on the relationships between students’ character strengths, school‑related affect, and school functioning. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2016;17:341‑55. +37. Yadav UN, Parsekar S, Prabhu V, Patil DS, Kumar S, Singh MM, et al. A comparative study on self‑esteem among tribal and non‑tribal students in Udupi Taluk, Karnataka, +India. + + + + + + + +Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry | Volume 34 | Issue 1 | January-March 2018 51 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga practices in reducing counterproductive work behavior and its predictors conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga practices in reducing counterproductive work behavior and its predictors conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a2cda7709d4db1d6c0191003f0677a5040f6e4bd --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga practices in reducing counterproductive work behavior and its predictors conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +3/1/2017 Effect of yogapractices inreducingcounterproductivework behavior andits predictors + + +Effect of yoga practices in reducing counterproductive work behavior and its predictors + +Umesh Dwivedi, Sony Kumari, and H. R. Nagendra + +Abstract + +Context: + +Aggression and negative affectivity (NA) are known for moderating relationship between job stressors and counterproductive work behavior. Yoga has been demonstrated earlier to reduce the parameters of aggression and negative emotions. + +Aim: + +The present study examined the effectiveness of yoga practices in reducing counterproductive work behavior and its predictors such as aggression and NA. + +Settings and Design: + +A pretest–posttest randomized controlled design. + +Materials and Methods: + +The study sample included yoga group (n = 80) and control group (n = 80). Yoga module that included asanas, pranayama, meditation, and yogic theory were taught to the yoga group. Mild to moderate physical exercises and management theories were taught to the control group. Both groups received intervention for 10 weeks, covering 1 h daily, 5 days a week. Measurements of self­reported counterproductive work behaviors, aggression, and NA were taken as baseline and postintervention for assessment. + +Results: + +Yoga group reported significant reductions in aggression, NA, and counterproductive work behavior in comparison with the control group after 10 weeks. + +Conclusions: + +This study contributes by introducing a cost­effective way to prevent the heavy losses organizations are incurring due to counterproductive work behavior and its predictors. The findings support that yoga at workplace may result in positive psychological empowerment of the employees as well. + +Keywords:Aggression, counterproductive work behavior, negative affectivity, yoga + +INTRODUCTION + +Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in a generic sense is any intentional behavior committed by any member of the organization that harms organization or its members.[1] Personality traits of individuals also influence CWB because these individuals make conscious choices to decide whether to involve in these behaviors.[2] Anger is the connection between both physical and verbal aggression and hostility.[3] Interpersonal aggression has been linked with psychological outcome such as depression, anxiety, frustration, and stress.[4] If these behaviors are not controlled, they can lead to social, physical, mental, and occupational damages. Aggression is also related to somatic issues and poor health.[5] Negative affectivity (NA) is defined as the level to which individuals experience aversive emotional states.[6] NA as a personality variable at work is important for the individual who experiences it and might also be problematic for his or her co­workers. High NA can include feelings of anger, contempt, guilt, fear, nervousness, and negative emotions with higher tendency to moral disengagement that have been found to commit more CWB.[7] + +Yoga is known for its effect on body and psyche. Yoga sessions are known for its positive effects on the quality of life and psychosomatic disorders.[8] Yoga sessions have proven to be beneficial in enhancing positive affectivity and decreasing NA.[9] Yoga improved psychological well­being and mood among prisoners and resulted in positive effect on their impulsive behaviors.[10] In comparison to the normal people, prisoners usually have higher rates of mental health problems and aggression, personal grief, drug and alcohol abuse, and antisocial behavior. These are common characteristics of psychological issues. + +In short, yoga gives both physiological and psychological benefits including lowered mental distress, perceived stress and enhanced well­being; enhanced function on measures of attention; enhanced cognitive functions; enhanced quality of life; increased positive moods and decreased + + +https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919969/ 1/4 +3/1/2017 Effect of yogapractices inreducingcounterproductivework behavior andits predictors + +negative moods. In the present research, role of yoga in reducing aggression, NA, and CWB has been studied. This may play a key role that organizations can implement as a preventive measure to reduce CWB. + +MATERIALS AND METHODS + +Participants + +Subjects were recruited from a private enterprise. Subjects were allowed to participate after they signed written informed consent form, providing adequate information about the nature of the study. In total, 160 employees (total males = 88, total females = 72) were randomly selected and allocated into two groups (yoga and control) having 80 participants per group using a random number generator for allocation of each group by an independent researcher who was not involved in the study assessments. + +The inclusion criteria were (1) working professionals (male/female) involved intentionally in CWB, (2) <60 years of age and (3) mentally and physically normal. + +Measures + +Counterproductive work behavior The CWB checklist (CWB­C)[1] was used that contains 45 item CWB­C, covering CWBs of an individual. For this study, the internal consistency with the present sample was 0.868. + +Aggression Buss and Perry's [3] Aggression questionnaire was used to measure trait aggressiveness. Sub­scales are physical and verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. Alpha for the aggression scale in this study was 0.866. + +Negative affectivity The 10­item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) from Watson et al. was used to measure NA.[6] Positive and negative affect schedule was used to measure NA. High scores indicate high levels of NA. The internal consistency for the NA scale in this study was 0.951. + +Procedure + +Only individuals currently working and employed were permitted to take part in this intervention. The respondents were administered the questionnaires with the help of an investigator. Participants who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria and who willingly consented to participate in the study were allocated randomly into yoga group and control group. After the baseline assessments, subjects who were randomized to yoga group received the yogic theory lecture followed by yoga­based intervention [Appendix 1]. The control group participants received management lectures followed by mild to moderate physical exercises and normal breathing practices. Subjects received intervention by a trained instructor. Venue of practice was arranged within the organization's campus so that maximum attendance can be ensured. Demonstration was given by the instructor to make sure that subjects understand the subtleties of the practices. Both groups practiced their sessions for 1 h daily, 5 days a week for 10 weeks. The confidentiality of the information found from the respondents was assured, and informed consents of the participants were obtained. + +Statistical analysis + +Data analysis was performed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) by IBM, version 21. Change score comparisons of aggression, NA, and CWB over the assessment sessions in the two groups were tested using repeated measure analysis of variance (RMANOVA). Statistical significance was fixed at P < 0.05. + +RESULTS + +Table 1 shows the sociodemographic profiles of yoga and control group. Yoga group subjects were more educated compared to the control group (P = 0.045). + +Table 1 +Sociodemographic data of the study subjects + + + + + +Pre­ to post­test comparisons in the current study revealed that there was no significant difference in the variable scores between the yoga and control groups at baseline. This showed that the sample in both the groups were comparable at the same variable score level at the start of the study. RMANOVA was conducted to assess variable scores across the groups over the period of time. The results of the RMANOVA showed that there was a statistically significant (P < 0.001) reduction in aggression, NA, and CWB among the participants in the yoga group as compared with the control group following post evaluation [Table 2]. + +https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919969/ 2/4 +3/1/2017 Effect of yogapractices inreducingcounterproductivework behavior andits predictors + +Table 2 +Comparisons of pre and posttest scores of aggression,negative affectivity,and counterproductive work behavior between the yoga and control group + + + + +DISCUSSION + +The present study evaluated the effect of yoga in reducing CWBs and its predictors among working professionals. The results showed that 10­ week intervention of yoga resulted into significant reductions in aggression, NA, and counterproductive work behavior among a randomized group of working professionals. + +In comparison to the control group, subjects in the yoga group showed a significant improvement from the baseline performance in aggression and results of the present study are consistent with earlier researches on yoga to reduce aggression.[10] + +Narasimhan et al.[9] reported that integrated yoga practices can decrease the NA and increase the positive affectivity within 1 week of yoga intervention. The present study supported similar effect of yoga in the reduction of NA by yoga practice. + +Moreover, the present study also highlighted the effect of yoga in reducing CWB in working professionals which other empirical studies have never been reported before. + +Limitations and directions for future research + +The current study contained several notable limitations that may have affected the results. This study was limited in that data with self­reported dependent measures were used. Practice sessions were conducted in the office premises which may have caused psychological impact on the dedication of employees and also may have impacted in self­reported attention problem. Few people take longer time to respond to true benefits of yoga and these differences would likely have been reduced if the duration of entire intervention would have been longer. Despite these limitations, the present study findings suggest that yoga may offer a safe and beneficial intervention for employees toward psychological and physical health. + +More research is needed to establish the true directionality of the relationships between the variables explored in this study. Future studies could implement longitudinal type of research to get detailed and refined conclusions on the benefits of yoga. It should be noted that most of the studies related to CWB have been undertaken by Western scholars. Only few studies on CWB were conducted by Asian researchers. Therefore, further investigations, especially in the Asian context are required for more empirical evidence on the effect of yoga on CWB. + +CONCLUSION + +Organizations can utilize the potential of yoga to create a foundation for larger cost­effective preventive measures in combating and controlling CWB and its predictors at the workplace assertively. Strength of yoga is that it can be used as a self­management technique where an individual can practice it anywhere. In summary, the present study has shown the effectiveness of yoga in reducing CWB and its predictors. Constant monitoring and mentoring in this direction shall lead to stronger synergy among working professionals which will lead to much higher productivity. + +Financial support and sponsorship + +Nil. + +Conflicts of interest + +There are no conflicts of interest. + +Acknowledgment + +The authors acknowledge the support of SVYASA, Bengaluru, for allowing us to conduct the present study. + +Appendix 1: The authors acknowledge the support of SVYASA, Bengaluru, for allowing us to conduct the present study + + + + + + +https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919969/ 3/4 +3/1/2017 Effect of yogapractices inreducingcounterproductivework behavior andits predictors + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Article information + +Indian J Psychiatry. 2016 Apr-Jun; 58(2): 216–219. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.183778 +PMCID: PMC4919969 + +Umesh Dwivedi, Sony Kumari, and H. R. Nagendra + +Department of Yoga and Management Studies, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India +Address for correspondence: Mr. Umesh Dwivedi, Department of Yoga and Management Studies, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bengaluru - 560 019, Karnataka, India. E-mail: umeshd909@gmail.com + +Copyright : © Indian Journal of Psychiatry +This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. + +Articles from Indian Journal of Psychiatry are provided here courtesy of Medknow Publications + +REFERENCES + +1. Spector P, Fox S, Penney L, Bruursema K, Goh A, Kessler S. The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created +equal? J Vocat Behav. 2006;68:446–60. + +2. Mount M, Mlies M, Mohnson E. Relationship of personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors: The mediating effects of job satisfaction. +Pers Psychol. 2006;59:591–622. + +3. Buss AH, Perry M. The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1992;63:452–9. [PubMed] + +4. Ashforth B. Petty tyranny in organizations. Hum Relat. 1994;47:755–78. + +5. Cortina LM, Magley VJ, Williams JH, Langhout RD. Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. J Occup Health Psychol. 2001;6:64–80. +[PubMed] + +6. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. J Pers Soc +Psychol. 1988;54:1063–70. [PubMed] + +7. Samnani A, Salamon S, Singh P. Negative affect and counterproductive workplace behavior: The moderating role of moral disengagement and gender. +J Bus Ethics. 2013;119:235–44. + +8. Garg S, Ramya CS, Shankar V, Kutty K. Efficacy of short­term yoga therapy program on quality of life in patients with psychosomatic ailments. +Indian J Psychiatry. 2015;57:78–80. [PMC free article] [PubMed] + +9. Narasimhan L, Nagarathna R, Nagendra H. Effect of integrated yogic practices on positive and negative emotions in healthy adults. Int J Yoga. +2011;4:13–9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] + +10. Bilderbeck AC, Farias M, Brazil IA, Jakobowitz S, Wikholm C. Participation in a 10­week course of yoga improves behavioural control and +decreases psychological distress in a prison population. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:1438–45. [PubMed] + + + + +https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4919969/ 4/4 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga practices on psycho-motor abilities among intellectually disabled children.txt b/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga practices on psycho-motor abilities among intellectually disabled children.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0ff415952e4f564358183203de6e3f92ea373381 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effect of yoga practices on psycho-motor abilities among intellectually disabled children.txt @@ -0,0 +1,480 @@ +This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons At­ +tribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) +which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any +medium, provided the original work is properly cited. +Copyright © 2018 Korean Society of Exercise Rehabilitation +http://www.e-jer.org +pISSN 2288-176X +eISSN 2288-1778 +581 +*Corresponding author: Balaram Pradhan + https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-2485 +S-VYASA, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, +India +Tel: +91-8277908823, E-mail: balaramp13@gmail.com +Received: June 4, 2018 / Accepted: July 17, 2018 +Effect of yoga practices on psycho-motor abilities among +intellectually disabled children +Vishvanath Pise1, Balaram Pradhan1,*, Manmath Gharote2 +1S-VYASA, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, India +2Lonavla Yoga Institute, Lonavla, Pune, India +The children with intellectual disabilities show disorders at motor de- +velopment and coordination. Hence, the objective of this study was to +see the effect of yoga practices on psycho-motor abilities of intellectu- +ally disabled children. Seventy intellectually disabled children were di- +vided into experimental group and control group. Both experimental and +control group were assessed on the first day and after 12 weeks of the +yoga intervention for static balance, eye hand coordination, agility and +reaction time. The subjects of experimental group then underwent a +training of yoga practices, for 1 hr for a total period of 12 weeks. The re- +sult of within group comparison revealed significant improvement in +static balance, eye hand coordination, agility, and reaction time (P< +0.001) in subjects of yoga group however no change was observed in +control group. The present study demonstrated that 12 weeks of yoga is +effective in improving psycho-motor abilities of intellectually disabled +children. +Keywords: Yoga, Intellectually disabled, Motor function +INTRODUCTION +Intellectual disability (ID) is characterized by below-average in­ +telligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day- +to-day living. People with intellectual disabilities can and do learn +new skills, but they learn them more slowly. The child with intel­ +lectual disabilities shows disorders at bodily scheme, percep­ +tive-motor development and coordination levels, but properly +stimulated, he/she can reach significant progress in psychomotor +and motor fields (Silvia and Ofelia, 2013). Earlier research studies +indicate that adults with intellectual disabilities have significant +health difference when compared with the general population. In +fact, physical inactivity in adults with intellectual disabilities +leads to obesity (Bhaumik et al., 2008; Melville et al., 2008), and +higher rates of mortality (Lauer and McCallion, 2015). +The children with intellectual disabilities find difficulty in ac­ +tivities of daily living and functioning in society as the ability to +learn and adapt to the changing environment is limited. As com­ +pared to other groups with disabilities these individuals have +more functional limitations in adaptive behavior and motor func­ +tion (Kubilay et al., 2011). Due to their ID the time taken to +learn motor skills is prolonged. For children with mental retarda­ +tion, fitness and overall functioning is lower as they are not active +during the course of school day and have limited opportunities to +participate in the physical activities available to their peers. There­ +fore, these children tend to be weaker and more susceptible to ear­ +ly fatigue than their peers (Campbell and Ball, 1978; Dichter et +al., 1993; Durstine et al., 2000; Fernhall and Unnithan, 2002). +Moreover, children with intellectual disabilities have motor prob­ +lems and higher-order cognitive deficits. Hartman et al. (2010) +reported that intellectually disabled individuals scored lower on +locomotor ability and object control. These results support the +notion that besides being impaired in qualitative motor skills in­ +tellectually challenged children are also impaired in higher-order +executive functions. Additionally, adolescents with ID have diffi­ +culty in making optimal use of their working memory when new +or complex situations tax their abilities Van der Molen et al. (2010a). +However, working memory can be effectively trained in adoles­ +https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1836290.145 +Original Article +Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 2018;14(4):581-585 +https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1836290.145 +Pise V, et al. • Yoga for motor abilities +582 http://www.e-jer.org +cents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities Van der Mo­ +len et al. (2010b). +Nevertheless, several research studies demonstrated impact of +physical activity/exercise on physical fitness, mental health, mem­ +ory etc. in intellectually disabled individuals. For example, reac­ +tion time of children with mild ID significantly improved after +twelve weeks of exercise program (Yildirim et al., 2010). Further, +a critical review by Bartlo and Klein (2011) revealed moderate to +strong evidence that physical activity intervention positively af­ +fected balance, muscle strength, and quality of life in individuals +with ID. +Yoga is widely acknowledged as a feasible activity to engage in­ +active and sedentary individuals in physical activity. It requires +minimal training, resources or expense and can be an appropriate +activity for individuals with intellectual disabilities. The research +literature indicates that yoga has the potential to improve health +and functional capacity. At a basic level, yoga promotes physical +fitness (Collins, 1998; Gharote, 1976; Telles et al., 1993) by pro­ +moting increased muscle strength (Raub, 2002), flexibility (Arm­ +strong and Smedley, 2003; Ray et al., 2001), and stability (Telles +et al., 1993). Further it was found that yoga practices improve in­ +telligent quotient (IQ) and social adaptation parameters (Uma et +al., 1989). Although previous research studies indicate beneficial +effects of yoga however, there are very limited studies conducted +to examine the efficacy of yoga practices among intellectually dis­ +abled children. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to +see the effect of yoga practices on motor function of intellectually +disabled children. +MATERIALS AND METHODS +Participants +Participants were children attending school for intellectually +disabled individuals situated in Pune, Maharashtra. The partici­ +pants were classified as mild to moderate ID on the basis of IQ +score. Participant’s age ranged from 10 to 15 years were included. +Research design +Quasi experimental pre-post design was used for conducting +this research study. The purposive sample was randomly assigned +into experimental group (n=35; 25 males and 11 females) and +control (n=35; 20 males and 17 females) group by Chit method +for random selection. Both experimental and control groups were +assessed on the first day and after 12 weeks of the interventions. +The subjects of experimental group then underwent a training of +yoga practices, under the supervision of a yoga expert, for 1 hr in +the evening, excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays for a to­ +tal period of 12 weeks. The control group did not undergo any +yoga training during this period. However, both the groups con­ +tinued to participate in their regular extracurricular activities +during school hours. There were 35 subjects in each group at the +baseline testing. However, at the end of 12 weeks, there were 32 +subjects in experimental group and 29 subjects in control group +because of 9 drop-outs. Drop-outs were due to various reasons, +mainly disinterest, illness and absence during either pretesting or +post testing. +Sample size +On the conservative estimate, considering a moderate effects +size, according to Cohen (1988), sample size was calculated. In or­ +der to achieve a minimum power of 0.80, with alpha=0.05, for +two groups, the required sample size was calculated as 29 subjects +per group. However, in order to protect against the effects of attri­ +tion on power, a minimum number of 35 subjects in each group +was established. For all the above calculations, G*Power 3.0 was +used, and alpha was fixed at 0.05, power at 0.95, and assuming +two tailed condition. The subjects were selected from Sai Seva +School for Mentally Challenged students and Kamayani School +situated in Chinchwad and Pune respectively. +Ethical consideration +Signed informed consent was obtained from the parent or +guardian of the child at the time of registration, after they had +read the proposal that involves noninvasive data collection meth­ +ods and risks free intervention. All procedures were reviewed and +accepted by the institutional ethical committee of S-VYASA Uni­ +versity. Participation in this project was voluntary in nature and +participants were not provided with any incentives for their par­ +ticipation. Research participants were free to discontinue partici­ +pation at any point in time without consequence. This was stated +verbally to both the control and intervention groups during pre­ +sentation to the parents of participants and school authorities. It +was also restated in consent forms. +Assessment +Static balance was assessed by using standing stork test. The +subjects were to stand comfortable with hands on the hips. Then +they were asked to lift the right leg and place the sole of the right +foot against the side of the left kneecap and close both eyes. Next +on the command “Go” the stopwatch started and the subjects +http://www.e-jer.org 583 +https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1836290.145 +Pise V, et al. • Yoga for motor abilities +were instructed to raise the heel of the left foot to stand on the +toes. When the subject touches left heel to the ground or the +right foot moves away from the left knee the time was recorded in +seconds. +Eye hand coordination was measured by using wall toss test. A +mark was placed 2-m distance from the wall. The subject was +asked to stand behind the line and facing the wall. The ball is +thrown from one hand in an underarm action against the wall, +and attempted to be caught with the opposite hand. The ball is +then thrown back against the wall and caught with the initial +hand. The test was continued for 30 sec. The successful catches in +a 30-sec period was considered as a score. +Agility was assessed by using shuttle run test. This test requires +the subject to run back and forth between two parallel lines as fast +as possible. Two lines parallel to each other are placed on the floor +30 feet apart, 2 blocks of wood, 2×2×4 inches and a stop watch +are needed to conduct this test. The subjects were asked to stand +at one of the lines with 2 blocks at the other line. On the signal ‘to +start,’ the subject start running to the block which he carries +across the starting line and places the block which he carries across +the starting line on his way back. The score was the time recorded +in seconds. +Reaction time was assessed by using ruler test. To begin the test +ruler was held by the experimenter between the outstretched in­ +dex finger and thumb of the subject’s dominant hand. The ruler +was held such that the top of the subject’s thumb is at the 0-cm +line. The experimenter instructs the subject to catch the ruler as +soon as possible after it has been released. +The experimenter releases the ruler and the subject catches the +ruler between their index finger and thumb as quick as possible. +The distance between the bottom of the ruler and the top of the +subjects thumb where the ruler has been caught was recorded. +Intervention +The yoga training consisted of Loosening Exercises, Asana, Pra­ +nayama, and Meditation. All practices were introduced in a slow +and progressive manner. Yoga training was for 1 hr, for 6 days in a +week for 12 weeks. The experimental group practiced Yoga asanas +(postures) and Pranayama (breathing techniques). Each asana pose +was held for 15–30 sec initially, and for 1 min in the later stages. +Duration of Pranayama was 2–3 min initially and was gradually +increased to 5 min. The loosening exercises included were hand +rotation front & back, twisting, side arch hand right & left, forward +& backward bending and side bending. Each exercise was performed +for 2 min with 10 rounds each. Standing asana include Ardhakati +Chakrasana, Ardha Chakrasana, Padahastasana, Trikonasana, Ta­ +dasana, and Adhomukha Shwanasana. The sitting position asana +were Vajrasana, Janu Shirasana, Ushtrasana and Vakrasana. The +supine pose asana practiced were Ardha Halasana, Halasana, Pawan­ +muktasana, Setu Bandhasana, and Shavasana. The prone position +asana included were Bhujangasana, Dhanurasana, and Makarasa­ +na. The breathing exercises for experimental group participants +were Bhastrika, dirgha swasana, and Bhramari pranayama. +Statistical analysis +Standard methods were followed for the data extraction for each +of the variables. Data analysis was done using SPSS ver. 16.0 (SPSS +Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data was analyzed using paired t-tests, +independent t-test and descriptive statistical method. +RESULTS +The base line demographic data of age, height, and BMI of the +groups are given in Table 1. The outcomes of within group and +between group analyses of motor fitness parameters, for the Yoga +and control groups have been presented in Tables 2, 3, respectively. +Results of paired sample t-test in experimental group showed +significant change in static balance (t=9.47, df=31, P<0.001); +eye hand coordination (t=12.14, df=31, P<0.001); agility +(t=3.41, df=31, P<0.001) and reaction time (t=11.84, df=31, +P<0.001) after yoga training intervention. Further, results of +paired sample t-test in control group revealed no significant +change in Static balance (t=0.91, df=28, P>0.05); agility +(t=1.81, df=28, P>0.05) and reaction time (t=-0.54, df=28, +P>0.05) after controlled period of three months. However, signif­ +icant increase in eye hand coordination (t=-2.94, df=28, n=29, +P<0.01) was observed in control group participants. +The result of between group comparison revealed that experi­ +mental group had significant change in static balance (t=4.56, P> +0.001) and reaction time (t=8.14, P>0.001) as compared to con­ +trol group participants. However, no significant change in agility +(t=0.90, P>0.05) and eye hand coordination (t=1.83, P>0.05) +was observed in experimental group as compared to control group. +Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participants +Variable +Yoga group (n=32) +Control group (n=29) +Height (cm) +139.53±11.47 +142.75±13.52 +Weight (kg) +35.03±9.96 +36.81±13.30 +Body mass index (kg/m2) +17.69±3.37 +17.96±3.93 +Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. +https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1836290.145 +Pise V, et al. • Yoga for motor abilities +584 http://www.e-jer.org +These results indicate that yoga practices are effective in im­ +proving motor function of intellectually disabled children. +DISCUSSION +The findings of this 12-week research study suggest, amply, the +effectiveness of yoga training in improving motor function of in­ +tellectually disabled children. Previous studies have indicated that +individuals with intellectual disabilities score lower on reaction +time than do individuals without an ID (Baumeister et al., 1965; +Brewer and Nettelbeck, 1977; Un and Erbahçeci, 2001). Further, +children with ID had significantly more borderline and definite +motor problems than the normative sample and there is an associ­ +ation between degree of ID and performance of manual dexterity, +ball skills and balance skills (Vuijk et al., 2010). For this reason, +individuals who are intellectually disabled are often unable to ad­ +equately perform everyday activities and are limited in their +work-related duties (Fernhall and Pitetti, 2001). +The results of this study showed improvement in motor skills +such as reaction time, eye hand coordination, static balance, and +agility after 3 months of yoga training. In fact, yoga for children +is a relaxation technique that has been found to reduce stress and +tension, dissipate excess energy, relieve tiredness, lengthen atten­ +tion span, improve physical health, sharpen concentration, enhance +mental clarity, and cultivate better interpersonal relationships (Peck +et al., 2005; Seiler and Renshaw, 1978; Telles et al., 1993). Yoga +is a complete science, which makes the body healthy and provides +mental peace leading to spirituality. It is very useful for the dis­ +abled as they can get relief from physical ailments (Ijbarathi, 2012), +improves IQ, concentration, attention span, psycho-motor coordi­ +nation (Uma et al., 1989). The findings of present study are sup­ +ported by earlier research reports. In fact, Yoga training for a peri­ +od of 3 months helped to improve selected motor function tests. +The appearance of such result may be due to the fact that asanas, +pranayamas, bandhas, and kriyas which generally give gentle mas­ +sage to the inner muscles and cleans their impurities. Regular prac­ +tice of such yogic exercises might have helped to improve overall +performance of the muscles and joints and therefore results into +the enhanced level of gross motor function abilities. +CONFLICT OF INTEREST +No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was re­ +ported. +Table 2. Descriptive statistics and t-test results for within group comparison in motor function tests +Variable +Pre +Post +t +Sig. +95% CI for mean +Yoga group + Static balance (sec) +3.22±2.92 +5.94±3.51 +-9.47 +0.001 +-3.29 to -2.12 + Eye hand coordination (n) +16.03±8.38 +26.06±8.93 +-12.14 +0.001 +-11.71 to -8.34 + Agility (sec) +23.21±7.38 +18.71±5.35 +3.41 +0.002 +1.81–7.18 + Reaction time (sec) +0.31±0.02 +0.22±0.03 +11.84 +0.001 +0.07–0.10 +Control group + Static balance (sec) +2.92±1.95 +2.68±1.89 +0.94 +0.354 +0.28–0.78 + Eye hand coordination (n) +16.48±6.50 +21.34±10.94 +2.94 +0.006 +-8.23 to -1.48 + Agility (sec) +20.06±5.09 +20.81±5.32 +-1.81 +0.080 +-1.59 to 0.09 + Reaction time (sec) +0.30±0.03 +0.30±0.04 +-0.54 +0.589 +-0.01 to 0.01 +Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. +CI, confidence interval. +Table 3. Results of independent sample t-test between yoga and control group in motor function tests +Variable +Yoga-Final (n=32) +Control-Final (n=29) +t +Sig. (2-tailed) +Difference in mean 95% CI +Static balance (sec) +5.94±3.51 +2.68±1.89 +4.56 +0.000 +3.25 (1.82–4.69) +Eye hand coordination (n) +26.06±8.93 +21.34±10.94 +1.83 +0.072 +4.71 (0.44–9.87) +Agility (sec) +18.71±5.35 +20.81±5.32 +0.90 +0.131 +2.09 (-4.83 to 0.64) +Reaction time (sec) +0.22±0.03 +0.30±0.04 +-8.14 +0.000 +0.08 (-0.10 to 0.06) +Values are presented as mean±standard deviation. +CI, confidence interval. +http://www.e-jer.org 585 +https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1836290.145 +Pise V, et al. • Yoga for motor abilities +REFERENCES +Armstrong WJ, Smedley JM. Effects of a home-based yoga exercise pro­ +gram on flexibility in older women. Clin Kinesiol 2003;57:1-6. +Bartlo P, Klein PJ. Physical activity benefits and needs in adults with in­ +tellectual disabilities: systematic review of the literature. Am J Intellect +Dev Disabil 2011;116:220-232. +Baumeister AA, Hawkins WF, Kellas G. Reaction speed as a function of +stimulus intensity in normals and retardates. 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Effect of yogic exercises on physi­ +cal and mental health of young fellowship course trainees. Indian J +Physiol Pharmacol 2001;45:37-53. +Seiler G, Renshaw K. Yoga for kids. Elem Sch Guid Couns 1978;12:229- +237. +Silvia T, Ofelia P. Aspects on the motor and psychomotor development of +the child with intellectual disabilities. Sci Movem Health 2013;13:551- +557. +Telles S, Hanumanthaiah B, Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Improvement +in static motor performance following yogic training of school chil­ +dren. Percept Mot Skills 1993;76(3 Pt 2):1264-1266. +Uma K, Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R, Vaidehi S, Seethalakshmi R. The +integrated approach of yoga: a therapeutic tool for mentally retarded +children: a one-year controlled study. J Ment Defic Res 1989;33(Pt 5): +415-421. +Un N, Erbahçeci F. The evaluation of reaction time on mentally retarded +children. Pediatr Rehabil 2001;4:17-20. +Van der Molen MJ, Van Luit JE, Van der Molen MW, Jongmans MJ. Ev­ +eryday memory and working memory in adolescents with mild intel­ +lectual disability. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil 2010a;115:207-217. +Van der Molen MJ, Van Luit JE, Van der Molen MW, Klugkist I, Jongmans +MJ. Effectiveness of a computerised working memory training in ado­ +lescents with mild to borderline intellectual disabilities. J Intellect Dis­ +abil Res 2010b;54:433-447. +Vuijk PJ, Hartman E, Scherder E, Visscher C. Motor performance of chil­ +dren with mild intellectual disability and borderline intellectual func­ +tioning. J Intellect Disabil Res 2010;54:955-965. +Yildirim NU, Erbahçeci F, Ergun N, Pitetti KH, Beets MW. The effect of +physical fitness training on reaction time in youth with intellectual +disabilities. Percept Mot Skills 2010;111:178-186. diff --git a/subfolder_0/Effects of yoga on brain wave coherence in executives conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Effects of yoga on brain wave coherence in executives conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9122a244ac2b16b0ab5cd999ac008d25af1ca148 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Effects of yoga on brain wave coherence in executives conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,285 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +4 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +5 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Efficacy of Yoga for sustained attention in university students.txt b/subfolder_0/Efficacy of Yoga for sustained attention in university students.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f8d89d8ccde660a260ed332228e377226a279c69 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Efficacy of Yoga for sustained attention in university students.txt @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +Ayu. 2013 Jul-Sep; 34(3): 270–272. +doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.123117 +PMCID: PMC3902592 +PMID: 24501521 +Efficacy of Yoga for sustained attention in university students +Sheela, Hongasandra Rama Rao Nagendra, and Tikhe Sham Ganpat +M. Sc. Scholar, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, +Karnataka, India +Chancellor, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, +India +Assistant Professor, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Kempegowda Nagar, +Bangalore, Karnataka, India +Address for correspondence: Dr. Tikhe Sham Ganpat, Assistant Professor, Swami Vivekananda Yoga +Anusandhana Samsthana University, (Prashanti Kutiram), 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda +Nagar, Bangalore - 560 019, Karnataka, India. E-mail: rudranath29@gmail.com +Copyright : © AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda) +This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- +Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any +medium, provided the original work is properly cited. +Abstract +Sustained attention (SA) is a vital function mediated by the right frontal - parietal cortex. The digit +vigilance test (DVT) measures SA. Assessment of SA in students for their academic excellence is +considered to be an essential part of a neuropsychological evaluation. The objective of this study is to +determine SA in students undergoing training of integrated Yoga module (IYM). A total of 66 +university students aged between 18-37 years participated in this study with a single group pre-post +design. The DVT data was collected before and after the IYM. Statistical Package for Social Sciences +version 19 was used for data analysis. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data were not +normally distributed. The Wilcoxon's signed ranks test was used to compare means of data. The data +analysis showed 11.66% decrease (P < 0.001) in total time taken for DVT and 31.90% decrease (P < +0.001) in error scores for DVT. The present study suggests that IYM can result in improvement of SA +among students, thus paving the way for their academic excellence. Additional well-designed studies +are needed before a strong recommendation can be made. +Keywords: Academic excellence, integrated Yoga module, sustained attention, university students +Introduction +Attention is an essential element of cognition and has been characterized in two ways, that is, either as +a resource or capacity or as a skill of resource deployment. Sustained attention (SA) is the capacity to +attend to a task in hand for a required period of time. It is closely associated with task difficulty or +complexity.[1] SA is easier for simple tasks than complex tasks. It is closely associated with the mental +effort required by the task in hand.[2] The capacities to study and listen to a lecture for an extended +length of time are examples of SA. Various brain areas mediate attention, different ones being +responsible for different types of attention. The right frontoparietal area mediates SA. Damage to the +right prefrontal cortex is associated with poor SA.[3] Imaging studies have shown that vigilance tasks +requiring SA activate a network of neurons in the right frontal and parietal cortices.[4] Previous reports +on SA suggest that reduced anxiety can improve performance on tasks requiring SA[5] and Yoga's +anxiety reducing effects[6] could also have facilitated this. Similarly, modern education system and +1 +2 +1 +2 +Gurukula education system improve SA in school children, but Gurukula education system is more +effective.[1] Several studies have been published analyzing the effect of different aspects of Yoga +including physical postures and meditation on SA. Integrated Yoga module (IYM) consisting of +physical postures (Asana), voluntary regulation of breathing (Pranayama), maintaining silence and +visual focusing exercises (Trataka) improve attention span in school children.[7,8,9] However, the +changes in SA that characterize the efficacy of IYM for university students have not been reported +adequately. Hence, it the present study was designed to assess the efficacy of IYM for academic +excellence in university students using digit vigilance test (DVT). The objective of this study was to +assess SA using DVT in university students undergoing IYM. +Materials and Methods +Subjects +A total of 66 university students (28 males and 38 females) undergoing IYM with 28.03 ± 9.38 years of +mean age participated in the present study. +Inclusion criteria +Both male and females aged between 18-37 years were enrolled in the study. +Exclusion criteria +Students with serious medical conditions +Students taking medication, psychiatric drugs, alcohol or tobacco in any form +Using any other wellness strategy. +Design +The study was designed as a Single group pre-post test and was carried out at Swami Vivekananda +Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bangalore. +Informed consent +An informed consent was obtained from all the participants before initiating the study. The study was +approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of S-VYASA University. +Assessment +The DVT developed by Kelland and Lewis, which is a valid and reliable test to measure SA was used +in the present study.[10] It consisted of numbers 1-9 arranged randomly in rows.[11] There were 30 +digits per row and 50 rows per sheet [Figure 1]. The subjects were instructed to cancel the digits 6 and +9 as fast as they can. They were asked not to cross other digits and miss any of target digits. The total +time taken to complete the test and errors made was noted. +Open in a separate window +Figure 1 +Digit vigilance test Instructions: Please look at this sheet. There are different digits arranged in rows. The +digits are randomly arranged. Please cancel the digits 6 and 9 as fast as you can. Do not cross other digits +and be sure not to miss any of target digits. Do as fast as you can +Intervention +The IYM[12] of 21 days duration was practiced by all the subjects. The program was conducted in the +serene and peaceful atmosphere of the S-VYASA University in a residential set up with a schedule +starting from 5 AM to 10 PM. The Raja Yoga (yogic practices) in the form of Yogic Kriya (cleansing +techniques), Asanas (postures), Pranayama (breathing techniques), Shavasana Abhyasa (relaxation), +Dhyana (meditation), Bhaktiyoga (devotional sessions), Jnanayoga (discourses from experts), +Karmayoga (daily 1 h of the session of selfless service in the university campus), Sattvika diet (high- +fiber low-fat vegetarian and balanced diet) and cultural events were the key essence of this program. +The program was based on the integrated approach of Yoga therapy developed at S-VYASA University +for holistic development of personality. +Data collection +The DVT data was collected before and after 21 days of the IYM. +Data analysis +The subjects were asked to cancel out digits 6 and 9. The time to complete the test along with the +number of correct responses and errors was noted.[10,11] Statistical analysis was performed with the +help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 19. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that +the data was not normally distributed. Hence, Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to compare means +of the data collected before and after the IYM. +Results +The data analysis showed 11.66% decrease (P < 0.001) in total time taken and 31.90% decrease (P < +0.001) in error scores for DVT [Table 1]. +Table 1 +Data analysis +Discussion +Yoga has emerged as a treatment modality to reduce cognitive deficits, with the expectation that +improvement of cognition would result in clinical improvement as well as improvement of +psychosocial functioning.[13,14] Improvement of psychosocial functioning not only require SA, but +also visual scanning and activation and inhibition of rapid responses. Decrease in total time taken and +error scores in DVT following IYM suggest improvement in SA. Thus, the present study suggests a +significant increase in SA scores in university students following IYM. The DVT requires selective and +SA as well as the ability to shift attention.[15] The mechanism underlying the improvement of SA may +be related to the fact that IYM is associated with increased sympathetic activity and increased +sympathetic tone is associated with better vigilance.[16] Moreover, previous study on Yoga reported +enhanced SA as a result of the practice of Yogic way of life. The result indicates the importance of +Yoga to improve academic excellence.[8,9] The present study is consistent with these findings, +suggesting that a systematic practice of the Yoga may enhance SA, which leads to academic excellence. +Conclusion +The present study suggests that IYM enhances SA among students, thus paving the way for their +academic excellence. Additional well-designed studies are needed before a strong recommendation can +be made. +Acknowledgment +The authors acknowledge the authorities of Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S- +VYASA) University for granting permission to carry out this work. +REFERENCES +1. Rangan R, Nagendra HR, Bhatt R. Effect of yogic education system and modern education system +on sustained attention. Int J Yoga. 2009;2:35–8. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] +2. Posner MI. Chronometric Explorations of Mind. In: Hillsdale NJ, editor. USA: Oxford University +Press, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1978. p. 269. [Google Scholar] +3. Rueckert L, Grafman J. Sustained attention deficits in patients with right frontal lesions. +Neuropsychologia. 1996;34:953–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] +4. Pardo JV, Fox PT, Raichle ME. Localization of a human system for sustained attention by positron +emission tomography. Nature. 1991;349:61–4. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] +5. Saltz E. 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[PubMed] +[Google Scholar] +Articles from Ayu are provided here courtesy of Wolters Kluwer -- Medknow Publications diff --git a/subfolder_0/Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university students.txt b/subfolder_0/Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university students.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4462695ce47a2dae1029aeae5aacd7cf76968070 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university students.txt @@ -0,0 +1,439 @@ +Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013 +349 +of the cross‑correlation function in the frequency domain of +two electrical signals.[1] Coherence reflects the number and +strength of connections between two brain areas.[2] Higher +coherence indicates that these two points of the brain are +working more closely together. Similarly, higher coherence +is associated with more integrated and effective thinking and +behavior, including greater intelligence, creativity, learning +ability, emotional stability, ethical and moral reasoning, +self‑confidence, and reduced anxiety.[3] +Introduction +Stress certainly seems to be an inescapable element of the +modern life of a student. Stress management is required for +students to decrease depression and anxiety, and to improve +sensitivity toward themselves, peers, and parents. Brain wave +coherence (BWC) is a measure of correlation or synchrony +of the electroencephalograph (EEG) waves recorded at two +points on the scalp. Mathematically, it is the absolute value +Original Article +Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university students +Tikhe Sham Ganpat, Hongasandra Ramarao Nagendra, V. Selvi +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University (Prashanti Kutiram), 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, +Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India +Address for correspondence: Dr. Tikhe Sham Ganpat, +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University +(Prashanti Kutiram), 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram +Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. +E‑mail: rudranath29@gmail.com +Background: With growing scientific evidence, yoga is emerging as an important health behavior‑lifestyle modifying +module to achieve holistic health at physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual levels. Brain wave coherence (BWC) +recordings from the surface of the skull are associated with different cognitive processes and plays both critical and +useful roles in yoga with wide range of functional significance. The psycho‑physiological changes that characterize the +efficacy of yoga for better mental performance in university students have not been studied adequately. +Objective: The study was designed to assess the mental performance through BWC analysis in university students +undergoing Integrated Yoga Module (IYM). +Materials and Methods: The IYM subjects (n=30) with 25.77±4.85 years of mean age participated in this single group +pre‑post study. The BWC data was collected before (pre) and after (post) the 21 days IYM using Brain Master (Model: +2E Part # 390‑001), Michigan, USA. +Statistical Analysis: Means, standard deviations, Kolmogorov‑Smirnov test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used +for analyzing data with the help of SPSS‑16. +Results: +A +complete +statistical +and +spectral +analysis +showed +43.24% +increase  +(P<0.001) +in +Delta, +9.13% +increase  +(P=0.289) +in Theta, 57.85% increase (P<0.001) in Alpha, 17.65% decrease (P=0.136) in Beta and 9.19% increase (P=0.586) in +Gamma BWC between pre and post intervention measurements. +Conclusion: BWC study showed significant increase in both Delta and Alpha wave coherence suggesting that IYM can +result in improvement of coherent and integrated brain functioning among students, thus paving the way for their better +mental performance. Although this preliminary research is promising, more well‑designed studies are needed before a +strong recommendation can be made. +Key words: Brain wave coherence, mental performance, yoga +ABSTRACT +Access this article online +Website: +www.indianjpsychiatry.org +Quick Response Code +DOI: +10.4103/0019-5545.120550 +How to cite this article: Ganpat TS, Nagendra HR, Selvi +V. Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university +students. Indian J Psychiatry 2013;55:349-52. +Ganpat, et al.: Yoga for mental performance in university students +Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013 +350 +With growing scientific evidence, yoga is emerging as an +important health behavior‑modifying practice to achieve +states of health, both at physical and mental levels.[4] Previous +study of yoga on BWC in managers reported significant +increase in Delta BWC showing efficacy of yoga for managerial +effectiveness.[5] A study by Aftanas LI and Golocheikine SA[6] +on Sahaja Yoga Mediation reported that subjective scores +of emotionally positive “blissful” experience significantly +correlated with theta, whereas scores of internalized +attention with both theta and alpha lower synchronization. +Previous study of EEG coherence on Zen Mediation showed +an increase in slow alpha interhemispheric EEG coherence in +the frontal region induces meditation with a predominance +of internalized attention.[7] High degree of cardio respiratory +synchronization during yoga was demonstrated by Cysarz +and Bussing suggesting a state of restful alertness.[8] The +EEG alpha activity occurred predominantly in the anterior +half, and occurred silently in the posterior half of the +brain during Qi Gong meditation.[9] Moreover, a study by +Travis[10] revealed that Transcendental Meditation practice +was marked by significantly lower breath rate, higher +respiratory sinus arrhythmia amplitudes, higher EEG alpha +amplitude and higher alpha coherence. However, the +psycho‑physiological changes that characterize the efficacy +of yoga for better mental performance have not been +studied adequately. Hence, the present study was designed +to assess the efficacy of Integrated Yoga Module (IYM) for +mental performance in university students. +Objective +The study was designed to assess the mental performance +through BWC analysis in university students undergoing +IYM. +Materials and Methods +Subjects +Students of both sexes (n=30) undergoing IYM at Swami +Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana  (S‑VYASA) +University, Bangalore between the ages of 18 and +37 years (mean±SD=25.77±4.85 years) participated in this +single group pre‑post study. Students with serious medical +conditions, those using any other form of wellness strategy +as well as those using any form of prescribed or abused drugs +were excluded. The BWC data was collected before (pre) +and after (post) the IYM using Brain Master (Model: 2E Part +# 390‑001), Michigan, USA. +Consent +The study was approved by the IRB of S‑VYASA University. +An informed consent was obtained from all the participants. +Design was single group pre‑post study. +Assessments +Intervention +All the subjects participated in the 21 days IYM which was +based on Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy  (IAYT) +designed and developed at S‑VYASA University [Table 1]. +Data collection +In this study we have used Brain Master two‑Channel EEG +version  2.0 from Bio‑Medical Instruments, Inc., Warren, +Michigan for BWC recording[11,12] which records the brain +waves and through an inbuilt software gives the coherence +values of Delta  (d), Theta  (q), Alpha  (a), Beta  (b) and +Gamma (g) waves. We collected BWC data using electrode +locations C3 and C4referenced to linked earlobes, with the +ground at the forehead. We kept the electrode impedances +below 10KΩ to ensure noise‑free, accurate, and good brain +wave recordings.[11,12] The sampling frequency was256  Hz. +Protocol of setting file was brain wave Pro 2 Channel Alpha +Synchrony. Run of length was 10.0 minutes. We studied BWC +for same subject at the same time of the day for pre and post +data. During BWC recording, each subject was resting on the +chair with the eyes closed for 10 minutes in Bio‑Field Energy +Laboratory of S‑VYASA University in a silent room. +Data scoring +Brain Master calculates and displays coherence for different +components as Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. In +addition, we can set a threshold between 0.01 and 0.99 for +training. The operator can select any or all of the components +Table 1: Schedule of the IYM +Time +Activity +Time +Activity +05.00 AM +Ablution +03.00 PM +Lecture session 2 +05.30 AM +Prayer (Prathasmaran) +04.00 PM +Cyclic meditation +06.00 AM +Asana/special yoga technique +07.15 AM +Friendship meet (Maitri Milan)‑Gita sloka chanting and discourse +(Satsanga) +05.00 PM +Tuning to nature +06.00 PM +Devotional session (Bhajan) +06.45 PM +Lecture session 3/Trataka +08.00 AM +Breakfast +09.30 AM +Karma Yoga +07.30 PM +Dinner +10.30 AM +Lecture session 1 +08.30 PM +Happy assembly (yoga game session)/cultural program +11.30 AM +Milk or ayurvedic tea (Malt) +09.15 PM +Group discussion/self practice +12.05 PM +Special yoga techniques +10.00 PM +Lights off +01.00 PM +Lunch and rest +IYM – Integrated yoga module +Ganpat, et al.: Yoga for mental performance in university students +Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013 +351 +for sound feedback; hence coherence training was easy. +In addition, we can show the coherence on the summary +screen, and read it from the Excel spreadsheet containing +the minute‑by‑minute statistics. Coherence between +0.0 and 0.4 in brain wave is not significant, because random +signals can have a small amount of coherence. However, +coherent values above 0.5 and especially exceeding 0.6 are +significant for brain wave training.[13] +Data analysis +All statistical analysis was carried out using the version 16.0 +of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. +The Kolmogorov‑Smirnov test showed that the data was not +normally distributed. We therefore used Wilcoxon signed +rank test to compare means of the data. +Results +A complete statistical and spectral analysis of the data +showed 43.24% increase  (P  <  0.001) in Delta, 9.13% +increase (P=0.289) in Theta, 57.85% increase (P < 0.001) in +Alpha, 17.65% decrease  (P=0.136) in Beta and 9.19% +increase (P=0.586) in Gamma BWC between pre and post +intervention measurements [Table 2]. +Discussion +Everything good about the brain depends on its coherent, +orderly functioning. Recent studies in neuroscience have +found that world‑class athletes have higher EEG coherence +than controls, and higher‑performing CEO’s display greater +coherence than other executives.[14] During ordinary waking +consciousness, EEG patterns are generally scattered, +disorderly, and rapidly changing.[15] By contrast, as the mind +settles into the practice of yoga, brainwaves tend to become +rhythmic and orderly.[16] +In the present study it was observed that twenty one days +of IYM significantly increase Delta and Alpha BWC and a +high level of coherence between two EEG signals indicates +a co‑activation of neuronal populations and provides +information on functional coupling between these areas.[17] +Significant increase in Delta EEG coherence may be associated +with heightened efficiency of brain functioning and may +improve mental performance and overall health.[18] Similarly, +significant increase in Alpha EEG coherence is associated with +wakefulness and vigilance and is the essential requirement for +‘student efficiency.[19‑23] Findings from earlier studies suggest +that percentage of Alpha waves were higher in persons +performing meditation with good coherence which suggests +good homogeneity, uniformity, and increased orderliness +of brain functioning.[24] Arambula et al., have reported that +subjects who practiced Kundalini Yoga Meditation could +achieve balance in lateralization of cerebral functions with +an increase in alpha EEG activity.[25] Similarly, Cahn et  al., +have shown that TM increases frontal alpha coherence, +which reflects an enhancement of frontal lobe integration, +as increased cognitive flexibility, intelligence, and emotional +stability.[26] Furthermore, activation in Alpha wave coherence +can produce a state of well‑poised readiness, and deep +relaxation. It may be associated with improved creativity, +sense of well‑being, and ability to perform effectively.[11,12] +The mechanism by which IYM may improve mental +performance in university students, while increasing +Delta and Alpha EEG coherence, may be related to the +notion that during IYM, the ordinary thinking process +settles down. This settling down is due to integration and +synchronization of the left hemisphere  (logical capacity) +and the right hemisphere (intuitive capacity) of the brain. +In addition, students gain a distinctive psycho‑physiological +state of ‘restful alertness’. +The factors that indicate the ‘restful alertness’ and may +be the mechanisms of improved mental performance +and overall health are: decreased respiration, decreased +skin conductance, decreased plasma lactate and cortisol, +increased cerebral blood flow, faster H‑reflex recovery, +shorter latency of auditory‑evoked potentials, decrease in +autonomic arousal  (sympathetic activation), psychological +factors and mind and body integration.[1,27‑30] +Conclusion +The present study showed significant increase in both Delta +and Alpha wave coherence suggesting that IYM can result in +improvement of coherent and integrated brain functioning +among students, thus paving the way for their better mental +performance. Additional well‑designed studies are needed +before a strong recommendation can be made. +Acknowledgement +Authors acknowledge Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana +Samsthana (S‑VYASA) University for granting permission to carry +out this work. +References +1. +Dillbeck MC, Bronson EC. Short‑term longitudinal effects of the +transcendental meditation technique on EEG power and coherence. Int J +Neurosci 1981;14:147‑51. +Table 2: Data analysis +Brain waves +coherence +Mean±standard deviation +Percentage +increase (↑) +P +Before YIC +(pre) +After YIC +(post) +Delta (d) 1‑3 Hz +46.38±20.51 +66.43±20.13 +↑43.24 +<0.001* +Theta (θ) 4‑7 Hz +63.64±23.79 +69.45±28.55 +↑9.13 +0.289 +Alpha (α) 8‑12 Hz +46.97±21.47 +74.15±21.68 +↑57.85 +<0.001* +Beta (β) 13‑39 Hz +40.58±18.41 +47.74±22.30 +↑17.65 +0.136 +Gamma (γ) 40‑45 Hz +42.65±18.46 +46.56±26.54 +↑9.19 +0.586 +*Significant at 0.001 level; IYM – Integrated yoga module +Ganpat, et al.: Yoga for mental performance in university students +Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013 +352 +2. +Bosco A, Lancioni GE, Olivetti Belardinelli M, Singh NN, O’Reilly MF, +Sigafoos J. Vegetative state: Efforts to curb misdiagnosis. Cogn Process +2010;11:87‑90. +3. +Travis F, Wallace RK. Autonomic and EEG patterns during eyes‑closed +rest and transcendental meditation (TM) practice: The basis for a neural +model of TM practice. Conscious Cogn 1999;8:302‑18. +4. +Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. A randomized control trial +of the effect of yoga on gunas (personality) and health in normal healthy +volunteers. Int J Yoga 2008;1:5‑9. +5. +Ganpat TS, Nagendra HR, Muralidhar K. Effects of yoga on brain wave +coherence in executives. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2011;55:304‑8. +6. +Aftanas LI, Golocheikine SA. Human anterior and frontal midline theta +and lower alpha reflect emotionally positive state and internalized +attention: High‑resolution EEG investigation of meditation. Neurosci Lett +2001;310:57‑60. +7. +Murata T, Takahashi T, Hamada T, Omori M, Kosaka H, Yoshida H, +et  al. Individual trait anxiety levels characterizing the properties of zen +meditation. Neuropsychobiology 2004;50:189‑94. +8. +Cysarz D, Büssing A. Cardiorespiratory synchronization during Zen +meditation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005;95:88‑95. +9. +Zhang JZ, Li JZ, He QN. Statistical brain topographic mapping analysis for +EEGs recorded during Qi Gong state. Int J Neurosci 1988;38:415‑25. +10. Travis F. Autonomic and EEG patterns distinguish transcending from +other experiences during Transcendental Meditation practice. Int J +Psychophysiol 2001;42:1‑9. +11. +Collura TF. History and evolution of computerized electroencephalography. +J Clin Neurophysiol 1995;12:214‑29. +12. Collura TF. Real‑time filtering for the estimation of steady‑state visual +evoked brain potentials. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1990;37:650‑2. +13. Collura TF. Conclusion: QEEG‑guided neurofeedback in context and in +practice. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2010;35:37‑8. +14. Wallace RK. Physiological effects of transcendental meditation. Science +1970;167:1751‑4. +15. Geschwind N. Language and the brain. Sci Am 1972;226:76‑83. +16. Rodriguez +Garay +EA, +Scremin +OU. +Transfer +of +bilirubin‑  +14 +C +between +blood, +cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue. Am J Physiol 1971;221:1264‑70. +17. Franken +IH, +Stam +CJ, +Hendriks +VM, +van +den +Brink +W. +Electroencephalographic power and coherence analysis suggest +altered brain function in bstinent male heroin‑dependent patients. +Neuropsychobiology 2004;49:105‑10. +18. Mason LI, Alexander CN, Travis FT, Marsh G, Orme‑Johnson DW, +Gackenbach J, et al. Electrophysiological correlates of higher states of +consciousness during sleep in long‑term practitioners of Transcendental +Meditation program. Sleep 1997;20:102‑10. +19. Darrow CW. Psychological and psychophysiological significance of the +electroencephalogram. Psychol Rev 1947;54:157‑68. +20. Malmo RB. Activation: A  neuropsychological dimension. Psychol Rev +1959;66:367‑86. +21. Cantero JL, Atienza M, Salas RM, Gómez CM. Alpha EEG coherence in +different brain states: An electrophysiological index of the arousal level in +human subjects. Neurosci Lett 1999;271:167‑70. +22. Feige B, Scheffler K, Esposito F, Di Salle F, Hennig J, Seifritz E. Cortical +and subcortical correlates of electroencephalographic alpha rhythm +modulation. J Neurophysiol 2005;93:2864‑72. +23. Sadato N, Nakamura S, Oohashi T, Nishina E, Fuwamoto Y, Waki A, et al. +Neural networks for generation and suppression of alpha rhythm: A PET +study. Neuroreport 1998;9:893‑7. +24. Khare KC, Nigam SK. A  study of electroencephalogram in meditators. +Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2000;44:173‑8. +25. Arambula P, Peper E, Kawakami M, Gibney KH. The physiological +correlates of Kundalini Yoga meditation: A study of a yoga master. Appl +Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2001;26:147‑53. +26. Cahn BR, Polich J. Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP and +neuroimaging studies. Psychol Bull 2006;132:180‑211. +27. Vempati RP, Telles S. Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological +responses to a two day stress management program. J Indian Psychol +2000;18:33‑7. +28. Badawi K, Wallace RK, Orme‑Johnson D, Rouzere AM. Electrophysiologic +characteristics of respiratory suspension periods occurring during the +practice of the Transcendental Meditation Program. Psychosom Med +1984;46:267‑76. +29. Jevning R, Wallace RK, Biedebach M. The physiology of meditation: +A  review. A  wakeful hypometabolic integrated response. Neurosci +Biobehav Rev 1992;16:415‑24. +30. Wallace RK, Benson H, Wilson AF. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic +state. Am J Physiol 1971;221:795‑9. +Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared +Copyright of Indian Journal of Psychiatry is the property of Medknow Publications & Media +Pvt. Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv +without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, +download, or email articles for individual use. diff --git a/subfolder_0/Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university students_unlocked conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university students_unlocked conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d26ebcdcd80d917352ff31c4767da79e2aff26c --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university students_unlocked conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,245 @@ +[Downloaded free from http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + + + +OriGinAL ArTiCLe + + +Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university students + +tikhe sham Ganpat, hongasandra ramarao nagendra, v. selvi +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University (Prashanti Kutiram), 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India + + + +AbSTrACT + + + +background: With growing scientific evidence, yoga is emerging as an important health behavior‑lifestyle modifying module to achieve holistic health at physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual levels. Brain wave coherence(BWC) recordings from the surface of the skull are associated with different cognitive processes and plays both critical and useful roles in yoga with wide range of functional significance. The psycho‑physiological changes that characterize the efficacy of yoga for better mental performance in university students have not been studied adequately. +objective: The study was designed to assess the mental performance through BWC analysis in university students undergoing Integrated Yoga Module (IYM). +Materials and Methods: The IYM subjects (n=30) with 25.77±4.85 years of mean age participated in this single group pre-post study. The BWC data was collected before (pre) and after (post) the 21 days IYM using Brain Master (Model: 2E Part # 390-001), Michigan, USA. +statistical analysis: Means, standard deviations, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for analyzing data with the help of SPSS-16. +results: A complete statistical and spectral analysis showed 43.24% increase(P<0.001) in Delta, 9.13% increase(P=0.289) in Theta, 57.85% increase (P<0.001) in Alpha, 17.65% decrease (P=0.136) in Beta and 9.19% increase (P=0.586) in Gamma BWC between pre and post intervention measurements. +Conclusion: BWC study showed significant increase in both Delta and Alpha wave coherence suggesting that IYM can result in improvement of coherent and integrated brain functioning among students, thus paving the way for their better mental performance. Although this preliminary research is promising, more well-designed studies are needed before a strong recommendation can be made. + +Key words: Brain wave coherence, mental performance, yoga + + + +introduCtion + +Stress certainly seems to be an inescapable element of the modern life of a student. Stress management is required for students to decrease depression and anxiety, and to improve sensitivity toward themselves, peers, and parents. Brain wave coherence (BWC) is a measure of correlation or synchrony of the electroencephalograph (EEG) waves recorded at two points on the scalp. Mathematically, it is the absolute value + +of the cross-correlation function in the frequency domain of two electrical signals.[1] Coherence reflects the number and strength of connections between two brain areas.[2] Higher coherence indicates that these two points of the brain are working more closely together. Similarly, higher coherence is associated with more integrated and effective thinking and behavior, including greater intelligence, creativity, learning ability, emotional stability, ethical and moral reasoning, self-confidence, and reduced anxiety.[3] + + + +Address for correspondence: Dr. Tikhe Sham Ganpat, +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University (Prashanti Kutiram), 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram +Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. E-mail: rudranath29@gmail.com + +How to cite this article: Ganpat TS, Nagendra HR, Selvi V. Efficacy of yoga for mental performance in university students. Indian J Psychiatry 2013;55:349-52. + + +Access this article online +Quick Response Code Website: +www.indianjpsychiatry.org + + +DOI: +10.4103/0019-5545.120550 + + +Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013 349 +[Downloaded free from http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + +Ganpat, et al.: Yoga for mental performance in university students + + +With growing scientific evidence, yoga is emerging as an important health behavior-modifying practice to achieve states of health, both at physical and mental levels.[4] Previous study of yoga on BWC in managers reported significant increase in Delta BWC showing efficacy of yoga for managerial effectiveness.[5] A study by Aftanas LI and Golocheikine SA[6] on Sahaja Yoga Mediation reported that subjective scores of emotionally positive “blissful” experience significantly correlated with theta, whereas scores of internalized attention with both theta and alpha lower synchronization. Previous study of EEG coherence on Zen Mediation showed an increase in slow alpha interhemispheric EEG coherence in the frontal region induces meditation with a predominance of internalized attention.[7] High degree of cardio respiratory synchronization during yoga was demonstrated by Cysarz and Bussing suggesting a state of restful alertness.[8] The EEG alpha activity occurred predominantly in the anterior half, and occurred silently in the posterior half of the brain during Qi Gong meditation.[9] Moreover, a study by Travis[10] revealed that Transcendental Meditation practice was marked by significantly lower breath rate, higher respiratory sinus arrhythmia amplitudes, higher EEG alpha amplitude and higher alpha coherence. However, the psycho-physiological changes that characterize the efficacy of yoga for better mental performance have not been studied adequately. Hence, the present study was designed to assess the efficacy of Integrated Yoga Module (IYM) for mental performance in university students. + +obJeCtive + +The study was designed to assess the mental performance through BWC analysis in university students undergoing IYM. + +MateriaLs and Methods + +Subjects +Students of both sexes (n=30) undergoing IYM at Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bangalore between the ages of 18 and 37 years (mean±SD=25.77±4.85 years) participated in this + +single group pre-post study. Students with serious medical conditions, those using any other form of wellness strategy as well as those using any form of prescribed or abused drugs were excluded. The BWC data was collected before (pre) and after (post) the IYM using Brain Master (Model: 2E Part # 390-001), Michigan, USA. + +Consent +The study was approved by the IRB of S-VYASA University. An informed consent was obtained from all the participants. + +Design was single group pre-post study. + +Assessments Intervention +All the subjects participated in the 21 days IYM which was based on Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) designed and developed at S-VYASA University [Table 1]. + +Data collection +In this study we have used Brain Master two-Channel EEG version 2.0 from Bio-Medical Instruments, Inc., Warren, Michigan for BWC recording[11,12] which records the brain waves and through an inbuilt software gives the coherence values of Delta (d), Theta (q), Alpha (a), Beta (b) and Gamma (g) waves. We collected BWC data using electrode locations C3 and C4referenced to linked earlobes, with the ground at the forehead. We kept the electrode impedances below 10KΩ to ensure noise‑free, accurate, and good brain wave recordings.[11,12] The sampling frequency was256 Hz. Protocol of setting file was brain wave Pro 2 Channel Alpha Synchrony. Run of length was 10.0minutes. We studied BWC for same subject at the same time of the day for pre and post data. During BWC recording, each subject was resting on the chair with the eyes closed for 10 minutes in Bio-Field Energy Laboratory of S-VYASA University in a silent room. + +Data scoring +Brain Master calculates and displays coherence for different components as Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. In addition, we can set a threshold between 0.01 and 0.99 for training. The operator can select any or all of the components + + + +table 1: schedule of the iyM + +time +05.00 AM 05.30 AM 06.00 AM 07.15 AM + +08.00 AM 09.30 AM 10.30 AM 11.30 AM 12.05 PM 01.00 PM + +activity +Ablution +Prayer (Prathasmaran) Asana/special yoga technique +Friendship meet (Maitri Milan)-Gita sloka chanting and discourse (Satsanga) +Breakfast Karma Yoga +Lecture session 1 +Milk or ayurvedic tea (Malt) Special yoga techniques Lunch and rest + +time +03.00 PM 04.00 PM + +05.00 PM 06.00 PM 06.45 PM 07.30 PM 08.30 PM 09.15 PM 10.00 PM + +activity +Lecture session 2 Cyclic meditation + +Tuning to nature +Devotional session (Bhajan) Lecture session 3/Trataka Dinner +Happy assembly (yoga game session)/cultural program Group discussion/self practice +Lights off + +IYM – Integrated yoga module + +350 Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013 +[Downloaded free from http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + +Ganpat, et al.: Yoga for mental performance in university students + + +for sound feedback; hence coherence training was easy. In addition, we can show the coherence on the summary screen, and read it from the Excel spreadsheet containing the minute-by-minute statistics. Coherence between 0.0 and 0.4 in brain wave is not significant, because random signals can have a small amount of coherence. However, coherent values above 0.5 and especially exceeding 0.6 are significant for brain wave training.[13] + +Data analysis +All statistical analysis was carried out using the version 16.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data was not normally distributed. We therefore used Wilcoxon signed rank test to compare means of the data. + +resuLts + +A complete statistical and spectral analysis of the data showed 43.24% increase (P < 0.001) in Delta, 9.13% increase (P=0.289) in Theta, 57.85% increase (P < 0.001) in Alpha, 17.65% decrease (P=0.136) in Beta and 9.19% increase (P=0.586) in Gamma BWC between pre and post intervention measurements [Table 2]. + +disCussion + +Everything good about the brain depends on its coherent, orderly functioning. Recent studies in neuroscience have found that world-class athletes have higher EEG coherence than controls, and higher-performing CEO’s display greater coherence than other executives.[14] During ordinary waking consciousness, EEG patterns are generally scattered, disorderly, and rapidly changing.[15] By contrast, as the mind settles into the practice of yoga, brainwaves tend to become rhythmic and orderly.[16] + +In the present study it was observed that twenty one days of IYM significantly increase Delta and Alpha BWC and a high level of coherence between two EEG signals indicates a co-activation of neuronal populations and provides information on functional coupling between these areas.[17] Significant increase in Delta EEG coherence may be associated with heightened efficiency of brain functioning and may improve mental performance and overall health.[18] Similarly, + + +table 2: data analysis + +significant increase in Alpha EEG coherence is associated with wakefulness and vigilance and is the essential requirement for ‘student efficiency.[19-23] Findings from earlier studies suggest that percentage of Alpha waves were higher in persons performing meditation with good coherence which suggests good homogeneity, uniformity, and increased orderliness of brain functioning.[24] Arambula et al., have reported that subjects who practiced Kundalini Yoga Meditation could achieve balance in lateralization of cerebral functions with an increase in alpha EEG activity.[25] Similarly, Cahn et al., have shown that TM increases frontal alpha coherence, which reflects an enhancement of frontal lobe integration, as increased cognitive flexibility, intelligence, and emotional stability.[26] Furthermore, activation in Alpha wave coherence can produce a state of well-poised readiness, and deep relaxation. It may be associated with improved creativity, sense of well-being, and ability to perform effectively.[11,12] + +The mechanism by which IYM may improve mental performance in university students, while increasing Delta and Alpha EEG coherence, may be related to the notion that during IYM, the ordinary thinking process settles down. This settling down is due to integration and synchronization of the left hemisphere (logical capacity) and the right hemisphere (intuitive capacity) of the brain. In addition, students gain a distinctive psycho-physiological state of ‘restful alertness’. + +The factors that indicate the ‘restful alertness’ and may be the mechanisms of improved mental performance and overall health are: decreased respiration, decreased skin conductance, decreased plasma lactate and cortisol, increased cerebral blood flow, faster H-reflex recovery, shorter latency of auditory-evoked potentials, decrease in autonomic arousal (sympathetic activation), psychological factors and mind and body integration.[1,27-30] + +ConCLusion + +The present study showed significant increase in both Delta and Alpha wave coherence suggesting that IYM can result in improvement of coherent and integrated brain functioning among students, thus paving the way for their better mental performance. Additional well-designed studies are needed before a strong recommendation can be made. + +aCKnowLedGeMent + + + +brain waves Mean±standard deviation Percentage coherence before yiC after yiC increase (↑) +(pre) (post) +Delta (d) 1-3 Hz 46.38±20.51 66.43±20.13 ↑43.24 Theta (q) 4-7 Hz 63.64±23.79 69.45±28.55 ↑9.13 Alpha (a) 8-12 Hz 46.97±21.47 74.15±21.68 ↑57.85 Beta (b) 13-39 Hz 40.58±18.41 47.74±22.30 ↑17.65 Gamma (g) 40-45 Hz 42.65±18.46 46.56±26.54 ↑9.19 +*Significant at 0.001 level; IYM – Integrated yoga module + +P + + +<0.001* 0.289 <0.001* 0.136 +0.586 + + +Authors acknowledge Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University for granting permission to carry out this work. + +referenCes + +1. Dillbeck MC, Bronson EC. Short-term longitudinal effects of the transcendental meditation technique on EEG power and coherence. Int J Neurosci 1981;14:147-51. + + +Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013 351 +[Downloaded free from http://www.indianjpsychiatry.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + +Ganpat, et al.: Yoga for mental performance in university students + + +2. Bosco A, Lancioni GE, Olivetti Belardinelli M, Singh NN, O’Reilly MF, Sigafoos J. Vegetative state: Efforts to curb misdiagnosis. Cogn Process 2010;11:87-90. +3. Travis F, Wallace RK. Autonomic and EEG patterns during eyes-closed rest and transcendental meditation (TM) practice: The basis for a neural model of TM practice. Conscious Cogn 1999;8:302-18. +4. Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on gunas (personality) and health in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Yoga 2008;1:5-9. +5. Ganpat TS, Nagendra HR, Muralidhar K. Effects of yoga on brain wave coherence in executives. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2011;55:304-8. +6. Aftanas LI, Golocheikine SA. Human anterior and frontal midline theta and lower alpha reflect emotionally positive state and internalized attention: High-resolution EEG investigation of meditation. Neurosci Lett 2001;310:57-60. +7. Murata T, Takahashi T, Hamada T, Omori M, Kosaka H, Yoshida H, et al. Individual trait anxiety levels characterizing the properties of zen meditation. Neuropsychobiology 2004;50:189-94. +8. Cysarz D, Büssing A. Cardiorespiratory synchronization during Zen meditation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005;95:88-95. +9. Zhang JZ, Li JZ, He QN. Statistical brain topographic mapping analysis for EEGs recorded during Qi Gong state. Int J Neurosci 1988;38:415-25. +10. Travis F. Autonomic and EEG patterns distinguish transcending from other experiences during Transcendental Meditation practice. Int J Psychophysiol 2001;42:1-9. +11. Collura TF. History and evolution of computerized electroencephalography. J Clin Neurophysiol 1995;12:214-29. +12. Collura TF. Real‑time filtering for the estimation of steady‑state visual evoked brain potentials. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1990;37:650-2. +13. Collura TF. Conclusion: QEEG-guided neurofeedback in context and in practice. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2010;35:37-8. +14. Wallace RK. Physiological effects of transcendental meditation. Science 1970;167:1751-4. +15. Geschwind N. Language and the brain. Sci Am 1972;226:76-83. +16. Rodriguez Garay EA, Scremin OU. Transfer of bilirubin- 14 C between blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissue. Am J Physiol 1971;221:1264‑70. +17. Franken IH, Stam CJ, Hendriks VM, van den Brink W. Electroencephalographic power and coherence analysis suggest altered brain function in bstinent male heroin-dependent patients. Neuropsychobiology 2004;49:105-10. + +18. Mason LI, Alexander CN, Travis FT, Marsh G, Orme-Johnson DW, Gackenbach J, et al. Electrophysiological correlates of higher states of consciousness during sleep in long-term practitioners of Transcendental Meditation program. Sleep 1997;20:102-10. +19. Darrow CW. Psychological and psychophysiological significance of the electroencephalogram. Psychol Rev 1947;54:157-68. +20. Malmo RB. Activation: A neuropsychological dimension. Psychol Rev 1959;66:367-86. +21. Cantero JL, Atienza M, Salas RM, Gómez CM. Alpha EEG coherence in different brain states: An electrophysiological index of the arousal level in human subjects. Neurosci Lett 1999;271:167-70. +22. Feige B, Scheffler K, Esposito F, Di Salle F, Hennig J, Seifritz E. Cortical and subcortical correlates of electroencephalographic alpha rhythm modulation. J Neurophysiol 2005;93:2864-72. +23. Sadato N, Nakamura S, Oohashi T, Nishina E, Fuwamoto Y, Waki A, et al. Neural networks for generation and suppression of alpha rhythm: A PET study. Neuroreport 1998;9:893-7. +24. Khare KC, Nigam SK. A study of electroencephalogram in meditators. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2000;44:173-8. +25. Arambula P, Peper E, Kawakami M, Gibney KH. The physiological correlates of Kundalini Yoga meditation: A study of a yoga master. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2001;26:147-53. +26. Cahn BR, Polich J. Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP and neuroimaging studies. Psychol Bull 2006;132:180-211. +27. Vempati RP, Telles S. Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program. J Indian Psychol 2000;18:33-7. +28. Badawi K, Wallace RK, Orme-Johnson D, Rouzere AM. Electrophysiologic characteristics of respiratory suspension periods occurring during the practice of the Transcendental Meditation Program. Psychosom Med 1984;46:267-76. +29. Jevning R, Wallace RK, Biedebach M. The physiology of meditation: A review. A wakeful hypometabolic integrated response. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992;16:415-24. +30. Wallace RK, Benson H, Wilson AF. A wakeful hypometabolic physiologic state. Am J Physiol 1971;221:795-9. + + +Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None declared + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +352 Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55(4), Oct-Dec 2013 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Efficacy of yoga in executive stress 96-110 page conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Efficacy of yoga in executive stress 96-110 page conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c2e1be612c7656580679bf4fe7b1dfadd70bd67d --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Efficacy of yoga in executive stress 96-110 page conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,516 @@ + + +modern statistical tools like serial correlation, ljung-box-q statistics and quantiles it can be concluded that the price movement of these ten indices are random in nature and the market was in ‘ weak form’. It is also inferred from this study that the distribution appears to be more peaked than the normal distribution. Therefore the trend of ten indices yield forms a leptokurtic which means flatter tails , greater risk of extreme outcomes and higher volatility in Indian share market. If we focus on figure 1 and 2,the trend are in downward sloping in 2008 due to subprime crisis which cause global meltdown in Indian economy. Owing to concerns about the financial crisis of the world economy, markets across the globe witnessed a steep fall in S&P, Nasdaq , Niffty Junior and Dow Jones index dipped 4-5 percent on fears about the health of the US economy, and Indian stock markets like the BSE Sensex and Nifty were not too far behind . References +Abeysekera, S. P. 2001, “Efficient Markets Hypothesis and the Emerging Capital market in Sri Lanka: Evidence from the Colombo Stock Exchange – A Note”, Journal of Business Finance and Accounting. vol.28, no. 1, pp. 249-261. +Abraham, A.Fazal J. S. &Alsakran S. A. 2002,“Testing the Random Walk Behaviour and Efficiency of the Gulf Stock Markets”, The Financial Review, vol. 37, pp. 469-480. Abdmoulah, Walid. 2010,“Testing the evolving efficiency of Arab stock markets”, International +Review of Financial Analysis, vol.19, pp.25–34. + +Alexeev, Vitali. &Tapon, Francis. 2011, “Testing weak form efficiency on the Toronto Stock Exchange”, Journal of Empirical Finance, vol.18, pp. 661–691. +Bachellier, L. 1900, “ The Random Character of Stock Market Prices”, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge. + + +EFFICACY OF YOGA IN EXECUTIVE STRESS + +Dr. Sony Kumari* Saurabh Chaudhary** + + +Abstract + +Executives today suffer from high stress levels reducing both quality of life and life expectancy. Identification of reliable means of executive stress reduction is of utmost importance. This study assessed effects on executive stress of the widely-used Yoga technique, Cyclic Meditation. The protocol was yoga and control groups with 20 days + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 96 + + +Cyclic Meditation intervention. Pre-and-post assessments used the Perceived Stress Scale and Positive Affect and +Negative Effect Schedule. + +Introduction + +Stress using this principle SMET has been evolved to use gross āsanas to stimulate the system through muscular stretches and then relax all groups of muscles one after other: stimulate-relax, stimulate-relax, stimulate-relax, again and again. Then we proceed to use subtler stimulations such as blood flow, pulse, nerve impulses, etc before we start working with mind, emotions and intellect with the same stimulate-relax principle. In addition to these practices, SMET participants are given insights into these subtle aspects of stimulate-relax dimensions through lectures before they start the practice. This combination of theory and practice used in SMET is unique among all Yoga practices, which often people miss. A short form of practice called Cyclic Meditation, taking only 20 minutes, has also been developed, and investigated extensively by many researchers. +A number of studies have been done to evaluate the physiological and psychological effects of SMET. Those studies show that the SMET program produces physiological and psychological changes, which reduce stress levels. It is beneficial in bringing emotional stability throughout the personality to deal more effectively with critical circumstances in life. + +SMET Research + +The concept of SMET (an acronym of Self-Management of Excessive Tension) was evolved over a number of years from 1976, and developed into a standard procedure by Nagendra (1986). The basis for SMET is derived from Gaudapada’sMāükyaKārikā (Commentary on Māükya Upaniat ), which gives the essence of all Sadhana as +*Assistant Professor, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana-SVYASA University, +*Student of SVYASA University, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana-SVYASA University, + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 97 + + + + + + + + +In a state of mental inactivity awaken the mind; when agitated, calm it; between these two states realize the possible abilities of the mind. If the mind has reached that state of perfect equilibrium then do not disturb it again.’ + +The major hurdles for growth in any training are two-fold: Tamas resulting from + +ignorance, laziness, and lethargy or in general resistance to action, which is our grossest personality trait. This, according to the Kārikā, needs stimulation. In subtle levels of yoga practices, Tamas shows up as stagnations, which also have to be addressed. A method of breaking such stagnations is to use very subtle stimulations in the form of perceptions at all these levels; to achieve this, going deeper into Yoga practices is essential. +The second hurdle is Rajas, which means shining featured by dynamism, brilliance, intelligence, active all the time, etc. However excessive Rajas will cause hypersensitivity leading to anxieties, tensions, and all the hazards seen in modern life. The remedy lies in calming of the mind, slowing the breath, relaxation of all muscle groups, and general moderation, all tools used extensively in Yoga practice. +So we need to address these two hurdles effectively to bring deeper and more effective growth in the personality traits. The Kārikā gives a solution by saying that we use the techniques of stimulation and relaxation successively one after another. As we use it in cycles of Stimulation-relaxation combined, we will be able to release stress and stagnations on one hand, and calm down distractions, and reduce hypersensitivity or over reactions on the other, facilitating the journey towards reaching higher sensitivity levels. +Current interest in emotional intelligence has raised questions of whether it is possible to improve the social and emotional competence of adult workers. Research in training and development, sports psychology, and behavior change suggests that it is possible, but typical approaches used in corporate training programmes are usually flawed. Social and emotional learning is different from cognitive and technical learning, and requires a different approach to training and development. +Opinions about trainability have two distinct poles: first, that such qualities are developed early in life and nothing can be done thereafter; second, that emotional intelligence of groups of + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 98 + + +employees can be raised in a single day or less. Both are untrue. Cognitive learning involves fitting new data and insights into existing frameworks of association and understanding. This requires extending and enriching corresponding neural circuitry. Emotional learning, however, involving that and more. It also requires that we engage the neural circuitry where our repertoire social and emotional behavior is stored. It is more challenging than simply adding new information to the old. For the learner, it usually means a long and sometimes difficult process involving much practice. +Cherniss and Goleman (1998) present 22 guidelines for developing emotional intelligence in organizations, based on best knowledge available of how to promote social and emotional learning. Some of the most interesting developments in emotional intelligence involve use of physiological and cardiac feedback to learn to control and manage emotions, such as those developed by HeartMath. One study observed strong personal and professional differencesfollowing a one-day Inner Quality Management workshop. Here we compare the SMET program, a yoga business intervention used in SVYASA, with institutional emotional training practice.We also evaluate possible further improvements for it to becomean accepted method of EI training. +The quality of work and productivityin today's corporate world is compromised by professional pressures producing worry, anxiety and stress, too much of which remains unresolved in day-to-day life. Business life involves cut-throat competition and concomitant stress, resulting in strain in family and social relationships. Within ourselves, we may find disintegration. Such stress and strain is experienced as anxiety, worry, fear or frustration. How do we overcome such stresses? Some people resort to smoking or drinking. Others seek change, vacations. They adopt various temporary escapes from tension. How do we know whether it is an escape? If, after the retreat, we are afraid of facing life's challenges again, it was only an escape, a diversion, which did not solve our problem. On the other hand, if we gain a new vision on a retreat, we become more dynamic and fearless, ready to face all challenges. +Vivekananda’s four types of yoga practice, rajayoga, karmayoga, jnanayoga and bhaktiyoga, all result in improve conscious control of mind and body. +Praxis of Indian thought throughout the centuries has pioneered practical techniques of Self-Management that reduce stress, increase productivity, and develop essential qualities of leadership. The story of Emperor Askokā exemplifies this. As a great leader he embodied great + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 99 + + +leadership qualities, but after the terrible battles of the Kalinga war in which most of his close associates were maimed or killed be suffered the world’s first recorded case of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. He was famously cured of this, and his superior leadership qualities made useful again by the application of Buddhist meditation techniques +Self-Management in the spiritual sense used in the Bhagavad Gita is the key to gaining the elusive combination of efficiency at work on the outside , and mental equanimity within. In this context, SMET offers a potentially ideal means of introducing into the corporate world a yoga-based EI training i.e. One with a spiritual dimension. Here ‘spirituality’ means performing actionswith a skill that keeps heart and mind in states of balanced integration. It is not an emotional attitude, nor does it involve any specific activity, like worship or practice of rituals. It involves with the world, ratherthan running away from it. +SMET training aims to accomplish this in a series of easily learned steps. Looking at a small baby one knows what spirituality is. A baby does nothing, yet keeps everyone around happy. A child radiates happiness, innocently and without doing anything for gain. The law of the materialist jungle is “kill or be killed", whereas that of the spiritual world is "live and let live." When people look at life, they respect values, but they want to see them in others, not in themselves. When a person sees values as more important than valuables, and is ready to make sacrifices, such a person is said to be spiritual. +Spiritual, yoga-based training develops intellectual strength and clarity, enabling a person to handle challenges and function with both efficiency and equanimity in life. Human beings broadly lack this essential skill, resulting in an alarming rise in stress and deteriorating productivity levels. Yoga is a method of developing self-awareness, raising us from the animal level to a higher level, and helping us understand the spiritual dimension of life. With regard to education and training in emotional intelligence, yoga theory and practice provide methodologies that are more holistic and longer lasting in their effects. +Methodology- Two group design (Yoga and Control group) were assessed using questionnaires before and after giving 20 days of CM practice on 60 male age range from 5 to 50 years, executives from Indian textile industry, New Delhi. +Intervention- + + + + + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 100 + + +Cyclic Meditation-The practice of cyclic meditation begins by repeating a verse from the Muëòükya Upaniñat, while participants are laying in the supine posture. As participents chant the verse they are asked to feel the resonance throughout the body + + + + + + + + + + + + +In a state of mental inactivity awaken the mind; when agitated, calm it; between these two states realize the possible abilities of the mind. If the mind has reached the state of perfect equilibrium then do not disturb it again’ +(Muëòükya Upaniñat Kärikä: 3.44; Chinmayananda, 1984). There are few steps involved in this practice- + +· Instant Relaxation Technique (IRT): · Täòäsana (Tree posture): +· Centering in Täòäsana: + +· Ardhakaöicakräsana (Half wheel posture): · Q.R.T (Quick Relaxation Technique): +· Vajrāsana (Sitting Posture): + +· shasankäsana (Forward bending posture): + +· Ardha uñörasana (Backward bending posture): · Deep Relaxation Technique (DRT): + + + + + +Closing Prayer: + + + + + + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 101 + + + + + + + +Sarve bhavantu sukhinaù sarve santu nirämayäù. + +Sarve bhadräëi paçyantu mä kaçcid duùkha bhägbhaveta. + +Let everybody be happy, let everybody be healthy, let everybody be able to see the auspicious truth, let no one suffer from any illness +Assessment tools- In present study, two assessment tools were used, which are perceived stress scale (PSS) and Positive affect and negative affect scales (PANAS) +Perceived stress scale (PSS) + +It is a 10 items self report questionnaire designed for use with community sample with at least a junior high school education to measure persons’ evaluation of the stressfulness of the situations in their lives. +There are many different aspects of stress, including – a. Actual environment experience +b. Subjective evaluation of the stressfulness of a situation + +c. The affective behavioral & biological responses to environmental experience of their subjective evaluations. +“The PSS measure the degree to which situations in One’s life are appraised as stressful.” (Cohen, et al; 1983) +Positive affect and negative affect scales (PANAS) + +PANAS respond to 29 items test using 5 point scale that ranges from very slightly (1) to extremely (5). It measures positive & negative affect schedule (PANAS). It can show relationship between positive and negative affect with personality states and traits. + + + + + + + + + +Result- +Yoga group has showed significant reduction in the stress level in respect to control group. + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 102 + + + + + + +Variable PSS PANAS PANAS-PA PANAS-NA +Other positive Other negative + + + + +Variable PSS PANAS PANAS-PA PANAS-NA +Other positive Other negative + + +Variable PSS PANAS PANAS -PA PANAS-NA +Other Positive Other Negative + +Discussion- + +Table 1- Yoga Group (RMANOVA test within group) Pre Post +Mean Mean % Change 16.73 12.73 -23.90 + +22.93 25.33 10.46 9.37 5.53 -40.98 9.63 11.07 14.95 4.17 2.30 -44.84 + +Table 2- Control Group (RMANOVA test within group) Pre Post +Mean Mean % Change 16.57 16.73 0.96 + +23.23 24.57 5.76 8.93 5.81 -4.47 9.13 9.83 7.66 4.17 4.40 5.51 + +Table-3- RMANOVA Test (Between Groups) + + + +P- value 0.001 + +0.005 0.001 0.001 0.001 + + + + +P- value NS** + +NS NS NS NS + + +Post Vs Post 0.001 + +NS 0.032 0.035 0.014 + + +The obtained result shows that there is significant reduction in the level of stress in experimental group compare to control group. The result suggests that CM practice reduces stress, considerably an essential requirement for personal health maintenance and improvement. +In the yoga group the mean of PSS reduced from 16.73 to 12.73, indicating 23.9% decrease in the stress level (p> 0.001), no changes in control group. In respect of PANAS, yoga group has showed the significant improvement in two positive subscales from 22.93to 25.33(p>0.005) and reduction in two negative subscales from 9.37 to 5.53 (p> 0.001). + + + +Limitations- + + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 103 + + +Intervention period was too short to get the more realistic results. Including women as a subject would have given more significant results. Subjects can be drawn from different sources of population. +Reference + +1. Cherniss & Goleman (1998) “Bringing emotional intelligence to the workplace “.New + +Brunswick, NJ: Consortium for research on emotional intelligence in organizations, Rutgers University +2. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386-396 +3. Feldman Robert S, Understanding Psychology, Delhi, Tata Mc Graw –Hill,2004 + +4. Hartfiel N, Havenhand J, Khalsa SB , Clarke G, Krayer A. Dru Education Centre, Snowdonia Mountain Lodge, Bethesda LL57 3LX,united Kingdom, Scand J Work Environ Health. +5. Kumari, S., Nath, N.C.B., Nagendra, .H.R.& Sharma, S.(2007) Effectiveness of SMET program on emotional intelligence an empirical study . Xavier institute of management (vilakshan),4(1): 165-173 +6. Kumari, S., Hankey. A & Nagendra,.H.R (2013) Effect of SMET on Emotional Dynamics Of Managers, Voice of Research | Vol 2|issue 2|June 2013 (Published) +7. Review| Vol 3|issue 2|June 2013 (Accepted & will be Published in the month of June) + +8. Nagendra.H. R,&Nagaratna.R (1986). New Prospective in Stress Management, SVYASA (Swami Vivekananda yoga Anusandhana Samsthana) Publication. +9. Ross and Wilson, Anatomy & Physiology, Ninth Edition, London,Elsevier,2001 10. Udupa KN,Stress and its Management By Yoga, Delhi, Motilal Banarasidass,2007. + + + + + + + + + + + + + +EQ: AN EDGE ON ACADEMICS FOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT + + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 104 + + +Prof. Meerababu* Abstract +Today it necessitates to identify factors that are important for the success in life has been a challenge to researchers since long. It is revealed that adaptability, leadership, self-confidence and interpersonal skills from the poor performance and that have no direct relationship with the academic performance .Emotional intelligence along with the cognitive intelligence ,propels one to succeed in life. Emotional intelligence is not opposite to traditional intelligence it is the complement each other ; how ones ability to handle stress, for instance, affects the ability to concentrate and put intelligence in use. This study concentrates on how the academic performance and EQ level of the college students are interrelated. +INTRODUCTION + +People are nowadays judged by a new yardstick; how well they are able to handle themselves and not merely in terms of their academic performance and expertise. Emotional intelligence is a set of abilities to perceive accurately , appraise, and express emotion ;the ability to access and generate feelings when they facilitate thought; the ability to understand emotion to promote emotional and intellectual growth. It is an aggregate of individuals cognition of own and others emotions , feeling, interpretation and action as per environmental demand to manipulate the consequence which intern result in superior performance and better human relationships. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY +This purpose of this study was to ascertain whether there is a significant statistical correlation between academic success students’ total emotional intelligence assessment scores as measured by a well documented instrument with good validity and reliability estimates: the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) developed by BEIS-in. Certainly managing interpersonal relationships, setbacks, anxiety, and impulses, as well as other aspects of emotional intelligence, are all part of college life, yet very little has been studied about its correlation to persistence and academic success. The strongest predictor of academic success is prior academic success, but there is still much unexplained variance in academic success in these studies (Astin, 1993; Bar-On & Parker, 2000; Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005; Strauss & Volkwein, 2002; Zeidner et al., 2009). Correlating measures of academic success college with an assessment emotional intelligence formed the basis for this study. It was hypothesized that greater academic success would be positively correlated with higher emotional intelligence. +*Head of Department Sri Jagadguru Renukacharya College of Science Arts and Commerce, Bangalore. MODELS OF EQ + + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 105 + + +Ability model of Emotional Intelligence (Mayer and Salovey,1997) + +This model of EQ emphasizes on the cognitive components of EQ and conceptualizes emotional Intelligence in terms of potential for intellectual and emotional growth. Four sets of mental abilities ranging from basic to more complex psychological processes were proposed in this model. The first , Perception, appraisal, and expression of emotion allows an individual to identify and express emotions in self and others. The second set is assimilating emotion in thought. It allows an individual to use emotions to facilitate thinking and to recognize respective consequences of different emotional responses and to justify the appropriate one. The third is reflective regulation of emotion and understanding and analyzing emotions. +BAR-ON’s Model of Emotional Intelligence + + +EQ Intra-personal skills + + + +Inter-personal skills + + + +Adaptability + + +Stress management + + + +General mood + +Goleman’s EQ Model + + +EQ + + + + + +Personal competence + + + +Self awareness +Self-regulation Motivation + + +Social competence + + + +Empathy Social skills + + +BHATTACHARYA MODEL OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE + + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 106 + + + + +EQ + + + + + +SELF SKILLS INTERPERSONAL SKILLS + + + + + +APPRAISAL OF +EMOTIONS + + +EMOTIONAL +FACILITATION + + + + + +NEGATIVE EMOTIONS POSITIVE EMOTIONS + + +LITERATURE REVIEW + + +INTER PERSONAL +CONFLICT + + +INTERPERSONAL +SKILL + + +Research in the area of academic success has shown that students with higher emotional intelligence scores also tend to be more successful academically (Parker et al.,2005; Vela, 2004; Walker, 2006). There has been much research done regarding the student’s GPA as a predictor for retention in the freshman year (Debarard, Spelmans, &Julka, 2004). Although academics may occupy a central role in preparing students for college, there are other less-studied factors, which might also contribute to student success, retention, and ultimately, graduation rates. High school preparatory programs are often solely focused on the student’s GPA and SAT scores and may fail to recognize the possible impact that emotional intelligence has on students once they have reached Only in recent years have there been various publications on the impact of emotional intelligence on college students (Bellack, 1999; Elder, 1997; Jaeger, 2003,Liptak, 2005; Ramos-Sanchez & Nichols, 2007), including doctoral studies (Feldman,2003; Holt, 2007; Vela, 2004, Walker, 2006; Westphal, 2007), showing a positive correlation between academic success and higher emotional intelligence. There are, +however, very few studies of emotional intelligence in community college students. Onesmall study examined emotional intelligence related to at-risk students (La Civita, 2003). Another study (Izaguirre, 2008) found that the research did not support the existence of our relationship + + + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 107 + + +between overall emotional intelligence and GPA, but some aspects of emotional intelligence did bear a significant relationship with higher academic achievement. +“Emotional intelligence is a relatively new and growing area of behavioral investigation; having matured recently with aid of lavish international media attention” (Matthews,Zeidner, & Roberts, 2002, p. 3). There is tone of suspicion in this quote as these authors’ critical eye explore whether or not emotional intelligence is indeed a science or amyth, a science that can be validated by outside measurements and existing research or amyth that allows many to feel better about themselves, their children and their colleagues. +The research that Matthews et al. present is extensive, balanced, and fair. The authors provide a crucial objective third party validation of the research, measurements, and publications on this new field of emotional intelligence. +METHODS + +The study: The study is exploratory in nature and attempts to analyze and examine the effectiveness of EQ competencies in an individual. Analyses include five areas a) Appraisal of negative emotions (factor I) b)Appraisal of positive emotions (factor II) c) Interpersonal conflict and difficulty(factor III) d)Interpersonal skill and flexibility(factor IV) e) Emotional facilitation and goal orientation(factor V) +The Sample: A sample consisted of 165 students of post graduation and their academic performance are recorded. +Tools for Data Collection: A questionnaire was administered with a set of 40 questions. Results and Findings +Table-1 showing EQ score and Average academic percentage + + +EQ score/AAP 50-60 % 110-120 Average - +120-130 above Average 15 130-140 high 20 140-150 above high 15 150-160extremely high 5 + +60-70% 70-80% 5 10 +- 5 - 15 10 30 10 15 + +80 %above --- +10 - + + +The above table interprets that the students those who are above 70% has high EQ score of 140-150 . This shows that emotional stability in students supports them for academic excellence. Students those are secured 50-60% got less EQ score when compare to 70-80% students. + + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 108 + + + +Table.2 Showing correlation between EQ score and academic percentage. + + + +Above 150 140-150 130-140 120-130 110-120 +The above + +EQ score + + + + + + +table shows that positive correlation between + +Correlation 0.160 0.020 0.56 -0.40 0.99 +EQ score and academic + + +performance. Except in EQ score 120-130 it shows negative correlation. + +Table.3 showing standard deviation for the various factors + + +S.No Factors/academic percentage 1 Appraisal of Negative emotions +2 Appraisal of positive emotions +3 Interpersonal conflict and difficulty 4 Interpersonal skill and flexibility +5 Emotional facilitation and goal orientedness + +50-60 60-70 4 4 +6.06 6.08 2.9 2.46 2.9 4.47 +3.16 3.5 + +70-80 80&above 8.9 4 +5.89 00 4.06 00 2.8 3 3.02 00 + + +The above table shows that SD for 70-80 in negative emotions is more when compare to + +other percentages.SD for positive emotions deviate less for 70-80 percentage when compare to other percentages.SD for Interpersonal conflict and difficulty deviates more for the 70-80% when compare to other percentages. Interpersonal skill and flexibility deviates for the 60-70 % students. Emotional facilitation and goal orientation doesn’t deviate for all percentage of students. +The analysis highlights on the following points: + +1. Excellent academic performance requires high EQ score. + +2. Those who got less than 60% also got high EQ score (i:e 15 students) but 50% of the high academic scorers. +3. Correlation relates much the high scorer reveals that academic performance relates with EQ level. +4. Distribution deviates in 70-80% scorers when compare to other percentages. Conclusion +In reality, people possess academic and emotional intelligence both, and provides edge on academic performance. Thus, this study has revealed that for an academic performance it is + + + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 109 + + +necessary to develop EQ.EQ will invariably play an overriding role in making the business more competitive and challenging. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Primax International Journal of Commerce and Management Research Bangalore. Special Issue- November 2013 Page 110 diff --git a/subfolder_0/General health of mid-career leaders an objective and subjective observation through Yoga conv.txt b/subfolder_0/General health of mid-career leaders an objective and subjective observation through Yoga conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d4c1f8a2f57c1b9a05317f8c7cadcf150231c843 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/General health of mid-career leaders an objective and subjective observation through Yoga conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ + + +International Journal of Education & Management Studies, 2014, 4(3), 187-190 +http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/21#list + + +© 2014 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare +ISSN-p-2231-5632-e-2321-3671 + + +General health of mid-career leaders: An objective and subjective observation through yoga + +Padmavati Maharana, Sanjib Patra, T. M. Srinivasan and H. R. Nagendra Division of Yoga and Management, SVYASA University, Bangalore + +Role and responsibility of a leader is vital in every industrial sector. For the sake of responsibilities, they compromise with their physical and mental health. The study is aimed at assessing the general health of mid-life leaders in addition to conventional physiological parameters. Eighty four leaders (mean age 52.01±5.73) underwent Self-management of Excessive Tension (SMET) intervention for 5 days and were assessed with General Health Questionnaires and medical parameters. GHQ change was found to be significant at p<0.001. Similarly, the trend in other clinical variables such as SBP(expand all these) (p<0.001), PR (p<0.001), RR (p<0.001) and weight (p<0.05) were lower whereas DBP(p>0.05) was higher. The general health was significantly improved for top level leaders and is suggestive of better leadership development through SMETintervention. + +Keywords: general health, mid-life leaders, yoga, SMET + + +Role and responsibility of a leader is vital in every industrial sector. For the sake of responsibilities, they compromise with their physical and mental health. It is quite evident that stress occurs in leaders when the targets are not achieved and issues are not addressed. Fifty percent of the employees of an organization are exposed to adverse psychosocial work environment (Kivima, Virtanen & Eloyainio, Et. al (2006), and these psychosocial stressors at work are relatively common (Allvin & Aronsson, 2001). Leadership is often viewed as highly stressful. Stress burn-out has been a major threat to the leaders across the world and more so in a country like India as they need to show higher outputs with minimum inputs (Sharma, 2007). Over time their psychological stress becomes either acute or chronic and invites many health related issues. Chronic stress is associated with enhanced vulnerability to diet-related metabolic risk viz., abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress (Aschbacher et al., 2014). Obesity is associated with job-associated stress viz., tension and anxiety, and these stress related disorders have been found to lead to an increased risk of Cardio Vascular Disorder (CVD) and mortality (Nishitani & Sakakibara, 2006; Valtonen et al., 2012). Recent studies have reported that 77% overweight and obesity rates in high-stress professionals who respond to the customer instantly for resolving their issues (Franke et al., 2002; Hsu et al., 2007; Tsismenakis et al., 2009; Ramey et al., 2009). Importantly, obesity has been shown to disturb cardiovascular responsivity to acute mental stress (Hamer et al., 2010), which may associate with stress-related endothelial dysfunction. Furthermore, in response to acute mental stress, Ghiadoni et al. (2000) have also shown that diabetic patients have a lower impairment of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) compared to control subjects. Psychological stress can also interfere with carbohydrate metabolism, especially in the liver and skeletal muscle, and can lead to insulin resistance (Depke et al. 2008). Stress is also an environmental factor that has been associated with several immunological diseases, e.g. inflammatory bowel disease (Mawdsley & Rampton, 2005), allergic disease (Montoro et al., 2009), and atopic dermatitis. Psychological stress has a direct effect on a variety of immunological mechanisms, + +Correspondence should be sent to Padmavati Maharana, Division of Yoga and Management, SVYASA University, Bangalore + + +including the functional profile of T-cells and several immune-inflammatory markers (Marshal et al., 1998). These findings suggest that the challenges of the stress experienced by high-stress occupations may lead to an increased risk of wide range of psychosomatic ailments. Acute stress has an impact on high cognitive functions viz., working memory, attention and learning. It is quite evident that stress impairs subsequent attention and memory. Studies carried out largely over the past two decades have supported idea that stress and stress induced hormones impair hippocampal dependent forms of memory (Sapolsky, 1992). Stress hormones are known to influence the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a brain region that controls high level "executive" functions such as working memory and decision making. Previous work has shown that chronic stress impairs PFC-mediated behaviors, like mental flexibility and attention (Eunice et al., 2012). +Yoga, with its holistic approach to improve overall quality of life, offers several self-regulatory practices that aim at correcting these psychological factors that contribute to low QOL(Quality of Life). Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) conceptualized at Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, that includes practices at physical, breathing, mental, intellectual and emotional levels is found to be beneficial in improving the health in several chronic conditions such as asthma (Singh et al., 2012), diabetes mellitus (Shantakumari, Sequeira, EI deeb, 2013), fibromyalgia (da Silva, Lorenzi-Filho & Lage, 2012), rheumatoid arthritis (Haslock et al., 1994) and cancer (Raghavendra et al., 2008). Health based stress management practices being a key component of Yoga has been found to be effective on emotional stability (Kumari, 2010). +General health is an individual's physical and mental health which includes a collection of physical signs, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, and depression (Ansari, 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as physical, mental, social welfare and not just lack of diseases and disability. SMET (Self Management of Excessive Tension) practice is found beneficial in improving the scores of general health (Tikhe & Nagendra, 2011). Since the sample size was small and study was limited to mangers the current study is aimed at assessing the general health of mid life +leaders in addition with conventional physiological parameters. diff --git a/subfolder_0/GunaTraya Model An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and Organisational Development conv.txt b/subfolder_0/GunaTraya Model An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and Organisational Development conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bda24df10d9f3507a53e3615df97195c42a1a2ff --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/GunaTraya Model An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and Organisational Development conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,330 @@ + + +GunaTraya Model: An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and +Organisational Development + +Chokkalingam Researcher, SVYAS University, Bangalore + +Sony Kumari +Associate Professor, SVYAS University, Bangalore + +K. B. Akhilesh +Professor, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore + +H. R. Nagendra Chancellor, SVYAS University, Bangalore + +Abstract + +Ancient Indian Knowledge is a rich source of psychology and philosophy which can be effectively used for the contemporary organisational issues. Guna Traya model of personality concept envisaged in Sankhya Philosophy and other scriptures explain the different personalities, their developments and their effects. In modern times, some studies were done on application of this concept for personality development of individuals as well as institutional development. This paper makes a systematic analysis of description of Gunas, factors affecting their formation, twelve dimensions of gunas, relationship of gunas with demographic features of people, dynamics of team combinations with different types of personalities of people and Sans reinforcement model of human quality development. At the end, the paper makes suggestionson how to createSattvikenvironmentfororganisationaldevelopment. + + + + +Introduction + +Important school of Vedic knowledge is + + +D . An important doctrine of this school is Guṇa(GuṇaTraya/Triguṇa) and offersagreathelp to understand conceptsof personality and itstypes. While the antecedents of this doctrine is found in Upaniṣat, the names of the Guṇas 'Sattva', 'Rajas' and 'Tamas' appear together for the + +first time in Upaniṣat (Keith, 1949). + +These were fully developed and described in +Bha and + + + + +" + + ! # $ + + + +their several commentaries. Based on the description in these texts, different authors have described theGuṇas. + +Wolf (1998) states that Sattva Guṇa is characterized by qualities such as cleanliness, truthfulness, gravity, dutifulness, detachment, + +discipline, mental equilibrium, respect for superiors, contentment, sharp intelligence, sense control, and staunch determination. Attributes of Rajo Guṇa includes intense activity, desire for sense gratification, little interest in spiritual elevation, dissatisfaction with one's position, envy of others, and a materialistic mentality. Qualities associated with Tamas include mental imbalance, anger, ignorance, arrogance, depression, laziness, procrastination, and afeeling of helplessness. + +Theword Sattvaisderived from'Sat'or thatwhich is real or existent. 'Sat' also means perfection and therefore, Sattva element is that which produces goodness and pleasure (Radhakrishnan, 1948). Rajasis the principleof motion. % & accounts for thecausation of theuniverseon thebasisof this Guṇa of motion. Sattva and Tamas Guṇas in themselvesareimmobile. They arerendered active + + + +Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016 +72 + + +because of the energizing influence of Rajas. All work comes from Rajas, the principle of energy, which overcomes the resistance of matter and supplieseven intelligencewith theenergy which is required for its own work of conscious regulation and adaptation (Seal, 1915). + +The three Guṇas- Sattva, Rajas and Tamas- also promote different kinds of temperament based on the dominance of one or the other Guṇas. No personality is exclusively Sattvic, Rajasic or Tamasic. In wordsof YogiAurobindo, allmen have in them in whatever degree the Rajasic impulse of desireand activity and theSattvicboon of lightand happiness, somebalance, someadjustmentof mind to itself and its surroundings and objects, and all have their share of Tamasic incapacity and ignorance. Individuals are born with certain personality patterns that gradually change as a result of interaction with the environment. Das (1991) found support for the claim that the three + are exclusive of each other. The might initially vary in their dominance in determining the personality of an individual but gradually the individual's personality mostly settles on one (Das, 1991). Aperson could thus be Sattvic, Rajasic, or Tamasicdepending on which of thethree isdominant. Thebalanceof Guṇas of everything and everyone can change and does. Change needs internal or external influence or reinforcement, as knowledge and force to transform. The force to change comes from Rajas Guṇa, while Sattva Guṇa empower towards harmonious and constructive change, whileTamas Guṇachecksor retardstheprocess. + +Thatisto say, thesefactorspromotethatvery Guṇa with which they areassociated. + +Radhakrishnan (1948) states that the dominant Guṇa could be identified along 12 different dimensions. One could be Sattvic on one dimension, Rajasicon another, and Tamasicon yet another. The 12 dimensions and the characteristics of each Guṇa along each of those dimensions are explained in thebox. + +Table1: TwelveDimensionsof Guṇas + +Dimensions Type of Guna +Sattva Rajas Tamas +Faith Worships divine, value all Worships power and Worships ghostly spirits divine tendencies wealth +Food Likes food that increases Prefer food that is Take pleasure in food that their vital force, energy, violently bitter, sour, salty, is stale, tasteless, cold, strength, appetite, and hot, pungent, acidic, and insipid, putrid, rotten, and +health. Such food is juicy, burning. impure. soothing, savoury, fresh, +and agreeable +Sacrifice Sacrifice willingly as a Sacrifice that is performed Sacrifice that is performed duty without desire for for outward show, in the without faith and with fruits thereof hope of divine reward complete disregard to +Dharma +Austerity Austerity of body, of Practiced for ostentation Practiced with foolish mind, and of speech and for gaining praise and obsessions of torturing +honour, fleeting and oneself or hurting others +unstable. +Gift Gift given as a matter of Gift that is given either Gift that is given to an duty, without expectation with the hope of receiving unworthy person at the of any return, at a suitable in return or with a view of wrong time and place +place and time, and to the winning merit or disdainfully, without deserving person grudgingly regard to the feelings of +the person who receives it. +Obligatory Work Does obligatory work with Shirk from difficult work Total abandonment of +a sense of duty, from fear of pain or bodily one’s allotted task due to abandoning attachment to trouble delusion. +the outcomes +Knowledge Enables one to see the Makes one see various Shrouds all knowledge, underlying oneness in all entities of distinct kinds rendering one incapable of things despite the and many souls in seeing either the different +superficial diversities different beings. souls or the underlying oneness. +Action Act with non -attachment Act with self-conceit for Act in delusion without want of fruits thereof. assessing one’s capabilities Such action involves much to perform the same and be +dissipation of energy heedless of harm to others. + +Agent An agent who is free from Passionate, greedy, Unsteady, vulgar, arrogant, attachment, non -egoistic, malignant, impure, and dishonest, malicious, endued with fortitude and easily elated or dejected indolent, despondent, and +enthusiasm, and unaffected procrastinating. +by success or failure + + + +Factorswhichinfluencetheformationof Guṇas + +r mat Bh gavata (11.8.10) mentions the + + +following ten factorsasconduciveto thegrowth of Guṇas: + + +Intellect + + + +Determination + + +Happiness + + +Know the path of work and renunciation, right and wrong action, fear and +fearlessness, and bondage and liberation +Never wavers; gain control over their mind, vital energies, and senses + +Experienced through + + +Decides erroneously between right and wrong + + +Seek wealth or do duty looking for reward and personal advantage. + +Arises from the contact of + + +Mistakes wrong for right and sees everything distorted, + +Obstinacy; makes a person stubbornly refuse to shake off dullness, fear, grief, +low spirits or vanity +Brutish contentment in + + + +“The sacred lore, water, progeny, place, time, occupation, birth, thought, mystic formulas and purificatory rites- theseten factorsareconduciveto theGuṇasi.e., to their growth”. + +realization of the ultimate objects with senses and is stupor and sloth and reality. short -lived, ultimately obstinate error. Such +graduating into pain happiness begins and results in self-delusion + +In modern times, afewstudiesweremadeon some + + + +Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016 +GunaTraya Model:An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and Organisational Development 73 + + +aspects of Guṇa Trayas and it's application to organisationalbehavior. + +Kewalramani (2013) made an empirical study on the relationship of with certain demographic variablesof managers- managementlevel, modeof recruitment, number of years in service, type of organization, age, education, type of family and wife's working position. The findings are as follows. + +Table 2: Relationship of Gunas and Demographic Variablesof Managers + +Management level Lower level managers have more Rajas and Tamas than higher level managers +Type of organization Service sector managers are found higher on Rajas than manufacturing sector managers +Experience With experience Rajas acquires significance +Mode of recruitment Mode of recruitment (direct/ through promotion) does not have any significant effect on Gu?as +Age Age has no significant effect on dominance ofGu?a +Education Graduate managers are higher on both Rajas and Tamas than Post Graduate managers +Wife’s working position It has no significant effect on Gu?as +Family system Managers from joint families are higher on Sattva than managers from nuclear families. The managers from nuclear families are higher on Tamas than managers from joint families + +Kumar and Thomas (2013) made a study on effect of Guṇas on creativity of managers. They found that Sattvic mangers can handle any kind of situation and can be productive in their work. These individuals can achieve the goals with planning, effectiveutilization of theresources, and can perform well. Rajasic managers have the ability to be creative but are unable to have divergentthinking. Thesemanagersneed direction + +and planning to execute their ideas. They have knack for excelling in service oriented jobs where communication and high energy are important characteristics. Sattwic-Rajasic managers need guidancein directing their energy, thereisaneed to bring awareness in the managers about their personality to perform effectively. They can work in sales, executive, and HR profiles, where they can bring change with effective utilization of their qualities of passion and reasonability. Narayanan and Krishnan (2003) studied relationship between Guṇas, Karma - Yoga and transformational leadership. Results demonstrated that three Sattva dimensions (sympathy, motivation to work and accepting pain) enhance transformational leadership and two Rajas dimensions (attribution, and rightand wrong) reduceKarmaYoga. + +Rastogi (2004) made an attempt to relate TriGuṇa to seven constructs of psychological well-being from western perspective. The seven constructs included self-acceptance, positive relation with others, autonomy, environmentalmastery, purpose in life, satisfaction with lifeand personalgrowth. A revealing observation of the research was that Tamas was found to be negatively and Sattva to be positively correlated with all the seven constructs of psychological well-being. The relationship of Rajas with the constructs, vacillate from negative to positive. Zaidi and Singh (2001) reported significant effect of Sattva and Rajas Guṇa on depression, the former leading to low depression and latter to high depression. Rao and Harigopal (1979) found a significant negative correlation between memory scores and Tamas. Kaur and Sinha (1992) showed that three Sattva dimensions (sympathy, motivation to work, and accepting pain) enhanced transformational leadership and two Rajas dimensions (attribution and right and wrong) reduced Karma-Yoga. Sebastian and Mathew (2002) found that PSI experience (freedom from compulsive action patterns) was positively related to Sattva and Rajas for females. Sattva and Rajasmightcombineto exertbeneficial effects. + + + +Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016 +74 + + +Kejriwal and Krishnan (2004) conducted a study on Impact of vedic worldview and Guṇas on transformational leadership and found that Sattva and Vedic worldview separately enhance transformational leadership whereas Tamas reducesit. Sattva-Rajascombination also enhances transformational leadership but the effect is not more than the effect of Sattva alone. Sattva and Vedic worldview together do not enhance transformational leadership more than what Sattva alone does. They recommended that organizations can enhance transformational leadership by using the Guṇa framework and by reinforcing the vedic worldview by design training programmes to develop Sattva and reduce Tamas, build team-orientation and self-sacrificefor directing energies towards superordinate goals and base organizational policies on a competency framework built around Sattva and a vedic orientation. + +Thedynamicsof Guna Theory + +Sharma (2008) developed the theory of 'Total Quality of Mind' based on the philosophy of Guṇa Traya. This model is a very potential model to develop Sattva in the minds of all stakeholders in organization and thus ensure enduring progress in performance of the organization. The salient featuresof themodelare: + +Every person is a combination of all Guṇas, with different proportions and when one Guṇa dominates, the other subdues. As a result of this Guṇa dynamics, four dominant combinations emergeas: + +1.The dominance of harmony seeking behavior or SattvaGuṇa + +2.Intense activity with harmony seeking orientation or theRajaswith Sattvacombination + +3.Intenseactivity with some inertialcontent, or the Rajaswith Tamascombination + +4.Completeinertiaor Tamas + +Table 3: Description of Four Dominant Combinations of Gunas + +Personality Dominant Self Driving Force Illustration Type Orientation +Sattva (r) Self- realization(r) Welfare of all Intuitive, holistic, visionaries +Rajas -Sattva(s) Self –sacrificing(s) Social/ Social collective activists, interest social +reformers Rajas -Tamas(a) Self actualization(a) Self Interest Typical +Professional Manager +Tamas(i) Self indulgence(i) Minimum Managers critical effort with low +drive +Source: Sharma (2008) Based on their mental orientation different types of persons are named as 'r', 's', 'a' , 'i' . + +1. Sattva /Self Realization( 'r' ) Types: Persons in whom the Sattva Guṇa completely dominates over the Rajas and TamasGuṇas. These persons are driven by theideaof 'Welfarefor All'. They display a high degree of ethical and spiritual perfection. They are the leaders of the moral growth of organizations. + +2. Rajas-Sattva / Self Sacrificing ('s') Types: Are persons in whom the Rajas Guṇa dominates and Sattva Guṇa appears as back up. These people are driven by the selfless desire to improve the living conditions of people. Most social activists, social reformers, administrators and managers driven by the desire to undertake activities for the larger social concern. Thus, they have a high degree of 'eco- orientation'or concern for others. + +3. Rajas-Tamas/ Self Actualization('a') Types:Are peoplewith ahigh drivefor thepursuitof their self interest. Such peopletend to manipulateresources, including peopleto their personaladvantage. They arelikely to display high degreesof administrative and calculative modes of thinking. The accumulative instinct is the prime mover. These + + + +Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016 +GunaTraya Model:An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and Organisational Development 75 + + +people have a high degree of 'ego- orientation' i.e., self centeredness. They are characterized by lust for power,zeal for achievement at any cost and greed for controlover resources. + +4. Tamas/Self Indulgence ('i') Types :They display neither the drive of the Rajas type nor the willingnessto do good thingsfor thelarger interest. They just put in the critical minimum effort to survive in the organization. Most motivational techniquestend to failin thecaseof personsof this type. + +Effect of Relationship of different personalities onPerformanceof Employee + +Theperformanceof an employeedependsnotonly on thetypeof his/her personality butalso thetype of person with whom he/she is working with. Therefore, in an organization, interpersonal interactions and relationships of different combinations may lead to different types of performancelikeprogressin performanceor group conflicts and decay in performance or manipulating and reporting the performance than actual performance. Table 4 presents different combinations of relations of employee A and employeeB asateam. In thetableself- realization, self- sacrificing, self actualization, self indulgence arerepresented by letter r,s,a, irespectively. + +Table 4: Dynamics of team combination with different typesof personalitiesof employees + + +Personality type of employee B +R S A I +Personality R r,r r, s r,a r,i +type S s,r s,s s,a s,i +of employee A a,r a,s a,a a,i +A I i,r i,s i,a i, i + +Source: Sharma (2008) + +Each cell has different implications for the nature of the relationship between two persons. Some interactions strengthen the bonds, others lead to problems. These type of interactions can be observed in allorganizationsand groups. Thusthis framework can also be useful in analysing group dynamicsin organizations + + -Reinforcement Model Of Human Quality Development + +Once the combination of the is determined, it strongly binds the person in this birth. They almost guide every behavior of his. How does a particular emerge at a given time? What factors determine that? Why are required? These are some of the common questions. Basically, we are propelled to exhaust our Karmas by involving in action. This fruition of the fruits of Karma starts from our Sansk ras (all the impressionsof our previousexperiences, including earlier births). Our Sans create a desire, which is an attempt of expression of Sans . This expression of desire requires certain vehicle to convey and that can be attributed as . + + + arethemeansthrough which our Sans are expressed in terms of thoughts of desires, which impel us into action. There are deeper implications to this. As the impetus of Sans cannot be suppressed; similarly, inhibition of expression of behaviors through one of the or through any of their combinationsisnotequally possible. Like the force of gravity on earth, the laws of are always acting on us, hence we cannotneglectthem, so thebestapproach would be to understand them and use them according to our needs. When a particular Samskara finds suitable environment outside, for its expression, that Samskara would emerge and manifest itself. This gives the reason, why a particular thought must arisein our mind atagiven timeor situation?Time and situation provide congruent environmental support for the expression of Sans . We can control the manifestation of Sansk ras by controlling the inner nature or by carefully choosing the external environment. That is the + + + + + + +Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016 +76 + + + +reason, it is considered very important to have a congenialenvironmentfor one'sgrowth, becausea good external environment might inhibit the emergence of ill Sansk ras and promote manifestation of good Sansk ras. Once the Sans manifest, they happen through one of the This conceptual framework can be further expanded to incorporatetheelementof free willasattempted in Figure1. + +The Prarabdha Karma, which is available for fruition in thisbirth, activatesSans according to the influence of the environment including imagination from memory. As a Samskara gets activated, it creates a desire. Desire propels a person into action, the expression of the action happens through . Before action is actually executed, there is an element of “free will,” which is the inherent capacity to execute choices. Action can be executed with or without free will. Action with maximum utility of free will leads to no bondage and that is state. Actions with decreasing gradation of free will cause bondage and strengthen further Sans . Such actionsare expressed through one of the possible combinations of the . Hence, the key to freedom from actions is action without attachment by consciously using thefreewill, with awareness. Use of free will decide whether an action will lead to further bondageor freedom. + + + +Figure1: Modelof Karma,Guṇa,Samskara andFreeWill inAction + +Importance of the Study for Organisational Development: + +Every organization wants to achieve it's vision, which may be in terms of financial targets or rendering service. The performance of the organization dependson thepersonality i.e., Gunas of people working in the organization. Swamy Vivekananda said that each soul is potentially divine and the divinity can be manifested either by action(Karma Yoga), or Psychic Control (Raja Yoga) or Devotion (Bhakti Yoga) or Philosophy ( Jnana Yoga) or all of them, which is generally called asIntegrated Yoga.Thepreviousdiscussion makes it clear that by creating a suitable environmentin the organization and practice of Yoga by people in the organization, the personalities of people in organization can be transformed to be Sattvik. Such Sattvik personalities can enhance organizational performance and enable the organization to achieveit'svision. + +References + +Das, R.C. (1991). Standardization of the Gita Inventory of Personality. JournalofIndian Psychology, 9, 47-58. + +Ilavarasu, J.V., Mohan S., Hankey, A. (2013). Triguna as personality concept: Guidelines for empirical research. International Journal of Yoga Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology,1(1),15-20. + +Kaur, P., & Sinha, A. K. (1992). Dimensions of Guna in OrganisationalSetting. Vikalpa,17(3), 27-32 + + +Keith, A.B. (1949). The Sankhya System. Calcutta: YMCA Publishing House. + +Kejriwal, A., & Krishnan, V. R. (2004). Impact of Vedic Worldview and Gunas on Transformational Leadership. Vikalpa,29(1), 29-40. + +Kewalramani, S. (2013). Demographic Correlates of Triguna. International Journal of Advance Research, 1(9), 33-47. + +Kumar. K., & Thomas, T.M. (2013). Creativity and Triguna Personality of Managers. Journal of Organisation and +Source: Ilavarasu et al. (2013) Human Behavior,2(1), 1-6. + + +Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016 +GunaTraya Model:An Effective Model for Total Quality of Mind and Organisational Development 77 + +Narayanan, J., &Krishnan, V. R. (2003). Impactof Sattvaand Rajas Gunas on Transformational Leadership and Karma Yoga. JournalofIndian Psychology,21(2), 1-11. + +Radhakrishnan, S. (1948). The Bhagavad Gita, London: GeorgeAllen and Unwin. + +Rao, P.V. K., & Harigopal, K. (1979). TheThree Gunasand ESP : An Exploratory Investigation. Journal of Indian Psychology,2(1), 63-67. + +Rastogi A. (2004). Triguna and Psychological Well-Being. Ph.D. Thesis, LucknowUniversity, Lucknow + +Seal (1915).The Positive Sciences of the Ancient Hindus. India:Longmans, Green and Company. + +Sebastian, K. A., & Mathew, V. G. (2002). Three Gunas and PSI Experience: A Study of PSI Experience in Relation to Inertia, Activation and Stability. Journal of Indian Psychology, 20(2), 44-48. + +Sharma, S. (2008). Management in New Age: Western Windows Eastern Doors. N.Delhi: New Age International Publishers. + +Wolf, D.B. (1998). TheVedic Personality Inventory:Astudy of theGunas. JournalofIndian Psychology,16, 26-43. + +Zaidi, F., &Singh, R.S. (2001). Directand StressModerating Effects of Positive Life Events and Certain Personality Variables on Psychological Well Being. Ph.D. Thesis, A.P.S. University, Reewa. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Vol. VIII No. 2, September 2015 - February 2016 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Health Advantages of Yoga Programs in Management conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Health Advantages of Yoga Programs in Management conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a5ca4798e7cd8a6832e3e9cb6ef0303813ba57e --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Health Advantages of Yoga Programs in Management conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,205 @@ + + + +IBR + +Journal homepage: www.ifrsa.org + + + +HealthAdvantages of Yoga Programs in Management + +Sony Kumari PhD*, Alex Hankey PhD, and HR Nagendra PhD + + + +ABSTRACT +Outcome pressures in business, orientation towards high achievement at any cost, and time pressures of modern life have all contributed to making both health and a high flying business career challenging to achieve. Yoga has greatly increased in popularity over the past thirty years, and its scientific evidence base now makes its health benefits increasingly accepted. Of unique value to business are Yoga’s abilities to increase creativity, emotional intelligence, and decrease stress. As a result, major Yoga programs in business are being applied in many of India’s leading firms and corporations, for example, India’s Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, ONGC. This presentation reviews various Business Programs: S-VYASA’s IAYT and SMET programs; Swami Ramdev; and the late Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s Corporate Development Program. Large numbers participate in such programs. India is now in a position to make diseases of development and affluence a thing of the past, and to increase the health and productivity of its top executives. +Keywords: Yoga, Business, Efficiency, Stress Reduction, Health + +1. INTRODUCTION +A miracle of modern India is its progress towards becoming a developed society while avoiding the more undesirable consequences of industrialization. This has been partly accomplished by attempting to make the transition to a knowledge-based society at an earlier stage than has been achieved in previous histories of national economic development. +Becoming a knowledge-based society is not without a price, however: the pace of change is greatly increased. A knowledge-based society prospers through intellectual property1. The key to becoming one is strength and success in research1: patenting innovations with wide applicability. Identifying new principles to apply widely and making inventions can lead to generation of huge revenues, provided the ideas are sufficiently novel and fundamental. Knowledge-based + + + +IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 1|March 2013 + +societies continuously make new inventions available, but their adoption increases rates of social change. This in turn brings increases levels of stress2, bringing health challenges to society as a whole3. +India has an advantage in meeting this challenge; its traditional systems of medicine (ISM) are well equipped to treat such problems. Yoga and Ayurveda can both reverse initial effects of stress better than western biomedicine. They can thus form part of an overall strategy to promote economic growth and maintain health of the population. This paper discusses how implementing traditional ISM to counteract stress can complement stimuli to create a knowledge based society, giving examples of how it is doing so. Encouraging them will help avoid increasing levels of chronic disease while becoming a developed nation. India will enjoy higher levels of health, as well as the satisfaction of financial security, and increased wealth, happiness and fulfillment. + +2. A KNOWLEDGE-BASED SOCIETY IN INDIA + +In India, the practicality of developing a knowledge-based society was demonstrated in the 1990’s by its Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Following Manmohan Singh’s 1991 policy changes in science and industry to encourage invention and innovation, the CSIR Director-General, Dr R. A. Mashelkar, began to encourage CSIR laboratories to patent their research, generate revenue, and use their innovations to pay their own way. In ‘Reinventing India’1, Mashelkar recounts how he implemented his vision of creating an ‘innovative India’ that would prosper through a new mind-set of generating knowledge – ‘Indovations’. He blazed a new trail toward creating a knowledge-based society in South Asia1,4. +Following Mashelkar’s lead, former president, APJ Abdul Kalam, decided to make creation of a knowledge-based society a national priority, and appointed a national Knowledge Commission5. The consequences are well appreciated. India’s intellectual + + + +15 +Sony Kumari, Alex Hankey,HR Nagendra| Health Advantages of Yoga Programs in Management + + + +bent, capacity for creative thought, and language advantage, led to the founding of hundreds of major research institutions by western corporations in various Indian cities, such as Bangalore, Delhi and Hyderabad. The west itself began to invest in increasing India’s scientific R&D capacity. +The resulting changes, salary increases and so on, are now reversing India’s brain drain; a knowledge-based society is starting to take shape. In information technology alone, a disproportionate fraction of India’s foreign exchange earnings is generated by those involved1. Equal participation by other fields will shortcut economic development, but unless appropriate steps are taken, the effects on health will negate improvements in quality of life. +Part of Mashelkar’s and Abdulkalam’s plan is that the fruits of scientific innovation should come to the poor. Where appropriate, innovation-based products should be priced to be available to the masses, and not priced to increase profits at the expense of not being available to them. India contains a middle class larger than the whole North American population. Its poor total almost nine hundred million. Both form huge markets. In contrast to North America, the number of poor is such that their purchasing power can lead to huge profits. “More products at Lower costs for More people” is a key mantra that Mashelkar terms ‘MLM’.1 + +3. USE OF INDIA’S TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE +Part of India’s vision on how a knowledge-based society may improve the quality of life of its people has been to make use of its traditional knowledge1. Few civilizations have left a richer literature or artistic, philosophical and scientific achievements than those of South Asia. Its ancient systems of healthcare include understandings of loss of health and growth of disease that are without compare even today. 6 +The original system of healthcare in the Vedic civilization of ancient India was largely based around practices of Yoga. Improving the life energy, or prana, as a means to improving health, and its direct use to counteract disease is more ancient than the formal system of Ayurveda. When Ayurveda was founded7, the sages responsible had long been familiar with practices of Yoga and their use to improve health. Enlightenment was the central goal of education, and Yoga the chief means of achieving it. Its benefits to health were well understood. +Modern day sages like Mashelkar realize that India must use its ancient wisdom to best effect. Ancient technologies like Yoga have much to contribute to national wellbeing8. Updating them and providing such evidence as may justify their incorporation into modern health care programs has been made a national priority8 and the results of research can now justify their + + +IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 1|March 2013 + +incorporation into business programs as well. +One of the advantages of traditional systems of medicine over modern medicine is that their accounts of how health degenerates into disease are couched in ways that enable etiological changes to be reversed9. Yoga speaks of the weakening of the life-force energy, or prana, and names various ways it can go out of balance. Ayurveda speaks of loss of balance in tissue and organism regulation, in terms of factors controlling the physiology6. Not surprisingly the two approaches are closely related. Yoga provides various means to strengthen and balance the prana or ‘life energy’, while Ayurveda recommends life-style changes and diet that can restore balance to the organism, its organs and organ systems, and which work even at a cellular level. Between them Ayurveda and Yoga offer a range of powerful tools to maintain health for professionals, and, should their health be compromised, restore it. They and their relatives, Unani, Siddha, and Sowa Rigpa, form ideal complements to modern healthcare. For those whose professional work presents dangerous challenges to health, they constitute essential life-style components. Among their advantages as systems of prevention, is being either free or extremely low cost. Once Yoga practices such as Yoga asanas, pranayama or meditation have been learned, they can be practiced at home without much further instruction. Similarly, adoption of Ayurveda diet and lifestyle recommendations usually involves no ongoing cost. The herbs it recommends can be grown in home and village gardens - over 80% of all disease can be taken care of locally10. +India’s traditional ISM thus have an integral role to play in improving overall quality of life at a time when the challenges of change are beginning to wreak havoc with national health statistics. They offer the surest way to reduce levels of chronic disease and other health problems of affluence that are otherwise inevitable. If becoming a knowledge based society is to improve the quality of people’s lives, guarding against health challenges by practical and economic means is an important step to take. + +4. HEALTH PROBLEMS IN BUSINESS +Nowhere are health problems more apparent than among those in business, ironically the very people whom a knowledge based society is meant to benefit most. Executives operate under increasing pressure: ambition to succeed may orient them towards high achievement at any cost. +The world’s top business schools like Harvard and Stanford lay out the kind of qualities they seek to develop in future executives: the ability to provide leadership in the most challenging conditions, to achieve compromise, even at personal expense; to find unlikely solutions to difficult problems; the imagination + + +16 +Sony Kumari, Alex Hankey,HR Nagendra| Health Advantages of Yoga Programs in Management + + + +and vision to identify the next big idea and adopt it before rivals in the field; and, of course to be willing to work as hard as necessary for corporate goals to be achieved – whatever the personal expense. +And there lies the rub. At every level, from top downwards, business will pressure its executives to work longer and harder than may be compatible with their health. At the same time, greater efficiency will require adopting devices that make them available more of the time, and effectively mean their office is always in their pocket, and they are never out of their workplace. Pressures of modern business, familiar to all executives, make health increasingly challenging to maintain, when a high-flying business career is a priority. Answers to this problem must be sought by industry itself – and from outside the box of modern medicine. + +5. EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE +To justify spending public money and to protect their citizens, governments insist that medical treatments must be tested for side effects, and their efficacy established in clinical trials. Medicine is now increasingly evidence-based. Placebo controlled, double blind randomized controlled trials (RCT’s) are regarded as the acme of scientific tests of treatment efficacy, but they have their limitations. Placebo control is impossible for surgery, and unethical for treatments of life threatening conditions. Conducting RCT’s for ISM is similarly problematic. Patients and students know if they are learning Yoga, so blinding test subjects is impossible. In Ayurveda, normal treatments are individually tailored, and for chronic conditions so complex that normal RCT’s are almost impossible. Nevertheless large numbers of high quality studies have been carried out on Yoga and Ayurveda. Practitioners often feel that the test of time is more meaningful than modern statistics, but modern medicine requires efficacy to be established before recommending patients for complementary medicine (CAM) treatments. The increasing evidence base for Yoga and Ayurveda is therefore significant. +On Google Scholar, the annual number of articles with ‘Yoga’ in the title increased by one third in the five years from 2006 to 2011 (from 533 to 712), while those with Ayurveda or Ayurvedic in the title increased by 92% from 156 to 299. The majority of these concern medical applications. The quality of evidence may not yet compare to that for modern medicine’s drugs, but the drive to justify medical applications of these systems by scientifically establishing their efficacy is considerable. +Certain systems may be singled out for special mention – those where traditional practitioners of highest quality practice their system integratively with modern medicine. Integrative practice in both Yoga and + + +IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 1|March 2013 + +Ayurveda is very highly developed. Three organisation are notable in the field: first S-VYASA, the Yoga University11, with its well-known Health Home, Arogyadhama, at its Prashanti Kutiram Campus; second, the Institute of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (I-AIM) recently completed and beautifully appointed IAIM Health Care Center12; and third, Maharishi Ayurveda, for which all western practitioners are required to have an MD or equivalent as their first qualification13. All three have long been engaged in scientific research, and have contributed key elements to establishing a proper evidence base in their respective fields14,15,16. +Over the past thirty years, the popularity of Yoga has steadily increased. Improving scientific evidence makes its health benefits more accepted and understood. The medical database PubMed now has over 250 articles per year published on Yoga – and the percentage of papers has increased from 0.01% to about 0.03% within the last ten years17. Though there is still scope for much more research, good studies are emerging; Yoga has been found effective against many disorders, particularly when integrated into personal life-style as was traditionally the case, and now used in SVYASA’s Integrated approach to Yoga therapy (IAYT) Yoga-lifestyle programs18. These are particularly beneficial in asthma19, anxiety20 and depression21, back pain22, maternity23, type 2 diabetes24, and to improve patient quality of life when undergoing treatment for breast cancer25,26. Numbers of reviews have been carried out, though more are needed17. +The efficacy of Ayurveda programs is also better understood. The explanation for why they work so well, is simply that they aim to restore regulation to optimal levels, and that the complex regulatory systems governing human physiology conform to Ayurveda’s hypothesized structure.6 Ayurveda’s strategies are well worked out and time-tested, something that modern medicine has yet to achieve. Following the lead of IAIM and SVYASA, and adopting integrative practice would be arguably the best way for modern medicine to put itself on a par with the very successful approach to chronic disease of Ayurveda and Yoga. + +6. VALUE TO BUSINESS +Senior management in corporations adopt lifestyles different from other professions: irregular time tables and possible international travel lead to variations in eatimg and sleep patterns, causing regulatory imbalances; pressure from above and stringent deadlines lead to stress. Together, these cause various kinds of ailments. The best known remedy is the adoption of yoga life style, including practice of Yoga and pranayama. +Many major Yoga organizations offer specialized Business Programs, tailored to the needs of busy + + +17 +Sony Kumari, Alex Hankey,HR Nagendra| Health Advantages of Yoga Programs in Management + + + +executives. The oldest is probably Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s Corporate Development program, built round the Transcendental Meditation technique, and available nation-wide in India, and in many other countries around the world. 27 It is a fully internationalized program: after taking the basic course in India, or in any other country, the participant is automatically qualified to use facilities in other countries. +The next Yoga system most widely applied in business is SVYASA’s IAYT, particularly suited for stress management28, and other applications in business. Like the Transcendental Meditation program, IAYT offers a well rounded approach. It benefits all levels of the individual, physical and subtle, and aims to finally develop the total personality. Practice of IAYT has been shown29 to increase emotional intelligence30, one of the most important requirements in business leadership31, and one of the most important in organizations. 32 Culture of the emotions is one of the most important aspects of Yoga. 33 +Similar and related studies of Yoga with application to business are being carried out at Swami Ramdev’s Maharishi Patanjali Yoga Peeth. Yoga is highly effective against trauma34,35 and post-traumatic stress syndrome36, so handling management stress is well within its capabilities. Telles has provided a useful brief summary of its present applications. 37 +Of special value to business is the ability of Yoga and related techniques to increase creativity. In the 1970’s and 1980’s it was well documented that practice of Transcendental Meditation increased scores on all scales in Torrance Tests of creativity. 38,39. At SVYASA the Tower of London test has been used to show that improved reasoning abilities following Yoga practice. 40 As a result, major Yoga programs in business are being applied in many of India’s leading firms and corporations. For example, India’s Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, (ONGC), have held regular Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) courses for their executives for many years. Many if not most have been hosted at SVYASA’s rural Prashanthi Kuteeram campus south of Bangalore. Hundreds of ONGC personnel have participated in such courses since 2006. Other businessmen and women with more specific complaints have attended SVYASA Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) health programs at the same location. +Swami Ramdev, so popular as a teacher of pranayama techniques to the general public, also organizes courses for business at his Maharishi Patanjali Yoga Vidyapeeth, in Haridwar, though these may be more popular for companies in that region of India. Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s Corporate Development Program is arguably the best researched.27,41 Large numbers participate in such programs. Sound health at physical and mental levels enhances work efficiency and other + + +IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 1|March 2013 + +mental abilities such as concentration, attention, memory etc. + +7. MORAL VALUES +Physical and mental health is not the only reason for practicing Yoga. India is in a crisis of protest against corruption led most prominently by Anna Hazare and Swami Ramdev, supported by large numbers who want those holding public office to make a stronger personal commitment to integrity. Many would see the materialist orientation of modern life, promulgated by western thinking, as the cause of recent declines in moral values to their current low levels. +In this field, schools of Yoga can offer several important kinds of contribution: inculcating traditional values, developing the basis for true discrimination and detachment that form the only genuine, foolproof basis for personal non-attachment, and unselfish behavior, and leading by example. Some contemporary Yoga leaders and organizations are already doing much. All Yoga institutions encourage moral thinking in their students, and the adiption of high principles to guide their lives. Many, such as ISHA Yoga and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi’s universities, are primarily concerned with developing higher states of consciousness, the real basis for morality. As early as 1960, Maharishi was clearly stating that starting meditation practice could be a key means to resist pressures of corruption. Today, Swami Ramdev has made himself unpopular by criticizing government corruption, and giving public support for Anna Hazare. +In the corporate context, Yoga and Yoga concepts offer a means to restore values and honesty to business. Honesty is a key aspect of business relationships both for management and customers. Managers function best when they can completely trust their colleagues, and trust depends on honesty. Similarly for customer relationships, perceived honesty is a key to customer goodwill, an essential of continuing business success. No one feels goodwill towards those they suspect of cheating them. Yet developments in business culture around the world have revealed that personal honesty in business is not practiced to the same extent as twenty years ago. In a recent statement emphasizing these developments, the Director of IIM Chennai has proposed to introduce Yoga programs specifically to improve the moral tone of business graduates. +The problem may be that humanist philosophy so fashionable today looks little beyond the here and now, Higher purpose requires transcendental goals and, for that reason, Yoga and Yoga philosophy posit additional dimensions to life. By adding elements beyond life itself they restore motivation for integrity. Using them an organization can motivate trust and trustworthiness. Business schools such as Stanford list important qualities required for visionary leadership in business. + + +18 +Sony Kumari, Alex Hankey,HR Nagendra| Health Advantages of Yoga Programs in Management + + + +Those recommending applicants are required to estimate [9] levels of ability in specific subfields of leadership: honesty and integrity under pressure, the ability to generate confidence, trust,, and loyalty, persuade others +of one’s viewpoint, willingness to take risks, or to [10] broker a compromise between different parties to make [11] a project succeed, even at personal expense, etc. [12] Fundamental to all these are honesty and integrity that [13] generates trust. If participation in Yoga programs increases the fundamental then each scale dependent on [14] it will also increase to some extent. [15] +8. CONCLUSIONS [16] +As an aspiring knowledge-based society, modern India needs to adopt policies that will counteract stress caused by the inevitable increased levels of social change. The +nation is fortunate that, in its traditional systems of [17] medicine, it is well equipped to do so. Between them [18] Yoga and Ayurveda contain the key principles required +to keep the individual’s psychology and physiology in balance – healthy mind in a healthy body. [19] Systematic incorporation of Yoga into business in India +would fulfill the following goals: +1. Improve adaptability to processes of change [20] 2. Counteract risk factors associated with +industrial development +3. Combat diseases of affluence +4. Systematically counteract health limits [21] otherwise imposed on knowledge based societies +5. Expand the creative vision of business leaders +6. Improve both the health and productivity of top [22] executives. +ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS +We would like to acknowledge past conversations with Professor Subhash Sharma. +REFERENCES [23] +[1] Mashelkar R.A. 2011, Reinventing India, Press, Pune. +[2] Toffler A. Future Shock. Random House, New [24] York, 1984. +[3] Selye H. The Stress of Life. McGraw Hill, New York, 1984. +[4] Narlikar J.V. Scientific Edge: The Indian Scientist from Vedic to Modern Times. Penguin, London, 2003. [25] +[5] knowledgecommission.gov.in Accessed 15.10.2012. +[6] Hankey A. Decoding Ayurveda submitted for publication. +[7] Valiathan M.S. The Legacy of Charaka, Orient Longman, Hyderabad, 2003. [26] +[8] Iyengar B.K.S. Light on Yoga. Harper Collins, London, 2001. + +Hankey A. Ayurveda and the battle against chronic disease: An opportunity for Ayurveda to go mainstream. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2010;1:9-12. +www.envis.frlht.org Accessed 15.10.2012 www.svyasa.org Accessed 15.10.2012 www.iaim.org Accessed 15.10.2012 www.maharishiayurvedaindia.com Accessed 15.10.2012 +www.ijoy.org.in Accessed 15.10.2012 www.jaim.in Accessed 15.10.2012 +Hankey A. Response from Maharishi Foundation to Call for Evidence from Subcommittee III: Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Submitted 2000. Available from Author. +McCall M. FACT 2012, to be published. Chaoul M.A. Cohen L. Rethinking Yoga and the Application of Yoga in Modern Medicine. Crosscurrents 60, 2010;2:144-167. +Nagarathna R Nagendra HR. Yoga for Bronchial Asthma: A controlled study. BMJ, 1985; 291: 1077-1079. +Gupta N. Khera S. Vempati R.P. Sharma . Boj;ano R.L. Effect of a Yoga based lifestyle intervention on State and Trait anxiety. Indian J. Physiol Pharmacol, 2006; 50:41-47. +Mitchell J. Field T. Diego M. Bendell D. Newton R. Pelaez M. Yoga reduces prenatal depression symptoms. Pychology, 2012; 3:782-786. +Tekur P. Nagarathan R. Chametcha S. Hankey A. A comprehensive Yoga program improves pain, anxiety and depression in chronic low back pain patients more than exercise\; an RCT. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 2012; 20(3):107-118. +Narendran S, Nagarathna R, Narendran V, Gunasheela S, Nagendra HR. Efficacy of yoga on pregnancy outcome. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:237-44. +Nagarathna R. Usharani M..R. Raghavendrarao A. et al. Efficacy of yoga based life style modification program on medication score and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes – a randomized control study. Int J. Diabet Dev Count, 2012; 32:122-130. +Cohen L. Chandwani K.D. Perkins G. Thornton B. Arun B. Raghuram N.V. Nagendra H.R. Randomized Controlled Trial in women with breast cancer undergoing radiation treatment. J. Clin Oncol, 2008; 26: 9639.. +Chandwani K.D. Thornton B. Perkins G.H. Arun B. Raghuram N.V. Nagendra H.R. Wei Q. Cohen L. Yoga improves quality of life and + + + +IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 1|March 2013 19 +Sony Kumari, Alex Hankey,HR Nagendra| Health Advantages of Yoga Programs in Management + + + +benefit finding in women undergoing [36] radiotherapy for breast cancer. J. Soc. Integrat +Oncol, 2010;8(2): 43-55.. +[27] Harung H. Invincible Leadership. Building Peak Performance Organizations by +Harnessing the Unlimited Power of [37] Consciousness. Maharishi University of Management Press, Fairfield, IA. 1999. +[28] Nagendra, H.R., & Nagarathna, R.N. (2003). [38] New perspectives in stress management. Bangalore: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashan. +[29] Kumari S. Nath NCB. Nagendra HR, Sharma S. Effectiveness of SMET programme with Respect to Emotional Well-being of Managers–An Empirical Study. ILAKSHAN, +2007. [39] [30] Goleman D. Working with Emotional +Intelligence. Bloomsbury, London. 1996. +[31] Goleman, D. What makes a leader? Harvard Business Review, November-December. 1998. +[32] Abraham, R. Emotional intelligence in organizations: A conceptualization. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 1999 125(2), 209-224. +[33] Nagendra, H.R., (2000). The science of emotional culture (Bhakti yoga). Bangalore: [40] Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashan. +[34] Kraft K. Telles S. Yoga practice may be useful after post-traumatic stress. Focus on +Alternative and Complementary Therapies, [41] 2010.;15:255-256. +[35] Telles S. Singh N. Balkrishna A. Managing mental disorders resulting from trauma through yoga: a review. Depression Research and Treatment. 2012; 10:18 doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-18. + +Telles S. Singh N. Joshi M. Balkrishna A. Post-traumatic stress syndrome and heart rate variability in Bihar flood survivors following Yoga: a randomized controlled study. BMC Psychiatry, 2010. +Telles S. Yoga Research and Therapy in India. Revista Brazilia de Medicina Familia e Communidade, 2012;7:508. +Orme-Johnson D.W. Granieri B. The effects of Age of Enlightenment Governor Training Courses on field independence, creativity, intelligence and behavioral flexibility. In Orme-Johnson D.W. and Farrow J.T. (Eds.) Scientific Papers on the Transcendental Meditation Program. Collected Papers, Volume 1. Paper 103:713-718. +Travis F. The Transcendental Meditation technique and creativity: a longitudinal study of Cornell University undergraduates. J Creative Beh, 1979;13:169-180. Reprinted as: Creative Thinking and the Transcendental Meditation Technique. In Chalmers R. Clements G. Schenklun H. and Weinless M. (Eds.) Scientific Papers on the Transcendental Meditation Program. Collected Papers, Volume 3. Paper 260: 1972-1977. +Telles S. Manjunath M.K. Improved performance in the Tower of London test following Yoga. Indian Journal of Physiology and Psychology, 2001; 45:100-108. +Barnes V.A. Orme-Johnson D.W. Preventiona and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescents and Adults through the Transcendental Meditation Program: a Research Review Update. Current Hypertension Reviews, 2012;8:227-242. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 1|March 2013 20 diff --git "a/subfolder_0/Holistic assessment of anger in adolescents\342\200\223Development of a rating scale.txt" "b/subfolder_0/Holistic assessment of anger in adolescents\342\200\223Development of a rating scale.txt" new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Immediate effect of Indian music on cardiac autonomic control and anxiety A comparative study_unlocked.txt b/subfolder_0/Immediate effect of Indian music on cardiac autonomic control and anxiety A comparative study_unlocked.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b7ef9eb88ddbd44b8b7da4ba4ce601fe7e84039 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Immediate effect of Indian music on cardiac autonomic control and anxiety A comparative study_unlocked.txt @@ -0,0 +1,914 @@ +93 +© 2015 Heart India | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow +Immediate Effect of Indian Music on Cardiac Autonomic +Control And Anxiety: A Comparative Study +Karuna Nagarajan, Thaiyar M. Srinivasan, Nagendra Hongasandra Rama Rao +Department of Research, Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusansadha Samsthana (S-VYASA) University, +Bangalore, Karnataka, India +A B S T RA CT +Background: Many studies have shown that music experience is the key to develop future therapies in order to +prevent the development of cardiovascular disorders. Aims: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of +heart rate variability (HRV) on exposure to Indian raga Bhupali with that of two control groups of pop music and +no music or silence in a sample of healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: Autonomic functioning, anxiety level, +and subjective feeling were assessed in 28 healthy subjects, both male and female [group mean age ± standard +deviation (SD), 19.68 ± 2.57] during three sessions. The three sessions were the musical session intervention with +the Indian raga Bhupali, pop music with steady beats, and “no music session.” Assessments were made before +(5 min), during (10 min), and after (5 min) in each of the three states on 3 separate days. Results: During the Indian +raga, there was a significant decrease in the low frequency (LF) power (P < 0.01) and increase in the high frequency +(HF) power (P < 0.01) in the frequency domain analysis of the HRV spectrum. There was also a significant decrease +in the mean heart rate (HR) (P < 0.01) and a significant increase in the NN50 (P < 0.05) and RMSSD (P < 0.05) in +the time domain analysis of HRV. Both frequency and time domain measures are indicative of parasympathetic +activity. The anxiety level significantly (P < 0.001) decreased post the Indian raga session and significantly (P < 0.01) +increased post the pop session. The subjective assessment of perceived feeling using the visual analog scale +(VAS) comparing Indian raga with pop and silence sessions showed a significant difference of feeling positive (P +< 0.01). Conclusions: Exposure to the Indian raga Bhupali reduced sympathetic activity and/or increased vagal +modulation with reduced anxiety levels and subjective assessment of perceived feeling showed positive changes. +Key words: Aesthetic mood, Heart Rate Variability (HRV), Indian raga Bhupali +Address for correspondence: +Ms. Karuna Nagarajan, Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusansadha Samsthana (S-VYASA) +University, # Ekanth Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, KG Nagar, +Bangalore - 560 019, Karnataka, India. +E-mail: karuna.nag6@gmail.com +INTRODUCTION +Music powerfully modulates social, emotional processes, +cognitive status, and mood, thus contributing to healing.[1] The +Greeks, Hebrews, and Persians used music systematically as a +therapy.[2] Music therapy can be used effectively as a preventive +measure, and it can be used as a supplement to the main treatment +after the onset of the pathological condition. The appropriate +type of music, with specific tonal quality, played at a suitable +time helps to drive out negative feelings such as dependency +and loneliness. Music creates an atmosphere of harmony and +well-being.[3] Musical compositions are complex blends of +expressively organized sound consisting of five elements, viz., +rhythm, melody, pitch, harmony, and interval. These five elements +Access this article online +Quick Response Code: +Website: +www.heartindia.net +DOI: +10.4103/2321-449X.172350 +This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the +Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 +License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the +work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the +new creations are licensed under the identical terms. +For reprints contact: reprints@medknow.com +How to cite this article: Nagarajan K, Srinivasan TM, Rama Rao NH. +Immediate Effect of Indian Music on Cardiac Autonomic Control And +Anxiety: A Comparative Study. Heart India 2015;3:93-100. +O riginal Article +[Downloaded free from http://www.heartindia.net on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Nagarajan, et al.: Autonomic variables with Indian melody +94 +Heart India, Vol 3 / Issue 4 / Oct-Dec 2015 +to modify emotions, to let go emotions, to match their current +emotion, to rejoice or pacify themselves, and to relieve stress +and rejuvenate.[10] +It was reported that positive emotions are related to speeded-up +recovery from cardiovascular reactivity generated by negative +emotions for resilient individuals. Research has also shown that +positive emotions may have beneficial physical and psychological +health outcomes by serving a defensive role and thus, providing a +useful remedy to the problems associated with negative emotions +and illness.[11] +The Indian raga Bhupali, which belongs to Kalyan thaat, equivalent +to the Lydian mode[12] of Western music was used in our study. This +raga uses ri, dha teevra or sharp notes, which instill the shringara rasa +or aesthetic mood of love within the listener.[7] This raga is sung +in the evening. Listening to the right raga at the right time is said +to smoothen the natural transitions and attune the body and mind +to the circadian cycle.[2] Our proposal is that autonomic changes +observed in other studies in response to listening to music are +mainly elicited by changes in emotional and psychological states +and these states can be favorably changed by the combination of +notes or swaras used in the raga as mentioned above in the article. +The biological effects of Indian music, leading to its therapeutic +efficacy are not entirely known. In this study, we aimed at further +studying some biological correlate of listening to the particular +Indian raga, which instills a positive aesthetic mood within the +listener. Previous studies have demonstrated that the autonomic +nervous system may serve as a way by which music can be +effectively used for the therapeutic application. This is explored +by the assessment of heart rate variability (HRV). Therefore, the +objective of this study was to assess the effects of exposure to +the Indian raga Bhupali on HRV with that of two control groups +of pop music and no music or silence in a sample of healthy +subjects. Secondarily, we correlated autonomic responses to +musical stimuli with that of the state anxiety level before and +after each music style. No previous studies have investigated the +short-term effects of the Indian raga Bhupali and pop music on +HRV. The understanding of physiological responses induced by +music experience is a key to develop future therapies in order to +prevent the development of cardiovascular disorders. +Heart rate variability and emotions +HRV is a measure of the continuous interplay between +sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the heart rate +(HR) that yields information about cardiac autonomic flexibility +and thereby represents the capacity for regulated emotional +responding.[13] +In one of the studies, it was documented by McCraty that anger +in a normal sample elicited an increase in the low frequency and +low frequency (LF)/high frequency (HF) ratio components of +HRV, suggesting disruption in sympathovagal discharge caused +are vital when selecting music to invoke both psychological and +physiological responses within the listener.[4] +Indian musicological analysis +Indian music therapy is about the correct intonation and +precise use of the basic elements such as nada (sound), shruti +(musical interval), swara (note), raga (melody) tala (beat), and +laya (rhythm).[3] The four elements noteworthy in this context +are swara or note, Indian raga or melody, rasa or aesthetic mood, +and thaat or mode. +Sa, ri, ga, ma, pa, dha, and ni are the seven notes or swaras of the +Indian musical scale. Each of the notes or swaras either lowered +or raised in pitch, are known as komal (flat note) or teevra (sharp +note). Shadja (Sa) and Panchama (Pa) are two steady or natural notes +having no distortion or displacement. Rishabha (ri), Gandhara (ga), +Madhyama (ma), Dhaivata (dha), and Nishada (ni) are accepted as +having two forms as stated above, namely, one high and one low. +It is total of 12 notes.[5] +Rasa or aesthetic mood is comprehended when an emotion is +awakened in such a manner that it has none of its cognitive +tendencies, and it is experienced in an impersonal contemplative +mood.[6] Raga is the sequence of selected notes (swaras) that lend +an appropriate rasa or aesthetic mood in a selective combination. +Depending on its tonal quality, a raga could induce or intensify joy +or sorrow, excitement or peace, and it is this quality, which forms +the foundation for therapeutic application.[6] Thaat or mode is a +certain array of the seven notes with a change in shuddha (pure), +komal (flat), and teevra (sharp). Every raga has a fixed number of +komal (soft) or teevra (sharp) notes, from which the thaat can be +identified.[7] The shringara rasa or aesthetic mood of love is able +to bring out the beauty and harmony that is present in everything +and every moment. It creates the frame of mind, which enables +us to focus on generating a lovely ambience within oneself and +with one’s friends and family.[8] +The ragas are classified according to the combination of shuddha +(natural), komal (flat), and teevra (sharp) notes or swaras used +and consequently the particular rasas or moods they are able +to produce. Ragas with shuddha or pure notes ri, ga, dha depict +the aesthetic mood or the rasa of love; komal or flat ri, dha create the +rasa of compassion and calmness; komal or flat ga, ni creates the +rasa of courage or self-assurance within the listener.[7] Listening to +Indian ragas, which depict the mood of love, compassion, peace, +and courage, may be used for dissolving negative thoughts and +thereby bringing balance in the mental and emotional states.[5] +The aesthetic mood of calmness is the culmination of other rasas +such as love, compassion, and courage and is transcendental in +nature.[6] The consolidation and evocation of rasa, then, represent +the function of all Indian fine arts, especially music and dance.[9] +Many studies have suggested that the most common purpose of +musical experiences is to persuade emotions: People use music +[Downloaded free from http://www.heartindia.net on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Nagarajan, et al.: Autonomic variables with Indian melody +95 +Heart India, Vol 3 / Issue 4 / Oct-Dec 2015 +by increase in the sympathetic contribution. Appreciation, on +the other hand, elicited an increase in the medium frequency +component and a slight increase in the LF component, suggesting +more parasympathetic than sympathetic activation during the +positive emotion.[14] +The activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic +nervous system (ANS) increases HR while the activation +of the parasympathetic branch, primarily intervened by the +vagus nerve, slackens it. Variation in the HR can be caused +by a variety of factors including breathing, emotions, and +various physical and behavioral changes. The HR changes +in response to internal body rhythms, many of which reveal +various homeostatic control systems. In general, high HRV +represents a flexible ANS that is responsive to both internal +and external stimuli and is associated with fast reactions and +adaptability. Diminished HRV, on the other hand, represents a +less transient, less flexible ANS that is less able to respond to +stimuli change. It follows that HRV may provide a promising +index of an athlete’s ability to respond to both physical and +emotional stress and thus, of the capacity to perform physically +at maximal levels.[13] +Hypothesis +We hypothesized that the participants who listened to Indian +raga Bhupali would be influenced by the aesthetic mood of the +song that depicts shringara rasa or love. This state of mind would +bring about relaxation. Further, that it would increase cardiac +parasympathetic activity, which is exclusively responsible for +the HF peak of the HR power spectrum. This would also be +correlated with lower scores of state anxiety. We also predicted +that pop music which is much liked by teenagers may be exciting +and cause an increase in cardiac sympathetic activity responsible +for the LF peak of the HR power spectrum. The study also +had another control condition of no music or silence which we +predicted may not help to silence or relax the mind. +MATERIALS AND METHODS +Subjects +Twenty-eight undergraduate college students, both male and +female, with age ranging from 18 years to 24 years (19.68 ± +2.57 years) were recruited for the study. They were all students +of the Residential Yoga University. All of them were of normal +health based on routine case history and clinical examination. +All participants expressed their willingness to participate in the +experiment, and the project was approved by the institution’s +ethics committee. The study protocol was explained to the +subjects, and their signed consent was obtained. +Design +Each subject was assessed in three sessions, into which they +are randomly assigned. Two of them are musical sessions and +one session was without music. One musical session was an +intervention session with the Indian raga Bhupali, based on +popular composition. The second — control session — was with +pop music with steady beats. The third — control session was +silence or “no music session.” All the three sessions consisted +of three states, i.e., “pre” (5 min), “during” (10 min), and “post” +(5 min) for HRV. The allocation of participants to the three +sessions was random using a standard random number table. +The assessments were made on three different days for each +recording, not necessarily on consecutive days but at the same +time of the day (i.e., the self-as-control design). The design is +presented schematically in Figure 1. +Interventions +Baseline HRV was recorded for 5 min. Subsequently, HRV was +recorded for 10 min while the individual was exposed to the +Indian raga Bhupali and again it was recorded for 5 min post +exposure to music. +Indian raga +We used two pieces of melody in the raga Bhupali. The songs +are popular classical-based film music — a.Jyoti Kalash Jhalake +played in the confluence of three instruments, the sitar (Sunil +Das), flute (Rakesh Chaurasia), and santoor (Ulhas Bapat) and +b.Pankh Hoto Uda Aatire flute rendition by Praveen Gorkhindi. +Pop music +The term “pop” is originally derived from an abbreviation of +“popular.” It borrows elements from other preexisting musical +styles, which include urban, dance, Latin, rock, and country.[15] In +general, college students prefer them since it invokes the feeling +of excitement. +We used Electro pop beat — a. “Can’t Keep Me Away” +by Chinchilla Music Production and b. K-391 - Sky City 2013 +by K-391. Both the pieces of music use synthesizers and various +electronic musical instruments. +Assessment +HRV was recorded by using Biopac MP 100 (Biopac Systems +Inc., 42 Aero Camino, Goleta, CA 93117, USA) and analyzed +by Kubios HRV 2.00 software (Biosignal Analysis and Medical +Imaging Group, University of Eastern Finland). The HRV +power spectrum was obtained using Fast Fourier Transform +(FFT) analysis. The energy in the HRV series in the following +Pre 5 min +During Indian raga 10 min +Post 5 min +D1 (5 min) +D2 (5 min) +Pre 5 min +During pop music 10 min +Post 5 min +D1 (5 min) +D2 (5 min) +Pre 5 min +During no music or silence 10 min +Post 5 min +D1 (5 min) +D2 (5 min) +Figure 1: Schematic representation of study design — D1 indicates +during1; D2 during 2 +[Downloaded free from http://www.heartindia.net on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Nagarajan, et al.: Autonomic variables with Indian melody +96 +Heart India, Vol 3 / Issue 4 / Oct-Dec 2015 +specific frequency bands studied viz., low frequency (LF) band +(0.05-0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF) band (0.15-1.50 Hz) +and the LF/HF ratio. The low frequency and high frequency +band values were expressed as normalized units. The following +components of time domain HRV were analyzed: (i) Mean +HR (average number of times your heart beats in one minute), +(ii) RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences) and +(iii) NN50 (the number of interval differences of successive +NN intervals greater than 50 ms). Secondarily, we correlated +autonomic responses to musical stimuli with the anxiety level +before and after each music style and also for “silence” or +“no music” session. The State and Trait Anxiety Inventory +(STAI) was used to assess anxiety.[16] The STAI consists of +40 items divided into two components X1 and Y1, these +two components assess state and trait anxiety respectively in +both clinical and non clinical populations. We have used X1 +component of STAI to assess state anxiety. Scores for both +scales range between 20 (low anxiety) and 80 (high anxiety).[17] +The perceived feeling was measured using the visual analog scale +(VAS). The VAS consists of a horizontal 10-cm line with one +end representing the maximum and the other end representing +the minimum of the variable to be measured.[18] The right +anchor of the scale was identified as “feeling very good” and +the left anchor was labeled “feeling not good” as in Figure 2. +Participants indicated their state of feeling by marking a point +after the experimentation. +Data analysis +Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows, Version 16.0. +Chicago, SPSS Inc. Released 2007. There were separate repeated +measures of analyses of variance (ANOVAs) for each of the +assessments, with four within-subjects factors [i.e., states (before, +during 1, during 2, and after) and sessions (raga, pop, and silence)]. +Post hoc analysis was with Bonferroni adjustment, comparing after +with before values. +RESULTS +Cardiac measures +The group mean values ± standard deviation (SD) and the +percentage change pre versus post for frequency domain +measures of HRV spectrum for LF, HF, and LF/HF, and time +domain measures of mean HR, RMSSD, and NN50 in three +sessions (raga, pop, and silence) in pre, during, and post states are +given in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Figures 3 and 4 shows the +trend of percentage change shown in frequency domain measures +and time domain measures of HRV spectrum respectively, +recorded post the Indian raga session and two control sessions +of pop music and silence. +Analysis of variance +The significant changes in both frequency and time domain +measures in thre sessions are given in Table 3. +Post hoc analyses with bonferroni adjustment +Post hoc analyses with Bonferroni adjustment were performed +and all comparisons were made with the respective “pre” states +summarized in Table 4. +In summary, there was a significant decrease in LF (P < 0.01) +and mean HR (P < 0.01) after the raga session compared to the +preperiod. There was a significant increase in HF (P < 0.01), NN50 +(P < 0.05), and RMSSD (P < 0.05) after the raga session compared +to the preperiod. There was a significant decrease in HF (P < 0.05) +and NN 50 (P < 0.05) during the pop session compared to the +prestates. The anxiety level significantly (P < 0.001) decreased post +the raga session as summarized in Table 5. There was a significant +increase in state anxiety level (P < 0.01) after the pop Session. +The subjective assessment of perceived feeling using the VAS +comparing raga with pop and silence sessions showed a significant +positive difference (P < 0.01) as summarized in Table 6. +Figure 3: The trend of percentage change shown in the frequency +domain measures of heart rate variability spectrum recorded post the +Indian raga session and two control sessions of pop music and silence +Figure 4: The trend in arrows and percentage change shown in time +domain measures of heart rate variability spectrum recorded post the +Indian raga session and two control sessions of pop music and silence +Figure 2: Visual analog scale +[Downloaded free from http://www.heartindia.net on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Nagarajan, et al.: Autonomic variables with Indian melody +97 +Heart India, Vol 3 / Issue 4 / Oct-Dec 2015 +Psychological stress measures +The anxiety level before and after the sessions of raga, pop, and +silence or no music was assessed using the STAI. +VAS — Visual analog scale +The perceived feeling was measured using VAS for all the +participants following raga, pop, and Silence. Repeated measures +of ANOVA were performed with one “within-subjects” factor, +i.e., raga, pop, and silence sessions. +DISCUSSION +The present study examined the changes in subjective and +psychophysiological responses to the Indian raga Bhupali, pop +music, and no music conditions. The perceived relaxation induced +by Indian raga was shown in both frequency domain and time +domain measures of HRV. +The LF (normalized units) component significantly decreased +and correspondingly HF component significantly increased +Table 2: Time domain measures for 3 sessions in 4 states for mean HR, RMSSD, and NN50, and the percentage +change (pre versus post)a +Measures +Sessions +Pre +During 1 +During 2 +Post +% change +Mean HR +Raga +80.71±11.04 +79.789.99 +79.10±9.74 +77.68±9.86** +3.76 ↓ +Pop +80.32±10.64 +80.61±10.65 +80.86±10.81 +79.54±11.50 +0.98 ↓ +Silence +79.89±8.65 +79.03±8.42 +78.61±8.46 +78.68±7.96 +1.52 ↓ +RMSSD +Raga +50.46±28.28 +54.61±31.30 +58.89±35.46 +59.89 ±29.36* +18.68 ↑ +Pop +56.11±34.23 +49.50±28.41 +47.32±21.99 +47.5 23.39 +15.28 ↓ +Silence +51.36±34.51 +50.46 ±39.24 +50.89±35.35 +50.21±28.97 +2.22 ↓ +NN50 +Raga +84.32±67.46 +98.25±73.26 +102.61±73.01 +108.28±69.29* +28.41 ↑ +Pop +93.86±62.81 +78.86±62.45 +84.11±64.76* +85.4359.92 +8.98 ↓ +Silence +92.61±68.70 +81.71±69.04 +91.96±63.16 +86.86±66.76 +6.2 ↓ +SD: Standard deviation, HR: Heart rate, aValues are group mean ± SD, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ↑: Increase, ↓: Decrease +Table 3: Summary of ANOVA showing statistically significant results +Variables +Factor +F value +DF +Huynh-Feldt epsilon +Level of significance +HF +Session +3.493 +(2,54) +1.000 +P<0.05 +HF +Sessions*states +3.420 +(4.99, 134.721) +0.832 +P<0.01 +LF +Sessions +3.579 +(2,54) +1.000 +P<0.05 +LF +Session*states +3.792 +(5.21,140.70) +0.869 +P<0.01 +Mean HR +States +7.922 +(2.249, 60.719) +0.750 +P<0.01 +Mean HR +Session*states +2.461 +(69.054, 131.368) +0.811 +P<0.01 +NN50 +Session*states +3.795 +(6,162) +1.000 +P<0.01 +ANOVA: Analysis of variance, HF: High frequency, LF: Low frequency, HR: Heart rate +Table 4: Significant results of post hoc analysis where +the arrows show the direction of changes +Variable +Session +During 1 +During 2 +Post +LF +Raga +NS +NS +P>0.01 ↓ +HF +Raga +NS +NS +P<0.01 ↑ +HF +Pop +NS +P<0.05 ↓ +NS +Mean HR +Raga +NS +NS +P< 0.01 ↓ +NN 50 +Raga +NS +NS +P<0.05 ↑ +NN 50 +Pop +NS +P>0.05 ↓ +NS +RMSSD +Raga +NS +NS +P<0.05 ↑ +NS: Not significant, ↑: Increase, ↓: Decrease, HF: High frequency, +LF: Low frequency +Table 1: Frequency domain measures for 3 sessions in 4 states for LF, HF, and LF/HF with a percentage change for +(pre versus post)a +Measures +Sessions +Pre +During 1 +During 2 +Post +% change +Low frequency +(LF) Power +(n.u.) +Raga +50.29±19.95 +42.44±19.09 +43.60±16.0 +42.82±18.79** +14.85 ↓ +Pop +47.11±19.50 +53.49±18.79 +54.62±17.65 +48.12±18.06 +2.13 ↑ +Silence +49.72±20.31 +50.81±21.46 +50.56±19.54 +54.20±19.81 +8.98 ↑ +High frequency +(HF) Power +(n.u.) +Raga +49.52±19.97 +57.34±19.13 +56.20±15.93 +57.06±18.81** +15.21 ↑ +Pop +52.65±19.58 +48.35±19.04 +44.74±17.34* +51.69±17.99 +1.82 ↓ +Silence +50.15±20.29 +48.89±21.39 +49.32±19.49 +45.41±19.53 +9.45 ↓ +LF/HF Ratio +Raga +1.57±1.99 +.89±.83 +.71±.60 +.89±.99 +43.31 ↓ +Pop +2.46±7.03 +1.75±1.29 +1.89±2.35 +1.57±2.38 +36.18 ↓ +Silence +2.64 ±6.91 +3.1±8.32 +2.93±8.51 +2.54±5.94 +10.72 ↓ +SD: Standard deviation, aValues are group mean ± SD, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ↑: Increase, ↓: Decrease +[Downloaded free from http://www.heartindia.net on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Nagarajan, et al.: Autonomic variables with Indian melody +98 +Heart India, Vol 3 / Issue 4 / Oct-Dec 2015 +immediately after listening to the Indian raga Bhupali. This was +indicative of reduced arousal and a shift in the autonomic balance +toward parasympathetic dominance. There was a decrease in +the LF/HF ratio, which was not statistically significant. The +LF/HF ratio is correlated with sympathovagal balance.[19] The +LF component of the HRV is mainly related to sympathetic +activation when expressed in normalized units,[20] whereas afferent +vagal activity is a major contributor to the HF component. +Apart from this, there was a significant decrease in the HF +component during pop music, indicative of an increase in cardiac +sympathetic activity.[21] +In the time domain measures, there was a significant increase in +RMSSD and NN50. These indices reflect short-term variation +and are correlated with the HF power or the parasympathetic +activity.[22] There was a significant decrease in the mean HR. +As described above, most of the changes immediately after +listening to Indian raga were indicative of reduced activity in the +different subdivisions of sympathetic nervous system though +some variables are regulated by several factors. The HR, for +example, is regulated by twofold innervations (sympathetic and +parasympathetic), as well as humoral factors.[23] +This makes the decrease in HR complex to interpret (i.e., it could +be due to increased vagal tone or due to sympathetic withdrawal). +This also applies to HRV components. On the contrary, there was +a significant decrease in NN50 of the frequency domain measure +during pop session, which reflects sympathetic activation. +Collectively, the results suggest that the immediate effect of +listening to Indian raga Bhupali is associated with changes in the +autonomic nervous system suggesting vagal control. +This was also correlated with significant reduction in the anxiety +level assessed using the STAI and subjective feeling of the +session. Cardiac vagal tone has been proposed as a stable +biological marker for the ability to sustain attention and regulate +emotion.[24] +Possible mechanism +Previous studies have demonstrated particular profiles of +autonomic responses on different styles of music. This has +prompted the need to explore the effects of Indian raga, which +has the effect of instilling positive emotions within the listener +before it can be proposed as an effective music therapy. +The factors which reflect an emotional and effective response +to music are soothing and relaxing music, urban factors such +Table 5: State Trait Anxiety (STAI) in conditions of Indian raga, pop music, and silencea +Variable +Indian Raga +Pop music +Silence +Pre +Post +% change +P value +Pre +Post +% change +P Value +Pre +Post +% change +P value +STAI 28 +34.00±10.50 +28.32±7.12 +↓16.71 +0.000*** +31.11±7.98 +35.43±8.66 +13.89↑ +0.003** +33.39±9.16 +32.61±11.68 +2.34↓ +0.637 +*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ↑ = Increase, ↓: Decrease, SD: Standard deviation, aValues are group mean ± SD +Table 6: Scores on visual analog scale following raga, +pop, and silencea +Sessions +Raga +Pop +Silence +Mean±SD +8.14±1.32 +6.46±2.20** +6.64±1.98** +SD: Standard deviation, aValues are group mean ± SD +[Downloaded free from http://www.heartindia.net on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Nagarajan, et al.: Autonomic variables with Indian melody +99 +Heart India, Vol 3 / Issue 4 / Oct-Dec 2015 +as rhythm and percussion, sophisticated factors, which include +classical music, an intense factor such as loudness, forceful and +energetic music, and campestral factor comprising country +and folk songs.[25] We were confident that this stimulus had a +stress-reducing capacity independent of individual preferences +because of the combination of the notes, the aesthetic mood +it instills while listening, the slow tempo, and the popularity of +the piece of music we used. The point to be noted here is that +using researcher-selected music stimuli have been shown to have +greater effects on stress reduction than music stimuli selected by +the subjects themselves.[26] +In general, rock music is preferred by contemporary college +students and heavy metal is mostly preferred by adolescent boys. +Concerns have been raised regarding psychological, emotional, +behavioral, and physical effects associated with this music +preference.[27] Study taking self-report reasons for pop music +preference revealed that characteristics such as the melody, mood, +rhythm, and lyrics of a selection were the important reasons for +preference.[28] But the results in one of the studies indicated that +the dominant factor affecting emotional response was the music +type (either relaxing or stimulating) and not preference.[29] In one +of the studies, the stimulating music aroused feelings of vigor +and tension more than the calming music while sedative music +eased tension. Favorite music, regardless of music type, lowered +subjective tension. Physiological responses (HR, respiration, +and blood pressure) were greater during stimulating music than +during calming music. Music preference did not, however, affect +the physiological responses.[30] +Passive listening to music accelerates breathing rate and increases +blood pressure, HR, and the LF: HF ratio (thus suggesting +sympathetic activation) proportional to the tempo and perhaps +to the complexity of the rhythm.[31] Slow tempo with soothing +notes may have had helped in parasympathetic activation, which +is shown in our study. Pop music with steady beats may have +increased sympathetic activation. +Comparison with previous studies +of music and heart rate variability +There was a differential influence of music-listening on +autonomic activity; it was observed that music resulted in a faster +autonomic recovery after stress compared to the control groups. +[32] The results showed that acute exposure to classical baroque +music reduced the sympathetic tone of the heart while excitatory +heavy metal music decreased the variability of the HR.[33] The +techno music with steady beats was associated with a significant +increase in HR, systolic blood pressure, and significant changes +in self-rated emotional states.[29] The effect of trophotropic +(relaxing) music on HR and HRV was investigated. The results +showed that relaxing music (Bach, Vivaldi, and Mozart) resulted +in a significant reduction of HR. The significance of these +results might be relevant for the use of music in coronary heart +disease is also discussed.[34] Listening to soft music and inhaling +Citrus bergamia essential oil (aroma therapy) was found to be an +effective method of relaxation, as indicated by a shift of the +autonomic balance toward parasympathetic activity in young +healthy individuals.[35] In comparison, our results correlated with +previous studies where the soothing effect of Indian raga showed +similar effects as that of Vivaldi, Mozart, and Bach. Pop music +with steady beats increased sympathetic activation. +CONCLUSION +The present study results suggested the importance of the +aesthetic mood of music in altering autonomic responses and +reducing the anxiety levels. This has also helped in recognizing +the mechanism through which Indian music may affect the +physiological change by instilling a particular aesthetic mood +within the listener. The Indian raga Bhupali may be effectively +used in cardiac regulation and may also facilitate recovery +from poststress anxiety suggestive of applications in clinical +settings. In general, knowledge of musical elements will help +the participants to appreciate and willfully submit to the musical +composition. In our study, the participants were from different +ethnic groups and not all of them had musical training or the +knowledge of the elements of Indian music. In spite of this +factor, the musical stimulus has brought about positive changes. +The study may be extended to various other Indian ragas in +the above applied areas by identifying sensitive physiological +variables. +Respiratory rate is also influenced by the autonomic nervous +system but we did not measure the respiratory rate during the +sessions. This accounted for a limitation in our study. +Acknowledgements +The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Hariprasad V R, Dr. +Kashinath Metri and Dr Raghavendra Bhat for their guidance +and Dr. Balram Pradhan for his help in Statistical Analysis. +Financial support and sponsorship +Nil. +Conflicts of interest +There are no conflicts of interest. +REFERENCES +1. +Perez-Lloret S, Diez J, Domé MN, Delvenne AA, Braidot N, +Cardinali DP, et al. Effects of different “relaxing” music styles on +autonomic nervous system. Noise Health 2014;16:279-84. +2. +Christopher SC, Sharma H. Ayurvedic Healing: Contemporary +Maharishi Ayurveda Medicine and Science. USA and UK: Singling +Dragon and imprint of Jessica Kingsley Publishers; 2012. p. 291. +3. +Sharma M. Special Education Music Therapy. New Delhi: S B Nangia +for APH Publishing Corporation; 2007. p. 120. +4. +Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. The theory of music, mood and movement +to improve health outcomes. 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Association between reduced heart rate +variability and cognitive impairment in older disabled women in +the community: Women’s Health and Aging Study I. J Am Geriatr +Soc 2006;54:1751-7. +23. +Andreassi JL. Psychophysiology: Human Behavior and Physiological +Response. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earl Baum Associates; 2007. +24. +Porges SW, Doussard Roosevelt J, Maita AK. Vagal tone and the +physiological regulation of emotions. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev +1994;59:167-86. +25. +Rentfrow PJ, Goldberg LR, Levitin DJ. The structure of musical +preference: A five-factor model. J Pers Soc Psychol 2011;100:1139-57. +26. +Pelletier CL. The effect of music on decreasing arousal due to stress: +A meta-analysis. J Music Ther 2014;41:192-214. +27. +Milton EB, Michael WF, Chi-en H,  David M, Fleetwood KL, +Gregory TD. Schwab effects of listening to heavy metal music on +college women: A pilot study. Coll Stud J 2008;42:24-35. +28. +Boyle JD, Hesterman HL, Ramsey DS. 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Acute auditory stimulation with +different styles of music influences cardiac autonomic regulation in +men. Int Cardiovasc Res J 2014;8:105-10. +34. +Escher J, Evéquoz D. Music and heart rate variability. Study of the +effect of music on heart rate variability in healthy adolescents. Praxis +(Bern 1994) 1999;88:951-2. +35. +Peng SM, Koo M, Yu ZR. Effects of music and essential oil inhalation +on cardiac autonomic balance in healthy individuals. J Altern +Complement Med 2009;15:53-7. +[Downloaded free from http://www.heartindia.net on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] diff --git a/subfolder_0/Immediate effect of listening to Indian raga on Attention and Concentration in Healthy College Students A Comparative Study_unlocked.txt b/subfolder_0/Immediate effect of listening to Indian raga on Attention and Concentration in Healthy College Students A Comparative Study_unlocked.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f0658d9eb1f0abe92c9b31cb490c79614caab26b --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Immediate effect of listening to Indian raga on Attention and Concentration in Healthy College Students A Comparative Study_unlocked.txt @@ -0,0 +1,653 @@ +© 2015 Journal of Health Research and Reviews | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow +103 +Immediate effect of listening to Indian raga on +attention and concentration in healthy college students: +A comparative study +Karuna Nagarajan, Thaiyar M Srinivasan, Nagendra Hongasandra Ramarao +Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusansadha Samsthana University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India +INTRODUCTION +Music is unanimously appreciated for its psychological and +physiological effects on humans. Music is both science and art +of regulating tones or sounds in succession, in combination, and +in sequential relationships to create a composition with harmony +and continuity.[1] +Music generates psychological responses within a person when it +passes through the auditory cortex of the brain, which processes the +music. This processing occurs in the limbic system, which is known +as the center of emotions, sensations, and thought patterns. Human +reaction to music occurs predominantly in the right hemisphere of +the brain, which is involved in intuitive and creative methods of +processing information. Through effective response and cognitive +recognition, music can alter mood. Thus, a person’s frame of +mind, reaction to the given music, and musical preference play an +important part in mood shift leading to various health outcomes.[1] +Hence, music has been a medium of therapy for centuries, +and there are numerous examples of the curative or healing +Background: Many studies with western music have shown enhancement in the cognitive performance task. The factors influencing +the performance are a selection of dependent measures, choice of the piece of music, presentation order of the conditions. +Research has shown that the specific choice of musical composition may help in the improvement of the particular cognitive task. +Objectives: We chose to study the impact of Indian Raga on a memory task. Methods: In twenty-six volunteers both male and +female (group average age ± S.D., 18.84±3.53 years) the immediate effect of two musical conditions and No music condition was +studied on memory. All participants were assessed before and after (i) Indian Raga Bhupali (R) for 10 minutes on day one; (ii) an +equal duration of Pop music (P); and (iii) an equal duration of Silence or no music (S) on next two different days respectively. A +Section of the Wechsler memory scale (WMS) was used to assess; (i) attention and concentration (digit span forward and backward) +before and immediately after the intervention. Results: There was a significant improvement in digit forward (P<0.05, increase +of 3.17%) and backward span score after (p<0.05, an increase of 5.26%) immediately after the exposure to Indian Raga Bhupali. +Conclusions: The combination of notes in Indian Raga Bhupali is said to instill Shringara rasa or the aesthetic mood of Love. The +improvement is significant compared to the Pop music that is much preferred by the college students and Silence or No music +conditions. It was concluded that Memory scores improved immediately after listening to Indian Raga Bhupali. +Keywords: Aesthetic mood, Indian Raga Bhupali, memory +ABSTRACT +  + Original Article +Access this article online +Quick Response Code: +Website: +www.jhrr.org +DOI: +10.4103/2394-2010.168367 +Address for correspondence: Mrs. Karuna Nagarajan, +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusansadha Samsthana (S‑VYASA) +University, # Ekanth Bhavan, Gvipuram Circle, +Kempe Gowda Nagar, Bangalore ‑ 560 019, Karnataka, India. +E‑mail: karuna.nag6@gmail.com +How to cite this article: Nagarajan K, Srinivasan TM, Ramarao NH. +Immediate effect of listening to Indian raga on attention and concentration +in healthy college students: A comparative study. J Health Res Rev +2015;2:103-7. +This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative +Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows +others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as the +author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. +For reprints contact: reprints@medknow.com +[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Nagarajan, et al.: Indian music and working memory +Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3 +104 +powers of music in the historical records of different +traditions. +Music therapy is the use of music and musical elements (sound, +rhythm, melody, harmony, and pitch) by a music therapist with +a client or group, in a process designed to facilitate and promote +communication, relationships, learning, mobilization, and +expression. It also aims at other relevant therapeutic objectives, in +order to meet physical, emotional, mental, social, and cognitive +needs.[2] +INDIAN MUSIC +In Indian classical music, music therapy depends on the correct +intonation and right use of the basic elements such as nada (sound), +shruti (musical interval), swara (note), raga (melody), tala (beat), +and laya (rhythm).[3] +The four elements most significant in this context are swara or +note, Indian raga or melody, rasa or aesthetic mood, and thaat +or mode. +Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, and Ni are the seven notes or swaras +of the saptak or scale. Each of the notes or swara lowered +or raised in pitch are known as komal  (flat note) or teevra +(sharp note), respectively. Shadja (Sa) and Panchama (Pa) are +two steady or natural notes having no distortion or displacement. +Rishabha (Re), Gandhara (Ga), Madhyama (Ma), Dhaivata (Dha), +and Nishada (Ni) are accepted as having two forms as stated +above, namely, one high and one low. We have a total of 12 +notes.[4] +Rasa or aesthetic mood is realized when an emotion is awakened +in such a manner that it has none of its cognitive tendencies, +and it is experienced in an impersonal contemplative mood.[5] +Raga is the sequence of selected notes (swaras) that lend an +appropriate rasa or aesthetic mood in a selective combination. +Depending upon its tonal quality, a raga could induce or +intensify joy or sorrow, exuberance or peace, and it is this +quality that forms the basis for therapeutic application.[5] Thaat or +mode is a certain arrangement of the seven notes with a change +in shuddha (pure), komal (flat), and teevra (sharp). Every raga +has a fixed number of komal (flat/soft) or teevra (sharp) notes, +from which the thaat can be recognized.[6] The Shringara rasa +or aesthetic mood of love is able to bring out the beauty and +harmony that is present in everything. This is the mood in which +we concentrate on creating a lovely atmosphere within us and +with friends and family.[7] +The ragas are classified according to the shuddha  (natural), +komal  (flat), and teevra  (sharp) notes or swaras used and +consequently the particular rasas or moods they are able to +create. Ragas with shuddha or pure notes (Ri, Ga, Dha) depicts +the aesthetic mood or rasa of love; komal or flat Ri and Dha +create the aesthetic mood or rasa of compassion and calmness; +komal or flat Ga and Ni create the mood of courage in the +listener.[6] Listening to Indian ragas, which depict the mood of +love, compassion, peace, and courage may be used for dissolving +negative thoughts thereby bringing balance in mental and +emotional states.[5] +MUSIC AND MEMORY +Many college students listen to music to ease the emotional effects +of stress and anxiety when engaged in cognitive performance, +such as studying for exams, writing the assignments, etc. Many +research have shown a positive impact of music showing +improvement in the cognitive performance. +In the last two decades, several studies on western music have pointed +out that both musical training and music exposure experience lead +to an improvement in short‑term and long‑term verbal memories in +both healthy and clinical population.[8] Recovery in the field of verbal +memory and focused attention enhanced more significantly in the +music group than in the language group (listening to the audio book) +and control groups. The music groups were elevated with positive +mood than the control group. Music during the early poststroke +stage can improve cognitive recovery and prevent negative mood. +[9] Music acts as a tool for episodic memory rehabilitation on special +populations with memory deficits due to frontal lobe damage such +as Alzheimer’s patients.[10] Listening to music stimulates cognitive +performance such as language and memory. Thus, music could +represent a rich and helpful source during verbal encoding and, +therefore, help in subsequent retrieval. Music helps the older adults +in memory performances by decreasing their prefrontal cortex (PFC) +activity.[10] Active music therapy with 3 months follow‑up brought +significant improvement in changing inattention, visuomotor +coordination, and verbal and spatial memory.[11] +Music also acts as a mood enhancer. Background music in the +classroom, for children with emotional and behavioral difficulties +showed significant improvement in behavior and mathematics +performance.[12] The effects of music on task performance are +interceded by the mood or internal environment created rather +than affecting cognition directly. Relaxing music led to better +performance on arithmetic and memory tasks when compared +with a no‑music condition.[13] +However, with a variety of music genres available to music listeners, +it is also essential to appreciate how different types of music impact +performance. The present study aims to understand the effect of +listening to a particular Indian raga, which is known to create +a particular aesthetic mood and instill calmness in the internal +environment. There are no previous studies reporting attention, +concentration, and primary working memory in healthy college +students after listening to any Indian raga. Therefore, the study was +designed to assess the immediate effect of Indian raga Bhupali. +The study uses two control conditions: No‑music and instrumental +pop music. We sought to determine how no‑music session or pop +music session affects the same individual and to investigate the +effect of the Indian raga on the cognitive performance using the +digit span test that requires selective attention and concentration. +HYPOTHESIS +We hypothesized that participants who listened to Indian raga +Bhupali would be influenced by the aesthetic mood of the song +that depicts Shringara rasa or love. This state of mind would bring +in relaxation. Further, that it would bring in the selective attention +and concentration that is required for performance of the task. +[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Nagarajan, et al.: Indian music and working memory +Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3 +105 +We also predicted that listening to Pop music generally liked +by the teenagers may be exciting and distracting, may not have +positive effect on working memory. The study also had another +control condition of no‑music or silence that we predicted would +not help to silence the mind. +MATERIALS AND METHODS +Subjects +Twenty‑six undergraduate college students both male and female, +age ranged 18‑24 years (18.84 ± 3.53 years) were recruited for the +study. They were all students of Residential Yoga University. All of +them were of normal health based on a routine case history and +clinical examination. All participants expressed their willingness +to participate in the experiment, and the project was approved by +the Ethics Committee of the institution. The study protocol was +explained to the subjects, and their signed consents were obtained. +Design +Assessments were made on three different days, which were not +necessarily on consecutive days, but at a time in the evening suitable +for listening the Indian raga Bhupali. The allocation of participants +to the three sessions was random using a standard random number +table. The sessions were raga (R), pop (P), and no‑music or +silence (S). The duration of the sessions was 10 minutes each. The +piece of music in MP3 format set for 10 min was administered to +the subject through headphones via laptop in a sound‑proof room. +Participants were tested on the memory task immediately before +and after the session. +Interventions +Throughout all the sessions’ participants sat comfortably on a +reclining chair and kept their eyes closed. The MP3 format of the +music both Indian raga and pop was set to 10 min. +The music played the instrumental melody in both the cases, +without the interference of the lyrics. Music song titles and artists +for two conditions were: +Indian raga +We used two pieces of melody in raga Bhupali. The raga is sung +in the late evening. Listening to the right raga at the right time is +said to smooth the natural transitions and attune the body and +mind to the circadian cycle.[14] The songs are popular classical +based film music ‑ a. “Jyoti Kalash jhalake” played in confluence +of three instruments sitar (Sunil Das), flute (Rakesh Chaurasia), +and santoor (Ulhas Bapat) and b. “pankh hote to ud aati re” +with flute rendition by Praveen Gorkhindi. Raga Bhupali is from +Kalyan Thaat (Lydian mode).[15] This raga uses Ri and Dha teevra +or sharp notes, known to instill the aesthetic mood of Shringara +or love within the listener.[6] The aesthetic mood of calmness +is the culmination of other aesthetic moods or rasas like love, +Compassion and Courage and is of transcendental quality.[5] +Pop music +The term “pop” is originally derived from an abbreviation of “popular.” +It borrows elements from other preexisting musical styles that include +urban, dance, Latin, rock, and country.[16] In general, college students +prefer them since they invoke the feeling of excitement. +We used two pieces of melody in pop ‑ a. Electro Pop Beat, +“Can’t Keep Me Away” by Chinchilla Music Production and b. +K‑391 ‑ “Sky City 2013” by K‑391. Both the pieces of music used +synthesizers and various electronic musical instruments. +Assessment +Memory tasks were selected from the Wechsler memory +scale (WMS), which has been standardized for use in an Indian +population. The following sections were selected digit span +forward and digit span backward with 10 items each. The digit +span tests assess attention, concentration, and primary working +memory.[17] Each correct answer was scored as “1” (for digit +span forward or backward). This was based on the conventional +scoring for WMS.[18] Parallel worksheets were prepared, changing +the digits to eliminate serial testing artifacts when retesting.[19] +Data analysis +Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social +Sciences (SPSS) (version 16.0  +, SPSS, Chicago, IL). There were +separate repeated measures of analyses of variance (ANOVA) for each +of the assessments, with two within subject factors [i.e., time (before, +after) and sessions (raga, pop, silence)]. Posthoc analysis was with +Bonferroni adjustment, comparing after with before values. +RESULTS +Digit span forward scores differed significantly between sessions +(F = 1.98, P < 0.05). +The increase in scores for the digit span forward tasks following +listening to raga was significantly greater  (3.17%) than pop +music (1.02%) and silence or no‑music condition (0.17%). Table 1 +denotes the pre‑ and postresults of group’s mean and standard +deviation (SD) for the three sessions of Indian raga, pop music, +and silence or no‑music conditions. +Digit span backward scores also differed between sessions +(F = 2.51, P < 0.05). +The increase in scores for the digit span backward tasks following +listening to raga was significantly greater (5.26 %), than pop +music (1.4 %) and silence or no-music condition (1.87 %). +Table 2 denotes the pre- and postresults of group's mean and +standard deviation (SD) for the three sessions of Indian raga, pop +music and silence or no-music conditions. +Table 3 denotes mean difference before the sessions of Indian raga, +pop music and silence, a pair wise comparison, for digit forward +task. There were no significant changes between the sessions. +Table 4 denotes mean difference between the baseline and +postresults of digit forward task across the three sessions. There +were no significant changes between the sessions. +Table 1: Values of group Mean±SD score of time +assessments for sessions (digit forward task) N=26 +Time of assessment +Indian raga +Pop music +Silence +Pre +23.04±1.886 +22.46±2.005 +23.0±1.876 +Post +23.77±1.704 +22.69±2.112 +23.04±2.049 +% change +3.17↑ +1.02↑ +0.17↑ +Significance +0.025* +0.574 +0.906 +*P≤0.05. SD=Standard deviation +[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Nagarajan, et al.: Indian music and working memory +Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3 +106 +Table 5 denotes mean difference before the sessions of Indian +raga, pop music, and silence, a pair‑wise comparison, for digit +backward task. There were no significant changes between the +sessions. +Table 6 denotes mean differences between the baseline and +postresults of digit backward task across three sessions. There +were significant changes between the different sessions ‑ Indian +raga and pop music; pop music and Indian raga. +DISCUSSIONS +This study showed that the performance of a cognitive task, such +as digit span, can be affected by the type of music played prior +to the test. In this study, Indian raga Bhupali had a significant +effect on the performance of the attention and concentration tasks +when compared to the scores of the attention and concentration +tasks with pop music. Perhaps, it was because of the emotion +and mood created by the Indian raga that instills calmness in the +internal environment. The concept of rasa is the most important +and significant contribution of the Indians to aesthetics and +evocation of rasa is the function of music.[20] Rasa is a bioenergy +that is partly physical and partly mental. It is an important link +between body and mind that affects our thoughts and emotions. +[5] Many studies have suggested that the most common purpose of +musical experiences is to persuade emotions. People use music +to modify emotions, to let go emotions, to match their current +emotion, to rejoice or pacify themselves, and to relieve stress +and rejuvenate.[21] By culturing the emotions and controlling +brain wave patterns, ragas could be used as a powerful tool for +alleviating the most common ailments of the modern society.[5] +The results of our study were in accordance with our original +hypothesis. +Studies have shown that the choice of the musical genre may +influence cognitive performance. Rauscher has provided the +neurophysiological basis for the improvement in performance +considering theoretical and experimental factors. The factors +influencing the performance are the choice of dependent +measures, the selection of musical composition, presentation +order of the conditions, and the inclusion of distracter task. Digit +span scores of subjects who listened to the Pachelbel Canon +versus a Bartok piece did not improve.[22] +Listening to a piece of melody, of Vivaldi’s “Four Seasons” had +a positive effect on older adults’ cognitive performance in two +working memory tasks compared with the no‑music condition. In +addition, this effect did not occur with white noise.[23] Rauscher +et al. showed that exposure to Mozart’s Piano Sonata enhanced +performance on an abstract/spatial reasoning task from the +Stanford‑Binet intelligence scale when compared with silence, a +relaxation tape.[24] In 1995, they found that Mozart’s Piano Sonata +had a positive influence on the performance when compared to +a short story, minimalist music, or dance music.[25] +Rideout et al. have reported that a present‑day composition by the +Greek‑American musician Yanni is also effective and is similar to +the Mozart’s sonata in its physical characteristics. Two Bachs also +have shown a similar effect  + like Mozart’s sonata.[26] +Studies utilizing paper‑folding tasks and maze tasks showed +enhancement following exposure to Mozart music. Whereas as +studies utilizing paper form board task, digit span test, Raven +Table 2: Values of mean±SD score of time assessments +for sessions (digit backward task) N=26 +Time of assessment +Indian raga +Pop music +Silence +Pre +20.54±2.158 +20.08±2.058 +20.35±2.190 +Post +21.62±1.856 +20.38±2.155 +20.73±2.273 +% Change +5.26↑ +1.49↑ +1.87↑ +Significance +0.031* +0.456 +0.332 +Analysis of variance (ANOVA) + Bonferroni adjustments *P≤0.05. +SD: Standard deviation +Table 3: Values of mean difference before the sessions +for digit forward task‑pair wise comparison +(I) session +(J) session +Mean difference (I‑J) +Significance +Indian raga +Pop Music +0.577 +0.587 +Silence +0.038 +1.000 +Pop music +Indian Raga +−0.577 +0.587 +Silence +−0.538 +0.722 +Silence +Indian Raga +−0.038 +1.000 +Pop Music +0.538 +0.722 +Analysis of variance (ANOVA) + Bonferroni adjustments +Table 5: Values of mean difference before the sessions +for digit backward task‑pair wise comparison +(I) session +(J) session +Mean difference (I‑J) +Significance +Indian raga +Pop music +0.462 +1.000 +Silence +0.192 +1.000 +Pop music +Indian raga +−0.462 +1.000 +Silence +−0.269 +1.000 +Silence +Indian raga +−0.192 +1.000 +Pop music +0.269 +1.000 +Analysis of variance (ANOVA) + Bonferroni adjustments +Table 6: Values of mean difference after the sessions +for digit backward task‑pair wise comparison +(I) session +(J) session +Mean difference (I‑J) +Significance* +Indian +Pop +1.231* +0.015* +Silence +0.885 +0.179 +Pop +Indian +−1.231* +0.015* +Silence +−0.346 +1.000 +Silence +Indian +−0.885 +0.179 +Pop +0.346 +1.000 +Analysis of variance (ANOVA) + Bonferroni adjustments.*P≤0.05 +Table 4: Values of mean difference after the sessions +for digit forward task‑pair wise comparison +(I) session +(J) session +Mean difference (I‑J) +Significance +Indian +Pop +1.077 +0.112 +Silence +0.731 +0.521 +Pop +Indian +−1.077 +0.112 +Silence +−0.346 +1.000 +Silence +Indian +−0.731 +0.521 +Pop +0.346 +1.000 +Analysis of variance (ANOVA) + Bonferroni adjustments +[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Nagarajan, et al.: Indian music and working memory +Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3 +107 +progress matrices test did not show any enhancement following +exposure to Mozart music. Research put forward that these tests +measure general analytic intelligence rather than spatial ability.[22] +The advantage of our study design takes into consideration the +immediate effect of music through self‑control case series in which +the inference is within individuals. Hence, fixed covariates such +as location, diet, and state of health are automatically controlled +for within a proportional incidence framework.[27] +The possible mechanism is that the effect of listening to music helps +to calm down the nervous system. One of the studies showed, +music prior to a standardized stressor predominantly affected +the autonomic nervous system in terms of a faster recovery.[28] +Music influences how a listener feels, and feelings influence a +wide range of stimulus including cognitive performance like +that of thinking, logical analysis, problem‑solving, originality, +and mental flexibility.[29] Listening to classical relaxing music +after exposure to a stressor resulted in considerable reductions +in anxiety, anger, and sympathetic nervous system arousal, and +increased relaxation compared to no‑music condition or listening +to heavy metal music.[30] +CONCLUSION +The selected Indian classical raga in our study is said to create +pleasing effect on the internal environment due to the combination +of notes. The improvement in memory scores could be due to the +rasa or aesthetic mood induced by the raga. The consolidation +and evocation of rasa represent the function of all fine arts. +In general, prior knowledge of musical elements will help the +participants to appreciate and willfully submit to the musical +composition. In our study, the participants were the students of +Residential Yoga University. As a part of their curriculam they +were all exposed to evening bhajans set to different ragas. This +may have caused improvement in the memory scores. This is the +downside of our study. +In the future, the study of Indian music may be extended to various +Indian ragas and other dependent measures or cognitive tasks. +Acknowledgements +The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Hariprasad V R and +Dr. Subramanya Pailoor for their guidance and Dr. Balram Pradhan +for his help in Statistical Analysis. +Financial support and sponsorship +Nil. +Conflicts of interest +There are no conflicts of interest. +REFERENCES +1. +Murrock CJ, Higgins PA. 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Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback +2007;32:163‑8. +[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Thursday, July 28, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] diff --git a/subfolder_0/Impact Factor 2022_30-12-2022.docx b/subfolder_0/Impact Factor 2022_30-12-2022.docx new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4e146c71080cc8f8ea0c3b24d71ccd7f831c7f73 Binary files /dev/null and b/subfolder_0/Impact Factor 2022_30-12-2022.docx differ diff --git a/subfolder_0/Impact of Adoption of Yoga Way of Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Impact of Adoption of Yoga Way of Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e9ad1f66d75b4ee874f498edd70e2f8cd3d4bf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Impact of Adoption of Yoga Way of Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,522 @@ + + +R E S E A R C H + +includes research articles that focus on the analysis and resolution of managerial and academic issues based on analytical and empirical or case research + + + + + +Executive +Summary + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +KEY WORDS + +Job Burnout + +Stress Management + +Yoga Way of Life + +Transcendental Meditation + + +Impact of Adoption of Yoga Way of Life on the Reduction of Job Burnout of Managers + + +Hasmukh Adhia, H R Nagendra and B Mahadevan + + + + +Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, and is defined by the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and inef-ficacy. Job burn-out is a debilitating psychological condition, which has serious re-percussions for an individual’s personal health as also on the organizational effectiveness. The past 25 years of research has established the complexity of the construct, and has placed the individual stress experience within a larger organiza-tional context of people’s relation to their work. As a holistic science concerned with all aspects of human functioning, yogic science provides a unifying framework by which stress can be understood and eliminated. Yoga involves a systematic method by which we can begin to expand our awareness of the processes which lead to stress and thus gain control over them. + +Yoga way of life has direct relevance to address the issue of stress and burnout. While several studies in the past have acknowledged this aspect and discussed vari-ous ways by which Yoga can address this aspect, till date very little effort has gone into empirically assessing the impact of Yoga way of life. The main contribution of this paper is to fill this gap. This study hypothesizes that managers who learn and adopt the Yoga way of life will be able to reduce their job burnout better than the others who engage in other things to improve their physical and mental progress. An experiment was conducted to collect data and test the hypothesis in a manufac-turing unit. + +The results show that adoption of the Yoga way of life can significantly reduce the job burnout of managers. The Yoga way of life is an integrated approach to the chang-ing physical, mental, vital and emotional personality of an individual. It is aimed at making managers more evolved individuals with better understanding of their job situation in the overall context of life. Through a rigorous literature review and un-derstanding of the science of Yoga as given in our scriptures, the paper also provides an explanation of the mechanism of how this happens. Among many suggested coping skills for stress, yoga happens to be fitting in the best, mainly because of its ability to change positively the individual responses to stress stimuli. However, in order to get benefit of Yoga in its entirety, one has to adopt Yoga as a technique of life management. The authors motivate the HR managers in organizations to explore ways of implementing the Yoga way of life as it promises to address the issue of stress at a fundamental level. + + + +VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010 21 +urnout can be defined as the end result of stress experienced but not properly coped with, result-ing in symptoms of exhaustion, irritation, inef- +fectiveness, discounting of self and others, and problems of health (hypertension, ulcers, and heart problems). Per-haps the best-known fictional example of job burnout comes from the novel, A Burnt Out Case (Greene, 1961), in which a spiritually tormented and disillusioned ar-chitect quits his job and withdraws into the African jun-gle. Other literature, both fiction and nonfiction, has described similar phenomena, including extreme fatigue and loss of idealism and passion for one’s job. In mod-ern corporations, institutions working not-for-profit, and government organizations, one of the important con-cerns is the issue of burnout that employees experience at their workplace. This has serious consequences in-cluding reduced productivity at workplace, bad health, and mental stress for the employee. If not addressed ef-fectively, this can threaten to manifest as a social prob-lem at a later time. +B + +Researchers have recognized the importance of address-ing the issue of stress and burnout. The factors that cause stress and burnout have been identified. Recent research has also identified the negative impact that burnout has on both the employees and organizations. Louise (2008) observed that the lifetime prevalence of an emotional disorder is more than 50 per cent, often due to chronic, untreated stress reactions. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) declared stress as a haz-ard of the workplace. Stress costs American industry more than $300 billion annually. In the physiology and management literature, job stress is usually defined as a characteristic of the individual, i.e., the psycho-physi-ological changes experienced as a consequence of job-related demands on the individual. In this context, stressors are environmental or internal demands lead-ing to adaptive (or maladaptive) responses on the part of the individual. Stress management refers to the adap-tive behaviour of changing any aspect of the environ-ment or person in such a way as to decrease stress response (sometimes referred to as “strain”) and pro-mote organizational and/or individual health. + +The Yoga way of life has direct relevance to address the issue of stress and burnout. While several studies in the past have acknowledged this aspect and discussed vari-ous ways by which Yoga can address this aspect, till date very little effort has gone into empirically assessing the + +impact of the Yoga way of life. The main contribution of this paper is to fill this gap. Using a controlled scientific experimentation of employees in a manufacturing unit, we provide an empirical assessment of the impact of the Yoga way of life on stress and burnout. + +Taking cue from this, we pose the question, “Can adop-tion of a complete Yoga way of life reduce significantly the job burnout experienced by most executives? If so, can we empirically observe this phenomenon and pro-vide relevant literature support to explain this? To the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical research available so far to answer these questions. We study these issues in this paper using an empirical study con-ducted in a manufacturing unit involving 84 executives. + +We show that the adoption of the Yoga way of life can reduce the stress and strain of managers and that, in turn, can reduce their job burnout comprising of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished personal accomplishment. Through a rigorous literature review and understanding of the science of Yoga as given in our scriptures, we also provide an explanation of the mecha-nism of how this happens. We also motivate the HR managers in organizations to explore ways of imple-menting the Yoga way of life as it promises to address the issue of stress at a fundamental level. + +STRESS AND BURNOUT: CAUSES AND IMPACT + +Burnout can be defined as the end result of stress expe-rienced but not properly coped with, resulting in symp-toms of exhaustion, irritation, ineffectiveness, discount-ing of self and others, and problems of health (hyper-tension, ulcers, and heart problems). Maslach and Jackson (1981) conceptualized burnout as a syndrome consisting of three components. Emotional exhaustion refers to mental and physical tension and strain result-ing from job-related stressors. Depersonalization refers to distancing of oneself from others and viewing others impersonally. Diminished personal accomplishment is a feeling of negative self-evaluation. Exhaustion is the central quality of burnout and the most obvious mani-festation of this complex syndrome. When people de-scribe themselves or others as experiencing burnout, they are most often referring to the experience of exhaustion. + +Maslach (1982) reviewed literature on burnout and con-cluded that there is no single definition of burnout that is accepted as standard. However, despite the differ- + + +22 IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF YOGA WAY OF LIFE ON THE REDUCTION OF JOB BURNOUT OF MANAGERS +ences, there are also similarities among various defini-tions of burnout. First of all, there is general agreement that burnout occurs at an individual level. Second, burn-out is an internal psychological experience involving feelings, attitudes, and motives and expectations. Third, there is also general agreement that burnout is a nega-tive experience for the individual, in that it concerns problems, distress, discomfort, dysfunction, and/or negative consequences. + +Several studies in the past concluded that burnout has negative effects on job performance. Burnout leads to lower productivity and effectiveness at work (Maslach, Schaufeli and Leiter, 2001). Consequently, it is associ-ated with decreased job satisfaction and a reduced com-mitment to the job or the organization. People who are experiencing burnout can have a negative impact on their colleagues, both by causing greater personal con-flict and by disrupting job tasks. Thus, burnout can be “contagious” and can perpetuate itself through infor-mal interactions on the job (Maslach, Schaufeli and Leiter 2001). + +Burnout can be defined as the end result of stress expe-rienced but not properly coped with. Stress in organiza-tions has been documented to produce wide-ranging psychological, physical, and behavioural ill-effects. The costs of stress are variously estimated at hundreds of billions of dollars annually, or 12 per cent of the US GNP (Siu, Lu and Cooper, 1999). The visible portion of these costs stems from compensation claims (Kottage, 1992), reduced productivity and increased absenteeism (Manuso, 1979), added health insurance costs (Mulcahy, 1991), and direct medical expenses for related diseases such as ulcers, high blood pressure, and heart attacks (Newman and Beehr, 1979). Louise (2008) observed that 43 per cent of all adults in the US suffer adverse health effects from stress. He further reported that 75-90 per cent of all the doctors’ office visits are for stress-related ailments and complaints. + +Stephen and Lesley (2002) opined that although the ‘of-ficial’ figures for the cost of stress vary widely, they have one common feature – they are all massive. They sug-gest that there is a huge cost to individuals and to or-ganizations. However, we believe that the cost is not just financial; there are mental, physical, and social costs as well. The evidence for stress-related ill-health is all around us. If we look at several of the modern organiza- + + +VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010 + +tions, it is likely that some of the workforce would re-port very low levels of satisfaction with both their jobs and the organization. Some others would report having suffered some major life event in the past three months and still others would report levels of mental ill health that are worse than those of psychiatric outpatients re-ceiving clinical treatment for anxiety and depression. + +A study of the literature reveals that several variables were tested for their moderating effects on stress. Peo-ple who display low levels of hardiness (involvement in daily activities, a sense of control over events, and openness to change) have higher burnout scores, par-ticularly on the exhaustion dimension. Burnout is higher among people who have an external locus of control (at-tributing events and achievements to powerful others or to chance) rather than an internal locus of control (at-tributions to one’s own ability and effort) (Maslach, Schaufeli and Leiter, 2001). + +Srivastava (1985) studied the moderating effect of the need for achievement on the relationship between role stress and job anxiety. Another study (Pestonjee and Singh, 1988) investigated the moderating effect on lo-cus of control on the stress and job satisfaction relation-ship in the case of 101 role incumbents of a private electricity supply company. Pestonjee and Singh (1988) also investigated the moderating effect to Type-A pat-tern of behavioural disposition on the relationship be-tween role stress and state-trait anger. The finding revealed that stress,Type-A behaviour, state and trait anger were correlated positively and most of the coeffi-cients of correlation (for example, 79 out of 88) were sta-tistically significant. (Pestonjee, 1999) + +Singh and Srivastava (1996) tried to examine the inde-pendent and moderating effect of Type-A behaviour pattern on the stress-health relationship. Type-A mana-gerial personnel scored significantly higher on role am-biguity, role conflict, and overall job stress in comparison to Type-B managers. Type-A managers also showed el-evated levels of systolic and diastolic blood pressure as compared to Type-B managers. + +Based on these studies, we conclude that several vari-ables have a moderating effect on stress. These include organizational climate, locus of control, Type-A behav-iour pattern, needs (need for achievement, need for self-actualization, and need for personal growth), mental + +23 +health, job satisfaction, hierarchical level, coping strate-gies, group-oriented attitude, participation in opinion-seeking, cognitive failure, and effort and outcome orientations. + +YOGA WAY OF LIFE AND ITS RELEVANCE TO STRESS MANAGEMENT +Yoga is one of the six foundations of Indian philosophy and has been used for millennia to study, explain, and experience the complexities of the mind and human ex-istence (Feuerstein, 1998). Patanjali, an ancient Yoga sage, defines Yoga as a technique used to still the fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of the true self (Iyengar, 1966). Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras outline a skillful way of conducting life that fosters moderation and har-mony (Becker, 2000). These guidelines, which include ethical and moral standards of living in addition to postural and breathing exercises, are primarily used to foster spiritual growth and evolve one’s consciousness. + +Ashtanga Yoga encompasses cognitive learning, moral conduct, physiological practices, and psychological therapy. The first two steps of Yama and Niyama seek and shape external behaviour and thought patterns and thus minimize disturbances in the mind and the body. On the behavioural side, abstention is sought from vio-lence, falsehood, dishonesty, sexual excess, and acquisi-tive tendencies. On the cognitive moral side, the ideals prescribed are: purity, contentment, austerity, self study and forbearance. The stages of Asana and Pranayama are meant for disciplining the body and regulating subtle energy flows. In the fifth stage of Prayahara, secondary input is regulated so that the mind is not distracted. The stages of Dharana, Dhyana, and Samadhi are for uplifting one’s spiritual self and for heightening consciousness. + +According to Srinivas (1994), a series of techniques col-lectively known under the general label, ‘Yoga,’ present a rich source for generating indigenous organizational development techniques that may perhaps find better acceptance than imported intervention designs from the West. “Originally developed for personal spiritual growth, Yoga offers a well formulated approach to planned change.” (Srinivas, 1994). + +As a holistic science concerned with all aspects of hu-man functioning, the science of Yoga provides a unify-ing framework by which stress can be understood and eliminated. According to Yoga, we are unconscious of + +those mental/emotional/perceptual processes which habitually create stress. Yoga involves a systematic method by which we can begin to expand our aware-ness of these processes and thus begin to gain control over them. So, in a very practical sense, Yoga gives us the tools and techniques by which we can expand our conscious awareness into the unconscious parts of the mind in order to become aware of the patterns and hab-its which lead to stress. Yoga is by far the most impor-tant technique used by the Indians to cope with the problem of stress and burnout. + +In any stress disorder, the para-sympathetic auto-nerv-ous mechanisms fail to function adequately to minimize the impact of stressful stimuli. Among several relaxa-tion practices, Yoga has the potentiality to influence the auto-nervous mechanisms in various ways. The science of Yoga is based on the principle of stimulating one’s body and mind and then relaxing it turn by turn. This restores the functioning of sympathetic and para sym-pathetic nervous systems and so stress does not get built up. + +Bhole (1977), in his conceptual paper, explained differ-ent aspects of Yoga. The Yoga way of life encompasses the philosophy of Karma Yoga (path of detached action), Jnana Yoga (knowledge of self), Bhakti Yoga (trust in the supreme order) and Raja Yoga (asana, pranayama, medi-tation, etc.). Practising this knowledge may bring about a complete transformation of one’s personality, on physi-cal, mental, emotional, and spiritual levels which strengthens his stress-coping skills. According to Bhole (1977), hatha-yoga practices like asanas (i.e., posture), pranayama (i.e., breathing practices intended to influence vital forces), kriyas (i.e., cleaning process), mudras (i.e., certain internal attitudes) and bandhas (i.e., neuro-mus-cular locks) are mostly taught as physical practices. While various meditation techniques work at the men-tal level, all these practices are intended to develop a certain type of awareness within oneself. This in turn is expected to bring about a change in the emotional and visceral functions and through them, a change in the intellectual and somatic functions of the individual. + +Palsane et al (1993) have observed that modern Western psychological literature focusing on ideas related to the strength of motives and frustration and their behavioural consequences, the frustration-aggression hypothesis, ego involvement, mind-body interactions (psychosomatics), + + +24 IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF YOGA WAY OF LIFE ON THE REDUCTION OF JOB BURNOUT OF MANAGERS +and locus of control have their parallels in the ancient Indian thought. + +Misra (1989) found that effort orientation rather than concerns for outcome leads to greater intrinsic satisfac-tion. Chakraborty (1987, 1993) provides experimental evidence that practising Yoga, meditating, controlling breathing and stilling the turbulent mind can enable workers and managers to purify their chitta and make it spiritual, expand their self to include others around them, and help them grow and transform themselves without expecting anything in return. According to Fersling (1997), although there is a lack of controlled studies, Yoga is regarded as a promising method for the treatment of stress-related problems. Several studies have shown Yoga to be promising for physiological (Murugesan, Govindarajulu, and Bera, 2000) and psy-chological outcome measures (Malathi, et al, 2000). + +Studies such as those conducted by Singh and Udupa (1977), Datey (1977), Sachdeva (1994), Vasudevan (1994), Venkatesh (1994), and Rao (1995) throw light on the positive effects of yogic practices on experienced stress. Udupa, Singh and Dwivedi (1977), in their study on two groups of volunteers who practised vipasana meditation for 10 days, had noted a significant increase in the levels of acetylcholine, cholinesterase, catecholamine, and histamines activities in the blood. On the other hand, there appeared to be a reduction in the level of plasma cortisol, urinary corticoids, and urinary nitrogen. These findings suggest that volunteers were neuro-physiologi-cally more active following yogic meditation and yet, were physically and metabolically stable. + +In a study done by Granath, et al (2006), a stress man-agement programme based on cognitive behavioural therapy principles was compared with a Kundalini Yoga programme. Psychological (self-rated stress and stress behaviour, anger, exhaustion, quality of life) and physio-logical (blood pressure, heart rate, urinary catecho-lamine, salivary cortisol) measurements obtained before and after treatment showed significant improvements on most of the variables in both groups as well as me-dium-to-high effect sizes. However, no significant dif-ference was found between the two programmes. The results indicate that both cognitive behaviour therapy and Yoga are promising stress management techniques. + +In a study done at Vivekanand YogaAnusandhan Samsthan, Bangalore, Telles et al (2004) found that Yoga training + +VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010 + +can help people to reduce their heart rate, which has possible therapeutic applications. In another study done at the same place, Patil and Telles (2006) found Cyclic Meditation Technique, developed by Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhan Samsthan, Bangalore, to be more effective in achieving voluntary heart rate variability as compared with another yogic technique of Supine Rest (Savasan). + +An experiment on stress reduction using the Transcen-dental Meditation (TM) technique and Progressive Mus-cle Relaxation (PMR) was conducted at a South African firm with 80 employees (Broome et al, 2005). Six weeks of TM practice produced greater reductions in psycho-logical stress than six weeks of PMR (p<0.03). A review of studies conducted on Transcendental Meditation (TM) by Orme-Johnson, Zimmerman and Hawkins, 1997) through over 500 experimental studies in 200 Universi-ties from 33 countries revealed that TM helps expand consciousness, decrease oxygen intake and stress level, increase basal skin resistance and coherence in EEG, and virtually suspends breathing up to one minute. Tran-scendental Meditation is a skill of effortlessly minimiz-ing mental activity so that the body settles into a state of rest deeper than deep sleep while the mind becomes clear and alert. They showed that meditators displayed a greater physiological equilibrium than non-meditators. They also showed that meditators maintained this equi-librium under stress more effectively than non-medita-tors. + +Sahasi, Mohan and Kacker (1989) conducted a study to measure the effectiveness of yogic teachings in the man-agement of anxiety. A group of 91 patients suffering from anxiety neurosis were taken up for treatment. Patients were randomly assigned to Yoga therapy (Group I) or drug therapy (Group II), subject to their willingness to participate in the yogic practices. There were 38 patients in the former group while 53 patients were administered drug therapy. Patients were assessed clinically and ad-ministered psychological tests prior to the commence-ment of the treatment schedule and also after its completion. The anxiety level in Group I decreased, the Locus of Control Scale revealed increased attention/con-centration though it was not statistically significant. In the drug therapy group, pre- and post-treatment scores were not statistically significant on any test except the Locus of Control Scale. + +Sachdeva (1994) investigated the effect of 12 weeks of + +25 +yogic life-style on hypertension in a sample of 26 hyper-tensive and 20 normotensive subjects. The yogic lifestyle comprised meditation, breathing techniques, correct postures, a low-fat, non-spicy vegetarian diet, and be-havioural modification. Findings revealed a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic BP, body weight, se-rum cholesterol and triglyceride levels following the implementation of the yogic lifestyle. + +Rao (1995), in his paper, has dealt with the scientific and psychological significance of Yoga as a means of attain-ing spiritual emancipation. According to this author, findings from empirical studies on Yoga revealed that long-term practitioners of Yoga had acquired a remark-able voluntary control over their autonomic processes, which helped them in coping with psychological stress. The author describes Yoga as a system of psychotherapy and calls upon clinicians to perfect Yoga therapy so as to make its application universal. + +Taking cue from the philosophical texts of India, Pandey and Naidu (1986) studied the effort and outcome orientations as moderators of the stress-strain relation-ship. They noted that the concept of ‘detachment’ is highly valued in Indian culture. The doctrine of detached action calls upon the individual to serve the society by scrupulous performance of one’s duties with utmost skill but without desiring the fruits of actions so performed. It is one of the ways in which an altered super-conscious state or self-realization can be attained. Effort orienta-tion, according to this doctrine, is the ‘individual’s fo-cus on task at hand’ and ‘advice of not to focus on or to be concerned about the outcomes of that activity.’ Fur-ther, the doctrine emphasizes that an effort should be made to maintain emotional stability regardless of the outcome of the effort, be it success or failure. + +The authors theorized that the effort and outcome orientations may moderate the stress-strain relationship for three reasons. First, the individual practising the ideal of detached action would concentrate on most of the activities in which he engages which, in turn, would lead to the attainment of a higher degree of skills. Second, the practice of being mentally less concerned about the outcomes may help in conserving the physical and psy-chic energies and hence, the subject would be less af-fected by mental distracters such as anxiety and fear of failure (which lead to energy dissipation). Third, it is likely that the person practising these ideals cognizes + +the stressful events in relatively more positive terms. In the light of these reasons, the authors hypothesized that in the case of subjects with a high degree of effort orien-tation compared to those with a high outcome orienta-tion: (a) the correlation between stress and strain events would be smaller; and (c) the means of different strain scores would be smaller. + +A battery of three questionnaires was administered to 190 male and female students of Allahabad University in the above research done by Pande and Naidu (1986). An 18-item questionnaire was specially designed to measure outcome, Effort-I and Effort-II orientation in-dices; 33 items were selected from the scales developed by Agrawal (1985) and Tandon (1986) to measures stress. Caplan, Naidu and Tripathi (1984) Scale was used to measure strain. Pearson’s product moment coefficients of correlation and sub-grouping analysis were used to analyse the data. On the basis of these findings, the au-thors concluded that (a) concentration on the task at hand not only protected the subject from succumbing to his/ her stressful experiences but also improved his/her health even in the face of overt stress; (b) the absence of concern regarding outcomes during work activities mini-mized the strain and fostered positive health status. + +The above study done by Pande and Naidu (1986) is the main motivation for this research. This study addressed only one aspect of Yoga philosophy (effort orientation instead of outcome orientation) and reported positive results on the stress-strain relationship. The study only tried to measure and find out that people with effort orientation are less strained. Two questions arise from this. Is it possible to develop effort orientation by some training? If only one aspect of Yoga philosophy, i.e., ef-fort orientation instead of outcome orientation (Karmanye Vadhikarastu Ma Phaleshu Kadachana) can have positive impact on stress, how much better would be the impact of total adoption of the entire philosophy and practice of Yoga? Our study here tries to find an answer to these two questions. + +Also from the literature survey done so far, we can con-clude that: + +• Burnout is an outcome of a number of factors but the more important ones are internal psychological fac-tors such as internal desires, insecurity, external lo-cus of control, outcome orientation, etc. + + +26 IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF YOGA WAY OF LIFE ON THE REDUCTION OF JOB BURNOUT OF MANAGERS +• While attempts have been made in the past to meas-ure the impact of each of these individual disposi-tional factors on job burnout, no research has been done to find out if the wisdom enshrined in our scrip-tures in the form of science of Yoga can help in allevi-ating a major part of burnout. +• There have been some attempts in the past to meas-ure the impact of any one dimension of the Yoga phi-losophy (such as Vipasana or Transcendental Medita-tion) on stress, the overall effect of adoption of the Yoga way of life on job burnout has not been studied. So also, the link between Yoga and absence of burn-out has not been well understood. + +Taking cue from this, we pose the question, “Can adop-tion of a complete Yoga way of life reduce significantly the job burnout experienced by most executives? If so, can we empirically observe this phenomenon and pro-vide relevant literature support to explain this? To the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical research available so far to answer these questions. Therefore, we hypothesize that managers who learn and adopt the Yoga way of life will be able to reduce their job burnout bet-ter than the others who engage in other things to im-prove their physical and mental progress. We set up an experiment to collect data and test the hypothesis. + +EMPIRICAL STUDY AND RESULTS + +Research Design + +Grasim Industries Limited, a flagship company of the Aditya Birla Group, ranks among India’s largest private sector companies, with a consolidated net revenue of Rs.141 billion and a consolidated net profit of Rs.20 bil-lion (FY2007). Starting as a textiles manufacturer in 1948, today Grasim’s businesses comprise viscose staple fibre (VSF), cement, sponge iron, chemicals, and textiles. Its core businesses are VSF and cement, which contribute to over 90 per cent of its revenues and operating profits. The Aditya Birla Group is the world’s largest producer of VSF, commanding a 21 per cent global market share. The company meets India’s entire domestic VSF require-ments. Grasim’s VSF plants are located at Nagda in Madhya Pradesh, Kharach in Gujarat, and Harihar in Karnataka, with an aggregate capacity of 270,100 tonnes per annum. + +This controlled experiment was conducted at Birla Celluloise, one of the units manufacturing viscose sta- + +VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010 + +ple fibre owned by Grasim Industry, located at Kharach village near Bharuch. This unit has more than 120 peo-ple in the managerial cadre and more than 1,000 in the workers’ category. Most of them are staying in the town-ship of the company, which facilitated the study. The VSF plant, where this study was conducted, was set up in 1996. The average total work experience of the sam-ple group is 16.11 years. + +The salient aspects of the study methodology are sum-marized below: + +• The managers of the company were given the option of joining this experiment after explaining to them about the purpose and modality of this experiment and making clear to them the expectations of regu-larity, etc. Written consent for being a part of the ex-periment was obtained. +• Those who opted were initially divided into two equal groups of 42 each — Group I being called the Yoga group and Group II being called the physical exercise group, which was the control group for this experiment. +• The Yoga group was given 30 hours of Yoga practice (75 minutes every day) and 25 hours of theory lec-tures on the philosophy of Yoga. The theory lectures were given by the first author of this article and in-cluded topics such as definitions of Yoga way of life, implications of four types of Yoga (Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, and Bhakti Yoga) on life, analysis on aspects of true happiness in life, Ashtanga Yoga steps, central theme of universality of consciousness as given in Vedanta, etc. Practice was given for asanas, pranayama, kriya, and relaxation by a well-trained Yoga instructor. +• The control group was also given training of equal number of hours for normal physical work-out and lectures on success factors in life (based on modern thought and not Yoga). This was thought necessary in order to obviate the possibility of Hawthorne ef-fect on the experiment group. The topics for theory given to this group included success and happiness, importance of attitude, self-image, good relationship with others, goal setting, power of sub-conscious mind, communication, motivation, and leadership. The practice given to this group was fast exercises such as spot-jogging, bending, body rotation, hand and leg movements, etc. + + +27 +• In order to prove or disprove the hypotheses, job burnout was measured for both the groups, pre and post, with the help of standard self-reported ques-tionnaire. In addition, measurement of certain physi-cal parameters such as weight, BMI, BP, Blood Sugar, etc., was taken for all, both pre- and post-experiment. By far the most widely employed measure of burn-out is the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), (Maslach and Jackson, 1981), which was initially developed to gauge levels of burnout specifically among service professionals but in 1996 was modified for use with other occupations. The scale has the strongest psy-chometric properties and continues to be used most widely by researchers. It is a 22-item Likert type scale with response on a 5-point scale which was adapted in this case to 7 points ranging from ‘completely agree’ to ‘completely disagree’. Exploratory factor analyses of the three MBI scales have tended to sup-port the construct validity of the instrument, as well as its convergent and discriminant validity (Burke and Richardsen, 1993; Cordes and Dougherty, 1993). +• The pre-measurement of data was taken on Septem-ber 17, 2007. The intervention to both the groups was simultaneously given between September 18 and Oc-tober 24, 2007. The post-measurement of data was taken on October 24, 2007. +• Out of the group of 42 in both groups, there were some who did not attend any of the theory and prac-tice classes on many days, and hence only top 30 (in terms of regularity) were included for both groups in the final sample for the analysis. This came to a minimum attendance figure of 65 per cent approxi-mately for both groups. In short, people with less than 65 per cent aggregate attendance were excluded from both groups. The profile of the sample can be seen in Table 1. + +Figure 1 schematically shows the study methodology and the group composition. The data collected was ana-lysed using SPSS. The sample profile given in Table 1 indicates that 80 per cent and 86 per cent of the partici-pants from Yoga and control group respectively are from the age group of 21-50, while the rest are above 50. Simi-larly, 20 per cent of the Yoga group and 17 per cent of the control group are from the top management (i.e., Deputy General Manager and above), while 57 per cent of the Yoga group and 63 per cent of the control group are the line level managers (Deputy Managers and Of-ficers). Before proceeding with further analysis, the scale + + +Table 1: Profile of Sample + +Group Total Yoga Physical +Age 21-50 24 26 50 (80.0%) (86.7%) (83.3) +51 and above 6 4 10 (20.0%) (13.3%) (16.7%) +Level Line level 17 19 36 (56.7%) (63.3%) (60.0%) +Middle level 7 6 13 (23.3%) (20.0%) (21.7%) +Top level 6 5 11 (20.0%) (16.7%) (18.3%) + +validity was established by computing the Chronbach’s alpha. The pre-experiment construct (22-item scale) had a Chronbach’s alpha of 0.83 while post-experiment data of MBI had an alpha value of 0.89. + +Figure 1: A Schematic Representation of the Study Plan The mean and standard deviation of MBI score, pre and + +Employees in the Firm (About 1,120) + + +Control Group Experiment Group (30 Managers) (30 Managers) + + +Pre-study Pre-study Pre-study Pre-study Measurement Measurement Measurement Measurement + + +post, for both groups can be seen in Table 2. The paired t-test analysis of the pre- and post-experiment data for the Yoga group (Table 3) showed significant reduction of job burnout (p=0.000). On the other hand, in the physi-cal exercise group, the job burnout level went up after the experiment. Furthermore, the difference was statis-tically significant at p=0.008. One plausible explanation is that the schedule of attending the practical and theory classes of physical exercise could have put further pres-sure on the already tight schedule of the managers. The burnout level must therefore have gone up temporarily post-experiment. + +Further analysis shows that while the difference in the average MBI between Yoga group and physical exercise group was not significant prior to the experiment, the same was statistically significant at the end of the ex-periment with p=0.000. (Table 4) + + +28 IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF YOGA WAY OF LIFE ON THE REDUCTION OF JOB BURNOUT OF MANAGERS +Table 2: Average Scores of MBI (Group-wise, Pre and Post) + + +Group AVGAMBI Average Pre MBI AVGZMBI +Average Post MBI + + +1 Yoga +2 Physical Exercise 1 Yoga +2 Physical Exercise + +N Mean 30 2.8624 30 2.4782 30 1.9693 +30 2.8586 + +Std. Deviation 0.87645 0.68454 0.79096 +0.86580 + +Std. Error Mean 0.16002 0.12498 0.14441 +0.15807 + + + +Table 3: Group Separate Paired T Test for MBI Yoga and Physical Exercise Groups + +Paired Samples Test + +Paired Differences + + +Pair AVGAMBI Average Pre MBI +1 (Minus)-AVGZMBI Average MBI + +Mean Std. Deviation +0.8931 0.65296 + +Std. Error Mean t +0.11921 7.492 + +df Sig. (2-tailed) +29 0.000 + +a. Group = 1 Yoga + +Paired Differences + + +Pair AVGAMBI Average Pre MBI 1 (Minus)-AVGZMBI Average +Post MBI + +Mean +-0.3804 + +Std. Deviation +0.72809 + +Std. Error Mean t +0.13293 -2.861 + +df Sig. (2-tailed) +29 0.008 + +a. Group = 2 Physical Exercise + +Table 4: Independent Sample T-Test comparing the Two Groups for MBI at Pre- and Post-Intervention + +Levene’s Test for t-test for Equality of Means Quality of Variance + + + +AVGAMBI Average Pre + + +AVGZMBI Average Post + + + +Equal variance assumed +Equal variance not assumed +Equal variance assumed +Equal variance not assumed + +F Sig. + +0.614 0.436 + + + +0.561 0.457 + +t df + +1.892 58 + +1.892 54.785 + +-4.154 58 + +-4.154 57.532 + +Sig. +(2-tailed) +0.063 + +0.064 + +0.000 + +0.000 + +Mean Difference +0.3842 + +0.3842 + +-.8893 + +-0.8893 + +Std. Error Difference +0.20304 + +0.20304 + +0.21410 + +0.21410 + + + + +Yoga as a Viable Tool for Stress and Burnout Management +According to Rama Swamy, Ballentine and Swami (1976), “Yoga psychology integrates behavioural and introspective approaches to growth. It provides a per-spective in which one can become disengaged from in-volvement in the unhappy personalities he has created for himself and in the negative role he has adopted….. It moves quickly to a training programme for changing habits, thought patterns, and self concepts.” + +Job burnout is a result of two types of factors: Situational and Individual. The situational factors typically include job characteristics, occupational characteristics, and or- + +VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010 + + +ganizational characteristics. The individual factors iden-tified in the previous research are: demographic charac-teristics, personality characteristics, and job attitude. It has been argued that low levels of hardiness, poor self-esteem, external locus of control, and an avoidant cop-ing style typically constitute the profile of a stress-prone individual (Semmer, 1996). Obviously, the results from the burnout research confirm this personality profile. Research on the Big Five personality dimensions has found that burnout is linked to the dimension of neu-roticism. Neuroticism includes trait anxiety, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, and vulnerability; neu-rotic individuals are emotionally unstable and prone to psychological distress. + +29 +People vary in the expectations they bring in to their job. In some cases, these expectations are very high, both in terms of nature of work (e.g., exciting, challenging, fun) and the likelihood of achieving success (e.g., cur-ing patients, getting promoted). Presumably, high ex-pectations lead people to work too hard and do too much, thus leading to exhaustion and eventual cynicism when the high effort does not yield the expected results. + +The Yoga way of life, the concept presented in this pa-per, is an integrated approach to the changing physical, mental, vital, a nd emotional personality of an individual. It is aimed at making managers more evolved individu-als with better understanding of their job situation in the overall context of life. The teachings of Karma Yoga are useful in changing the outcome orientation to effort orientation, and in reducing the managers’expectations from the job. Attitude of acceptance of all situations re-sults in lesser friction and the resultant lesser job burn-out. + +The psychology of Yoga conceives self (atman) in terms of different levels of being. The inner-most core or atman is covered by a hierarchy of five sheaths or layers – the theory of Panch Kosha. Annamaya Kosha represents the gross physical body; Pranmaya Kosha consists of vital energy flow of the body; Manomaya Kosha is made up of mind including ego; Vijnanamaya Kosha is a sheathe of intellect (ability to understand what is good for me); and Anandmaya Kosha is the circle of bliss in our personality. This continuation of layers corresponds to a sort of step-wise ladder, leading inward to the atman; the journey inward forms the basis of growth and development: Bio-logical evolution from protozoan to man, psychological evolution from child to adult, consciousness enhance-ment from mere cognitive to universal consciousness, wherein there is no ego and there is realization that the concerns and needs of all people are the same, that what is good for one is good for all. In this growth process, feeling and emotions are accepted as having a place; they are not considered wrong or repressed but are trans-formed and redirected (Srinivas, 1994). Such a transfor-mation in one’s personality diminishes the job burnout of managers. + +Rao (1983) has very succinctly traced the origin of stress in Indian thought. Going back to the Samkhya and Yoga systems, he has pointed out that there are two Sanskrit words - klesha and dukha which approximates stress. The + +word klesha has its origin in the root khis which means to ‘torment’, ‘cause pain’ or to ‘afflict.’ Klesha is not a mental process but is a set of ‘hindering load’ on our mental process; it produces agitations which act as re-strictions or hindrances. The Samkhya Yoga system ex-plains that the fundamental non-cognition which leads to phenomenological stress is avidya (lack of true knowl-edge). This avidya leads to asmita (self-appraisal), raga (object appraisal), dvesha (threat appraisal) and abhinivesha (fear of death), which cause stress (klesha). The solution, according to Seer Patanjali, therefore lies in removing avidya by getting true knowledge of self. It is this true knowledge of self which changes one’s per-ception towards the so-called kleshas or stressful situa-tions. They no longer bother an individual. + +The system of Yoga is analytical and not only helps the individual in understanding his own stress but also leads him to the roots of that stress. It makes an individual more aware of his situation and allows him to give con-sidered rather than intuitive response to it. The amount of role stress is not as important for an individual’s men-tal and physical health as the way he/she copes with stress. Coping styles or strategies may either be oriented towards avoiding stress or towards dealing with stress. (Pestonjee, 1999). This way Yoga helps one deal with stress in a better way. + +Nagendra and Nagarathna (1988) have dealt with stress management in their book entitled, New Perspectives in Stress Management. According to them, the ancient In-dian science of Yoga holds the key for combating this modern menace. Some modern methods of stress man-agement and their limitations and the management of stress by Yoga are discussed in the book, for example, SMET (Self Management of Executive Tension) tech-nique; QRT (Quick Relaxation Technique). These are some of the programmes developed by the Vivekananda Kendra for the management of stress which have been found to reduce stress significantly. + +In most organizations, leaders play a pivotal role in driv-ing performance. There are a variety of leadership train-ing programmes being tried nowadays by successful companies, but the Yoga way of life is rarely taught. At the most, Yogasanas are being taught to the group as a part of morning physical work-out. There are a few com-panies that have of late started providing for medita-tion rooms at workplace, for the ease of managers who + + +30 IMPACT OF ADOPTION OF YOGA WAY OF LIFE ON THE REDUCTION OF JOB BURNOUT OF MANAGERS +want to go into solitude to sharpen their creativities. + +It may be worthwhile to give systematic exposure of wisdom enshrined in our ancient scriptures to all mana-gerial cadres of companies, which would help them per-sonally as well as professionally. They can become better self-aware and self-regulated individuals, with a proper perspective of life and various relationships. The Yoga way of life is all about the correct attitude to life, which can result into reduced stress and job burnout for man-agers. In the Indian context, the assimilation of this knowledge may be better and easier, since the Indians have grown with all these concepts right from childhood. + +‘How can one proceed in this?’ is a very important ques-tion. First of all, the top leaders of the company have to be convinced about the utility of this idea. They should themselves have the necessary trust in this philosophy and in the results it can bring. Some people may be un-necessarily apprehensive about the renunciation effect that introduction of this philosophy may have on the drive or killing instinct of their executives. Such appre-hensions come out of wrong understanding of true con-cepts of Yoga. For example, far from being against ‘goal orientation,’ the concept of Karma Yoga is so dynamic in nature that it frees an individual from all worries and propels him to action immediately. Also a person who is not excessively worried about the results can only be a true risk-taker, who will take tough decisions in the best interest of his organization. + +Once convinced about the utility of this kind of train-ing, the tougher challenge lies in finding the right peo-ple to train company executives. Secondly, this has to be a continuous training which is repeated periodically. Thirdly, an atmosphere of the Yoga way of life has to be created through the company policy. The company poli- + + +REFERENCES + +Agrawal, M (1985). “A Study of Stresses among University Students,” Unpublished thesis, University of Allahabad, Allahabad. +Becker, I (2000). “Uses of Yoga in Psychiatry and Medicine,” in Muskin, P R (Ed.), Complementary and Alternative Medi-cine and Psychiatry, Washington DC: American Psychiat-ric Press, 107-145. +Bhole, M V (1977). “Psycho Physiological Importance of Some Yoga Practices,” Paper presented at the International Seminar on Stress in Health and Diseases, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. + + +VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010 + +cies have also to pass the test of the Yoga way in terms of complete adherence to ethical-moral code prescribed in Yama and Niyama. + +CONCLUSIONS + +Job burnout is a debilitating psychological condition, which has serious repercussions for an individual’s per-sonal health as also on the organizational effectiveness. Earlier studies have addressed several aspects related to stress and burnout. However, our study confirms the useful role that the Yoga way of life can play in manag-ing stress and burnout among managers. The results show a significant difference between those who are introduced to the practice of the Yoga way of life and others in burnout and stress. Among many suggested coping skills for stress, Yoga happens to be fitting in the best, mainly because of its ability to change positively individual responses to stress stimuli. However, in or-der to get the benefit of Yoga in its entirety, one has to adopt Yoga as a technique of life management. This would include not only the Raj Yoga practices of asana, pranayama, and meditation, but also imbibing the con-cept of detatched action (Karma Yoga), trust in God’s jus-tice system (Bhakti Yoga), and seeking the knowledge of self (Jnan Yoga). 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He holds a basic degree in Accountancy and a Post Graduate Diploma from the Indian Institute of Manage-ment, Bangalore. He was awarded the ‘Gold Medal’ for Aca-demic Excellence in Post Graduate Programme in Public Policy and Management by IIMB in 2004. He obtained his Ph.D. in Yoga from Swami Vivekananda Yoga University, Bangalore. Dr. Adhia has written two books –Reinventing Government through HRM Strategies and My Notes to Myself. These address the HRM issues in the government sector. + +e-mail: adhia03@hotmail.com + +H R Nagendra is at present the President of VYASA, Banga-lore, VYASA, International, VYERTI, Melbourne and the Vice Chancellor of SVYASA Deemed University. He has authored and co-authored about 35 books on Yoga, nearly 35 research papers in engineering and 60 in Yoga. He has awards from the Ministry of Health, a Yoga Sri award from BKS Iyengar and a + +Udupa, K N; Singh, R H and Dwivedi, K N (1977). “Biochemi-cal Studies on Meditation,” Paper presented at the Inter-national Seminar on Stress in Health and Diseases, Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi. +Vasudevan, A (1994). “Meditation in Tension Headache,” NIMHANS Journal, 12(1), 69-73. +Venkatesh, S (1994). “A Comparative Study of Yoga Practitio-ners and Controls on Certain Psychological Variables,” Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21(1), 22-27. +Stephen, W and Lesley, L (2002). Managing Workplace Stress: A Best Practice Blueprint, John Wiley & Sons. + + + +Senior Citizens Award from New Delhi. He is a consultant in Yoga to many Universities in Australia and USA, and a mem-ber of several bodies in the Government of India. + +e-mail: hrnagendra@rediffmail.com + +B Mahadevan is a Professor of Operations Management at the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, where he has been teaching since 1992. Professor Mahadevan received his M.Tech and a Ph.D from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Ma-dras. He obtained his B.E. from the College of Engineering, Guindy, Madras. He is a member of the editorial board of the Production and Operations Management Journal and the Interna-tional Journal of Business Excellence. He has published several of his research findings in leading international journals. His research interests include supply chain management issues in e-markets and e-auction. His other interests include research-ing the possibility of using ancient Indian wisdom to address contemporary concerns. + +e-mail: mahadev@iimb.ernet.in + + + + + + + + + + +Yoga is invigoration in relaxation. Freedom in routine. Confidence through self control. Energy within and energy without. + +— Ymber Delecto + + + + + + + + + + +VIKALPA • VOLUME 35 • NO 2 • APRIL - JUNE 2010 33 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Impact of Integrated Yoga Module on Leadership Competencies of Managers _ Taware _ Prabandhan_ Indian Journal of Management conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Impact of Integrated Yoga Module on Leadership Competencies of Managers _ Taware _ Prabandhan_ Indian Journal of Management conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1430b3b2ebb5780818f83e288e0fc112117b3c8c --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Impact of Integrated Yoga Module on Leadership Competencies of Managers _ Taware _ Prabandhan_ Indian Journal of Management conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,290 @@ +All + + + + + + + + + + HOME ABOUT US LOGIN REGISTER EDITORIAL BOARD ARCHIVES AUTHOR INDEX TITLE INDEX CART 0 + +Home > Volume 10, Issue 7, July 2017 > Taware MENU Indexing/Abstracting + +Open Access Subscription or Fee Access Total views : 682 Current Issue + + + +Impact of Integrated Yoga Module on Leadership Competencies of Managers + +Subscription/Renewal + +Online Subscription of +Journals + + + +Datta S. Taware 1*, Sony Kumari 2, K. B. Akhilesh 3, H. R. Nagendra 4 + +Affiliations +1. Research Scholar, Division of Yoga and Management, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani Hobli, Bangalore - 560 105, India +2. Associate Professor, Division of Yoga and Management, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani Hobli, Bangalore - 560 105, India +3. Professor, Department of Management Studies, Indian Institute of Science, C V Raman Avenue, Bangalore- 560 012, India +4. Chancellor, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Prashanti Kutiram, Jigani Hobli, Bangalore - 560 105, India + +DOI: 10.17010/pijom/2017/v10i7/116491 + +Abstract + +Leadership remains one of the most researched topics, but scientific mechanisms behind the phenomenon are not yet known completely. Leadership competency is considered as a trait of a leader than a process in the organizational context. The purpose of this research was to explore the impact of integrated yoga module on leadership competencies as given in Indian transformational leadership (ITL) and propose a model for the leadership phenomenon. We conducted a randomized control trial study on a total of 126 managers with 90 days of intervention (integrated yoga module (yoga group) (n = 63) and physical exercise (PhyEx group) (n = 63) participants). Experiments revealed that leadership competencies were affected by both integrated yoga module and physical exercise significantly (p < 0.001). RM ANOVA results showed that yoga group showed high effect of size than physical exercise and had a consistent significant effect over repeated measures. The integrated yoga module was found to have a consistent positive impact on most of the leadership competencies with emotional and cognitive domains requiring willpower and self control, while physical exercise had a positive impact only on emotional domains of leadership competencies. + +Keywords + +Leadership Competency, Leadership Phenomenon, Indian Transformational Leadership, Willpower, Integrated Yoga Module, Physical Exercise + +Publishing Chronology + +D23, I31, J17, M53, Z12 + +Paper Submission Date : October 28, 2016 ; Paper sent back for Revision : May 10, 2017 ; Paper Acceptance Date : June 15, 2017. + + +Full Text: + + +| (PDF views: 0) + +References + + +1. Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., & Weber, T. J. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 60 (1), 421 - 449. + +2. Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior. 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Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association. + + + +DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17010/pijom%2F2017%2Fv10i7%2F116491 + +Refbacks +There are currently no refbacks. + + + + + + + + +Home About Us Search Current Archives Editorial Board Author Index Title Index Subscriptions Contact Us + +© 2007 - 2021 • Associated Management Consultants Private Limited | All Rights Reserved | Powered by Informatics Publishing Limited diff --git a/subfolder_0/Impact of Sanskrit prosody on anxiety, mindfulness, and self-concept in young adolescents A four-armed control trial..txt b/subfolder_0/Impact of Sanskrit prosody on anxiety, mindfulness, and self-concept in young adolescents A four-armed control trial..txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1084efb4487a09175c1bd74ca52c1f5e8c2dd196 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Impact of Sanskrit prosody on anxiety, mindfulness, and self-concept in young adolescents A four-armed control trial..txt @@ -0,0 +1,1025 @@ +4 +© 2021 Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow +Impact of Sanskrit prosody on anxiety, mindfulness, and +self-concept in young adolescents: A four-armed control +trial +Mollika Ganguly1, Sriloy Mohanty2, Sampadananda Mishra3, Sanjib Patra4, Monika Jha2 +1Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA Yoga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, 2Center for Integrative Medicine and Research, +AIIMS, New Delhi, India, 3Sri Aurobindo Foundation for Indian Culture, Sri Aurobindo Society, Puducherry, India, 4Department of Yoga, +Central University of Rajasthan (CURaj), Ajmer District, Rajasthan, India +INTRODUCTION +Adolescence is the transition period where a child experiences +immense neurodevelopmental changes which then impacts +cognitive abilities, emotions, self, and social judgment +(Paus, Keshavan, & Giedd, 2008). The maturation of subcortical +structures due to hormonal changes in puberty is associated +with emotions (Davidson et al., 2002), decision-making, and +reward-seeking tendencies (Harden et al., 2018). With the onset +of puberty which is characterized by physical, psychological, +and hormonal transformation (Goddings et al., 2014), greater +emotional and social involvement takes place (Viner et al., 2012) +and a higher sense of reputation damage or enhancement is +also prevalent due to peer presence and how it perceives the +society. Hence, there is a great amount of difference in the way +an adolescent makes his discussions compared to that of an +adult (Somerville, 2013). Research shows that onset of varied +Background: Upsurge in anxiety and struggle with self-concept commonly appears during adolescence. Chanting +of many forms have been established to improve emotional personality features. +Aim and Objectives: We conducted a four-armed comparative study to explore the capacity of Chanda/prosody +to impact anxiety, mindfulness, and self-concept in young adolescents. +Material and Methods: A total of 140 students (12.12 ± 0.74 years) were screened, out of which 138 met the +inclusion criteria and were allocated into four groups: humming a Chanda, chanting a Sanskrit verse, reading +an English phrase (EP), and silent sitting. Baseline and postintervention data were collected using the Spence +Children’s Anxiety Scale, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale for Children, and Children’s Self-Concept Scale. +Result: Our study results reveal that there was a significant reduction in anxiety levels in the humming group +and few domains of anxiety in the chanting group as well. The mindfulness scores were significantly improved +in all the four groups including the humming and chanting groups after the interventions. +Conclusion: There was no effect on self-concept scores in the humming group whereas the chanting group +had a significant improvement in self-concept scale. +Key Words: Adolescence, anxiety, Chanda, mindfulness, Sanskrit prosody, self-concept +Address for correspondence: +Dr. Sanjib Patra, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. +E-mail: sanjib.patra@curaj.ac.in +Submitted: 17-Mar-2021 Accepted: 19-May-2021 Published: 21-Jul-2021 +How to cite this article: Ganguly M, Mohanty S, Mishra S, +Patra S, Jha M. Impact of Sanskrit prosody on anxiety, mindfulness, +and self-concept in young adolescents: A four-armed control trial. Yoga +Mimamsa 2021;53:4-11. +This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the +Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which +allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as +appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. +For reprints contact: WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com +Access this article online +Quick Response Code: +Website: +www.ym-kdham.in +DOI: +10.4103/ym.ym_19_21 +Abstract +Original Article +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Ganguly, et al.: Sanskrit prosody for psychological well-being in adolescents +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +5 +psychological disorders heightens during the period of adolescence +(Kessler et al., 2005). Some common comorbidities found in +adolescence in the United States as reported by a previous study +are internalizing, including fear and distress, and externalizing, +including behavior and substance use (Kessler et al., 2014). +Anxiety (Weymouth & Buehler, 2016), depression, and substance +use are among many common problems in adolescence requiring +adaptable strategies (Teesson et al., 2020). +Self-concept is an attribute of an individual which means the +perceptions and beliefs of a person related to their feelings, +attitude, social acceptance, and skills impacting their behavior +making them to accept varied responsibilities in life (Scatolini, +Zanni, & Pfeifer, 2017). Piers and Herzberg defined self-concept +as “a relatively stable set of attitudes reflecting both description +and evaluation of one’s own behaviours and attribute” (Piers, +Dale, & David, n.d.) and friends play a significant role in the +development of self-concept in adolescence (Romund et al., +2017). Studies suggest that there is a vivid connection between +emotional intelligence and mindfulness and both can be enhanced +with direct classroom intervention in adolescence (Rodríguez- +Ledo, Orejudo, Cardoso, Balaguer, & Zarza-Alzugaray, 2018). +Mindfulness is basically a quality of consciousness and refers +to having absolute awareness of the present moment. It has been +proven to be highly useful in regulating emotions, dealing with +stress, Psychological Well-being (Brown, Ryan, & Creswell, +2007; Osman, Lamis, Bagge, Freedenthal, & Barnes, 2016), +and psychological functioning (Baer, 2003). Moreover, regular +practice of mindfulness has shown favorable outcomes in +enhancing sustained attention (Schmertz, Anderson, & Robins, +2009) and improved capacity to deal with depression (Fennell, +2004), mood, and anxiety, particularly in adolescents (Schonert- +Reichl & Lawlor, 2010). Mindfulness programs have also had +commendable medical outcomes in ability to manage chronic +pain (McCracken & Thompson, 2009), fibromyalgia (Grossman, +Tiefenthaler-Gilmer, Raysz, & Kesper, 2007), and cancer-related +distress (Carlson & Brown, 2005). It has been seen that increase +in negative emotions reduces happiness and higher emotional +variability, causing emotional disturbances leading behavioral +problems in adolescence (Beauchaine, Gatzke-Kopp, & Mead, +2007), thus mindfulness practices are recommended to improve +stability and reduce reactive tendency during stressful situations +(Ashe, Newman, & Wilson, 2015). +Various measures such as cognitive-behavior therapy, high +intensity intermittent games-based activity, and mindfulness +competence development program have been experimented and +proved worthy to help an adolescent with anxiety, emotions, +mindfulness, improved cognitive abilities, and enhanced +self-concept (Cooper et al., 2018; Rodríguez-Ledo et al., 2018; +Warwick et al., 2017). Studies also show that yoga can help +in enhancing psychological fitness while superbrain yoga has +shown positive results in reducing anxiety in adolescence +(Choukse, Ram, & Nagendra, 2019; Kumar, Singh, & Prof, 2017). +Mantra chanting, a key element of yoga, has also been effective +in improving performance IQ (Chamoli et al., 2017), executive +function (Pradhan & Derle, 2012), and reading accuracy +(Colwell & Murlless, 2002) in children. Chanda/prosody is an +important component of chanting. Chanda are pauses and rhythm +in Sanskrit poetry and are categorized according to certain rules +based on the number and arrangement of syllables, the arrangement +of pauses, and the number of syllabic instants in verse. In classical +Sanskrit poetry, there is a wide range of prosodies/Chanda. Among +these Chanda, Totakam (Mishra, 1999) is a popular Chanda with a +very simple pattern, hence compatible for children to follow. While +there are a lot of studies on the beneficial effects of chanting, there +Table 1: Baseline characteristics of subjects +T +otal +(n=138) +Chanting +English +phrase read +Humming +Silent +sitting +p* +Age +12.11±0.76 +12.17±0.706 +12.13±0.819 +12.08±0.701 +12.05±0.803 +Gender, n (%) +Male +70 (50.83) +14 (40) +12 (40) +21 (60) +23 (60.53) +Female +68 (49.17) +21 (60) +18 (60) +14 (40) +15 (40.47) +Spence Anxiety Scale for Children +SA +32.56±10.62 +8.40±2.93 +8.43±2.89 +7.97±2.35 +7.76±2.45 +0.66 +SP +35.08±10.2 +8.71±2.28 +9.10±2.92 +8.80±2.5 +8.47±2.50 +0.79 +OCD +22.85±12.63 +5.97±3.40 +6.33±3.52 +5.11±2.62 +5.44±3.09 +0.41 +PD +29.68±15.5 +7.34±4.53 +7.70±4.42 +8.28±3.68 +6.36±2.87 +0.18 +PIF +16.79±10.67 +4.34±2.91 +4.21±2.74 +4.22±2.35 +4.02±2.67 +0.28 +GA +28.72±11.71 +7.20±2.84 +7.43±2.84 +7.02±2.75 +7.07±3.28 +0.94 +MAAS‑C +15.37±3.26 +4.00±0.99 +3.77±0.87 +3.87±0.71 +3.73±0.69 +0.51 +Children’s Self‑Concept Scale +Anxiety +54.23±13.29 +14.62±3.63 +12.1±3.66 +13.57±3.06 +13.94±2.94 +0.71 +Behavior +37.88±10.38 +9.68±2.24 +8.86±2.73 +9.77±2.49 +9.57±2.92 +0.50 +HS +23.49±6.6 +5.74±1.54 +5.83±1.98 +6.08±1.50 +5.84±1.48 +0.83 +ISS +37.4±10.42 +9.2±2.36 +9.83±2.52 +9.37±2.76 +9.0±2.78 +0.61 +PAA +26.75±7.71 +6.85±2.01 +6.8±1.98 +6.68±1.77 +6.42±1.95 +0.77 +Popularity +27.95±10.05 +7.0±2.52 +6.9±2.36 +7.0±2.61 +7.05±2.56 +0.99 +Data are presented as n (%) or mean±SD. *One‑way ANOVA was done to compare the baseline characteristics between the four groups. SD, Standard deviation; +SA, Separation anxiety; SP, Social phobia; OCD, Obsessive‑compulsive disorder; PIF +, Physical injury fears; PD, Panic disorder; GA, Generalized anxiety; MAAS‑C, Mindfulness +Attention Awareness Scale for Children; HS, Happiness and satisfaction; ISS, Intellectual and school status; PAA, Physical appearance and attributes +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Ganguly, et al.: Sanskrit prosody for psychological well-being in adolescents +6 +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +Table 2: Comparison of baseline scores of Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale and Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale for Children +scores with scores at 1 month +Domains +Chanting +Percentage +change +English +phrase +read +Percentage +change +Humming +Percentage +change +Silent +sitting +Percentage +change +p +(unadjusted) +p (adjusted +for baseline) +F +Spence Children’s +Anxiety Scale +SA +Pre +8.40±2.93 +−14.30 +8.43±2.89 +−9.10 +7.97±2.35 +−8.30 +7.76±2.45 +−9.80 +0.66 +0.23 +0.377 +Post +7.20±1.89 +7.66±2.45 +7.31±2.94 +7.00±2.95 +0.76 +MD +1.20±2.78 +0.76±2.26 +0.65±2.64 +0.76±3.13 +p +0.01 +0.007 +0.15 +0.14 +SP +Pre +8.71±2.28 +−15.00 +9.10±2.92 +−9 +8.80±2.5 +−6 +8.47±2.50 +−14.30 +0.79 +0.59 +1.249 +Post +7.40±2.91 +8.30±2.84 +8.25±2.95 +7.26±2.84 +0.29 +MD +1.31±2.74 +0.80±3.58 +0.54±3.07 +1.21±4.26 +p +0.0076 +0.23 +0.3 +0.08 +OCD +Pre +5.97±3.40 +−9.20 +6.33±3.52 +−12.20 +5.11±2.62 +−10.60 +5.44±3.09 +5.90 +0.41 +0.45 +0.936 +Post +5.42±3.16 +5.56±2.52 +4.57±3.10 +5.76±3.83 +0.42 +MD +0.54±4.25 +0.76±3.50 +0.54±2.97 +−0.31±4.99 +p +0.45 +0.24 +0.28 +0.69 +PD +Pre +7.34±4.53 +0.2916 +7.70±4.42 +0.0481 +8.28±3.68 +0.2029 +6.36±2.87 +0.0236 +0.18 +0.97 +1.486 +Post +5.20±3.98 +7.33±3.79 +6.60±4.49 +6.21±4.33 +0.22 +MD +2.14±4.05 +0.36±3.76 +1.68±4.10 +0.15±5.01 +p +0.0036 +0.59 +0.02 +0.84 +PIF +Pre +4.34±2.91 +−38.90 +4.21±2.74 +−9.70 +4.22±2.35 +−2.60 +4.02±2.67 +6.00 +0.28 +0.27 +2.124 +Post +2.65±2.73 +3.80±2.39 +4.11±3.35 +4.26±3.21 +0.1 +MD +1.68±2.32 +1.40±0.60 +0.11±2.47 +−0.23±4.25 +p +0.0001 +0.02 +0.78 +0.72 +GA +Pre +7.20±2.84 +−32.20 +7.43±2.84 +−20.20 +7.02±2.75 +−15.40 +7.07±3.28 +−12.40 +0.94 +0.29 +1.471 +Post +4.88±2.77 +5.93±2.42 +5.94±2.49 +6.19±3.43 +0.22 +MD +2.31±3.25 +1.50±3.36 +1.08±3.00 +0.89±4.44 +p +0.0002 +0.02 +0.03 +0.22 +MAAS‑C +Pre +4.00±0.99 +3.77±0.87 +13 +3.87±0.71 +9.80 +3.73±0.69 +16.60 +0.51 +0.45 +0.117 +Post +0.32±1.00 +4.26±0.66 +4.25±0.86 +4.35±0.84 +0.95 +MD +−0.32±0.82 +−0.49±0.74 +−4.37±0.77 +−0.61±0.65 +p +0.02 +0.0011 +0.0075 +<0.0001 +SA, Separation anxiety; SP, Social phobia; OCD, Obsessive‑compulsive disorder; PIF +, Physical injury fears; PD, Panic disorder; GA, Generalized anxiety; MAAS‑C, Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale for Children +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Ganguly, et al.: Sanskrit prosody for psychological well-being in adolescents +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +7 +is not any study that shows the impact of Chanda/prosody element +of chanting. Our study is thus aimed at finding out the effect of the +prosody element, i.e., the rhythm and pauses in chanting and its +impact, with or without the verses on anxiety, cognitive abilities, +and mindfulness in young adolescence. +MATERIALS AND METHODS +Trial design +The current study was a comparative four-armed parallel-group +trial, conducted in a CBSE school in South Bangalore, India. +All subjects, after recruitment were allocated into four groups, +i.e., Humming the prosody, i.e., Chanda without actual chanting +(Humming a Chanda [HC] group), Chanting a mantra (CM +group), reading an English phrase (EP group), and silently sitting +(SS group) according to sections of respective grades in school. +The training and the assessments were carried out during school +hours. There was no stratification or blinding done in this study. +Figure 1 represents the trail profile of the study. The project +was approved by the institutional ethical committee and written +consent was obtained from the parents of all participants and the +children gave a verbal approval after we explained the detailed +procedure of the research trial. +Participants +An Indian CBSE school was approached, and 140 students aged +between 12 and 13 years (mean age: 12.11 ± 0.76 years) of +Grades 7 and 8 were screened for the study. Both boys and girls +were considered in the study. Out of these 140 students, 138 were +recruited who met the inclusion criteria. Children having any +kind of learning disability and visual or verbal impairment were +excluded from the study. Hence, two students were excluded +from the trial for having learning disabilities as reported by the +school authorities, based on the information given by their parents. +Information such as the demographic details, such as children’s +health status and development and mother language, was collected +from the parents and school records. All the students were from +middle or high economic backgrounds and were able to understand +and write English language. +Intervention +The current research trial had four groups which were (1) humming +the prosody or rhythmic recitation without actual chanting +(HR group), (2) chanting a Mantra (CM group), (3) EP group, and +(4) silently sitting (SS group). The HC group was oriented into +learning the rhythm of reciting a Chanda called Totakam. Totakam +is a yoga-based recitation with a very simple pattern and has 12 +syllables where every third syllable is elongated. The reason for this +intervention group was to nullify the effect of words or the meaning +of verse from chanting, completely. The CM group children were +made to learn a Sanskrit verse called Madhurashtakam, in Totakam +Chanda, which was written by Shri Vallabhacharya. +The EP group was taught an English phrase, “When your +happiness is dependent upon what is happening outside of you, +constantly you live as a slave to the external situation” by Jaggi +Vasudev, widely known as Sadhguru, and the silent sitting (SS) +group was requested to sit in silence observing their thoughts +with their eyes closed. +All the four groups were asked to practice their respective +interventions for 5 min, 3 times a day, making it a 15-min +intervention every day. This was done during the school hours once +in the beginning of the 1st period, once at noon, and once before +home time. Groupwise training was carried out in separate rooms, +provided by the school. Every 10 students had one volunteer +teacher to administer and report adherence of their practice. The +CM and HR groups were trained by the authors who are experts +in reciting the yoga recitations. The phrasing, smoothness, and +pace were closely monitored by the authors as rhythm is the most +important part of rhythmic yoga recitations which is our primary +intervention. +Table 3: Comparison of baseline self‑concept scale score with score at 1 month +Domain +Chanting (n=35) +English phrase +reading (n=30) +Humming (n=35) +Silent sitting (n=38) +p (b/w +group) +F +Pre +Post +Pre +Post +Pre +Post +Pre +Post +Anxiety +14.62±3.63 +17.48±3.81 +12.1±3.66 +14.86±3.38 13.57±3.06 12.97±3.47 13.94±2.94 13.94±3.03 +<0.01 +12.87 +<0.01 +<0.01 +0.25 +0.99 +1,2,3* +Behavior +9.68±2.24 +10.88±2.84 +8.86±2.73 +9.7±2.56 +9.77±2.49 +9.97±2.95 +9.57±2.92 10.05±2.81 +0.39 +1.00 +<0.01 +0.28 +0.64 +0.21 +HS +5.74±1.54 +6.14±1.41 +5.83±1.98 +6.13±1.30 +6.08±1.50 +5.82±1.88 +5.84±1.48 +6.05±1.29 +0.69 +0.66 +0.08 +0.54 +0.39 +0.24 +ISS +9.2±2.36 +10.65±2.40 +9.83±2.52 +10.96±1.93 9.37±2.76 +9.54±2.25 +9.0±2.78 +9.21±2.81 +0.01 +4.05 +<0.01 +0.11 +0.67 +0.62 +5* +PAA +6.85±2.01 +7.77±1.64 +6.8±1.98 +7.43±1.85 +6.68±1.77 +6.34±1.81 +6.42±1.95 +6.68±2.13 +<0.01 +4.55 +<0.01 +0.21 +0.25 +0.23 +2* +Popularity +7.0±2.52 +8.08±2.58 +6.9±2.36 +7.4±2.20 +7.0±2.61 +6.74±2.61 +7.05±2.56 +6.97±2.52 +0.05 +2.66 +<0.01 +0.47 +0.51 +0.79 +Total +score +53.11±10.39 61.02±11.13 50.33±10.37 56.5±9.37 52.48±9.42 51.4±10.63 51.84±9.87 52.92±9.79 +<0.01 +7.77 +<0.01 +0.03 +0.47 +0.33 +2,3* +#A comparison between the groups was conducted as follows: Chanting versus English phrase reading=1, Chanting versus humming=2, Chanting versus silent +sitting=3, English phrase reading versus humming=4, English phrase reading versus silent sitting=5, Humming versus silent sitting=6. *Significant difference in the +between group analysis is denoted by. HS, Happiness and satisfaction; ISS, Intellectual and school status; PAA, Physical appearance and attributes +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Ganguly, et al.: Sanskrit prosody for psychological well-being in adolescents +8 +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +Outcome +Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale +Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale is a tool to measure anxiety +in children. It is a self-measure tool with 44 items out of +which 38 items are further categorized into six subscales of +specific anxiety such as social phobia, separation anxiety, +panic attack/agoraphobia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, +generalized anxiety, and physical injury fears and the +remaining 8 items are positive fillers. Children are asked to +response with the frequency in which these symptoms occur +on a four-point scale ranging from never (scored 0) to always +(scored 3). Total score is then calculated by summing up the +scales of all 38 anxiety symptom items (Spence, Barrett, & +Turner, 2003). It is a highly reliable tool to measure anxiety +in school-going adolescence (alpha = 0.92) (Essau, Muris, & +Ederer, 2002). +Children’s Self-Concept Scale +Self-concept or self-esteem is an important construct of a child’s +psychology and has been studied by a large number of researchers +using standardized tools (Kwan, John, & Thein, 2007). The +Children’s Self-Concept Scale was originally proposed by Piers +& Harris and it has a multidimensional theory of self-concept +which is global feelings and specific feelings: global feelings +meaning “how a person feels about himself in general” and +specific meaning “how a person feels about himself in a specific +area of functioning” (Piers & Harris, 1969). This scale consists +of 80 items of self-concept further divided into six subdomains, +namely intellectual and academic status (17 items), behavior +(16 items), anxiety (14 items), appearance (13 items), popularity +(12 items), and satisfaction (10 items) (Yang et al., 2013). +Children’s Self-Concept Scale is a highly consistent tool with an +alpha of 0.91 (Scatolini et al., 2017). +Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale for Children +The Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) was +originally developed by Brown & Ryan (Brown & Ryan, 2003) +and is one of the most popular instruments to measure mindfulness +(Ruiz, Suárez-Falcón, & Riaño-Hernández, 2016). A children’s +version of this scale was later developed and validated in the +year 2011, which showed that MAAS for Children Mindful +Attention Awareness Scale - Children (MAAS-C) had high internal +Allocation +Analysis +Enrollment +Assessed for eligibility (n = 140) +Excluded (n = 2) +• Not meeting inclusion criteria (n = 2) +• Declined to participate (n = 0) +• Other reasons (n = 0) +Randomized (n = 138) +Humming a Chanda +Group (n = 35) +Chanting a Shloka +Group (n = 35) +Reading an English +Phrase (n = 30) +Silent Sitting Group +(n = 38) +Follow-UP +Lost to follow-up (n = 0) +Discontinued intervention (n = 0) +Analysed (n = 138) +• Excluded from analysis(n = 0) +Figure 1: Trial profile of the study +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Ganguly, et al.: Sanskrit prosody for psychological well-being in adolescents +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +9 +consistency (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha) and a one-factor solution. +The MAAS-Children (MAAS-C), as well as a battery of measures +assessing a corpus of dimensions of well-being, includes self- +concept, optimism, positive and negative effect, school efficacy, +classroom autonomy and supportiveness, depression, and anxiety +(Lawlor et al., 2014). +RESULTS +Demographic details of the participants are presented in Table +1. There were no significant changes in the domains of the +Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale for children when compared +between groups. However, there was a significant difference in +the domains of SA, SP, PD, PIF, and GA in the chanting group +and PD and GA in the humming group during within-group +analysis (p < 0.05). MAAS for children reported no significant +difference when compared between groups. However, there was +a significant difference in all the groups on within-group analysis. +Table 2. represents the results of Spence children’s Anxiety scale +and MAAS-C. A significant change was noticed in the domains +of anxiety, intellectual and school status, physical appearance +and attributes, and the total scores of the self-concept scale in +all the four groups after the interventions. On pairwise group +comparisons, the change in the domain of anxiety was significant +for the chanting versus English phrase reading, chanting versus +humming, and chanting versus SS (p < 0.05). When intellectual +and school status for English phrase reading was compared to +the SS group, a significant difference was depicted (p < 0.05). +Furthermore, physical appearance and attributes scores and total +scores were found significantly improved for chanting versus +humming but only total scores in the humming versus SS groups. +There was a significant change in all the domains except happiness +and satisfaction after chanting (p < 0.01). However, participants +in the English phrase reading group also showed a significant +increase in the scores of anxiety and total scores of the self-concept +scale after intervention (p < 0.01 and p = 0.03). There was a +reduction in the anxiety levels for the humming group whereas +increase in all anxiety scores in the remaining three groups. Table 3 +represents the result for Children’s Self-concept Scale. +DISCUSSION +Adolescence is a sensitive period for emergence of anxiety (Leigh +& Clark, 2018). Anxiety and peer relations are major concerns in +early adolescence (Erath, Flanagan, & Bierman, 2007). Difficulty +in emotional regulation is closely associated to both social and +generalized anxieties among adolescents (Mathews, Kerns, & +Ciesla, 2014). Self-concept is impacted with transition in middle +school children (Onetti, Fernández-García, & Castillo-Rodríguez, +2019). The concept of mindfulness has lately gained a lot of +attention due to its capacity to influence self-regulatory processes +(Baldus et al., 2018) +Chanting has been used for ages to overcome psychological and +emotional disturbances (Perry, Polito, & Thompson, 2021), but the +individual component of chanting that is Chandas or prosody has +not been studied so far. We attempted to specifically understand the +impact of Chanda (rhythm or pauses) used in chanting with four +groups to eliminate the factors of words, their meanings. In the +current study, we evaluated the effect of humming of “Totakam” +Chanda on anxiety among children aged between 12 and 14 years. +There was a significant improvement in self-concept scores in +the humming and chanting groups. There was also a significant +reduction in anxiety in the chanting group when compared to +the other three groups in between-group analysis. There were +no changes in the anxiety levels of the children allocated to +the humming group, however, the chanting group showed +improvement in the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale. +As per our knowledge, this is the first scientific effort made to +explore and analyze the impact of Chandas on domains such as +anxiety, mindfulness, and self-concept. We specifically chose this +age group as young adolescence is such a vulnerable age where +all sorts of delinquent behavior tend to increase (Moffitt, 1993). +Although we managed to get a sample size of 138 students to +have a minimum of 30 in each group, we could not randomize +them as they were in 4 different sections and moving them for +intervention was not allowed by the school management which +was one drawback of the study. Furthermore, since the subject +was new to the school management and not much work is out +there for reference, we got permission to conduct our study only +for 30 days which is not sufficient to notice the significance of +our intervention. In spite of the above challenges, this study will +make a firm base for further research on Chandas and its impact +in various domains. +CONCLUSION +Humming of Sanskrit prosody has reported an overall reduction +in anxiety levels when compared to the remaining three groups. +However, there was a decrease in the anxiety levels in the +chanting group as well. There was a significant increase in the +mindfulness scores in the humming as well as chanting groups. +There was no change observed in the self-concept scales in the +humming group. +Financial support and sponsorship +Nil. +Conflicts of interest +There are no conflicts of interest. +REFERENCES +Ashe, M. L., Newman, M. G., & Wilson, S. J. (2015). Delay discounting and +the use of mindful attention versus distraction in the treatment of drug +addiction: A conceptual review. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of +Behavior, 103(1), 234-248. doi:10.1002/jeab.122. +Baer, R. A. (2003). 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Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism, 18(3), +135. doi:10.6065/apem.2013.18.3.135. +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] diff --git a/subfolder_0/Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..346ad87aeeda0ab7ce13e1a77813a1f0888a42a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,485 @@ +IIMB Management Review (2010) 22, 32e41 + + +available at www.sciencedirect.com + + + + + + +journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/iimb + + +IIMB +INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT BANGALORE + + + + +Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers + +Hasmukh Adhia a, H.R. Nagendra b, B. Mahadevan c,* + + +a 12, Judges Bungalows, Judges Bungalow Road, Bodakdev, Ahmedabad, India +b Swami Vivekanand Yoga Anusandhan Samsthan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore, India +c Operations Management, Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore 560076, India Available online 13 April 2010 + + + + +KEYWORDS Emotional intelligence; Performance improvement; +Yoga; +Experimental study + + +Abstract The popular perception that a high intelligence quotient (IQ) is not necessarily a good predictor of professional and personal success has led to a growing interest in under-standing the role of emotional intelligence (EI) in improving the performance of business managers. This paper studies the impact of the yoga way of life on EI using data collected from 60 managers in a business enterprise and reports enhanced EI as a result of the practice of yoga. The results indicate the importance of yoga as an integral element in improving mana-gerial performance in organisations and the need to further explore this construct in greater detail. +ª 2010 Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. All rights reserved. + + + + + + +Introduction + +One of the important preoccupations of top management is the improvement of managerial performance. Over the last several decades management researchers have developed constructs to identify the factors that influence managerial performance, and have sought to provide a framework to explain performance. In this context, there is a popular + + +* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ90 80 26993275; fax: þ90 80 26584050. +E-mail address: mahadev@iimb.ernet.in (B. Mahadevan). +0970-3896 ª 2010 Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. All rights reserved. Peer-review under responsibility of Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. +doi:10.1016/j.iimb.2010.03.003 + +perception that individuals of seemingly average intelli-gence often do well in their professional and personal lives, whereas people with high IQ often struggle with life’s challenges. Therefore, it would be useful to question the assumption that general intelligence is a sufficiently good predictor of success in life. Earlier researchers have sug-gested that other attributes may be better determinants (Goleman, 1995; Sternberg, 1993, 1996; Tapia, 2001). +There is a vast repository of knowledge and accumulated experience in India on the role of yoga as a way of life in enabling individuals to lead successful and satisfied lives (see for example Becker, 2000; Srinivas, 1994). More specifically, the Bhagavad Gita, which explicates on yoga, sees that yoga begets high efficiency in work (Swami Ran-ganathananda, 2000), opening up possibilities of connec-tions with managerial performance. +This paper builds on the thread suggested above, uti-lising the concept of emotional intelligence (EI) defined by earlier researchers to measure managerial performance, and explores the yoga way of life as a potential tool to influence the EI of individuals in a study conducted with managers of a large organisation. To the best of our +Impact of adoption of yoga way of life + +knowledge there has been no previous attempt in this direction. +The paper is organised as follows: In the next section we introduce the concept of EI and motivate the use of this construct by discussing the key findings from earlier research. An introduction to the yoga way of life and its usefulness in improving EI in particular, and managerial performance and satisfaction levels in general follows in the next section. The details of the empirical work carried out as part of this study, and the results, key findings, and their implications are discussed in the later sections. +Our study suggests that the yoga way of life could be a potential contributor to improving the performance of managers, and improving their satisfaction levels. Although the results are based on a single study with a sample of 60 managers from one enterprise, the results are encouraging. Our study motivates further research into this aspect in multiple settings, and the generalisation of the results obtained in the study. + + +Emotional intelligence + +Emotional intelligence (EI) is ‘a form of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate between them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and action’ (Salovey & Mayer, 1990, p 5). Goleman (2000) identifies five components of EIdself-awareness, self-regulation, moti-vation, empathy and social skill (Exhibit 1). An alternative framework as defined by the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence (2004) is presented in Exhibit 2. +In a later work Mayer and Salovey defined EI as the ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual + +33 + +growth (Mayer & Salovey, 1997, p 5). Their definition of EI refers to the underlying intelligence factors that they feel are necessary in order to develop emotional competence (EC) skills. While the definition of EI is useful for making a distinction between general intelligence and emotional intelligence, the concept of EC is relevant if we have to talk about using EI for organisational success. The EC framework identifies two main categoriesdpersonal competence and social competencedwith three clusters in the first category and two in the second. Exhibit 2 shows the major dimen-sions that form the basis of the framework. +A comparison of the dimensions considered by Goleman (1998) and the framework offered by the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence (2004) reveals many similarities, and Goleman’s influence on the latter is evident. An analysis of these definitions and characteristics of EI leads us to conclude that EI is different from traditional views of intelligence based on cognitive factors suggesting a different kind of aptitude that is founded entirely on non-cognitive aspects of behaviour (Goleman, 2000). +Goleman’s research, conducted in 200 large, global companies reveals that EIdespecially at the highest levels of a companydis the sine qua non for leadership (Goleman, 2000). A person can have first class training, an incisive mind, and a large supply of good ideas, but without EI it is unlikely that s/he will make a great leader. Goleman (1998) reports that emotional quotient (EQ) is twice as important as technical skills and intelligence quotient (IQ) for success in jobs at all levels, more so at the highest level in a company. Goleman suggests that the difference between star performers and average ones in senior leadership positions can be attributed more to EQ factors than to cognitive abilities. Emotional quotient has a champion in none other than Mahatma Gandhi who opined, ‘I know that ultimately one is guided not by the intellect, but by the heart. The heart accepts a conclusion for which the intel-lect subsequently finds reasoning. Man often finds reason + + +Exhibit 1 The five components of emotional intelligence at work. +Definition Hallmarks + +Self-awareness + + +Self-regulation + + + +Motivation + + + +Empathy + + + +Social skill + +The ability to recognise and understand one’s moods, emotions and drives, as well as their effect on others + +The ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses and moods; comfort with ambiguity A propensity to suspend judgmentdto think before acting +A passion to work for reasons that go beyond money or status +A propensity to pursue goals with energy and persistence +The ability to understand the emotional makeup of other people +Skill in treating people according to their emotional reactions +Proficiency in managing relationships and building networks +The ability to find common ground and build rapport + +Self-confidence +Realistic self assessment +Self deprecating sense of humour Trustworthiness and integrity Openness to change + + +Strong drive to achieve +Optimism, even in the face of failure Organisational commitment + +Expertise in building and retaining talent Cross-cultural sensitivity +Service to clients and customers + +Effectiveness in leading change Persuasiveness +Expertise in building and leading teams + +Source: Goleman (2000). +34 + +Exhibit 2 + + + +Framework for emotional intelligence. +Personal competence + +H. Adhia et al. + + + +Social competence + + + +Self-awareness + + + + +Self-regulation + + + + + + +Self-motivation + +Emotional awareness Accurate self assessment Self confidence Leveraging diversity Political awareness +Self control Trustworthiness Conscientiousness Adaptability Innovativeness + + + +Achievement drive Commitment Initiative Optimism + +Social awareness + + + + +Social skills + +Empathy +Service orientation Developing others + + +Influence Communication Leadership Change catalyst +Conflict management Building bonds +Collaboration and cooperation Team capabilities + +Source: Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence (2004). + + +in support of whatever he wants to do’ (in Chakraborty & Chakraborty, 2008, p 41). +Researchers have long debated whether leaders are born or made. One can see a similar debate about EI. Are people born with certain levels of empathy, or do they acquire empathy as a result of life’s experiences? It appears that the answer is ‘both’. Scientific inquiry strongly suggests that there is a genetic component to EI, and psychological and developmental research indicate that nurture plays a role as well. While the debate on the relative influence of nature and nurture continues, research and practice clearly demonstrate that EI can be learned (Goleman, 2000). + +Yoga way of life and its relevance to emotional intelligence + +Yoga way of life + +Yoga is one of the six foundations of Indian philosophy and has been used for millennia to study, explain, and experi-ence the complexities of the mind and human existence (Feuerstein, 1998). Patanjali, an ancient yoga sage, in his Yoga Sutras, defined yoga as a technique used to still the mental fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of the true self (Iyengar, 1966). Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras outline a skilful way of conducting life that fosters moderation and harmony (Becker, 2000). These guidelines, which include ethical and moral standards of living in addition to postural and breathing exercises, can be used to foster spiritual growth and evolve one’s consciousness. +The yoga way of life encompasses the philosophy of Karma yoga (path of detached action), Jnana yoga (knowledge of self), Bhakti yoga (trust in the supreme order), and Raja yoga (a prescribed set of eight steps also known as Ashtanga yoga). Karma yoga is the path of focusing on the action on hand without selfishness, ego and carelessness as prescribed by Lord Krishna in the Bhagavad Gita (Swami Ranganathananda, 2000). Jnana yoga is the + +path of knowledge of self (atman) propagated by Adi Shankaracharya through an interpretation of the Upani-shads, considered the most ancient books of Indian wisdom. Bhakti yoga is the path of total surrender to the supreme power which is based on deep rooted faith in God’s justice system. Raja yoga is the path of control of mind though the practice of Ashtanga yoga or the eight fold path given by the sage Patanjali in his Yoga Sutras (Swami Satyananda Saraswati, 1976). The eight steps of Ashtanga yoga are yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana and samadhi (see Swami Satyananda Saraswati, 1976). +Based on a review of the literature, we hypothesise that practising the yoga way of life may bring about a complete transformation of one’s personality, on the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual levels. +Yogapsychologyconceivesoftheselfintermsofdifferent levels of being. The inner-most core (atman) is covered by five layers. These layers correspond to a step-wise ladder, leading inward to the atman. The journey inward forms the basis of growth and developmentdthe biological evolution from protozoan to man, the psychological evolution from child to adult, and the enhancement of consciousness from cognitive to universal consciousness, wherein there is no ego, and there is the realisation that the concerns and needs of all people are the same, that what is good for one is good for all. In this growth process, feelings and emotions are accepted as having a place in the general scheme; they are not considered wrong or repressed but are transformed and redirected (Srinivas, 1994). +Chakraborty and Chakraborty (2008) see the human personality as a composite of four subtle variables: reason, will, emotion and conscience. In order to integrate the personality, these four factors must be habituated to work in harmony instead of working at cross purposes, and this requires effort. Further, the expression ‘integrated personality’ is often employed to imply the same charac-teristics that are expected of a holistic, self-possessed personality. +Impact of adoption of yoga way of life + +An analysis of the work of several religious and other scholars provides a basis to conclude that the yoga way of life significantly impacts leadership traits and improves EI and EC. Swami Vivekananda averred that the highest man is calm, silent and unknown (Swami Vivekananda, 2006). The highest man as a leader is calm in order to understand situations, and to think and select the best option for his followers’ development. He is silent in order to listen to himself and to his subordinates, to control his prejudices and conditioning, and to meet others’ hearts. Finally, the leader chooses to remain unknown in order to be free from possible egotistic benefits. According to Sri Aurobindo (in Chakraborty & Chakraborty, 2008), ‘The more complete the calm, the mightier the yogic power, the greater the force in action’ (p 201). +According to Swami Tapasyananda (1984), man is an inte-gratedwhole,hismindbeingacomplexoffeeling(emotions), will and intellection. In the four spiritual disciplines (i.e. the four types of yogadRaja, Karma, Bhakti and Jnana), one of these dominates, while the others, though subordinate, complete the discipline. This is the integrated yoga of the Bhagavad Gita. Swami Vivekananda too, in hisinterpretation of Vedanta, gives an equal place to all the four yogas. +The role of yoga in the development of impersonality or the spiritual personality has been well explained by Sri Aurobindo in his classic work, Essays on the Gita (Sri Aurobindo, 1942). According to Sri Aurobindo, yoga and knowledge are the two wings of the soul’s ascent. He states, ‘By yoga is meant union through divine works done without desire, with equality of soul to all things and all men, as a sacrifice to the Supreme, while knowledge is that on which this desirelessness, this equality, this power of sacrifices is founded’ (p 191). +Awareness of self within and self in others, leads us towards ‘something higher than the ego, an infinite, an impersonal, a universal existence . In other words, man’s way to liberation and perfection lies through an increasing impersonality.’ There are certain signs which are indica-tive of the development of impersonality. These are: the absence of personal egoism; freedom from desire; the awareness of an impersonal force of love or will; perfect equality between the soul and nature; and fullness of inner joy and peace (Sri Aurobindo, 1942, pp 121, 123). +Dwelling on the artof meditation, Swami Anubhavananda andKumar(2007,p283)holdthatit‘strengthensourmuscles of awareness and choice’, helps in training our mind and changing our attitudes. Proposing ‘emotional maturity’ as another attribute to be cultivated, the authors posit that it can be cultivated through self-contemplation, which constitutes evaluating one’s emotions, and identifying and expressing feelings in a poised state of heart and mind. This is a state where an individual recognises his inner self and responds accordingly (p 298). +Relating the philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita to making work an enjoyable experience, Swami Bodhananda Sar-aswati (2007) reiterates the need to engage in the world but remain detached from the fruits of one’s work and to not react to the results of one’s work. Further, he stresses that it is very important to live in constant awareness of oneself so that one has power over one’s thoughts, and can choose responses to the world as per one’s values. This is the power that Patanjali’s Ashtanga yoga enunciates + +35 + +through the principle of controlling or mastering the thought modifications of the mind (Swami Bodhananda Saraswati, 1998). +Patanjali’s Ashtanga yoga encompasses cognitive learning, moral conduct, physiological practices and psychological therapy. The first two stepsdyama and niyamadseek and shape external behaviour and thought patterns and thus minimise disturbances in the mind and the body. The handling of emotional contamination and the removal of negative emotions such as anger, jealousy, greed, attachment, ego, and an excessive desire for objects are very important in adopting the yoga way of life. The yama and niyama stages of Ashtanga yoga enable an individual to eradicate such negative contamination through sustained and conscious efforts. Through such a process, the individual attains a state of ‘chittasuddhi’ or purity of mind, which is considered to be the starting point of the yoga way of life. Sri Aurobindo too (Chakraborty & Chakraborty, 2008) stresses the need for the ‘chitta’ to be purified before clarity and right knowledge dawn. +On the behavioural side, abstention is sought from violence, falsehood, dishonesty, sexual excess and acquis-itive tendencies. On the cognitive moral side, the ideals prescribed are purity, contentment, austerity, self study and forbearance. The stages of asana and pranayama are meant for disciplining the body and regulating subtle energy flows. In the fifth stage of prayahara, secondary input is regulated so that the mind is not distracted. The stages of dharana, dhyana and samadhi are for uplifting one’s spiritual self and for heightening consciousness. +According to Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras (Swami Satyananda Saraswati, 1976), asana and pranayama practices are supposed to make our body flexible and purify the subtle energy channels of our body. This paves the way for control of one’s mind, which consists of four aspects: random mind, intellect, subconscious mind and ego. Yoga works on all these four subtle aspects of our mind, and thereby makes one more self-aware, empathetic, motivated and self-regulated. These are the very qualities known as emotional intelligence. + +Yoga and the work life + +A series of techniques collectively known as ‘yoga’ present a rich source for generating indigenous organisational development techniques that may perhaps find better acceptance than imported intervention designs from the West (Srinivas, 1994). ‘Originally developed for personal spiritual growth, yoga offers a well formulated approach to planned change’ (Srinivas, 1994, p 271). +On the topic of spirituality in the workplace, Sangster (2003) reemphasises that ‘it is possible to lead a spiritual way of life without following any particular religious path’ (p 16). In Sangster’s opinion, spiritual workers are those who think cooperatively and/or altruistically; have a balanced, objective view of the world; listen as much as (or more than) they speak; apply three dimensional bigger picture thinking; believe in a higher driving force and purpose beyond humankind; find the time to think things through objectively; think laterally in order to promote realistic solutions; encourage and empower others self-lessly; work open mindedly with a wide range of people; +36 + +consistently display integrity and trust; and, expect the best from people without being a soft touch. +Giacalone and Jurkiewicz (2003) stress yet another major advantage of nurturing the spiritual mindset within each worker in the organisationdethicality. They assert that fundamental aspects of workplace spirituality, such as meaningful work that provides a feeling of purpose, a sense of connection and positive social relations with co-workers, and the ability to live an integrated life in which the work role does not conflict with the essential nature of a person as a human being, may interact to create different perceptions of ethicality within the organisation (p 85). +Most of the work available on the subject of the impact of yoga on work life/management centres around the impact of transcendental meditation (TM) on various aspects of management. Transcendental meditation is the skill of effortlessly minimising mental activity so that the body settles into a state of rest deeper than deep sleep while the mind becomes clear and alert (Orme-Johnson, Zimmerman, & Hawkins, 1992). A review of over 500 experimental studies conducted in over 200 Universities in 33 countries (Orme-Johnson et al., 1992) revealed that TM helps expand consciousness, decrease oxygen intake and stress level, increase basal skin resistance and coherence in the electro encephalo gram (EEG) and virtually suspends breathing up to 1 minute. +At the University of Texas, Orme-Johnson et al. (1992) showed that meditators display a greater physiological equi-librium than non-meditators. They also showed that medita-tors maintain this equilibrium under stress more effectively than non-meditators. Frew (1974) completed a study that concludes that TM increases individual productivity. Frew found that meditators show increased job satisfaction, a decreased desire to change jobs, better performance, and better relationships with supervisors and co-workers. +Findings on the TM technique relevant to organisational performance include improved cognitive performance (see Orme-Johnson, Alexander, & Hawkins, 2005 for a recent summary of studies), increased self-esteem and higher levels of self-actualisation and development (Alexander, Rainforth, & Gelderloos, 1991), and more effective mana-gerial performance (Torbert, 1987). Previous case studies suggest that large proportions of organisation members practising the TM technique contribute to improvements in organisational performance (Schmidt-Wilk, Alexander, & Swanson, 1996). +Parde and Naidu (1992) report empirical evidence to show that people with a strong orientation to working sincerely without being preoccupied with the outcome experience less work-related stress. Misra (1989) found that effort orientation rather than concern for outcome leads to greater intrinsic satisfaction. Chakraborty (1987, 1993) provides experimental evidence that practising yoga, meditating, controlling breathing and stilling the turbulent mind can enable workers and managers to purify their mind and make it spiritual, expand their self to include others around them, and help them grow and transform them-selves without expecting anything in return. +One of the issues that researchers could confront while using a spiritual and philosophical concept such as yoga to address issues on a materialistic plane is whether yoga should be used for the utilitarian purpose of enhancing + +H. Adhia et al. + +a company’s performance, and whether a path of individual realisational quest (mukti) can be used to enhance mana-gerial performance. When yoga is interpreted as ‘a way to unite with universal consciousness’ (yujjyate anena iti yogah), it emphasises the individual realisational quest aspect of yoga. However, there are other definitions of yoga which point to the possibility of using it as a method of improving one’s quality of living and responses to events. +Yoga is defined as ‘skill in action’ (yogah karmasu kau-salam) in the Bhagavad Gita (Swami Tapasyananda, 1984, Chapter 2, Shloka 50) which discusses yoga explicitly, and further states that one must strive for the state of yoga where ‘One (is) endowed with . unperturbed evenness of mind (that) abandons the effects of both good and bad actions’ even in this world. The original shloka is as follows: +Buddhiyukto jahati’ha ubhe sukrta-duskrte Tasmad yogaya yujyasva yogah karmasu kausalam + +This shloka clearly suggests that yoga can be applied to day-to-day living, which seems largely utilitarian. Sri Aurobindo, (in Chakraborty & Chakraborty, 2008), stating the power of yoga, reiterates that right knowledge becomes the infallible source of right action (yohgah kar-masu kaushalam) (p 201). To quote Sri Aurobindo fully, ‘The more complete the calm, the mightier the Yogic power, the greater the force in action. In this calm the right knowledge comes. The activity of the mind must cease, the chitta be purified, a silence falls upon the restlessness of prakriti; then in that calm, in that voiceless stillness, illumination comes upon the mind, error begins to fade away.clarity establishes itself in the higher stratum of the conscious-ness, compelling peace and joy in the lower. Right knowl-edge becomes the infallible source of right action. Yohgah karmasu kaushalam.’ (p 201). +In the light of the many definitions and descriptions of yoga, referring to the spiritual and the secular quest, we submit that the realisational vs utilitarian divide is artifi-cial. A truly realisational objective has to be all-comprehensive. It is in this context that we have chosen to do empirical research on this subject. + + +Hypothesis + +So far no systematic attempt has been made to conduct a controlled study to identify the impact of adopting the yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence (EI) of managers. We would therefore like to study the relation-ship between them by hypothesising the relationship between the yoga way of life and its impact on the EI of managers in a business organisation. +Goleman (2000) opines that far too many training pro-grammes intended to build leadership skills, including EI, are ineffective because they focus on the wrong part of the brain. +Emotional intelligence is born largely in the neuro-transmitters of the brain’s limbic system, which governs feelings, impulses, and drives. Research indicates that the limbic system learns best through motivation, extended practice, and feedback. On the other hand, the neocortex, which governs analytical and technical ability, grasps concepts and logic. It is the part of the brain that figures +Impact of adoption of yoga way of life + +out how to use a computer or make a sales call by reading a book. Not surprisingly it is also the part of the brain mistakenly targeted by most training programmes aimed at enhancing EI. Goleman (2000), quoting his research with the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence, maintains that organisational programmes which take a neocortical approach can even have a negative impact on job performance. +We propose a null hypothesis of no impact of yoga way of life on the EI of managers. + +Constructs for measurement of emotional intelligence + +The scale used for this research was the Self-Reported EI Scale (SREIS) (Schutte et al., 1998), which was developed to reflect Salovey and Mayer’s (1990) original ability model of EI and was validated in relation to dimensions of the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995) as well as the characteristics usually identified as more relevant to trait models of EI (Goleman, 1995) including alexithymia, optimism and impulse control. This 33-item EI scale assesses multiple aspects of EI including appraisal and expression of emotions, regulation of emotion and utilisation of emotion. Participants rated the extent to which they agreed with each item on 7-point Likert type scales ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The SREIS measure is reported to have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability (Schutte et al., 1998), and has demonstrated predictive validity. +There are other scales available to measure the EI con-structethe Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS), and a more recent version of this measure viz the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT), developed to measure the ability to monitor, discriminate and manage emotions (Mayer & Salovey, 1997; Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 2002); the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) to measure psychological well-being and adaptation proposed by Kemp et al. (2005), and the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI) for measuring social and emotional competency in the workplace (Goleman, 1995, 1998). MSCEITwas developed as an ability- or performance-based measure of the EI construct. On the other hand, other measures such as the EQ-i or ECI are self-report measures which may reflect ‘perceived’ EI, rather than actual capacity. While the debate on the best way to measure EI continues, some researchers have also argued that the different conceptualisations and measurements of this construct are more complementary than contradic-tory, and that most models and measures of EI share some common elements, including the capacity to perceive and regulate emotions in oneself as well as in others (Ciarrochi, Chan, & Caputi, 2000; Emmerling & Goleman, 2003; Gole-man, 2001; Palmer, 2003). +Some researchers maintain that self-report question-naires are subject to response bias which may obscure findings concerning the construct of interest (Moorman & Podsakoff, 1992). Individuals who are required to complete self-report questionnaires to apply for or keep a position, may consciously or unconsciously provide answers that are socially desirable (James & Mazerolle, 2002). Therefore, + +37 + +the way in which individuals respond on self-report questionnaires may be a potential source of inaccuracy (Paulhus & Reid, 1991), which may produce negative consequences for organisations. Self-report measures of EI also have the inherent propensity to be susceptible to socially desirable responding. +Downey, Godfrey, Hansen, & Stough, (2006) observe a weak relationship between EI and social desirability (SD). Social desirability was experimentally manipulated by examining the relationship between EI and SD in two groups. The first group (n Z 34) completed the question-naires anonymously and were told that no feedback would be provided. The second group of participants (n Z 45) were informed that they would receive detailed feedback about their EI. Emotional intelligence did not significantly differ between the two feedback conditions. The results indicated that there is no significant or substantial rela-tionship between self-report EI and SD. In view of this finding our use of self-report questionnaires may not distort the findings of our study significantly. + +Yoga way of life and emotional intelligence: empirical study + +The present study was conducted in a manufacturing company in the state of Gujarat in western India, in one of the units manufacturing viscose staple fibre (VSF). The organisation is a flagship company of a large conglomerate, which ranks among India’s largest private sector companies. The VSF plant where this study was conducted was set up in 1996. The unit where this study was conducted has about 120 people in the managerial cadre and more than 1000 in the workers’ category. The average total work experience of the sample group is 16.11 years. Most of the employees reside in the township of the company, which +made it easy to conduct the intervention of yoga. +The salient aspects of the study methodology are sum-marised below: + + The managers of the company were given the option of participating in this study after the purpose and the modality of this experiment were explained to them. One of the expectations was regularity of attendance for the theory and practice sessions of the proposed study. Written consent for participating in the experi-ment was obtained. + Those who agreed to participate in the study were divided into two equal groups of 42 each; Group 1 was designated as the yoga group and group 2 as the phys-ical exercise group, which was the control group for this experiment. + The yoga group was given 30 hours of yoga practice (75 minutes every day) and 25 hours of theory lectures on the philosophy of yoga spread over six weeks. The theory lectures were given by the first author of this article and included topics such as definitions of the yoga way of life, implications of the four types of yoga (Raja yoga, Karma yoga, Jnana yoga and Bhakti yoga) on life, analysis of the aspects of true happiness in life, Ashtanga yoga steps and the central theme of univer-sality of consciousness as propounded in these texts. +38 + +The practice sessions for the elements of yoga which included asanas, pranayama and relaxation were con-ducted by a well-trained yoga instructor. + The control group was also given training in normal physical workout for an equal number of hours, and lectures on the success factors in life based on modern thought (that seeks to achieve success by systematic control of factors within one’s area of influence). This was necessary in order to obviate the possibility of the Hawthorne effect on the control group. The topics for theory given to this group included success and happi-ness, the importance of attitude, self-image, good relationship with others, goal setting, the power of the subconscious mind, communication, motivation and leadership. The practice given to this group included fast exercises such as spot jogging, bending, body rotation, hand and leg movements etc. + In order to test the hypothesis, EI was measured for both the groups, before and after the study, with the help of a standard self-reported questionnaire. In addition, measurements of certain physical parameters such as weight, body mass index, blood pressure, and blood sugar were taken for all, before and after the study. + The required data was taken before the commence-ment of the study on 17th September, 2007. The intervention to both the groups was simultaneously done between 18th September and 24th October, 2007. The post-study measurement was done on 24th October, 2007. + Out of the total of 42 in both groups, there were some who did not attend all the theory and practice classes on several days, and hence only the top 30 (in terms of regularity) were included for both groups in the final sample for the analysis. This came to a minimum attendance figure of 65% approximately for both groups. The profile of this group is summarised in Exhibit 3. + +Exhibit 4 schematically shows the study methodology and the group composition. +As mentioned earlier, yoga should not be equated with asana practice alone. It encompasses a) a moral code of conduct (as given in yama and niyama), b) physical practices (suchasasanaandpranayama),c)thedevelopmentofadeep rooted trust in God’s justice system (Bhakti yoga), d) the adoption of the attitude of putting in one’s best in any piece of work without worrying about the possibility of adverse results(Karmayoga),ande)meditationonthenatureofself. + +H. Adhia et al. + +Employees in the firm (About 1120) + + +Control Group Experiment Group (30 Managers) (30 Managers) + + +Pre-study Post-study Pre-study Post-study measurement measurement measurement measurement + +Exhibit 4 Schematic representation of the study plan. + + +In this experiment rigorous training of 55 hours spread over 6 weekswasorganisedfortheyogagroupto instilallthesefive aspects in the experiment group. + +Results and implications + +Statistical analysis of the data was done using the SPSS. The sample profile given in Exhibit 3 indicates that 80% and 86% of the participants from the yoga group and the control group respectively were from the age group of 21e50, while the rest were above 50. Similarly, 20% of the yoga group and 17% of the control group were from the top management (i.e. deputy general manager and above), while 57% of the yoga group and 63% of the control group were from the line level managers (deputy managers and officers). +In the validity test conducted, the pre-experiment result of the 33-item scale of EI had a Chronbach’s alpha of 0.84 while that of the post-study data of EI showed alpha of 0.85. The average EI score for the yoga group and the control group was 5.50 and 5.61 respectively before the experiment. The average EI score after the experiment for the yoga group and the control group was 5.97 and 5.55 respectively (Exhibit 5). In the paired t-test of the pre- and post- study data, EI showed significant enhancement in the yoga group (p Z 0.005), but not in the physical exercise group (Exhibit 6). The results further showed that while the difference in the average EI between the yoga group and the physical exercise group was not significant prior to the experiment (thus supporting random choice of samples), the same was statistically significant at the end of the experiment with p Z 0.001 (Exhibit 7). +According to Swami Rama et al. (1976), yoga psychology integrates the behavioural and introspective approaches to growth. It provides a perspective from which one can become disengaged from involvement in the unhappy personalities one has created for oneself and in the nega-tive role one has adopted. It moves quickly to a training + + +Exhibit 3 Profile of sample. +Group Total Exhibit 5 Average scores of emotional intelligence (EI) + + + +Age 21e50 +51 and above + + +Yoga +24 (80.0%) 6 (20.0%) + + +Physical +26 (86.7%) 4 (13.3%) + + + +50 (83.3%) 10 (16.7%) + +(pre- and post-intervention). +Group + + +n Mean Std deviation + + + + +Level Line level Middle level Top level + + +17 (56.7%) 7 (23.3%) 6 (20.0%) + + +19 (63.3%) 6 (20.0%) 5 (16.7%) + + +36 (60.0%) 13 (21.7%) 11 (18.3%) + +Average scores +of pre-intervention EI Average scores +of post-intervention EI + +Yoga 30 5.50 0.63 Physical 30 5.61 0.57 Yoga 30 5.97 0.48 Physical 30 5.55 0.46 +Impact of adoption of yoga way of life 39 + + +Exhibit 6 +Group + +Paired t-test for emotional intelligence (EI) for yoga and physical group. +Paired differences t df Sig (2 tailed) + + + + +Yoga + +Physical + + +Average of post-intervention EI e pre-intervention EI +Average of pre-intervention EI e post-intervention EI + +Mean Std deviation 0.47 ÿ0.85 + +ÿ0.06 ÿ0.59 + +Std error mean +ÿ0.15 3.03 29 0.005 + +ÿ0.11 ÿ0.57 29 0.574 + + + + +programme for changing habits, thought patterns and self concepts (p 305). +In this context, spirituality in the workplace is of much interest to researchers. Mohamed, Wisnieski, Askar, & Syed (2004) present four interesting advantages in their review of workers who maintain the spiritual mindset. First they claim that the stronger the spiritual factor of personality, the more tolerant the person is of work failure and less susceptible to stress (p 102); the more s/he favours the democratic style of leadership, and the higher is her/his trust in and tolerance of human diversity; the more s/he exhibits altruistic and citizenship behaviour, and the more is her/his commitment to the organisation and work group. Our study is consistent with these findings, indicating that a systematic adoption of the yoga way of life can result in better EI among managers, thus paving the way for their better performance as managers. +In most organisations, leaders play a pivotal role in driving performance. There are several leadership training programmes being conducted by successful companies. But the yoga way of life is seldom taught systematically as part of these training programmes. +Currently yoga methods are taught in India and several Western countries in a more general platform as a means to de-stress individuals and improve personal satisfaction. It would be beneficial to provide systematic exposure to the knowledge enshrined in the texts emphasising the yoga way of life to all managerial cadres of companies. Our study shows that such an initiative would help them personally as well as professionally. They can become more self-aware and self-regulated individuals, with a proper perspective of life and various relationships. In the Indian context, the assimilation of this knowledge could be better and easier, since Indians would probably have some prior exposure to these concepts. Psychological counselling sessions could include a significant component of yoga practices to improve the efficacy of such interventions. +There are certainaspects that needto be followed during the implementation of these ideas. First of all, the top managers of the company have to be convinced about the + +utility of this idea. They should themselves have the neces-sary trust in this philosophy and the results it can bring. One of the potential challenges to the yoga way of life is the apprehension of ‘renunciation effects’ in a productive working environment characteristic of business organisa-tions, which look to nurture the ‘killer instinct’ of their executives. Such apprehensions are the result of a lack of understandingofthetrueconceptsofyoga.Forexample,far from being against ‘goal orientation’, the dynamic concept of karma yoga enables an individual to be free from all worriesandpropelshimtoactionimmediately.Alsoaperson who is not excessively worried about the results would be a true risk taker, who will take tough decisions in the best interests of his organisation. +Once convinced about the utility of this training in the yoga way of life, the tougher challenge lies in finding the right people to train company executives. Further, the training has to be continuous, and repeated periodically. Acceptance of the yoga way of life and the right environ-ment for it has to be built into the company policy. Reciprocally, the company policies have also to pass the test of the yoga way in terms of adhering to the ethical-moral code prescribed in yama and niyama. + +Conclusions + +Our study has been successful in establishing the usefulness of the yoga framework for the enhancement of the emotional intelligence of an employee. However, the key to success lies in giving employees total knowledge of yogadboth theory and practicedin a systematic manner. If the trainer himself is not perfect, the results may vary. Moreover in the current study we have not attempted to analyse whether the age profile has an impact. Conducting a larger study with separate samples for various age profiles may give more insights. +The results obtained in this study point to the need to conduct similar experiments in other organisational settings and with a larger sample size. As in the case of similar experiments, different instruments for measuring EI may be + + + +Exhibit 7 Independent t-test comparing two groups pre- and post- intervention for emotional intelligence. +Comparison between Levene’s test for quality of variance t-test for equality of means + +two groups (Equal variance assumed) +Pre-intervention Post-intervention + + +F Sig. + + +0.048 0.828 0.235 0.630 + + +t df + + +ÿ0.742 58 3.407 58 + + +Sig +(2 tailed) + +0.461 0.001 + + +Mean difference + +ÿ0.115 0.414 + + +Std error difference + +0.155 0.121 +40 + +tried in place of the self-report format used here, so that the social desirability angle may also be accounted for. It would also be useful to study dimensions such as the extent of ‘burn out’ of the positive effects of the yoga way of life through longitudinal studies of EI and EC. +The study also opens up debates on some of the larger issues related to the theme of yoga, managerial effec-tiveness and the use of statistical tools in empirical study. At a philosophical level, the yoga way of life seeks to unite the individual consciousness with universal consciousness. At the empirical level, the efficacy of scientific scrutiny needs to be tested by conducting more studies. Also it may call for handling more qualitative data and experiential data than quantitative data. Developing better research methodologies to handle these unique aspects is another area that may require further work in the future. + + +References + +Alexander, C. N., Rainforth, M. V., & Gelderloos, P. (1991). 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Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin. diff --git a/subfolder_0/Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and quality of life in persons with HIV A randomized controlled study conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and quality of life in persons with HIV A randomized controlled study conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a794b361a3ba1f196e031312e6d8c630464619a --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and quality of life in persons with HIV A randomized controlled study conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2008 @@ + +See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328557453 + +Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and QoLin persons with HIV: A randomized controlled study + +Article in Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · October 2018 +DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.10.005 + + +CITATIONS READS 4 125 + +3 authors, including: + +Kashinath Metri +Central University of Rajasthan +48 PUBLICATIONS 165 CITATIONS + +SEE PROFILE + + +Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: + + +Yoga for Mental Health among patients with HTN View project + + +Yoga for Teachers with T2DM View project + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +All content following this page was uploaded by Kashinath Metri on 31 October 2018. + +The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. + +Accepted Manuscript + + + +Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and QoLin persons with HIV: A randomized controlled study + +Asha Kiloor, Sonykumari, Kashinath Metri + + + +PII: + +DOI: + +Reference: + + +To appear in: + +S1360-8592(18)30446-7 + +https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.10.005 + +YJBMT 1733 + + +Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies + + + +Received Date: 22 June 2017 + +Revised Date: 12 March 2018 + +Accepted Date: 28 July 2018 + + + +Please cite this article as: Kiloor, A., Sonykumari, Metri, K., Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and QoLin persons with HIV: A randomized controlled study, Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.10.005. + + +This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. 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Please +note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +Title: Impact of yoga on psychopathologies and QoLin persons with HIV: A randomized controlled study + + + +Authors: +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +Asha Kiloor1, Msc (Yoga) + +Yoga Therapist, SVYASA University, Bengaluru + +Dr Sonykumari1, PhD + +Associate Professor, SVYASA University, Bengaluru + +*Dr Kashinath Metri1, MD, PhD + +Assistant Professor, SVYASA University, Bengaluru + + + +*Corresponding author: Dr Kashinath G Metri + +Email: kgmhetre@gmail.com Mobile: +01 9035257626 + +1Affiliation: Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, Sami Vivekananda Yoga + +Anusandhana Samsthan (SVYASA – A deemed to be a University), # 1 Eknath + +Bhavan Gavipuram Circle K G Nagar, Bengaluru-560019, India. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +ABSTRACT + +Background: Evidence suggests that individuals with human immunodeficiency + +virus (HIV) positive, often exhibit poor physical and mental health, which + +contributes to a reduced Quality of Life (QoL). Yoga is a form of alternative +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +therapy that has positive influences on general health and QoL. + +Objectives: This study examined the effects of yoga on i) anxiety, depression + +and psychological well-being, and ii) Quality of Life (QoL), among individual + +with HIV positive. + +Methodology: Sixty individuals with HIV-positive (aged30–50 years) from + +rehabilitation centres across Bangalore were randomly assigned to the yoga + +intervention group (n=30; 11 men) or the wait-listed control group (n=30; 10 + +men). Participants in the yoga group underwent 8 weeks of intense yoga + +practice, performed an hour a day, for 5 days a week. The yoga practice + +consisted of physical postures, breathing practices, relaxation techniques, and + +meditation. Participants in the wait-listed control group followed their normal + +routine. Anxiety, fatigue, depression, and QoL were assessed twice for all + +subjects in each group – once at the start of the study to establish a baseline + +and once more at the end of the2month study period to assess any changes. + +Data analysis was performed on the assessments using SPSS software version 10. + +Results: In the yoga group, a significant reduction in anxiety (p<0.001), + +depression (p<0.001), and fatigue (p<0.001) was observed, associated with + +significant improvements in well-being (p<0.001) and all domains of QoL + +(p<0.001). However, in the control group, an increase in anxiety, fatigue, and + +depression was observed, associated with a significant decrease in well-being + +and QoL. + +Conclusion: This study clearly indicates that yoga intervention improves the + +psychological health and QoL of individuals with HIV-positive. Therefore, based + + + +2 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + + + + +on these findings, yoga is strongly recommended as a complementary therapy + +to enhance conventional HIV care. + +Keywords: HIV, Yoga, Fatigue, Anxiety, Depression, Quality of Life. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +3 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +INTRODUCTION + +Approximately, 40 million people worldwide are living with human + +immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (Alter et al 2006). Country-wise, India + +records the second-highest number of HIV-infected persons, approximately 3–4 +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +million (Go et al 2004). HIV is an infectious disease that affects an individual’s + +immunity, thus increasing vulnerability to various opportunistic infections. + +Pharmacological treatments such as Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) are presently + +used to increase life expectancy and control HIV progression. But, the ART + +intervention is frequently associated with various side effects (Antoni et al 2002; + +Hartmann et al 2006). + +However, despite ART intervention, several psychological issues associated with + +HIV, continue to persist among persons with HIV-positive (Green & Smith 2004; + +Rodger et al 2013; Rosenfield et al 1996). + +Additionally, individuals with HIV-positive experience social stigmas, feelings of + +guilt, uncertainty about the future, feelings of isolation, lack of social + +reinforcement, and worry about frequent infections, thus making them prone to + +chronic psychological problems such as anxiety disorder and depression (Bogart + +LM et al 2000; Vogl et al 1999). Several cross-sectional studies have + +demonstrated a high prevalence of anxiety disorder and depression among + +individuals HIV-positive, with the risk of depression being four times more as + +compared to normal individual. The prevalence rate of depression among HIV- + +infected individuals ranges from 5% to 45%, and the prevalence rate of anxiety + +disorder is up to 38% (Bogart LM et al 2000; Elliott A et al 1998). Also, individuals + +with HIV positive have depression have higher suicidal tendency than non-HIV + +depressed individuals (Chandra P et al 1998; Cluver et al 2007; Penzak et al + +2000). + + + + + +4 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +Further studies have shown that the presence of depression in HIV-infected + +individuals is associated with a decreased CD4 cell count, an increased viral + +load, and reduced compliance with ART (Yun LW et al 2005). + +Apart from frequent infections, weight loss and fatigue are observed +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +prominently among individuals with HIV-positive. Such symptoms affect daily + +work and lead to more disability and dependency in the persons with HIV + +(Cleary PD et al 1993; Low et al 2011; Ferrando et al 1998; Breitbart et al 1998). + +Collectively, these issues such as anxiety, depression, poor immunity, and HIV- + +associated symptoms lead to reduced psychological well-being and + +significantly affect quality of life (QoL) among individuals with HIV-positive + +people (Adewuya et al 2008; AminiLari et al 2013; Aranda et al 2004). + +Non-drug interventions such as yoga, meditation, tai chi, or Cognitive + +Behavioural Therapy (CBT) have been found to be effective in improving several + +physical and psychological symptoms associated with chronic health + +conditions, including HIV (Antoni et al 2002; Naoroibam et al 2016; Bhargav et al + +2016; Ferrando et al 2004; Taylor et al 1995). + +Yoga + +Yoga is a form of mind–body intervention consisting of physical practices, + +breathing techniques, and meditation. The science of Yoga is considered to be + +approximately more than 5000 years old (Keley et al 2010). Spiritually, the + +practise of yoga aims to achieve the highest goal of life called Moksha, which + +refers to liberation (Siddiqui et al 2016). Scientific investigations have noted the + +many physiological and psychological benefits of yoga practice in both clinical + +and nonclinical populations (Yang et al 2007; Raju et al 1986). + +The practise of yoga has disease preventive effects and beneficial effects on + +wellness. Scientific evidences have confirmed the various wellness benefits of + + +5 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +yoga for various health conditions, such as diabetes mellitus (Hemmer et al 2008; + +Mahapure et al 2008), cardiovascular disease (Ashish et al 2015), neurological + +disorders (Sharma, 2015), gastrointestinal disorders (Kaswal et al 2013; ), and + +many psychological troubles. A significant portion of yoga research has focused +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +on studying its impact on psychological health and well-being. Yoga and + +meditation intervention studies show reduction in anger (Bhushan & Sinha 2001), + +anxiety (Eppley et al 1989), and depression (Krishnamurthy & Telles 2007; Woolery + +et al 2004), as well as increase in well-being (Netz & Lidor 2003). The potential of + +yoga to increase psychological well-being, including improved energy, and + +overall QoL has been demonstrated in older adults (Oken B et al 2006).Yoga + +practice reduces depression symptoms in pregnant woman (Mitchell, + +2012).Yoga can be considered an ancillary treatment option for people with + +depressive disorders and individuals with elevated levels of depression (Cramer + +& Langhorst 2013).Yoga practice results in a significant decrease in anxiety levels + +and a positive change in subjective well-being among students (Jadhav & + +Havalappanavar 2009).Yoga practice reduces anxiety and blood pressure and + +improves QoL more significantly than physical exercise (Marefat & + +Peymanzad2011). + +Hence, the present study intended to assess the impact of a 2-month integrated + +yoga intervention on psychological health, QoL, and well-being among HIV- + +infected persons, when compared with a matched wait-list control group. + +Methods and materials + +Participants + +HIV-infected people aged 30–50 years on ART were recruited in this + +study.We considered the participants within this age range because, after the + +age of 50, people with HIV usually experience severe weight loss, and co- + +morbid conditions such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B, fatigue syndrome etc. + + +6 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +rendering them unable to perform yoga. Also, the lower age limit is chosen as + +30, as any HIV person below 30 years of age is usually in less advanced stages of + +disease. + +We approached two HIV rehabilitation centres located in Bengaluru city, India. +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +A total of 88 participants was approached for participation, and they were + +screened for eligibility criteria. + +Among 88 participants, 63 were found to be eligible for the study. Of 63 + +potential participants, 2 declined to participate in the study. Finally, we selected + +60 potential participants for the study. For the equal distribution of subjects + +across both groups, we did not consider the data of one subject from yoga + +group, although he received IY (See Flow Chant 1). None of the participants + +had CD4 count<300 indicating AIDS. + +Randomization + +Participants’ names were fixed up in alphabetical order and then listed in serial + +order from 1 to 60. Using a computer-based random number generator, two + +groups were formed. The groups were named 'A' and 'B'. Group A was selected + +as intervention group and B as a wait-list group using tossing method. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +7 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + + + + + + +Flow Chart 1 +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + + + + +Subjects screened = 88 + +Eligible subjects = 63 + + + + +Drop outs=2 Due personal reasons + + +60 subjects + + + + + +Yoga group = 30 subjects + + + +Pre assessment n=30 + + + +2 Months yoga + ART + + + + + +Post assessment n=30 + +Control group = 30 subjects + + + +Pre assessment n=30 + + + + +ART only + + + + + +Post assessment n=30 + + + +Figure 1: Participant recruitment + + + + + + + + + + + +8 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + + + + + + + + +Inclusion criteria +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +· HIV-positive and within the age range of30–50 years + +· Willing to participate in the study + +· Participants of Both genders + +Exclusion criteria + +· Prior exposure to yoga + +· Physical handicap or Severe disability + +· Recent surgery + +· Acute respiratory infections + +· History of psychiatric illness or usage of antipsychotic medication + +· Drug addiction + +Ethical consideration + +Participants were informed about the study protocol in their respective mother + +tongue, and written informed consent was obtained before the + +commencement of the study. + +This study was approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Directorate of + +Distance Education, SVYASA University, Bengaluru, India. + +Intervention + +All subjects in the yoga group performed2 months of yoga practice consisting of + +loosening practices, Suryanamaskara, breathing practices, Asanas, Pranayama, + +meditation, and relaxation techniques (See Table:1), which were performed + +daily for 1hour, 5 days a week. The subjects in the control group followed their + +9 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +normal routine activity. Regular attendance was monitored by maintaining an + +attendance register and subjects who attended <70% of the sessions were + +excluded from analysis. A total of 95% of the subjects attended all sessions, none + +of the subjects had attendance less than 70%. +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +The yoga module used in the study by Rosy et al (2015) was applied in this study. + +(Please add Table 1 Here) + +Table 1: List of practices performed by the yoga group + + +Sl.No. Name of Practices Starting Prayer +Shithilikarana practices +1 Forward and backward bending + +Number of rounds + + +5 rounds + +Duration 2 min + +2 min + + + +2 Twisting +3 Side bending + +5 rounds 2 min 5 rounds 2 min + + + +Suryanamaskara +Quick Relaxation Technique +Breathing Practices + +6 rounds 8 min +3 min + + + +1 Hands in and out breathing 2 Ankle stretch breathing +3 Bhujangasanabreathing +4 Straight leg- raise breathing +Asanas +1 Ardhakatichakrasana +2 Ushtrasana +3 Paschimothanasana 4 Bhujangasana +5 Shalabhasana +6 Setubandasana + +5 rounds 2 min 5 rounds 2 min 5 rounds 2 min 5 rounds 2 min + +1 round 2min 1 round 1 min 1 round 1 min 1 round 1 min 1 round 1 min +1 round 1min + + + +7 Vipareetakarani Quick Relaxation Technique +Pranayama + +1 round 2 min 3 min + + + +1 Kapalabhati +2 Sectional Breathing +3 Nadishudhi + +60–80 rounds/min 2 min 5 rounds 5 min +10 rounds 5 min + + +10 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + + +4 Seetkari/Seetali/Sadanta 5 Bhramari + +5 rounds 2 min 10 rounds 5 min + + + +Meditation +1 Nadanusandhana Deep Relaxation Technique +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED +Closing Prayer + + +9 ×4 5 min 10 min +2 min + + + + +Assessments and tools + +Primary outcome measures + + +WHO Quality of Life- HIV Brief (WHOQOL-HIV BREF) + + +Both groups were administered WHOQOL-HIV BREF before and after 2 months of + +(Hsiung PC et al 2011). + + +The WHOQOL-HIV BREF is considered to be a valid &a reliable tool to assess + +different domains of QoL among HIV infected persons. It comprises of 31 items, + +each using a 5-point Likert scale ( 5 most 1 least?). The 31 items are distributed + +across six domains. The six domains of QoL are as follows: physical health, + +psychological health, level of independence, social relationships, environment, + +and spirituality/religion/personal beliefs. The physical health domain measures + +pain and discomfort, energy and fatigue, and sleep and rest. The psychological + +health domain measures positive feelings, thinking, learning, memory and + +concentration, self-esteem, body image and appearance, and negative + +feelings. The level of independence domain measures mobility, daily life + +activities, dependence on medications or treatments, and work capacity. The + +social relationships domain includes personal relationships, social support, and + + + +11 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +sexual activity. The environment domain measures physical safety and security, + +home environment, financial resources, health and social care, accessibility and + +quality, opportunities for acquiring new information and skills, participation in +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +and opportunities for recreation and leisure activities, and physical environment + +(pollution, noise, traffic, climate, and transport) (Fatiregun, 2009). + + +Secondary outcome measures + + +Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale + +Anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression + +Scale. + +The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a valid tool to assess + +symptom severity and anxiety disorders and depression in both individuals under + +somatic, psychiatric, and primary care as well as those in the general + +population. The scale contains a total of 14 items, of which 7 items assess + +subjective anxiety and 7 assess depressions. (Zigmond AS; Snaith et al RP 1983) + +Fatigue + +For both groups, subjective fatigue was assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale + +(FSS) before and after 2 months. + +Fatigue Severity Scale + + +The FSS is a valid tool to assess subjective fatigue. For both groups, the FSS was + +administered before and after 2 months. The FSS is a method of evaluating the + +impact of fatigue (Valko P et al 2008). + + + + + + +12 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +WHO (Five) Well-Being Index (1998 version) + +Both groups were administered WHO (Five) Well-Being Index (1998 version) + +before and after 2 months of the yoga intervention (Huen & Bonsiqnore M 2001). +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +It is a valid &reliable tool to assess the subjective well-being of individual + +(Saipanish, 2009; Heun et al 2001). + +Data analysis + +Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 10 (IBM, Chicago, USA). + + +Data was subjected tothe Shapiro–Wilk test normality test and all variables were + +found to be normally distributed. Descriptive statistics were presented as mean + +and standard deviation. Paired sample t test and the independent sample t test + +were used to compare the characteristics within-group and between-group, + +respectively. + + +P value (significance) more than 0.05 was considered to depict a statistically + +significant change. + + +Results + +Demographic characteristics of participants did not differ between the two + +groups; hence, the groups were comparable at baseline (Table 2). + +Table 2: Comparison of demographics between the groups at baseline + + +Variable Yoga group, (n=30; 10 men; 20 +women) + +Control group, p value (n=30; 11 men; 19 +women) + + +[Mean±SD] [Mean±SD] + + + +13 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + + +Age (years) + +History of HIV infection + +(years) +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +Fatigue + +Psychological well- + +being + +Anxiety + +Depression + +Physical QoL + +Psychological QoL + +Overall QoL &General + +health + +Social relations + +Environmental + +Spirituality + +41.90±7.02 + +6.82±1.83 + + + +47.87±4.47 + + +11.26±3.52 + + +11.29±2.15 + +9.16±2.15 + +10.71±1.16 + +10.27±0.85 + + +12.39 ± 1.41 + + +9.58 ± 0.81 + +11.58 ± 0.98 + +11.68 ± 1.25 + +42.1±7.32 0.13 + +6.65±1.36 0.15 + + + +48.42±1.18 0.51 + +9.87±1.54 0.51 + + +11.45±2.17 0.71 + +9.19±2.04 0.92 + +10.77±1.15 0.81 + +10.01±1.01 0.50 + +12.32 ± 1.17 0.81 + + +9.48 ± 0.63 0.60 + +11.47 ± 0.89 0.84 + +11.26 ± 1.12 0.17 + + + + + +The yoga group consisted of 30 participants (11 men and 19 women), and the + +wait-listed control group consisted of 30 participants (10 men and 20 women). + +The intervention was found to be feasible, which is evidenced by a regular + +attendance rate ofmore than 90%. + +Shapiro-Wilk Test: Data was subjected to Shapiro-Wilk test and all the variables + +found to be normally distributed with p value more than 0.05. Hence we used + + +14 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +the paired sample t-test to assess the changes within each group before and + +after 2 months and the independent sample t-test were used to compare the + +differences between the groups. + + + + +Yoga group (Table 3) +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +In the yoga group, we noted significant improvement in depression (p <0.001), + +anxiety (p <0.001), psychological well-being (p <0.001), fatigue (p <0.001), and + +all domains of QoL after2 months of yoga intervention when compared with + +those at baseline (Table 3). + +Control group (Table 3) + +In contrast to the yoga group, we observed a significant increase in anxiety (p + +<0.001), depression (p <0.001), and fatigue (p <0.005), along with asignificant + +decrease in all domains of QoL and well-being (p <0.001), after 2 months + +compared with those at baseline in the control group (See Table 3). + +Table 3: Pre–post comparison of variables of yoga and wait-listed control groups + +Group Yoga group Control group + + + + +Pre M ± SD Post M ± SD + + +p % +value change + + + +Pre M ± SD Post M ± SD p value + +Between- +% group +change compariso +n p value + + + + +Fatigue + + +Well-being + + +Anxiety + +Depression + +47.87 ± 4.47 + + +11.26 ± 3.52 + + +11.29 ± 2.15 + +9.16 ± 2.15 + +22.77 ± 2.51 <0.001 + + +19.03 ± 1.97 <0.001 + + +5.45 ± 1.34 <0.001 + +4.74 ± 1.12 <0.001 + +−52 48.42 ± 1.18 + + +69 9.87 ± 1.54 + + +−52 11.45 ± 2.17 + +−48 9.19 ± 2.04 + +49 ± 35 0.005 2 <0.001 + + +8.61 ± 2.56 0.001 −13 <0.001 + + +12.48 ± 2.20 <0.001 9 < 0.001 + +10.23 ± 1.93 <0.001 11 <0.001 + + +QOL PH 10.71 ± 1.16 15.77 ± 1.12 <0.001 47 10.77 ± 1.15 9.84 ± 1.1 <0.001 −9 <0.001 + + + +15 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + + +Psy 10.27 ± 0.85 + +LOInd 12.39±1.41 + +SRln 9.58±0.81 +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + + +Envmt 11.58±0.98 + + +PBlfs +11.68±1.25 + +14.94 ± 0.84 <0.001 45 + +15.68±1.17 <0.001 27 + +13.29±0.59 <0.001 39 + +15.71±0.57 <0.001 36 + + +<0.001 +15.94±0.96 36 + + +10.01±1.01 + +12.32±1.17 + +9.48±0.63 + + +11.47±0.89 + + + +11.26±1.12 + + +9.08±0.91 <0.001 −9 <0.001 + +10.97±1.49 <0.001 −11 <0.001 + +9.26±0.58 0.03 −2 <0.001 + + +10.87±0.67 0.002 −5 <0.001 + + + +10.84±1.07 0.11 −4 <0.001 + + + +Abbreviations: “<” values are p values’ Fatg, Fatigue;WBng, Well-being;Anx, Anxiety;Dpr, Depression;QOL + +Ph, QOL Physical;QOLPsy, QOL Psychological. QOL LOInd, QOL Level of Independence;QOL SRln, QOL Social +Relation;QOL Envmt, QOL Environment; QOL PBlfs, QOL Personal Beliefs + +Between-group comparison + +The yoga group showed a higher improvement in anxiety (p <0.001), depression + +(p <0.001), fatigue (p <0.001), psychological well-being (p <0.001), and all + +domains of QoL. Thus, we found significant differences between theyoga and + +control groups (Table 3). + +Discussion + + +In this study, we found a significant improvement in depression, anxiety, fatigue, + +well-being, and QoL following 2 months of the yoga intervention in HIV-infected + +participants. In contrast to the yoga group, a significant increase in depression, + +anxiety, and fatigue and the deterioration of QoL and well-being were + +observed in the control group. Worsening of the control group characteristics + +may be attributed to the progression of the disease. Previously ssurveys have + +shown that the natural advancement of disease involves worsening of anxiety + +and depression symptoms along with reduction of CD4 counts in HIV patients. + +Both these factors are known to have are reciprocities spiraling effect on each + +other, resulting in a vicious cycle. Addition of yoga may break this cycle by + +preventing or retarding progression of psychopathology (Marry et al 2002). Rosy + + +16 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +et al 2016 also observed that there was an increase in anxiety and depression in + +HIV positive patients on ART after one month of routine conventional treatment + +as compared to the baseline. + + +This study suggests that yoga practice enhances the mental health by improving +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +the well-being and reducing anxiety, depression and fatigue. Further, these + +findings suggest the importance of yoga as an alternative intervention in + +conventional HIV care. This study also showed the significance of the yoga + +intervention as an add-on therapy to ART in HIV care. + + +Few studies have shown the potential use of the yoga intervention in HIV- + +infected persons. + + +Another randomized controlled trial by Mawar et al 2015 reported significant + +improvement in the health related QoL domains (12% in physical health; 9% in + +level of independence; 11% in psychological health) (Mawar et al 2015) + + +In a randomized controlled trial, Rosy et al (2016) reported significant + +improvement in depression scores (p=0.04, −13.39%) and a non-significant + +reduction in anxiety scores (p=0.13, −8.2%) following 1 month of an integrated + +yoga intervention in persons with HIV; in contrast to the yoga group, the control + +group showed a significant increase in anxiety and depression over the same + +period. The findings of our study are consistent with this previous study by Rosy et + +al (2016) with a notable difference being the longer duration of 2 months. The + +longer duration in our study may explain the comparatively higher improvement + +in depression (48%) and anxiety (52%) in the yoga intervention group. Similarly, + +asignificant increase in anxiety and depression in the control group was + +observed at post-assessment; which may be attributed to HIV-associated + +depression and anxiety. + + + + + +17 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +In another randomized controlled trial, Ram et al (2016) reported significant + +improvement in QoL domains following 4 months of the yoga intervention in HIV + +persons with cocaine addiction (Agarwal et al 2015). Consistent with this study, + +our study also found significant improvement in QoL domains following 2 months +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +of yoga intervention. However, the frequency of the yoga intervention in our + +study was 5 days per week, as compared to 1 session per week in the previous + +study. Also the type of yoga module differed from the previous study. These + +variations could explain the greater improvement in QoL domains observed in + +our study, + + +Our findings are also supported by a pilot RCT study by Menon et al 2013 in + +which significant improvement in physical health, psychological well-being and + +CD4 count following 10 weeks of yoga intervention among the adolescents with + +HIV positive (Menon et al 2013). + + +The exact mechanism action of yoga is not known. However, based on earlier + +findings, we can hypothesize that yoga practice leads to decreased stress + +response through down-regulation of the HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal + +axis) (Ross et al 2009), which could have contributed to a reduction in anxiety. + +Most of the yoga postures involve active stretching, which might have + +contributed to increased parasympathetic activity and enhanced secretion of + +positive Neuro-hormones such as serotonin, oxytocin which have anti- + +depressant action (Sharma et al 2005). Decreased anxiety and depression is + +shown to improve QoL (Chandwani et al 2009). + + +This study has a few limitations such as a small sample size, with no sample size + +calculation done prior to the study. Additionally, the control-group has not had + +any type of intervention, while the yoga group is a short term intervention. + + +Conclusion + + + +18 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +This study clearly indicates that yoga intervention improves the psychological + +health and QoL of individuals infected with HIV. Therefore, based on these + +findings, yoga is strongly recommended as a complementary therapy to + +enhance conventional HIV care. +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +19 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +Conflict of Interest + +Authors declare no conflict of interest. + +Acknowledgement + + +We are grateful for the constant support we received from the HIV Centres +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +throughout the study. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +20 +ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT + + + + +Reference + + +· Adewuya, A. O., Afolabi, M. O., Ola, B. A., Ogundele, O. 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Antidepressant + +treatment improves adherence to antiretroviral therapy among + +depressed HIV-infected patients. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune +MANUSCRIPTACCEPTED + +Deficiency Syndromes. 2005 Apr 1;38(4):432-8 + +· Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression + +scale. Acta psychiatricascandinavica, 67(6), 361-370. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +29 + + + + + + +View publication stats diff --git a/subfolder_0/Impact of yoga way of life on organizational performance conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Impact of yoga way of life on organizational performance conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b2c897162c041a75e1dfa488b3796d0fddcf7312 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Impact of yoga way of life on organizational performance conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,286 @@ +3/9/2017 Impact of yogaway of lifeonorganizational performance:[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga(IJoY) + + + + + +ORIGINAL ARTICLE +Year :2010 | Volume :3 | Issue :2 | Page :55­­66 + +Impact of yoga way of life on organizational performance + +Hasmukh Adhia1, HR Nagendra2, B Mahadevan3, +1 Government of Gujarat, Gulbai Tekra, Ahmedabad ­ 380 006, India +2 Swami Vivekanand Yoga Anusandhan Samsthan, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore ­ 19, India 3 Indian Institute of Management, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore 560 076, India + +Correspondence Address: B Mahadevan +Indian Institute of Management, Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore ­ 560 076 India + +Abstract + +Background: Organizational performance can be attributed to a number of factors. However, there are certain organizational factors, the presence or absence of which can determine the success or failure of the organization. There are different ways in which organizations try to improve their performance by working on such factors. In the research presented in this article, an attempt is made to find out whether adoption of the Yoga Way of Life by managers can have a positive impact on such organizational performance indicators. Aims: To measure effect of yoga way of life on five different indicators through an empirical study. Materials and Methods: The five indicators are job satisfaction, job involvement, goal orientation, affective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior. Statistics Analysis: Pre­ and post­data was measured using self­reported questionnaire. Independent T­test (Paired) and Pearson«SQ»s correlation test were conducted using SPSS. Results and Conclusion: The results of the study show that Yoga has a significant positive impact on four out of five of these indicators. Only job involvement does not show significant improvement. The construct used for measuring job involvement had a Chronbach alpha of0.613,which is an indicator ofmoderate reliability,which could be the main reason for notgetting positive result. + + +Howto cite this article: +Adhia H,Nagendra H R,Mahadevan B.Impactofyoga way oflife on organizational performance.IntJ Yoga 2010;3:55­66 + + +Howto cite this URL: +Adhia H,Nagendra H R,Mahadevan B.Impactofyoga way oflife on organizational performance.IntJ Yoga [serial online]2010 [cited 2017 Mar 9 ];3:55­66 Available from: http://www.ijoy.org.in/text.asp?2010/3/2/55/72631 + +Full Text + +Introduction + + +The globalization of the industrial world makes it imperative for organizations to put special emphasis on organizational innovation, flexibility, productivity, and responsiveness for changing the external conditions of their performance. Organizational performance can be measured in terms of different criteria for different organizations, and it depends to a great extent on the goals of an organization. However, one way of comparing organizations with different goals is to identify surrogate indicators of performance. In this article we have utilized the past studies and relevant literature to identify five organizational factors that can be used as alibis to assess the performance of an organization from the view point of the setobjectives.These factors are common to mostorganizations,and therefore,can be used to make comparisons between companies or groups. + +Today,there is considerable interestamong the managementpractitioners and researchers with regard to the role and benefits ofintroducing spirituality atthe workplace.The Harvard Business School study, drawn over a period of 11 years, showed a marked relation between the strength of the organizations' corporate culture and its profitability. [1] Lloyd [2] maintains that organizations high in workplace spirituality outperform those without it by 86%. Taking a cue from such other studies, we have been motivated to introduce the concept ofthe 'Yoga way oflife'.We have analyzed the possible impactitcan have on such organizational factors,and have utilized the empirical study and literature to make our inferences. + +Yoga is generally perceived to be a way of keeping oneself healthy and happy. However, if one truly understands the concept of yoga as a complete way of life, one can clearly see its benefit for changing the paradigms of its practitioners. Such a change in the psycho­motivation of people is useful at the organizational level also. However, so far, very few empirical studies have been undertaken to establish such a link. The main contribution of this article is to fill this gap. Using a controlled scientific experimentation of employees in a manufacturing unit,we provide an empirical assessmentofthe impactofthe yoga way oflife on positive organizational factors. + +We pose the question, "Can adoption of the yoga way of life make a positive impact on the factors which are responsible for the performance of organizations? If so, can we empirically observe this phenomenon and provide relevant literature support to explain this?" To the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical research available so far, to answer these questions.We study these issues in this article using an empirical study conducted in a manufacturing unitinvolving 84 executives. + +We show that adoption of the yoga way of life can bring about better job satisfaction, affective organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and goal orientation of managers. These factors indeed contribute to the performance of the organization as we have argued in the article. Through a rigorous literature review and understanding of the science of Yoga, as given in our scriptures, we also provide an explanation of how this happens. We also motivate the HR managers in organizations to explore ways of implementing the yoga way oflife,as itpromises to address the issue oforganizational climate ata fundamental level. + +The rest of the article is organized as follows. In the next section we provide a review of the literature to introduce various factors contributing to the performance of an organization and the manner in which these contribute. On the basis of this, we identify the variables for our study. In Section 3, we discuss the role of yoga in management by a study of the literature. Based on these we also develop the hypothesis for our study. We present the study details in Section 4, and discuss the results in the following Section. Finally in Section 6, we conclude by highlighting the implications ofour study. + +Materials and Methods + + +Factors contributing to organizational performance + +Organizational performance can be termed as the achievement of the goals of an organization. The goals of an organization may differ from organization to organization and may also include in its fold quantitative and qualitative aspects. When an organization achieves its goals, it is said to have performed well. As performance is the main reason for the survival of an organization,there is considerable interestamong practitioners and researchers to understand whatresults in a better organizational performance. + +Marmol and Murray [3] studied High Performing Organizations (HPOs) from a variety of sectors including financial services, technology, consumer goods, retail manufacturing, + +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2010;volume=3;issue=2;spage=55;epage=66;aulast=Adhia 1/6 +3/9/2017 Impact of yogaway of lifeonorganizational performance:[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga(IJoY) +transportation, customer services, and energy. The focus of the study was on identifying qualities and practices that helped organizations sustain a superior performance over a long period. They observed that of the six attributes that were common to the HPOs, the most important was leadership competence. According to Uma, [4] most organizations are impacted by globalization, new challenges, and complexities irrespective of whether they operate globally or not. Leadership competence is critical to the success of the organization perhaps more than ever before. + +Prahalad,[5]discussed the challenges thatleaders face in the currentenvironmentand the qualities required.The main competencies thathe emphasized to face these are: + + +Coping with ambiguities and uncertaintieseconciling the coexistence of oppositesManaging the diversity in terms of race, age, gender, culture, and intellectual person integrity SelflessnessHumility and courageNetworking across organizationsContextual influence and authority + +According to Tichy, [6] the single most important factor that differentiates winning companies from losing ones is that the winning companies possess a leadership engine ­ a proven system for creating dynamic leaders at every level. Warren [7] observed that the key to future competitive advantage will be the organization's capacity to create a social architecture capable ofgenerating intellectual capital;and leadership is the key to realize full intellectual capital. + +The quality and disposition of managerial level employees is thus a key to organizational performance. Some of the factors that can measure these qualities are job satisfaction, job involvement, goal orientation, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior. We present a review of their influence on the quality of leadership and organizational performance. + +Job satisfaction + +According to Bullock, [8] job satisfaction is an attitude that results from a balancing and summation of many specific likes and dislikes experienced in connection with the job. Smith [9] has defined job satisfaction as an employee's judgment of how well his job has satisfied his various needs. Blum and Naylor [10] have defined job satisfaction as a general attitude formed as a result of specific job factors, individual characteristics, and relationships outside the job. Robbins [11] too has defined job satisfaction as an employee's general attitude toward his job. + +In the mid­seventies, Locke [12] reviewed the research work done on job satisfaction during the preceding 40 years, beginning with the classic study by Hoppock. [13] Locke reported that more than 3000 studies had been published during the said period of 40 years. A critical review of the researches indicated that although there was no direct or consistent relationship between job satisfaction and productivity, the scholars and management practitioners were still interested in the study of job satisfaction for the following reasons, which had broad implications for the individual,the organization,and the society atlarge; + +Absenteeism is higher among dissatisfied employees [14],[15]Dissatisfied employees are more likely to quit [16]Satisfied employees enjoy better health and live longer [12],[17]Job satisfaction is infectious and carries over to life outside the work place [18] + +In a survey of 440 commercial bank employees in Bangladesh, Mosharraf [19] concluded that job satisfaction had a significant positive contribution to performance. Judge and Bono [20] found through empirical evidence that self­esteem, generalized self­efficacy, internal locus of control, and emotional stability are among the best dispositional predictors of job satisfaction and job performance. Lopez [21] found that self­esteem moderates the job performance ­ job satisfaction relationship. Cropazano Bonnet (2007) established that the employees' psychological well­being and employee morale have a moderating effect on the relationship between job­performance and job­satisfaction. Based on Korman's Consistency Theory of Work Motivation, Inkson [22] established that self­esteem exercised a significant moderating effect on the correlation between performance and intrinsic satisfaction,butnoton the correlation between performance and extrinsic satisfaction. + +These studies point to the role 'job satisfaction' plays in creating a positive ambience for the employees, motivating them and thereby ensuring high productivity. These in turn are likely to contribute to the performance ofan organization. + +Job involvement + +Job involvement is an important factor in the lives of most people. Work activities consume a large proportion of time and constitute a fundamentally important aspect of life for most people. People may be stimulated by and drawn deeply into their work or alienated from it mentally and emotionally. The quality of one's entire life experience can be greatly affected by one's degree of involvement in or alienation from work. [23],[24] A state of involvement implies a positive and relatively complete state of engagement of the core aspects of the self in the job, whereas, a state of alienation implies a loss of individuality and separation of the self from the work environment. For example, Argyris, [23] Kanungo, [25] Marx, [26] McGregor,[27]Kanungo [25],[28]considered involvementand alienation to be polar opposites. + +Lawler and Hall [29] defined job involvement as a 'psychological identification with one's work' and 'the degree to which the job situation is central to the person and his (or her) identity' (p. 310­311). Increasing job involvement can enhance organizational effectiveness and productivity by engaging employees more completely in their work, and making the work a more meaningful and fulfilling experience.[30] + +The 'individual difference perspective' holds that job involvement results from socialization processes that inculcate the importance of work as a virtuous and necessary activity, as well as from other stable individual differences. This research draws on the work of Weber, [31] with its emphasis on individuality and the virtue of work as an end in itself. Such beliefs are likely to predispose people to be more job involved. [32],[33],[34] Individuals with an internal locus of control (i.e., those who believe they are active causal agents) are likely to be more job involved than individuals with an external locus ofcontrol. + +Previous research has not established the causal ordering of job involvement with respect to job satisfaction and organizational commitment. We can classify job satisfaction as a consequence of job involvement, even though reciprocal causation is likely. One can consider job satisfaction primarily as a consequence, because cognitive appraisal of the potential for need satisfaction logically precedes actual need satisfaction. It is also likely that actual satisfaction then reciprocally influences job involvement. Conclusively, disentangling the causal priority of these two constructs empirically is likely to be difficult. Stumpf [35] concluded that both work performance and work satisfaction had antecedent influences on job involvement.All ofthese studies were co­relational,and none conclusively ruled outalternate causal orderings. + +Organizational commitment + +Robbins [36] has pointed out that dedicated or committed employees serve as 'pivotal variables without which the inanimate assets are worthless'. Several research and consulting organizations [37] also suggest that a committed workforce is the 'hallmark' of a successful organization. 'Committed or dedicated employees are expected to be more productive and work with focus on quality, to increase customer satisfaction and profitability of their organization'. [38] In a study of skilled workers of a private manufacturing unit (n=200) Pal, [39] found that a humane and fair management style significantly related to organizational commitment. Objectivity and rationality was found to be significantly related to organizational commitmentin a study undertaken by Sharma.[40] + +In a study conducted on 400 employees at the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore, Adhia [41] found that three factors, organizational politics, distributive justice, and procedural justice are strong predictors of affective organizational commitment. In the regression of affective organizational commitment, taking these three as predictors, the adjusted R square comes to 0.224,with P<0.01. + +It appears from this that organizational commitment is an obvious contributor to organizational performance because loyalty to the organization significantly enables the organization to achieve its objectives. The primary difference between organizational commitment and job involvement is that job involvement primarily reflects one's attitude toward a specific job, whereas, organizational commitment refers to one's attachment to the organization. [42],[43] It would be possible, for example, to be very involved in a specific job but not be committed to the organization and vice versa.[44],[45] + +Organizational citizenship behavior + +Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) pertains to the employees' behavior over and above the call of duty (job description and job specification), which is very important for organizational effectiveness. The globalization of the industrial world makes it imperative for organizations to put special emphasis on organizational innovation, flexibility, productivity, and responsiveness to changing external conditions for their performance. It has been increasingly felt that work behavior such as OCB, which is beyond the reach of traditional measures of job performance, holds promise for long­term organizational performance. A comprehensive theoretical discussion is available in the works of Organ, [46] Konovsky and +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2010;volume=3;issue=2;spage=55;epage=66;aulast=Adhia 2/6 +3/9/2017 Impact of yogaway of lifeonorganizational performance:[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga(IJoY) +Pugh, [47] Moorman and Blakey, [48] and Padsakoff and MacKenzie. [49] Attempts are also made to assess the probable factors (causes) which may lead employees to foster organizational citizenship behavior.[50],[51],[52],[53],[54] + +In 1983, Denis Organ and his colleagues were the first to use the term OCB. [50],[51] Later, drawing on the concept of 'willingness to cooperate' based on Bernard's, [55] the distinction between dependable role performance and innovative and spontaneous behaviors, Organ, defined OCB as an individual behavior that was discretionary, and not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system,and thatin aggregate promotes the effective performance ofthe organization. + +This concept has also been characterized as including constructive and cooperative extra role gestures that are neither mandatory nor directly compensated by a formal organizational reward system. In addition such behaviors have been described as having an accumulative positive effect on organizational functioning. Bateman and Organ [51] attempted to cluster a list of employee behaviors that managers typically need and appreciate, but are helpless to demand. These behaviors also formed part of what they called OCB. Included in the list are gestures such as, constructive statements for improvement of the organization / department, expressing personal interest in the work of others, monitoring the new entrants in the organization, respecting the spirit as well as the rules of the organization, care for organizational property, and so on. It also takes into account specific behaviors that employees refrain from indulging in, even though they may have every right to do so. To be more specific, these behaviors include finding fault with coworkers / managers, expressing resentment, complaining against trivial / insignificant issues, arguing with others, and so forth. The contention behind including such behaviors within the purview of the conceptis thatOCB does notonly include enactmentofpositive gestures and contributions,butitalso takes into accountthe quality offorbearance. + +Clearly,the conceptofOCB induces behavioral and attitudinal patterns on the partofmanagers thatinfluence organizational performance. + +Goal orientation + +Goal orientation refers to taking one's goals seriously and being persistent in pursuing the goal. Achievement goal theory and research suggest that employee job performance and job satisfaction depend on their goal orientations. [56],[57] Goal orientation can be regarded as a personality concept, implying the existence of individual differences in the extent to which people set goals and pursue them. Highly goal­oriented persons develop long range and clear goals. They are persistent in pursuing them, especially when difficulties arise. Therefore,goal orientation is assumed to be an importantprerequisite for effective leadership. + +Previous research has shown that a person's goal orientation was related to his or her performance in individual settings. [58] In a study reported by Sonnentag, Stolte, Frese, Heinbokel, and Brodbeck, [59] it was stated that the team leaders' goal orientation is related to the quality of the development process, the quality of the final product, and the interaction within the team.The goal orientation ofindividuals in an organization does lead to focused action,which helps in achieving organizational objectives. + +On the basis ofthe review ofliterature one can make certain inferences pertaining to factors influencing organizational performance.We summarize them below: + + +The quality and disposition of managerial level employees is the key to organizational performance.These are indeed reflected in some organizational indicators, such as, job satisfaction, job involvement, goal orientation, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behavior.These factors are suitable for our study also, because they can be studied and measured in respectofany organization,irrespective oftheir goals or line ofbusiness. + +Yoga way oflife + +The yoga way of life encompasses the philosophy of Karma Yoga (path of detached action), Jnana Yoga (knowledge of self), Bhakti Yoga (Trust in the supreme order) and Raja Yoga (Asana, Pranayam, Meditation etc.). Practicing this knowledge may bring about a complete transformation of one's personality, on the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual levels, which strengthens one's ability and desire to put in one's best. Yoga is one of the six foundations of Indian philosophy and has been used for millennia to study, explain, and experience the complexities of the mind and human existence. [60] Patanjali, an ancient yoga sage, defines yoga as a technique used to still the mental fluctuations of the mind to reach the central reality of the true self. [61] Patanjali's Yoga Sutras outline a skillful way of conducting life that fosters moderation and harmony. [62] These guidelines, which include ethical and moral standards ofliving in addition to postural and breathing exercises,are used to foster spiritual growth and evolve one's consciousness. + +Ashtanga Yoga, the eight step path of yoga, encompasses cognitive learning, moral conduct, physiological practices, and psychological therapy. The first two steps of Yama and Niyama seek and shape external behavior and thought patterns and thus minimize disturbances in the mind and the body. On the behavioral side, abstinence is sought from violence, falsehood, dishonesty, sexual excess, and acquisitive tendencies. On the cognitive moral side, the ideals prescribed are ­ purity, contentment, austerity, self study, and forbearance. The stages of Asana and Pranayama are meant for disciplining the body and regulating subtle energy flows. In the fifth stage of Prayahara, the secondary input is regulated so the mind is notdistracted.The stages ofdharana,dhyana,and Samadhi are for uplifting one's spiritual selfand for heightening consciousness. + +According to Srinivas, [63] a series of techniques collectively known under the general label 'Yoga' present a rich source for generating indigenous organizational development techniques that may perhaps find better acceptance than imported intervention designs from the west (p. 271). Originally developed for personal spiritual growth, yoga offers a well­ formulated approach to planned change.[63] + +Impactofyoga on management + +Spirituality in a workplace is a topic of hot discussion today. Wisnieski and Askar and Syed [64] present four interesting advantages in their review of workers who maintain a spiritual mindset. First they claim: 'The stronger the spiritual factor of the personality, the more tolerant the person is of work failure and less susceptible to stress' (p. 102). Second, these authors assert, 'the stronger the spiritual factor of the personality the more the person favors the democratic style of leadership, is more trusting and the higher is his / her tolerance of human diversity'. Third, it is the opinion of Mohamed et al. that, 'The stronger the spiritual factor of the personality the more the person exhibits altruistic and citizenship behavior'. Finally,these authors find that,'The stronger the spiritual factor ofthe personality,the more the person's commitmentto the organization and work group increases'. + +In the article of Sangster, [65] he re­emphasizes an often presented clarification when the topic of spirituality in the workplace is mentioned, he places religion out of the scope, stressing that'itis possible to lead a spiritual way oflife withoutfollowing any particular religious path' (p.16).In Sangster's opinion,spiritual workers are those who think cooperatively and / or altruistically; have a balanced, objective view of the world; listen as much as (or more than) they speak; apply a three­dimensional or bigger picture when thinking; believe in some higher driving force and purpose beyond humankind; find the time to think things through objectively; think laterally in order to promote realistic solutions; encourage and empower others selflessly; work open­mindedly with a wide range of people; consistently display integrity and trust; and expect the best from people without having a soft touch. (p. 16) + +Jurkiewicz and Giacalone [66] stress yet another major advantage of nurturing the spiritual mindset within each worker in the organization: ethicality. These authors assert that the 'Fundamental aspects of workplace spirituality, such as meaningful work that provides a feeling of purpose, a sense of connection and positive social relations with their coworkers, and the ability to live an integrated life in which the work role does not conflict with the essential nature of the person as a human being, may interact to create different perceptions of ethicality within the organization' (p. 85). Most of the work available on the subject of the impact of yoga on work life / management centers around the impact of Transcendental Meditation on various aspects of management. A review [67] of over 500 experimental studies conducted in over 200 universities, in 33 countries, revealed that Transcendental Meditation helps expand consciousness, decrease oxygen intake and stress level, increase basal skin resistance and coherence in EEG, and virtually suspends breathing up to one minute. + +Transcendental Meditation is a skill of effortlessly minimizing mental activity so the body settles into a state of rest deeper than deep sleep, while the mind becomes clear and alert. At the University of Texas, Orme­Johnson et al. [68] showed that mediators display a greater physiological equilibrium than non­mediators. He also showed that mediators maintain this equilibrium under stress more effectively than non­mediators. David [69] completed a study, which concludes that TM increases individual productivity. David found that mediators show increased job satisfaction, a decreased desire to change jobs, better performance, and better relationships with supervisors and co­workers. Findings on the TM technique relevant to organizational performance include, improved cognitive performance, [70] increased self­esteem, [71] and higher levels of self­actualization and development, [72],[73] associated with more effective managerial performance. [74] Previous case studies suggest that large proportions of organization members practicing the Transcendental Meditation technique have contributed to improvements in organizational performance.[75] + +Pande and Naidu [76] reported empirical evidence to show that people having a strong orientation to niskam karma (working sincerely without being preoccupied with the outcome) experience less work­related stress. Misra [77] found that effort orientation rather than concern for the outcome leads to greater intrinsic satisfaction. Chakraborty [78],[79] provides experimental evidence that practicing yoga, meditating, controlling breathing, and stilling the turbulent mind can enable workers and managers to purify their chitta and make it spiritual,expand their selfto include others around them,and help them grow and transform themselves,withoutexpecting anything in return. +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2010;volume=3;issue=2;spage=55;epage=66;aulast=Adhia 3/6 +3/9/2017 Impact of yogaway of lifeonorganizational performance:[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga(IJoY) + +From a complete review of the literature, one finds that there have been attempts in the past research to capture the positive impact of some aspect of yoga (such as asana or meditation) on personal factors such as stress, and so on. However, there has been no attempt to capture the effect of the adoption of complete yoga philosophy on organizational factors. As we have seen in the literature review, Yoga has a deeper psychological impact on a person, in terms of changing paradigms of one's life. Similarly most of the organizational factors selected for this study are psycho­motivational in nature. There is, therefore, enough ground for us to hypothesize that adoption of yoga as a philosophy and practice helps in increasing the levels ofpositive organizational factors.This research is an attemptto prove or disprove this hypothesis. + +Empirical study details and results + +This controlled experiment was conducted at a manufacturing company in Gujarat, called Birla Celluloise, located at Kosamba, one of the units manufacturing Viscose Staple Fiber, owned by the Grasim Industry, located at Kharach village near Bharuch. This unit has more than 120 people in the managerial cadre and more than 1000 in the workers category. Most of them stay in the township of the company, which makes it easy to conduct the intervention of Yoga. Grasim Industries Limited, a flagship company of the Aditya Birla Group, ranks among India's largest private sector companies, with consolidated net revenues of Rs. 141 billion and a consolidated net profit of Rs. 20 billion (FY2007). Starting as a textiles manufacturer in 1948, today Grasim's businesses comprise viscose staple fiber (VSF), cement, sponge iron, chemicals, and textiles. Its core businesses are VSF and cement, which contribute to over 90 percent of its revenues and operating profits. The Aditya Birla Group is the world's largest producer of VSF, commanding a 21 percent global market share. The company meets India's entire domestic VSF requirements. Grasim's VSF plants are located at Nagda in Madhya Pradesh, Kharach in Gujarat, and Harihar in Karnataka, with an aggregate capacity of270,100 tons per annum (tpa).The VSF plantatKharach,where this experimentwas conducted,was setup in 1996. + +The salientaspects ofthe study methodology are summarized below: + + +The managers of the company were given the option of joining this experiment after explaining to them the purpose and modality of this experiment and making clear to them the expectations of regularity and so on. Written consent for being a part of the experiment was obtained.Those who opted were initially divided in two equal groups of 42 each ­ Group one was called the Yoga group and Group 2 was called the physical exercise group, which was the control group for this experiment.The Yoga group was given 30 hours of yoga practice (75 minutes every day) and 25 hours of theory lectures on the philosophy of yoga. The total intervention period was six weeks. The theory lectures were given by the first author of this article and included topics such as the definition of the yoga way of life, implications of the four types of yoga (Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga and Bhakti Yoga) on life, analysis on the aspects of true happiness in life, ashtanga yoga steps, central theme of universality of consciousness as given in Vedanta, and so on. The practice was given for asanas, pranayama, Kriya, and relaxation by a well­trained yoga instructor.The control group was also given training of equal number of hours for normal physical work­out and lectures on success factors in life (based on modern thought). This was thought necessary in order to obviate the possibility of the Hawthorne effect on the experiment group. The topics for theory given to this group included ­ Success and Happiness, Importance of Attitude, Self­Image, Good Relationship with Others, Goal Setting, Power of sub­conscious mind, Communication, Motivation, and leadership. The practice given to this group was fast exercises such as spot jogging, bending, body rotation, hand and leg movements, and the like.In order to prove or disprove the hypotheses, variables were measured for both the groups, before and after the experiment, with the help of a standard self­reported questionnaire. In addition, the measurement of certain physical parameters such as weight, BMI, BP, Blood Sugar, and so on, were taken for all, both pre­ and post­experiment.The pre­measurement data was taken on 17 September, 2007. The intervention to both the groups was simultaneously given between the 18 September and 24 October, 2007. The post­measurement data was taken on 24 October, 2007.Out of the group of 42 in both groups, there were some who did not attend all theory and practice classes on many days, and hence only top 30 (in terms of regularity) were included for both groups in the final sample, for the analysis. This came to a minimum attendance figure of 65% approximately for both groups. In short, people with less than 65% aggregate attendance were excluded from both groups. The profile of the sample finally included in the experiment can be seen in [Table 1] and [Table 2]. [Figure 1]schematically shows the study methodology and the group composition.{Figure 1} + +Constructs used for measurementofvariables + +Questionnaires were both easy to administer and inexpensive, [80] due to their brevity and self­reportive nature. It was therefore decided to use self­reported questionnaire, pre­ and post­intervention, for this study. Intrinsic job satisfaction was measured using the shorter version of the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, popularly known as MSQ, [81] from which items loading highly on the 'intrinsic' factor were chosen. [48] These items were related to the opportunity the respondent had to make use of, his/her skills and abilities, the trying of new ideas and methods, and the feeling of accomplishment that was generated on the job. This scale was preferred over other scales such as Job Descriptive Index, [82] because they were lengthy and multidimensional.Furthermore,the MSQwas the mostcognitive in its orientation. + +Affective Organizational Commitment was measured using eight items pertaining to the affective component of organizational commitment, from the instrument developed by Allen and Meyer, [83],[84] which is responded to on a seven­point Likert type scale. The items are used to tap the extent of the employee's emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in the organization. Job Involvement was measured using the 13­item job involvement­role scale developed by Paullay, et al., [85] with responses taken on a seven­point Likerttype scale.Itwas used to tap the extentto which the respondentwas involved personally in the type ofwork thathe/she did in his/her presentjob. + +Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) was measured using a slightly modified version of the scale developed by Moorman and Blakely, [48] based on Graham's [86] four­ dimensional model of OCB. The modification was mainly intended to facilitate self­reporting. The four dimensions proposed by Graham were Interpersonal Helping (IH), Personal Initiative (PI), Loyal Boosterism, and Personal Industry. However, only items related to Interpersonal Helping and Personal Initiative were included in the scale, because of the potential for a high level ofsocial desirability ofother items. + +Goal orientation was measured with a scale developed by Frese, et al. It is argued that while measuring goal orientation, it is optimal to refer to the same situations for all respondents, due to project difference. However, Frese, et al. have showed that there is no need to provide a situational input for the goal, as there is a certain degree of cross­situational generality in the goal orientation scale. The four items used to measure goal orientation were anchored on a seven­point scale with 1 standing for 'strongly disagree' and 7 standing for 'strongly agree'. + +The data collected was analyzed using SPSS. The sample profile given in [Table 1] and [Table 2] indicated that 80 and 86% of the participants from the yoga and control groups, respectively, were from the age group of 21 to 50, while the rest were above 50. Similarly, 20% of the yoga group and 17% of the control group were from the top management (i.e., Deputy General Manager and above), while 57% of the yoga group and 63% of the control group were from the line­level managers (Deputy Managers and officers). The average total work experience ofthe sample group was 16.11 years.{Table 1}{Table 2} + +[Table 3] shows that at Baseline there is no difference in any indicator (Independent Sample t test). It can be concluded from [Table 4] and [Table 5] that in the yoga group, remarkable positive changes are observed in all the Indicators except Job Involvement (Paired t test), unlike in the physical exercise group where the post intervention impact on indicators do not show a statistically significant difference in any of the five indicators. [Table 6] shows that although, there is significant improvement within the Yoga group in four of the indicators (except JI), the comparison of Post Intervention Averages between the two groups using t­test exhibits that the two groups after intervention (at endpoint) do not differ significantly in any one of the five variables. The changes that are occurring in other indictors remain small in terms of effect. One reason for this may be the limited time frame of the study (two months). Furthermore, in many cases the initial level of all five factors in this organization was already high for both the groups. It appears that in the long run the Yoga group may turn outto be improving significantly in all indicators compared to the physical group.{Table 3}{Table 4}{Table 5}{Table 6} + +[Table 7] shows the Pearson's correlations, post­experiment, among the five variables measured. The results show that most of these five variables are strongly correlated, which means the presence of one factor will mean the presence of other factors also. Only job involvement does not show significant correlation with job satisfaction. Interestingly, the constructused for measuring job involvementhad a Chronbach alpha of0.613,which is an indicator ofmoderate reliability.{Table 7} + +Yoga as a viable and positive organizational tool + +Today, there is considerable interest among the management practitioners and researchers on the role and benefits of introducing spirituality at the workplace. The Harvard Business School study drawn over a period of 11 years showed a marked relation between the strength of the organizations' corporate culture and its profitability. [1] Lloyd maintains that organizations high in workplace spirituality outperform those withoutitby 86%. + +According to Sharma, [87],[88] Indian management ideas such as yoga in management, Vedanta in management, and the Kosha model in management offer new approaches to the concept of management, wherein competitive advantage, collective advantage, and karma advantage are balanced. According to Sharma, the Indian word 'Udyoga' (which means Industry) contains in itself the word 'yoga'. Thus, in Indian management thought, Udyoga is a yoga (Udyog hi yog hai/Udyog bhi ek yog hai). In popular terms Sharma [87],[88] refers to this as the BHMS (Body­Heart­Mind­Soul) model. There is an interactive relationship between the Body, Heart, Mind, and Soul. They influence each other in varying ways. Even organizations can be conceptualized as BHMS systems. With the arrival of the services and knowledge economy, the need for the BHMS approach to management is getting +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2010;volume=3;issue=2;spage=55;epage=66;aulast=Adhia 4/6 +3/9/2017 Impact of yogaway of lifeonorganizational performance:[PAUTHORS], International Journal of Yoga(IJoY) +attention.This implies a shiftfrom a fragmented view to a holistic view ofhuman beings,society,and organizations. + +Vedanta in management implies management by higher values and higher vision. Thus, YVK (Yoga, Vedanta, Kosha) constitute three 'Eastern Doors' that can be combined with 'Western Windows' (traditional Western Management theories and concepts). These ideas can be combined with various wisdom traditions to arrive at a new philosophy of what Sharma [87]calls 'Western Windows,Eastern Doors,and Wisdom Corridors' in the field ofmanagementand related social sciences. + +How can we explain the result, obtained in this experiment, is a moot question? Yoga Way of Life, the concept presented in this article is an integrated approach of the changing physical, mental, vital, and emotional personality of an individual. It aims at making managers more evolved individuals, with a better understanding of their job situation in the overall context of life. The teachings of Karma Yoga are useful in changing outcome orientation to effort orientation, and in reducing the managers' expectations from the job. The system of Yoga is analytical and makes an individual more aware ofhis situation and allows him to give a considered rather than an intuitive response to it. + +Yoga psychology conceives the self (atman) in terms of different levels of being. The inner­most core or atman is covered by hierarchy of five sheaths or layers. This continuation of layers corresponds to a sort of stepwise ladder, leading inward to the atman; the journey inward forms the basis of growth and development: Biological evolution from a protozoan to man, psychological evolution from child to adult, consciousness enhancement from mere cognitive to universal consciousness, wherein there is no ego and there is realization that the concerns and needs of all people are the same, and that what is good for one is good for all. In this growth process, feeling and emotions are accepted as having a place, they are notconsidered wrong or repressed,butare transformed and redirected.[63] + +According to Rama Swami et al., [89] Yoga psychology integrates behavioral and introspective approaches to growth. It provides a perspective by which one can become disengaged from involvement in the unhappy personalities he has created for himself and in the negative role he has adopted. It moves quickly to a training program for changing habits, thought patterns,and selfconcepts. + +The positive results obtained in this research confirm this. Yoga Philosophy helps a person to have a broader view of life, with greater awareness of his actions. This automatically results in enhanced commitment to his job and organization. It also means that his willingness to go beyond the call of his duty is a result of his understanding the concept of karma yoga, in which the performer does not depend on rewards for his / her performance. The high level of OCB found in the Yoga group here can be attributed to this. Furthermore, as at leastfour outofthe five factors measured here are strongly correlated,this positive impactis also found in job satisfaction,affective organizational commitment,and so on. + +Some people may be unnecessarily apprehensive about the renunciation effect that introduction of this philosophy may have on the drive or killer instinct of their executives. Such apprehensions come out of the wrong understanding of the true concepts of yoga. For example, far from being against 'goal orientation', the concept of Karma Yoga is so dynamic in nature that it frees an individual from all worries and propels him to action immediately. Also a person who is not excessively worried about the results can only be a true risk­taker, who will take tough decisions in the best interest of his organization. The results of this research show that the yoga way of life can bring about better 'Goal­orientation' among managers. + +In mostorganizations,leaders play a pivotal role in driving performance.There are varieties ofleadership training programs being tried nowadays by successful companies.However, the yoga way of life is rarely taught in these training programs. At the most, yogasanas are being taught to the group, as part of a morning physical work­out. There are few companies who have oflate started providing meditation rooms atthe work place,for the ease ofmanagers who wantto go into solitude to sharpen their creativity. + +It may be a good idea to now start thinking of giving systematic exposure of wisdom, enshrined in our ancient scriptures, to all managerial cadres of companies, which would help them personally as well as professionally. They can become better self­aware and self­regulated individuals, with a proper perspective of life and various relationships. The Yoga way of life is all about the correct attitude to life, which can result in a better organizational climate. In the Indian context, the assimilation of this knowledge may be better and easier, as the Indians have grown with all these concepts rightfrom childhood. + +'How can one proceed in this?' is a very important question. First of all, the top leaders of the company have to be convinced about the utility of this idea. They should themselves have the necessary trust in this philosophy and in the results it can bring. Once convinced about the utility of this kind of training, the tougher challenge lies in finding the right people to train company executives. And second, this has to be a continuous training, which is repeated periodically. Third, the atmosphere of the yoga way of life has to be created in the company policy.The company policies have also to pass the testofthe yoga way in terms ofcompletely adhering to the ethical­moral code prescribed in Yama and Niyama. + +Conclusion + + +There are certain organizational factors, such as Job Satisfaction, which have a crucial bearing on organizational effectiveness. Our study confirms the useful role that the Yoga way of life can play in improving these factors positively among managers. The results show a significant difference among those who are introduced to the practice of the yoga way of life. However, in order to get the benefit of yoga in its entirety, one has to adopt yoga as a technique of life management. This would include not only the Raj Yoga practices of asana, pranayama, and meditation, but also imbibe the concept of detatched action (Karma Yoga), trust in God's justice system (Bhakti Yoga), and seeking the knowledge of self (Jnan Yoga). Such an integrated approach can yield superior results for individual happiness and also for organizational performance. + +On the basis of our study we are motivated to recommend similar experimental studies in multiple organizational settings to further refine these findings and insights. One approach is to conduct a similar study with a large sample size, which may corroborate this initial attempt. Also in case of other similar experiments, different instruments for measuring these factors may be tried,in order to take care ofsocial desirability. + +References + +1 Zamor G,Claude J.Workplace spirituality and organisational performance.Public Adm Rev 2003;63:355­63. 2 Lloyd T.The nice company .Bloomsbury,London:The Nice Company;1990. +3 Marmol GG,Murray RM Jr."Leading from the front" The Mckinsey Quarterly No.3.1995.p.18­30. +4 Jain U. Leadershio competence for the challenges in the global era: A research study. In: Jain U, Pereek U, Shukla M, editors. 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Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; +1986.p.43­72. +87 Sharma S.Managementin the New Age:Western Windows Eastern Doors.New Delhi:New Age Publishers;2006. +88 Sharma S.New Mantras in Corporate Corridors:From AncientRoots to Global Routes.New Delhi:New Age International Publishers (P) Limited;2007. 89 Swamy R,Ballentine R,Swami A.Yoga and psychotherapy,Honesdale,PA:Himalayan International Institute;1976. + + + +Thursday, March 09, 2017 +Site Map | Home | ContactUs | Feedback | Copyrightand Disclaimer + + + + +http://www.ijoy.org.in/printarticle.asp?issn=0973­6131;year=2010;volume=3;issue=2;spage=55;epage=66;aulast=Adhia 6/6 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement Among Business Development Professionals conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement Among Business Development Professionals conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f7c8974b0024a29495204d21f4c1f4e742b1ffb --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement Among Business Development Professionals conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,511 @@ +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +INFLUENCE OF KARMA YOGA ON JOB INVOLVEMENT AMONG BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PROFESSIONALS + +Deepak. B V and Dr. Sony Kumari Department of Yoga & Management Studies +Swami Vivekananda Anusandhana Samsthana University Bengaluru, Karnataka India deepak.vijayasarathy@gmail.com +ABSTRACT +A study to explore the impact of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement of business development professionals having hypothesis of influence of Karma yoga, quantitative research design with pre & post intervention approach, about 400 sample respondents from the age group of 25-40, both male & female across various sectors in Bengaluru city were chosen. The collected data was analyzed via pre & post questionnaire, KMO test was used to measure the data suitability of data for factor analysis. Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variances is used to test that variances are equal for all samples. Based on the paired sample test the null hypothesis H0 “there is no influence of Karma yoga on Job Involvement among Business development professionals” was rejected & alternate hypothesis H1 was accepted. + +KEYWORDS: Karma Yoga, Job Involvement, Business Development Professionals, Sectors, Quantitative Research, Inferential Statistics, etc. + +INTRODUCTION +Karma-yoga which is one of the means of achieving the mukti (liberation) from the inescapable cycle of birth, death and rebirth (sanasara) holds answer to several business problems like employee commitment, involvement and turnover. Although, these job attitudes have been the subject of several researches, still our understanding of how karma-yoga can influence them favorably has not been studied. Karma-yoga which has been mentioned in Bhagavad Gita, stresses on how one should perform one’s duty without any desire for the result and how one should maintain a sense of equanimity in the face of crisis or ecstasy. Although it would be insensible to deploy the lessons of karma-yoga in today’s business setting without adjusting it to the needs of the present generation. Still the authors are confident that its merit is as relevant today as it was thousands of years back. + +Today most of the organizations complain of employee commitment, involvement and intention to quit and in a desperate attempt organizations resort to some traditional financial incentives and perquisites. These carrots (incentives) can solve the problem temporarily but can’t provide a long term solution. We strongly believe that when a person look at his/her job from a different and higher perspective, the job takes the shape of a duty (a moral obligation) and then the person is able to relate his/her job with life’s ultimate goal (salvation). Such a motivated person looks at job as a reward and finds the same mundane and repetitive activities as meaningful and sacred. + +One of the most important areas of study in organizational behavior is job attitudes, or how people feel about what they do at workplace. Employees spend a good part of their daily hours at workplace hence they seek meaning in work and several modes of expressing themselves. Work has different meaning in different societies and these differences in culture, values and ethics govern our attitude at workplace. + +In West, people adhere to Protestant work philosophy which guides the values at workplace. It emphasizes on hard work and dignity at workplace which will lead to a comfortable life. So in West the stress is on hard labour which will lead to materialistic growth. The Oriental + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 364 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +philosophies primarily the Indian philosophy differs from the Protestant one in terms of the definition of work and the role of work in one’s life (Chakraborty, 1987). According to Indian philosophy, work or duty is a sacred responsibility which surpasses our immediate materialistic wants and helps in fulfilling the larger goals of life that is liberation (mukti). + +LITERATURE REVIEW +It is essential to note that while literature on Karma Yoga is in a nascent state in the realm of management research, yet the concept arguably remains the most widely discussed, commented yet misunderstood aspect of the Indian worldview (Mahadevan, 1958). This ought not to be surprising for the said concept is enshrined within the Hindu philosophy [i.e. functionally equivalent to “Indian philosophy” (Fenton, 1988)], which is characterized by an extraordinary degree of plurality (Hodge, 2004) in comprehension and practice. Reat (1990) notes that even familiar concepts such as “Brahman” and “Dharma” can signify a broad range of divergent and distinct concepts among numerous spiritual schools within the religion. However, owing to our stated focus on workplace happiness in the current research, we restricted the scope of this review specifically to conceptualizations and studies on Karma Yoga directed at employees (workplace context). + +As stated earlier, with the slow yet increasing popularity of the Bhagavad Gita towards addressing organizational problems in recent years (Sharma, 1999), there has been a growing interest among management researchers in exploring the concept of Karma Yoga. Thus Chakraborty (1993) asserts the same to be energy conserving and mind purifying for it urges one to work for a cause higher than one’s ego. Similarly, while affirming that a belief in Indian philosophy (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006) or Indian worldview (Mulla & Krishnan, 2009) is a necessary condition for practicing Karma Yoga, the concept is defined by them as a “technique for intelligently performing actions”, or a “technique for performing actions in a manner that the soul is not bound by the effects of the actions” (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006; Mulla & Krishnan, 2007). + +Moving further, the operationalization of the construct differs widely across studies. Hence while Narayanan & Krishnan (2003) provide a two factor conceptualization of the construct, i.e. doing one’s duty and not being attached to the outcomes, Menon & Krishnan (2004) conceptualize a four factor model comprising of the dimensions of significance of work, successful work, detachment from work and setting an example. In later years, Mulla & Krishnan (2006) argued for a separate two factor model of Karma Yoga comprising of the dimensions of duty orientation and absence of desire for rewards, however they later revised the same to a three factor model (Mulla & Krishnan, 2009) by including equanimity as a third dimension of Karma Yoga. + +Karma Yoga has been found to relate extensively with transformational leadership, emotional intelligence and spirituality (Mulla & Krishnan, 2007, 2008, 2009). Further Srirangarajan et al (2011) assert that the practice of Karma Yoga would lead to a win-win situation for the employee and the business organization. While the employees shall be rewarded with job satisfaction, personal growth and fulfillment, the organization experiences higher productivity and quality performance. + +A critical review of the above discussion reveals that the operationalization of Karma Yoga lacks consensus, which can render research and findings involving the same a suspect. We noticed that the earlier attempts towards operationalization were sketchy and simplistic with dimensions imposed than theorized. For e.g. Narayanan & Krishnan (2003) cared little to explain the rationale guiding their derivation of the dimensions, i.e. doing one’s duty and not being attached to outcomes. Similarly Menon & Krishnan (2004) provide no basis for their + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 365 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +four-factor operationalization of Karma Yoga. Mulla & Krishnan (2006), in a seemingly comprehensive attempt, did present a more reasoned operationalization of the construct, deriving the dimensions of duty orientation and absence of desire for rewards from a content analysis of Gandhi’s (2001) interpretation of Bhagavad Gita. However basing the same solely on Gandhi’s interpretation resonates an inherent subjectivity that demands a relook. The later attempts are in effect modifications of Mulla & Krishnan’s (2006) study, with frequent inclusion and exclusion of factors sans explanation. Thus, Mulla & Krishnan (2009) added equanimity as a third dimension of Karma Yoga, while in another study (i.e. Mulla & Krishnan, 2008), they abandoned equanimity and stuck to their original two factor conceptualization (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006). Surprisingly, the same authors re- introduced equanimity as a third dimension of the construct in a subsequent study (Mulla & Krishnan, 2012). + +Ravindra Pathak and Dr. Manoj Patwardhan 2011 identified the factors of job involvement, organizational effectiveness and established the relationship between job involvement and organizational effectiveness. This study revealed that the job involved that the employees directly contribute in organizational effectiveness by way of their working style, approach towards the attainment of organizational goals, quality improvement, acquisition of new talent and skills. Chughtai, Aamir Ali (2008), examined the impact of job involvement on the self-report measures of in-role job performance and organizational citizenship behavior. The results of this study revealed that job involvement was positively correlated with both-in-role job performance and Organizational citizenship behavior. In addition to this, it was found that organizational commitment partially mediated the job involvement-performance relationship. Furthermore, the findings of this research uncovered that job involvement exerted a stronger impact on Organizational citizenship behavior than on in-role performance. + +P.C.Mishra and Minum Sharma (2005) to find out the relationship of social support and job involvement in prison officers. The result shows that social support and its dimensions, namely, appraisal support, tangible support and belonging support have a significant positive relationship with job involvement. The study suggests that overall social support is a significant predictor of job involvement in prison officers. The other predictors are belonging support, appraisal support and tangible support. + +Abraham Carmeli (2005) proposes and tests a model that attempts to explain the role of situational and personal-related factors relating to why top executives become involved in their jobs. The results indicate that both situational and personal-related factors predict job involvement. The findings show that the relationship between perceived external prestige and job involvement is mediated by affective commitment, and that the relationship between protestant work ethic and job involvement is mediated by normative commitment. + +Ishwara P., P.Laxman (2007) evaluated the perceived level job involvement among the university teachers working at the post graduate departments in Karnataka State. Analysis of the data indicated that around 60% of the university teachers perceived and were reported to have been moderately involved in the job. There is no significant difference in the levels of job involvement among the university teachers, irrespective of their cadre. All the teachers are perceived to have more or less the same level of job involvement. + +Miguel Pina e Cunha (2002) in his case study of an integrated information technology services firm, examines how the interplay between culture, structure, and leadership is managed in order to build control and employee loyalty. He focuses on the salient features of + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 366 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +the case, namely that a high-profile culture combines with a low-profile leadership and with minimal structuring to create a vibrant and loyalty-generating organizational environment. He proposes that these processes are effective because they reinforce one another. It is their articulation, not their existence that acts both as an unobtrusive control mechanism and as an employee loyalty– generating process, fulfilling the needs of both the organization and its professionals. + +Frederick Reichheld (2006) in his study he reported that loyalty, for those who plan to stay with an employer at least two years, can be affected by several factors, including benefits and pay, working environment, job satisfaction and customers. Employee loyalty is critical for organizations as constant turnover or churn can be very expensive. In his report he stated that one of the most effective ways to improve employee loyalty is to make employees feel like they are an important part of the organization. His report found that only 55 percent of the employee’s surveyed feel like their organization treats them well. He suggested that an employee feedback system can help raise employee loyalty by providing two-way communications between employees and management. If employees feel like the organization is listening to them, recognizing them for their contributions, they will more likely be loyal to the company. + +According to Ongori (2007) job involvement characterizes the degree to which employees are engaged in or preoccupied with their jobs and the degree to which an individual recognizes with his job. It is also described as the degree to which a job is recognized to be the significant factor in fulfilling one or another need of an employee. Involvement also shows that importance of work is the self image of a worker. Thus involvement is basically persuaded by the reading of an employee about his personal picture of life. And then by the organizational qualities and job attributes (Moynihan & Pandey, 2007). This implies that job involvement is that organizational attitude which tells that how much an employee psychologically identifies with the employer organization and how much one believes that his work is important and enlarges his self-respect (Robbins, 1998: 142; Weidmer, 1998).Job involvement has been divided into two separate approaches. First approach is viewed as an individual difference variable where job involvement is believed to occur when the possession of specific needs, values or personal characteristics affect individuals to become more or less involved in their jobs. The second approach considers job involvement as a reaction to particular work situation distinctiveness (Ekmekci, 2011). + +According to (Khan et al., 2011) Job involvement, job commitment, and employee job performance are amongst the most studied areas in organizational behavior and human resource management research. Further they added that job involvement has been one of the most useful tools used for increasing employee productivity by improving employee involvement and commitment. On the other hand, job involvement is related to employees perception that how the job takes place in individual life. As much as an individual is positively influenced by his job, the readiness and accomplishment will automatically increase (Ekmekci, 2011). This means that it also creates the meaning of ownership within employees who are involved in decisions concerning their job and it’s related + +Activities. Research has proved the importance of job involvement with employee commitment. This clearly reveals that those organizations that have job involvement culture, their employees are more committed with organization than those organizations who do not involve their employees (Khan et al., 2011). + + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 367 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +OBJECTIVE +To analyze the influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement in Business Development Professionals + +HYPOTHESIS +H0: There is no influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement among Business Development Professionals +Ha: There is an influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement among Business Development Professionals + +RESEARCH METHODOLOGY +This is a quantitative research design with pre and post interventional approach. Case studies have been included to bring in empirical insights into the study. Randomized control design, by using random generated table for sample respondent selection. Pre intervention data have been collected by using job Involvement scale in first stage and later after completion of thirty days of Karma Yoga sessions post intervention data was collected. About 400 sample respondent in 25-40 years of age group, both male & female respondents working in various sectors like FMCG, Healthcare, Consumer Durables, Banking & Insurance, retail and pharmaceutical sectors in Bengaluru city were selected for the study. + +DATA ANALYSIS + +Having discussed all important aspects of karma yoga on employee’s job Involvement, now the researcher in this section turns to data analysis and interpretation. First part of consists of respondents profile across various demographic factors like Age, Educational Qualification, Annual Income and Marital Status, area. Second part of the analysis is about the influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement in Business Development Professionals using Job Involvement scale survey. + + +PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE RESPONDENT +Particular Category Frequency GENDER MALE 262 +FEMALE 122 MARITAL_STATUS MARRIED 173 +UNMARRIED 211 AREA RURAL 134 +URBAN 250 EDUCATION SSLC 32 +PUC 81 DIPLOMA 82 UG 135 PG 54 +SALARY Below 10K 6 10K to 15K 52 15K to 20K 144 20K-25K 154 Above 25k 28 + + +Percent 68 +32 45 55 35 65 8 21 22 35 14 2 13 38 40 7 + + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 368 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +From above table it is evident that 68% respondents belong to male category and 32% respondents are female. 55% respondents belong to unmarried category and 45% respondents are married. 65% respondents belong to urban category and 35% respondents are from rural background. 35% respondents are graduates, 14% have post-graduate degree, 22% respondents have diploma educational qualification and 8% respondents have qualification up to SSLC level. 40% respondents have an income in the range of Rs 20,000 to Rs 25,000, 7% respondents have a salary of more than Rs 25,000, 2% respondents have a salary of less than Rs 10,000 and only 13% respondents have income of Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000. + + +DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR PRE-SET Sl. +No Statements Mean SD . + + +95% Confidence Interval +Lower Upper + +1 I find my job motivating 4.43 0.80 4.35 4.51 2 My job is important to me 4.23 0.83 4.15 4.32 3 I identify with my present job 4.16 0.97 4.07 4.26 4 I find my job interesting 4.09 0.97 4.00 4.19 5 My job gives me satisfaction 4.18 1.00 4.08 4.28 6 I like my job 4.14 0.88 4.05 4.23 7 I care for my job 4.33 0.87 4.24 4.41 8 My work is not burden for me 4.11 0.93 4.02 4.20 9 I enjoy my work 4.30 0.94 4.21 4.40 10 Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy 4.25 0.91 4.16 4.34 + +The above table highlights the job involvement among the Business development professionals. The highest mean value was recorded for, ‘I find my job motivating’ (mean 4.43) with standard deviation (0.80) indicating consistency in the opinion of the respondents. This is followed by; ‘I care for my job’ (mean 4.33) with standard deviation (0.87). The respondents have indicated less mean value for ‘I find my job interesting’ with a mean score of 4.09 with maximum variation for ‘My job gives me satisfaction’ with a SD of 1. + +From lower and upper value of 95% confidence interval (CI); it is realized that the outcome will be same as observed in the above table for the whole study population. The agreement of 95% of the respondents in the study population is likely to possess opinion as that of entire respondents in the sample regarding all listed statements. + +DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR POST-SET + + +Sl. +No Statements . + +95% Confidence Mean SD Interval +Lower Upper + + + +1 I find my job motivating 2 My job is important to me +3 I identify with my present job 4 I find my job interesting +5 My job gives me satisfaction 6 I like my job + +4.57 0.74 4.49 4.64 4.34 0.79 4.26 4.42 4.36 0.94 4.27 4.46 4.25 0.80 4.17 4.33 4.46 0.78 4.38 4.54 +4.34 0.76 4.27 4.42 + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 369 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +7 I care for my job 4.43 0.88 4.34 4.51 8 My work is not burden for me 4.23 0.89 4.14 4.32 9 I enjoy my work 4.48 0.82 4.40 4.56 10 Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy 4.42 0.76 4.35 4.50 + +The above table highlights the job involvement among the Business development professionals. The highest mean value was recorded for, ‘I find my job motivating’ (mean 4.57) with standard deviation (0.74) indicating consistency in the opinion of the respondents. This is followed by; ‘I enjoy my work’ (mean 4.48) with standard deviation (0.82). The respondents have indicated less mean value for ‘My work is not burden for me’ with a mean score of 4.23 with maximum variation for ‘I identify with my present job’ with a SD of 0.94. + +From lower and upper value of 95% confidence interval (CI); it is realized that the outcome will be same as observed in the above table for the whole study population. The agreement of 95% of the respondents in the study population is likely to possess opinion as that of entire respondents in the sample regarding all listed statements. + +RESULT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ANALYSIS FOR PRE DATA SET + + +Overall Cronbach's Alpha for 10 statements +Sl. Corrected No Statements Item-Total +. Correlation + + +0.883 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted + + + +1 I find my job motivating 2 My job is important to me +3 I identify with my present job 4 I find my job interesting +5 My job gives me satisfaction 6 I like my job +7 I care for my job +8 My work is not burden for me 9 I enjoy my work +10 Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy + +.621 .872 .559 .876 .571 .875 .676 .867 .600 .873 .632 .871 .609 .872 .641 .870 .664 .868 +.572 .875 + + +Significance of Karma Yoga on Job involvement in Business Development Professionals with the help of ten statements and respondents were requested to provide their opinion on the listed statements. In order to assess the reliability and validity of the respondents; Item-Total Correlation and Cronbach's Alpha values were analyzed and it was observed that total Cronbach's Alpha was scored at 0.883 that is statistically very good. + +Further, scale item elimination procedure was carried out to achieve greater level of consistency but the results revealed that removal of statement might not improve overall reliability. Therefore the researcher decided to use all the statements for hypothesis testing purpose in the following section. + +The validity analysis was done using Item-Total Correlation &all investment avenues have indicated medium to strong correlation as seen in the above table in which all statements have + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 370 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +recorded correlation value greater than 0.30 which is a standard for validation. The lowest correlation is recorded at 0.571 for I identify with my present job. + + +RESULT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ANALYSIS FOR POST DATA SET + + + + +Sl. No + +Overall Cronbach's Alpha for 10 statements +Corrected Statements Item-Total +Correlation + + +0.893 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted + + + +1 I find my job motivating 2 My job is important to me +3 I identify with my present job 4 I find my job interesting +5 My job gives me satisfaction 6 I like my job +7 I care for my job +8 My work is not burden for me 9 I enjoy my work +10 Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy + +.631 .883 .567 .887 .562 .889 .662 .881 .656 .882 .640 .883 .668 .881 .645 .882 .717 .877 +.628 .884 + + + +Significance of Karma Yoga on Job involvement in Business Development Professionals with the help of ten statements and respondents were requested to provide their opinion on the listed statements. In order to assess the reliability and validity of the respondents; Item-Total Correlation and Cronbach's Alpha values were analyzed and it was observed that total Cronbach's Alpha was scored at 0.893 that is statistically very good. + +Further, scale item elimination procedure was carried out to achieve greater level of consistency but the results revealed that removal of statement might not improve overall reliability. Therefore the researcher decided to use all the statements for hypothesis testing purpose in the following section. + +The validity analysis was done using Item-Total Correlation &all investment avenues have indicated medium to strong correlation as seen in the above table in which all statements have recorded correlation value greater than 0.30 which is a standard for validation. The lowest correlation is recorded at 0.562 for I identify with my present job. + +FACTOR ANALYSIS + +KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling +0.895 +Adequacy. +Bartlett's Test of Approx. Chi-Square 1875.082 Sphericity df 45 +p-value 0.001* (Source: SPSS Version 23/KMO and Barlett’s Test) + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 371 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +“KMO Test is a measure of suitability of data for Factor Analysis. The test measures sampling adequacy for each variable in the model and for the complete model. Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variances is used to test that variances are equal for all samples. It checks that the assumption of equal variances is true before running certain statistical tests” +The “KMO measure of sampling adequacy is 0.895 and Barlett’s test of Sphericity with approximate chi-square value is 1875.082. These results are statistically significant at 5% level. Hence all the 10 statements are distributed normally and are suitable for data reduction” + + + +Sl. No. 10 6 4 8 2 1 3 5 9 7 + +Rotated Component Matrix + +Statements + +Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy I like my job +I find my job interesting +My work is not burden for me My job is important to me +I find my job motivating +I identify with my present job My job gives me satisfaction I enjoy my work +I care for my job +Factor + + +Component 1 2 +.788 .787 .762 .719 .696 +.789 .786 .778 .710 .696 +F1 F2 + + +Finally, the “rotated component matrix shows the factor loadings for each attribute and highlights the factor that each attribute loaded most strongly on respective component as observed in the above table with values greater than 0.50 which was set standard” + +Thus Exploratory Factor Analysis by Principal Component Analysis method derived two factors related to Karma Yoga which influence Job involvement in Business Development Professionals viz., F1: job affection and F2: job association + + + + + + +Pair 1 + +Pair 2 + +Pair 3 + + + + + +F1PRE F1POST F2PRE F2POST JISPRE JISPOST + +Paired Samples Statistics + +Mean N SD + +4.1656 384 .69377 4.3161 384 .63653 4.2807 384 .69886 4.4594 384 .66734 4.2232 384 .63604 4.3878 384 .58594 + + +Std. Error Mean .03540 .03248 .03566 .03406 .03246 .02990 + + +The SD is less than 1, it “indicates that there is consistency in the respondent’s opinion towards the listed Select statements influence Job involvement in Business Development Professionals as the aggregate mean value in post statements is more than 4 which falls on the positive side of the scale and also falls within the upper and lower confidence intervals” + + + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 372 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory + + + +Paired Samples Test Paired Differences +95% Confidence +Std. Error Interval of the t df Mean Difference +Mean SD +Upper Lower +Pair F1PRE - .15052 .73193 .03735 .22396 .07708 4.030 383 +1 F1POST + +Pair F2PRE - .17865 .72556 .03703 .25145 .10585 4.825 383 +2 F2POST + +Pair JISPRE - .16458 .65221 .03328 .23002 .09914 4.945 383 +3 JISPOST + +*significant at 5% level +All values in the absolute form. Ignored negative sign for interpretation purpose + +ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + + + +p-value + + + +0.001* + +0.001* + +0.001* + + +The mean value indicated changes in post statement opinion and higher values are recorded in post survey which is a desired condition. +Based on the results of the test, the null hypothesis H0: “There is no influence of Karma Yoga on Job involvement among Business Development Professionals” was rejected and the alternate hypothesis Ha: “There is an influence of Karma Yoga on Job involvement among Business Development Professionals” was accepted, since test has revealed a significant statistical reliable difference between the pre & post treatment values with p-value is less than the 5% significance level (i.e. 0.001 < 0.05) in our study and therefore it justifies the acceptance of alternate hypothesis based on the paired sample test procedure. + +FINDINGS + + 68% of the respondents find their job motivating to them post karma yoga intervention + 49% sample respondents assume their job is important to them post karma yoga intervention + 58% sample respondents believe their identity in the society is due their present job  87% sample respondents find their job interesting post karma yoga intervention + 90% sample respondents agree that the job gives them satisfaction + 90% of the respondents are completely agree that the they like their job + 86% of the respondents says they care for their job post karma yoga intervention  85% of the respondents assume their work is not burden for them + 88% of the respondents said they enjoy their work post karma yoga intervention  91% of the respondents says whenever they complete some work, they feel happy + The reliability of the survey was done using Cronbach's Alpha test and the value was scored at 0. 893 that is statistically excellent. + The validity analysis was done using Item-Total Correlation & all statements have indicated medium to strong correlation in which recorded correlation values are greater than 0.30. + KMO test measured sampling adequacy at 0.895 which is excellent in terms of standard and Barlett’s test of Sphericity with approximate chi-square value is 1875.082. These results are statistically significant at 5% level. Hence all the 10 statements are normally distributed and are suitable for factor analysis + Factor analysis revealed two components with a cumulative value of 64% which is adequate for the overall variance analysis for 10 statements + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 373 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Component Analysis method derived two factors related to Karma Yoga which influenced job involvement in Business Development Professionals viz., F1: job affection and F2: job association + Karma Yoga influence on job involvement in Business Development Professionals has an aggregate mean value of more than 4 which falls on the positive side of the scale and also falls within the upper and lower confidence intervals + Post karma yoga intervention the job involvement survey indicated changes in post statement opinion and higher values were recorded as compared to pre survey + Based on the results of the paired sample t test on the two factors it is evidenced that post survey respondents have indicated significance of Karma Yoga on the job involvement level. + + +CONCLUSION +Karma Yoga is the path of action for the attainment of self-realization. In every individual there is a mix of behavior, Skills, Competencies and Ethics on the one hand and on the other its counter motives and carvings for narrow gains. The applications of Karma Yoga is a path to lead a kindly light to mankind to emancipate from the contemporary materialistic mental darkness occupied in human beings across the globe to a great extent. Sadhana must be the way for the evolution of the marketing and sales professionals are no exception for it even though they are tempted by lucrative positions and possessions by industry to make them more pruned towards selfish ends. + +Asathoma Sadgamaya Tamasoma and Mrityorma Amrutangamaya will be the path for salvation. + +Om Shanti Shanti Shanti hi. + + + +REFERENCES + +1. Balakrishnan Muniapan & Biswajit Satpathy, The ‘Dharma’ and ‘Karma’ of CSR from the Bhagavad-Gita +2. Dr A. Barai MBBS, MRCS, MSc (Critical care) Registrar, Emergency Medicine Karma Yoga: a perspective of the Bhagavad Gita +3. G. Surya Prakash Rao, MBA; creative advertising (north western university, U.S.A.), principles of Srimad Bhagavad Gita’s tools of management doctor of philosophy in management science, +4. Girijesh Kumar and Jyoti Pandey: How Indian and Western Teacher Trainees Differ in Their Perception about Values? Journal of Human Values 2012 +5. Job Involvement among working women. Dr.Sandhya Mehta, Professor & Deputy Director, Guru Nanak Institute of Management & Technology, Ludhiana. ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 2, June 2011, ISSN 2231 5780 +6. Jyotirmoy Sharma, , the individual self and the supreme self as viewed by the Bhagavad-Gita and Sri Aurobindo, under supervision of Dr. Sukhamoy Ghosh ex-reader, in-charge, Dept. of Philosophy, Tripura university thesis submitted for the award of degree of doctor of philosophy in philosophy, Tripura University (A Central University) Address : Suryamaninagar, Pin-799130 West Tripura. + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 374 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +7. Neena. T.S, the doctrine of karma and rebirth in Indian thought with special reference to Swami Vivekananda, under the guidance and supervision of Dr. D. Nirmala Devi School of Gandhian thought and development studies Mahatma Gandhi university Kottayam - 686 560 Kerala , India, September 2001 +8. P. P. Gopalan Nair, Mahatma Gandhi University, Freedom in the Doctrine of Karma With special reference to Bhagavad Gita +9. Sankaran Manikutty: Why Should I Be Ethical? Some Answers from Mahabharata: Journal of Human Values 2012 +10. S. K. Chakraborty: Management by Values Towards Cultural Congruence: OUP India : July 1993 +11. Subhash Sharma: A Vedic integration of Transition in Management thought towards transcendental management: Published in Gurukul Business Review: Vol 1: Spring 2005 +12. Subhash Sharma: Enlightened leadership in Indian Ethos, The way of Theory K: Published in Management & Change, Vol 2: No.1, Jan-June 1998 +13. Subhash Sharma: Western Enlightenment & Eastern Awakening: Towards a new Symbiosis: Published in International Journal of Human resource Development & Management: Vol 3, No.1, 2003 +14. Subhash Sharma: Human Quality Development Models (HQD): Implication of Leadership for Corporate Management: Published in the Book, Developing Leaders, Teams & organisations: Anup K Singh & Daisy Chouhan: Excel Books, New Delhi 2003 +15. Arunmozhi M, An Easy Guide to understand Research Methodology, Institute of Management Development and Research, (2019). +16. Zubin R. Mulla, Venkat R. Krishnan: +17. Karma-Yoga, the Indian Work Ideal, and its Relationship with Empathy 18. Do Karma-Yogis Make Better Leaders? +a. Exploring the Relationship between the Leader’s Karma-Yoga and Transformational Leadership +19. Zubin R. Mulla and Venkat R. Krishnan Followers' Duty-orientation and Indifference to Rewards*Transformational Leadership and Karma-Yoga: Enhancing: Psychology Developing Societies 2012 +20. N.A.Athreya, Excellence +21. Kiran Bettadapur: Gita & selling +22. Pramana Padhathi Grantha Extract in Vedas +23. Job Involvement among working women , Dr.Sandhya Mehta, Professor & Deputy Director, Gurunanak Institute of Management & Technology, Ludhiana, ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 2, June 2011, ISSN 2231 5780 +24. Prof. Dinesh Kumar Pandiya Pro-Vice Chancellor & Former Dean, M.G. School of Economics and Commerce Assam (Central) University +25. Dr. Kingshuk Adhikari Assistant Professor Department of Commerce, Assam (Central) University +26. Assessing the role of work Motivation on Employee Performance” Author: Peter Ebong Ajang +27. Job Stress & Job Involvement. A study on IT professionals from North India, Krantiwalia, Saurabh Narang Indian Journal of Management 10 March 2015 +28. Occupational Stress, Job Satisfaction & mental health among employees of Govt & Non-Govt Sectors Kapildev.S.Khudaniya, Dr.S.M.Kaji The International Journal of Indian Pschology Vol.2, Issue 1 Oct-Dec 2014 + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 375 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +References for the scales used in this research: + +Job involvement scale: Santosh Dhar & Upinder Dhar + +1. A Study on Government Employees + +Dr. Prerna Puri1 , Dr. Nidhi Saxena2 1, 2Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.) India + +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 Volume 4 Issue 9, September 2015 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY + +2. Job Involvement in Relation to Organizational Climate Organizational commitment, job involvement and work life balance among dual career women in different professions + +Arvind K Birdie and Kuldeep Kumar IIMT School of Management (Vedatya), Gurgaon, Haryana International Journal of Education & Management Studies, 2015, 5(3), 242-245 + +3. JOB INVOLVEMENT OF EMPLOYEES OF PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS IN RELATION TO THEIR GENDER AND LOCALITY " + +Rajni Kundu UGC NET (Commerce), Ram Gopal Colony, Rohtak (Haryana), INDIA + +An International Indexed Online Journal www.darpanonline.org/GIRT ISSN 2347–8861 Online Research Journal Volume: 1, issue: 7 Global International Research Thoughts April-June 2015 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 376 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Influence of Karma Yoga on Job Satisfaction Among Business Development Professionals conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Influence of Karma Yoga on Job Satisfaction Among Business Development Professionals conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f7c8974b0024a29495204d21f4c1f4e742b1ffb --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Influence of Karma Yoga on Job Satisfaction Among Business Development Professionals conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,511 @@ +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +INFLUENCE OF KARMA YOGA ON JOB INVOLVEMENT AMONG BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PROFESSIONALS + +Deepak. B V and Dr. Sony Kumari Department of Yoga & Management Studies +Swami Vivekananda Anusandhana Samsthana University Bengaluru, Karnataka India deepak.vijayasarathy@gmail.com +ABSTRACT +A study to explore the impact of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement of business development professionals having hypothesis of influence of Karma yoga, quantitative research design with pre & post intervention approach, about 400 sample respondents from the age group of 25-40, both male & female across various sectors in Bengaluru city were chosen. The collected data was analyzed via pre & post questionnaire, KMO test was used to measure the data suitability of data for factor analysis. Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variances is used to test that variances are equal for all samples. Based on the paired sample test the null hypothesis H0 “there is no influence of Karma yoga on Job Involvement among Business development professionals” was rejected & alternate hypothesis H1 was accepted. + +KEYWORDS: Karma Yoga, Job Involvement, Business Development Professionals, Sectors, Quantitative Research, Inferential Statistics, etc. + +INTRODUCTION +Karma-yoga which is one of the means of achieving the mukti (liberation) from the inescapable cycle of birth, death and rebirth (sanasara) holds answer to several business problems like employee commitment, involvement and turnover. Although, these job attitudes have been the subject of several researches, still our understanding of how karma-yoga can influence them favorably has not been studied. Karma-yoga which has been mentioned in Bhagavad Gita, stresses on how one should perform one’s duty without any desire for the result and how one should maintain a sense of equanimity in the face of crisis or ecstasy. Although it would be insensible to deploy the lessons of karma-yoga in today’s business setting without adjusting it to the needs of the present generation. Still the authors are confident that its merit is as relevant today as it was thousands of years back. + +Today most of the organizations complain of employee commitment, involvement and intention to quit and in a desperate attempt organizations resort to some traditional financial incentives and perquisites. These carrots (incentives) can solve the problem temporarily but can’t provide a long term solution. We strongly believe that when a person look at his/her job from a different and higher perspective, the job takes the shape of a duty (a moral obligation) and then the person is able to relate his/her job with life’s ultimate goal (salvation). Such a motivated person looks at job as a reward and finds the same mundane and repetitive activities as meaningful and sacred. + +One of the most important areas of study in organizational behavior is job attitudes, or how people feel about what they do at workplace. Employees spend a good part of their daily hours at workplace hence they seek meaning in work and several modes of expressing themselves. Work has different meaning in different societies and these differences in culture, values and ethics govern our attitude at workplace. + +In West, people adhere to Protestant work philosophy which guides the values at workplace. It emphasizes on hard work and dignity at workplace which will lead to a comfortable life. So in West the stress is on hard labour which will lead to materialistic growth. The Oriental + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 364 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +philosophies primarily the Indian philosophy differs from the Protestant one in terms of the definition of work and the role of work in one’s life (Chakraborty, 1987). According to Indian philosophy, work or duty is a sacred responsibility which surpasses our immediate materialistic wants and helps in fulfilling the larger goals of life that is liberation (mukti). + +LITERATURE REVIEW +It is essential to note that while literature on Karma Yoga is in a nascent state in the realm of management research, yet the concept arguably remains the most widely discussed, commented yet misunderstood aspect of the Indian worldview (Mahadevan, 1958). This ought not to be surprising for the said concept is enshrined within the Hindu philosophy [i.e. functionally equivalent to “Indian philosophy” (Fenton, 1988)], which is characterized by an extraordinary degree of plurality (Hodge, 2004) in comprehension and practice. Reat (1990) notes that even familiar concepts such as “Brahman” and “Dharma” can signify a broad range of divergent and distinct concepts among numerous spiritual schools within the religion. However, owing to our stated focus on workplace happiness in the current research, we restricted the scope of this review specifically to conceptualizations and studies on Karma Yoga directed at employees (workplace context). + +As stated earlier, with the slow yet increasing popularity of the Bhagavad Gita towards addressing organizational problems in recent years (Sharma, 1999), there has been a growing interest among management researchers in exploring the concept of Karma Yoga. Thus Chakraborty (1993) asserts the same to be energy conserving and mind purifying for it urges one to work for a cause higher than one’s ego. Similarly, while affirming that a belief in Indian philosophy (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006) or Indian worldview (Mulla & Krishnan, 2009) is a necessary condition for practicing Karma Yoga, the concept is defined by them as a “technique for intelligently performing actions”, or a “technique for performing actions in a manner that the soul is not bound by the effects of the actions” (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006; Mulla & Krishnan, 2007). + +Moving further, the operationalization of the construct differs widely across studies. Hence while Narayanan & Krishnan (2003) provide a two factor conceptualization of the construct, i.e. doing one’s duty and not being attached to the outcomes, Menon & Krishnan (2004) conceptualize a four factor model comprising of the dimensions of significance of work, successful work, detachment from work and setting an example. In later years, Mulla & Krishnan (2006) argued for a separate two factor model of Karma Yoga comprising of the dimensions of duty orientation and absence of desire for rewards, however they later revised the same to a three factor model (Mulla & Krishnan, 2009) by including equanimity as a third dimension of Karma Yoga. + +Karma Yoga has been found to relate extensively with transformational leadership, emotional intelligence and spirituality (Mulla & Krishnan, 2007, 2008, 2009). Further Srirangarajan et al (2011) assert that the practice of Karma Yoga would lead to a win-win situation for the employee and the business organization. While the employees shall be rewarded with job satisfaction, personal growth and fulfillment, the organization experiences higher productivity and quality performance. + +A critical review of the above discussion reveals that the operationalization of Karma Yoga lacks consensus, which can render research and findings involving the same a suspect. We noticed that the earlier attempts towards operationalization were sketchy and simplistic with dimensions imposed than theorized. For e.g. Narayanan & Krishnan (2003) cared little to explain the rationale guiding their derivation of the dimensions, i.e. doing one’s duty and not being attached to outcomes. Similarly Menon & Krishnan (2004) provide no basis for their + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 365 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +four-factor operationalization of Karma Yoga. Mulla & Krishnan (2006), in a seemingly comprehensive attempt, did present a more reasoned operationalization of the construct, deriving the dimensions of duty orientation and absence of desire for rewards from a content analysis of Gandhi’s (2001) interpretation of Bhagavad Gita. However basing the same solely on Gandhi’s interpretation resonates an inherent subjectivity that demands a relook. The later attempts are in effect modifications of Mulla & Krishnan’s (2006) study, with frequent inclusion and exclusion of factors sans explanation. Thus, Mulla & Krishnan (2009) added equanimity as a third dimension of Karma Yoga, while in another study (i.e. Mulla & Krishnan, 2008), they abandoned equanimity and stuck to their original two factor conceptualization (Mulla & Krishnan, 2006). Surprisingly, the same authors re- introduced equanimity as a third dimension of the construct in a subsequent study (Mulla & Krishnan, 2012). + +Ravindra Pathak and Dr. Manoj Patwardhan 2011 identified the factors of job involvement, organizational effectiveness and established the relationship between job involvement and organizational effectiveness. This study revealed that the job involved that the employees directly contribute in organizational effectiveness by way of their working style, approach towards the attainment of organizational goals, quality improvement, acquisition of new talent and skills. Chughtai, Aamir Ali (2008), examined the impact of job involvement on the self-report measures of in-role job performance and organizational citizenship behavior. The results of this study revealed that job involvement was positively correlated with both-in-role job performance and Organizational citizenship behavior. In addition to this, it was found that organizational commitment partially mediated the job involvement-performance relationship. Furthermore, the findings of this research uncovered that job involvement exerted a stronger impact on Organizational citizenship behavior than on in-role performance. + +P.C.Mishra and Minum Sharma (2005) to find out the relationship of social support and job involvement in prison officers. The result shows that social support and its dimensions, namely, appraisal support, tangible support and belonging support have a significant positive relationship with job involvement. The study suggests that overall social support is a significant predictor of job involvement in prison officers. The other predictors are belonging support, appraisal support and tangible support. + +Abraham Carmeli (2005) proposes and tests a model that attempts to explain the role of situational and personal-related factors relating to why top executives become involved in their jobs. The results indicate that both situational and personal-related factors predict job involvement. The findings show that the relationship between perceived external prestige and job involvement is mediated by affective commitment, and that the relationship between protestant work ethic and job involvement is mediated by normative commitment. + +Ishwara P., P.Laxman (2007) evaluated the perceived level job involvement among the university teachers working at the post graduate departments in Karnataka State. Analysis of the data indicated that around 60% of the university teachers perceived and were reported to have been moderately involved in the job. There is no significant difference in the levels of job involvement among the university teachers, irrespective of their cadre. All the teachers are perceived to have more or less the same level of job involvement. + +Miguel Pina e Cunha (2002) in his case study of an integrated information technology services firm, examines how the interplay between culture, structure, and leadership is managed in order to build control and employee loyalty. He focuses on the salient features of + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 366 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +the case, namely that a high-profile culture combines with a low-profile leadership and with minimal structuring to create a vibrant and loyalty-generating organizational environment. He proposes that these processes are effective because they reinforce one another. It is their articulation, not their existence that acts both as an unobtrusive control mechanism and as an employee loyalty– generating process, fulfilling the needs of both the organization and its professionals. + +Frederick Reichheld (2006) in his study he reported that loyalty, for those who plan to stay with an employer at least two years, can be affected by several factors, including benefits and pay, working environment, job satisfaction and customers. Employee loyalty is critical for organizations as constant turnover or churn can be very expensive. In his report he stated that one of the most effective ways to improve employee loyalty is to make employees feel like they are an important part of the organization. His report found that only 55 percent of the employee’s surveyed feel like their organization treats them well. He suggested that an employee feedback system can help raise employee loyalty by providing two-way communications between employees and management. If employees feel like the organization is listening to them, recognizing them for their contributions, they will more likely be loyal to the company. + +According to Ongori (2007) job involvement characterizes the degree to which employees are engaged in or preoccupied with their jobs and the degree to which an individual recognizes with his job. It is also described as the degree to which a job is recognized to be the significant factor in fulfilling one or another need of an employee. Involvement also shows that importance of work is the self image of a worker. Thus involvement is basically persuaded by the reading of an employee about his personal picture of life. And then by the organizational qualities and job attributes (Moynihan & Pandey, 2007). This implies that job involvement is that organizational attitude which tells that how much an employee psychologically identifies with the employer organization and how much one believes that his work is important and enlarges his self-respect (Robbins, 1998: 142; Weidmer, 1998).Job involvement has been divided into two separate approaches. First approach is viewed as an individual difference variable where job involvement is believed to occur when the possession of specific needs, values or personal characteristics affect individuals to become more or less involved in their jobs. The second approach considers job involvement as a reaction to particular work situation distinctiveness (Ekmekci, 2011). + +According to (Khan et al., 2011) Job involvement, job commitment, and employee job performance are amongst the most studied areas in organizational behavior and human resource management research. Further they added that job involvement has been one of the most useful tools used for increasing employee productivity by improving employee involvement and commitment. On the other hand, job involvement is related to employees perception that how the job takes place in individual life. As much as an individual is positively influenced by his job, the readiness and accomplishment will automatically increase (Ekmekci, 2011). This means that it also creates the meaning of ownership within employees who are involved in decisions concerning their job and it’s related + +Activities. Research has proved the importance of job involvement with employee commitment. This clearly reveals that those organizations that have job involvement culture, their employees are more committed with organization than those organizations who do not involve their employees (Khan et al., 2011). + + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 367 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +OBJECTIVE +To analyze the influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement in Business Development Professionals + +HYPOTHESIS +H0: There is no influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement among Business Development Professionals +Ha: There is an influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement among Business Development Professionals + +RESEARCH METHODOLOGY +This is a quantitative research design with pre and post interventional approach. Case studies have been included to bring in empirical insights into the study. Randomized control design, by using random generated table for sample respondent selection. Pre intervention data have been collected by using job Involvement scale in first stage and later after completion of thirty days of Karma Yoga sessions post intervention data was collected. About 400 sample respondent in 25-40 years of age group, both male & female respondents working in various sectors like FMCG, Healthcare, Consumer Durables, Banking & Insurance, retail and pharmaceutical sectors in Bengaluru city were selected for the study. + +DATA ANALYSIS + +Having discussed all important aspects of karma yoga on employee’s job Involvement, now the researcher in this section turns to data analysis and interpretation. First part of consists of respondents profile across various demographic factors like Age, Educational Qualification, Annual Income and Marital Status, area. Second part of the analysis is about the influence of Karma Yoga on Job Involvement in Business Development Professionals using Job Involvement scale survey. + + +PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE RESPONDENT +Particular Category Frequency GENDER MALE 262 +FEMALE 122 MARITAL_STATUS MARRIED 173 +UNMARRIED 211 AREA RURAL 134 +URBAN 250 EDUCATION SSLC 32 +PUC 81 DIPLOMA 82 UG 135 PG 54 +SALARY Below 10K 6 10K to 15K 52 15K to 20K 144 20K-25K 154 Above 25k 28 + + +Percent 68 +32 45 55 35 65 8 21 22 35 14 2 13 38 40 7 + + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 368 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +From above table it is evident that 68% respondents belong to male category and 32% respondents are female. 55% respondents belong to unmarried category and 45% respondents are married. 65% respondents belong to urban category and 35% respondents are from rural background. 35% respondents are graduates, 14% have post-graduate degree, 22% respondents have diploma educational qualification and 8% respondents have qualification up to SSLC level. 40% respondents have an income in the range of Rs 20,000 to Rs 25,000, 7% respondents have a salary of more than Rs 25,000, 2% respondents have a salary of less than Rs 10,000 and only 13% respondents have income of Rs 10,000 to Rs 15,000. + + +DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR PRE-SET Sl. +No Statements Mean SD . + + +95% Confidence Interval +Lower Upper + +1 I find my job motivating 4.43 0.80 4.35 4.51 2 My job is important to me 4.23 0.83 4.15 4.32 3 I identify with my present job 4.16 0.97 4.07 4.26 4 I find my job interesting 4.09 0.97 4.00 4.19 5 My job gives me satisfaction 4.18 1.00 4.08 4.28 6 I like my job 4.14 0.88 4.05 4.23 7 I care for my job 4.33 0.87 4.24 4.41 8 My work is not burden for me 4.11 0.93 4.02 4.20 9 I enjoy my work 4.30 0.94 4.21 4.40 10 Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy 4.25 0.91 4.16 4.34 + +The above table highlights the job involvement among the Business development professionals. The highest mean value was recorded for, ‘I find my job motivating’ (mean 4.43) with standard deviation (0.80) indicating consistency in the opinion of the respondents. This is followed by; ‘I care for my job’ (mean 4.33) with standard deviation (0.87). The respondents have indicated less mean value for ‘I find my job interesting’ with a mean score of 4.09 with maximum variation for ‘My job gives me satisfaction’ with a SD of 1. + +From lower and upper value of 95% confidence interval (CI); it is realized that the outcome will be same as observed in the above table for the whole study population. The agreement of 95% of the respondents in the study population is likely to possess opinion as that of entire respondents in the sample regarding all listed statements. + +DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR POST-SET + + +Sl. +No Statements . + +95% Confidence Mean SD Interval +Lower Upper + + + +1 I find my job motivating 2 My job is important to me +3 I identify with my present job 4 I find my job interesting +5 My job gives me satisfaction 6 I like my job + +4.57 0.74 4.49 4.64 4.34 0.79 4.26 4.42 4.36 0.94 4.27 4.46 4.25 0.80 4.17 4.33 4.46 0.78 4.38 4.54 +4.34 0.76 4.27 4.42 + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 369 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +7 I care for my job 4.43 0.88 4.34 4.51 8 My work is not burden for me 4.23 0.89 4.14 4.32 9 I enjoy my work 4.48 0.82 4.40 4.56 10 Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy 4.42 0.76 4.35 4.50 + +The above table highlights the job involvement among the Business development professionals. The highest mean value was recorded for, ‘I find my job motivating’ (mean 4.57) with standard deviation (0.74) indicating consistency in the opinion of the respondents. This is followed by; ‘I enjoy my work’ (mean 4.48) with standard deviation (0.82). The respondents have indicated less mean value for ‘My work is not burden for me’ with a mean score of 4.23 with maximum variation for ‘I identify with my present job’ with a SD of 0.94. + +From lower and upper value of 95% confidence interval (CI); it is realized that the outcome will be same as observed in the above table for the whole study population. The agreement of 95% of the respondents in the study population is likely to possess opinion as that of entire respondents in the sample regarding all listed statements. + +RESULT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ANALYSIS FOR PRE DATA SET + + +Overall Cronbach's Alpha for 10 statements +Sl. Corrected No Statements Item-Total +. Correlation + + +0.883 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted + + + +1 I find my job motivating 2 My job is important to me +3 I identify with my present job 4 I find my job interesting +5 My job gives me satisfaction 6 I like my job +7 I care for my job +8 My work is not burden for me 9 I enjoy my work +10 Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy + +.621 .872 .559 .876 .571 .875 .676 .867 .600 .873 .632 .871 .609 .872 .641 .870 .664 .868 +.572 .875 + + +Significance of Karma Yoga on Job involvement in Business Development Professionals with the help of ten statements and respondents were requested to provide their opinion on the listed statements. In order to assess the reliability and validity of the respondents; Item-Total Correlation and Cronbach's Alpha values were analyzed and it was observed that total Cronbach's Alpha was scored at 0.883 that is statistically very good. + +Further, scale item elimination procedure was carried out to achieve greater level of consistency but the results revealed that removal of statement might not improve overall reliability. Therefore the researcher decided to use all the statements for hypothesis testing purpose in the following section. + +The validity analysis was done using Item-Total Correlation &all investment avenues have indicated medium to strong correlation as seen in the above table in which all statements have + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 370 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +recorded correlation value greater than 0.30 which is a standard for validation. The lowest correlation is recorded at 0.571 for I identify with my present job. + + +RESULT OF RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY ANALYSIS FOR POST DATA SET + + + + +Sl. No + +Overall Cronbach's Alpha for 10 statements +Corrected Statements Item-Total +Correlation + + +0.893 Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted + + + +1 I find my job motivating 2 My job is important to me +3 I identify with my present job 4 I find my job interesting +5 My job gives me satisfaction 6 I like my job +7 I care for my job +8 My work is not burden for me 9 I enjoy my work +10 Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy + +.631 .883 .567 .887 .562 .889 .662 .881 .656 .882 .640 .883 .668 .881 .645 .882 .717 .877 +.628 .884 + + + +Significance of Karma Yoga on Job involvement in Business Development Professionals with the help of ten statements and respondents were requested to provide their opinion on the listed statements. In order to assess the reliability and validity of the respondents; Item-Total Correlation and Cronbach's Alpha values were analyzed and it was observed that total Cronbach's Alpha was scored at 0.893 that is statistically very good. + +Further, scale item elimination procedure was carried out to achieve greater level of consistency but the results revealed that removal of statement might not improve overall reliability. Therefore the researcher decided to use all the statements for hypothesis testing purpose in the following section. + +The validity analysis was done using Item-Total Correlation &all investment avenues have indicated medium to strong correlation as seen in the above table in which all statements have recorded correlation value greater than 0.30 which is a standard for validation. The lowest correlation is recorded at 0.562 for I identify with my present job. + +FACTOR ANALYSIS + +KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling +0.895 +Adequacy. +Bartlett's Test of Approx. Chi-Square 1875.082 Sphericity df 45 +p-value 0.001* (Source: SPSS Version 23/KMO and Barlett’s Test) + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 371 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +“KMO Test is a measure of suitability of data for Factor Analysis. The test measures sampling adequacy for each variable in the model and for the complete model. Bartlett’s test for homogeneity of variances is used to test that variances are equal for all samples. It checks that the assumption of equal variances is true before running certain statistical tests” +The “KMO measure of sampling adequacy is 0.895 and Barlett’s test of Sphericity with approximate chi-square value is 1875.082. These results are statistically significant at 5% level. Hence all the 10 statements are distributed normally and are suitable for data reduction” + + + +Sl. No. 10 6 4 8 2 1 3 5 9 7 + +Rotated Component Matrix + +Statements + +Whenever I complete some work, I feel happy I like my job +I find my job interesting +My work is not burden for me My job is important to me +I find my job motivating +I identify with my present job My job gives me satisfaction I enjoy my work +I care for my job +Factor + + +Component 1 2 +.788 .787 .762 .719 .696 +.789 .786 .778 .710 .696 +F1 F2 + + +Finally, the “rotated component matrix shows the factor loadings for each attribute and highlights the factor that each attribute loaded most strongly on respective component as observed in the above table with values greater than 0.50 which was set standard” + +Thus Exploratory Factor Analysis by Principal Component Analysis method derived two factors related to Karma Yoga which influence Job involvement in Business Development Professionals viz., F1: job affection and F2: job association + + + + + + +Pair 1 + +Pair 2 + +Pair 3 + + + + + +F1PRE F1POST F2PRE F2POST JISPRE JISPOST + +Paired Samples Statistics + +Mean N SD + +4.1656 384 .69377 4.3161 384 .63653 4.2807 384 .69886 4.4594 384 .66734 4.2232 384 .63604 4.3878 384 .58594 + + +Std. Error Mean .03540 .03248 .03566 .03406 .03246 .02990 + + +The SD is less than 1, it “indicates that there is consistency in the respondent’s opinion towards the listed Select statements influence Job involvement in Business Development Professionals as the aggregate mean value in post statements is more than 4 which falls on the positive side of the scale and also falls within the upper and lower confidence intervals” + + + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 372 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory + + + +Paired Samples Test Paired Differences +95% Confidence +Std. Error Interval of the t df Mean Difference +Mean SD +Upper Lower +Pair F1PRE - .15052 .73193 .03735 .22396 .07708 4.030 383 +1 F1POST + +Pair F2PRE - .17865 .72556 .03703 .25145 .10585 4.825 383 +2 F2POST + +Pair JISPRE - .16458 .65221 .03328 .23002 .09914 4.945 383 +3 JISPOST + +*significant at 5% level +All values in the absolute form. Ignored negative sign for interpretation purpose + +ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + + + +p-value + + + +0.001* + +0.001* + +0.001* + + +The mean value indicated changes in post statement opinion and higher values are recorded in post survey which is a desired condition. +Based on the results of the test, the null hypothesis H0: “There is no influence of Karma Yoga on Job involvement among Business Development Professionals” was rejected and the alternate hypothesis Ha: “There is an influence of Karma Yoga on Job involvement among Business Development Professionals” was accepted, since test has revealed a significant statistical reliable difference between the pre & post treatment values with p-value is less than the 5% significance level (i.e. 0.001 < 0.05) in our study and therefore it justifies the acceptance of alternate hypothesis based on the paired sample test procedure. + +FINDINGS + + 68% of the respondents find their job motivating to them post karma yoga intervention + 49% sample respondents assume their job is important to them post karma yoga intervention + 58% sample respondents believe their identity in the society is due their present job  87% sample respondents find their job interesting post karma yoga intervention + 90% sample respondents agree that the job gives them satisfaction + 90% of the respondents are completely agree that the they like their job + 86% of the respondents says they care for their job post karma yoga intervention  85% of the respondents assume their work is not burden for them + 88% of the respondents said they enjoy their work post karma yoga intervention  91% of the respondents says whenever they complete some work, they feel happy + The reliability of the survey was done using Cronbach's Alpha test and the value was scored at 0. 893 that is statistically excellent. + The validity analysis was done using Item-Total Correlation & all statements have indicated medium to strong correlation in which recorded correlation values are greater than 0.30. + KMO test measured sampling adequacy at 0.895 which is excellent in terms of standard and Barlett’s test of Sphericity with approximate chi-square value is 1875.082. These results are statistically significant at 5% level. Hence all the 10 statements are normally distributed and are suitable for factor analysis + Factor analysis revealed two components with a cumulative value of 64% which is adequate for the overall variance analysis for 10 statements + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 373 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Component Analysis method derived two factors related to Karma Yoga which influenced job involvement in Business Development Professionals viz., F1: job affection and F2: job association + Karma Yoga influence on job involvement in Business Development Professionals has an aggregate mean value of more than 4 which falls on the positive side of the scale and also falls within the upper and lower confidence intervals + Post karma yoga intervention the job involvement survey indicated changes in post statement opinion and higher values were recorded as compared to pre survey + Based on the results of the paired sample t test on the two factors it is evidenced that post survey respondents have indicated significance of Karma Yoga on the job involvement level. + + +CONCLUSION +Karma Yoga is the path of action for the attainment of self-realization. In every individual there is a mix of behavior, Skills, Competencies and Ethics on the one hand and on the other its counter motives and carvings for narrow gains. The applications of Karma Yoga is a path to lead a kindly light to mankind to emancipate from the contemporary materialistic mental darkness occupied in human beings across the globe to a great extent. Sadhana must be the way for the evolution of the marketing and sales professionals are no exception for it even though they are tempted by lucrative positions and possessions by industry to make them more pruned towards selfish ends. + +Asathoma Sadgamaya Tamasoma and Mrityorma Amrutangamaya will be the path for salvation. + +Om Shanti Shanti Shanti hi. + + + +REFERENCES + +1. Balakrishnan Muniapan & Biswajit Satpathy, The ‘Dharma’ and ‘Karma’ of CSR from the Bhagavad-Gita +2. Dr A. Barai MBBS, MRCS, MSc (Critical care) Registrar, Emergency Medicine Karma Yoga: a perspective of the Bhagavad Gita +3. G. Surya Prakash Rao, MBA; creative advertising (north western university, U.S.A.), principles of Srimad Bhagavad Gita’s tools of management doctor of philosophy in management science, +4. Girijesh Kumar and Jyoti Pandey: How Indian and Western Teacher Trainees Differ in Their Perception about Values? Journal of Human Values 2012 +5. Job Involvement among working women. Dr.Sandhya Mehta, Professor & Deputy Director, Guru Nanak Institute of Management & Technology, Ludhiana. ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 2, June 2011, ISSN 2231 5780 +6. Jyotirmoy Sharma, , the individual self and the supreme self as viewed by the Bhagavad-Gita and Sri Aurobindo, under supervision of Dr. Sukhamoy Ghosh ex-reader, in-charge, Dept. of Philosophy, Tripura university thesis submitted for the award of degree of doctor of philosophy in philosophy, Tripura University (A Central University) Address : Suryamaninagar, Pin-799130 West Tripura. + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 374 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + +7. Neena. T.S, the doctrine of karma and rebirth in Indian thought with special reference to Swami Vivekananda, under the guidance and supervision of Dr. D. Nirmala Devi School of Gandhian thought and development studies Mahatma Gandhi university Kottayam - 686 560 Kerala , India, September 2001 +8. P. P. Gopalan Nair, Mahatma Gandhi University, Freedom in the Doctrine of Karma With special reference to Bhagavad Gita +9. Sankaran Manikutty: Why Should I Be Ethical? Some Answers from Mahabharata: Journal of Human Values 2012 +10. S. K. Chakraborty: Management by Values Towards Cultural Congruence: OUP India : July 1993 +11. Subhash Sharma: A Vedic integration of Transition in Management thought towards transcendental management: Published in Gurukul Business Review: Vol 1: Spring 2005 +12. Subhash Sharma: Enlightened leadership in Indian Ethos, The way of Theory K: Published in Management & Change, Vol 2: No.1, Jan-June 1998 +13. Subhash Sharma: Western Enlightenment & Eastern Awakening: Towards a new Symbiosis: Published in International Journal of Human resource Development & Management: Vol 3, No.1, 2003 +14. Subhash Sharma: Human Quality Development Models (HQD): Implication of Leadership for Corporate Management: Published in the Book, Developing Leaders, Teams & organisations: Anup K Singh & Daisy Chouhan: Excel Books, New Delhi 2003 +15. Arunmozhi M, An Easy Guide to understand Research Methodology, Institute of Management Development and Research, (2019). +16. Zubin R. Mulla, Venkat R. Krishnan: +17. Karma-Yoga, the Indian Work Ideal, and its Relationship with Empathy 18. Do Karma-Yogis Make Better Leaders? +a. Exploring the Relationship between the Leader’s Karma-Yoga and Transformational Leadership +19. Zubin R. Mulla and Venkat R. Krishnan Followers' Duty-orientation and Indifference to Rewards*Transformational Leadership and Karma-Yoga: Enhancing: Psychology Developing Societies 2012 +20. N.A.Athreya, Excellence +21. Kiran Bettadapur: Gita & selling +22. Pramana Padhathi Grantha Extract in Vedas +23. Job Involvement among working women , Dr.Sandhya Mehta, Professor & Deputy Director, Gurunanak Institute of Management & Technology, Ludhiana, ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 2, June 2011, ISSN 2231 5780 +24. Prof. Dinesh Kumar Pandiya Pro-Vice Chancellor & Former Dean, M.G. School of Economics and Commerce Assam (Central) University +25. Dr. Kingshuk Adhikari Assistant Professor Department of Commerce, Assam (Central) University +26. Assessing the role of work Motivation on Employee Performance” Author: Peter Ebong Ajang +27. Job Stress & Job Involvement. A study on IT professionals from North India, Krantiwalia, Saurabh Narang Indian Journal of Management 10 March 2015 +28. Occupational Stress, Job Satisfaction & mental health among employees of Govt & Non-Govt Sectors Kapildev.S.Khudaniya, Dr.S.M.Kaji The International Journal of Indian Pschology Vol.2, Issue 1 Oct-Dec 2014 + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 375 +JAC : A Journal Of Composition Theory ISSN : 0731-6755 + + + + + +References for the scales used in this research: + +Job involvement scale: Santosh Dhar & Upinder Dhar + +1. A Study on Government Employees + +Dr. Prerna Puri1 , Dr. Nidhi Saxena2 1, 2Department of Psychology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.) India + +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2013): 4.438 Volume 4 Issue 9, September 2015 www.ijsr.net Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY + +2. Job Involvement in Relation to Organizational Climate Organizational commitment, job involvement and work life balance among dual career women in different professions + +Arvind K Birdie and Kuldeep Kumar IIMT School of Management (Vedatya), Gurgaon, Haryana International Journal of Education & Management Studies, 2015, 5(3), 242-245 + +3. JOB INVOLVEMENT OF EMPLOYEES OF PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS IN RELATION TO THEIR GENDER AND LOCALITY " + +Rajni Kundu UGC NET (Commerce), Ram Gopal Colony, Rohtak (Haryana), INDIA + +An International Indexed Online Journal www.darpanonline.org/GIRT ISSN 2347–8861 Online Research Journal Volume: 1, issue: 7 Global International Research Thoughts April-June 2015 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Volume XII Issue XII DECEMBER 2019 Page No: 376 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Influence of language on implicit association test scores in Indian population conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Influence of language on implicit association test scores in Indian population conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1ebfd3999b9f1807ac0109532d983092859ec587 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Influence of language on implicit association test scores in Indian population conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,699 @@ +ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013 AJMR + +P ub lis he d b y: TRANS A s ia n R e s e a r c h J o ur na ls AJMR: +A s i a n J o u r n a l o f M u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l R e s e a r c h + +(A Double Blind Referred & Reviewed International Journal) + +INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE ON IMPLICIT ASSOCIATION TEST SCORES IN INDIAN POPULATION + +Judu V. Ilavarasu*; Sasidharan K. Rajesh**; Alex Hankey*** + +*Department of Psychology, +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bangalore, India. +**Division of Yoga and Physical Sciences, +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bangalore, India. +*** Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA), Bangalore, India. + +ABSTRACT + +The Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been used by psychologists to assess attitudes that can be biased while reporting due to social desirability factors or attitudes that are difficult to self report. It has been found sensitive to language of delivery for bilinguals. Here, we report a first study of IAT from India, specifically on the influence of language on IAT scores in Indian bilingual populations. Motivation for the study was to explore culture and language specific determinants that might influence IAT effects in Indian populations. The standard flower-insect IAT was administered in three modalities, native language, English, and picture. In contrast to earlier works, we found that IAT D scores were not influenced significantly between native and English languages. For further analysis, we then added two more determinates, frequency of usage of native language, and medium of instruction at school, in the model. Indian populations' varied language and culture make these appropriate. Error rates were significantly higher and latencies longer for English IATs compared to native IATs, for those using their native language more frequently. The opposite was also true. We propose that, for bilingual Indian populations, less sensitive IATs can be administered in either English or native language. Our result suggest that, because their second language is used under natural conditions, the nature of bilinguals in India may be different, and require further study. + + + +TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in + + +43 +ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013 AJMR + +KEYWORDS: bilinguals, Implicit Association Test, Indian population, language. __________________________________________________________________________ + +INTRODUCTION + +Psychological testing is increasingly making use of implicit measures, especially in the west to measure subjects' inherent attitudes and preferences. Self-presentation bias due to social desirability is one of the most challenging problems in any questionnaire based self-report measure. Implicit tools are considered to avoid this problem. They also facilitate access to constructs which may be difficult to self-report. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) (Greenwald et al. 1998) is one of the most popular tools used in Implicit cognition research. Over 100 articles are annually published, but until now, no report has appeared from India. In order to carry out research using IAT in India, certain methodological issues must be considered, including choice of language to deliver stimuli. As the world's second most populous country, India has diverse cultures and languages; many Indians are bilingual, with English as their second language, since it is a common medium of communication in schools. + +REVIEW OF LITERATURE + +Danziger and Ward (2010) reported that in Arab Israeli bilinguals, language changes IAT D scores in an Arab-Jew IAT. Another study of bilinguals (Ogunnaike et al. 2010) showed that participants' implicit attitude toward social categories was altered by the language in which the test was administered. Foroni and Bel-Bahar (2010) reported that IAT effects are influenced by level of representation (LR), the degree to which a shown word represents the corresponding category. Processing of lower LR cues happens through the semantic-verbal network, while higher LR cues are processed through the perceptual visual network. They also showed that picture cues have low LR (activate less extraneous knowledge, easier to categorise, and less semantic interference) while words have high LR (activate high extraneous knowledge, are harder to categorise, and more semantic interference) and consequently, higher IAT effects are found in word IATs than in picture IATs. The way LR is activated might differ from one language to another. It is well recognised that in language acquisition implicit and explicit learning play a key role. Interestingly, second language acquisition process differs between instructed and naturalistic modes (Dӧrnyei 2009). In the Indian context, this distinction between instructed and naturalistic second language acquisition is relevant as many schools use English as a medium of instruction, and media and the environment are redolent with English. + +OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESIS + +As a first investigation, we aimed to evaluate language's influence on IAT D score in an Indian population, We administered the flower-insect IAT in three different modalities, English, mother tongue (Hindi or Kannada), and picture. Picture IAT was used to cross check previously established significant differences between picture and word IATs. The motivation for the study stemmed from the general observation that use of English is often restricted to academic pursuits; at home, native language is used more frequently. Hence, we hypothesised, dominant use of mother tongue would alter IAT D scores in Indian bilinguals. Results did not show any + + + +TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in + + +44 +ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013 AJMR + +significant difference in IAT D scores across modalities, however, interesting trends were observed in mean latency and mean error percentage. + +METHODOLOGY + +Fifty four bilinguals (28 males, 26 females) attending university in southern India, mean age, 23.33, range (18- 41 years), were balanced for gender, education level (undergraduate or postgraduate), native language (Hindi or Kannada). The order in which the three IATs were presented (six orders for three IATs) were randomised using lottery method. As the subjects arrived at the lab, they were briefed about the experiment and were asked to choose their random order. All assessments were done in a batch of four to six subjects. Other factors considered, included medium of instruction at school (medium), two levels English, and native language; and frequency of usage of the latter compared to English (frequency), with three levels, more, less and equally frequently. A seven block IAT structure was adopted from Greenwald et al. (2003), with flower-insect categories substituted. The response keys were 'e' and 'i' to respond towards left and right hand side categories. The first block contained 20 trials which was a practice block for target discrimination. Subjects had to categorised them into two categories, 'Flowers' or 'Insects'. The second block was again a practice block of 20 trials to categorise attribute words, 'Good' or 'Bad'. The third block was a initial combined task in which 20 stimuli of both target and attribute categories were presented for categorisation. This was also a practice block. The fourth block was the test block similar to third block with 40 trials. The fifth block was a reversed target discrimination block with 20 trials in which the response keys for target categories were reversed. The sixth block (20 trials) and the seventh block (40 trails) combine the attribute and reversely mapped target (Gawronski & Payne 2010). Positive D score reflected positive implicit attitude towards flowers. All assessments were done using Inquisit stimulus presentation software (Inquisit 2010). Participants gave their consent to participate and typed demographic details, then took the standard flower-insect IAT in the modalities described above, in randomly selected order, and finally a 5-point likert scale to report explicit preferences. Flower-insect IAT was chosen for less ambiguity with explicit self-report measure. However, the stimuli selected (appendix 1) were slightly different to match common usage in an Indian population. We had conducted a pilot study prior to this work with a smaller sample of 22. In this study, the order of the three IATs were fixed. + +RESULTS + +IAT scoring was done using the improved scoring algorithm (Greenwald et al. 2003). D scores corresponding to mean error rate greater than 20% were discarded (Risch et al. 2010) and the missing scores considered missing at random. However, if in the three IATs only one had error rate greater than 20%, all three were retained. After treating outliers in this manner, it became unbalance design (n=49) with missing values. Use of linear mixed effects model to analyse repeated measures with missing values and unbalanced design is highly recommended (Locker, Hoffman, & Bovaird 2007; Keselman, Algina, & Kowalchuk 2001). Hence, for analysis we used R statistical package (R Development Core Team 2012) and its linear mixed effects model analysis package, nlme (Pinheiro et al. 2012). The outcome variable was D score. Fixed effect variables were IAT type (native, English, and picture), frequency (more, less, and equal), medium (native and English), and order (six levels). The subject was random effect variable. + + +TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in + + +45 +ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013 AJMR + +Baseline model was constructed using subject as random factor, and intercept. IAT type was then added to the model to find the effect of IAT type on D score. Orthogonal contrasts were coded to assess differences between D scores for: picture versus word, and native versus English IATs. Frequency and medium, with their interaction terms, were added separately. The mean (SD) IAT D score for native IAT was 0.59 (0.34), for English IAT 0.54 (0.33) and for picture IAT 0.47 (.34). + +Results found that, of the predicted factors, IAT type, frequency, medium, or order, none were significant, except picture versus word IAT D score - just significant, b = 0.03, t(93) = 1.99, p < .049. Nor were there any significant interaction effects (Table 1). + +TABLE 1: ESTIMATES OF FIXED EFFECTS RESULTS WITH IAT D SCORE AS OUTCOME VARIABLE + +Study 1 (n=49) + +Estimate Std. Error t value (df) p value + + +Baseline + + + +Model 1 IAT type + +(Intercept) + + + +(Intercept) + +0.535 0.037 + + + +0.535 0.037 + +14.596 (95) < .001 + + + +14.476 (93) < .001 + + + +WordvsPicture + +NativevsEnglish + +0.032 0.016 + +0.027 0.028 + +1.987 (93) .049 + +0.947 (93) .346 + + + + + +Model 2 + + + +IAT type + +(Intercept) + + + +WordvsPicture + +0.582 0.054 + + + +0.028 0.023 + +10.779 (89) < .001 + + + +1.216 (89) .227 + + +NativevsEnglish -0.020 0.041 -0.480 (89) .632 + +Frequency Frequencyless -0.101 0.124 -0.810 (45) .422 + +Frequencymore -0.085 0.079 -1.083 (45) .285 + +IAT type x WordvsPic x FrequencyLess -0.003 0.050 -0.061 (89) .952 Frequency + + + + +TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in + + +46 +ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013 AJMR + + +NatvsEng x FrequencyLess -0.081 + +WordvsPic x FrequencyMore 0.012 + +NatvsEng x FrequencyMore 0.133 + +0.087 -0.930 (89) .355 + +0.034 0.369 (89) .713 + +0.059 2.264 (89) .026 + + + + + +Model 3 + +IAT type + +(Intercept) + +WordvsPicture + +0.562 0.064 + +0.014 0.028 + +8.738 (91) < .001 + +0.496 (91) .621 + + +NativevsEnglish 0.030 0.048 0.622 (91) .536 + + +Medium + +IAT type x Medium + +MediumNative -0.040 + +WordvsPic x MediumNative 0.027 + +0.079 -0.504 (46) .617 + +0.034 0.796 (91) .428 + + +NatvsEng x MediumNative -0.006 0.060 -0.092 (91) .927 + + + + +Model 4 + +IAT type + +(Intercept) + +WordvsPicture + +0.466 0.095 + +0.032 0.016 + +4.921 (93) < .001 + +1.963 (93) .053 + + +NativevsEnglish 0.027 0.029 0.953 (93) .343 + +Order OrderEPN 0.049 0.130 0.373 (42) .711 + + +OrderNEP + +OrderNPE + +OrderPEN + +OrderPNE + +0.066 0.140 + +0.198 0.126 + +0.010 0.130 + +0.068 0.124 + +0.469 (42) .642 + +1.572 (42) .123 + +0.074 (42) .942 + +0.549 (42) .586 + + + + +These results suggest that, contrary to our hypothesis, language does not influence D score significantly, however expected trend as hypothesised was observed. To explore for further possible effects, which we felt must be present, we then performed an exploratory analysis, changing the model's outcome variable, first, to mean error percentage, and, second, to mean response latency. + + + + +TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in + + +47 +ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013 AJMR + +The first gave results with significant main effects. Orthogonal contrasts revealed significant difference, for native versus English IAT, b = -1.64, t(97) = -3.55, p < .001. There was an interaction between IAT type and medium, b = -1.53, t(95) = -3.23, p = .002. Subjects who had studied in native medium made more errors in English IAT and less errors in native IAT than those who had studied in English medium. + +For the second, IAT type - frequency interaction was just significant, b = -64.67, t(93) = -1.99, p = .049. Subjects who used their native language more frequently took less time in native language IAT than in English, while those who had used it less frequently took more time in native IAT than English IAT. IAT type - medium interaction was significant, b = -79.40, t(95) = -3.64, p < .001. Native medium participants took longer time in English IAT and English medium participants took longer time in native IAT. + +TABLE 2: REPLICATED ERROR AND LATENCY TRENDS FROM A NON-RANDOMIZED PILOT STUDY + +Mean Error % (n=22) Mean Latency (n=22) + + +Estimat Std. t +e Erro valu r e +(df) + +p Estimat Std. valu e Erro +e r + +t p value valu +(df) e + + + +Baseline + + + + +Model 1 IAT type + +(Intercept) + + + + +(Intercept) + +3.245 0.52 4 + + + +3.245 0.53 2 + +6.19 < 1275.10 48.82 2 .001 2 9 (44) + + +6.09 < 1275.10 49.59 6 .001 2 8 (42) + +26.11 < +4 (44) .001 + + + +25.70 < +9 (42) .001 + + + + +WordvsPicture + + + + +NativevsEnglish + +0.335 0.22 0 + + + +-0.057 0.38 1 + +1.51 .136 9 +(42) + + +- .882 0.14 +9 (42) + +86.112 + + + + +-40.658 + +15.77 5.458 < +7 (42) .001 + + + +27.32 - .144 7 1.488 +(42) + + + +Model 2 (Intercept) 3.356 0.47 8 + +7.01 .000 9 +(38) + +1270.25 47.57 9 3 + +26.70 < +1 (38) .001 + + + + +TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in + + +48 +ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013 AJMR + + +IAT type WordvsPicture 0.341 0.22 1 + +1.54 .130 86.387 7 +(38) + +16.64 5.191 < +2 (38) .001 + + + +NativevsEnglish -0.041 0.38 2 + +- .916 -38.999 0.10 +6 (38) + +28.82 - .184 5 1.353 +(38) + + + +Frequenc y + +FrequencyLessM 0.567 ore + +0.65 0.86 9 0 +(19) + +.400 -79.385 65.57 - .241 4 1.211 +(19) + + + +FrequencyEqualL -1.794 ess + +0.65 - .014 9 2.72 +2 (19) + +132.658 65.57 4 + +2.023 .057 (19) + + + +IAT type x Frequenc y + +WordvsPic x FrequencyLess + +0.318 0.30 4 + +1.04 .302 -6.055 6 +(38) + +22.93 - .793 9 0.264 +(38) + + + +NatvsEng x FrequencyLess + + + +WordvsPic x FrequencyMore + + + +NatvsEng x FrequencyMore + +-0.793 0.52 7 + + + +-0.394 0.30 4 + + + +0.613 0.52 7 + +- .141 1.50 +4 (38) + +- .204 1.29 +3 (38) + +1.16 .252 4 +(38) + +-23.866 + + + + + +3.034 + + + + +5.618 + +39.73 - .552 2 0.601 +(38) + + +22.93 0.132 .896 9 (38) + + + +39.73 0.141 .888 2 (38) + + + +Model 3 + + + +IAT type + +(Intercept) + + + +WordvsPicture + +3.245 0.52 5 + + +0.335 0.21 5 + +6.18 .000 6 +(40) + +1.55 .128 5 +(40) + +1275.10 50.77 2 3 + + +86.112 15.26 4 + +25.11 < +4 (40) .001 + + +5.642 < (40) .001 + + +NativevsEnglish -0.057 0.37 - .880 -40.658 26.43 - .132 + + +TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in + + +49 +ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013 AJMR + +3 0.15 7 1.538 2 (40) (40) + + +Medium + + + +IAT type x Medium + +MediumEngNat 0.669 + + + +WordvsPic x 0.145 EngNat + +0.52 1.27 5 6 +(20) + +0.21 0.67 5 5 +(40) + +.217 10.101 + + + +.504 12.057 + +50.77 0.199 .844 3 (20) + + +15.26 0.790 .434 4 (40) + + + +NatvsEng x EngNat + +-0.701 0.37 3 + +- .067 -54.493 1.88 +0 (40) + +26.43 - .046 7 2.061 +(40) + + + + +These results replicated error and latency trends from a non- randomised pilot study, for which small sample size only yielded trends rather than statistical significance. The results are tabulated in the Table 2. + +DISCUSSION + +These results tend to suggest that, when administering IAT tests to bilinguals in India, language does not influence D score, at least in less sensitive IATs. The two earlier studies using culturally sensitive constructs (Danziger and Ward, 2010; Ogunnaike et al. 2010) observed significantly changed D scores. Despite the trend revealed by average error percentage and average latency, D score was not influenced, probably because of its robustness. This strongly suggest further investigation of possible reasons for our not finding differences between native and English IAT D scores. Our study design does not suggest any particular reason for the differences in result. Factors to investigate could include level of representation (LR) and mode of second language acquisition and frequency of use. In India, many schools introduce English in primary classes, so that despite the language being acquired in an instructed way, it may form an LR equally high as the native language. It would be interesting to investigate trends in rural India, where students predominantly use their native language and only use English sparsely. + +RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION + +Our results which replicated error and latency trends from a non- randomised pilot study, suggest future studies could include frequency of use, and medium of instruction, in addition to the determinants suggested by Banaji et al. (2010), for they seem to mediate IAT effects in Indian populations. Also the data could be subjected to various process dissociation models like the diffusion (Klauer et al. 2007) or quad models (Conrey et al. 2005), to determine IAT components responsible for the observed effects. Finally, less sensitive IATs can be administered to bilingual Indian populations in either language. This first report on language effects in the Indian + +TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in + + +50 +ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013 AJMR + +population should therefore encourage further related research including factors like multilingualism, or sensitive constructs. + +REFERENCES + +Conrey, F.R. et al., 2005. Separating Multiple Processes in Implicit Social Cognition : The Quad Model of Implicit Task Performance. Journal of Personality, 89(4), pp.469 – 487. + +Danziger, S. & Ward, R., 2010. Language changes implicit associations between ethnic groups and evaluation in bilinguals. Psychological Science, 21, pp.799 – 800. + +Dörnyei, Z., 2009. The Psychology of Second Language Acquisition, Oxford: Oxford University Press. + +Foroni, F. & Bel-bahar, T., 2010. Picture-IAT versus Word-IAT : Level of stimulus representation influences on the IAT. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, pp.321–337. + +Gawronski, B. & Payne, B.K., 2010. Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition, New York: Guilford Publication. + +Greenwald, A.G., Mcghee, D.E. & Schwartz, J.L.K., 1998. Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition : , 74(6), pp.1464 –1480. + +Greenwald, A.G., Nosek, B.A. & Banaji, M.R., 2003. Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test : I . An Improved Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), pp.197–216. + +Inquisit 2010. Inquisit 3.0 [Computer Program]. Available from: https://www.millisecond.com/ [Accessed 12 January 2010]. + +Keselman, H.J., Algina, J. & Kowalchuk, R.K., 2001. The analysis of repeated measures designs: a review. The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology, 54, pp.1–20. + +Klauer, K.C. et al., 2007. Process Components of the Implicit Association Test : A Dif fusion-Model Analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(3), pp.353–368. + +Locker, L., Hoffman, L. & Bovaird, J.A., 2007. On the use of multilevel modeling as an alternative to items analysis in psycholinguistic research. Behavior research methods, 39(4), pp.723–30. + +Ogunnaike, O., Dunham, Y. & Banaji, M.R., 2010. The language of implicit preferences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(6), pp.999–1003. + +Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D. & the R Development Core Team, 2012. nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. + + +TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in + + +51 +ISSN: 2278-4853 Vol. 2, Issue. 9, September 2013 AJMR + +R Development Core Team, 2013. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Available at: http://www.r-project.org/. + +Risch, A.K. et al., 2010. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Implicit self-esteem in recurrently depressed patients. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(3), pp.199–206. + +APPENDIX 1 + +WORD STIMULI USED IN THE IAT + +ENGLISH WORDS + +Flowers: hibiscus, lily, rose, lotus, jasmine, sunflower, marigold, flower + +Insects: termite, mosquito, bug, spider, earthworm, housefly, cockroach, insect + +Good: wonderful, lovely, joyful, beautiful, superb, blissful, glorious, pleasure + +Bad: poison, fearful, hurt, accident, painful, sorrow, vomit, dirty + +HINDI WORDS + +Phool: gudahal, jalkamal, gulab, kamal, chameli, suryamukhi, genda, phool + +Keede: deemak, macchar, khatmal, makadi, kenchuA, makkhi, cockroach, keeda + +Accha: adbhut, pyara, santosh , sundar, shAndar, Anand, mahAn, sukh + +Bura: vish, bhay, chot , durghatana, dhuk, shouk, ulti, ganda + +KANNADA WORDS + +Huvu: dasavala, naidile, gulabi, kamala, mallige, suryakanti, chandu huvu, huvu + +Keetagalu: geddalu, solle,tagane, , jeda, hulu, nona, jirale, kita + +Valleya: ascharyakara, manohara, anandapurna, sundara, utkrasta, ananda, divya, paramasukha + +Ketta: visa, bhayanaka, himse, apaghata, trasadayaka, dukha, vanti, kolaku + + + + + + + + + + + +TRANS Asian Research Journals http://www.tarj.in + + +52 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy Its power to improve cognitive skills and emotional competence conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy Its power to improve cognitive skills and emotional competence conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8891534465983239edc9095b2717c3ccfee1f532 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy Its power to improve cognitive skills and emotional competence conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +Sony Kumari , Alex Hankey, H.R.Nagendra | Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy: Its power to improve cognitive skills and emotional competence + + +IBR + +Journal homepage: www.ifrsa.org + + + +Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy: Its Power to Improve Cognitive Skills and Emotional Competence + +Sony Kumari PhD, Alex Hankey PhD and H.R.Nagendra PhD + + + +ABSTRACT +“Cool, calm and collected” epitomizes executive attitudes desired under pressure: maintain balanced emotions and reasoning despite circumstances. Personality changes produced by SVYASA's Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT), which trains heart and mind to function in harmony: Guna personality, Emotional Intelligence, anxiety, depression, and autonomic stability all improve. IAYT s Programs simultaneously improve emotional competence (heart) and cognitive skills (mind). Psycho-physiological changes result in improved robustness and stability under pressure. Executives taking the programs are better prepared for stress. Using them, business institutions can better prepare executives for any continuing or repeated global finance crisis. +Key Words- Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy, Emotional Intelligence, Cognitive skills & Business Institution + +INTRODUCTION +The world has recently passed through an economic downturn that almost rivaled the worst crises of the 20th century. The apparent turn around has only been bought at considerable public expense. The lack of prudence in attempting to outperform business rivals, in the competition to secure increased public investment, combined with what many perceive as a fundamental failure of integrity at boardroom levels in many leading financial institutions, has brought a degree of stress to developed and developing worlds alike, that must at all costs be avoided for the foreseeable future. +Until the root causes of the problems are tackled, danger of recurrence is an ever present subliminal threat for all of us – in much the same way that the threat of nuclear war premained an overhanging cloud blackening the world outlook for most of the last part of the 20th century. Many perceive the root causes to lie in the + + + +IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 2|June 2013 + +boardrooms of large financial institutions, as much as in the supposed irresponsibility of those who receive easy money for property and other purchasing needs. +For these reasons, programs which can improve the overall sensitivity of business personnel at all levels are the need of the hour. On one hand, there is a need to protect all of mankind from the threat of stress, whether subliminal and internal, or actual and external. On the other, there is an equal need to reduce the tendency of overriding ambition that may drive those in positions of leadership and authority to acts, which are later regretted, either for lack of foresight, or for overriding ambition. +If a single program can achieve these dual needs, then the business community should be very much in favor of implementing it – as much to forestall future boardroom folly as to protect its most valued and difficult to replace employees from the “Stress of Life”. The Yoga programs we discuss below can fulfill these dual functions. We show how their physiological aspects remove stress, returning mental clarity, and endowing their graduates with an ability to create a positive, emotionally intelligent influence in their business environment. Their more intellectual aspects widen the vision of the student, setting the material world more in the context of man's wider reaches of soul and spirit. Armed with such broadened vision, the approach to life and living naturally becomes more sanguine – and prudent. + +YOGA PROGRAMS FOR BUSINESS +A number of studies have evaluated physiological and psychological effects of SMET. Those studies show that the SMET program reduces stress levels. It is beneficial in bringing emotional stability throughout the personality to deal more effectively with critical circumstances in life. +Current interest in emotional intelligence has raised questions of whether it is possible to improve the social + + +118 +Sony Kumari , Alex Hankey, H.R.Nagendra | Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy: Its power to improve cognitive skills and emotional competence + + +and emotional competence of adult workers. Research in training and development, sports psychology, and behavior change suggests that it is possible, but typical approaches used in corporate training programmes are usually flawed. Social and emotional learning is different from cognitive and technical learning, and requires a different approach to training and development. Cognitive learning involves fitting new data and insights into existing frameworks of association and understanding. This requires extending and enriching corresponding neural circuitry. Emotional learning, however, also requires that we engage the neural circuitry where our repertoire social and emotional behavior is stored. It is more challenging than simply adding new information to the old. +Some of the most interesting developments in emotional intelligence involve the use of physiological and cardiac feedback to learn to control and manage emotions. Heart Math has developed techniques of considerable interest. In one study of 500 people; there was a striking difference in both personal and business data before and after the implementation of a one-day Inner Quality Management workshop. It will be useful to compare the Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) programme followed in SVYASA, with institutional emotional training practice, and the Heart Math experiments, to see what further improvements are needed, for it to be an accepted method of imparting emotional intelligence. +Four types of yoga practice, raja yoga, karma yoga, jnanayoga and bhaktiyoga, result in control of mind and body. Today's corporate world is afflicted with worry, anxiety and stress, affecting quality of work and productivity. Generally we experience too much stress, strain, and tension in day-to-day life. Business life involves cut-throat competition and concomitant stress, resulting in strain in family and social relationships. Within ourselves, we may find disintegration. Such stress and strain is experienced as anxiety, worry, fear or frustration. How do we overcome such stresses? Some people resort to smoking or drinking. Others seek change, vacations. They adopt various temporary escapes from tension. On the other hand, if we gain a new vision, we become more dynamic and fearless, ready to face all challenges. +Praxis of Indian thought throughout the centuries has pioneered practical techniques of Self-Management that increase productivity, reduce stress, and develop essential qualities of leadership. The story of Emperor Askokā exemplifies this. Self-Management in the spiritual sense used in the Bhagavad Gita, is the key to gaining that elusive combination – efficiency at work and mental equanimity within. SMET may be an ideal way to introduce EI training into the corporate world: not running away from the world, nor an emotion. + + + +IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 2|June 2013 + +SMET training aims to accomplish this in a series of easily learned steps. + +RESEARCH +Yoga-based training develops intellectual strength and clarity, enabling a person to handle challenges and function with both efficiency and equanimity in life. Human beings broadly lack this essential skill, resulting in an alarming rise in stress and deteriorating productivity levels. Yoga is a method of developing self-awareness, raising us from the animal level to a higher level, and helping us understand the spiritual dimension of life. With regard to education and training in emotional intelligence, yoga theory and practice provide methodologies that are more holistic and longer lasting in their effects. +Many physiological and psychological research studies have been performed on SMET and its component Cyclic Meditation. Telles, Reddy & Nagendra (2000) observed significant decrease in oxygen consumption and breathe rat, and an increase in breath volume. They compared the effects of cyclic meditation and supine rest in the Yoga sleep posture (çaväsana) in 40 male volunteers aged between 20 and 47 (27.0 ± 5.7) years. Subjects were tested before and after cyclic meditation and çaväsana sessions, and significant changes in all three measures were observed for both practices. However, the magnitude of change on all three was greater after cyclic meditation. +Vempati and Telles (1999) compared oxygen consumption, breath rate and volume and autonomic measures in IRT (one component of CM) and SR in 40 male subjects aged from 16 to 46 years. Autonomic parameters were measured for 15 subjects before and after both practices, and oxygen consumption, breath rate and volume for 25 subjects. Significant decreases in breath rate and in finger plethysmogram, a physiological indicator of anxiety, were found after IRT but not SR. The differences between the findings of this study and the previous one were no doubt due to the difference between IRT and a full CM practice. +A second study by Vempati & Telles (2000) measured psycho-physiological changes induced by SMET: occupational stress index (OSI) and autonomic parameters in 26 asymptomatic, male, middle-managers aged 34 to 54 (43.0 ± 5.5) years, with particular reference to changes in levels of occupational stress at baseline. Data of subjects with OSI greater or less than the median were analyzed separately. The group as a whole showed a significant decrease in breath rate (p< .005) after the two-day program with no other changes. Subjects with OSI above the median showed: +1. A more significant decrease in breath rate (p<. 01), and decreases in: +2. Power of the low frequency component of the heart rate variability (HRV) spectrum (p<. 05), + + +119 +Sony Kumari , Alex Hankey, H.R.Nagendra | Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy: Its power to improve cognitive skills and emotional competence + + +3. HRV low frequency: high frequency ratio (LF/HF) (p<. 05), and +4. An increase in HRV high frequency component (p<. 05) after the program, +No significant changes were found in subjects with OSI below median. +This study result found significant improvements in subjects with OSI above the median after two days SMET program, indicating that stress level has reduced in its level by reducing the breath volume and rate as well as oxygen consumption. And if the level of stress is normal, surely person will be emotionally stable. +Patil and Telles conducted five studies comparing CM and SH. Their first study (2006) measured O2 consumption and breath rate and volume in 50 male volunteers (27 ± 6.3 years) before, during and after sessions of CM and çaväsana, SH. Subjects were divided into two equal subgroups, Sessions were held one day apart and the order of CM and SH was alternated for the two subgroups. All measures increased during the stimulating practices of CM, decreasing again during the calming practices. While breath rate and volume returned to baseline, O2 consumption decreased 19.3% below baseline values after CM. During SH, all measures reduced; however O2 consumption decreased only 4.8% below baseline following SH. These results suggest that the combination of yoga postures with supine rest given in CM can reduce O2 consumption more than SR alone. The second study compared the effects of CM and SR on energy expenditure (EE), respiratory change (RER) and heart rate (HR) in the same group. As previously, measurements were made before, during, and after sessions of CM and SH (held 1 day apart with the two groups' order alternated). All 3 measures increased during CM, returning to baseline during the calming practices. Energy expenditure decreased by 19.9% below baseline values after CM. During SH, energy expenditure decreased, remaining 5.1% below baseline afterwards. These results lend further support to the first study's conclusion: CM's combination of yoga postures with SR reduces energy expenditure more than SR alone. +In study 3, Patil and Telles assessed changes in p300 for auditory, evoked event-related potentials in 42 volunteers (27.1 ± 6.6 years). Peak latency and amplitude at fz, cz, and pz electrodes referenced to linked ear lobes were measured before and after CM practice and an equal duration of SR. As before, sessions were held one day apart with subgroup order reversed. Reductions in peak latencies were observed following CM at all 3 electrodes. Similar reductions at all sites were also observed after SR, though in all cases the magnitude was less than after CM. Peak amplitudes at all 3 sites were higher after CM than before CM, but, in contrast, no significant changes were found after SR. + + +IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 2|June 2013 + +This result suggests that CM enhances cognitive processes underlying p300 generation. +In a 4th study, Patil and Telles studied performance on the Six Letter Cancellation Task by 69 male volunteers aged 18 to 48 years, immediately before and after CM and SR. After both practices, Net Scores were significantly higher, though the magnitude was more after CM than SR (24.9%/13.6%). Wrong cancellation scores decreased after CM, but not after SR. Controls showed no change. The result suggests that CM improves some of the skills (selective attention, concentration, visual scanning abilities, & repetitive motor response) required to perform this task. +In their 5th and final study, Patil and Telles measured heart rate variability (HRV) in a group of 42 males aged 27.1 ± 6.6 years before and after CM and SR sessions of 35 minutes, preceded and followed by 5 minutes SR. During CM yoga postures, and after CM, LF power and LF/HF ratio decreased, whereas HF power increased. Heart rate increased during yoga postures, but decreased during relaxation phases and after CM. No changes occurred during SR. These observations led to the conclusion that during yoga postures, sympathetic activation predominates, while after CM, the parasympathetic nervous system becomes dominant. These studies suggest that SMET program has a positive impact in reducing the level of stress by controlling all the physiological and psychological changes, which is certainly helpful in bringing emotional stability throughout one’s personality to deal with critical circumstances in life. + +EFFECT ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE +Emotional intelligence enables a person to handle stressful situations. An emotionally intelligent individual can tackle such situations without harm to their personality. A randomised controlled study investigated the effect of the SMET integrated yoga module on emotional well being among managers in a large Indian company. Three different psychological tests, measuring Emotional Intelligence (EI), Emotional Competence (EC) and Guna Personality, were administered before, and the first two after, 30 sessions of SMET intervention, at the rate of five sessions per working week, on weekdays, not at weekends. Results show enhancements in the level of both EI and EC after the intervention in the Yoga group compared to controls. +Results were unequivocal, as definite as any on a single psychological test of this kind. There was an increase in the mean value of EI after the Yoga intervention and a decrease in the control (p<.001). There was also an increase in the mean value of E.C. in the Yoga group, also(p<.001) compared to the control group. +In this field, Indian research has made three streams of contributions: + + +120 +Sony Kumari , Alex Hankey, H.R.Nagendra | Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy: Its power to improve cognitive skills and emotional competence + + +1) Critiques of aspects of EI that might limit its applicability to the western world. +2) Insights resulting from cross-cultural experience; +3) Applying wisdom from ancient traditions, at the basis of Indian thought, which raise issues central to the purpose of life, and are not merely techniques to cope with problems. +Indian research provides ethnically sensitive approaches to emotional intelligence, suggesting it is a universal construct, requiring culturally specific measuring instruments. A large part of intelligence research involves creation and cross validation of such instruments, using known quantitative methodologies. Indian research on emotional intelligence has produced a qualitative study of the concept - qualitative measures have the potential to provide insights into complex psychological concepts. +In education and training, yoga offers holistic methodologies, which produce longer lasting effects than western counterparts. Indian wisdom suggests that behavior is related to a person's vision of life. Both the Gitā and Patānjali's Yoga Sutrās concern the purpose and goal of life, pointing to peace of mind and qualities following from living life better. + +IMPROVING EI AND EC +Can emotional intelligence and competence can be improved in adults. Some research results suggests they can be, but corporate training programmes usually use a flawed approach, because social and emotional learning being different from cognitive and technical learning, requires a different approach. Some feel that EC develops early in life and is fixed; others hold the EI of whole groups to be malleable. However, emotional learning requires more than cognitive learning. It requires engaging neural circuits involved in emotional storage. This is more challenging than simply acquiring new information. It usually requires long practice. Twenty-two guidelines for growing EI in organizations have been given (Cherniss and Goleman, 1998). These promote social and emotional learning. US industry was said to lose many billion dollars per year from not using them, and many organizations have benefitted from them. +HeartMath has developed techniques of interest, by using feedback to tech control of emotions. One study of a one-day workshop on Inner Quality Management found heart rate variability (HRV) improved 195%. See www.heartmath.org. Comparing SVYASA's yoga interventions with EI training practice and HeartMath approaches would indicate optimal new approaches to EI development. +In the west, meditation was long ago shown to “train awareness, producing definite changes in perception, attention and cognition” (Brown, 1977). Indian research also finds decreases in O2 consumption following + + +IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 2|June 2013 + +meditation using an appropriate syllable, suggesting increases in sympathetic tone, and that meditation produces "alertful rest" (Telles, Nagarathna & Nagendra, 1995). Cyclic Meditation (CM), a part of SMET, is based on the above idea as indicated by traditional texts. +Guna- Guna as a measure or instrument to assess the personality of an individual. It has three dimension like-Sattva, Rajas and Tamas. +Based on the dominance of specific Guna individual personality can be assessed. There is a chance of growth in the personality from tamas to Sattva. + +INTEGRATED APPROACH OF YOGA THERAPY +The Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy (IAYT) centers its approach to treatment on the well-known five 'Koshas', from grosser to subtler levels of an individual. It deals with both heart and mind, improving them by bringing stability to life. In the tradition of Yoga: Annamaya Kosa, the physical body is nourished by food that we eat. This is the sole kosha that modern science has investigated. +Pranamaya -A uniform harmonious flow of Pana to each and every cell of the annamaya kosa keeps it alive and healthy. Prana has the capacity to move into different areas of the body (annamaya kosa) depending on demand. +Manomaya- Manas (mind) is the source of everything". Manomaya kosa is the aspect of personality where mind carries on its functions like Perception (Manah), memory (Citta) and ego (Ahankara). +Vijnamaya - this component of mind dustunguishes humans from animals. +Anandamaya- is the subtlest aspect of relative existence devoid of any emotions; a state of stillness, harmony, and blissful health . +Traditional Yoga practices affect these in subtle ways. Regulating breathing and mental activity slowly eliminate effects of past stress, and bring them to awareness. In a similar way that learning cognitive skills like reading and writing is accomplished by attention, memory, symbolic thinking, and self-regulation, so also do these subtle skills develop. When we learn to read and write as children, such skills improve, and we learn to use them purposefully. Mental or cognitive skills may seem mysterious because they can not be seen or recognized by themselves. Without such cognitive skills, however, we could not process any information we receive through the five senses --sound, touch, sight, taste, and smell. +In the same way that cognitive skills are essential tools for learning, emotional skills can similarly develop by bringing them to awareness. Instead of happening at the level of manomayokosha, howeve, they happen at the level of vigyana mayokosha. It is because Yoga can also encompass this higher level, that it is able to develop the + + +121 +Sony Kumari , Alex Hankey, H.R.Nagendra | Integrated Approach of Yoga Therapy: Its power to improve cognitive skills and emotional competence + + +emotional skills useful when we are subject to extreme forms of stress. +In global recession- IAYT is a technique, which is ideal [2] for training people to deal with all kinds of stressful situation, in the workplace and in life in general, from individuals and in groups, and whole organizations. +CONCLUSION [3] +The global recession has reduced the magnitude of economic production at all levels. Even IT employees +have lost jobs, and have had to face all kinds of [4] psychological problems. The need is now. The programs described above for tackling stress are medically well tested; their evidence base is established. +They are now available for the business community to [5] improve the level of health of their employees, and thus +their quality of life and ability to stay at work instead of falling sick. Whether or not the downturn sustains or repeats, those trained with these higher skills will have [6] excellent advantages, and will be able to outcompete +their competitors, at both individual and corporate levels. +REFERENCES [7] [1] Patil, S.P and Telles, S. (2006). Oxygen +consumption and respiration during and after + +two yoga relaxation techniques. Applied Psychophysiology and 31(2):143-53. +Patil, S.P and Telles, S. (2006). Changes in heart rate variability during and after two yoga based relaxation techniques. International Journal of Stress Management (In Press). +Patil, S.P and Telles, S. (2006). Cyclic meditation – a moving meditation –reduces energy expenditure more than supine rest. Journal of Indian Psychology, 24(2): 44-51. Patil, S.P and Telles, S. (2006). Immediate effect of two yoga-based relaxation techniques on performance in a letter cancellation task. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 105(2): 379-385. Patil, S.P and Telles, S. (2006). Changes in P300 following two yoga relaxation techniques. International Journal of Neuroscience 16(12): 1419-30. +Vempati R.P. & Telles, Shirley (2000). Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program. Journal of Indian Psychology, 18, no 1& 2. +Telles, Shirley, Redddy, S.K. & Nagendra, H.R. (2000). Oxygen consumption and respiration following two days yoga relaxation techniques. Applied Psychology and Biofeedback, 25, No24. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +IFRSA Business Review|Vol 3|issue 2|June 2013 122 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Integrated yoga therapy for improving mental conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Integrated yoga therapy for improving mental conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1adcd02f05ebd4947b7d8eda4c4f95fbf9bd0c18 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Integrated yoga therapy for improving mental conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,270 @@ +ORIGINAL ARTICLE + +Integrated yoga therapy for improving mental +health in managers + + + + +Tikhe Sham Ganpat, H. R. Nagendra +Department of Yoga and Management, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, +Prashanti Kutiram, Bangalore, Karnataka, India + + + +Address for correspondence: Dr. Tikhe Sham Ganpat, +Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA) University, Prashanti Kutiram, 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowda Nagar, Bangalore - 560 019, Karnataka, India. +E-mail: rudranath29@gmail.com + +A b s t r A c t +background: Managers’ lives have become a never-ending race against time, technology, and targets. This race creates tension, which leads to dissatisfaction and frustration and eventually manifests itself as psychological and physiological stress with mental and emotional drain. This modern lifestyle intensifies the stress leading to “Excessive Tension” and consequent deterioration in “Executive Efficiency.” Objective: To assess mental health in managers undergoing yoga-based Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) program. Materials and Methods: 72 managers with 48.75±3.86 years of mean age were participated in this study of single group pre–post design. The General Health Questionnaire data were taken on the first and sixth day of 5 days SMET program. results: The data analysis showed 68.25% decrease (P<0.001) in somatic symptoms, 66.29% decrease (P<0.001) in anxiety and insomnia, 65.00% decrease (P<0.001) in social dysfunction, 87.08% decrease (P<0.001) in severe depression, and 71.47% decrease (P<0.001) in all medical complaints. conclusion: These results suggest that participation in a SMET program was associated with improvement in mental health and may have implications for “Executive Efficiency.” + + + +Keywords: Executive efficiency, managers, self-management of excessive tension + + + + + +he present age of speed and competition has increased the stresses and strains resulting in an increasing +prevalence of lifestyle-related health problems[1] and specifically managers’ lives have become a never-ending race against time, technology, and targets. This race creates tension, which leads to dissatisfaction and frustration and eventually manifests itself as psychological and physiological stress with mental and emotional drain. This modernlifestyleintensifiesthestressleadingto“Excessive Tension” and consequent deterioration in “Executive Efficiency.”[2] One of the increasingly popular tools to overcome this new challenge is physical activity. There is growing evidence that has established the benefits of physical exercises in preventing lifestyle-related diseases[3] such as primary prevention of diabetes,[4] prevention of cardiac diseases through control over major risk factors such as smoking, lipids, obesity, and stress,[5] better quality of +T + +Access this article online Quick Response Code: +Website: www.industrialpsychiatry.org + + +DOI: 10.4103/0972-6748.98415 + +life of cancer patients,[6] positive health in normal persons through better physical fitness,[7] and stress reduction.[8] Yoga, which is considered to be a tool forboth physical and mental development of an individual, is being recognized around the globe only in the last century although it has been practiced in India over several centuries to promote positive health and well-being. It gives solace for the restless mind and can give great relief to the sick.[9,10] It has become quite fashionable even for the common man to keep fit.[11] With growing scientific evidence, yoga is emerging as an important health behavior-modifying practice to achieve states of health, both at physical and mental levels. Several studieshavedemonstratedthebeneficialeffectsof yogaon health behavior in many lifestyle-related somatic problems such as hypertension,[12] bronchial asthma,[13] diabetes[14] including some psychiatric conditions such as anxiety neurosis[15] and depressive illness.[16] + +Yoga at Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bangalore, offers a holistic and integrated stress management program called Self-Management of Excessive Tension (SMET) to combat this modern lifestyle problem and thereby one can lead a holistic way of living in health, harmony, and happiness.[2] Previous work on stress management educational program reported significant + + +Industrial Psychiatry Journal 45 Jan-Jun 2011 | Vol 20 | Issue 1 +Ganpat and Nagendra: Yoga for mental health in managers + + +improvement in the subjective well-being inventory scores of the 77 subjects within a period of 10 days when compared with controls. These observations suggest that a short lifestyle modification and stress management educational program can make an appreciable contribution to primary prevention and management of lifestyle diseases.[17] Previous study on SMET reported decrease in occupational stress levels and baseline autonomic arousal in managers, suggesting significant reduction in sympathetic activity[18] and better emotional well-being in them.[19] Although yoga is getting popular, no previous investigation has systematically evaluated effects of yoga-based SMET program (in a residential setup) on mental health in managers. Hence, we have designed present study to assess the efficacy of 5 days SMET program on managers using general health questionnaire (GHQ). + +OBJECTIVES + +The objective of the study is to assess general health status (total health), which includes four domains namely somatic symptoms (SS), anxiety and insomnia (AI), social dysfunction (SF), and severe depression (SP), using a GHQ. + +MATERIALS AND METHODS + +subjects +The subjects for the study were 72 corporate executives (63 males and 9 females), with a mean age of 48.75±3.86 years. Routine clinical examinations showed all of them in normal health, and none was using any other wellness strategy. All of them had high-fiber low-fat vegetarian diet and no caffeinated drinks, alcohol, or tobacco in any form during the 5 days residential SMET program. We got the participants’ signed consent to participate in the study after explaining the variables we would record and the study design. The institutional review board also had approved the project. We selected participants of the following inclusion and exclusion criteria to meet the study requirements fully. + + +Inclusion criteria: Age between 45 and 60 years (males and females), physically, and mentally fit. + +Exclusion criteria: Taking medication, using any other wellness strategy. + +Design: A single group pre–post study. + +Assessments +The GHQ: 28-item tests using a binary method of scoring (0, 0, 1, 1) yields an assessment on four robust subscales: SS, AI, SF, and SP. A sum of the scores for these four subscales gives the score for total health. Lower scores in the GHQ indicate better state of the health. The cutoff scores for the GHQ used for this study were 4 or 5 (4/5).[20] It provides information about the recent mental status, thus identifying the presence of possible psychiatric disturbance. This questionnaire has acceptable psychometric properties and has good internal consistency and reliability with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.85 and validity of 0.76.[21] + +Intervention +All the subjects participated in SMET program[2]for 5 days [Tables 1 and 2]. + +Practical session during SMET program: Cyclic Meditation,[1,22] a combination of stimulating and calming practices based on yoga was given to the participants. + +Data collection +The GHQ data were collected before (Pre) and after (Post) the 5 days SMET program. + +Analysis +Statistical analysis was done with the help of statistical package for social sciences-16. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test showed that the data were not normally distributed. We used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare means of the data collected before (Pre) and after (Post) the SMET program. + + +Table 1: The schedule of the SMET program + +Time +05.00 AM 05.30 AM 06.00 AM 07.15 AM + +08.00 AM 09.30 AM 10.30 AM 11.30 AM 12.05 PM +01.00 PM + +Activity +Ablution +Prayer (Prathasmaran) Asanas/special yoga technique +Friendship meet (Maitri milan) - Gita sloka chanting and discourse (Satsanga) +Breakfast +SMET lecture session 1 +SMET practice (Cyclic meditation) Milk or Ayurvedic tea (Malt) Special yoga techniques +Lunch and rest + +Time +03.00 PM 04.00 PM 05.00 PM 06.00 PM + +06.45 PM 07.30 PM 08.30 PM 09.15 PM +10.00 PM + +Activity +SMET lecture session 2 SMET (Cyclic meditation) Tuning to nature Devotional session (Bhajan) + +Mind sound resonance technique Dinner +Happy assembly (Yoga game session)/Cultural program Group discussion/Self +Lights off + +SMET – Self-management of excessive tension + +Jan-Jun 2011 | Vol 20 | Issue 1 46 Industrial Psychiatry Journal +Ganpat and Nagendra: Yoga for mental health in managers + + +RESULTS AND DISCUSSION + +The data analysis [Table 3] showed 68.25% significant decrease (P<0.001) in somatic symptoms (GHQ_SS), 66.29% significant decrease (P<0.001) in anxiety and insomnia (GHQ_AI), 65.00% significant decrease (P<0.001) in social dysfunction (GHQ_SF), 87.08% significant decrease (P<0.001) in severe depression (GHQ_SP), and 71.47% significant decrease (P<0.001) in all medical complaints [Figures 1 and 2] (GHQ_Total). + +Table 2: Lecture session during SMET program Day Session 1 Session 2 +1 Concept of stress Stress-induced problems and management +2 Stimulation-relaxations Stress and its management according to yoga +3 Stress levels and its release Recognition of stress is half the solution +4 Executive growth Depth of perception and awareness +5 Group awareness Progress in tune with nature SMET – Self-management of excessive tension + +Table 3: Data analysis +Variables Mean±Standard deviation P +Before SMET (Pre) After SMET (Post) + + +The idea of mental health is closely related with the concept of emotional intelligence. A manager with less medical complaints will be mentally healthy and emotionally balanced and can perform better in his workplace which will reflect in the organizational effectiveness. Moreover, managers with low medical complaints are happier, healthier, and more successful in their relationships which are signs of high emotional intelligence. Persons with high emotional intelligence may strike a balance between emotion and reason, are aware of their own feelings, show empathy and compassion for others, and have high self-esteem which may be instrumental in many situations in the workplace and can help achieve organizational effectiveness.[23] Recent research has shown a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and workplace success.[24] + +Previous studies on yoga reported enhanced mental health as a result of the practice of yoga way of life. The results indicate the importance of yoga as an integral element in improving managerial performance in organizations.[25-27] Our study is consistent with these findings, indicating that a systematic adoption of the SMET program can result in better health among managers for their “ExecutiveEfficiency,”thuspavingthewayfortheirbetter performance as managers. + + + +GHQ_ SS 2.63±0.84 GHQ_ AI 2.47±0.99 +GHQ_ SF 2.5±0.75 + +0.83±0.79 0.83±0.79 +0.87±0.68 + +0.0001* +0.0001* CONCLUSION +0.0001* + + + +GHQ_ SP 2.04±0.65 0.26±0.63 0.0001* GHQ_ Total 9.64±1.87 2.75±1.51 0.0001* +SMET – Self-management of excessive tension; GHQ – General health questionnaire + +12.00 +10.00 9.64 +8.00 +GHQ score +6.00 + + +The results from the present study suggest that participation in a SMET program may be associated with improvement in mental health and may have implications for “Executive Efficiency.” Because before and after designs limit inferences about intervention effects, further research is warranted to explore the effects of SMET program for stress management using a larger, randomized controlled trial. + + + +4.00 2.63 2.47 +2.00 0.83 0.83 +0.00 +GHQ_Before_SS +GHQ_After_SS +GHQ_Before_AI +GHQ_After_AI +GHQ_Before_SF +GHQ_After_SF +GHQ_Before_SP +GHQ_After_SP +GHQ_Before total +GHQ_After total + + +2.50 2.04 2.75 +0.88 0.26 REFERENCES + + + + + +General health quetionnaire (GHQ) +SS – Somatic symptoms, AI – Anxiety and insomnia, SF – Social dysfunction, SP – Severe depression + +Figure 1: GHQ before and after the SMET program + + +0 +Percentage decrease +-20 SS AI SF SP Total + +-40 + +-60 +-80 -68.25 -66.29 -65 -71-47 +-100 -87.075 General health quetionnaire (GHQ)_SS, AI, SF, SP, Total +SS – Somatic symptoms, AI – Anxiety and insomnia, SF – Social dysfunction, SP – Severe depression + +Figure 2: Percentage decrease in GHQ after the SMET program + +1. Dhirendra B. Yoga for life and living. New Delhi: Central Research Institute for Yoga; 1968. +2. Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. New perspectives in stress management. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Publications; 2007. +3. Eriksson KM, Westborg CJ, Eliasson MC. A randomized trial of lifestyle intervention in primary healthcare for the modification of cardiovascular risk factors. Scand J Public Health 2006;34:453-61. +4. Brukner PD, Brown WJ. 3. Is exercise good for you? Med J Aust 2005;183:538-41. +5. Stampfer M, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med 2000;343:16-22. +6. Courneya KS, Friedenreich CM. Physical exercise and quality of life following cancer diagnosis: A literature review. Ann Behav Med 1999;21:171-9. +7. Lamb KL, Brodie DA, Roberts K. Physical fitness and health- + + +Industrial Psychiatry Journal 47 Jan-Jun 2011 | Vol 20 | Issue 1 +Ganpat and Nagendra: Yoga for mental health in managers + + +related fitness as indicators of a positive health state. Health Promot Int 1988;3:171-82. +8. Dimeo F, Bauer M, Varahram I, Proest G, Halter U. Benefits from aerobic exercise in patients with major depression: A pilot study. Br J Sports Med 2001;35:114-7. +9. Bloomfield HH, Cain MP, Jaffe DT. 'TM'-Discovering inner Energy and overcoming stress. 8th ed. New York: Delacorte Press; 1975. +10. Brena SH. Yoga and Medicine. New York: The Julian Press Inc; 1975. +11. Pratinidhi BP. The ten point way to health. Mumbai: DB Taraporevale Sons and Co. Pvt. Ltd; 1966. +12. McCaffrey R, Ruknui P, Hatthakit U, Kasetsomboon P. The effects of yoga on hypertensive persons in Thailand. Holist Nurs Pract 2005;19:173-80. +13. Sabina AB, Williams AL, Wall HK, Bansal S, Chupp G, Katz DL. Yoga intervention for adults with mild-to-moderate asthma: A pilot study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;94:543-8. +14. Bijlani RL, Vempati RP, Yadav RK, Ray RB, Gupta V, Sharma R, et al. A brief but comprehensive lifestyle education program based on yoga reduces risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:267-74. +15. Brown RP, Gerbarg PL. Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: part I-neurophysiologic model. J Altern Complement Med 2005;11:189-201. +16. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Griffiths KM, Rodgers B. Effectiveness of complementary and self-help treatments for depression. Med J Aust 2002;176 Suppl:S84-96. +17. Sharma R, Gupta N, Bijlani RL. Effect of yoga based lifestyle intervention on subjective well-being. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2008;52:123-31. +18. Vempati RP, Telles S. Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management + +program. J Indian Psychol 2000;18:33-7. +19. Sony K, Nath NC, Nagendra HR. Effectiveness of SMET program with respect to emotional well-being among managers: An empirical study. XIMB J Manage (Vilakshan) 2007;4:165-73. +20. Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M, Gureje O, et al. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med 1997;27:191-7. +21. Goldberg DP, Hillier VF. A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychol Med 1979;9:139-45. +22. Subramanya P, Telles S. A review of the scientific studies on cyclic meditation. Int J Yoga 2009;2:46-8. +23. Singh D. Emotional intelligence at work: A professional Guide. New Delhi, India: Sage Publications; 2003. +24. Tischler L, Biberman J, McKeage R. Linking emotional intelligence, spirituality and workplace performance: Definitions, models and ideas for research. J Manage Psychol 2002;17:203-18. +25. Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Raghuram N. A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on Gunas (personality) and health in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Yoga 2008;1:2-10. +26. Deshpande S, Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. A randomized control trial of the effect of yoga on Gunas (personality) and self esteem in normal healthy volunteers. Int J Yoga 2009;2:13-21. +27. Adhia H, Nagendra HR, Mahadevan B. Impact of adoption of yoga way of life on the emotional intelligence of managers. IIMB Manage Rev 2010;22:32-41. + +How to cite this article: Ganpat TS, Nagendra HR. Integrated yoga therapy for improving mental health in managers. Ind Psychiatry J 2011;20:45-8. +Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Announcement iPhone App +A free application to browse and search the journal’s content is now available for iPhone/iPad. The application provides “Table of Contents” of the latest issues, which are stored on the device for future offline browsing. 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For suggestions and comments do write back to us. + + +Jan-Jun 2011 | Vol 20 | Issue 1 48 Industrial Psychiatry Journal diff --git a/subfolder_0/Integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system A theoretical model based on ancient knowledge and modern research. conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system A theoretical model based on ancient knowledge and modern research. conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..495420f52232c43e1787f70cb6aa8efccce949e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system A theoretical model based on ancient knowledge and modern research. conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,563 @@ +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + + +Review Article + + + +Integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system: A theoretical model based on ancient knowledge and modern research +Atul Sinha, Sony Kumari + +Department of Yoga and Humanities, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India + + +Abstract The aim of this paper is to make a case for integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system and to +propose a theoretical model based on a synthesis of ancient knowledge and modern research. The paper is based on literature review of child and adolescent mental health, case for character education, case for school-based yoga intervention, ancient texts of yoga, and modern research on benefit outcomes of yoga. A comprehensive understanding ofyogic principles from ancienttexts and outcome benefits from modern research has gone into the development of a theoretical model of yoga in education. There is a large body of research evidence, suggesting that yoga in education can aid the development of physiological well-being, cognitive eficacy, emotional control, and desirable personality traits.Ancientliterature on yoga provides its underlying principles,sequence ofpractices,and their interconnectedness. The theoretical model is based on the eight limbs of yoga derived from ancient literature. Modern research provides the evidence of benefits. The benefits show that yoga may aid in the development of the whole child, character building, social-emotional learning training, and developing the power of concentration. These findings make a compelling case for the inclusion of yoga in the school curricula. Most researches into school-based yoga have varying degrees of rigor in methodology and are based on short periods of interventions. If yoga in education is widely implemented, it will provide an opportunity for more methodologically rigorous research as well as longitudinal studies. This will help to both improve the school-based yoga programs and build more solid evidence of its eficacy. This paper is unique because it juxtaposes the process-based ancient knowledge and outcome-based modern research. This allows for a more comprehensive theoretical model of yoga in education. + +Key Words:Character building, education, meditation, personality development, school, social-emotional learning, yoga + + +Address for correspondence: +Mr. Atul Sinha, 103 Regent Place, 28/2 Thubrahalli, Whitefield Road, Bengaluru - 560 066, Karnataka, India. E-mail: atulsin@gmail.com +Submitted: 15-Mar-2021 Revised: 06-May-2021 Accepted: 19-May-2021 Published: 21-Jul-2021 + + + +INTRODUCTION + +Two themes in children’s education have received a great deal of attention in the last few decades. One concerns the stresses children face that lead to a high prevalence of child and adolescent + + +Access this article online +Quick Response Code: +Website: +www.ym-kdham.in + + +DOI: +10.4103/ym.ym_14_21 + + +mental health (CAMH) issues. The other is a disturbing trend of dysfunctional youth behavior. The purpose of this paper is to explore why yoga can be considered a good remedial intervention + + +This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. + +For reprints contact: WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com + +How to cite this article: Sinha A, Kumari S. Integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system: A theoretical model based on ancient knowledge and modern research. Yoga Mimamsa 2021;53:46-58. + + +46 © 2021 Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education + + +and to propose a theoretical model for integrating yoga with education. The model has been designed for application in the modern schooling system that currently does not include yoga in its curriculum or does so suboptimally. + +A pilot study in India that was a part of the National Mental Health Survey (2016) reported a 7.3% prevalence of mental disorders among children aged 13–17 years. Urban children had a higher prevalence at 13.5% compared to rural children at 6.9%. There was no difference across genders (Gururaj et al., 2016). Region-specific studies with more robust sample sizes reported an even higher prevalence of CAMH. Studies conducted in Bangalore, Haryana, West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu recorded more alarming incidence of CAMH at 12.5%, 20.7%, 33.3%, and 33.7%, respectively (Srinath et al., 2005; Malhotra, & Patra, 2014; Deivasigamani, 1990). In the USA, 7.5% of adolescents mettheDiagnosticand StatisticalManualfor MentalDisorders-IV criteria for one or more mental health conditions (Kessler & Wang, 2008; Roberts, Roberts, & Chan, 2009); the UNICEF estimated that globally, mental health problems aflicted 10%–20% of the world’s child and adolescent population of over 2.2 billion (Kieling et al., 2011; UNICEF, 2008). Another dimension of CAMH lay inthefactthatamajorityofadultmentalhealthissues traced their onset to childhood and adolescence. Thus, if CAMH issues are addressed early, we could potentially create a mentally healthier society (Kim-Cohen et al., 2003; Kessler et al., 2007). Looking at the situation, the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (CASEL) advocated a comprehensive social-emotional learning (SEL) training from preschool to high school (Butzer, Bury, Telles, & Khalsa, 2016). + +Coming to the theme of dysfunctional youth behavior, Lickona (1996) listed ten disturbing trends in the behavior of youth. They were (i) rising violence, (ii) increased dishonesty, (iii) greater disrespect for elders and authority figures, (iv) increased peer cruelty, (v) rise in hate crimes, (vi) deterioration of language, (vii) decline in work ethic, (viii) increased selfishness, (ix) surge in self-destructive behavior, and (x) growing ethical illiteracy. This, according to him, underscored the need to emphasize character education. Pigozzi (2006) provided the UNESCO perspective when she said that education is expected to make a broader contribution to sustainable human development, peace and security, universal values, informed decision-making, and the quality of life at individual, family, societal, and global levels. She stated that the relationship between learner and teacher, individualized learning, and involvement of parents and community were critical components of the process of learning. + +Thinkers steeped in Indian traditions too have eloquently emphasized character building as an essential feature of education. Vivekananda said that “education is themanifestation of perfection already in man. The duty of the teacher is to remove all obstructions from the way.” He went on to say that “education is not the amount of information that is put into your brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of + +Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 + +ideas” (Vivekananda, 2011). He saw the essence of education as developing concentration of the mind and not as a mere collection of facts (Vivekananda, 2006). The independent thinking philosopher, Krishnamurti (1998) stated that the purpose of education was twofold. One was to equip children with technological proficiency so that they could function eficiently in the modern world. The second was to develop the inward state to establish goodness and relate rightly with people, things, and ideas. He went further and made a bold statement: + +Do you know the world is mad…with fighting, quarrelling, bullying, tearing into each other?.. Is this what education is meant for, that you should willingly or unwillingly fit into this?.. But if you begin to think, to observe… to learn for yourself by watching, listening… you will grow up to be a different human being, one who cares, who has affection, who loves people. (p 8-9). + +The ancient Indian school system went by the name gurukula (from guru or teacher and kula or family). The system exists even today but is not mainstream. Its aims and methods uncannily mirror the suggestions of present-day proponents of character education. The gurukula education system was based on the ideal of life being spiritualistic. Therefore, the goal of education was to lay the foundation for self-realization. The main objectives of education were development of self-control, character, and personality.Spiritualdevelopmentwas given equal weightage as intellectual development. The main expedients of education were an inspiring and highly moral teacher–student relationship; strong emphasis on moral education; simple life marked by discipline and self-restraint; a curriculum that gave equal weightage to acquisition of knowledge and character development (Rather, 2015; Selvamani, 2019). It is evident that the lifestyle followed adhered to the yama (restraints) and niyama (observances) of the ashtanga (eight-limbed) yoga of Patanjali (Mookerji, 1989). The expedients of yoga were also practiced (Satyananda, 1990). Experimental research has been conducted on gurukula schools, and the results have been encouraging. Rangan, Nagendra, & Bhat (2008) measured planning skills of matched samples of students drawn from a gurukulaand a modern school. They found a significant differencein scores in favor of gurukula students. Another study by the same authors found that gurukula students performed better than modern school students on tests for verbal and visual memory (Rangan, Nagendra, & Bhat, 2009). + +It is our contention that the purpose of equipping children in the modern schooling system with the power of concentration, social-emotional skills, and good character may be well served by meaningfully integrating yoga in the school curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to argue the case for making yoga an important element in children’s education and to propose a theoretical model of yoga in education that can be incorporated in the modern schooling system’s curriculum. The primary uniqueness of this paper rests in the fact that the model is derived from the juxtaposition of ancient knowledge of yoga and modern research evidence. While literature on ancient knowledge is copious and on modern research is growing, the two have seldom + +47 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education + + +been broughttogether.Thecurrentpaperattempts theconjunction. This juxtaposition serves three purposes: + +included emotional and stress regulation, resilience, equanimity and psychological self-eficacy. Physical fitness encompassed + +1. Modern research is outcomebased and focuses on thebenefits of yoga. Ancient knowledge is process based and focuses on the underlying principles, logical sequence of practices, and their interconnection. The combination of process and outcome makes redundant the need to hypothesize the underlying mechanisms that make yoga effective. This is extensively covered in the ancient texts. The juxtaposition thus helps create a more comprehensive model showing the principles, sequence, interconnections between practices, and evidence-based benefits +2. Depending solely on modern research sometimes leads to erroneous separation of yoga’s component practices. For example, contemplative practices such as mindfulness and meditation are often seen as separate from yoga. Ancient knowledge helps understand that steadying the body, regulating the emotions, and calming the mind prepare the ground for contemplative practice. Thus, meditation is the culmination of yoga and not separate from it +3. The ancient yogic concepts themselves help explain the underlying causes of psychosocial problems and offer solutions too. The problem lies in the intrinsic restless nature of the human mind. Yoga provides the solution of calming the mind. + + +flexibility, strength, balance, respiratory function, and physical self-eficacy. These in turn had a positive downstream effect on behavior, mental state, health, and performance. They concluded that school-based yoga was a useful complement to existing SEL programs. + +Waters, Barsky, Ridd, & Allen (2015) reviewed 15 studies on school meditation programs to create a school-based meditation model. They borrowed the definition of contemplative education (CE) from Roeser & Peck (2009), “A set of practices that may foster particular formsof awareness in students, formsconducive to the conscious motivation and regulation of learning, and also to freedom and transcendence in life more generally.” The steps in meditation are (i) directing focus to an “attentional anchor,” (ii) dispassionately observing internaland externaldistractions and disengaging from them, and (iii) focusing back from distractions to the attentional anchor. The analysis of the 15 studies showed that meditation impacted student well-being, social competence, and academic performance. Longer duration programs and more frequent practice were found to be more effective. Interestingly, interventions delivered by teachers were more effective compared to those delivered by external instructors. Their model hypothesized that meditation created brain changes that fostered + + +We begin by analyzing current literature on the case for school-based yoga. This is followed by understanding the concepts, process, and practice of yoga from ancient literature. After this, the benefits claimed by ancient literature are juxtaposed with empirical evidence from modern research. With this comprehensive background, the theoretical model of yoga in educationis developed.Finally,translatingthemodelintopractice is discussed. + +CURRENT LITERATURE ON CASE FOR SCHOOL-BASED YOGA + +Butzer et al. (2016) proposed a theoretical model based on modern research that addressed concerns around stressors faced by young people. Their modelthereforesuggested thatpracticing yoga was an effective way to promote SEL. SEL involves acquisition and practice of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that enhance personal development, interpersonal skills, ethics, and productivity. The five key competencies sought to be developed include self-regulation of emotions, self-awareness of emotions and their impact on others, social awareness, which is the ability to appreciate perspectives of others, relationship skills, and responsible decision-making. They state that existing research demonstrated the positive effects of school-based yoga but raised questions regarding the mechanisms underlying these effects. There was a need to understand why yoga was beneficial. They hypothesized that yoga facilitated the development of three key + +two key abilities important for a student’s schooling success: (1) cognitive functioning and (2) emotional regulation. These in turn had a positive effect on well-being, social competence, and academic performance. They stated that teaching in ways that developed these two functions had long-term benefits for students even beyond school life. + +Hyde (2012) argued in favor of including yoga in the school curriculum on the basis thatyogacould contributepositively to the development of the whole child. The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development’s Commission defined the whole child as intellectually active, physically, verbally, socially, and academically competent; empathetic, kind, caring, and fair; creative and curious; disciplined, self-directed, and goal-oriented; free, critical thinker, confident and cared for, and valued. Yoga was seen as a gentle, noncompetitive self-practice that increased balance of mind and body. She argued that in the USA, the tendency to invent a practice was arguably more popular than adopting anything from India or the Far East. However, there was a strong evidence-based case for treating yoga as a therapeutic intervention without adopting any philosophical or spiritual aspect. Her main arguments infavorofincludingyogaintheschoolcurriculumwere: 1. Most Western educators considered the role of education as being a way to material success and means of personal happiness. The knowledge of the self was missing which +yoga could provide +2. Learning about yoga could be a means of exploring another culture and be seen as an inclusive multicultural education + +competencies: mind–body awareness, self-regulation, and physical fitness. Mind–body awareness enhanced mindfulness, attention, concentration, and self and social awareness. Self-regulation + +3. Even the pockets of controversy over including yoga provided opportunities for critical and democratic conversations in a pluralistic society + + +48 Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education + + +4. According to SEL standards, students should be able to evaluate how advocacy for the rights of others contributed to the common good. The outcomes of yoga were awareness and understanding of the feelings of others (emotional fitness), tolerance and respect (mental fitness), and understanding of one’s impact and contributions (social fitness). These factors aided the evaluation and respect for the rights of others +5. Yoga practice was transformative. Teacher self-care and student self-transformation were a distinct possibility with yoga. Yoga practice provided access to all domains of the work on self, recognized in transformative education, namely knowing the self, controlling the self, caring for the self, and recreating the self +6. The advantages and benefits of yoga could be framed in the larger context of societal transformation. Self-change led to transformed interpersonal relationships. This in turn had the potential to create a critical mass of like-minded people, which ultimately could impact society at large. + +study of ancient texts of yoga. The next section discusses the basic principles of yoga and its practice as mentioned in ancient literature. In other words, the attempt is to understand yoga from the yogi’s perspective. + +UNDERSTANDING YOGA FROM ANCIENT LITERATURE + +Ancient texts reviewed +There exists a vast body of ancient literature on yoga. The focus of this paper is to understand those aspects that are relevant to build a case for the inclusion of yoga in the modern school curriculum. The specific texts have been selected for their capacity to inform us on the underlying principles of yoga, the conception of the human personality, the mechanism of mental operations, and the expedients of yoga. From this literature review, the underlying mechanisms that make yoga effective become clear. Further, the knowledge points to the causes of psychosocial problems and how + + + + +Hagen & Nayer (2014) argued that there were four key factors that contributed to mental health challenges among children and adolescents. They were(i) globalizationthathadexposedtheyouth to multiplenew demands, standards, and options; (ii) thepressure to succeed, driven by increased competition negatively impacted mental health; (iii) unwelcome distractions and attractions linked to new media technologies. At one level, technologies were valuablelearning and communication resources. Atanother level, excessive time spent on media was taking away from physical and group activities and creating a host of mental problems such as dependency, obsessive–compulsive behavior, concentration, and attention disorders; And (iv) linked to overexposure to media was safety concerns such as cyberbullying, exposure to violence and sexually explicit material, and other inappropriate behaviors. In this scenario, the ability of yoga to calm the mind and increase overall well-being was driving its popularity the world over. Recent scientific research on yoga provided empirical evidence that it may contribute to physiological and mental health. Attention, self-esteem, empowerment, and self-regulation were enhanced. By enabling children to listen inward to their bodies, feelings, and ideas, yoga helped in developing self-awareness. This in turn helped children and adolescents develop their own unique personalities and achieve the balance between intrinsic strengths and societal expectations. + +To summarize, the case for school-based yoga is built on empirical evidence of its effect on cognitive eficiency, emotional regulation, and physical fitness. These have a positive impact on physical health, psychosocial well-being, and behavior. There is even a suggestion that yoga may be self-transformative and a tool for inward listening. It is thus hypothesized that yoga can address modern youth problems. On a broader canvas, yoga may be a tool capable of moving education beyond a means for material success to develop the whole child. To explore the possibilities yoga’s inclusion in the school curriculum presents, we argue that an in-depth understanding of the underlying principles, process, and practices is required. This is possible through the + +Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 + +the practice of yoga may help alleviate them. Importantly, the logic behind the steps of yoga practice helps in the development of the yoga model. + +Patanjali Yoga Sutra is the defining text of Yoga philosophy. It provides deep insights into the science of yoga. Kothandaraman (2009) has painstakingly translated into English a commentary on this text by the 19th-century sage Sadasivendra Saraswati Avadhuta. The sage amplifies Patanjali with his own enlightened perspective and adds the quintessence of very ancient yoga. The commentary by Vivekananda (1986) is both succinct and caters to the sensibility of the modern scientific mind. In combination, the two texts span the traditional view and a modern perspective. + +Patanjali Yoga Sutra expounds on the philosophy and steps of yoga but is silent on the actual practices. To understand the practices and their benefits, we have referred to Hatha Yoga Pardipika (Muktibodhananda, 2012), Gheranda Samhita (Niranjanananda, 2012), and Hatharatnavalli(Gharote et al., 2009). These texts are considered authoritative on yoga practices and their benefits at physical, mental, and psychic planes. + +Taittiriya Upanishad (Chinmayananda, 2014) has delineated the five sheaths of human personality. Its linkage to yoga is strong since yoga works on the various levels of human personality. Bhagavad Gita (Chinmayananda, 1996) has been referred to understand the gunas or the three energies of sattva, rajas, and tamas and their transformation. + +Context +Most people practice yoga for its therapeutic benefits. There is no denying, however, that the goal of yoga is spiritual absorption (Kothandaraman, 2009). To achieve the goal of spiritual absorption, first, thebody,mind, and emotions need to bestabilized, strengthened, calmed, and regulated (Kothandaraman, 2009; Vivekananda, 1986; Niranjanananda, 2012). This is what is of interest to us as far as including yoga in the school curriculum is concerned. To understand how yoga works, it is imperative to + +49 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education + +comprehend some underlying yogic principles. Specifically, the yogic conception of the mind complex, the human personality, the mental planes, and the balancing of left and right brain energies are important for our purpose. + + +Mind complex, cognition, and consciousness +Patanjali, the ancient sageof yoga, said thatyogais therestraintof mental operations (Kothandaraman, 2009, I.2, p. 40; Vivekananda, 1986, I.2, p. 200). In the yogic conception, the mind complex is composed of the sense organs, mind, intellect, and egoism. The sense organsbring external information to the mind by converting sense perceptions into signals. In the yogic conception, the mind and the intellect are separated. The mind is a pool of thoughts bereft of discriminatory power. It passes the signals sent by the sensesto the intellect. The intellect hasthe power of discrimination and therefore of thoughtful decision-making. It reactsto the sense signal with a counter-thought wave. This is where the intelligence principle comes into play. The mind complex is made of insentient matter. The intelligence principle is the domain of the indwelling consciousness.Theindividualindwelling consciousness is drawn from the universal consciousness, just like the air in a room is drawn from the air in the atmosphere. Cognition occurs when this consciousness illuminates the thought wave. With cognition, a sense arises that “I am the cognizing agent.” This is called egoism. To recapitulate, the mind complex is composed of sense organs, mind, intellect, and egoism. Consciousness indwells but is independent of the mind complex. The constant interaction between the sense organs and external stimuli ensures a heavy traficofthoughtwaves inthemind complex. Ifthemindcomplex was to be likened to a lake, the indwelling consciousness is the bed of the lake. However, the constant waves of thought create ripples on the lake surface to obscure the view of the lake bed. By the practice of yoga, the mind is increasingly calmed till the mental operation is stilled. When that happens, there are no thought waves. The view of the indwelling consciousness becomes clear, and theyogi becomes spiritually absorbed in consciousness. Here, we find a logical explanation of why the mind is disturbed. When senses are not in control, the thought activity is rapid, leading to a distracted and disturbed mind. When the senses are controlled, the mind is calmed. + +The five sheaths of human personality +The Taittiriya Upanishad(Chinmayananda, 2014, 2.ii.2, p. 160, 2.iii.1, p. 169, 2.iv.i, p. 176, 2.v.1, p. 186, 2.v.2, p. 189) explains that the human personality is composed of five sheaths. These are the physical body sheath, the prana or vital energy sheath, the mind sheath, the intellect sheath, and the bliss sheath [Figure 1]. The sheaths are located one within the other starting with the physical body. While the body is made of matter, the next sheath of prana is made of energy. Prana pervades the universe and is the power behind all motion and thought (Vivekananda, 1986, II.49, p. 262). It is ingested in the body through breath. Thus, in the practice of pranayama (breathing exercises), it is the prana that is manipulated, and the breath is merely its vehicle. In the body, prana flows through subtle channels called nadis and is concentrated in energy or psychic centers called chakras. The mind + +50 + + + + + + + + + + + +Figure 1: Five sheaths of human personality + +sheath is the open ground for thoughts. It is the seat of impulses, emotions, desires, and likes and dislikes. It does not have the discriminatory power to evaluate the consequences of pushing a thought into action. People in whom the mind sheath dominates tend to be impulsive and unable to regulate their emotions. The intellectsheathis governedbythepowerofdiscrimination.People in whom the intellect is strong are characterized by thoughtfulness. Their emotions and behavior are more controlled. The bliss sheath is the innermost. It is called bliss because in this sheath, there is awareness of neither the external world nor the internal world. Thus, there is no mental activity to disturb the peace. All joy experienced is sourced from this sheath. Here again, yoga provides an insight into the problem of the disturbed mind. When the mind dominates, unregulated emotions, impulsive behavior, and likes and dislikes govern actions. With thepracticeof yoga, the locus can shift to the discriminating intellect, resulting in thoughtful behavior. + +Human personality is made of three energies +Human personality is composed of a combination of three energies. Purity, passion, and inertia are the gunas says the Bhagavad Gita (Chinmayananda, 1996, XIV.5, p. 952). The energies are called sattva (controlled illuminative energy), rajas (uncontrolled active energy), and tamas (uncontrolled inert energy) (Kothandaraman, 2009, I.1, p. 36-39). The mind is always in a dynamic equilibrium between these three response patterns. Sattva is characterized by purity, serenity, wisdom, bliss, moral courage, and other sublime qualities. The characteristics of rajasare egoism, activity, restlessness, greed for wealth, and power. Tamas is indicated by inertia, heedlessness, perversion in thought, and action. When rajas and tamas are dominant, mental distress, poor health, and dissipation of energy result. When sattva dominates, one is calm, controlled, gentle, sensitive to the good of others, vigorous, and blissful. The practice of yoga has been shown to increase sattva and reduce rajas and tamas (Patil & Nagendra, 2014).Once more, yoga points to the cause of the problem and shows the solution. Predominance of rajasand tamas may negatively impact psychological well-being, while increased sattva promotes psychological well-being (Patil, & Nagendra, 2014). + +Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education + + +The five mental planes +The three energies of sattva, rajas, and tamascondition the mind. Depending on which energy is dominant, the mind operates in one of the five mental planes. Influenced by rajas the mind is in an active disturbed mode. It is characterized by infatuation, rage, attractions, and repulsions. At the other end, the mind influenced by tamas is in a state of inactive dullness. The third plane occurs when the mind influenced by rajas-tamas oscillates between the first two planes. The active disturbed plane, the inactive dull plane, and the oscillating plane are the ordinary states of mind. When sattva prevails, the mind is calmed, leading to one-pointed attention and control over emotions. The fifth plane is the meditative state (Kothandaraman, 2009, I.1. p. 36-39).In its articulation of thefivestates of mind, ancientknowledgeprovides the progression from disturbed state of mind to calm state of mind. The progression is achieved by transforming the three energies. + +Balancing the left and right brain energies +The mode of perceiving, thinking, and behaving is in part governed by two aspects. Patanjali refers to them as the sun and the moon aspects (Kothandaraman, 2009, III.28-29, p. 163-165; Vivekananda, 1986, III.27-28, p. 279). Hatha Yoga refers to it as the ida and pingala. In Taoism, it is referred to as yin and yang (Muktibodhananda, 2012, IV.17, p. 491-492). In common parlance, the sun energy corresponds to the left brain and the moon energy to the right brain. It is also referred to as male energy and female energy. The sun energy is aggressive, active, logical, analytical, and argumentative. The moon energy is passive, receptive, synthetic, poetic, imaginative, and creative. In the ordinary state of mind, one or the other energy dominates. The practice of yoga enhances the relatively less active side to balance the sun and moon energies. This results in using more faculties of the brain in perception, thinking, and behavior. + +Delving into the underlying yogic concepts helps understand that psychological, cognitive, and behavioral issues are caused by the intrinsic nature of the mind. Equally, the mind itself has the capacity to control its disturbed nature. When the senses and the undiscriminating mind are in charge, the results are scattered attention, unregulated emotions, and impulsive behavior. When the locus of control shifts to the discriminating intellect, the mind is calmed and made one-pointed, emotions are controlled, and behavior is made thoughtful. This can be achieved by calming the mind and senses, transforming the three energies, and balancing the left and rightbrain. Wecan seethattheunderlying mechanisms explaining why yoga works are exhaustively discussed in the ancient texts. This background knowledge will be helpful in understanding how the practices of yoga are systematically sequenced. + +The practice of yoga +The ancient sage Patanjali conceived of the eight-limbed yoga (ashtanga yoga) comprising yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana, and samadhi (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.29,30,32,46,49,54, III.1-4, p. 113-144; Vivekananda, 1986, II.29,30,32,46,49,54, III.1-4, p. 260-271). The idea is to + +Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 + + +gain a modicum of proficiency in each stage before moving to the next. However, more mastery is gained by the interaction between the limbs. For instance, the practice of pranayama (breathing exercises) may improve proficiency in asana (physical postures) or the other way around. The first two limbs areyamaand niyama or restraints and observances. Therestraints are nonviolence, truthfulness, nonstealing, continence, and nonpossessiveness. The observances are cleanliness of mind, body and surroundings, contentment, penance, self-study, and desireless work. These are the preparatory steps of yoga aimed at purification of the mind to prepare it for contemplative practice. It is emphasized that the restraints and observances are not to be achieved through forced denial. In fact, forced denial is seen as counterproductive since it brings the mind into conflict with desires, leading to a disturbed state of mind and even neurosis in extreme cases. The principle idea behind yama and niyama is to practice moderation in lifestyle and slowly develop an attitude of contentment, detachment, and self-discipline. This ensures that the practice of yoga is begun with a modicum of mental strength. + +The third limb is asana or physical postures. The ordinary state of the body is to oscillate between restlessness and lethargy. Asanas are designed to make the body stable, steady, flexible, and healthy. The postures unblock nadis or energy channels and facilitate unhindered flow of prana. Certain postures form circuits to retain pranain the body. The exercises tone the musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and endocrine systems. By contraction and expansion, the functioning of the internal organs is enhanced (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.46,47, p. 129-131; Vivekananda, 1986, II.46,47, p. 268; Niranjanananda, 2012, II.3-45, p. 168-255; Muktibodhananda, 2012, I.17,19-54, p. 67-131; Gharota, Devnath, & Jha, 2009, III.5, p. 97). + +Having unblocked energy channels and made the body stable, the fourth limb of pranayama or breathing exercises is undertaken. It is the practice of breath control involving inspiration and expiration of air and holding the breath in standstill mode. By its practice, the mind is calmed, and attentiveness enhanced. Pranayamaactivates the energy channels, increases pranic energy, and directs the flow of prana to the entire body. The breath between the left and right nostrils is harmonized, in turn balancing the left and right brain energies. The flow of prana is directed toward upper psychic centers. The lower psychic centers are said to representtheego, instincts, greed, and ambition. The upper centers are said to represent love, compassion, acceptance, sensitivity, subtle perception, and spirituality. Here, we have a clue on how yoga works on character and personality. The practice exercises internal organs and purifies the blood through oxygenation (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.49-53, p. 131-136; Vivekananda, 1986, II.49-53, p. 267-268; Niranjanananda, 2012, V.47-98, p.412-452; Muktibodhananda, 2012, II.7-77, p.166-272;Gharotaetal., 2009, p. XXIX; Vasu, 2012, III.26-31, p. 51-53). + +With a steady body, increased pranic energy, and calmed mind, bringing the senses under control is the fifth limb called pratyahara. It is the process of controlling the mind through the + +51 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education + + +mediumofthesenses.Thepurposeis todevelopalevelofcontrol over the senses such that the movement of attention from the outside to the inside and back becomes seamless. The practices of asanaand pranayamathemselves lead to pratyaharanaturally. Pratyahara can also be cultivated by the practice of relaxation techniques. The logic behind pratyaharaisthat the sensesimitate the nature of the mind. If the mind is restless, the senses too are active. If the mind is calm, the senses are also calm. The seamless movement of consciousness from without to within prepares the practitioner for contemplative practices (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.54-55, p. 137-138; Vivekananda, 1986, II.54-55, p. 268-269; Niranjanananda, 2012, IV.1-7, p. 371-380). + +The last three limbs are the three stages of meditation called dharana (one-pointed attention with effort), dhyana (effortless one-pointed attention), and samadhi (spiritual absorption). Dharana trains the mind to concentrate on one attentional anchor. All other objects and thoughts are disregarded, and the mind is consciously refocused on the single attentional anchor. Technically, in cognition, there is a play of three elements, one is the cognizing agent or subject represented by the indwelling consciousness, the second is the instrument of cognition that is the mind, and the third is the object of attention. In dharana, the focus is on the object of attention. Dharana can ripen into the next stage that is dhyana or effortless one-pointed attention. Here, the focus is on the uninterrupted flow of consciousness toward the object. The focus is on the flow of consciousness. The final state of meditation is samadhi. In this, the object and the mind are dropped, and all that remains is absorption in pure consciousness, the bed of the lake referred to earlier(Kothandaraman,2009,III.1-11,p.140-147;Vivekananda, 1986, III.1-11, p. 270-273).In contemplative practice, attention is trained to become one-pointed. The earlier limbs that steady the body, energizeitwith prana, calm themind, and controlthesenses make the practice of one-pointed attention possible. + +Having understood the underlying principles of yoga and the logic of its practice, in the next section, the benefit claims made by ancient texts and evidence from modern research are juxtaposed to get a clear understanding of the effects of yoga. + +JUXTAPOSING BENEFITS CLAIMED IN ANCIENT TEXTS WITH EVIDENCE FROM MODERN RESEARCH + +Physiological domain +According to ancient texts, the practice of yoga unblocks energy channels allowing for the free flow of prana and increase in pranic energy in the body. Asana and pranayama practices tone, the body, exercise internal organs, and oxygenate the lungs and blood. As a result, ancient texts claim that the normally restless or lethargic body is steadied, made flexible, fit, and strong. Musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrinal, and digestive health are improved. Better metabolism removes dullness and invigorates the body. + +52 + +Modern research has, over the years, provided evidence on the effects of yoga on physiological health of the pediatric population. Galantino, Galbavy, & Quinn (2008) analyzed 24 studies on physiological health benefits of yoga on children and adolescents. They found that yoga had a positive impact on reaction time, motor speed, musculoskeletal strength, and cardiopulmonary measures. Later studies have reinforced their findings. A randomized controlled Indian study conducted on schoolchildren found thatintegrated yogapracticeimproved limb movement speed, balance, trunk strength, and body mass index (Telles et al., 2013). A study by Purohit, Pradhan, & Nagendra (2016) showed improvement in balance, reaction time, flexibility, strength, and agility. Another randomized controlled Indian study with adolescents found that cardiovascular endurance and lung capacity improved with integrated yoga practice (Shivakumar, Suthakar, & Urs, 2016). Kumar (2011) found that the practice of Surya Namaskar (sun salutation) improved blood pressure, peak expiratory flow rate, forced vitalcapacity, and heart and respiratory rates in schoolchildren. Two American studies, one by Khalsa et al. (2012) and another by Felver et al. (2015), showed that yoga resulted in a significant reduction of fatigue and inertia. + +The conclusion is that modern research has provided evidence to support many of the claims made in traditional texts. Flexibility and balance are improved. Fitness and strength are increased. Musculoskeletal health and neuromotor performance measured by strength, agility, motor speed, and reaction time are positively impacted. Cardiovascular and pulmonary health measured by heart endurance, lung capacity, heart, and respiratory rate showed an improvement with yoga. The reduction in fatigue and inertia, as wellas heartand respiratory rates, points to improved metabolism and body invigoration. While there is little research on the effect of yoga on digestive health, diabetes, and endocrinal health in the pediatric population, there is evidence of improvements in all three areas in the adult population (Kavuri, Raghuram, Malamud, & Selvan, 2015;Nagarathnaetal., 2019;Singh, Tekur, Nagaratna, & Nagendra, 2018; Anu, & Nathan, 2012; Mahowald, 2019; Singh, Singh, Dave, & Udainiya, 2011). + +Cognitive domain +According to ancient texts, the practice of yoga increases pranic energy, channels the energy to the brain, balances the left and right brain, and calms the mind. Contemplative practices lead to one-pointed attention. The benefits claimed in the cognitive domain include removal of mental dullness, improved attention, and balancing of the left and right brain, all resulting in improved cognitive performance. + +Modern research demonstrating the benefits of yoga on cognitive performance of children and adolescents has grown substantially in the last three decades. Zenner, Herrnleben-Kurz, & Walach (2014) analyzed 24 studies and concluded thatmindfulness-based interventions enhanced cognitive performance. Serwacki & Cook-Cottone(2012) reviewed 12 studies of yogainschools. The review concluded that yoga interventions had positive effects on cognitive eficiency and attentional control. Many Indian studies + +Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education + + +with children and adolescents found a correlation between yoga practice and cognitive performance. Astudy by Chaya, Nagendra, Selvam, Kurpad, & Srinivasan (2012)found that yoga impacted attention and concentration, spatial and verbal memory, and abstract thinking. A study by Manjunath & Telles (2004) too found that spatial memory improved with yoga. Sethi, Nagendra, & Ganpat (2013)reported that yoga improved attention. Astudy by Verma, Shete, & Singh Thakur (2014) concluded that yoga enhanced mental ability and memory. Studies in India and the USA have found that yoga had a positive impact on executive function (Telles, Singh, Bhardwaj, Kumar, & Balkrishna, 2013; Purohit, & Pradhan, 2017; Flook et al., 2010). Alongitudinal study in a school setting by So & Orme-Johnson (2001) found that transcendental meditation positively impacted fluid and practical intelligence, speed of information processing, and creative thinking. + +The claimsof removal of mental dullness, stimulation of the brain, balancing of left and right brain, and attention enhancement are supported by evidence from modern research. There is evidence of improved mental ability, speed of information processing, and improved executive function. These result in better cognitive performance. The balancing of left and right brain can be inferred from evidence of improved spatial and verbal memories, abstract and creative thinking, fluid and practical intelligence. Attention and concentration are shown to improve. + +Emotional domain +The calming of the mind also brings the emotions under control. According to ancient texts, the results of a calm mind are reduced anger, stress, anxiety, and a greater self-control over impulses and emotions. + +This area too has been extensively researched. Two randomized controlled American studies amongst adolescents linked the practice of yoga with anger control (Khalsa et al., 2012; Felver et al., 2015). Noggle, Steiner, Minami, & Khalsa (2012)found that integrated yoga practice reduced mood disturbance. The components of this variable are anxiety, depression, dejection, hostility, confusion, and bewilderment. The study also found a reduction in negative feelings. An Indian study linked anxiety reduction with the practice of pranayama (Gusain, & Dauneria, 2016).An American study among schoolchildren by White (2012) linkedmindfulness trainingwithstress reduction, self-esteem, and self-regulation. Mindfulness improved as a result of yoga practice. Other studies have linked yoga with improved self-regulation and self-efficacy (Razza, Bergen-Cico, & Raymond, 2015; Bergen-Cico, Razza, & Timmins, 2015; Das, Deepeshwar, Subramanya, & Manjunath, 2016). + +Ancient texts claim that yoga calms the mind resulting in reduction of anger, stress and anxiety. Modern research supports these claims by demonstrating that anger, anxiety, stress, tension and negative feelings indeed reduce with the practice of yoga. From the evidence of improvement in self-esteem, self-regulation, and self-eficacy, it can be inferred that control over emotions as claimed by ancient texts is achieved. + +Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 + +Personality domain +Personality transformation being a consequence of yoga practice is indicated in traditional texts. It is claimed that rajas (uncontrolledactiveenergy)andtamas (uncontrolledinertenergy) are reduced, while sattva (controlled illuminative energy) is enhanced. This results in imbuing the personality with sattvic qualities such as tranquility, enthusiasm, cheerfulness, bliss, willpower, courage and enthusiasm. When sattvadominates, one is calm, controlled, gentle, sensitive to the good of others, vigorous, and blissful (Deshpande, Nagendra, & Raghuram, 2008). Ascale measuring theproportion of the threeenergies has been developed (Suchitra, & Nagendra, 2013). A randomized controlled study involving school children in India used this scale and found that integrated yoga practice increased sattva while reducing rajas and tamas (Patil, & Nagendra, 2014). Hence, evidence of an increase in sattva would indicate that directionally, the claims of traditional texts of yoga are supported. The study by Felver et al., (2015)shows reduction in negative affects such as miserable, mad, afraid, scared, and sad and improvement in positive affects such as cheerful, lively, happy, joyful, and proud. Prosocial psychosocial attributes measured by classroom engagement, social skills, positive affects, and optimism improved. The study by Noggle et al. (2012) showed reduction in negative feelings. A study by Sarkissian, Trent, Huchting, & Khalsa (2018) demonstrated an increase in positive affects such as excitement, cheerfulness, pride, and calm and a significant increase in resilience. The study by Zenner, Herrnleben-Kurz, & Walach (2014) also showed improvement in resilience. The component attributes of resilience are sense of purpose, perseverance, self-reliance, and equanimity. From these studies, it can be inferred that the claims made in ancient texts about personality transformation such as tranquility, enthusiasm, cheerfulness, bliss, willpower, courage, and enthusiasm are directionally corroborated by evidence from modern research. + +The practice of yoga is shown to have significant benefits for children and adolescents. There is evidence of improvements in physical fitness, cognitive performance; emotional control, and personality transformation. Having understood the underlying principles, practice, and benefit outcomes of yoga in the pediatric population, in the next section, the theoretical model of yoga in education is developed. + +THEORETICAL MODEL OF YOGA IN EDUCATION + +The theoretical model is based on the eight limbs of yoga as mentioned in ancient texts (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.46,47, p. 129-131; Vivekananda, 1986, II.46,47). The benefits of school-based yoga as supported by existing research have been incorporated in the model. The underlying principles that make yoga work, sequence of practices, and their interconnectedness are based on ancient knowledge. There are three reasons for combining ancient and modern knowledge. Modern knowledge is outcome based. Depending solely on this, the underlying principleswill have to be hypothesized. On the other hand, ancient + +53 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education + + +knowledge provides the principles, process, and explanation of why yoga works. Second, the rational sequencing of practices is a useful input in constructing the model. Third, the inclusion of ancient knowledge helps avoid the tendency to erroneously separatecontemplativepractices fromyoga. Thetheoreticalmodel is presented in Figure 2. + +Overall framework +Yoga with its physical, breathing, and contemplative practices works on the body and mind. The body includes the physical and vital energy bodies. There is a connection between the physical body, vital energy body, and mind. If thebody is restless, breathing becomes irregular and the mind is disturbed. On the + +other hand, if the body is steadied, the breath becomes regular and mind is calm. Similarly, the state of breathing or of the mind has a complimentaryeffectontheothertwo(Muktibodhananda,2012). The principle behind the eight-limbed yoga is to stabilize the body, then the vital energy, senses, and mind in that order. However, the relationship isnot so watertight. There isinteraction between body, breath, and mind and each benefit by improvement in the other. Hence, the model takes into account this interaction. Second, calming of the mind impactsboth cognitive performance and emotional control. In the model, personality is considered a separate bucket since yoga may help to transform it by infusing qualities such as gentleness, cheerfulness, and tranquility (Deshpande, Nagendra, & Raghuram, 2008). + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Figure 2: Theoretical model of yoga in education + +54 Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education + + +Creating an enabling environment +Yogic vision of education revolves around self-transformation (Satyananda, 1990).This may require an enabling environment. To frame the components of such an environment, the model draws inspiration from the first two limbs of yoga, namely yama and niyama, or restraints and observances. We are conscious that following yama and niyama in their entirety, while possible in a gurukula like system, may not be possible in the nonresidential modern schooling system. Values such as cleanliness, truthfulness, nonstealing, and some degree of nonviolence are taught universally in almost all schooling systems. However, vegetarianism, ascetic lifestyle, surrender to God, continence, and not receiving gifts may encounter cultural resistance in some quarters of the modern schooling systems. It may also be dificult to implement in nonresidential schooling environments. However, we are inspired by the first two limbs of yoga in framing the components of an enabling environment in our model. This has three hypothesized pillars. (i) The first pillar is voluntary moderation in lifestyle. The objective of moderation is to strengthen the mental make-up through self-restraint. It is important to underscore that self-restraint is not self-denial. The latter would be counterproductive to the goal of strengthening the mental make-up. Moderation in diet, sleep, work, play, entertainment, and exposure to media is suggested. The moderation in lifestyle may be strengthened through periodic expert talks on principles, values, and advantages of moderation. To be acceptable, the content of such talks must be sensitive to local cultures. (ii) The second pillar is a transformed student–teacher relationship. This is a key strategy to inculcate good character traits. Teachers playing the role of caregivers, role models, and mentors inspire the student to acquire good character traits (Pala, 2011).In return, the students learn to relate to their teachers with deep respect (Rather, 2015).(iii) The third pillar is support from parents. Parents have to buy into the equal weightage given to academic knowledge and character building and be inspired by the values that the school espouses. + +The practice of yoga +The practice includes the next four limbs of yoga, namely asana (physicalpostures), pranayama (breathing exercises), pratyahara (control of senses), and dharana (one-pointed attention). Every traditional school of yoga includes meditation. In fact, it is the coreofyoga. Theseparationofmindfulness/meditationand yoga, in some quarters, goes against this very core. Asana steadies the body, while pranayama increases pranic energy. These two practices calmthe mind, and in turn, thesenses imitating thestate of mind are calmed. This is the state of pratyahara. Relaxation techniques further promote pratyahara. Dharana trains the mind to develop one-pointed attention. + +Benefits of yoga +Yoga has effects on the physical body, vital energy body, and the mind in interconnected ways. In the physiological domain fitness, strength, flexibility, balance, vigor, and good health develop. The calming of the mind has an effect on both cognitive performance and emotional control. In the cognitive domain, attention + +Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 + + +and concentration improve, speed of information processing increases, spatial and verbal memory are enhanced, and aspects of intelligence improve. In the emotional domain, negative aspects of mood and feelings are attenuated, and positive aspects enhanced. Anger, tension, and stress are controlled. The impact on personality is rooted in the increase in sattva. This makes the personality gentle, cheerful, joyous, and resilient. Prosocial behavior improves. + +Impact of yoga in education +Hyde (2012) had emphasized the need to develop the whole child. Lickona (1996) had linked character development to the task of building a moral society. The CASEL had advocated comprehensive SEL training in schools (Butzer et al., 2016). Integrating yoga with education may have effects on many of these areas. Yoga has a positive effect on cognitive performance and thus helps children become intellectually active. Yoga helps in improving physical health of children. Emotional control results in improved psychosocial behavior. Personality is impacted to instill qualities such as caring, sensitivity toward others, and confidence as evidenced from improved self-esteem. This indicates that yoga can aid in the development of the whole child and character building.ItmaybeausefuladditiontoSELprograms too.Itcanbe hypothesized that a critical mass of such individuals can over time bring about societal change as suggested by character educationists (Lickona, 1996; Pigozzi, 2006; White, 2012) and Indian thinkers such as Krishnamurti (1998) and Vivekananda (2006; 2011). Hence, yoga may be a good addition to the school curriculum. Its benefits underscorethepointthatacademic learning and character building are not two separate spheres but mutually supportive. + +TRANSLATING THE THEORY INTO PRACTICE + +The incorporation of yoga in education will require a systematic and collaborative approach. Educationists, yoga experts, yoga researchers, and parents will need to support yoga and work out the modalities of its inclusion. The five main pieces that need to coalesce for successful implementation are feasibility, yoga module development, role of yoga instructors and school teachers, yoga research, and support of parents. + +Feasibility +The incorporation of yoga will be successful only if it is feasible both in terms of scheduling and visiblebenefits. Yoga experts may be required to design interventions that fit into the time resource educationists deem possible for yoga. Educationists may need to evaluate the activity-heavy school schedule and make tradeoffs toaccommodateyoga.Researchers willneedtoprovideevidence that the yoga program is delivering the desired benefits. + +Yoga module development +Validated yoga modules are critical for the success of yoga in education program. Yoga experts will need to decide how many age groups to break up the school cohort into. Age group-specific modules will need to be developed. Increasing the dificulty level overtime needs to be factored in. Going by ancient knowledge, + +55 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] + + +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education + + +the initial practice could be asana heavy followed by addition of pranayama and dharana. Yoga experts will need to consider the right age for children to begin practicing yoga. The renowned yoga guru Swami Satyananda (1990) has suggested children aged 2–7 should be introduced to yoga through play. At age eight, light practice of yoga may begin. + +Role of yoga instructors and school teachers +Itis hypothesizedthatifyogapracticeis partofthedailyschedule, then school teachers may be required to lead most yoga sessions. Defining the role of yoga instructors and school teachers is thus critical for successful implementation. There is a case made out by Swami Yogabhakti (Satyananda, 1990) for teachers to practice yogaalong with children. According to her, thetask of teaching is tiringandentails aloss ofvitality.Thepracticeofyogacanrestore lost vitality. Children have differing natures and attention types. By practicing yoga with children, the teacher may understand their nature and attention type better. + +Researching the Yoga-in-Education program +Full-scale incorporation of yoga in education provides a good opportunity for researchers to design methodologically sound research protocols that can better ascertain whether the yoga programs are indeed delivering the desired effects. This information will help to both improve the programs and provide evidence of benefits to encourage its continuation. + +Support of parents +Keeping parents informed and educated on yoga intervention is another critical piece in the implementation of the program. Parents need to be educated on the program and their concerns addressed. They could be encouraged to witness and even participate in the practice. + +CONCLUSION + +Schools can potentially play a big role is reversing the growing trend of CAMH problems. Given that most mental health issues can be traced to childhood and adolescent onset, intervention in school years can have positive health implications going into adulthood. Yoga with its effect in the psychosocial domain can equip the child in dealing with stressors to remain mentally healthy. The effect of yoga on emotional control and personality characteristics makes it a suitable aid in imparting character education. The enhancement of cognitive eficacy could satisfy thinkers who suggest that education should lay more weightage on developing the power of concentration than dissemination of knowledge. An intellectually active, physically and mentally healthy, prosocial child equipped with good character traits can potentially help in changing society positively. + +The present paper is unique because of its seamless synthesis of ancient knowledge and modern research on yoga. Literature on ancient knowledge is mercifully abundant and modern research on school-based yoga has grown in the last three decades. The gurukula system too has been extensively studied. The unique + +56 + +features of the present paper are: (i) The juxtaposition of ancient knowledge and modern research to build a theoretical model of yoga in education for the modern schooling system has not been attempted in such detail earlier. The underlying principles, sequence of practices, and their interconnectedness are derived from ancient texts. The benefit outcomes are derived from modern research. This lends a depth and conviction to the model. (ii) This approach makes the need to hypothesize the underlying mechanisms from the benefit outcomes redundant, since ancient knowledge provides the explanation in great depth. (iii) The emphasis in the model on creating an enabling environment for yoga along with concrete steps for its creation is unique. + +The limitation of this paper is that the current research on yoga is based mostly on short periods of intervention. Further, the methodological rigor is of varying quality. If school-based yoga is implemented on a large scale, researchers will have the opportunity for longitudinal studies and studies with firmer methodologies.This willgreatlyadd toevidence-basedknowledge on school-based yoga. + +Implementation will require a coordinated and systematic effort by all stakeholders, namely educators, yoga experts, yoga researchers, and parents. There is research evidence of benefits of yoga across physical,cognitive,emotional,andpersonalitydomains. Itmay aidin the development of the whole child, character building, SELtraining, anddevelopingthepowerofconcentration.Thereis thus acompelling case for its inclusion in the school curricula on a large scale. + +Financial support and sponsorship Nil. + +Conflicts of interest +There are no conflicts of interest. + +REFERENCES + +Anu, S., & Nathan, S. (2012). Doppler monitoring of thyroid blood flow before and after yogasanas. National Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 3(1), 21-26. +Bergen-Cico, D., Razza, R., & Timmins,A. (2015). Fostering self-regulation through curriculum infusion of mindful yoga: A pilot study of eficacy and feasibility. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), 3448-3461. +Butzer, B., Bury, D., Telles, S., & Khalsa, S. B. S. (2016). Implementing yoga within the school curriculum: Ascientific rationale for improving social-emotional learning and positive student outcomes. Journal of children's services, 11 (1), 21. +Chaya, M. 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Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 603. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Yoga Mīmāṃsā| Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system A theoretical model based on ancient knowledge and modern research.txt b/subfolder_0/Integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system A theoretical model based on ancient knowledge and modern research.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3859225d07c747e6b62991fc2a8972b0f1d48d34 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system A theoretical model based on ancient knowledge and modern research.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1241 @@ +46 +© 2021 Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow +Integrating yoga with education in the modern +schooling system: A theoretical model based on ancient +knowledge and modern research +Atul Sinha, Sony Kumari +Department of Yoga and Humanities, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, +Karnataka, India +INTRODUCTION +Two themes in children’s education have received a great deal +of attention in the last few decades. One concerns the stresses +children face that lead to a high prevalence of child and adolescent +mental health (CAMH) issues. The other is a disturbing trend +of dysfunctional youth behavior. The purpose of this paper is to +explore why yoga can be considered a good remedial intervention +The aim of this paper is to make a case for integrating yoga with education in the modern schooling system and to +propose a theoretical model based on a synthesis of ancient knowledge and modern research. The paper is based +on literature review of child and adolescent mental health, case for character education, case for school-based +yoga intervention, ancient texts of yoga, and modern research on benefit outcomes of yoga. A comprehensive +understanding of yogic principles from ancient texts and outcome benefits from modern research has gone into the +development of a theoretical model of yoga in education. There is a large body of research evidence, suggesting +that yoga in education can aid the development of physiological well-being, cognitive efficacy, emotional control, and +desirable personality traits. Ancient literature on yoga provides its underlying principles, sequence of practices, and +their interconnectedness. The theoretical model is based on the eight limbs of yoga derived from ancient literature. +Modern research provides the evidence of benefits. The benefits show that yoga may aid in the development of +the whole child, character building, social-emotional learning training, and developing the power of concentration. +These findings make a compelling case for the inclusion of yoga in the school curricula. Most researches into +school-based yoga have varying degrees of rigor in methodology and are based on short periods of interventions. If +yoga in education is widely implemented, it will provide an opportunity for more methodologically rigorous research +as well as longitudinal studies. This will help to both improve the school-based yoga programs and build more solid +evidence of its efficacy. This paper is unique because it juxtaposes the process-based ancient knowledge and +outcome-based modern research. This allows for a more comprehensive theoretical model of yoga in education. +Key Words: Character building, education, meditation, personality development, school, social-emotional learning, +yoga +Address for correspondence: +Mr. Atul Sinha, 103 Regent Place, 28/2 Thubrahalli, Whitefield Road, Bengaluru - 560 066, Karnataka, India. +E-mail: atulsin@gmail.com +Submitted: 15-Mar-2021 Revised: 06-May-2021 Accepted: 19-May-2021 Published: 21-Jul-2021 +How to cite this article: Sinha A, Kumari S. Integrating yoga with +education in the modern schooling system: A theoretical model +based on ancient knowledge and modern research. Yoga Mimamsa +2021;53:46-58. +This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the +Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which +allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as +appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. +For reprints contact: WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com +Access this article online +Quick Response Code: +Website: +www.ym-kdham.in +DOI: +10.4103/ym.ym_14_21 +Abstract +Review Article +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +47 +and to propose a theoretical model for integrating yoga with +education. The model has been designed for application in the +modern schooling system that currently does not include yoga in +its curriculum or does so suboptimally. +A pilot study in India that was a part of the National Mental +Health Survey (2016) reported a 7.3% prevalence of mental +disorders among children aged 13–17 years. Urban children had +a higher prevalence at 13.5% compared to rural children at 6.9%. +There was no difference across genders (Gururaj et al., 2016). +Region-specific studies with more robust sample sizes reported +an even higher prevalence of CAMH. Studies conducted in +Bangalore, Haryana, West Bengal, and Tamil Nadu recorded +more alarming incidence of CAMH at 12.5%, 20.7%, 33.3%, +and 33.7%, respectively (Srinath et al., 2005; Malhotra, & Patra, +2014; Deivasigamani, 1990). In the USA, 7.5% of adolescents +met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV +criteria for one or more mental health conditions (Kessler & Wang, +2008; Roberts, Roberts, & Chan, 2009); the UNICEF estimated +that globally, mental health problems afflicted 10%–20% of +the world’s child and adolescent population of over 2.2 billion +(Kieling et al., 2011; UNICEF, 2008). Another dimension of +CAMH lay in the fact that a majority of adult mental health issues +traced their onset to childhood and adolescence. Thus, if CAMH +issues are addressed early, we could potentially create a mentally +healthier society (Kim-Cohen et al., 2003; Kessler et al., 2007). +Looking at the situation, the Collaborative for Academic, Social, +and Emotional Learning (CASEL) advocated a comprehensive +social-emotional learning (SEL) training from preschool to high +school (Butzer, Bury, Telles, & Khalsa, 2016). +Coming to the theme of dysfunctional youth behavior, Lickona +(1996) listed ten disturbing trends in the behavior of youth. They +were (i) rising violence, (ii) increased dishonesty, (iii) greater +disrespect for elders and authority figures, (iv) increased peer +cruelty, (v) rise in hate crimes, (vi) deterioration of language, +(vii) decline in work ethic, (viii) increased selfishness, (ix) surge +in self-destructive behavior, and (x) growing ethical illiteracy. +This, according to him, underscored the need to emphasize +character education. Pigozzi (2006) provided the UNESCO +perspective when she said that education is expected to make a +broader contribution to sustainable human development, peace +and security, universal values, informed decision-making, and +the quality of life at individual, family, societal, and global +levels. She stated that the relationship between learner and +teacher, individualized learning, and involvement of parents and +community were critical components of the process of learning. +Thinkers steeped in Indian traditions too have eloquently +emphasized character building as an essential feature of +education. Vivekananda said that “education is the manifestation +of perfection already in man. The duty of the teacher is to +remove all obstructions from the way.” He went on to say that +“education is not the amount of information that is put into your +brain and runs riot there, undigested, all your life. We must have +life-building, man-making, character-making assimilation of +ideas” (Vivekananda, 2011). He saw the essence of education +as developing concentration of the mind and not as a mere +collection of facts (Vivekananda, 2006). The independent +thinking philosopher, Krishnamurti (1998) stated that the purpose +of education was twofold. One was to equip children with +technological proficiency so that they could function efficiently +in the modern world. The second was to develop the inward state +to establish goodness and relate rightly with people, things, and +ideas. He went further and made a bold statement: +Do you know the world is mad…with fighting, quarrelling, +bullying, tearing into each other?.. Is this what education is meant +for, that you should willingly or unwillingly fit into this?.. But if +you begin to think, to observe… to learn for yourself by watching, +listening… you will grow up to be a different human being, one +who cares, who has affection, who loves people. (p 8-9). +The ancient Indian school system went by the name gurukula +(from guru or teacher and kula or family). The system exists +even today but is not mainstream. Its aims and methods +uncannily mirror the suggestions of present-day proponents of +character education. The gurukula education system was based +on the ideal of life being spiritualistic. Therefore, the goal of +education was to lay the foundation for self-realization. The +main objectives of education were development of self-control, +character, and personality. Spiritual development was given equal +weightage as intellectual development. The main expedients of +education were an inspiring and highly moral teacher–student +relationship; strong emphasis on moral education; simple life +marked by discipline and self-restraint; a curriculum that gave +equal weightage to acquisition of knowledge and character +development (Rather, 2015; Selvamani, 2019). It is evident that +the lifestyle followed adhered to the yama (restraints) and niyama +(observances) of the ashtanga (eight-limbed) yoga of Patanjali +(Mookerji, 1989). The expedients of yoga were also practiced +(Satyananda, 1990). Experimental research has been conducted on +gurukula schools, and the results have been encouraging. Rangan, +Nagendra, & Bhat (2008) measured planning skills of matched +samples of students drawn from a gurukula and a modern school. +They found a significant difference in scores in favor of gurukula +students. Another study by the same authors found that gurukula +students performed better than modern school students on tests +for verbal and visual memory (Rangan, Nagendra, & Bhat, 2009). +It is our contention that the purpose of equipping children in +the modern schooling system with the power of concentration, +social-emotional skills, and good character may be well served +by meaningfully integrating yoga in the school curriculum. +The purpose of this paper is to argue the case for making yoga +an important element in children’s education and to propose a +theoretical model of yoga in education that can be incorporated +in the modern schooling system’s curriculum. The primary +uniqueness of this paper rests in the fact that the model is derived +from the juxtaposition of ancient knowledge of yoga and modern +research evidence. While literature on ancient knowledge is +copious and on modern research is growing, the two have seldom +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education +48 +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +been brought together. The current paper attempts the conjunction. +This juxtaposition serves three purposes: +1. Modern research is outcome based and focuses on the benefits +of yoga. Ancient knowledge is process based and focuses +on the underlying principles, logical sequence of practices, +and their interconnection. The combination of process and +outcome makes redundant the need to hypothesize the +underlying mechanisms that make yoga effective. This is +extensively covered in the ancient texts. The juxtaposition +thus helps create a more comprehensive model showing the +principles, sequence, interconnections between practices, and +evidence-based benefits +2. Depending solely on modern research sometimes leads to +erroneous separation of yoga’s component practices. For +example, contemplative practices such as mindfulness and +meditation are often seen as separate from yoga. Ancient +knowledge helps understand that steadying the body, +regulating the emotions, and calming the mind prepare the +ground for contemplative practice. Thus, meditation is the +culmination of yoga and not separate from it +3. The ancient yogic concepts themselves help explain the +underlying causes of psychosocial problems and offer +solutions too. The problem lies in the intrinsic restless nature +of the human mind. Yoga provides the solution of calming +the mind. +We begin by analyzing current literature on the case for +school-based yoga. This is followed by understanding the +concepts, process, and practice of yoga from ancient literature. +After this, the benefits claimed by ancient literature are juxtaposed +with empirical evidence from modern research. With this +comprehensive background, the theoretical model of yoga in +education is developed. Finally, translating the model into practice +is discussed. +CURRENT LITERATURE ON CASE FOR +SCHOOL-BASED YOGA +Butzer et al. (2016) proposed a theoretical model based on +modern research that addressed concerns around stressors faced +by young people. Their model therefore suggested that practicing +yoga was an effective way to promote SEL. SEL involves +acquisition and practice of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that +enhance personal development, interpersonal skills, ethics, and +productivity. The five key competencies sought to be developed +include self-regulation of emotions, self-awareness of emotions +and their impact on others, social awareness, which is the ability +to appreciate perspectives of others, relationship skills, and +responsible decision-making. They state that existing research +demonstrated the positive effects of school-based yoga but raised +questions regarding the mechanisms underlying these effects. +There was a need to understand why yoga was beneficial. They +hypothesized that yoga facilitated the development of three key +competencies: mind–body awareness, self-regulation, and physical +fitness. Mind–body awareness enhanced mindfulness, attention, +concentration, and self and social awareness. Self-regulation +included emotional and stress regulation, resilience, equanimity +and psychological self-efficacy. Physical fitness encompassed +flexibility, strength, balance, respiratory function, and physical +self-efficacy. These in turn had a positive downstream effect on +behavior, mental state, health, and performance. They concluded +that school-based yoga was a useful complement to existing SEL +programs. +Waters, Barsky, Ridd, & Allen (2015) reviewed 15 studies on +school meditation programs to create a school-based meditation +model. They borrowed the definition of contemplative education +(CE) from Roeser & Peck (2009), “A set of practices that may +foster particular forms of awareness in students, forms conducive +to the conscious motivation and regulation of learning, and also +to freedom and transcendence in life more generally.” The steps +in meditation are (i) directing focus to an “attentional anchor,” +(ii) dispassionately observing internal and external distractions and +disengaging from them, and (iii) focusing back from distractions +to the attentional anchor. The analysis of the 15 studies showed +that meditation impacted student well-being, social competence, +and academic performance. Longer duration programs and more +frequent practice were found to be more effective. Interestingly, +interventions delivered by teachers were more effective +compared to those delivered by external instructors. Their model +hypothesized that meditation created brain changes that fostered +two key abilities important for a student’s schooling success: +(1) cognitive functioning and (2) emotional regulation. These in +turn had a positive effect on well-being, social competence, and +academic performance. They stated that teaching in ways that +developed these two functions had long-term benefits for students +even beyond school life. +Hyde (2012) argued in favor of including yoga in the school +curriculum on the basis that yoga could contribute positively to the +development of the whole child. The Association for Supervision +and Curriculum Development’s Commission defined the whole +child as intellectually active, physically, verbally, socially, and +academically competent; empathetic, kind, caring, and fair; +creative and curious; disciplined, self-directed, and goal-oriented; +free, critical thinker, confident and cared for, and valued. Yoga +was seen as a gentle, noncompetitive self-practice that increased +balance of mind and body. She argued that in the USA, the tendency +to invent a practice was arguably more popular than adopting +anything from India or the Far East. However, there was a strong +evidence-based case for treating yoga as a therapeutic intervention +without adopting any philosophical or spiritual aspect. Her main +arguments in favor of including yoga in the school curriculum were: +1. Most Western educators considered the role of education +as being a way to material success and means of personal +happiness. The knowledge of the self was missing which +yoga could provide +2. Learning about yoga could be a means of exploring another +culture and be seen as an inclusive multicultural education +3. Even the pockets of controversy over including yoga provided +opportunities for critical and democratic conversations in a +pluralistic society +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +49 +4. According to SEL standards, students should be able to +evaluate how advocacy for the rights of others contributed to +the common good. The outcomes of yoga were awareness and +understanding of the feelings of others (emotional fitness), +tolerance and respect (mental fitness), and understanding of +one’s impact and contributions (social fitness). These factors +aided the evaluation and respect for the rights of others +5. Yoga practice was transformative. Teacher self-care and +student self-transformation were a distinct possibility with +yoga. Yoga practice provided access to all domains of the +work on self, recognized in transformative education, namely +knowing the self, controlling the self, caring for the self, and +recreating the self +6. The advantages and benefits of yoga could be framed in the +larger context of societal transformation. Self-change led +to transformed interpersonal relationships. This in turn had +the potential to create a critical mass of like-minded people, +which ultimately could impact society at large. +Hagen & Nayer (2014) argued that there were four key factors +that contributed to mental health challenges among children and +adolescents. They were (i) globalization that had exposed the youth +to multiple new demands, standards, and options; (ii) the pressure +to succeed, driven by increased competition negatively impacted +mental health; (iii) unwelcome distractions and attractions linked +to new media technologies. At one level, technologies were +valuable learning and communication resources. At another level, +excessive time spent on media was taking away from physical +and group activities and creating a host of mental problems such +as dependency, obsessive–compulsive behavior, concentration, +and attention disorders; And (iv) linked to overexposure to +media was safety concerns such as cyberbullying, exposure to +violence and sexually explicit material, and other inappropriate +behaviors. In this scenario, the ability of yoga to calm the mind +and increase overall well-being was driving its popularity the +world over. Recent scientific research on yoga provided empirical +evidence that it may contribute to physiological and mental health. +Attention, self-esteem, empowerment, and self-regulation were +enhanced. By enabling children to listen inward to their bodies, +feelings, and ideas, yoga helped in developing self-awareness. +This in turn helped children and adolescents develop their own +unique personalities and achieve the balance between intrinsic +strengths and societal expectations. +To summarize, the case for school-based yoga is built on empirical +evidence of its effect on cognitive efficiency, emotional regulation, +and physical fitness. These have a positive impact on physical +health, psychosocial well-being, and behavior. There is even a +suggestion that yoga may be self-transformative and a tool for +inward listening. It is thus hypothesized that yoga can address +modern youth problems. On a broader canvas, yoga may be a +tool capable of moving education beyond a means for material +success to develop the whole child. To explore the possibilities +yoga’s inclusion in the school curriculum presents, we argue +that an in-depth understanding of the underlying principles, +process, and practices is required. This is possible through the +study of ancient texts of yoga. The next section discusses the +basic principles of yoga and its practice as mentioned in ancient +literature. In other words, the attempt is to understand yoga from +the yogi’s perspective. +UNDERSTANDING YOGA FROM ANCIENT +LITERATURE +Ancient texts reviewed +There exists a vast body of ancient literature on yoga. The focus of +this paper is to understand those aspects that are relevant to build +a case for the inclusion of yoga in the modern school curriculum. +The specific texts have been selected for their capacity to inform +us on the underlying principles of yoga, the conception of the +human personality, the mechanism of mental operations, and the +expedients of yoga. From this literature review, the underlying +mechanisms that make yoga effective become clear. Further, the +knowledge points to the causes of psychosocial problems and how +the practice of yoga may help alleviate them. Importantly, the +logic behind the steps of yoga practice helps in the development +of the yoga model. +Patanjali Yoga Sutra is the defining text of Yoga philosophy. It +provides deep insights into the science of yoga. Kothandaraman +(2009) has painstakingly translated into English a commentary +on this text by the 19th-century sage Sadasivendra Saraswati +Avadhuta. The sage amplifies Patanjali with his own enlightened +perspective and adds the quintessence of very ancient yoga. The +commentary by Vivekananda (1986) is both succinct and caters +to the sensibility of the modern scientific mind. In combination, +the two texts span the traditional view and a modern perspective. +Patanjali Yoga Sutra expounds on the philosophy and steps +of yoga but is silent on the actual practices. To understand +the practices and their benefits, we have referred to Hatha +Yoga Pardipika (Muktibodhananda, 2012), Gheranda Samhita +(Niranjanananda, 2012), and Hatharatnavalli (Gharote et al., 2009). +These texts are considered authoritative on yoga practices and their +benefits at physical, mental, and psychic planes. +Taittiriya Upanishad (Chinmayananda, 2014) has delineated the +five sheaths of human personality. Its linkage to yoga is strong +since yoga works on the various levels of human personality. +Bhagavad Gita (Chinmayananda, 1996) has been referred to +understand the gunas or the three energies of sattva, rajas, and +tamas and their transformation. +Context +Most people practice yoga for its therapeutic benefits. There is +no denying, however, that the goal of yoga is spiritual absorption +(Kothandaraman, 2009). To achieve the goal of spiritual +absorption, first, the body, mind, and emotions need to be stabilized, +strengthened, calmed, and regulated (Kothandaraman, 2009; +Vivekananda, 1986; Niranjanananda, 2012). This is what is of +interest to us as far as including yoga in the school curriculum +is concerned. To understand how yoga works, it is imperative to +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education +50 +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +comprehend some underlying yogic principles. Specifically, the +yogic conception of the mind complex, the human personality, the +mental planes, and the balancing of left and right brain energies +are important for our purpose. +Mind complex, cognition, and consciousness +Patanjali, the ancient sage of yoga, said that yoga is the restraint of +mental operations (Kothandaraman, 2009, I.2, p. 40; Vivekananda, +1986, I.2, p. 200). In the yogic conception, the mind complex is +composed of the sense organs, mind, intellect, and egoism. The +sense organs bring external information to the mind by converting +sense perceptions into signals. In the yogic conception, the mind +and the intellect are separated. The mind is a pool of thoughts +bereft of discriminatory power. It passes the signals sent by the +senses to the intellect. The intellect has the power of discrimination +and therefore of thoughtful decision-making. It reacts to the sense +signal with a counter-thought wave. This is where the intelligence +principle comes into play. The mind complex is made of insentient +matter. The intelligence principle is the domain of the indwelling +consciousness. The individual indwelling consciousness is drawn +from the universal consciousness, just like the air in a room is +drawn from the air in the atmosphere. Cognition occurs when +this consciousness illuminates the thought wave. With cognition, +a sense arises that “I am the cognizing agent.” This is called +egoism. To recapitulate, the mind complex is composed of sense +organs, mind, intellect, and egoism. Consciousness indwells but +is independent of the mind complex. The constant interaction +between the sense organs and external stimuli ensures a heavy +traffic of thought waves in the mind complex. If the mind complex +was to be likened to a lake, the indwelling consciousness is the bed +of the lake. However, the constant waves of thought create ripples +on the lake surface to obscure the view of the lake bed. By the +practice of yoga, the mind is increasingly calmed till the mental +operation is stilled. When that happens, there are no thought +waves. The view of the indwelling consciousness becomes clear, +and the yogi becomes spiritually absorbed in consciousness. Here, +we find a logical explanation of why the mind is disturbed. When +senses are not in control, the thought activity is rapid, leading to +a distracted and disturbed mind. When the senses are controlled, +the mind is calmed. +The five sheaths of human personality +The Taittiriya Upanishad (Chinmayananda, 2014, 2.ii.2, p. 160, +2.iii.1, p. 169, 2.iv.i, p. 176, 2.v.1, p. 186, 2.v.2, p. 189) explains +that the human personality is composed of five sheaths. These are +the physical body sheath, the prana or vital energy sheath, the +mind sheath, the intellect sheath, and the bliss sheath [Figure 1]. +The sheaths are located one within the other starting with the +physical body. While the body is made of matter, the next sheath +of prana is made of energy. Prana pervades the universe and is +the power behind all motion and thought (Vivekananda, 1986, +II.49, p. 262). It is ingested in the body through breath. Thus, in +the practice of pranayama (breathing exercises), it is the prana +that is manipulated, and the breath is merely its vehicle. In the +body, prana flows through subtle channels called nadis and is +concentrated in energy or psychic centers called chakras. The mind +sheath is the open ground for thoughts. It is the seat of impulses, +emotions, desires, and likes and dislikes. It does not have the +discriminatory power to evaluate the consequences of pushing a +thought into action. People in whom the mind sheath dominates +tend to be impulsive and unable to regulate their emotions. The +intellect sheath is governed by the power of discrimination. People +in whom the intellect is strong are characterized by thoughtfulness. +Their emotions and behavior are more controlled. The bliss sheath +is the innermost. It is called bliss because in this sheath, there is +awareness of neither the external world nor the internal world. +Thus, there is no mental activity to disturb the peace. All joy +experienced is sourced from this sheath. Here again, yoga provides +an insight into the problem of the disturbed mind. When the mind +dominates, unregulated emotions, impulsive behavior, and likes +and dislikes govern actions. With the practice of yoga, the locus can +shift to the discriminating intellect, resulting in thoughtful behavior. +Human personality is made of three energies +Human personality is composed of a combination of three +energies. Purity, passion, and inertia are the gunas says the +Bhagavad Gita (Chinmayananda, 1996, XIV.5, p. 952). +The energies are called sattva (controlled illuminative +energy), rajas (uncontrolled active energy), and tamas +(uncontrolled inert energy) (Kothandaraman, 2009, I.1, p. 36-39). +The mind is always in a dynamic equilibrium between these three +response patterns. Sattva is characterized by purity, serenity, +wisdom, bliss, moral courage, and other sublime qualities. The +characteristics of rajas are egoism, activity, restlessness, greed for +wealth, and power. Tamas is indicated by inertia, heedlessness, +perversion in thought, and action. When rajas and tamas are +dominant, mental distress, poor health, and dissipation of energy +result. When sattva dominates, one is calm, controlled, gentle, +sensitive to the good of others, vigorous, and blissful. The practice +of yoga has been shown to increase sattva and reduce rajas and +tamas (Patil & Nagendra, 2014). Once more, yoga points to the +cause of the problem and shows the solution. Predominance of +rajas and tamas may negatively impact psychological well-being, +while increased sattva promotes psychological well-being +(Patil, & Nagendra, 2014). +Figure 1: Five sheaths of human personality +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +51 +The five mental planes +The three energies of sattva, rajas, and tamas condition the mind. +Depending on which energy is dominant, the mind operates in +one of the five mental planes. Influenced by rajas the mind is in +an active disturbed mode. It is characterized by infatuation, rage, +attractions, and repulsions. At the other end, the mind influenced +by tamas is in a state of inactive dullness. The third plane occurs +when the mind influenced by rajas-tamas oscillates between +the first two planes. The active disturbed plane, the inactive +dull plane, and the oscillating plane are the ordinary states of +mind. When sattva prevails, the mind is calmed, leading to +one-pointed attention and control over emotions. The fifth plane +is the meditative state (Kothandaraman, 2009, I.1. p. 36-39). In its +articulation of the five states of mind, ancient knowledge provides +the progression from disturbed state of mind to calm state of mind. +The progression is achieved by transforming the three energies. +Balancing the left and right brain energies +The mode of perceiving, thinking, and behaving is in part +governed by two aspects. Patanjali refers to them as the sun and +the moon aspects (Kothandaraman, 2009, III.28-29, p. 163-165; +Vivekananda, 1986, III.27-28, p. 279). Hatha Yoga refers to it +as the ida and pingala. In Taoism, it is referred to as yin and +yang (Muktibodhananda, 2012, IV.17, p. 491-492). In common +parlance, the sun energy corresponds to the left brain and the +moon energy to the right brain. It is also referred to as male energy +and female energy. The sun energy is aggressive, active, logical, +analytical, and argumentative. The moon energy is passive, +receptive, synthetic, poetic, imaginative, and creative. In the +ordinary state of mind, one or the other energy dominates. The +practice of yoga enhances the relatively less active side to balance +the sun and moon energies. This results in using more faculties +of the brain in perception, thinking, and behavior. +Delving into the underlying yogic concepts helps understand +that psychological, cognitive, and behavioral issues are caused +by the intrinsic nature of the mind. Equally, the mind itself has +the capacity to control its disturbed nature. When the senses and +the undiscriminating mind are in charge, the results are scattered +attention, unregulated emotions, and impulsive behavior. When +the locus of control shifts to the discriminating intellect, the mind +is calmed and made one-pointed, emotions are controlled, and +behavior is made thoughtful. This can be achieved by calming the +mind and senses, transforming the three energies, and balancing +the left and right brain. We can see that the underlying mechanisms +explaining why yoga works are exhaustively discussed in the +ancient texts. This background knowledge will be helpful in +understanding how the practices of yoga are systematically +sequenced. +The practice of yoga +The ancient sage Patanjali conceived of the eight-limbed yoga +(ashtanga yoga) comprising yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, +pratyahara, dharana, dhyana, and samadhi (Kothandaraman, +2009, II.29,30,32,46,49,54, III.1-4, p. 113-144; Vivekananda, +1986, II.29,30,32,46,49,54, III.1-4, p. 260-271). The idea is to +gain a modicum of proficiency in each stage before moving to +the next. However, more mastery is gained by the interaction +between the limbs. For instance, the practice of pranayama +(breathing exercises) may improve proficiency in asana +(physical postures) or the other way around. The first two limbs +are yama and niyama or restraints and observances. The restraints +are nonviolence, truthfulness, nonstealing, continence, and +nonpossessiveness. The observances are cleanliness of mind, +body and surroundings, contentment, penance, self-study, and +desireless work. These are the preparatory steps of yoga aimed at +purification of the mind to prepare it for contemplative practice. +It is emphasized that the restraints and observances are not to +be achieved through forced denial. In fact, forced denial is seen +as counterproductive since it brings the mind into conflict with +desires, leading to a disturbed state of mind and even neurosis in +extreme cases. The principle idea behind yama and niyama is to +practice moderation in lifestyle and slowly develop an attitude of +contentment, detachment, and self-discipline. This ensures that +the practice of yoga is begun with a modicum of mental strength. +The third limb is asana or physical postures. The ordinary state +of the body is to oscillate between restlessness and lethargy. +Asanas are designed to make the body stable, steady, flexible, +and healthy. The postures unblock nadis or energy channels and +facilitate unhindered flow of prana. Certain postures form circuits +to retain prana in the body. The exercises tone the musculoskeletal, +neuromuscular, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and endocrine +systems. By contraction and expansion, the functioning of the +internal organs is enhanced (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.46,47, p. +129-131; Vivekananda, 1986, II.46,47, p. 268; Niranjanananda, +2012, II.3-45, p. 168-255; Muktibodhananda, 2012, I.17,19-54, +p. 67-131; Gharota, Devnath, & Jha, 2009, III.5, p. 97). +Having unblocked energy channels and made the body stable, the +fourth limb of pranayama or breathing exercises is undertaken. +It is the practice of breath control involving inspiration and +expiration of air and holding the breath in standstill mode. By +its practice, the mind is calmed, and attentiveness enhanced. +Pranayama activates the energy channels, increases pranic energy, +and directs the flow of prana to the entire body. The breath between +the left and right nostrils is harmonized, in turn balancing the left +and right brain energies. The flow of prana is directed toward +upper psychic centers. The lower psychic centers are said to +represent the ego, instincts, greed, and ambition. The upper centers +are said to represent love, compassion, acceptance, sensitivity, +subtle perception, and spirituality. Here, we have a clue on how +yoga works on character and personality. The practice exercises +internal organs and purifies the blood through oxygenation +(Kothandaraman, 2009, II.49-53, p. 131-136; Vivekananda, 1986, +II.49-53, p. 267-268; Niranjanananda, 2012, V.47-98, p.412-452; +Muktibodhananda, 2012, II.7-77, p.166-272; Gharota et al., 2009, +p. XXIX; Vasu, 2012, III.26-31, p. 51-53). +With a steady body, increased pranic energy, and calmed +mind, bringing the senses under control is the fifth limb called +pratyahara. It is the process of controlling the mind through the +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education +52 +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +medium of the senses. The purpose is to develop a level of control +over the senses such that the movement of attention from the +outside to the inside and back becomes seamless. The practices +of asana and pranayama themselves lead to pratyahara naturally. +Pratyahara can also be cultivated by the practice of relaxation +techniques. The logic behind pratyahara is that the senses imitate +the nature of the mind. If the mind is restless, the senses too are +active. If the mind is calm, the senses are also calm. The seamless +movement of consciousness from without to within prepares the +practitioner for contemplative practices (Kothandaraman, 2009, +II.54-55, p. 137-138; Vivekananda, 1986, II.54-55, p. 268-269; +Niranjanananda, 2012, IV.1-7, p. 371-380). +The last three limbs are the three stages of meditation +called dharana (one-pointed attention with effort), +dhyana (effortless one-pointed attention), and samadhi +(spiritual absorption). Dharana trains the mind to concentrate +on one attentional anchor. All other objects and thoughts are +disregarded, and the mind is consciously refocused on the single +attentional anchor. Technically, in cognition, there is a play of +three elements, one is the cognizing agent or subject represented +by the indwelling consciousness, the second is the instrument +of cognition that is the mind, and the third is the object of +attention. In dharana, the focus is on the object of attention. +Dharana can ripen into the next stage that is dhyana or effortless +one-pointed attention. Here, the focus is on the uninterrupted +flow of consciousness toward the object. The focus is on the flow +of consciousness. The final state of meditation is samadhi. In +this, the object and the mind are dropped, and all that remains is +absorption in pure consciousness, the bed of the lake referred to +earlier (Kothandaraman, 2009, III.1-11, p. 140-147; Vivekananda, +1986, III.1-11, p. 270-273). In contemplative practice, attention is +trained to become one-pointed. The earlier limbs that steady the +body, energize it with prana, calm the mind, and control the senses +make the practice of one-pointed attention possible. +Having understood the underlying principles of yoga and the logic +of its practice, in the next section, the benefit claims made by +ancient texts and evidence from modern research are juxtaposed +to get a clear understanding of the effects of yoga. +JUXTAPOSING BENEFITS CLAIMED IN +ANCIENT TEXTS WITH EVIDENCE FROM +MODERN RESEARCH +Physiological domain +According to ancient texts, the practice of yoga unblocks energy +channels allowing for the free flow of prana and increase in +pranic energy in the body. Asana and pranayama practices tone, +the body, exercise internal organs, and oxygenate the lungs and +blood. As a result, ancient texts claim that the normally restless +or lethargic body is steadied, made flexible, fit, and strong. +Musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, cardiovascular, pulmonary, +endocrinal, and digestive health are improved. Better metabolism +removes dullness and invigorates the body. +Modern research has, over the years, provided evidence on +the effects of yoga on physiological health of the pediatric +population. Galantino, Galbavy, & Quinn (2008) analyzed +24 studies on physiological health benefits of yoga on children +and adolescents. They found that yoga had a positive impact +on reaction time, motor speed, musculoskeletal strength, and +cardiopulmonary measures. Later studies have reinforced their +findings. A randomized controlled Indian study conducted on +schoolchildren found that integrated yoga practice improved limb +movement speed, balance, trunk strength, and body mass index +(Telles et al., 2013). A study by Purohit, Pradhan, & Nagendra +(2016) showed improvement in balance, reaction time, flexibility, +strength, and agility. Another randomized controlled Indian +study with adolescents found that cardiovascular endurance +and lung capacity improved with integrated yoga practice +(Shivakumar, Suthakar, & Urs, 2016). Kumar (2011) found that +the practice of Surya Namaskar (sun salutation) improved blood +pressure, peak expiratory flow rate, forced vital capacity, and heart +and respiratory rates in schoolchildren. Two American studies, one +by Khalsa et al. (2012) and another by Felver et al. (2015), showed +that yoga resulted in a significant reduction of fatigue and inertia. +The conclusion is that modern research has provided evidence to +support many of the claims made in traditional texts. Flexibility +and balance are improved. Fitness and strength are increased. +Musculoskeletal health and neuromotor performance measured +by strength, agility, motor speed, and reaction time are positively +impacted. Cardiovascular and pulmonary health measured by heart +endurance, lung capacity, heart, and respiratory rate showed an +improvement with yoga. The reduction in fatigue and inertia, as +well as heart and respiratory rates, points to improved metabolism +and body invigoration. While there is little research on the effect +of yoga on digestive health, diabetes, and endocrinal health in the +pediatric population, there is evidence of improvements in all three +areas in the adult population (Kavuri, Raghuram, Malamud, & +Selvan, 2015; Nagarathna et al., 2019; Singh, Tekur, Nagaratna, & +Nagendra, 2018; Anu, & Nathan, 2012; Mahowald, 2019; Singh, +Singh, Dave, & Udainiya, 2011). +Cognitive domain +According to ancient texts, the practice of yoga increases pranic +energy, channels the energy to the brain, balances the left and +right brain, and calms the mind. Contemplative practices lead +to one-pointed attention. The benefits claimed in the cognitive +domain include removal of mental dullness, improved attention, +and balancing of the left and right brain, all resulting in improved +cognitive performance. +Modern research demonstrating the benefits of yoga on cognitive +performance of children and adolescents has grown substantially +in the last three decades. Zenner, Herrnleben-Kurz, & Walach +(2014) analyzed 24 studies and concluded that mindfulness-based +interventions enhanced cognitive performance. Serwacki & +Cook-Cottone (2012) reviewed 12 studies of yoga in schools. The +review concluded that yoga interventions had positive effects on +cognitive efficiency and attentional control. Many Indian studies +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +53 +with children and adolescents found a correlation between yoga +practice and cognitive performance. A study by Chaya, Nagendra, +Selvam, Kurpad, & Srinivasan (2012) found that yoga impacted +attention and concentration, spatial and verbal memory, and +abstract thinking. A study by Manjunath & Telles (2004) too +found that spatial memory improved with yoga. Sethi, Nagendra, +& Ganpat (2013) reported that yoga improved attention. A study +by Verma, Shete, & Singh Thakur (2014) concluded that yoga +enhanced mental ability and memory. Studies in India and the USA +have found that yoga had a positive impact on executive function +(Telles, Singh, Bhardwaj, Kumar, & Balkrishna, 2013; Purohit, & +Pradhan, 2017; Flook et al., 2010). A longitudinal study in a school +setting by So & Orme-Johnson (2001) found that transcendental +meditation positively impacted fluid and practical intelligence, +speed of information processing, and creative thinking. +The claims of removal of mental dullness, stimulation of the brain, +balancing of left and right brain, and attention enhancement are +supported by evidence from modern research. There is evidence +of improved mental ability, speed of information processing, and +improved executive function. These result in better cognitive +performance. The balancing of left and right brain can be inferred +from evidence of improved spatial and verbal memories, abstract +and creative thinking, fluid and practical intelligence. Attention +and concentration are shown to improve. +Emotional domain +The calming of the mind also brings the emotions under control. +According to ancient texts, the results of a calm mind are reduced +anger, stress, anxiety, and a greater self-control over impulses +and emotions. +This area too has been extensively researched. Two randomized +controlled American studies amongst adolescents linked the +practice of yoga with anger control (Khalsa et al., 2012; Felver +et al., 2015). Noggle, Steiner, Minami, & Khalsa (2012) found +that integrated yoga practice reduced mood disturbance. The +components of this variable are anxiety, depression, dejection, +hostility, confusion, and bewilderment. The study also found a +reduction in negative feelings. An Indian study linked anxiety +reduction with the practice of pranayama (Gusain, & Dauneria, +2016). An American study among schoolchildren by White (2012) +linked mindfulness training with stress reduction, self-esteem, and +self-regulation. Mindfulness improved as a result of yoga practice. +Other studies have linked yoga with improved self-regulation +and self-efficacy (Razza, Bergen-Cico, & Raymond, 2015; +Bergen-Cico, Razza, & Timmins, 2015; Das, Deepeshwar, +Subramanya, & Manjunath, 2016). +Ancient texts claim that yoga calms the mind resulting in reduction +of anger, stress and anxiety. Modern research supports these +claims by demonstrating that anger, anxiety, stress, tension and +negative feelings indeed reduce with the practice of yoga. From +the evidence of improvement in self-esteem, self-regulation, +and self-efficacy, it can be inferred that control over emotions as +claimed by ancient texts is achieved. +Personality domain +Personality transformation being a consequence of yoga +practice is indicated in traditional texts. It is claimed that rajas +(uncontrolled active energy) and tamas (uncontrolled inert energy) +are reduced, while sattva (controlled illuminative energy) is +enhanced. This results in imbuing the personality with sattvic +qualities such as tranquility, enthusiasm, cheerfulness, bliss, +willpower, courage and enthusiasm. When sattva dominates, one is +calm, controlled, gentle, sensitive to the good of others, vigorous, +and blissful (Deshpande, Nagendra, & Raghuram, 2008). A scale +measuring the proportion of the three energies has been developed +(Suchitra, & Nagendra, 2013). A randomized controlled study +involving school children in India used this scale and found that +integrated yoga practice increased sattva while reducing rajas +and tamas (Patil, & Nagendra, 2014). Hence, evidence of an +increase in sattva would indicate that directionally, the claims of +traditional texts of yoga are supported. The study by Felver et al., +(2015) shows reduction in negative affects such as miserable, mad, +afraid, scared, and sad and improvement in positive affects such as +cheerful, lively, happy, joyful, and proud. Prosocial psychosocial +attributes measured by classroom engagement, social skills, +positive affects, and optimism improved. The study by Noggle +et al. (2012) showed reduction in negative feelings. A study by +Sarkissian, Trent, Huchting, & Khalsa (2018) demonstrated an +increase in positive affects such as excitement, cheerfulness, +pride, and calm and a significant increase in resilience. The +study by Zenner, Herrnleben-Kurz, & Walach (2014) also +showed improvement in resilience. The component attributes of +resilience are sense of purpose, perseverance, self-reliance, and +equanimity. From these studies, it can be inferred that the claims +made in ancient texts about personality transformation such as +tranquility, enthusiasm, cheerfulness, bliss, willpower, courage, +and enthusiasm are directionally corroborated by evidence from +modern research. +The practice of yoga is shown to have significant benefits for +children and adolescents. There is evidence of improvements in +physical fitness, cognitive performance; emotional control, and +personality transformation. Having understood the underlying +principles, practice, and benefit outcomes of yoga in the pediatric +population, in the next section, the theoretical model of yoga in +education is developed. +THEORETICAL MODEL OF YOGA IN +EDUCATION +The theoretical model is based on the eight limbs of yoga as +mentioned in ancient texts (Kothandaraman, 2009, II.46,47, +p. 129-131; Vivekananda, 1986, II.46,47). The benefits of +school-based yoga as supported by existing research have been +incorporated in the model. The underlying principles that make +yoga work, sequence of practices, and their interconnectedness +are based on ancient knowledge. There are three reasons for +combining ancient and modern knowledge. Modern knowledge +is outcome based. Depending solely on this, the underlying +principles will have to be hypothesized. On the other hand, ancient +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education +54 +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +knowledge provides the principles, process, and explanation of +why yoga works. Second, the rational sequencing of practices +is a useful input in constructing the model. Third, the inclusion +of ancient knowledge helps avoid the tendency to erroneously +separate contemplative practices from yoga. The theoretical model +is presented in Figure 2. +Overall framework +Yoga with its physical, breathing, and contemplative practices +works on the body and mind. The body includes the physical +and vital energy bodies. There is a connection between the +physical body, vital energy body, and mind. If the body is restless, +breathing becomes irregular and the mind is disturbed. On the +other hand, if the body is steadied, the breath becomes regular and +mind is calm. Similarly, the state of breathing or of the mind has a +complimentary effect on the other two (Muktibodhananda, 2012). +The principle behind the eight-limbed yoga is to stabilize the +body, then the vital energy, senses, and mind in that order. +However, the relationship is not so watertight. There is interaction +between body, breath, and mind and each benefit by improvement +in the other. Hence, the model takes into account this interaction. +Second, calming of the mind impacts both cognitive performance +and emotional control. In the model, personality is considered a +separate bucket since yoga may help to transform it by infusing +qualities such as gentleness, cheerfulness, and tranquility +(Deshpande, Nagendra, & Raghuram, 2008). +Figure 2: Theoretical model of yoga in education +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +55 +Creating an enabling environment +Yogic vision of education revolves around self-transformation +(Satyananda, 1990). This may require an enabling environment. +To frame the components of such an environment, the model +draws inspiration from the first two limbs of yoga, namely +yama and niyama, or restraints and observances. We are +conscious that following yama and niyama in their entirety, +while possible in a gurukula like system, may not be possible +in the nonresidential modern schooling system. Values such +as cleanliness, truthfulness, nonstealing, and some degree of +nonviolence are taught universally in almost all schooling +systems. However, vegetarianism, ascetic lifestyle, surrender to +God, continence, and not receiving gifts may encounter cultural +resistance in some quarters of the modern schooling systems. It +may also be difficult to implement in nonresidential schooling +environments. However, we are inspired by the first two limbs +of yoga in framing the components of an enabling environment +in our model. This has three hypothesized pillars. (i) The +first pillar is voluntary moderation in lifestyle. The objective +of moderation is to strengthen the mental make-up through +self-restraint. It is important to underscore that self-restraint is +not self-denial. The latter would be counterproductive to the goal +of strengthening the mental make-up. Moderation in diet, sleep, +work, play, entertainment, and exposure to media is suggested. +The moderation in lifestyle may be strengthened through +periodic expert talks on principles, values, and advantages of +moderation. To be acceptable, the content of such talks must be +sensitive to local cultures. (ii) The second pillar is a transformed +student–teacher relationship. This is a key strategy to inculcate +good character traits. Teachers playing the role of caregivers, +role models, and mentors inspire the student to acquire good +character traits (Pala, 2011). In return, the students learn to relate +to their teachers with deep respect (Rather, 2015). (iii) The third +pillar is support from parents. Parents have to buy into the equal +weightage given to academic knowledge and character building +and be inspired by the values that the school espouses. +The practice of yoga +The practice includes the next four limbs of yoga, namely asana +(physical postures), pranayama (breathing exercises), pratyahara +(control of senses), and dharana (one-pointed attention). Every +traditional school of yoga includes meditation. In fact, it is the +core of yoga. The separation of mindfulness/meditation and yoga, +in some quarters, goes against this very core. Asana steadies +the body, while pranayama increases pranic energy. These two +practices calm the mind, and in turn, the senses imitating the state +of mind are calmed. This is the state of pratyahara. Relaxation +techniques further promote pratyahara. Dharana trains the mind +to develop one-pointed attention. +Benefits of yoga +Yoga has effects on the physical body, vital energy body, and the +mind in interconnected ways. In the physiological domain fitness, +strength, flexibility, balance, vigor, and good health develop. The +calming of the mind has an effect on both cognitive performance +and emotional control. In the cognitive domain, attention +and concentration improve, speed of information processing +increases, spatial and verbal memory are enhanced, and aspects +of intelligence improve. In the emotional domain, negative +aspects of mood and feelings are attenuated, and positive aspects +enhanced. Anger, tension, and stress are controlled. The impact +on personality is rooted in the increase in sattva. This makes +the personality gentle, cheerful, joyous, and resilient. Prosocial +behavior improves. +Impact of yoga in education +Hyde (2012) had emphasized the need to develop the whole +child. Lickona (1996) had linked character development to the +task of building a moral society. The CASEL had advocated +comprehensive SEL training in schools (Butzer et al., 2016). +Integrating yoga with education may have effects on many of +these areas. Yoga has a positive effect on cognitive performance +and thus helps children become intellectually active. Yoga helps in +improving physical health of children. Emotional control results in +improved psychosocial behavior. Personality is impacted to instill +qualities such as caring, sensitivity toward others, and confidence +as evidenced from improved self-esteem. This indicates that +yoga can aid in the development of the whole child and character +building. It may be a useful addition to SEL programs too. It can be +hypothesized that a critical mass of such individuals can over time +bring about societal change as suggested by character educationists +(Lickona, 1996; Pigozzi, 2006; White, 2012) and Indian thinkers +such as Krishnamurti (1998) and Vivekananda (2006; 2011). +Hence, yoga may be a good addition to the school curriculum. Its +benefits underscore the point that academic learning and character +building are not two separate spheres but mutually supportive. +TRANSLATING THE THEORY INTO PRACTICE +The incorporation of yoga in education will require a systematic +and collaborative approach. Educationists, yoga experts, yoga +researchers, and parents will need to support yoga and work out +the modalities of its inclusion. The five main pieces that need +to coalesce for successful implementation are feasibility, yoga +module development, role of yoga instructors and school teachers, +yoga research, and support of parents. +Feasibility +The incorporation of yoga will be successful only if it is feasible +both in terms of scheduling and visible benefits. Yoga experts may +be required to design interventions that fit into the time resource +educationists deem possible for yoga. Educationists may need to +evaluate the activity-heavy school schedule and make tradeoffs +to accommodate yoga. Researchers will need to provide evidence +that the yoga program is delivering the desired benefits. +Yoga module development +Validated yoga modules are critical for the success of yoga in +education program. Yoga experts will need to decide how many +age groups to break up the school cohort into. Age group-specific +modules will need to be developed. Increasing the difficulty level +overtime needs to be factored in. Going by ancient knowledge, +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] +Sinha and Kumari: A theoretical model of yoga in education +56 +Yoga Mīmāṃsā | Volume 53 | Issue 1 | January-June 2021 +the initial practice could be asana heavy followed by addition of +pranayama and dharana. Yoga experts will need to consider the +right age for children to begin practicing yoga. The renowned +yoga guru Swami Satyananda (1990) has suggested children aged +2–7 should be introduced to yoga through play. At age eight, light +practice of yoga may begin. +Role of yoga instructors and school teachers +It is hypothesized that if yoga practice is part of the daily schedule, +then school teachers may be required to lead most yoga sessions. +Defining the role of yoga instructors and school teachers is thus +critical for successful implementation. There is a case made out +by Swami Yogabhakti (Satyananda, 1990) for teachers to practice +yoga along with children. According to her, the task of teaching is +tiring and entails a loss of vitality. The practice of yoga can restore +lost vitality. Children have differing natures and attention types. +By practicing yoga with children, the teacher may understand +their nature and attention type better. +Researching the Yoga-in-Education program +Full-scale incorporation of yoga in education provides a +good opportunity for researchers to design methodologically +sound research protocols that can better ascertain whether the +yoga programs are indeed delivering the desired effects. This +information will help to both improve the programs and provide +evidence of benefits to encourage its continuation. +Support of parents +Keeping parents informed and educated on yoga intervention +is another critical piece in the implementation of the program. +Parents need to be educated on the program and their concerns +addressed. They could be encouraged to witness and even +participate in the practice. +CONCLUSION +Schools can potentially play a big role is reversing the growing +trend of CAMH problems. Given that most mental health issues +can be traced to childhood and adolescent onset, intervention +in school years can have positive health implications going +into adulthood. Yoga with its effect in the psychosocial domain +can equip the child in dealing with stressors to remain mentally +healthy. The effect of yoga on emotional control and personality +characteristics makes it a suitable aid in imparting character +education. The enhancement of cognitive efficacy could satisfy +thinkers who suggest that education should lay more weightage +on developing the power of concentration than dissemination +of knowledge. An intellectually active, physically and mentally +healthy, prosocial child equipped with good character traits can +potentially help in changing society positively. +The present paper is unique because of its seamless synthesis of +ancient knowledge and modern research on yoga. Literature on +ancient knowledge is mercifully abundant and modern research +on school-based yoga has grown in the last three decades. The +gurukula system too has been extensively studied. The unique +features of the present paper are: (i) The juxtaposition of ancient +knowledge and modern research to build a theoretical model +of yoga in education for the modern schooling system has not +been attempted in such detail earlier. The underlying principles, +sequence of practices, and their interconnectedness are derived +from ancient texts. The benefit outcomes are derived from +modern research. This lends a depth and conviction to the model. +(ii) This approach makes the need to hypothesize the underlying +mechanisms from the benefit outcomes redundant, since ancient +knowledge provides the explanation in great depth. (iii) The +emphasis in the model on creating an enabling environment for +yoga along with concrete steps for its creation is unique. +The limitation of this paper is that the current research on yoga +is based mostly on short periods of intervention. Further, the +methodological rigor is of varying quality. If school-based +yoga is implemented on a large scale, researchers will have +the opportunity for longitudinal studies and studies with firmer +methodologies. This will greatly add to evidence-based knowledge +on school-based yoga. +Implementation will require a coordinated and systematic effort by +all stakeholders, namely educators, yoga experts, yoga researchers, +and parents. There is research evidence of benefits of yoga across +physical, cognitive, emotional, and personality domains. It may aid in +the development of the whole child, character building, SEL training, +and developing the power of concentration. There is thus a compelling +case for its inclusion in the school curricula on a large scale. +Financial support and sponsorship +Nil. +Conflicts of interest +There are no conflicts of interest. +REFERENCES +Anu, S., & Nathan, S. (2012). Doppler monitoring of thyroid blood flow +before and after yogasanas. National Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, +3(1), 21-26. +Bergen-Cico, D., Razza, R., & Timmins, A. (2015). Fostering self-regulation +through curriculum infusion of mindful yoga: A pilot study of efficacy +and feasibility. 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Mindfulness-based +interventions in schools – A systematic review and meta-analysis. +Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 603. +[Downloaded free from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Monday, June 6, 2022, IP: 136.232.192.146] diff --git a/subfolder_0/Is job anxiety and perceived stress modifiable in Indian IT professionals_unlocked conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Is job anxiety and perceived stress modifiable in Indian IT professionals_unlocked conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0180b6dbd2e22a6e4248aeefa68a412e22a0df3 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Is job anxiety and perceived stress modifiable in Indian IT professionals_unlocked conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,338 @@ +[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + + + + +Original Article + +Is job anxiety and perceived stress modifiable in Indian IT professionals? An experimental study using yoga‑based intervention + +Pammi Sesha Srinivas, Sony Kumari, Katte Bharathiramnachar Akhilesh, Hongsandra Ramarao Nagendra +Department of Yoga and Management Studies, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India + + +ABSTRACT + +Background: Indian information technology (IT) professionals are continuously subjected to project assignment changes as well as uncertainties in existing project continuations as cancelling of projects is not uncommon. There are periods in the work life of an Indian IT professional when he/she has to cope with no project situation, before being assigned to another project. IT professionals also need to continuously upgrade their IT-relevant skills in order to deliver projects to customers with less capital. All this adds up to job anxiety and perceived stress among IT professionals. With prolonged states of job anxiety and perceived stress, these professionals may become victims of diseases driven by anxiety and stress. There is a popular perception that Yoga, an Indian ancient science, can give control over modifications of mind and hence can help reduce anxiety and stress. Objective: To study the effect of cyclic meditation ( a yoga based practice) on job Anxiety and perceived stress of Indian IT Professionals. Materials and Methods: A control study was carried out on 96 Indian age ranged from 24 to 50 IT Professionals working in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Pre-post design was chosen and questionnaire method of collecting data was adopted. Results: The results indicates that after a period of 8 week intervention, there is a reduction of 19.51% in job anxiety and a reduction of 34.77% in perceived stress among Indian IT Professionals. Conclusion: This study indicates that Yoga based practices help to greatly reduce Job Anxiety and Perceived stress among Indian IT professionals. This study also highlights the need to explore the role of Yoga based practices on Indian IT professionals work life in greater detail. +Keywords: Anxiety, IT professionals and yoga, perceived stress + + + +BACKGROUND + +Over the past few decades, the information technology(IT) industry in India has been a story of huge success. As per the National Association of Software and Services Companies (NASSCOM) 2013 report on the IT‑enabled industry, revenues grew from USD 100 million in the financial year 1992 to USD 108 billion + +Address for correspondence: Dr. Sony Kumari, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana +University, #19, ‘Eknath Bhavan’, Gavipuram Circle, Kempe Gowda Nagar, Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, Karnataka, India. E‑mail: sonykarmanidhi@gmail.com + +Access this article online + + +in the financial year 2013. It is also estimated that revenues of the IT industry are bound to increase in the years to come and thereby provide more employment opportunities to the Indian workforce. While it is time to celebrate and feel proud of this huge success, one cannot forget the all‑round effect of the IT industry on the worklives and personal lives of Indian IT professionals.ITprofessionalsare alwaysunder constantpressure to deliver services efficiently, along with being cost‑efficient. Indian IT professionals also need to continuously align to the country time zones of customers, which affects their sleep schedules. The current working conditions are prone to generate + + +This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. + +Quick Response Code: +Website: For reprints contact: reprints@medknow.com www.jhrr.org + + +DOI: +10.4103/2394-2010.168370 + +How to cite this article:Srinivas PS,Kumari S,Akhilesh KB,Nagendra HR. Is job anxiety and perceived stress modifiable in Indian IT professionals? An experimental study using yoga-based intervention. J Health Res Rev 2015;2:81-5. + + + +© 2015 Journal of Health Research and Reviews | Published by Wolters Kluwer ‑ Medknow 81 +[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + + +Srinivas, et al.: Impact of Yoga on IT professionals + + +a lot of job anxiety for most India‑based IT professionals as all project contracts are generally of a short‑term duration. In a cross‑sectional study conducted on 1,071 professionals from IT services and IT‑enabled services working in Bangalore, Karnataka, India (IT capital of India), alarming facts were found: 31% of the professionals were found to be hypertensive with approximately 5% having malignant levels of hypertension.[1] Health issues such as asthma, back pain, and peptic ulcer are also not uncommon among IT professionals. Issues such as anxiety and depression can be attributed to mental ill‑health. Yoga is an ancient science that aims to empower one with sound physical/mental health and thereby provides mastery over modifications of the mind. In this current study, an attempt was made to evaluate the effect of a yoga‑based practice on the job anxiety and PS levels of IT professionals by using scientific experimental methods. + +Literature survey +The IT field has highly fluid and rapidly evolving workforce requirements. + +Major events such as mergers, downsizing, new technologies, and industry changes may be sources of job insecurity and perceived threat.[2,3] When PS levels exceed the coping abilities and resources available to an individual, the results are detrimental to the organization and the worker.[4] The negative effect of perceived stress (PS) on various work‑related outcomes has been widely documented.[5] Examples of negative outcomes include increased absenteeism,[6] high turnover,[7] emotional exhaustion,[8] deteriorating personal health,[9] reduced organizational commitment,[10] and lower job performance.[11] There are many consequences of job insecurity including fear, job anxiety, and potential loss of the job.[12] Job anxiety can be understood as fear and apprehensive mental state of the employee regarding various job components in relation to his/her frame of reference or his/her psychological makeup.[13] It was also noticed that job anxiety could lead to work‑related phobia, which is a feeling ofpanicwhenapproaching work or thinking aboutwork.[14] A study conducted on employees from different professional settings of Germany revealed that job anxiety was different from trait anxiety and that job anxiety could lead to work avoidance and sicknessabsence.[15] A quantitative study conductedon automotive workers in Malaysia revealed that depression, anxiety, and stress due to work conditions have a mediating role on perceived the quality of life.[16] Being in a continuous state of anxiety and perceived stress gives rise to health issues for IT professionals, with depression being the major health concern. In a study conducted on computer‑related health problems among software professionals in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, it was concluded that ocular discomfort, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychosocial problems form the key category of health problems.[17] + +In a study conducted on professional stress, depression, and alcoholuse among Indian software professionals,itwas observed that the software employees were professionally stressed due to job conditions and were at 10 times higher risk for developing depression; there has also been a significant increase in the incidence of psychiatric disorders.[18] + +Yoga is an ancient science originating in India, which has components of physical activity, instructed relaxation, and + +interoception.[19] Yoga includes diversepractices such as physical postures (asanas), regulated breathing (pranayama), meditation, and lectures on the philosophical aspects of yoga.[20] In an experimental study conducted on personnel from a community in South Australia, it was observed that yoga was more effective than relaxation in improving mental health and thereby reducing stress and anxiety.[21] The solution for attaining a mentally balanced state is dealt with in the ancient Indian text, Mandukya Upanishad.[22] In a study conducted on the university staff from a British university, it was observed that yoga was effective in enhancing the emotional well‑being and resilience to stress in the workplace.[23] + +Details about cyclic meditation +Based on ancient understanding, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S‑VYASA) University (a world class yoga university) in Bangalore, Karnataka, India has developed a meditation technique called CM. CM is an “asana and meditation mix,” which combines the practice of yoga postures interspersed with relaxation techniques.[24] Yoga body postures (asana) such as the padahastasana, ardha chakrasana, ardhakati chakrasana, shashankasana, and ustrasana are used for stretching whereas shavasana is used for relaxing. This provides stimulation followed by relaxation at the muscular level as well as psyche level. It is a 35‑min practice. + +Research study details Hypothesis +Three hypotheses ( as shown in, Figure 1: Research model) were studied as part of this experimental study. They were: Regular CM practice reduces job anxiety for Indian IT professionals(H1), regular CM practice reduces the PS for Indian IT professionals(H2), and job anxiety has a positive relation with PS for Indian IT professionals(H3). + +MATERIALS AND METHODS + +The sample size chosen for this quantitative study consisted of96 IT professionals. All the IT professionals were selected from the Bangalore, Katnataka, India office of a multinational IT company, which has a presence in India, Germany, Singapore, Austria, the UK, and USA. Employees’ position within the organization ranged from junior engineers to senior technical leads and people managers. All the participants came voluntarily to participate in the study. The study was conducted over a period of 2months. The total sample size was divided into two groups, namely, the yoga group and the control group using simple random methods. The yoga group had both men and women employees with an average age of 31.04 years and standard deviation (SD) of 4.57 years. The control group had both men and women employees with an average age of 32.02years with SD of 4.582years. A daily35‑min CM was administered as an intervention for the yoga group. The control group was administered a walking physical exercise of 35‑min duration daily. + +Inclusion criteria +Both men and women employees with normal health as declared by the subjects themselves were included in the study. Subjects who volunteered for the study did not have any previous experience of participating in any yoga program, as declared by them. + + + +82 Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3 +[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + + +Srinivas, et al.: Impact of Yoga on IT professionals + + +Assessment tools +Job anxiety scale (JAS) as developed by A.K. Srivastava (1977) was used for assessing the job anxiety in IT professionals. Job anxiety constitutes of concerns in the components, namely‑ security, recognition, human relations at work, reward and punishment, self‑esteem, future prospects, and capacity to work as per JAS scale. The questions in JAS scale have binary options such as “yes” or “no.” PS was measured through the perceived stress scale (PSS) questionnaire developed by Sheldon Cohen. PSS questionnaire was designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. The questions in PSS scale have five options for each question in order to take a snapshot of the existing mindset of the participants. Prior approvals from the authors/ publishers of these scales were obtained for the purpose of this study. + + +Job anxiety of IT professionals + +H1 + +Cyclic meditation (regular practice) +H3 + +Data extraction +The JAS and PS questionnaires were administered to all members participating in the study from both the control group and yoga group. This was a pre‑post study. Participants from both the groups filled up the questionnaires voluntarily before the beginning of the study period and at the end of study period. Scores obtained by the questionnaires were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 developed by IBM. + +RESULTS AND DISCUSSION + +Table 1 below shows the mean and SD values of various components of JAS in the yoga group. + +AsshowninTable1,the meanvalue ofthe jobsecurity concerns component decreased from 7.71 to 6.04 (21.61% decrease) between prestudy and poststudy. Similarly, the mean value for the self‑esteem concerns component decreased from 7.52 to 5.7(24.20% decrease), the mean value for the human relations at work concernsdecreasedfrom 10.27to7.77(24.34%decrease). The mean value for overall job anxiety decreased from 58.85 to 47.37 (19.51%) decrease. + +Table 2 shows the mean and SD values of various components of JAS in the control group. + + + +H2 + + + +Figure 1: Research model + + +Perceived stress of IT professionals + +AsshowninTable2,the meanvalue ofthe jobsecurity concerns component decreased from 7.79 to 7.31% (6.18% decrease) between prestudy and poststudy. Similarly, the mean value of the self‑esteem concerns component decreased from 7.39 to 7.10 (4% decrease), the mean value of the human relations at + + +1Table 1: Yoga group (job anxiety) + +Job anxiety +(concerning components) + +Prestudy +Mean SD† + +Poststudy +Mean SD + +(%) Change P in mean + + + +Job security Self‑esteem Recognition +Human relations at work Rewards and punishments Future prospects +Capacity to work Job anxiety (overall) + +7.71 1.27 7.52 1.32 7.73 1.26 10.27 1.56 10.58 1.44 7.56 1.21 7.46 1.25 58.85 3.798 + +6.04 1.129 21.61 0.000 5.70 1.57 24.11 0.000 6.21 1.15 19.68 0.000 7.77 1.52 24.34 0.000 8.87 1.52 16.13 0.000 6.35 1.02 15.98 0.000 6.42 1.48 13.96 0.000 47.37 2.77 19.51 0.000 + +1Wilcoxon signed‑rank test was used to calculate P (significance) value. It was observed that job anxiety reduction among IT professionals was very significant (P<0.001). †SD: Standard deviation + +2Table 2: Control group (job anxiety) + +Job anxiety +(concerning components) +Job security Self‑esteem Recognition +Human relations at work Rewards and punishments Future prospects +Capacity to work Job anxiety (overall) + +Prestudy +Mean SD† +7.79 1.23 7.39 1.25 7.81 1.12 10.81 1.46 10.79 1.67 7.47 1.32 7.85 1.28 59.94 3.41 + +Poststudy Mean SD +7.31 1.13 7.10 1.17 7.27 1.14 10.08 1.38 10.27 1.66 7.17 1.09 7.46 1.22 56.67 3.35 + +(%) Change P in mean +6.18 0.001 4 0.002 6.95 0.000 6.78 0.000 4.84 0.000 4.13 0.004 5.02 0.000 5.45 0.000 + +2Wilcoxon signed‑rank test was used to calculate P value. Reduction of mean job anxiety in the control group (5.45%) < reduction of mean job anxiety in the yoga group (19.51%). †SD: Standard deviation + + +Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3 83 +[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + + +Srinivas, et al.: Impact of Yoga on IT professionals + + +3Table 3: Job anxiety between the groups + +Job security Recognition +Human relations at work Rewards and punishment Self‑esteem +Future prospects Capacity to work Job anxiety + + +Prestudy +0.749 0.912 0.076 0.418 0.546 0.847 0.062 0.184 + + +Poststudy +0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 + +3Mann‑Whitney test was used to measure the significance of change (p) between the yoga group and the control group + +4Table 4: Yoga group (perceived stress) + + +Mean +Perceived stress 31.52 + +Prestudy +Standard deviation +3.288 + +Poststudy +Mean Standard deviation +20.56 2.843 + +(%) Change in mean +34.7715 + +P (within group) +0.000 + +4Wilcoxon signed‑rank test was used to calculate P value + +5Table 5: Control group + + +Mean +Perceived stress 32.15 + +Prestudy +Standard deviation +3.209 + +Poststudy +Mean Standard deviation +31.4 2.871 + +(%) Change in mean +2.3328 + +P (within group) +0.191 + +5The reduction of mean perceived stress in the control group (2.33%) < reduction of the mean perceived stress in the yoga group (34.77%) + + +6Table 6: Perceived stress between the groups +Prestudy Poststudy Perceived stress 0.171 0.000 +6The baseline between the yoga group and the control group was very significant as P reduced to <0.001 toward the end of the study + +work concernsdecreasedfrom 10.81to10.08(6.78%decrease). The mean value of overall job anxiety decreased from 59.94 to 56.67 (5.45% decrease). + +Table 3 indicates the significance of change in the job anxiety components between the yoga and Control group measured with Mann Whitney test. + +Table 4 indicates responses on the PS component of the yoga group at the beginning and at the end of study period. + +The yoga group showed a reduction of 34.77% in the mean value of PS. The improvement observed in reduction of PS is very significant as P < 0.01. Table 5 indicates responses on the PS component of the control group at the beginning and at the end of study period. + +The control group showed a reduction of 2.33% in the mean value of PS. The improvement observed in reduction of PS was not much significant as P > 0.05. + +As shown in Table 6, the significance of change in the perceived stress component between the yoga group and control group was measured with Mann‑Whitney test. + +CONCLUSION + +The results of this study indicate that regular CM Practice reduces job anxiety for Indian IT professionals. It also indicates that regular CM practice reduces the PS for Indian IT professionals. It was also observed that job anxiety had a positive correlation with PS for IT professionals. Based on the empirical study conducted, it could be observed that the yoga group has performed well in decreasing PS and job anxiety. After conducting the study, the authors came to the conclusion that yoga‑based practices could potentially reduce job anxiety and PS for IT professionals. Reduction in job anxiety and PS for IT professionals directly results in increased positive health and creativity at work. IT organizations can consider employing yoga‑based CM as part of health programs for their employees. + +Limitations +This study was conducted in only one IT organization; however, extending this study to multiple organizations and to more number of participants would have given more generalized results. The Indian IT sector has been witnessing an increasing number of female professionals every year, which is healthy for organizations as it brings diversity in the organizations’ thinking. In the current study, not much specific studies concerning female and male professionals could be done. A more specific study concerning female as well as male professionals could be carried out in future research studies. + +Financial support and sponsorship Nil. + + + + + +84 Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3 +[Downloaded free from http://www.jhrr.org on Wednesday, July 27, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] + + +Srinivas, et al.: Impact of Yoga on IT professionals + + +Conflicts of interest +There are no conflicts of interest. + +REFERENCES + +1. Babu GR, Mahapatra T, Detels R. Job stress and hypertension in younger software professionals in India. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2013;17:101‑7. +2. Brohner J. The effects of work layoffs on survivors: Research, theory and practice. In: Staw B, Cummings L, editors. Research in Organizational Behaviour. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; 1988. p. 68‑96. +3. RoskiesE, Louis‑GuerinC. Job insecurity in managers: Antecedents and consequences. J Organ Behav 1990;11:345‑59. +4. Sverke M, Hellgreen J. The nature of job insecurity: Understanding employment uncertainty on the brink of a new millennium. Appl Psychol 2002;51:23‑42. +5. Örtqvist D, Wincent J. Prominent consequences of role stress: A meta‑analytic review. Int J Stress Manag 2006;13:399‑422. +6. Brown D. Wellness programs bring healthy bottom line. Canadian HR Reporter 2001;14:22‑3. +7. Mann SE. Employee stress: An important cost in mergers. Bus Insur 1996;30:13‑9. +8. Posig M, Kickul J. Extending our understanding of burnout: Test of an integrated model in nonservice occupations. J Occup Health Psychol 2003;8:3‑19. +9. Keenan A, Newton TJ. Frustation in organizations: Relationships to role stress, climate, and psychological strain. JOccup Pyschol 1984;57:57‑65. +10. Johnston MW, Parasuraman A, Futrell CM, Black WC. A longitudinal assessment of the impact of selected organizational influences on salespeople’s organizational commitment during early employment. J Mark Res 1990;27:333‑44. +11. Boles JS, Babin BJ. On the front lines: Stress conflict, and the customer service provider. J Bus Res 1996;37:41‑50. + + +12. Ashford SJ, Lee C, Bobko P. Content, causes, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory‑based measure and substantive test. Acad Manage J 1989;32:803‑29. +13. Srivastava AK. Construction and standardization of a job anxiety scale. Indian J Ind Relat 1977;13:73‑84. +14. Belkic KL, Landsbergis PA, Schnall PL, Baker D. Is job strain a major source of cardiovascular disease risk? Scand J Work Environ Health 2004;30:85‑128. +15. Muschalla B, Heldmann M, Fay D. The significance of job‑anxiety in a working population. Occup Med (Lond) 2013;63:415‑21. +16. Rusli BN, Edimansyah BA, Naing L. Working conditions, self‑perceived stress, anxiety, depression and quality of life: A structural equation modelling approach. BMC Public Health 2008;8:48. +17. Shrivastava SR, Bobhate PS. Computer related health problems among software professionals in Mumbai: A cross‑sectional study. Int J Health Allied Sci 2012;16:1‑6. +18. Darshan MS, Raman R, Rao TS, Ram D, Annigeri B. A study on professional stress, depression and alcohol use among Indian IT software professionals. Indian J Psychiatry 2013;55:63‑9. +19. Nagendra HR. Yoga its’ Basis and Applications. Bangalore: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana; 2004. p. 48. +20. Nagendra HR, Nagarathna R. New perspectives in Stress Management. Bangalore, India: Swami Vivekananda Yoga Publications; 1997. p. 56‑ 78. +21. Smith C, Hancock H, Blake‑Mortimer J, Eckert K. A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complement Ther Med 2007;15:77‑83. +22. Swamy C. Mandukya Upanisad. Bombay, India: Sachin Publishers; 1984. p. 27‑38. +23. Hartfiel N, Havenhand J, Khalsa SB, Clarke G, Krayer A. The effectiveness of yoga for the improvement of well‑being and resilience to stress in the workplace. Scand J Work Environ Health 2011;37:70‑6. +24. PatraS, TellesS. Positive impact of cyclic meditation on subsequent sleep. Med Sci Monit 2009;15:CR375‑81. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Journal of Health Research and Reviews | September ‑ December 2015 | Volume 2 | Issue 3 85 diff --git a/subfolder_0/JCR-2021-Impact-Factor-PDF-list (1).pdf b/subfolder_0/JCR-2021-Impact-Factor-PDF-list (1).pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3574aed24326abb5e03aa1235d11f81d2671d47f --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/JCR-2021-Impact-Factor-PDF-list (1).pdf @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:1a73d918a21c9ecee943ee6d90f9fc47db1ffce7ab9ea9e835d03ffc40b0abd8 +size 1244199 diff --git a/subfolder_0/JournalCitationReport2022andJournalQuartiles2022 (1).xls b/subfolder_0/JournalCitationReport2022andJournalQuartiles2022 (1).xls new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e591a1a44caca4d173e3d31135dfc854d94ba505 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/JournalCitationReport2022andJournalQuartiles2022 (1).xls @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1 +oid sha256:f2e7a7701230a1315a43803d8c347eabaf777121b2aa927a9f8a4474bb86ebbf +size 4763136 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Kashyapa Prakriti Inventory Development and initial standardization..txt b/subfolder_0/Kashyapa Prakriti Inventory Development and initial standardization..txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86a3548604578f2a25c98702a7aa919b6574724b --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Kashyapa Prakriti Inventory Development and initial standardization..txt @@ -0,0 +1,942 @@ +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) +ISSN: 2319-7064 +ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2019): 7.583 +Volume 9 Issue 4, April 2020 +www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY +Kashyapa Prakriti Inventory: Development and +Initial Standardization + +Devika Kaur1, Alex Hankey2, Aarti Jagannathan3, HR Nagendra4 + +1MSc (Yoga), SVYASA University, Bangalore, India (Corresponding Author) + +2PhD, Distinguished Professor of Yoga and Physical Science, SVYASA University, Bangalore , India + +3 PhD, Assistant Professor NIMHANS, Bangalore, India + +4 PhD, Chancellor, SVYASA University, Bangalore, India + + +Abstract: Several inventories have been designed to evaluate states of peoples’ doshas, fundamental concepts in Ayurveda. The state of +doshas at birth, the Prakriti, and their imbalanced states, Vikriti, are central to Ayurvedic diagnosis. An inventory assessing Vikriti in +adolescent school children has been published. Here we present a questionnaire designed to assess Dosha Prakriti in adolescents, for +which there is still a need, since problems can arise when administering adult questionnaires to younger age groups; hence, this +inventory. The resulting instrument has been named the Kashyapa Prakriti Inventory. To draw up the new inventory, characteristics +(Lakshanas) of each dosha were selected from Ayurveda’s classic texts to assess its dominance. Questions descriptive of eachLakshana +were formulated, and the resulting questionnaire was sent for a Delphi round of consultations to five psychologists and ten Ayurvedic +doctors. The initial set of 87 questions reduced to 84 questions. This process effectively provided the scale content validity. It was +administered to 521 students aged 13-18 at two education centres in Bengaluru. Final data was obtained on 501, a 3.8% attrition rate. +Data analysis used SPSS 10.0. Consistency and reliability yielded Cronbach’s  values: Vata 0.549, Pitta 0.531, and Kapha 0.628. +Spearman’s rho coefficient for split-half consistency was = 0.438. Correlations between all pairs of doshas were negative. The +Kashyapa Prakriti Inventory is thus a dosha assessment scale for adolescents. It quantifies physical and physiological characteristics +representing general feeling, i.e. overall well-being, rather than pathology. It is both consistent and reliable. + +Keywords: Tridosha, Inventory, Prakriti, Vata, Pitta, Kapha + +1. Introduction + +1.1 Ayurveda is the traditional, Vedic system of health +science, one of seven systems of traditional medicine +practised in India, coming under the Department of +AYUSH, Govt of India, New Delhi. The Government’s +policy is that AYUSH systems of medicine should be as +widely available as possible to the population as a whole1, so +that all may benefit from the considerable advantages that +they offer, particularly in their treatments of non- +communicable diseases2,3 (NCDs), which western medicine +considers chronic and incurable.4 The word, Ayurveda, +literally means, ‘natural intelligence of life’. It encompasses +a system of holistic health care balancing body, mind and +spirit to prevent and treat diseases. According to Ayurveda +philosophy, the entire cosmos is an interplay of its aspects +perceived by the five senses. These extend to refined levels +of reality that are ordinarily difficult to perceive, but which +are of critical importance to understanding physiological +function. Fundamental to the Ayurvedic system of medicine +is its concept of Tridosha5,6, in terms of which it explains the +function and dysfunction of all aspects of the organism. 7 + +1.2 The three doshas, Vata, Pitta and Kapha,may be +considered combinations of these refined aspects of the +universe that manifest as patterns within living organisms.5- +8Vataconstitutes the ‘subtle energy’ of movement, Pitta the +‘subtle energy’ controlling digestion and metabolism, and +Kapha the ‘subtle energy’ facilitating the body’s cohesion, +lubrication etc. From another perspective, they can be +understood as systems functions9, which control the +functioning of all the body’s systems and subsystems10,11, +organs, tissues and cells. As the principle functions of open +systems9, Tridosha is responsible for every system in the +body. + +1.3 A person’s balanced state of Tridoshais called their +‘Prakriti’7, a Sanskrit word meaning the natural form of the +body,and indicating a person’s natural state of physiological +balance, i.e. their constitution. Ayurveda holds that it is +largely determined at the time of conception. Everyone’s +natural physiology contains, and is constituted of, these +three Tridosha principles in different proportions; similarly, +for the three principles, Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas, Triguna. +The Ayurvedic texts mention seven types of Prakriti with +either single doshas, Vata, Pitta, or Kapha, dominant, or +their combinations, Vata-Pitta, Vata-Kapha, or Pitta-Kapha; +more rare are individuals with natural balance between all +three,Samadosha. 5-8,12-14 +1.4 Because of the influence of states of mind on health, e.g. +stress states, Ayurveda also discusses personality types +based on the Prakriti. 5-8,12-16 In contrast, modern psychology +considers personality in terms of behavior. Ayurveda +recognizes connections between Prakriti and personality and +discusses personality types based on dosha dominance. 5,7,8 +For example, those with KaphaPrakriti tend to be happier +and more laid back, i.e. more affable, while those with pure +Vata Prakriti tend to be more prone to anxiety states, i.e. +more emotionality. 8 + +1.5 In the west, ‘personality’ is defined as that which +predicts a person’s behavior in a given situation. 17 Western +personality research establishes laws about how different +people behave in all kinds of general environmental (social) +Paper ID: SR20410135820 +DOI: 10.21275/SR20410135820 +706 +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) +ISSN: 2319-7064 +ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2019): 7.583 +Volume 9 Issue 4, April 2020 +www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY +situations; its personality concept is based on total behaviour +of the individual, both overt and covert. 18 + +The actual classification of personality types, now known as +‘individual differences’, started with the classification of +large numbers of adjectives indicative of behaviour +characteristics into groups. 18 It was believed that such +descriptive characteristics should be able to identify the +dimensions +of +human +personality. +Other +leading +psychologists like C.G. Jung felt scientific observation to be +an initial requirement. This led to his identification of +‘extraversion’19, a tendency to outward behaviour and +assertiveness, and its opposite ‘introversion’, as a potential +dimension +of +personality. +Statistical +methods +were +developed to experimentally identify dimensions of +personality that were independent of introversion / +extraversion. H J Eysenck wrote extensively about the +system of factor analysis20 and used it to identify scales for +personality types that were not correlated with, and therefore +independent of, Jung’s scale. He suggested the personality +dimensions of neuroticism (emotionality), and psychoticism, +presenting a tendency to psychopathology. 21 These initial +conceptions have been further developed. In today’s Big +Five personality types adds a concept known as openness to +experience to extraversion, while psychoticism, being +concerned with psychopathology, has been eliminated. The +Big Five are: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, +Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. 17 + +In the context of this paper, which links stable aspects of +personality to Ayurveda’s Tridosha properties of the +physiology, personality consists of modes of response to +environmental cues that may be varied, but which are also +typical. It may be equated with, and assessed by,interactions +a person has with other people under various circumstances, +i.e. the term personality as used here includes everything +about individual behaviour. Personalities may be judged as +good or bad, but from the Yoga perspective, we are all here +on earth to learn to be better. In Bhagavad Gita Lord +Krishna uses the terms ‘Sattva’, ‘Rajas’, and ‘Tamas’ to +describe spiritual tendencies of personality, making it clear +that those who go beyond these three Gunas and focus +entirely on Him to purify their mind do not have to come +back to learn more. + +In other definitions, personality is equated with unique or +individual aspects of behaviour. It designates distinctive +aspects of an individual, such as anxiety22, distinguishing +them from others. Such definitions imply that personality +refers to the most representative aspects of an individual, not +simply distinguishing one individual from another, but, more +importantly, identifying what he or she actually is. 17 + +1.6 When assessing the state of patients’ physiologies in +cases of chronic disease, the complexity of relationships +between different levels in the body’s regulatory hierarchy +may make values of single markers unreliable.23Tridosha is +significant because it provides a valid method of evaluating +the functional state of the physiology’s regulatory +systems10,11, and therefore a means to diagnose states of +health, particularly for those with NCDs. Understanding the +state of a patient’s doshas is the sine qua non of successful +Ayurveda practice. 24 Different age groups have different +natural balance of doshas. To assess doshas reliably, age +must be taken into account. This paper describes +development and evaluation of a new questionnaire, the +Kashyapa Prakriti Inventory, designed to evaluate the +natural state of doshas in adolescents. A related pair of +papers25,26 narrates the development of two inventories to +assess Prakriti and Vikriti in children aged 6 to 12 years, i.e. +pre-teenagers. + +Traditionally dosha balance / imbalance was assessed by +Ayurveda pulse diagnosis, Nadi Vigyana. Various other +approaches have been tried. A first attempt by K.N. Udupa, +R.H. Singh and colleagues at BHU27, used a biochemical +approach, built on many years later by another BHU team. +28Questionnaires, like the one pioneered at IIT Mumbai29, +now represent preferred means to assess Prakriti. The next +tool, developed at University of Pune’s CDAC laboratory +and +its +Department +of +Medical +Sciences, +proved +cumbersomely long, and was not published. But a +comprehensive genome study30made implicit use of it to +evaluate participants’ Prakritis. Since then, Vaidyas and +scientists have developed several questionnaires. 31-38. This +study aimed to develop a scale to assess adolescents’ Dosha +Prakritis, using language for that age group, so avoiding +problems that might otherwise arise. Like Rastogi’s work32, +the resulting instrument is designed to assess underlying +levels of doshas, i.e. ‘Prakriti’. Several of these instruments +relate Ayurveda Dosha traits to types of personality. 33,35-38 + +2. Methods + +2.1 Questionnaire Design + +Each dosha manifests certain characteristics, or lakshanas, +in a person’s psychophysiology. Ayurveda’s classic texts5-16 +were therefore searched for Lakshanas to select for use in +designing an inventory, aiming to assess dosha dominance. +After Lakshana selection, questions were formulated that +described characteristics of each Lakshana. This procedure +yielded a raw, first draft of the questionnaire with 87 +questions. + +2.2 +Validation: +After +checking +qualifications, +five +psychologists and ten Vaidyas were selected to assist in +developing the inventory. The draft was sent to each for a +first Delphi round of consultation. Surprisingly, only three +questions were eliminated in the consultations, reducing the +inventory to a final set of 84 questions – see Table 1 +concerning Content. Validity, which the process was +considered to provide for the instrument. + +Of these 84 questions, numbers 1 to 26 concernVata, +Questions 27 to 54,pertain to Pitta, while Questions 55 to 84 +concern Kapha – see Table 2. + +2.3 Experimental Study Location: The Vivekananda +Education Centre in Jayanagar, Bengaluru, and the M.E.S. +Pre-university College in Maleshwaram were enlisted to +provide adolescent students aged 13 to 18 to take the +inventory test. It was administered to 521 students. + + +G. Tillu private communication +Paper ID: SR20410135820 +DOI: 10.21275/SR20410135820 +707 +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) +ISSN: 2319-7064 +ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2019): 7.583 +Volume 9 Issue 4, April 2020 +www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY + +2.4 Data Collection: Each participant was assigned a level +of Vata, Pitta and Kapha according to the number of ‘Yes’ +answers on each part of the questionnaire, 26 questions for +Vata Dosha, 28 questions for Pitta Dosha, and 30 questions +for Kapha Dosha. + +2.5 Data analysis: used IBM’s Statistical Package for Social +Sciences (SPSS) version 10.0. + +3. Results + +3.1 Demographic data of the two groups of students is +given in Table 3, the first group being 13-15 years-old, and +the P.U. College group being 16-18 years-old. Totals are +given. + +3.2 Attrition: Twenty participants’ questionnaires were +incomplete or contained ambiguous answers to one or more +questions. Data analysis was performed on the remaining +501 questionnaires, a drop-out rate of 3.8%. + +3.3 Overall Scores: For mean percentage of individual +doshas, and combinations, see Table 4. + +3.4 Consistency and Reliability: Data analysis obtained +Cronbach’s for each of the three doshas: Vata dosha = +0.549, Pitta dosha = 0.531, and Kapha dosha = 0.628. + +3.5 Split-Half Consistency: the coefficient for Spearman’s +rho was  = 0.438. + +3.6 Dosha Independence: Correlations between pairs of +doshas were calculated to assess the degree of independence +of each dosha from the other two for the KPI. All were +negative, the largest being for Vata / Kapha, as expected. +(See Table 5 for details.) + +4. Discussion + +4.1 Earlier scales like the Mysore Tridosha Scale34 +(physical-physiological component), the Mysore Triguna +Scale35 (psycho-spiritual component) and the Triguna Scale +– Advanced36 were developed by Shilpa and Murthy.The +first can also be used to assess both personality and +psychopathology from a purely Ayurvedic perspective.33 As +a group of tests, they can assess different aspects of +personality. Alternatively, when used together, they form a +comprehensive means to assess personality from an ancient +Indic perspective37, to be compared with personality +assessment from the modern western perspective. 17,18 + +Of the related scales that have been developed, the first to +appear was due to Rastogi32 who carried out a pilot study to +develop and validate a Prototype Prakriti Analysis Tool +(PPAT). Suchitra and Nagendra25 developed a self-rating +scale to measure Tridosha in pre-teenage children at the +primary level. They followed this up with a tool similar to +the one presented here, an Ayurveda-based personality +inventory for the same age group of 6 to 12 years old. 26 A +similar approach was taken by Ramakrishna, when he +developed an inventory named the Sushrutha Prakriti +Inventory38 using Ayurveda concepts as the basis for a +personality test for subjects of all ages. + +Age ranges constitute an important consideration. In the +present case, the Kashyapa Prakriti Inventory is deemed +inappropriate for the ten years following the end of +adolescence, because a person’s physical and physiological +characteristics change after the end of the main period of +growth, 0 to 19 or 20 years of age. + +Historically speaking, Dube, Kumar, and Dube were first to +publish a study on personality types in Ayurveda39, but +Joshi’s study, ‘Biostatistical Approach to Ayurveda29 was +the first to develop an inventory using a questionnaire in +order to quantify an individual’s Dosha Prakriti. Related to +that first approach, Patwardhan, Joshi, and Chopra40 +attempted to correlate a person’s Prakriti to their genetics, +specifically to polymorphisms common in the HLA gene. +There followed a pilot study41 to assess both Prakriti and +emotional / personality traits. Another study explored +correlations in an inventory utilizing constructs from the +Vedic literature.42 Also, an attempt to correlate Prakriti with +disease susceptibility studied platelet aggregation and its +inhibition by aspirin. 43Another medical-physiological study +suggested that screening the new-born for their Prakriti +could lead to life long prevention of chronic diseases.44 + +4.2 These facts make it clear that, after the millennium, a +blossoming of approaches aiming to assess Ayurveda +Prakriti occurred, followed by extensions to apply them to +assess personality in various age groups, particularly in the +second decade. The present inventory should be understood +in that light. Considering their variety, all the tests need to +be compared for qualities like length, simplicity of +construction (or the opposite), reliability, etc. 31 + +One has an aim similar to the test described in this paper: the +Sushruta Prakriti Inventory38 aims to assess a patient’s +underlying dosha balance as a trait property. It contains 90 +questions, and was tested on 1,200 study participants, +yielding a Cronbach’s Alphareliability of  = 0.95, +remarkably high quality. The series of scales developed in +Mysore by Shilpa and Murthy started with a simple Tridosha +assessment scale34, followed by related scales designed to +assess the Vedic concepts of Sattva, Rajas and TamasGunas +described in Bhagavad Gita45 in simple35 and advanced +forms36, genuinely Vedic personality scales. Simultaneously, +Suchitra and Nagendra developed tools similar to that +presented +here:first, +an +Ayurveda-based +personality +inventory, in the form of a self-rating scale assessing +Tridosha in 6 to 12 years old pre-teenage children at the +primary level25, followed by a scale measuring Triguna in +children in the same age-group26, an Ayurveda-based child +personality inventory. + +4.3 The Kashyapa Prakriti Inventory (KPI) presented here is +different from all these. Instead of starting with questions +aimed at assessing dosha associated properties in order to +assess aspects of personality, or even Gunas themselves, it +poses questions about feelings related to doshas, in order to +assess the strength of each dosha. It assesses both physical +and physiological strengths, without other tools43 concerned +with pathology. The results described in previous sections +Paper ID: SR20410135820 +DOI: 10.21275/SR20410135820 +708 +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) +ISSN: 2319-7064 +ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2019): 7.583 +Volume 9 Issue 4, April 2020 +www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY +indicate that the inventory is both consistent and +reliable.Comparison with the State Trait Anxiety Inventory22 +shows that criterion validity cannot be obtained. Test-Retest +reliability is still to be carried out; the next paper in this +series will provide an estimate. + +4.4 Strengths: The KPI is the first inventory to assess Dosha +Prakritiin adolescents. It identifies psycho-physiological +states that are simple to assess. Its results will indicate +whether one or two doshas are dominant, or even more +rarely, all three are equally dominant and in balance. The +KPI is thus suitable both for research and for clinical +assessment; for the latter it enables short-term fluctuations +of patients’ doshas to be assessed. Moreover, Cronbach’s +alphas for all three doshas were acceptable, while +anticorrelations between pairs of doshas (Table 5) were in +ranges consistent with previous studies. + +Limitations: The weakness of the study is that test-retest +reliability still needs to be evaluated. Also, its properties will +be more precisely known when more subjects have taken the +test. + +Future Research: Clearly Test-Retest Reliability is an +immediate topic for future research, as is further evaluation +from larger groups of subjects. The limitations are +resolvable. + +5. Conclusion + +The new Kashyapa Prakriti Inventory assesses both physical +and physiological traits. These may be considered to +represent general feelings including overall balance of well- +being. It does not focus on pathology. Data analysis +according to standard psychometric procedures46 found the +inventory sufficiently consistent and reliable. + +6. Acknowledgements + +We would like to thank the school and teachers where the +inventory presented in this paper was tested and evaluated + +7. Declaration of Interests + +No Author has any interest to declare. + +References + +[1] +S. Rudra, A. Kalra, A. Kumar, W. Joe, Utilization of +alternative systems of medicine as health care +services in India: Evidence on AYUSH care from +NSS 2014, PloS one. 2017 May 4;12(5), e0176916 +[2] +G. Ruknuddin, Ayurveda for the Management of +Non Communicable Diseases, J Ayur Medical Sci, +2(2017), pp. 3 +[3] +K. Pandey, A. Das, Implication of yoga in non- +communicable diseases, J Soc Health and Dia, +02(2017), pp. 088-93 +[4] +E. H. Wagner, Chronic disease management: what +will it take to improve care for chronic illness? +[5] +Effective clinical practice: ECP 1(1998), pp. 2 +[6] +R. Tripati (Ed.), Ashtanga Sangraha. 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Nagendra, Development +and Initial Standardization of Ayurveda child +Paper ID: SR20410135820 +DOI: 10.21275/SR20410135820 +709 +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) +ISSN: 2319-7064 +ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2019): 7.583 +Volume 9 Issue 4, April 2020 +www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY +personality inventory , J Ayurveda Integr Med, +5(2014), pp. 205-208 +[29] K.N.Udupa, +R.H.Singh, +G.P.Dubey, +V.Rai, +M.B.Singh, Biochemical basis of psychosomatic +constitution, Indian J Med Res, 63(1975), pp. 923-927 +[30] P. K. Tripathi, K. Patwardhan, G. Singh, The Basic +Cardiovascular Responses to Postural Changes, +Exercise, and Cold Pressor Test: Do They Vary in +Accordance with the Dual Constitutional Types of +Ayurveda? eCAM, 8(20110, Article ID 251850, 10 +pages. +[31] R. R. Joshi (2005), A biostatistical approach to +Ayurveda: quantifying the tridosa, +J Altern +Complement Med, 11(2005), pp. 221-225 +[32] P. Govindaraj, S. Nizamuddin, A. Sharath, V. Jyothi, +H. Rotti, R. Raval, et al., Genome-wide analysis +correlates Ayurveda Prakriti, Scientific reports, 29 +(2015) 15786 +[33] S. Bhalerao,K. Patwardhan, Prakriti-based research: +Good reporting practices, J Ayurveda Integr +Medicine, 3(2016), pp.69-72 +[34] S. Rastogi, Development and Validation of a +prototype +Prakriti +Analysis +Tool +(PPAT): +Inferences from a pilot study, Ayu, 33(2012), pp. +209-218 +[35] S. Shilpa, C. G. V. Murthy, Understanding +personality +from +Ayurvedic +perspective +for +psychological assessment: a case, Ayu, 32(2011), pp. +12-9 +[36] S. Shilpa, C. V. 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Chopra, Classification +of human population based on HLA gene +polymorphism and the concept of Prakriti in +Ayurveda, J Altern Complementary Med, 11(2005), +pp. 349-53 +[44] D. Fave, L. Negri, P. R. Manohar, A. Morandi, M. +Bassi, The Ayurveda concept of Prakŗti and the +Western construct of personality: A comparative +pilot study, Euro J Integrative Med, 7(2015), pp. 396- +408 +[45] H. S. Stempel, S.E. Cheston, J. M. Greer, C. K. +Gillespie, +Further +exploration +of +the +Vedic +Personality Inventory: validity, reliability and +generalizability, Psychological reports, 98(2006), pp. +261-73 +[46] S. Bhalerao, T. Deshpande, U. Thatte , Prakriti +(Ayurvedic concept of constitution) and variations +in platelet aggregation, BMC Complement Altern +Med, 12(2012), pp. 248 +[47] S. Dey, P. Pahwa, Prakriti and its associations with +metabolism, chronic diseases, and genotypes: +Possibilities of new-born screening and a lifetime of +personalized prevention, J Ayurveda Integ Med, +5(2014), pp. 15 +[48] A.G. +K. +Warrier +(Ed), +Bhagavad +Gita, +Sri +Ramakrishna Math, Madras (2005), pp.529 +[49] J. P. Nunnally (Ed.), Psychometric Theory, McGraw- +Hill, New York (1967), pp. 267 + +Tables + +Table 1: Content Validity of Experts +Expert +No. of Items +01 +84 +02 +84 +03 +84 +04 +84 +05 +84 +06 +84 +07 +84 +08 +84 +09 +84 +10 +84 + + +Table 2: Kashyapa Prakriti Inventory + +1) Do you have a tall, dry, weak body?  YES  NO +2) Is your face, teeth, hair rough?  YES  NO +3) Do you hear sound in your joints while you are walking?  YES  NO +4) Does your nails grow faster than others in the family?  YES  NO +5) Do you consume food frequently (say every hour and a half) quantity being less?  YES  NO +6) Do you get tired soon?  YES  NO +7) Do you experience sleeplessness / disturbed sleep often?  YES  NO +8) Do you like to talk to your opposite sex a lot?  YES  NO +9) Do you have confusion in choosing your things like books or cloths in an exhibition?  YES  NO +10) During your favorite game show do you quickly understand the rules and regulations and follow.  YES  NO +11) Do you remember a poem which you memorized two years before?  YES  NO +Paper ID: SR20410135820 +DOI: 10.21275/SR20410135820 +710 +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) +ISSN: 2319-7064 +ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2019): 7.583 +Volume 9 Issue 4, April 2020 +www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY +12) With- in your friend’s circle, do you always pick up the books of your friends without their permission or notice?  YES + NO +13) Do you always feel of- late not being the best in a given project work in your class and get upset after looking at others ? + YES  NO +14) Do you usually forget the people who helped you in your pursuit?  YES  NO +15) 15. Have you ever felt dissatisfied for not continuing any relationship for a long time?  YES  NO +16) Do you admire the god’s creation or think logical always?  YES  NO +17) When -ever there is any important tests or games do you feel unlucky having been lost previously in the league?  YES + NO +18) Do you think that you are extremely creative in arts? Eg : singing, painting, drawing, mimicking  YES  NO +19) Are you always ready to travel anywhere with your friends / family and crack jokes and make every body’s mood lighter? + YES  NO +20) Do you like relishing on hot, oily, salty and hard foods?  YES  NO +21) Do you always like to keep yourself warm?  YES  NO +22) Do you sometimes feel low and less confident in group discussions with your teachers?  YES  NO +23) Does it bother when you feel the success / prosperity of your friends is better than yours?  YES  NO +24) Do you tend to get angry when being out with friends and when they ignore you ?  YES  NO +25) Does your family member bring it to your notice that you bite your teeth while sleeping?  YES  NO +26) Do people say that you are excitable whenever you are discussing over an issue that you like or in your movements? +  YES  NO +27) Do you often feel hot/ warm all over your face?  YES  NO +28) Do you frequently get pimples or black patches on your face and body?  YES  NO +29) Do you think you experience occurance of graying of hair earlier than your friends?  YES  NO +30) Have you come across people coming near to you and suddenly getting back because of bad odour from your mouth? + YES  NO +31) Is your hands, heel, nails, lips, tongue, eyes, palms pinkish in colour?  YES  NO +32) Do you get affected with mouth ulcers often?  YES  NO +33) Have you come across people saying that you have a powerful digestion because of excessive hunger and thirst?  YES + NO +34) Do you find yourself being extremely energetic and full of vigour when executing your duties?  YES  NO +35) Do you feel you sweat a lot ?  YES  NO +36) Do you pass urine and stools in excess?  YES  NO +37) Would you enjoy spending most of the time with the opposite sex?  YES  NO +38) Do you tend to ask advice from others always when you come across any issues?  YES  NO +39) Do you feel frustrated instantly when things don’t go on according to your plans?  YES  NO +40) When something is bothering you, do you tolerate pain?  YES  NO +41) During any situations or group discussions you always speak aptly?  YES  NO +42) Do you always remember events or do jokes better than others in your group?  YES  NO +43) Do people always compliment you over your excellent vocabulary?  YES  NO +44) Do often people say that you don’t respond to their needs since you feel they are not of your caliber?  YES  NO +45) 45. Do you always wish to present yourself best in a group with colorful accessories (like matching ear rings, belts, +shoes) and fragrances?  YES  NO +46) 46. Do you always follow a disciplined life in any given circumstances?  YES  NO +47) Suppose, you were dissatisfied with the arguments of your friend, do you hold those words with you for a long time? + YES  NO +48) Do you always feel you got to possess wealth and possessions more than others?  YES  NO +49) Do you like to taste the delicacies which are sour in taste?  YES  NO +50) Do you really relish foods which are sweet, bitter and mouth watering?  YES  NO +51) Do you usually spurt out easily and eventually calms down over a discussion in a group?  YES  NO +52) Do people always respect you for a virtuous character?  YES  NO +53) Have you come across people being nervous, since you are firm with your decisions and stand by it?  YES  NO +54) Do you usually believe in completing the project in less time, even if faced with hurdles?  YES  NO +55) Have you come across people complimenting you for having a complexion soft, smooth, charming, fair , firm, attractive +and proportionate?  YES  NO +56) Do you think you have a broad chest, broad arms as compared to your friends?  YES  NO +57) Would you like to be pleasantly good looking and carry on yourself with grace so that all the people would notice you +where ever you move around?  YES  NO +58) Do you have thick, black, curly hair?  YES  NO +59) Do you think you have a broad forehead?  YES  NO +Paper ID: SR20410135820 +DOI: 10.21275/SR20410135820 +711 +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) +ISSN: 2319-7064 +ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2019): 7.583 +Volume 9 Issue 4, April 2020 +www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY +60) Do you many times hear from people that you have a clear, broad, white colored expressive eyes?  YES  NO +61) Do you have broad eye-brows?  YES  NO +62) Do you usually perform all the activities slow, like eating, writing, speaking?  YES  NO +63) When you have lot of home work and projects to do, will you not eat till you complete the work?  YES  NO +64) Do other people in your family make fun of you because you always sleep for long hour as compared to others? + YES  NO +65) When you have a chance of doing something innovative do you delay in giving your opinion to your teachers? + YES  NO +66) In your music, dance or any art class if you don’t understand quickly like others, do you feel upset about it? + YES  NO +67) Do you feel glad when people around you praise you for your clear, firm and melodious voice?  YES  NO +68) Do you feel you answer better than others in the class because of your sharp and long retentive memory?  YES  NO +69) Do you come across people who admire you for your calm temperament and good character?  YES  NO +70) On your birthday or during any celebrations would you like to relish only on sweets?  YES  NO +71) Are you a person who never forgets the favour done by your friend to you?  YES  NO +72) I f someone asks you to help them financially would you do it with out any inhibitions?  YES  NO +73) When working in a group in your class if your friend disagreed on an issue with you , do you remember the incident even +after many years?  YES  NO +74) On your Birthday, would you invite all your childhood friends and remember the moments?  YES  NO +75) When you are working in a project, one of your friend tries to insult you by other means, do you receive it positively +when you become aware of it?  YES  NO +76) When you think of a short term course, which could be useful for your future after five years, would you opt for it? + YES  NO +77) Do you take the trouble of taking a new task which is adventurous with high aims and deals with it gracefully with up’s +and down?  YES  NO +78) Do you always speak straight from heart?  YES  NO +79) Do you often see imbalance in your health due to consuming cold stuffs?  YES  NO +80) When you are committed to the completion of records or notes do you involve yourself thoroughly in it?  YES  NO +81) Do you always take initiative to talk to new people whom you come across?  YES  NO +82) Do you sometimes feel like exercising, so that you can be fit and healthy?  YES  NO +83) Would you commit to your mistake when caught or would you give reasons to defend yourselves?  YES  NO +84) Are you very cautious when you speak to others to ensure that your words do not hurt them?  YES  NO + +Consent Form + +Respected Sir/Madam + +I DEVIKA H S , a Ph.D scholar in SVYASA (Yoga University). Am basically a B.A.M.S graduate and a post-graduate. I +have developed a self- reportive scale for my further studies - KASHYAPA PRAKRITI INVENTORY ( aged between 13-18 +yrs) based on the lakshanas described according to our Ayurvedic classical texts. + +So, I kindly request you to give your valuable opinion and also the ratings to each items of the three scales viz., vataja, +pittaja and kaphaja prakrti lakshanas respectively. + +REQUEST TO YOU : +Whether the items refer to the children (aged between 13-18yrs) prakrIti ? + +Ratings: +1. Yes +2. No +Kindly give the ratings which you feel is appropriate for the each items. + +Name of the Expert: Signature of the Expert + +Table 3: Demographic data + +N +Mean +Std. Deviation +Age Boys +290 +15.514 +1.5590 +Age Girls +211 +15.754 +1.6142 + + + +Table 4: Reliability Statistics +Tridosha No. of Items Cronbach’s Alpha Split Half Co-efficient +Vata +26 +0.71 +0.498 +Pitta +28 +0.56 +0.795 +Kapha +30 +0.78 +0.561 + + +Paper ID: SR20410135820 +DOI: 10.21275/SR20410135820 +712 +International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) +ISSN: 2319-7064 +ResearchGate Impact Factor (2018): 0.28 | SJIF (2019): 7.583 +Volume 9 Issue 4, April 2020 +www.ijsr.net +Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY +Table 5: Correlations + + +Vata +Pitta +Kapha +Vata +Pearson Correlation +1 +-.156** +-.631** +Sig. (2-tailed) + +.000 +.000 +N +498 +498 +455 +Pitta +Pearson Correlation +-.156** +1 +-.298** +Sig. (2-tailed) +.000 + +.000 +N +498 +499 +456 +Kapha +Pearson Correlation +-.631** +-.298** +1 +Sig. (2-tailed) +.000 +.000 + +N +455 +456 +456 + + +Paper ID: SR20410135820 +DOI: 10.21275/SR20410135820 +713 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Listening to bhajans improves sustained attention. conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Listening to bhajans improves sustained attention. conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d145e4f7da361489ac4898cca5cc78e6bcdd9730 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Listening to bhajans improves sustained attention. conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,240 @@ + + + +LISTENING TO BHAJANS IMPROVES SUSTAINED ATTENTION + +Bandana Dey +Scholar, SVYASA University, Bangalore Alex Hankey +Associate Professor, SVYASA University, Bangalore Sony Kumari +Assistant Professor, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (SVYASA), Bangalore +Abstract + +BHAJANS AND ATTENTION + +Voice of Research Vol. 2 Issue 2, September 2013 +ISSN No. 2277-7733 + +Studies of Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy, Yoga Lifestyle programs tend to study the overall benefits of Yoga lifestyle to patients, measured on various parameters, clinical, or related practical measurements, such as prana energy levels and their imbalances. Effects of important aspects of the program such as relaxation techniques have also been carefully studied, but several parts of the overall program have not yet been individually assessed for their physiological or psycho-physiological effects. Here we report a first study of listening to bhajans, sacred songs, an important part of the program which softens and expands the heart. Measures of sustained attention, using the Six Letter Cancellation Test and Digit Letter Substitution Tests were made on 20 volunteer SVYASA students, before and after 30 minutes spent either listening to bhajans, or reading a spiritual text. All were assessed on both, half with bhajans on the first day and reading on the second, and half the other way round. Results clearly indicated that bhajans improved test scores more than reading, suggesting that, (1) all parts of Yoga lifestyle programs should be assessed, and (2) more detailed research in this particular area should be carried out. That listening to songs should have a distinct alerting influence that is sustained may come as a surprise to many students of psychology. Keywords: Attention, Sustained attention, Yoga, IAYT, Bhajans + +Integrated Approach to Yoga Therapy (IAYT) has been extensively studied both for its fundamental physiological1-5 and psychological effects6-10, and for its efficacy for various medical conditions. 11-15 It is well recognized to benefit asthma16,17 , cancer18-21, diabetes22,23, and many other acute and chronic conditions24, 25, as well as their causes like stress26, and low prana energy levels27-30. Extensive studies have also been carried out on the fundamental physiological and psychological effects of important aspects of Patanjali’s ashtanga yoga (8 limbs of Yoga) such as Yogasanas (postures) 31, and pranayama breathing exercises32-34. Bespoke relaxation programs such as Self Management of Executive Tension (SMET) 35 have also been measured, both for their psychological benefits for emotional intelligence36,37, and in their application to professionals working under excess stress and tension26,30. IAYT38 has many components, early morning Yoga practice at times traditionally held to maximize results; Yoga purification therapies; vigorous and gentle styles of practice of Yoga asanas, various given as appropriate for different needs of students and patients; sessions of listening to traditional hymns and devotional songs (bhajans); simple meditation; informatory lectures on benefits of practice, and Yoga philosophy; specific programs of diet and lifestyle, intended for patients and students to adopt for continuing benefit, since modern medicine fails to supply any such advice, despite its acute need. Not all of these programs have been assessed for their possible specific influences on individual psychology or physiology. For example, diet and lifestyle +programs specific to IAYT, have yet to be given an + +evidence base. +Listening to sacred songs is another area awaiting proper assessment for its possible benefits. Although, from a purely scientific psychological perspective, listening to sacred songs might not be expected to have any particular benefit, many people report that, as they become familiar with such music, they also become extremely fond of it, and that it inspires them and uplifts their hearts. Dr HR Nagendra, SVYASA’s founder and current Chancellor, for example, states that*1, “Even simple Namavalis serve the purpose of invoking related emotions. Bhajan sessions in the Prayer Hall are structured to invoke emotions, and amplify and diffuse them. As the tempo builds up with speed and drum beats, emotions increase in intensity and vibrations begin to be felt in different parts of the body. Each drum beat can crack innate blocks and obsessions, to make one more open on the inside. The vibrations then turn subtle and create resonances in the whole body. The dhuns and japa repeated in the mind create the same resonant waves throughout the body. Perssonally, I enjoy them very much. The silence in between bhajans and the final soothing endings, such as Nirvana Shatka or Shanti mantra diffuse emotions into the deep silence within. Understanding that silence and tranquility is bliss, It often brings an ecstasy of serene silence. Remembering these as a gift of God,and seeking his blessings to become a fitter instrument in His service, and to see Him or Her in every human being, in every part of the creation, helps us to serve man as God. Each act of service is for our own growth and purifies us to grow in Sadhana and manifest +H. R. Nagendra, private communication + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 2, September 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733 ...26... + + +BHAJANS AND ATTENTION +divinity both within and without.” +Clearly, bhajans not only affect the devotional life of the student, butt have important roles to play in opening their hearts to a life spent more in service to humanity. question is, do they also have direct influence on body and mind that can benefit the health of the individual? Here we report a basic experiment showing that listening to bhajans (as opposed to actively singing them) can increase alertness in ways that improve sustained attention. The first author was motivated to carry out the study, because her experience as an active member of the Ananda Marga organization in Kolkata has been that singing and listening to bhajans calms the mind, and energizes the bodyfor extended periods of time, and create an environment beneficial for meditation. She also observes that, as Nagendra says, they can induce a state of total surrender to God. Ananda Murthii observes that39, ‘It inspires the singers and listeners to shake off depression, melancholy and fatigue, and generates vitality in life. Novelty, excellence and uniqueness in its inner spirit, rhythm tempo and melody are the hallmarks of such song, blended to give wonderful supra-aesthetic effects to the human mind. With its strong sublime ideation and feeling of optimism in reaching one’s spiritual goal, Prabhata Sangita embody the inner truth of life.” +Methods +Overall Study Design – Proposed as a self-as-control study. +Self as Control Protocol + +Pre Data Collection + +Bhajan Listening + +Post Data Collection +Subjects – Twenty-three SVYASA University student volunteers, 17 male, 6 female. However, 3 men failed totake post tests one of the days, so numbers were reduced to 20. Inclusion criteria - Healthy students, male and female, aged 25-35 yrs +Exclusion criteria- Not healthy / Not interested. Protocol: All subjects participated twice, on one occasion listening to bhajans, and on the other reading a book for the same length of time. The two interventions were carried out different orders, one group listening to bhajans first and the other reading a book first. +Assessments- Were carried out pre- and post- listening to the 30 min intervention periods using the Six Letter Cancellation Test (SLCT)41 and Digit Letter Substitution Test (DLST)42. In the course of the study, subjects took both tests, stopwatch timed for 90 secs, four times. +SLCT. Subjects are seated with the worksheet and ‘coding + + +sheet’ designating six letters to be cancelled, the ‘target letters’, turned over until the test starts. They are given instructions telling them to cancel as many target letters as possible in the specified time of 90 seconds, along with a choice of cancellation strategy: to do so horizontally, vertically, or by selecting one target letter at a time. All queries are answered to ensure the test is understood. Subjects are then instructed to turn over the sheets and start the test as the bell rings. +DLST: the DLST follows the same procedure as the SLCT. Coding sheets with instructions, state letters to substitute for each digit 1 to 9, one coding applying to one test. Subjects are instructed to substitute as many target digits as possible. +Ethical Clearance: was obtained from the institution ethical committee. +Data Extraction: Scoring both DLST and SLCT includes total number of substitutions attempted, and number of wrong substitutions; net score equals the former minus the latter. Scoring was carried out by persons blinded to whether the assessment being scored was ‘before’ or ‘after’ the intervention. +Data Analysis: Analysis was done using Excel Results +Table 1 presents the analyzed data: pre and post SLCT scores for listening to bhajans were 27.74 ± 8.02, and 35.30 ± 8.28 respectively, giving an unpaired t value of t = 3.18, p = 0.002. Paired sample analysis gave increases of 7.65 ± 5.84, yielding ‘t’ = 6.29, p < 0.0001. For reading, pre and post scores were 29.61 ± 10.17, and 33.61 ± 9.47, giving an unpaired t = 1.38, p = 0.17, with the paired sample increase being 4.00 ± 6.39, yielding ‘t’ = 3.00, p < 0.0066. Both listening to bhajans and book reading (controls) showed significant increases, with bhajans producing stronger effects: an independent sample ‘t’ test between the paired sample means and SDs yielded t = 2.02, 2-tailed p = 0.0495,1-tailedp = 0.025. +Corresponding scores for DLST were, for bhajans, pre, 58.61 ± 12.14 improving to63.30 ± 12.14 post, unpaired t = 1.31 (p = 0.197), with paired sample increase of4.70 ± 3.46, yielding ‘t’ = 6.51, p < 0.0001. For reading, scores changed marginally from 58.74 ± 11.62 pre, to 60.57 ± 11.94 post, unpaired t = 0.53 (p = 0.60), with the paired sample increase being 1.83 ± 3.23, yielding ‘t’ = 2.72, p = 0.0126. The independent sample ‘t’ test between the paired sample means and SDs yielded t = 2.91, p=0.0057. +Discussion and Conclusions +Both SLCT and DLST, paired sample t tests found that both listening to bhajans and book reading significantly improved test performance, listening to bhajans consistentlyproducing greater effects, t = 2.02, 1-tailed p = +0.025 for SLCT, and t = 2.91, p=0.0057 for DLST. + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 2, September 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733 ...27... + + + +Although the strength of these results may at first sight seem surprising, a recent quote from Mahendra Dhoni, Captain of India’s cricket team, seems to confirm the observed effects42p.: “Singing helps me to stay focused. When the bowler is running in to bowl, I start to sing, but as soon as he gets to his delivery stride, I focus on the ball. Singing when the bowler is running in empties my mind of unwanted thoughts.” Evidently, others also find the alerting effects of Sangita valuable. +Participating in singing and listening to Bhajans has not been previously assessed at SVYASA, apart from the general, overall influence of Yoga lifestyle programs. The success of this study suggests that suitable test should be identified for all aspects of the programs. +The strength of the study is its simplicity: significant results were obtained from only twenty subjects participating twice in a self-as-control study design. It was therefore easy to set up, easy to administer, and easy to score and analyze. +The limitations of the study are first that only one bhajan protocol was tested; second that subjects were not asked to estimate their familiaritywith, or degree of enjoyment of, the bhajans selected; third that the tests were very similar to each other and measured very general aspects of sustained attention; and fourth that, consequently, little can be determined about the specifics of atentional processes that were improved. +The scope for future research emerging from this study seems tremendous, many kinds of devotional songs and sacred music can be tested; dependence on degree of subjective enjoyment could be assessed; and different aspects of attention improved by given kinds of Sangita / music could be investigated. +Declaration of Competing Interests: none of the authors have any interests to declare. +References +1 Telles, S., Nagarathna, R., and Nagendra, H. R. (1996). Physiological measures during right nostril breathing. Journal ofAlternative and Complementary Medicine, 2(4):479-484. +2 Padmasri, G., and Telles, S. (2007). Frontalis EMG amplitude during relaxation changes during yoga relaxation based on initial levels. Journal of Indian Psychology, 25: 16-23. +3 Telles, S., and Desiraju, T. (1993). Autonomic changes in Brahmakumaris Raja yoga meditation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 15(2): 147-152 +4 Telles, S., Nagarathna, R., Nagendra, H. R., and Desiraju, T. (1993). Physiological changes in sports teachers following 3 months of training in Yoga. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 47(10): 235-238. +5 Telles, S., Joseph, C., Venkatesh, S., and Desiraju, T. + +BHAJANS AND ATTENTION +(1993). Alteration of auditory middle latency evoked potentials during yogic consciously regulated breathing and attentive state of mind. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 14(3):189-198. +6 Chandwani KD Thornton B Perkins GH et al. Yoga improves quality of life and benfit finding in women undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer. J Soc Int Onc, 2010, 8(2):43-55. +7 Subramanya P. Telles S.. Performance on psychomotor tasks following two yoga-based relaxation techniques. Percept Mot Skills. 2009;109(2):563-76. +8 Pradhan B. Nagendra HR. Effect of Yoga relaxation techniques on performance of digit-letter substitution task byteenagers. Int J Yoga. 2009 Jan-Jun; 2(1): 30– 34. doi: 10.4103/ 0973-6131.43293. +9 Raghuraj, P., and Telles, S. (2003). A randomized trial comparing the effects of yoga and physical activity programs on depth perception in school children. Journal of Indian Psychology, 21(2): 54-60. +10 Banerjee, B., Vadiraj, H. S., Ram,A., et al. (2007). Effects of an integrated yoga program in modulating psychological stress and radiation-induced genotoxic stress in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 6(3): 242-250. +11 Nagarathna R. Yoga in Medicine, In API Testbook of Medicine,.Chapter 6, 2001. +12 Tekur, P., Nagarathna, R., Chametcha, S., Hankey, A., and Nagendra, H. R. (2012). A comprehensive yoga programs improves pain, anxiety and depression in chronic low back pain patients more than exercise: An RCT. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 20(3):107. +13 Chaya, M. S., Ramakrishnan, G., Shastry, S., Kishore, R. P., Nagendra, H., Nagarathna, R., Raj, T., Thomas, T., Vaz, M., and Kurpad, A. V. (2008). Insulin sensitivity and cardiac autonomic function in young male practitioners of yoga. The National Medical Journal ofIndia, 21(5): 217-221. +14 Ebnezar, J., Nagarathna, R., Bali,Y., and Nagendra, H. R. (2011). Effect of an integrated approach of yoga therapy on quality of life in osteoarthritis of the knee joint: A randomized control study. International Journal ofYoga, 4(2): 55-63.(7) +15 Satyapriya M Nagendra HR Nagarathna R Padmalatha V. Effect of Integrated Yoga on Stress and Heart Rate Variabilityin pregnant women. Int J Gyn Obst, 2009; 104:218-222. +16 Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Yoga for bronchial asthma: a controlled study. British Medical Journal (Clin Rer Ed)1985;291: 1077-1079. +17 Vedanthan, P. K., Kesavalu, L. N., Muthy, K. C., Duvall, + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 2, September 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733 ...28... + + +BHAJANS AND ATTENTION +K., Hall, M. J., Baker, S., and Nagarathna, R. (1998). Clinical study of yoga techniques in university students with asthma: A controlled study. Allergy and Asthma Proc, 19: 3-9 +18 Vedanthan, P. K., Kesavalu, L. N., Muthy, K. C., Duvall, K., Hall, M. J., Baker, S., and Nagarathna, R. (1998). Clinical study of yoga techniques in university students with asthma: A controlled study. Allergy and Asthma Proc, 19: 3-9 +19 Cohen L. Chandwani K Raghuram N. et al. Yoga for women with breast cancer undergoing radiotherapy (XRT): a randomized clinical trial with an active stretching control group. BMC Comp Alt Med, 2012; 12(Suppl 1): O38. doi: 10,1186/1472/6882/12S1/038 +20Vadiraja, H. S., Rao, M. R., Nagarathna, R., Nagendra, H. R., Rekha, M., Vanitha, N., Gopinath, K. S., Srinath, B. S., Vishweshwara, M. S., Madhavi,Y. S., Ajaikumar, B. S., Bilimagga, S. R., and Rao, N. (2009). Effects of yoga program on quality of life and affect in early breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant radiotherapy: a randomized controlled trial. ComplementaryTherapies in Medicine, 17(5-6): 274-280. +21 Raghavendra, R., Nagendra, H. R., Nagarathna, R., Vinay, C., Chandrashekara, S., Gopinath, K. S., and Srinath, B. S. (2008). Influence of yoga on postoperative outcomes and wound healing in early operable breast cancer patients undergoing surgery. International Journal ofYoga, 1(1): 2-2. +22 Rao, M. R., Raghuram, N., Nagendra, H. R., Gopinath, K. S., Srinath, B. S., Diwakar, R. B., Patil, S., Bilimagga, S. R., Rao, N., and Varambally, S. (2009). Anxiolytic effects of a yoga program in early breast cancer patients undergoing conventional treatment: a randomized controlled trial. ComplementaryTherapies in Medicine, 17(1): 1-8. +23 Nagarathna, R., Usharani, M. R., A. Raghavendra Rao, Chaku, R., Kulkarni, R., and Nagendra, H. R. (2012). Efficacyof yoga based life style modification program on medication score and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes-a randomized control study. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 32(3):122-130. +24 Gundu H R Rao, Nagendra, H. R. (2012). Holistic approach for prevention of heart disease and diabetes. Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2(1):231-238. +25Rathi,A., Tripathi, S., and Nagarathna, R. (2012). Clinical round up: Selected treatment option for Chronic Prostatitis. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 18(1):51-55. +26 Tekur, P., Chametcha, S., Nagendra, H. R. Nagarathna, +R., (2008). Effect of a short term intensive yoga + + +program on pain, functional disability and spinal flexibility in chronic low back pain – a randomized controlled study.. J Alt Comp Med, 2008; 14(6): 637-644. +27 Vempati, R. P., and Telles, S. (2000). Baseline occupational stress levels and physiological responses to a two day stress management program. Journal of Indian Psychology, 18(1 & 2): 33-37. +28 Nagilla N. Hankey A. Nagendra HR. Effects of Yoga practice on Acumeridian energies: variance reduction implies benefits for regulation. IJOY, 2013,6(1):61-65. +29 Sharma B, Hankey A, Nagilla N. Meenakshy KB, Nagendra HR. Can Yoga practices benefit health by improving organism regulation. Evidence from electrodermal measure of acupuncture meridians. In J Yoga, 2013; to be published. +30 Sharma B. Meenakshy KB Hankey A Nagendra HR Electrodermal Characterization of Type 2 Diabetes with Acugraph3. Int J Yoga, 2013, To be Published. +31 MeenakshyKB HankeyA. Nagendra HR. Electrodermal Assessmenit of SMET Program for Business Executives. IJOY, to be published. +32 Manjunath, N. K., and Telles, S. (2003). Effect of sirsasana (head stand) practice on autonomic and respiratory variables. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 47(1): 34-42. +33 Nagendra, H. R. (2009). The power of Prana. International Journal ofYoga, 2(2): 45. +34 Raghuraj, P., and Telles, S. (2008). Immediate effect of specific nostril manipulating yoga breathing practices on autonomic and respiratory variables. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 33(2): 65-75. +35 Dhilkumar, R., Gupta, A., Nagarathna, R., andTaly,AB.. Effect of pranayama and meditation as an add-on therapy in rehabilitation of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome-a randomized control pilot study. Disabilityand Rehabilitation, 2013; 35(1):57-62. +36 Nagendra H.R. Nagarathna R. New Perspective in Stress Management. Swami Vivekananda Yoga Prakashana, Bangalore, 1997. +37 Kumari S, Nath N.C.B. Nagendra, H. R. (2007). Enhancing emotional competence among managers SMET, Journal of the National Academy of Psychology(Psychological Studies), 52(2): 171-173. +38Adhia, H., Nagendra, H. R., and Mahadevan, B. (2010). Impact of Adoption of Yoga Way of Life on the Emotional Intelligence of Managers. IIMB Management Review, 22(1-2): 32-4. +39 Nagarathna R, Nagendra HR. Integrated approach of +yoga therapy for positive health (3rd ed.) Swami + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 2, September 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733 ...29... + + + +VivekanandaYoga Prakashana, Bangalore, 2006. +40 Shri Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, Samgiit,(Gita- vadya-nrtya) or music.Ananda Marga Publications, Kolkata, 2007. +41 Balaram Pradhan, HR Nagendra. Normative data for the letter-cancellation ):9task in school children. +Clin Exp,2002;17(2 1-93. +42 TheHindu, 06.05.2013 + +BHAJANS AND ATTENTION +International Journal ofYoga, 2008, 1, (2):72-75. +43 Agarwal, AK. Kalra R Natu, MV et al. Psychomotor performance of psychiatric inpatients under therapy: +assessment by paper and pencil tests. Hum Psych + +Table I : Results of Listening to Bhajans or Reading a Book on SLCT and DLST Scores + +TEST +SLCT Pre Post +‘t’ p +Paired Sample + + +BHAJAN +27.74 ± 8.02 35.30 ± 8.28 t = 3.18, +p = 0.002 +7.65 ± 5.84 + + +READING +29.61 ± 10.17 33.61 ± 9.47 t = 1.38, +p = 0.17 +4.00 ± 6.39 + +Independent Samples t & p + + + +t = 2.02 p = 0.025 + + +‘t’ + + + +Bh t = 6.29, Re t = 3.00, + + +P + + + +p < 0.0001 p < 0.0066 + + + +DLST Pre Post +‘t’ +p + +58.61 ± 12.14 63.30 ± 12.14 t = 1.31 +p = 0.197 + +58.74 ± 11.62 60.57 ± 11.94 t = 0.53 +p = 0.60 + + + +Paired Sample 4.70 ± 3.46 1.83 ± 3.23 + +t = 2.91, p=0.0057 + +Bh t = 6.51, Re t = 2.72, + +p < 0.0001 p = 0.0126 + +Table 1 Caption: Results from 20 subjects tested on SLCT/DLST pre-post 30mins bhajans and book reading. Paired -ample means±SD’s are below those for raw data. Only paired-sample ‘t’ values reached statistical significance, Independent Samples t tests on them were SLCT: p=0.025; DLST: p=0.0057. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Voice of Research, Vol. 2 Issue 2, September 2013, ISSN No. 2277-7733 ...30... diff --git "a/subfolder_0/MUSIC THERAPY BASED ON INDIVIDUAL\342\200\231S \342\200\230BIOLOGICAL HUMOR\342\200\231\342\200\223WITH REFERENCE TO MEDICAL ASTROLOGY A REVIEW.txt" "b/subfolder_0/MUSIC THERAPY BASED ON INDIVIDUAL\342\200\231S \342\200\230BIOLOGICAL HUMOR\342\200\231\342\200\223WITH REFERENCE TO MEDICAL ASTROLOGY A REVIEW.txt" new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8c5cd7d2ef57d0df255c73155f5315fe93b94d83 --- /dev/null +++ "b/subfolder_0/MUSIC THERAPY BASED ON INDIVIDUAL\342\200\231S \342\200\230BIOLOGICAL HUMOR\342\200\231\342\200\223WITH REFERENCE TO MEDICAL ASTROLOGY A REVIEW.txt" @@ -0,0 +1,1464 @@ +MUSIC THERAPY BASED ON INDIVIDUAL’S ‘BIOLOGICAL HUMOR’ – +WITH REFERENCE TO MEDICAL ASTROLOGY: A REVIEW + +INTRODUCTION +Music and other sounds have a significant +effect on the body and mind. Along with +the other benefits of music nowadays it is +used as a therapy also. It is an emerging +field in health care system. The Greeks, +Hebrews and Persians used music syste- +matically as a therapy. In India, music ori- +ginated from Gandharva Veda, thousands +of years ago. Even today its basic +principles of depicting aesthetic mood, +lead to the stunning creativity by its master +musicians. 1 +Music therapy is the use of music and +musical elements in a process designed to +facilitate and promote communication, re- +lationships, learning, mobilization, expres- +Review Article International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091 +ABSTRACT + Ayurveda is an ancient science which mainly focuses on preventing and treating diseases based +on the knowledge of the dosha or humour or constitution of the person. In Ayurveda, the constitution +is known through questionnaires, Nadi Parisksha or pulse examination and physical examination. +There is also a method of knowing the predominating dosha or humour by examining the birth chart +which gives the planetary position and the constellation (Nakshatra) of an individual. This constitutes +an important aspect of Medical Astrology which also gives disease propensity of a person. However, +for healing purposes, we must also consider individual’s habits, tendencies, influences and desires, +which create the pattern of our lives down to the subconscious and instinctual levels. We must will- +fully change the way we live, breathe, see and think, altering our very ego or sense of self in a positive +way. This may be done through various tools provided in our ancient scriptures such as Yoga, Music +and Mantras. Music therapy is one of the complementary methods of healing as prescribed in Ayur- +veda, which works as Mind-Body Medicine. The Indian melodies or Ragas which brings out +positive emotions, warding off the negative ones, helps to change one's thought patterns. In +this paper, we have attempted to connect the three ancient systems of healing – Ayurveda, +Medical Astrology and Music therapy. We have listed the Ragas based on Biorhythm theory +depicting particular aesthetic mood or positive emotions as a part of music therapy. These +Ragas are correlated with that of the constitution or Prakriti of an individual, based on +constellation or Nakshatra. +Keywords: +Ayurveda, Medical Astrology, Doshas, Music therapy, Constellation or +Nakshatra +Nagarajan Karuna1, +Assistant Professor, +MSc, MBA (PhD Scholar), +Division of Yoga and Life +Sciences. +Srinivasan T M2 +Ph D, Dean, +Division of Yoga and +Physical Science, +S-VYASA University +Nagendra H R3 +M.E., Ph D, +Chancellor, +S-VYASA University +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +sion and other relevant therapeutic objec- +tives, in order to meet physical, emotional, +mental, social and cognitive needs. 2 +In Indian Classical music, music therapy de- +pends upon the correct intonation and right use +of the basic elements such as Nada, shruti, +swara, raga, tala and laya.3 +Our ancient healing method like Ayurveda +suggests music therapy as one of the heal- +ing methods. Ayurveda constitutes a whole +complex approach to health that may in- +clude meditation, diets, purification tech- +niques, Yoga, Music therapy, Aromathe- +rapy and herbal remedies tailor made to +body type and personality. In Ayurvedic +medicine, health comes when the forces of +the body and mind are in balance, and +restoring balance begins with the know- +ledge of the patient's mind-body type. 4 +The human body according to Ayurveda is +made up of physical doshas (Vata, pitta +and Kapha ) and psychic components +(satva, rajas and tamas), body tissues +(dhatus), and waste products (malas). The +three physical doshas vata, pitta and kapha +corresponds to wind, fire and water re- +spectively. The solid material substrate +referred to as kapha; chemical activity +(metabolic factor) referred as pitta and an +energy pool of motion and movement re- +ferred to as vata. These three dosas coexist +in a preset proportion and function in a +balancing manner to overall function of +the total organism in spite of their opposite +properties and functions. The imbalance or +vitiation of vata, pitta, or kapha is consi- +dered a major factor in the causation of a +disease. 5 +The three psychological components are +satva guna, rajas guna, and tamas guna +which can be correlated to balance, dy- +namic and lethargic personality traits re- +spectively. Satva is the quality of love and +light, it imparts faith, honesty, modesty +and truthfulness which lead to purification +of mind and body, including our emotions. +Rajas give rise to change, disturbing equi- +librium with passion and agitation giving +rise to emotional conflicts. Tamas leads to +dullness, inertia, heaviness and emotional +clinging. 6 +A close interdependence among the physi- +cal and psychological components exists; +if one component is out of balance, the +others are also out of balance. Health care +in Ayurveda is essentially aimed at ba- +lancing the dosas and gunas, bringing +them into equilibrium. 5 +Medical astrology is concerned with heal- +ing body, mind and spirit using the tools of +the entire universe, the foremost of which +is the light of the stars and planets. Each +individual is genetically different and has a +unique constitution (Prakriti). Therefore +our ancient Indian scriptures suggested +casting a birth chart of the person. The as- +trological information has been used along +with the knowledge of person’s predomi- +nating dosha or humour.7 It shows by and +large our disease susceptibility, indicating +the types of health problems that we are +most likely to be vulnerable to. 8 +Here in this article, we attempt to integrate +the systems of Astrology, which forecasts +body dosha or constitution of a person +through his/her constellation and Ayurveda +indicating the disease and the mindset +most likely to be present for the particular +dosha or constitution. The remedial music +therapy used to treat doshas of mind and +body thereby using the concept of rasas +(aesthetic mood) and ragas (Indian melo- +dies). +Music therapy: Music therapy can be +used effectively as a preventive measure, +and it can be used as a supplementary to +the main treatment after the onset of pa- +thological conditions. The appropriate type +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +of music, with specific tonal quality, +played at suitable time, the helps to drive +out negative feelings like dependency and +loneliness. Music creates an atmosphere of +harmony and well-being. 3 +Music is among those lifestyle choices that +may reduce stress, protect against disease, +and manage pain.9 Music-therapy during +labor decreased sensation of pain.10 Music +could also produce some physical effects +by inducing the peripheral production and +release of nitric oxide (NO). NO is well +known to possess antibacterial, antiviral +and immune-modulatory function. 11 Many +studies in the recent years have shown that +music listening may give rise to physio- +logical reactions similar to those shown to +other +“emotional” +stimuli, +including +changes in heart rate, skin temperature, +electro-dermal response, respiration, and +hormone secretion. 12 +We introduce first the basic structural ele- +ments of Indian Classical music which are +– Nada (sound), Swara (note), Shruti a +(musical interval), Rhythm and Drone. In- +dian classical texts on music have also +given the effective use of these elements +for therapeutic benefits. +Nada: The friction of air (Vayu) with heat +(Agni) is the cause of sound or nada both +musical and non-musical. The seven tones +are the real basis of music of all nations of +the world. 13 +Swara: The Indian musical scale is said to +have evolved from 3 notes of singing Vedic +hymns, to a scale of 7 primary notes, on the +basis of 22 intervals. The scale is divided into +22 shrutis or intervals, and these are the basis +of the musical notes. Shruti is conceived both +as a "musical interval" which makeup the +notes of the octave and as a pitch position. +The seven notes of the scale or saptak are +known as Sa, Ri, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha and Ni. 14 +Each of the note or swara either lowered or +raised +in +pitch, +are +known + +as +komal or teevra respectively. +In +fact Komal or teevra gives indication of the +position of a note - either higher or lower than +its +original +position. +Shadja (Sa) +and Panchama (Pa)are two steady notes hav- +ing no distortion or displacement. Rishabha +(Ri), Gandhara (Ga), Madhyama(Ma), Dhai- +vata (Dha)and Nishada (Ni) are accepted as +having two forms as stated above, namely, one +high and one low. We have a total of 12 notes. +14 +Rhythm: Rhythm has three aspects: Tala, +Laya and Matra. Tala is a complete cycle of +Metrical phrase composed of a fixed number +of beats. The Laya is the tempo, which keeps +the uniformity of time span, and it has three +divisions – Vilambita (slow), Madhya (Me- +dium) and Druta (fast). The Matra is the +smallest unit of the Tala. 14 +Tonic and the Drone: One distinguishing +characteristic of Indian Music is the rela- +tionship of each swara (note) with the +Shadja (tonic) which determines the plac- +ing of the swaras and the expression of +each swara in the saptak (scale). Hence +the constant playing of the drone is neces- +sary. A singer is always accompanied by +an instrument called tanpura which is +tuned to suit his key note. 14 +Raga or Melody: Raga is the sequence of +selected notes (swaras) that lend an appro- +priate mood or emotion in a selective +combination. Depending upon +its tonal +quality, a raga could induce or intensify +joy or sorrow, exuberance or peace, and it +is this quality, which forms the basis for +therapeutic application. By activating +emotions and controlling brain wave pat- +terns, ragas could be used as a powerful +tool for alleviating the most common ail- +ments of the modern society. 15Every raga +has a fixed number of komal (soft) or tee- +vra (sharp) notes, from which the thaat +can be recognized. In other words, a cer- +tain arrangement of the 7 notes with +change in shuddha, komal and teevra is +called a that. 14 According to Vishnu Na- +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +rayan Bhatkhande (1860-1936) – one of +the most influential musicologists in the +field of North Indian classical music in the +twentieth century – each one of the several +traditional ragas is based on, or is a varia- +tion of, ten basic thats. It is a system in +which ten complete scales of seven notes +each, in ascending order, are formulated to +categorize maximum number of ragas +within it. The ten thats are Bilawal, Ka- +lyan, Khamaj, Bhairav, Poorvi, Marwa, +Kafi, Asavari, Bhairavi and Todi. 16 +How does Music therapy work? : Music +produces psychological responses within a +person when it passes through the auditory +cortex of the brain, which processes the +music. This processing occurs in the lim- +bic system, which is known as the centre +of emotions, sensations and feelings. Hu- +man responses to music occur predomi- +nantly in the right hemisphere of the brain, +which is involved in intuitive and creative +methods +of +processing +information. +Through effective response and cognitive +recognition, music is able to alter mood. +Thus, a person’s frame of mind, reaction to +a given music, and musical preference play +an important part in mood shift leading in +its turn to various health outcomes.2 +According to the Natya shastra (drama- +turgy) of Bharata (second century BCE to +second century CE), "rasa (flavor or re- +lish) is the seed and fruit of the arts." The +arts generate and consolidate moods, sen- +timents, and emotions (rasa) freed from the +fluctuations of fleeting desires and im- +pulses, focus and diffuse these in the +minds and hearts of the people. The con- +cept of "Rasa" is the most important and +significant contribution of the Indian mind +to aesthetics. The consolidation and evo- +cation of rasa, then, represent the function +of all fine arts. This is the central concep- +tion in India since Bharata Natayashastra +first expounded the doctrine of rasa with +its eight categories, viz., love or happiness, +gaiety or humor, compassion, fury, valor, +awesomeness, loathsomeness, and wonder. +From the third or fourth century onwards +silence or tranquility was not only added +as the ninth category but considered as the +supreme rasa. 17 +This ninth rasa is the culmination of all +other rasas and is one of transcendental +quality. All Indian arts, including music, +attempts at transcendence and thus are of +unique quality; every rasa has a corres- +ponding method and a path leading a per- +son to experience reality as defined in In- +dian philosophies. 18 +Bhatkhande, keeping in view the ancient +theory of rasa, has designated only four +types of rasa – Shringara, Shanta, Veerya +and Karuna, as the most important of all +nine +varieties +of +rasas. +Bhatkhande +classified the existing ragas according to +the shuddha and komal svaras used and +consequently the particular rasas or moods +they were able to create. He has suggested +a general rule of rasas and ragas which +needs further research. 19 +Table 1 Thaat and the Swaras used and the aesthetic mood or rasa created. 19 +That +Svaras used +Rasa created +Kalyan, Bilaval, Khamaj +Ri, Dha teevra +Shringara +Bhairav, Purvi, Marva +Ri, Dha Komal +Shanta and Karuna +Kafi, Asaveri, Bhairavi and Todi +Ga, Ni Komal +Veera rasa. +In a broader sense, Shringara is the mood +in which we will be able to bring out the +beauty and harmony that is present in eve- +rything. Calmness or Shanta is attained +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +when we focus on what we truly need, +then the winds of unnecessary desire do +not create any ripples on the surface of the +pond. Veerya or courage is the rasa of +fearlessness, self assurance, determination, +heroism, valor, concentration, and perfect +control of body and mind. Karuna or true +compassion involves the recognition that +the suffering of others (as well as their joy, +) is also our own. True compassion is +without discrimination and can be felt for +humans as well as for animals, plants, or +even for enemies. It makes us a kind +person, extending loving kindness to every +being we meet. 18 +Love, joy, courage, calmness, wonder are +desirable rasas whereas anger, fear, sad- +ness, disgust are not desirable. When a +disagreeable rasa prevails for a long pe- +riod, the imbalance in the biochemical en- +vironment created in our body is difficult +to get rid off and may lead to disease. +Maintaining an agreeable rasa over a long +period will stabilize our body, keeping it +healthy and facilitating in curing disease.18 +Trait anger and anger suppression is more +prevalent +among +people +with hypertension than healthy individu- +als.20 +The theory of Samanya Vishesha Sidd- +hanta is applicable irrespective of the sys- +tem of medicine that is followed by a phy- +sician. This theory says factors which are +having similar properties will lead to aug- +mentation of that particular factor. The +dissimilar +factors +cause +reduction. +(Ch.Su.1/44.45.) 21 The disagreeable rasa +can be overcome by substituting with +agreeable rasa created through the right +type of music which depicts positive emo- +tion. +Ayurveda and Music therapy +According to Ayurveda, we must under- +stand our own nature or constitution or do- +sha and change our lifestyle, thinking and +perception accordingly. The three major +constitutional types – Vata, Pitta and Ka- +pha, exist according the three biological +humors that are the root forces of life. +These corresponds to the three great ele- +ments air, fire and water respectively as +they function in the mind-body complex. +As long as these doshas are in balance a +person remains healthy, and it produces a +subtle energy essence for the proper func- +tioning of the body. When they are dis- +turbed, they create disagreeable rasas of +fear, anger, sadness and disgust for Vata, +Pitta and Kapha respectively which is +psychological manifestation.18 We have +listed below the physical aspects of these +disturbed doshas which manifests as psy- +cho- somatic ailments. 5 +Rasa is consi- +dered a bio-energy that is partly physical +and partly mental. It is a significant link +between body and mind that affects our +thoughts and emotions. 18 +Table 2 Correlating Imbalance in Dosha manifesting as psychological disagreeable Rasa +and the diseases one is prone to: +Dosha +Balance +creates 18 +Imbalance +creates 5 +Diseases Prone to 18 +Vata +(Air) +Calmness +Fear +and +Anxiety +Rheumatism, nervous disorders, sciatica, insomnia, dry +skin, constipation, receding gums, weak bones, infertility, +impotence, colic, flatulence, stuttering, ringing in the ears, +irregular menstruation with cramps, varicose veins, +paralysis, blood clotting, anorexia, shivering fits, poor +blood circulation +Pitta +Smartness +Anger +Stress-related diseases; high-blood pressure; coronary +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +(Bile) +and +Ra- +diance +diseases; thrombosis; ulcers; cancer of the stomach, +intestine, and skin; +psoriasis; inflammation of the lymph system; infectious +diseases; inflammation of the spleen; hepatitis, urinary +tract infection; heartburn +Kapha +(Mucus) +Vigor +Sadness, +Disgust +Nausea, colds, bronchitis, asthma, kidney stones, swollen +lymph nodes, benign tumors, dropsy, goiter, lung and +breast cancer, fungal infections, digestive system +problems, obesity +When Kapha is in balance, it produces vi- +gor otherwise called as Ojas, which is its +essence. If Pitta is in balance, it makes us +smart and radiant through its essence, +which is known as Tejas. Vata is regarded +as the most important of the three doshas. +Pitta and Kapha need the Vata to move +them to the required places throughout the +body. When Vata is in perfect balance, it is +converted to its essence, which is Prana +and produces Calmness. Hence Prana, +Ojas, Tejas are the subtle essences of Vata, +Kapha and Pitta respectively- existing +beyond physical level. There is a strong +relationship between these subtle essences +of the doshas and the development of the +higher aspects of the rasas, such as univer- +sal love, true compassion, absolute fear- +lessness and calmness.18 +Ayurveda re- +commends hearing of vocal and instru- +mental music pleasing to the ears, soft, +sweet and agreeable for balancing Pitta +(Ch.Vi6#17). In case of unconsciousness, +one is advised to use consolation and +musical sounds. (Su.I.6#85-87). 21 Music +is precisely calculated to have a positive +effect on dosha balance. The dosha can be +aggravated or balanced by varying melo- +dies and rhythm. The disagreeable rasa of +sadness and disgust in Kapha dosha can +be substituted with agreeable rasa of love +and compassion created by the particular +raga. Similarly, anger of disturbed Pitta +dosha can be overcome by peace or shanta +rasa; fear of disturbed Vata dosha can be +overcome by veera rasa or self assurance. +We have listed the ragas which balances +the dosha accordingly in Table 3. +Biorhythm theory of Music and Ayur- +veda +Our ancient scholars and musician adhered +strictly to bio rhythm or cyclical time +theory while singing a particular raga. +Sangita Makaranda by Sri Narada, says +that raga sung at the proper time brings +happiness; otherwise it disturbs the envi- +ronment. The source of this concept dates +back to Vedas, especially Yajur Veda, +which deals with prescription of time and +rules for the performance of Yagnas, or +religious ceremonies. 22 +Ayurveda also emphasis the importance of +these natural cycles of the day and season. +Listening to the right raga at the right time +is said to smooth the natural transitions +and attune the body and mind to the circa- +dian cycle. Also, specific ragas are pre- +scribed to balance specific doshas. 1 +It is of great importance for our study of +music that Ayurveda also recognizes mul- +6 am – 10 am +6 pm – 10 m +Kapha +2 am - 6am +2 pm – 6 pm +Vata +10 am - 2 pm +10 pm -2 am +Pitta +12 +3 +9 +6 +Fig:1 Cycle of predominant dosha and time +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +tiple cycles of time and distinguishes spe- +cific balance between the doshas existing +in each section of each cycle. These fac- +tors are taken into account in diagnosis, +healing as well as guidance for preventing +disease. During the diurnal cycle, each +dosha is found to predominate twice. The +sequence is according to Ashtanga San- +graha #1/22 Bhatkhande has classified +the Ragas based on the time of singing, +which may be utilized during therapeutic +applications. To establish the recital times +of each raga, he divided the day into +eight praharas or watches, each of three +hours' duration, using 4 a.m. as his starting +point. He then allocated each raga to a +specific prahara according to its basic +tonal characteristics. +A simple way of +categorizing ragas is to divide them into +three categories: +There are many points of this nature that +would have to be brought out in order to +arrive at a complete explanation of time- +related performance practices. Following +points provide a outline of the cyclical +time theory or biorhythm theory: +1. Ragas with the notes Re and Dha Komal +coupled with sharp Ga and Ni are meant +for the twilight time. +2. The Shuddha Re, Ga and Dha find a +place in the melodies of the first part of the +day or night. +3. Ga and Ni Komal play a significant role +in the midday and midnight melodies. +4. The presence of Teevra Ma is a feature +of an evening or night melody. +5. Mere change of vadi swara can change +a raga and also the singing time. The ragas +which are sung between noon and +midnight have their vadi swara in lower +tetrachord or purvanaga i.e., sa ri g a ma +pa. The ragas sung from midnight to +midday have their vadi swara placed in the +upper tetrachord or uttaranga 1.e. sa ni +dha pa ma. 19 +Here, we have correlated the disagreeable +rasa, which is the cause of disturbed dosha, +with the Indian ragas which instills +agreeable +rasa +within +the +listener. +Table – 3 Disagreeable rasa treated with agreeable rasa the corresponding that and im- +portant ragas of the that 23 +Disturbed +Dosha +Disagreeable +rasa created +Substitute +Agreeable +rasa +Thaat +Some Im- +portant +Ragas +of +the Thaat +Time +Timings +Vata +Fear +Veera Rasa +Kafi, +Kafi +Any time +Peelu +Any time +Bhimpalsri +Afternoon +1pm-4pm +Brindavani +Afternoon +1pm-4pm +4 am to 7 am +4 pm to 7pm +Ragas Ri dha +10 am to 1 pm & 1 pm to +4 pm +10 pm to 1 am & 1 am to +7 am to 10 +am +7 pm to 10 +pm +1 +3 +9 +6 +Fig-2 Ragas with specific tonal characteristics based on the time of +singing 19 +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +Asaveri +Bhairavi +Todi +Sarang +Shuddha +Sarang +Afternoon +1pm-4pm +Asaveri +Morning +7am-10am +Adana +Mid Night +10pm-1am +Jaunpuri +Morning +10am-1pm +Darbari +Kanada +Midnight +10pm-1am +Bhairavi +Late +Morning +10am-1pm +Malkauns +Mid Night +10pm-1am +Bilakshani +Todi +Morning +7am-10am +Todi +Morning +7am-10am +Multani +Late +Afternoon +1pm-4pm +Gurjari +Todi +Late +Morning +10am-1pm +Madhuvanti +Dusk +4pm-7pm +Pitta +Anger +Shanta +Rasa +and Karuna +Bhairav +Purvi +Marva +Bhairav +Early +Morning +4am-7am +Ahir Bhai- +rav +Morning +7am-10 am +Ramkali +Early +Morning +4am-7am +Jogiya +Early +Morning +4am-7am +Purvi +Dusk +4pm-7pm +Paraj +Pre- Dawn +1 am-4am +Shri +Dusk +4pm-7pm +Marva +Late Evening +7pm-10pm +Puriya +Late Evening +7pm-10pm +Bhatiyar +Early +Morning +4am-7am +Sohini +Pre-Dawn +1 am-4am +Kapha +Sadness, Dis- +gust +Shringara +Kalyan, +Bilawal +Shuddha +Kalyan +Late Evening +7 +pm +– +10pm +Kedar +Late Evening +7pm-10pm +Hameer +Late Evening +7pm-10pm +Yaman +Late Evening +7pm-10pm +Alahiya +Bilawal +Late morning +10am -1 pm +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +Khamaj +Bihag +Night +10 pm -1am +Shankara +Night +10 pm -1am +Durga +Late evening +7pm-10pm +Khamaj +Late evening +7pm-10pm +Jinjoti +Late evening +7pm-10pm +Kalavati +Late evening +7pm-10pm +Desh +Late evening +7pm-10pm +Connecting Astrology and Ayurveda +Linking natural healing of both body and +mind through Ayurveda and medical as- +trology is one of the deepest and most +lasting investigations of our species. Our +ancient seers knew that each individual’s +genetic code is different and had a unique +constitution +and +nature +(Prakriti). +8 +Prasher B, Negi S(2008) have found that +individuals from the three most contrasting +constitutional types – Vata, Pitta and Ka- +pha, show remarkable differences with re- +spect to biochemical and hematological +parameters as well at gene expression le- +vels. 24 +Astrology gives the genetic disposition or +code of the body based on the planetary +position through the birth chart. However, +for healing purposes, we must also con- +sider as the code of the mind or psycho- +logical traits. We can discover our mental +code through our birth chart, as clearly as +our genetic disposition. This is based upon +the individual’s habits, tendencies, influ- +ences and desires. These tendencies create +the pattern of our lives down to the sub- +conscious and instinctual levels. 8 +The zodiac is divided into twelve equal +parts of 30 degree each called the signs or +ascendant signs. There is another division +of zodiac into twenty seven equal parts of +13 degrees: 20 each and these are known +as constellations or Nakshatras. Each sign +occupies two and a quarter of constella- +tions. As there are nine planets, a group of +three constellations fall into the lordship of +each planet. Because constellation is a part +of the zodiac sign, hence, it is under the +influence of two planets that is the sign +lord and the constellation lord. 25 +The ascendant signifies the physical sta- +ture, character and temperament, vitality, +vigor, tendencies, struggle for life, initia- +tive, perseverance, general well being, de- +termination and courage, etc. 25 +Each Nakshatra has its own Prakriti or +individual nature represented by a symbol, +animal sign, character traits, emotion and +spiritual patterns; as well as color, vowel +sound, and names. Each is made of many +strands that include Gunas or psychologi- +cal qualities, Doshas and aims in life. 26 +The planets project the basic energies op- +erating in the solar system. As such, our +entire lives can be arranged to improve our +planetary influences. Right diet, right +herbs, right location to live, right livelih- +ood, right relationships and the right spi- +ritual practices can all be used to balance +planetary forces. 8 +Astrological relation to three doshas +The tridoshas represent biological energy +that represents the elemental forces exist- +ing in equilibrium in the human body, the +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +microcosm, and consequently in the un- +iverse, the macrocosm. Indeed, everything +that exists in the vast external space is also +present in the inner human core according +to Loka Purusha Saamya Siddhanta of +Acharya Charaka. 27 +Vata, Pitta and Kapha correspond to the +principles of energy, light and matter in +the Universe. Homeostasis of these three +forces maintains health and its imbalance +lead to diseases. These three factors can be +converted into one another. The three do- +shas are the modification of the five great +elements of earth, water, fire, air and ether +which represent the five levels of matter as +solid, liquid, radiant, gaseous and ether. +Each dosha projects the qualities of its re- +spective element through the biological +process. This is its basic force or force +element. In addition to the primary ele- +ments as air, fire and water, each dosha +relates to a secondary element that serves +as its container or medium of expression. +This is field of operation in which the do- +sha operates or its ‘field element.' In as- +trological parlance, the force elements of +the doshas are like planets and the field +elements of the doshas are like the ascen- +dant signs ruled by the planet. 8 +The main correlation between Ayurveda +and Astrology is that between the three +doshas and the planets. +Vata Dosha - Saturn, Mercury, Rahu – +Air signs +Pitta Dosha – Sun, Mars Ketu – Fire signs +Kapha Dosha – Moon, Venus, and Jupiter +- Water signs +Mercury is a mutable and impressionable +planet that takes upon itself the influence +of airy planets it is associated with. Hence +it is associated with all the three doshas. +However mercury in and of itself is more +of a Vata or airy planet. 8 +The twelve-zodiac signs from Aries to +Pisces represent the fields in which the +nine planets operate. They are an annex of +the qualities of their ruling planets. Like +the planets, the signs also correspond to +the elements. +Table-4 showing Ascendant sign, its ruling planet, the nature of the planet and the cor- +responding dosha 8 +Ascendant Signs +Ruling Planets +Nature/ Dosha +Aries, Leo, Scorpio +Mars and Sun +Fiery/ Pitta +Taurus, Libra, Cancer, Sa- +gittarius, Pisces +Venus, Moon and Jupiter +Watery/Kapha +Gemini, Virgo, Capricorn +and Aquarius +Mercury , Saturn +Airy/Vata +Air signs in general correspond with Vata +dosha relating to the mind, nervous system +and communication and other Vata fields +of activity. Fire signs correspond to Pitta, +relating to the digestive system, circulatory +system, perception and other Pitta fields. +Water signs correspond to Kapha relating +to the body fluids, emotions and other Ka- +pha fields. Earth signs represent the body +and its structure, mainly Kapha fields, but +more as a field in which the other three +elemental forces can operate. 8 +Regardless of the qualities of the signs +themselves, we must remember the general +rule that the nature of the planet is more +important than that of the signs. The pla- +nets represent the force while the sign +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +represents the field in which the forces op- +erate. The force always tends to dominate +its field of activity. While the doshas of +the planets and signs should be looked at +together, greater weight is given to the +nature of the planet. Another important +method is to look at the qualities of the +sign according to those of its ruling planet. +8 +All three doshas are present in every +person’s body. But it is often one or two +that dominate. (Su. Sha. 4/63). The +attributes of these dominant dosha dictate +the body constitution and character of the +person (Ch.Vim 8/95). If two doshas are +in dominance, a combination of the +qualities of both will determine the +Prakriti of the person. There are thus +seven types of Prakritis possible - Vata +Prakriuti, Pitta Prakriti, kapha prakriti, +Vata-Pitta prakriti, Pitta-Kapha Prakriti, +Vata-Kapha Prakriti (Su.Sha. 4/61). 28 +Table – 5 List of 27 Constellations or Nakshatras, their ruling planet, the Primary and +the Secondary Doshas, the ascendant sign, the Lord of the sign and the governing ele- +ment. +Nakshatra +Ruling +Planet +Primary +Dosha/ +Sec- +ondar +y +Dosha +Ascendant Sign +Sign +Lord +Governing +Element +Ashwini +Ketu +Pitta +Vata +Aries (Mesha) +Mars +Fire +Bharani +Venus +Kapha +Vata +Aries (Mesha) +Mars +Fire +Krittika +Sun +Pitta +Vata +Aries (Mesha) +Mars +Fire +Rohini +Moon +Kapha +Vata +Taurus (Vrishabha) +Venus +Water +Mrigashira +Mars +Pitta +Kapha +Taurus (Rishabha) +Venus +Water +Aridra +Rahu +Vata +Kapha +Gemini (Mithunam) +Mer- +cury +Air +Punarvasu +Jupiter +Kapha +Pitta +Gemini (Mithunam) +Mer- +cury +Air +Pushya +Saturn +Vata +Kapha +Cancer (Kataka) +Moon +Water +Ashlesha +Mercury +Vata +Kapha +Cancer (Kataka) +Moon +Water +Magha +Ketu +Pitta +Vata +Leo (Simham) +Sun +Fire +Purva Phalguni +Venus +Kapha +Vata +Leo (Simham) +Sun +Fire +Uttara Phalguni +Sun +Pitta +Vata +Leo (Simham) +Sun +Fire +Hasta +Moon +Kapha +Vata +Virgo (Kanya) +Mer- +cury +Air +Chitra +Mars +Pitta +Kapha +Virgo (Kanya) +Mer- +cury +Air +Swati +Rahu +Vata +Kapha +Libra (Tula) +Venus Water +Vishaka +Jupiter +Kapha +Pitta +Libra (Tula) +Venus Water +Anuradha +Saturn +Vata +Kapha +Scorpio (Vrischika) +Mars +Fire +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +Jyeshta +Mercury +Vata +Kapha +Scorpio (Vrischika) +Mars +Fire +Mula +Ketu +Pitta +Vata +Sagittarius(Dhanush) Jupiter Water +Purva Ashadha +Venus +Kapha +Vata +Sagittarius(Dhanush) Jupiter Water +Uttara Ashadha +Sun +Pitta +Vata +Sagittarius(Dhanush) Jupiter Water +Shravana +Moon +Kapha +Vata +Capricorn (Makara) +Saturn +Air +Dhanishtha +Mars +Pitta +Kapha +Capricorn (Makara) +Saturn +Air +Shatabhisha +Rahu +Vata +Kapha +Aquarius (Kumbha) +Saturn +Air +Purva +Bhadra- +pada +Jupiter +Kapha +Pitta +Aquarius (Kumbha) +Saturn +Air +Uttara Bhadra- +pada +Saturn +Vata +Kapha +Pisces (Meena) +Jupiter +Water +Revati +Mercury +Vata +Kapha +Pisces (Meena) +Jupiter +Water +The table is general and may require some modifications according to individual chart or +horoscope. +While planets in general follow their +dominant dosha, they often reflect more +than one dosha.8 It is noteworthy that +although balance of the doshas in an +individual +shows +continuous +change +during the course of his or her life due to a +range of internal and external factors, the +basic Prakriti is never altered. This means +that +the +dominating +doshas +of +an +individual can be easily aggravated. (Ch.iv +8/95) 28 +Here in Table – 5, an attempt is made to +list 27 Constellation or Nakshatras, their +primary as well as the secondary dosha. +We may mainly consider primary dosha +and secondary dosha of the ruling planet +related to the particular Constellation or +Nakshatra for prescribing diet, lifestyle, +diagnosis of disease and treatment of an +individual. In addition, the knowledge of +the ascendant sign, the governing element +also supports the same. The birth chart is +drawn based on the time, place and date of +the birth of a person from which Nakhatra +is determined. +In Table – 3 we have listed the music +therapy based on the dosha or prakriti of +the person. This may be treated as an +auxiliary treatment along with Ayurvedic +herbal remedies and Yoga. +CONCLUSION +Music therapy is mainly using the time +specific raga with a particular tonal quality +to restore harmony in the physical and +mental faculty and eliminate the imbal- +ances responsible for diseases. It is a Mind +Body Medicine useful to treat the body +through mind. +The fundamental objective of Indian clas- +sical music is to instill rasa or aesthetic +mood like love, compassion, self assurance +and calmness, etc. within the listener. +Thus, Music is a means for educating and +healing people emotionally warding off the +negative side of human nature as that of +fear, anger, disgust, and insecurity, etc. +The classical text lists precise times of the +day for playing of different ragas or melo- +dies. Listening to the time specific raga is +said to smoothen the natural transitions +and regulate the body and mind to the bi- +orhythm cycle. It also helps to balance the +biological humours or Doshas. The ragas +which instill calmness or Shanta rasa in +the listener may help to pacify disagreea- +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +ble rasa of anger caused by disturbed Pitta +dosha. The ragas which depict the Veera +rasa or Courage may pacify disagreeable +rasa of fear anxiety caused by Vata dosha. +The ragas which infuse love and compas- +sion moods may appease sadness and de- +jection caused by Kapha dosha. +It is of great implication for our study of +music that Ayurveda also identifies mul- +tiple cycles of time and distinguishes the +specific +balance +between +the Doshas existing in each segment of +each cycle. Apart from proper diet, herbal +remedies and cleansing techniques, Ayur- +veda also supports special method like +mantras and music therapy to achieve +higher awareness and alter the psycho- +physical environment. +Ayurveda provides an essential mind-body +system of both diagnosis and healing. It +treats the disease based on the individual +constitution according to the three Doshas +of Vata (air), Pitta (fire) and Kapha (wa- +ter) as well as how this constitution is af- +fected by everything from diet, medicines +and habits but also of the environment, +weather and the stars (astrology). +Astrology uses the language of Ayurveda +to understand the effects of the planets on +the body and mind relative to health, ail- +ment and endurance. Astrology can be +used as an aid to Ayurvedic analysis, diag- +nosis and treatment showing how plane- +tary factors cause disease. Individual con- +stitution can be determined by drawing the +birth chart based on the planetary position +and the light of stars (constellation) at the +time of birth of an individual. It gives +both the physical and psychological as- +pects of the person. This knowledge along +with Ayurveda helps us rectify our physi- +cal and mental inclination that are out of +harmony with our mind and body. +In this paper we have examined how the +three systems of Music, Ayurveda and As- +trology – can be correlated to provide us +with an effective and comprehensive me- +thodology of healing body, mind and Spi- +rit. Individual constellation is known +through the birth chart which is based on +the time, place and date of birth. We have +listed the 27 constellation with its primary +dosha and the secondary dosha through +medical astrology. We have also given the +specific ragas as a part of music therapy +for balancing the particular dosha type. +Most of the times, the root of a disease is +in our mental state or the condition of our +will than in the physical body. Diseases +reflect negative planetary influences which +are disruptive force in our astrophysical +environment or the perceptual faculty. By +changing the internal environment, we can +alter our outer physical functioning as +well. This needs a willingness to ‘let go’ +the negative thought patterns followed by +the willful submission to the notes of the +music along with appropriate diet ac- +cording to the Doshas and seasons, Yoga, +Pranayama and meditation as prescribed +by Ayurveda – our ancient healing system. +Acknowledgement +The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr +Manjunath, Dr Kashinath for their guid- +ance in Ayurveda; Dr Natesh Babu, Sri +Subramanian.A and Sri. Sumanth Gowda +for their support. +REFERENCE +1. Christopher S. Clark, Hari Sharma, +Ayurvedic Healing: Contemporary Ma- +harishi Ayurveda Medicine and +Scienc.Singling Dragon and imprint of +Jessica Kingsley Publishers, USA and +UK; 2012 +2. Murrock CJ, Higgins PA: The theory of +music, mood and movement to improve +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +health outcomes; J Adv Nursing. 2009 +October; 65(10); 2249–2257. +3. Manorama Sharma, Special education +music therapy: S B Nangia for APH +Publishing Corporation, New Delhi: +2007;120. +4. Dagmar Wujastyk and Frederick M. +Smith , Modern and Global Ayurveda: +Pluralism and Paradigm, Albany : State +University of New York Press, [2008] +5. Mishra, Lakshmi C, Scientific basis for +Ayurvedic therapies: CRC Press, New +York, 2003. +6. David Frawley, Yoga and Ayurveda – +Self healing and Self realization: Mo- +tilal Banarsidas Pvt Ltd., Delhi; 2000. +7. 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Bigamudre Chaitanya Deva, An intro- +duction to Indian music, Bigamudre +Chaitanya Deva, Publications Division, +Ministry of Information and Broad- +casting, Govt. of India, 1973. +15. Nagarajan Karuna, Thaiyar M Sriniva- +san, Nagendra HR. Review of Ragas +and its rasas in Indian music and its +possible applications in therapy: Inter- +national Journal of Yoga Philosophy, +Psychology and Parapsychology. 2013 +June; 1(1):21- 28. +16. Arindam Bhattacharjee Narayanan +Srinivasan, University Of Allahabad, +Allahabad, India, Hindustani Raga Re- +presentation And Identification: A +Transition Probability Based Approach, +International Journal Of Mind, Brain & +Cognition Vol. 2, No. 1-2, Jan-Dec +2011 +17. Radhakamal Mukerjee, +"Rasäs" as +Springs of Art in Indian Aesthetics”: +The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criti- +cism, Vol. 24, No. 1, Oriental Aesthet- +ics. The American Society of Aesthet- +ics, (Autumn, 1965), pp. 91-96. +18. Peter Merchand, The yoga of the nine +emotions: Inner Traditions India; 2006. +19. Shobhana Nayar, Bhatkhande’s Contri- +bution to Music, A Historical Perspec- +tive:. +Popular +Prakashana, +Bom- +bay;1989. pp.159. +20. Hosseini SH, Mokhberi +V, Mohammadpour R +A, Mehrabianfard M, Lashak NB, An- +ger expression and suppression among +patients with essential hypertension: Int +J Psychiatry Clin Pract. Sept; 2011. +21. Gabriel Van Loon, Charaka Samhita, +Handbook on Ayurveda . Vol. +Nagarajan Karuna Et;Al: Music therapy for Dosha Balance +www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 2; Issue 4; July - August-2014 +I. Varanasi: P.V. Sharma and Chauk- +hambha Orientalia Publishers; 1981. +22. Manorama Sharma, Music Aesthetics: +S B Nangia for APH Publishing Corpo- +ration, New Delhi, 2007. +23. B. Subba Rao , Bharatiya sangeet: +raga nidhi: encyclopedia of Indian ra- +gas, a comparative study of Hindustani +& Karnatak ragas, Volume 1-4, V. +Patwardhan, Chairman, Vishnu Di- +gambar Smarak Samiti, 1956 +24. Effect of Season on Prakriti, Pramod +Kumar Sing, Tripathi N S, Byadgi P S, +LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing; +Germany 2013. +25. Prem Kumar Sharma, Medical Asrtrol- +ogy: Rupa Publications India Pvt Ltd; +New Delhi, 2013. +26. Ramesh N. Rao, Hankey Alex. Kala +and Maha kala: Time and the timeless +in the Vedic literature, International +Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and +Parapsychology: Jan 2013, 40-48. +27. Gupta Arvind Kumar Mishra Sangeeta +Shyammurti Panja Asit K. Meena Ke- +dar Lal, Utility of Lok Purush Samya +Siddhant in Etiopathogenesis and Prin- +ciples for Management of Diseases: +IAMJ: Volume 1; Issue 2; March – +April 2013. +28. Acharya Balakrishnan, Ayurveda, its +Principles & Philosophies: Divya Pra- +kashan, Patanjali Yoga Peetha, Harid- +war; July 2007. +CORRESPONDING ADDRESS +Mrs. Karuna Nagarajan +No.19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Cir- +cle, Kempegowdanagar, +Bangalore- 560 019 +Email: karuna.nag6@gmail.com diff --git a/subfolder_0/Minimum muscular fitness and ventilatory function in south Indian school children.txt b/subfolder_0/Minimum muscular fitness and ventilatory function in south Indian school children.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7174fd41862f8f07f2acfae9b750ff67633bcde --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Minimum muscular fitness and ventilatory function in south Indian school children.txt @@ -0,0 +1,973 @@ +Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, Vol. 10, No. 2: 104-110, 2014 + +Date of Communication: Aug. 19, 2014 +Date of Acceptance: Aug. 28, 2014 +SJIF IMPACT FACTOR 2013=4.65 + +104 +Minimum Muscular Fitness and Ventilatory Function in +South Indian School Children + +Rawat1, Vikas; Rajesh2, S.K., and Nagarathna3, Raghuram +1PhD Scholar, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, India. Pin: 560019. +(vikasrawat.svyasa@gmail.com). +2Assistant Professor, Deputy Coordinator PhD Program, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, +Bangalore, India. Pin: 560019. (Email: rajesheskay@svyasa.org) +3Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bangalore, India. Pin: 560019. +Corresponding author: Vikas Rawat., PhD Scholar, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, +Bangalore, India. Pin: 560019, E-mail: vikasrawat.svyasa@gmail.com + +Introduction +Emerging society has considered +physical fitness as one of the important +indicators of health. Physical fitness is the +ability to perform physical activity, and +makes reference to a full range of +physiological and psychological qualities +(Ortega et al, 2008). Being physically fit +has been defined as "the ability to carry +out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, +without undue fatigue and with ample +energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and +to +meet +unforeseen +emergencies" +(PCPFS, 1952). Physical fitness during +adolescence is related to a healthy +cardiovascular disease risk profile in +adults (Twisk et al, 2002). Fitness refers +to the maximum capacity that people have +or achieve while they perform physical +activity that can be measured as the level +of strength and flexibility of the muscular +groups in different body parts. After two +decades of clinical experience, Kraus and +Hirschland prepared six tests of minimum +muscular fitness for children called +Kraus-Weber test (KW). The battery +evaluates strength and flexibility of trunk +and leg muscles. Studies have shown that +this test represents minimum muscular +Abstract +Emerging society has considered physical fitness as one of the important indicators of health. +Muscular fitness and ventilatory functions are the important domains of physical fitness. The +present study was designed to evaluate minimum muscular fitness and ventilatory functions in +South Indian Children. Three hundred and fifty two healthy school children of both genders in +age range of 10- 16 years who attended Yoga based Personality Development Camp were +recruited for the study. Sample consisted of 203 boys and 149 females with a mean age of 12.90 +years (SD=1.55). Anthropometric measurements, Kraus-Weber (KW) minimum muscular fitness +test and PEFR were recorded. Out of 352 subjects tested 251 (71.31%) subjects failed in +completing the test successfully. The overall failure rate in boys was 71.9% while in girls it was +70.5% with non significant differences between the two genders. The observation that the group +of students who succeeded on minimum muscular fitness had significantly higher PEFR, points +to a positive relationship between muscle fitness and lung functions. A failure rate of 71% on +KW test in urban children (10-16years) of both genders points to an urgent need of physical +fitness training programs for the enhancement of the strength in areas that shape their physical +fitness. +KEY WORDS: physical fitness, muscular fitness, ventilatory function, Kraus-Weber, PEFR +Minimum Muscular Fitness and Ventilatory Function in South Indian School Children – Rawat, Vikas et al + +Date of Communication: Aug. 19, 2014 +Date of Acceptance: Aug. 28, 2014 +SJIF IMPACT FACTOR 2013=4.65 + +105 +fitness, and that falling below the +normative level in this test predisposes to +orthopedic and emotional difficulties +(Kraus & Hirschland, 1953). +Studies show wide variations in the +children fitness levels as measured on +KW test. Initial studies on American and +European children from comparable urban +and suburban communities showed that +57.9% of the 4264 American students +while only 8.7% of the 2870 European +students failed to pass the test (Kraus & +Hirschland, 1954). In the first Indian +survey in the year 1975 on minimum +muscular fitness in 375 school children in +Lonavla, +Maharashtra, +the +failures +reported was 40.3% with multiple failures +to the extent of 63.9 per cent (Gharote & +Ganguly, 1975). Further, a recent study +in year 2000 by the same group revealed +that 20.8 per cent boys failed in the tests +(Gharote, 2000) and this improved +performance was attributed to better +training through sports and physical +activities promotions in the school. +Multiple failures were 4.8 percent while +flexibility +failures alone +were +11.6 +percent. +Measurement of ventilatory functions +is another useful measure to assess +physical fitness in children and adults +(Petty, 2006). Peak expiratory flow rate +(PEFR) which is the maximum flow +achieved +during + +rapid +exhalation +delivered with maximal force starting +from the level of maximal lung inflation +is an essential measure of ventilatory +function (Pedersen, 1997). PEFR is a +simple quantitative and reproducible +measure of resistance and severity of +airflow obstruction (Holcroft et al, 2003). +The purpose of this study was to evaluate +the present status of muscular fitness and +ventilatory function using Kraus-Weber +Test and mini peak expiratory flow meter +in healthy South Indian Children. +Methods +Participants: Three hundred and fifty two +healthy school children of both genders in +age range of 10- 16 years who attended +yoga based Personality Development +Camp in summer holidays in the serene +campus +of +SVYASA +University, +Bengaluru, were randomly selected from +a pool of 540 children. Children with a +history of asthma, a recent history of +respiratory infection with or without +persistent cough within the past two +weeks and those with any major disability +or illness were excluded from the study. +Consent and ethical clearance: Signed +informed consent was obtained from the +parent or guardian of the child at the time +of registration after they had read the +proposal of the study. All procedures +were reviewed and accepted by the +institutional +ethical +committee. +The +children were explained in detail about +the nature of the study and the voluntary +nature of participation and were not +provided with any incentives for their +participation. +Methods: All the children were the +participants of a ten day residential yoga +based personality development camp +organized during summer holidays in the +month +of +April. +The +testing +was +performed in a spacious room during the +morning hours between 9 to 11 AM on 2nd +day of the camp after the child had +acclimatized to the camp life. The +children were taken in batches of five to +the room situated adjacent to the hall. +After documenting the demographic data, +PEFR followed by Kraus Weber test was +recorded. +Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, Vol. 10, No. 2: 104-110, 2014 + +Date of Communication: Aug. 19, 2014 +Date of Acceptance: Aug. 28, 2014 +SJIF IMPACT FACTOR 2013=4.65 + +106 +Measurements +Kraus-Weber test: The Kraus-Weber +test is composed of five strength items +and one flexibility item (Kraus & +Hirschland, 1953). Failure of any one of +the six items means a failure of the total +test. +1. The first test item measured the +strength in abdominal and psoas (hip +flexor) +muscles. +The +subject +was +instructed to lie supine with the hands +behind the neck. The feet were held by +the examiner. On command the subject +rolled up into a sitting position. +2. In the second test item the subject +was asked to lie supine, hands behind +neck and knees bent. The feet were held. +On command the subject tried to roll up +into a sitting position. This is a test of +abdominal muscles without using the +psoas muscle. +3. This is a test item for the strength +of lower abdominal muscles. During this +test, the subject lies flat on his back with +his hands behind his neck. He was then +instructed to lift the legs straight off the +floor about 10 inches and to hold the +position for 10 seconds. +4. The upper back muscles were +tested during the 4th test item. The subject +was asked to lie prone with a pillow under +the abdomen but far enough down to give +a seesaw effect. While lying on the +stomach, the subject was asked to lift the +head, shoulders, and chest off the floor +and hold for 10 seconds. +5. In the fifth test, the position was +the same as in the 4th test. The subject was +instructed to lie prone over the pillow and +place his hands in front and rest his head +on them. The examiner held the chest +down and asked the subject to lift his legs +up without bending the knees and +maintain this position for 10 seconds. The +lower back muscles were tested with this. +6. In the sixth test item, the subject +was tested for the flexibility of back and +ability to stretch the hamstring muscle. +The subject was asked to stand erect with +his hands at sides and feet together. On +command he was instructed to lean down +slowly to touch the floor with his +fingertips. The knees were kept straight +and the leaning down position was asked +to be maintained for 10 seconds. No +bouncing was allowed to touch the floor. +PEFR Measurement: A mini PEFR meter +(Clement Clarke) was used to check the +PEFR of the children. The purpose and +technique of performing PEFR was +explained along with a demonstration of +the correct manner of performing the test. +When subjects had understood the method +and were able to perform correctly, they +were made to give the test in the standing +position. They were closely observed to +ensure that they maintained an airtight +seal between their lips and the mouthpiece +of the instrument (Holcroft et al, 2003). +The highest value of the three readings +was recorded as the final PEFR value. +Physical characteristics: +The weight (Kg) was recorded using a +standard electronic weighing scale. The +participants were asked to remove as +much outerwear as possible. Further they +were asked to remove the shoes and step +up onto the weighing scale and stand still +over the center of the scale with body +weight evenly distributed between both +the feet. Standing height (cm) was +measured without shoes and without +traction using a standard scale. +Data analysis: All the statistical analyses +were performed using the Statistical +Package for Social Sciences (version +Minimum Muscular Fitness and Ventilatory Function in South Indian School Children – Rawat, Vikas et al + +Date of Communication: Aug. 19, 2014 +Date of Acceptance: Aug. 28, 2014 +SJIF IMPACT FACTOR 2013=4.65 + +107 +16.0). Descriptive statistics was used to +examine the frequency and percentage to +compare successes and failures in Kraus- +Weber Test items based on age and +gender. Independent-samples t-tests were +performed to determine the significance +of the observed differences in physical +characteristics of the subjects according to +success and failure. +Results & Discussion +A total of 352 students (203-boys, +149-girls) were enrolled in the study. +Participants‟ age ranged from 9 to 16 +years with a mean age of 12.90 years +(SD=1.55). Table I shows physical +characteristics and frequency distribution +of children‟s performance on the two tests +i.e. PEFR & Kraus Weber tests. + + + + + + + + +Table I: Frequency distribution of children on KW test and PEFR +age +groups +Gender +N +Weight +Height +PEFR +KW test +Mean +SD +Mean +SD +Mean +SD +Success N +(%) +Failure +N(%) +10 +Girls +13 +32.52 +6.54 +135.04 +10.47 +226.92 +64.47 +1(7.7) +12(92.3) +Boys +14 +37.89 +7.26 +138.14 +6.68 +239.29 +37.31 +2(14.3) +12(85.7) +Total +27 +35.3 +7.32 +136.64 +8.68 +233.33 +51.52 +3(11) +24(89) +11 +Girls +16 +33.6 +5.94 +141.69 +6.38 +250.63 +39.58 +4(25) +(75) +Boys +26 +36.66 +7.17 +140.84 +6.99 +266.54 +52.07 +9(34.6) +17(65.4) +Total +42 +35.5 +6.82 +141.16 +6.7 +260.48 +47.83 +13(29.8) +29(70.2) +12 +Girls +26 +37.93 +8.53 +143.35 +10.34 +238.85 +48.36 +4(15.4) +22(84.6) +Boys +42 +40.86 +9.04 +146.88 +8.86 +285.76 +45.37 +11(26.2) +31(73.8) +Total +68 +39.74 +8.9 +145.53 +9.53 +267.82 +51.58 +15(20.8) +53(79.2) +13 +Girls +33 +45.11 +7.19 +152.17 +7.32 +297.88 +52.78 +13(39.4) +20(60.6) +Boys +56 +46.83 +12.07 +151.93 +9.78 +293.39 +52.23 +15(26.8) +41(73.2) +Total +89 +46.19 +10.52 +152.02 +8.9 +295.06 +52.18 +28(33.1) +61(66.9) +14 +Girls +29 +49.02 +9.2 +155.83 +6.92 +304.14 +42.8 +12(41.4) +17(58.6) +Boys +39 +46.08 +9.84 +156.96 +8.39 +324.87 +57.35 +8(20.5) +31(79.5) +Total +68 +47.33 +9.62 +156.48 +7.76 +316.03 +52.32 +20(30.9) +48(69.1) +15 +Girls +27 +49.81 +6.84 +156.1 +7.09 +312.22 +47.9 +8(29.6) +19(70.4) +Boys +18 +54.72 +6.39 +170.21 +7.78 +381.67 +62.43 +9(50) +9(50) +Total +45 +51.77 +7.03 +161.74 +10.1 +340 +63.6 +17(39.8) +28(60.2) +16 +Girls +5 +48.22 +10.8 +155.4 +5.04 +308 +50.7 +2(40) +3(60) +Boys +8 +49.59 +7.95 +161.75 +2.83 +336.25 +63.23 +3(37.5) +5(62.5) +Total +13 +49.06 +8.73 +159.31 +4.85 +325.38 +58.25 +5(38.8) +8(61.3) +10-16 +Girls +149 +43.24 +9.95 +149.54 +10.56 +280.47 +57.89 +44(29.5) +105(70.5) +Boys +203 +44.34 +10.76 +151.49 +11.92 +300.21 +62.38 +57(28.1) +146(71.9) +Total +352 +43.87 +10.43 +150.66 +11.39 +291.85 +61.22 +101(28.7) +151(71.3) +PEFR= Peak expiratory flow rate. +Note: Total failure percentage is 71.31 +KW test: Out of 352 subjects tested a total +of 251 (71.31%) subjects failed to +complete the test successfully. The +overall failure rate in boys was 71.9 while +in girls it was 70.5 with non significant +difference between the two genders. +Further 25.85% of students failed in one +of the items of the test. It is observed that +the failure rates that ranged from 89% +dropped to 50% as the age advanced in +both girls and boys; the maximum failure +rate of 89% was observed in the age +group of 10 years and the dropped to +60.2% in the boys of 15 years of age. +Table 2 presents the analysis of success +and failures in the number of items of the +Kraus-Weber test. Table 3 presents the +success and failures in Individual items of +the Kraus-Weber test. The maximum +number of students failed in the test item +meant for Strength of Upper Back +muscles where the failure rate was +Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, Vol. 10, No. 2: 104-110, 2014 + +Date of Communication: Aug. 19, 2014 +Date of Acceptance: Aug. 28, 2014 +SJIF IMPACT FACTOR 2013=4.65 + +108 +observed +to +be +93.8%. +Physical +characteristics of the subjects who were +successful or failed in the KW test items +are summarized in Table 4. Successful +group +of +subjects +have +shown +significantly higher PEFR as compared to +the failure group. +Table 2:–Analysis of Failure rates in the different Items in +the Kraus-Weber Test (N-356) + +Number of items failed +Total +KW +test +5 +4 +3 +2 +1 +N +8 +28 +48 +76 +91 +251 +% +2.27 +7.95 +13.64 +21.59 +25.85 +71.31 + +Table 3: Performance On Individual Items Of KW Test + +Success +Failures +Items +N +% +N +% +Abdominals +Plus Psoas +44 +12.5 +308 +87.5 +Abdominals +Minus Psoas +86 +24.4 +266 +75.6 +Psoas +& +Lower +abdominals +99 +28.1 +253 +71.9 +Upper Back +muscles +22 +6.3 +330 +93.8 +Lower Back +muscles. +167 +47.4 +185 +52.6 +flexibility +and strength +back +and +hamstrings +121 +34.4 +231 +65.6 + +Table 4: Comparison Of Physical Characteristics and KW Test +Physical +parameters +KW +result +N +Mean +SD +t +p +Weight +Successes +101 +43.6 +10.686 +-0.36 +0.716 +Failures +251 +44.0 +10.34 +Height +Successes +101 +151.8 +11.96 +1.19 +0.235 +Failures +251 +150.2 +11.14 +PEFR +Successes +101 +309.6 +64.12 +3.51 +0.001 +Failures +251 +284.7 +58.64 + +In the current study, overall 71.3% +failure rate was observed in any one of the +six test items in Kraus-Weber test. The +failure percentage observed in this study +has been second highest reported so far in +India. This seems to be in line with a +recent study in India which has concluded +that basic levels of health-related fitness +are low among school children and +reasons attributed to this trend were +increasing +affluence, +and +academic +competitiveness, which forces the child to +devote very little time to physical activity +(Gupta et al, 2014). In the current decade +the television and video game use has +become the most popular leisure activity. +As „couch potato‟ hypothesis states time +spent with these media activities result in +deleterious affects on the physical activity +and the diet (Vandewater et al, 2004). +Although in the current study their basic +physical activity level, hours of television +viewing and video game activity were not +measured, this may be responsible for the +increased +failure +rate +in +minimum +physical +fitness. +Maximum +failure +percentage was seen in test item 4 that +measures the upper back muscles (93.8%) +and test item 1 (Strength of abdominal +plus psoas muscles) (87.5%). This result +is in contrast to a previous study which +has shown that the test item number 6 that +measures the flexibility of Back and +Hamstrings as the weak areas (Gharote & +Ganguly, 1975). The overall failure rate in +boys was 71.9 % while in girls it was +70.5% with no significant difference +between the two genders. This result is in +contrast to a previous study from India +which reported higher failure rates in +females than males (Gharote, 2000). The +observation that the group of students +who succeeded on minimum muscular +fitness had significantly higher PEFR, +points to a positive relationship between +muscle fitness and lung functions. +Limitations: Potential limitations of this +research must also be considered. The +sample included was healthy young +children in a yoga camp environment +which may be difficult to generalize for +all children and adults. Secondly, we have +used only PEFR using a mini PEFR +instrument; it would have been ideal to +Minimum Muscular Fitness and Ventilatory Function in South Indian School Children – Rawat, Vikas et al + +Date of Communication: Aug. 19, 2014 +Date of Acceptance: Aug. 28, 2014 +SJIF IMPACT FACTOR 2013=4.65 + +109 +compare all measures of lung function +using a spirometer. To our knowledge, +this is the first study that has looked at +both minimum muscular fitness and +PEFR in south Indian children. The +benefits of physical fitness are widely +acknowledged and extend across many +domains of wellness and health. Previous +findings +have +shown +a +positive +relationship between physical fitness, +during adolescence and arterial properties +later in life (Twisk et al, 2002). Further +reports have shown consistent positive +relationship between physical fitness and +academic achievement (Chomitz et al., +2009). Furthermore, results support the +possible link between physical fitness and +improved emotionality (Folkins, 1981). +Physical fitness can be enhanced by +training. One of the effective strategies +for enhancement of physical fitness is +yoga practice. Many earlier studies have +shown positive effects of Yoga training in +reducing the failure rate in K-W tests +(Gharote, 1975). Studies have also shown +that yoga based breathing practices can +increase pulmonary function (Vedala et +al, 2014). +Conclusion: A failure rate of 71% on KW +test in urban children (10-16years) of both +genders points to an urgent need of +physical fitness training programs for the +enhancement of the strength in areas that +shape their physical fitness. +Acknowledgements: Our thanks are due to +Dr. Balaram Pradhan, of SVYASA Yoga +University for financial support and for +his valuable suggestions. +Reference +Chomitz, V. R., Slining, M. M., McGowan, R. J., +Mitchell, S. E., Dawson, G. F., & Hacker, K. +A. 2009. Is there a relationship between +physical fitness and academic achievement? +Positive results from public school children in +the northeastern United States. The Journal of +School Health, 79(1): 30-37. +Folkins, C. H., & Sime, W. E. 1981. Physical +fitness +training +and +mental +health. The +American Psychologist, 36(4): 373-389. +Gharote, M. L., & Ganguly, S. K. 1975. A survey +of minimum muscular fitness on school +children. The Indian Journal of Medical +Research, 63(9): 1242-1250. +Gharote, M. M. 2000. Minimum muscular fitness +in +school +children. Indian +Journal +of +Physiology and Pharmacology, 44(4): 479- +484. +Gharote, M. L. 1976. Physical fitness in relation to +the practice of selected yogic exercises. Yoga +Mimamsa, XVIII(1): 14-23. +Holcroft, C. A., Eisen, E. A., Sama, S. R., & +Wegman, +D. +H. +2003. +Measurement +characteristics of peak expiratory flow. Chest, +124: 501-510. +Kraus H., & Hirschland, R.P. (1953). Muscular +fitness and health. JOHPER, 24(10): 17-19. +Kraus H., & Hirschland, R.P. 1954. Minimum +muscular fitness tests in school children. +Research Quarterly, 25(2): 178-188. +Moorthy, A. M. 1982. Influence of selected yogic +exercises on minimum muscular fitness of the +elementary +school +children. SNIPES +Journal, 5(3): 21. +Ortega, F. B., Ruiz, J. R., Castillo, M. J., & +Sjöström, M. 2008. Physical fitness in +childhood and adolescence: a powerful marker +of health. International Journal Obesity 32(1): +1-11. +Pedersen, O. F. 1997. The Peak Flow Working +Group: physiological determinants of peak +expiratory flow. The European Respiratory +Journal. Supplement, 24: 11S-16S. +Petty, T. L. 2006. The history of COPD Early +historical landmarks. International Journal of +COPD, 1(1): 3-14. +President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports. +Exercise programs for adults. Washington, +DC: US Government Printing Office, 1965 +Raja K., Gupta S., Bodhke S., & Girish, N. 2014. +Fitness levels in school going children of 8-14 +years from Udupi. International Journal +health Health Allied Science, 3(2): 95-99. +Twisk, J. W. R., Kemper, H. C. G., & Mechelen, +W. Van. 2002. The relationship between +physical fitness and physical activity during +adolescence and cardiovascular disease risk +Journal of Exercise Science and Physiotherapy, Vol. 10, No. 2: 104-110, 2014 + +Date of Communication: Aug. 19, 2014 +Date of Acceptance: Aug. 28, 2014 +SJIF IMPACT FACTOR 2013=4.65 + +110 +factors at adult age. The Amsterdam Growth +and Health Longitudinal Study. International +Journal of Sports Medicine, 23 Suppl 1: S8- +S14. +Vedala, S.R.; Mane, A.B.; & Paul, C.N. 2014. +Pulmonary functions in yogic and sedentary +population. International Journal of Yoga, +7:155-9. +Vandewater, E.A., Shim, M.S., & Caplovitz, A.G. +2004. Linking obesity and activity level with +childrenʼs +television +and +video +game +use. Journal of Adolescence, 27(1): 71-85. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Financial Support: Dr. Balaram Pradhan, of SVYASA Yoga University Conflict of Interest: None declared. diff --git a/subfolder_0/Prospective Study of Different Staple Diets of Diabetic Indian Population..txt b/subfolder_0/Prospective Study of Different Staple Diets of Diabetic Indian Population..txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fcd8c3eddfeb45eb164ad3b6c4186b3e30b85616 --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Prospective Study of Different Staple Diets of Diabetic Indian Population..txt @@ -0,0 +1,919 @@ +https://doi.org/10.1177/09727531211013972 +Annals of Neurosciences +28(3-4) 129­ +–136, 2021 +© The Author(s) 2021 +Reprints and permissions: +in.sagepub.com/journals-permissions-india +DOI: 10.1177/09727531211013972 +journals.sagepub.com/home/aon +Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- +NonCommercial 4.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-Commercial use, reproduction and +distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https:// +us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). +Original Article +Prospective Study of Different Staple +Diets of Diabetic Indian Population +Nagarathna Raghuram1, Akshay Anand2,3,4, Deepali Mathur5, Suchitra S. Patil1, +Amit Singh1, Rajesh S. K.1, Geetharani Hari1, Prashant Verma6, Sapna Nanda7 and +Nagendra Hongasandra1 +Abstract +Background: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Its prevention and regulation +depends on dietary pattern and lifestyle. There are numerous studies which have been conducted to elucidate the relationship +between type of diet consumption and sugar levels. The objective of this study was to enumerate the distribution of the +staple food consumed in seven zones across India and their association with sugar levels. +Methods: A pan-India multicentered screening, covering the 63 districts, 29 states, and 4 union territories per populations, +was undertaken. A specially designed questionnaire was administered for data collection, which comprised specific questions +for diet 17,280 sample was analyzed across seven zones of India. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS; 21.0) +software was used to analyze the data. +Results: The survey suggested that rice and wheat are the major staple food consumed across different regions of India. +In Jammu, North, East, South, and central zones, consumption of rice was more than wheat. However, in North and West +zones, consumption of wheat was observed to be more than rice. Mean values of fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial +blood sugar (PPBS) were high in the group consuming Bajra (128.3 & 160.5). Similarly, FBS mean was less in group consuming +rice (114.6), and PPBS was low in group consuming ragi (149.2). +Conclusion: Staple food has significant effect on FBS, PPBS and glycated haemoglobin cholesterol levels and anthropometric +measurements. +Keywords +Diabetes, Staple food, Indian population +Received 25 September 2020; accepted 30 March 2021 +5 Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospitals, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India +3 CCRYN- Collaborative Centre for Mind Body Intervention through Yoga +4 Centre of Phenomenology and Cognitive Sciences, Panjab University, +Chandigarh, India +6 Central University of Punjab School of Social Studies, New Delhi, Delhi, +India +7 Department of Higher Education, Government College of Yoga Education +and Health, Chandigarh, India +2 Neuroscience research lab, Department of Neurology, Postgraduate +Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India +1 Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana, Bengaluru, Karnataka, +India +Corresponding Author: +Raghuram Nagarathna, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana +(S-VYASA), 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram circle, Kempegowda Nagar, +Bengaluru, Karnataka 560019, India. +E-mail: rnagaratna@gmail.com +Introduction +Diabetes is a metabolic and a lifestyle associated disease +mainly characterized by the presence of high glucose levels +detected in the blood stream. It is progressive in nature with +serious consequences if not controlled and is essentially a +life-style disease. Ayurveda proclaims that sedentary lifestyle +and a sub-optimal dietary pattern are the most important +preventable risk factors for the development of diabetes. +Furthermore, the nature of staple food which diabetic +subjects consume plays a key role in maintaining sugar +levels. Worldwide, the prevalence of diabetes has been +estimated to reach 150 million and is expected to be doubled +by 2025. The rising prevalence in developing countries is +closely connected with population structure, age structure +130 +Annals of Neurosciences 28(3-4) +and urbanization-change in lifestyle.1 Its preponderance is +high in India as well with largest number of subjects reported +in 2003 (approximately 33 million) and is expected to cross +57.2 million by the year 2025.2 +Chronic hyperglycaemia (i.e., elevated levels of plasma +glucose) is the result of perturbation occurring in carbohydrate, +fat, and protein metabolism.3 The primary driver of the +epidemic of diabetes is the rapid changes in dietary patterns +and decreased physical activity.4 +Furthermore, accumulating evidence indicates that there is +an imbalance caused in gut microbiome which may enhance +progression of Type 2 diabetes that occurs in about 90% of all +diabetic cases worldwide. The imbalance caused in gut +microbiome results in the release of toxic metabolites which +subsequently affects the metabolic and signaling pathways of +the host organism, and also influences the functions of the +intestinal barrier. This is linked to insulin resistance directly +or indirectly in diabetic subjects.5 +Ayurveda principles are based on the assumption that a +living being is constituted by five elements of nature +including water, earth, air, fire, and space, and there are three +types of energy present in all living things known as pitta, +vata, and kapha. According to ayurvedic principles, there is +a disturbance in the balance of kapha energy in diabetic +subjects. Kapha energy which is made up of elements earth +and water gets imbalanced in diabetic people. Ayurveda texts +emphasize more on association between lifestyle and +manifestation of the disease. It explains daily and seasonal +regime as a part of life-style management for prevention +from the diseases. Furthermore, it gives importance to diet as +a major cause for the vitiations of doshas and thus for +manifestation of a disease. It accentuates following ways for +prevention from the disease: hitabhuk (eating food which +gives comfort), mitabhuk (eating less) and in treatment +modality. Ayurveda explains nidana parivarjana (abstaining +from the causative factor) is a crucial factor in the +management of disease. +Ayurveda classics broadly categorize diabetes under the +heading of prameha into 20 types. It falls under three major +types under three doshas. Kaphaja varieties—10, Pittaga +varieties—6, Vataja varieties—4. But main dosha involved in + + +the manifestation of Prameha (diabetes) is Kapha dosha. +Diabetes mellitus can be considered as ikshubalika rasa meha +of kaphaja type. Chronic stage of Type 2 diabetes can be +correlated to madhumeha, a vataja type. Charaka et al. +emphasized +that +improper +dietary +habits, +disturbed +metabolism, and reduced physical activity may attribute to +the development of diabetes mellitus. Ayurveda suggests +consumption of green leafy vegetables, wheat, barley, corn +and oats for people suffering with diabetes which helps to +balance Kapha dosha. Diabetic people must abstain +themselves from consuming excessive sweets, sugars, +seafood, and dairy products which are all considered to +provoke the kapha energy. +Sushruta et al. suggested day time sleeping, lack of +exercise, and laziness, along with consumption of sweet, oily, +alcoholic foods, and beverages as the causative factors for +development of diabetes later in life. Furthermore, Charaka et +al. argued that excess of newly harvested food grains, jaggery +preparations and factors responsible for elevation of kapha, +may contribute to the development of diabetes.6,7 +Ayurveda also explains many varieties of staple foods and +their relationship with tridosha. For instance, it is explained +that rice increases vata and pitta; and wheat increases kapha, +as it exhibits the quality of cold and oiliness. Ragi is +considered as a trina dhanya, and it is explained that it +reduces the kapha and pitta as it tastes like astringent. Jowar +helps in reducing pitta and kapha, as it manifests the quality +of coldness and astringent.6–9 +Study on dietary habits and diabetes had been conducted +and it was found that white rice consumption is associated +with increased risk of Type 2 diabetes.10 Comparative studies +of white rice and brown rice have revealed that pregerminated +brown rice is useful to control blood glucose level.11 +Consistent with this, a prospective study performed on +Japanese women have established white rice consumption +increases the risk of diabetes.12 Furthermore, a meta-analysis +of risk of diabetes in vegetarian and nonvegetarian diet had +been conducted and its results revealed that the vegetarian +people have reduced risk of diabetes as compared to +nonvegetarian people.13 Furthermore, there is no relation +observed between fructose and sugar levels.14 +Another interesting study demonstrated that glycemic +response of consuming rice with chopstick was lower than +with spoon. The glycemic index (GI) of rice using chopsticks +(GI: 68) was lower compared to using spoon (GI: 81). The +present study suggests that eating rice with different feeding +tools has different chewing times and amount of food taken +per mouthful alters the GI of the rice.15 Moreover, food with +high GI (rice) may increase the risk of diabetes.16 Another +study has discussed the principal component analysis for +nutrition factor with diabetes.17 +Relationship between dietary pattern and risk of diabetes +has also been discussed.18 Contrary to these reports, an +investigation conducted on the Chinese population revealed +that high rice consumption was not associated with diabetes +risk.19 Reduced effect of germination and amylose content of +rice on the development of obesity and insulin resistance +have been implicated.20 +Methods +Study Design +We confirm that all methods were carried out in accordance +with  relevant guidelines and regulations. Furthermore, we +confirm that informed consent was obtained from all subjects +and all experimental protocols  were approved by the +Raghuram et al. +131 +Institutional  ethical committee (RES/IEC-IYA-001). Study +included two phases. Phase I: rapid national sampling survey +for estimating the present prevalence of known diabetics and +new diabetics from unknown diabetics. Phase 2: fasting blood +sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), and glycated +haemoglobin (HbA1c) blood tests were conducted for people +who had attained high risk Indian diabetes risk score (IDRS) +tab. The number of people from whom data was available +after curation was 17,280. Goal of the study was to check the +association between diabetes and staple diet. In phase I, +samples from seven geographical zones—Jammu & Kashmir, +North-East, North, West, Central, East, and South were +included. A stratified, multistage cluster sampling design was +adopted: In rural areas, a two-stage village household design; +and, in urban areas, a four-stage town/city-ward-block +household design was adopted. Both rural and urban areas +were stratified at three levels based on geographical +distribution and population size (Figure 1).21 +Individuals of both sex of age group range 20–80 and +having IDRS score > 60 were included in the study, Individuals +with severe complications and having IDRS score < 60 were +excluded from the study. +Amongst 17,280 who were included for the present study, +3,626 people were self-reported Diabetes patients and 20% +people were under medication. +Screening assessments for all participants included +sociodemographic variables (education of the head, +occupation of the head, family income) and clinical measures. +Clinical measures included: Height, weight, and waist +circumference. Blood pressure, diabetes level (if previously +diagnosed), and yoga awareness. All completed IDRS +questionnaires. Further assessments for known diabetics and +high and moderate risk according to IDRS HbA1c, fasting +blood glucose; 2-hour post prandial glucose; and lipid profile +(in venous blood). +Factors of Questionnaire +The questionnaire contained detailed question about their +food habits and major staple (cereal) food (Appendix). +Statistical Analysis +Data was uploaded via mobile apps by trained YVDMs (Yoga +Volunteers for Diabetes Mellitus) under supervision of senior +research fellows. Uploaded data from screening forms (about +4 < 0.001/district), registration forms, and laboratory data +(about 50, < 0.001) were checked for perfect matching of +coding. After cleaning on Excel, the data set was analyzed +using R software for bio-statistical analyses. Cross tables was +done to check the distribution of staple food. Linear regression +was applied to check the association between sugar levels and +staple food. +Results +Table 1 shows the percentage consumption of various staple +foods in various selected zones of India. As seen in the table, +rice, wheat, and ragi are the major staple foods across India +and are consumed by 95% of the population in all the selected +seven zones; whereas bajra, jowar, maize, and other staple +foods are consumed by negligible population in all the seven +selected zones of India. +Table 2 shows the mean values of FBS, PPBS and HbA1c +among selected sample (High IDRS > 60) with respective +staple food consumption. The table shows that an increase of +mean PPBS from mean FBS was highest among maize +consumers, whereas the increase was lowest among bajra +consumers. Moreover, this rise in value of mean PPBS from +mean FBS was higher among wheat consumers as compared +to rice consumers. Table 3 reveals the binary logistic +regression of various staple foods with known diabetes. As +seen in the table, the odds ratios were significant for all staple +foods, except in case of staple food maize. The people +consuming rice, ragi, and wheat were less prone to the status +of known diabetes. The people consuming bajra and jowar +were more prone to the status of known diabetes. +Table 4 gives the B values of the association of each staple +food with cholesterol levels of an individual with significance +values. Wheat is highly significantly associated with +cholesterol, LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) and HDL (High +Density Lipoprotein) when compared to rice and ragi. Ragi is +highly, +positively +and +significantly +associated +with +triglycerides when compared to rice and wheat. Bajra is +positively associated with cholesterol and LDL, negatively +associated with triglycerides and HDL but not significant. +Jowar is positively associated with cholesterol, triglycerides, +and LDL and negatively associated with HDL, but not +Figure 1. Stratification of Rural and Urban Areas at Three Levels +Based on Geographical Distribution and Population Size +132 +Annals of Neurosciences 28(3-4) +significant; maize was highly positively associated with total +cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL but not significant. +Table 5 gives the B values of the association of each staple +food with of an individual with BMI, weight, waist +circumference along with significance values. Wheat is +significantly positively associated with waist score and highly +positively associated with weight and BMI (which is not +significant). Ragi and rice are significantly negatively +associated with waist score, negatively associated with weight +and BMI (but not significant). Jowar and maize are negatively +associated with weight, BMI, waist score (rice was slightly +positive) but not significantly. +Discussion +This was a study across rural urban areas of different zones of +India to study the association between the major cereals in the +diet with the glycemic status in diabetes. +The findings of the present study revealed that the +consumption of rice, wheat, and ragi is more across India as +compared to bajra, maize, jowar (coarse cereals), and other +staple foods. It has been reported that consumption of these +coarse cereals has intensely declined in both rural and urban +population of India. This abrupt change in the food habit of +Indians has led to deficiency of iron among them as these +cereals are comparatively rich in iron content. Similarly, +intake of ragi is more in rural area relatively, whereas +consumption of wheat is more in urban area (Table 1). +Another finding of this study revealed that the rise in value +of mean PPBS from mean FBS was higher among wheat +consumers as compared to rice consumers, and the mean +HbA1c was higher than the normal value among all +consumers, indicating them to be prediabetic or diabetic +(Table 2). This suggests that wheat which possesses high GI +increases HbAc1 levels and should not be consumed much. +Ziaee et al. studied the effect of a high fat low-glycemic load +diet on HbA1c of poorly controlled diabetic patients.22 In that +study, the investigators recruited hundred diabetic patients, +and administered them with a low-glycemic load diet for a +period of two and a half months. Their data showed a positive +correlation with HbA1c concentration and FBS after intake of +high fat low-glycemic load diet.23 The results of present study +are contradictory to this study which indicates that diets with +low GI are not good to control HbA1c levels and sugar levels +of diabetic patients. It is noteworthy to mention that whole +processed wheat bearing low GI as compared to unprocessed +refined wheat are reported to keep sugar levels in control +(Table 3). +In order to maintain regulated blood sugar and HbA1c +levels in diabetic subjects, there are certain recommended +diets that are to be followed. Various health organizations +Table 1. Showing the Zone-Wise Percentage Consumption of Staple Foods in India +Staple Food +Jammu +North-East +North +Central +West +East +South +All India +Rice +668(49.3) +352(37.3) +430(45.6) +502(43.8) +689(37.4) +851(48.0) +1898(43.3) +5392(43.5) +Ragi +179(13.2) +124(13.1) +110(11.7) +155(13.5) +221(12.0) +225(12.7) +544(12.4) +1558(12.6) +Wheat +467(34.4) +429(45.4) +380(40.3) +457(39.8) +845(45.9) +649(36.6) +1781(40.6) +5008(40.4) +Bajra +10(0.7) +10(1.1) +4(0.4) +15(1.3) +15(0.8) +12(0.7) +48(1.1) +114(0.9) +Jowar +7(0.5) +14(1.5) +7(0.7) +5(0.4) +28(1.5) +11(0.6) +42(1.0) +114(0.9) +Maize +4(0.3) +4(0.4) +4(0.4) +2(0.2) +5(0.3) +3(0.2) +25(0.6) +47(0.4) +Others +21(1.5) +11(1.2) +7(0.7) +11(1.0) +39(2.1) +23(1.3) +47(1.1) +159(1.3) +Table 3. Showing Binary Logistic Regression of Various Staple +Foods with Known Diabetes +Staple food +Odds Ratio for +Known Diabetes +Lower CI +Upper CI +Rice +2.404 +2.079 +2.780 +Ragi +2.751 +2.283 +3.315 +Wheat +2.668 +2.304 +3.089 +Bajra +5.382 +3.512 +8.248 +Jowar +4.075 +2.586 +6.421 +Maize +2.018NS +0.849 +4.796 +Other +2.332 +1.474 +3.691 +Table 2. Showing the Mean Values of PPBS, FBS and HBA1C +Among Different Staple Food Consumers +Major Staple Food +Consumers +Mean PPBS +Mean FBS +Mean +HBA1C +Rice +149.5(84.0) +114.6(52.2) +6.29(1.69) +Ragi +149.2(84.7) +116.6(54.8) +6.34(1.76) +Wheat +159.9(87.7) +119.6(56.2) +6.35(1.77) +Bajra +160.5(88.5) +128.3(68.4) +6.53(1.96) +Jowar +158.7(79.7) +122.0(58.0) +6.63(1.74) +Maize +161.7(19.1) +118.6(53.6) +6.23(1.49) +Other +163.1(107) +126.3(68.2) +6.56(2.16) +Raghuram et al. +133 +Table 4. Association Between Staple Diet and Cholesterol +Staple Food +Cholesterol B- Co- Ef- +ficient (significance) +Triglycerides B- Co-Efficient +(significance) +HDL B- Co-Efficient +(significance) +LDL B- Co-Efficient +(significance) +Rice +2.599(0.003) +–0.769(0.705) +0.844(0.009) +1.050(0.152) +Ragi +3.835(0.002) +8.929(0.002) +1.983(0.000) +0.256(0.807) +Wheat +5.128(0.000) +4.385(0.033) +3.623(0.000) +1.832(0.015) +Bajra +5.610(0.154) +–7.131(0.443) +–0.866(0.559) +5.076(0.124) +Jowar +4.387(0.263) +4.283(0.640) +–0.310(0.834) +1.945(0.558) +Maize +5.056(0.398) +12.848(0.361) +0.652(0.771) +7.020(0.162) +Others +4.341(0.192) +–14.903(0.056) +5.194(0.000) +0.265(0.925) +Table 5. Association Between Staple Diet and BMI, WC +Staple +Food +BMI B-Efficiency +(Significant) +Weight +B-Efficiency +(Significant) +Waist Circumfer- +ence B-Efficiency +(Significance) +Rice +–0.956(0.910) +–3.714(0.888) +–0.905(0.001) +Ragi +–1.065(0.927) +–3.834(0.916) +–1.179(0.003) +Wheat +14.826(0.084) +47.043(0.081) +1.949(0.000) +Bajra +0.519(0.988) +0.841(0.994) +0.931(0.424) +Jowar +–0.461(0.989) +–1.997(0.985) +0.212(0.855) +Maize +–1.074(0.984) +–4.668(0.978) +–1.294(0.508) +Others +–1.553(0.957) +–5.043(0.956) +2.148(0.033) +advise diets rich in 50%–60% carbohydrate, 15%–20% +proteins and 20%–30% fats are good enough to keep diabetes +under control. Diabetic people and people suffering with +other related metabolic complications must consume diets +with this composition to maintain a healthy lifestyle.24,25 +Additionally, intake of fiber is reported to produce a marked +influence on glycemic control,26 and large amounts of fiber +should be consumed to control glycemic index. Previous +literature suggests that 25 g of fiber intake per meal reduces +PPBS level by 10%.27 +Su-Que et al. assessed the effect of nutrient-rich wheat +bread Jizi439 and buckwheat on postprandial plasma levels in +Type 2 diabetic subjects. Their findings revealed that intake +of Jizi439 steamed bread resulted in reduced plasma glucose +in both diabetic subjects and healthy people, compared with +other types of test foods, suggesting that Jizi439 steamed +bread is helpful in lowering the glycemic index.28 In addition, +people are less likely to develop Type 2 diabetes and/or other +major diseases like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and +cancer who consume whole grains compared to refined grains +as whole grains contains all the vital nutrients which are lost +during refining process.29,30 +Moreover, several studies have shown that increased +intake of whole wheat grain changes the gut microbiota which +assists in ameliorating the health of the individual. However, +the association between the two is poorly understood.31-34 +Findings of Borneo et al. demonstrated that total cholesterol +and LDL cholesterol at fasting reduced when whole grain was +consumed, whereas no significant changes were found in the +refined grain group. Furthermore, there are overall health +benefits and an amelioration of lipid profile observed when +whole grains are consumed as compared to refined grains.35 +Whole wheat are thought to contain more fiber than refined +grains hence they are able to decrease the blood cholesterol +levels.36,37 But our study showed that it is positively associated +with cholesterol, tends to increase the cholesterol. +Cano et al. revealed maize-based diets have amazing +health benefits and are helpful in reducing LDL levels in +rats.38 Studies have revealed that when whole wheat is +consumed at a dosage of 48 g per day, then it has the potential +to curtail total cholesterol in humans.39,40 However, there are +few contradictory reports which suggest that consumption of +whole wheat does not influence blood cholesterol levels in +some cases.30 Similar findings were obtained by Odes et al., +whose group found that intake of supplement with 12.5 g of +fiber daily for two or four weeks had negligible effect on +blood cholesterol levels in humans.41 However, their findings +also demonstrated that the lipid levels reduced when a +combination of whole wheat, corn and rice was consumed for +a period of six weeks. But our study showed that wheat and +maize are positively associated with cholesterol and tend to +increase the cholesterol. +These results demonstrate the role of kind of diet an +individual consumes in health and disease. Ayurveda explains +mainly two types of food: laghu and guru. Laghu means one +which gets digested within three hours of consumption +(example—rice, ragi) and Guru means the food which takes +longer duration to get digested (example—wheat, black +gram). Laghu type of food increases vata and decreases +kapha. Guru type of food increases kapha and decreases vata. +According to ayurveda, diabetes, cholesterol levels and +obesity are caused by the vitiation of kapha dosha. Therefore, +refined wheat is contraindicated in diabetes and obesity, +whereas rice, ragi, and jowar are recommended for diabetes +and obesity. +134 +Annals of Neurosciences 28(3-4) +Ayurveda also suggests that newly cultivated rice is not +good for diabetes, as it increases kapha. Instead, one should +consume stocked old rice in diabetes and obesity. Usually, +glycaemic index is considered for prescribing diet module for +diabetes. GI of rice and ragi are 81 and 71, respectively, while +of wheat is 100. Jowar GI is 61 (clinical dietetics and +nutrition).18 This also shows that wheat has high glycaemic +index and rice, ragi, and jowar can be advised in diabetes. The +theory of GI confirms ayurvedic perspective of diet. +The strength of the study is that it is the first study to +analyze the association between different staple food +categories and sugar levels. Sample size was also good. A +limitation of the study is that sample was not distributed +normally in all zones. Moreover, the data about other diets +was not obtained and that it is difficult to rule out the effects +of physical activity. Furthermore, data about diet information +was retrospectively obtained and this is not prospective +information. +Conclusion +The results of this article indicate that wheat is more positively +associated with sugar levels, weight, and waist score of an +individual. This suggests that intake of wheat which bears a +high GI value may prove detrimental to diabetic subjects and +hence should not be consumed more than recommended +levels. On the contrary rice and ragi, which comparatively +carry a lower GI value, are negatively associated with HbA1c +levels, sugar levels and waist circumference. This indicates +that their consumption can reduce HbA1c, total cholesterol, +and LDL levels and put diabetes in control. +D +Diet: On weekly basis, how often do you: +D01 +Skip breakfast? +Usually/Often +1 +Sometimes +2 +Rarely/ Never +3 +D02 +Eat less than 2 servings of whole grain products or high fiber starches a day? +Usually/Often +1 +Sometimes +2 +Rarely/ Never +3 +D03 +Eat less than 2 servings of fruit a day? +Serving = ½ cup or 1 med. fruit or ¾ cup 100% fruit juice. +Usually/Often +1 +Sometimes +2 +Rarely/ Never +3 +D04 +Eat less than 2 servings of vegetables a day? +Serving = ½ cup vegetables, or 1 cup leafy raw vegetables. +Usually/Often +1 +Sometimes +2 +Rarely/ Never +3 +D05 +Eat or drink less than 2 servings of milk, yogurt, or cheese a day? +Serving = 1 cup milk or yogurt; 60 grams cheese. +Usually/Often +1 +Sometimes +2 +Rarely/ Never +3 +D06 +Eat more than 250 grams (see sizes below) of meat, chicken, turkey or fish per day?: +Note: 100 grams of meat or chicken is the size of a deck of cards or ONE of the fol- +lowing: 1 regular hamburger, 1 chicken breast or leg (thigh and drumstick), or 1 pork +chop. +Usually/Often +1 +Sometimes +2 +Rarely/ Never +3 +D07 +Eat fried foods such as fried chicken, fried fish, French fries, chips, Samosa, Kachori, +Bonda or Bhajji? +Usually/Often +1 +Sometimes +2 +Rarely/ Never +3 +D08 +Eat regular potato chips, nacho chips, corn chips, baked food typically made from +flour, regular popcorn, nuts, air-popped popcorn? +Usually/Often +1 +Sometimes +2 +Rarely/ Never +3 +D09 +Eat sweets like cake, cookies, pastries, donuts, muffins, chocolate and candies +more than 2 times per day. +Usually/Often +1 +Sometimes +2 +Rarely/ Never +3 +D10 +Drink ½ litre or more of non-diet soda, or fruit drink/punch a day? +Usually/Often +1 +Sometimes +2 +Rarely/ Never +3 +D11 +Your staple food +1. Rice +2. Ragi +3. Wheat +4. Bajra +5. Jowar +6. Maize +7. Other +Raghuram et al. +135 +Authors’ Contributions +RN(PI) conceptualized and edited the manuscript. AA gave +concept of the paper. DM and SN were involved in writing. +SP was involved in raw data and analysis. AS provided +National Coordination. +Statement of Ethics +Following a detailed presentation by the PI, the IYA’s IEC +cleared the proposal after scrutinizing the complete project +proposal including informed consent forms. The study was +registered +on +CTRI +(Registration +Number– +Trial +REF/2018/02/017724). +Declaration of Conflicting Interests +The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with +respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this +article. +Funding +The authors received no financial support for the research, +authorship, and/or publication of this article. +References +1. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Kapur A, et al. Diabetes epide- +miology study group in India (DESI). 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Lipid-lowering +effect of maize-based traditional Mexican food on a metabolic +syndrome model in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2013 December; +12(1): 1–6. +39. Harris Jackson K, West SG, Vanden Heuvel JP, et al. Effects +of whole and refined grains in a weight-loss diet on markers of +metabolic syndrome in individuals with increased waist circum- +ference: A randomized con-trolled-feeding trial. Am J Clin Nutr +2014 August 1; 100(2): 577–586. +40. Costabile A, Klinder A, Fava F, et al. Whole-grain wheat break- +fast cereal has a prebiotic effect on the human gut microbiota: +A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Br J Nutr +2008 January; 99(1): 110–120. +41. Odes HS, Lazovski H, Stern I, et al. Double-blind trial of a high +dietary fiber, mixed grain cereal in patients with chronic consti- +pation and hyperlipidemia. Nutr Res 1993 September 1; 13(9): +979–985. diff --git a/subfolder_0/Psychophysiological effects of yoga on stress in college students conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Psychophysiological effects of yoga on stress in college students conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca4dfec609a9c89ded9971f618e5faa0001ee50f --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Psychophysiological effects of yoga on stress in college students conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ + + + + + +J Educ Health Promot. 2018; 7: 43. +Published online 2018 Mar 1. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_74_17 + +PMCID: PMC5868218 +PMID: 29619394 + + +Psychophysiological effects of yoga on stress in college students Mahesh Narain Tripathi, Sony Kumari, and Tikhe Sham Ganpat1 + +Department of Yoga and Management, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, +Bengaluru, Karnataka, India +1Department of Yoga, Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good +Governance and Policy Analysis, Bhadbhada Square, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India +Address for correspondence: Dr. Tikhe Sham Ganpat, Department of Yoga, Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies, 2nd Floor, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Good Governance and Policy Analysis, Bhadbhada +Square, Bhopal - 462003, Madhya Pradesh, India. E-mail: rudranath29@gmail.com + +Received 2017 Jul 6; Accepted 2017 Sep 4. + +Copyright : © 2018 Journal of Education and Health Promotion + +This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. + +Abstract + +College students are vulnerable to a critical period in developmental maturation, facing rigorous academic work, and learning how to function independently. Physical activities such as running and bicycling have been shown to improve mood and relieve stress. However, college students often have low levels of physical activity. Yoga is an ancient physical and mental activity that affects mood and stress. However, studies examining the psychophysiological effects of yoga are rare in peer-reviewed journals. The aim of this study is to establish preliminary evidence for the psychophysiological effects of yoga on stress in young-adult college students. The present study suggests that yoga has positive effects on a psychophysiological level that leads to decreased levels of stress in college student. Further research is needed to examine the extent to which different types of yogic practices address the needs of different college subpopulations (e.g., overweight, sedentary, and smokers). + +Keywords: College students, review, yoga + +Introduction + +About 40%–50% of college students are physically inactive. Similarly, it was found that college students’ physical activity has been seriously neglected as a research topic, there is a lack of multiple-level approaches (i.e., personal, psychosocial, and environmental levels) for examining physical activity behaviors in the college student population and measures of physical activity are subjective and inconsistent which makes comparisons of physical activity patterns among different samples very difficult or impossible.[1] Similarly, the available research indicates that the prevalence of stress is increasing among college students.[2] The previous study reported that yoga reduces menstrual cramps and menstrual distress in female undergraduate students with primary dysmenorrhea.[3] The psychophysiological changes that characterize the efficacy of yoga for better stress management in college students have not been studied adequately. + +Yoga +Participation in physical activity on a regular basis is one of the primary factors in maintaining sound health in modern society. Due to sedentary lifestyle leading many health-related issues, the prevalence of physical inactivity among college students calls for immediate action.[4] Along with aerobics and dance, yoga is one of the most famous physical activity that college girl student would like to prefer as a choice.[5] Physical activity such as yoga is a key element in health promotion. The traditional expressions of yoga as a lifestyle is firmly rooted in and committed to the classic texts (e.g., Yoga Sutra by Patanjali, Hatha Yoga texts like Hatha Yoga Pradeepika, Gheranda Samhita) and embrace the concept of the eight limbs, or aspects, of yoga. In more specific, the eight limbs are of great interest to yogis who seek to adhere to yoga as a philosophical foundation for life, rather than solely a physical practice.[6] Therefore, yoga is essentially an art and science of holistic living; an effective method for improving health in addition to the prevention and management of diseases.[7] Yoga reduces stress through reducing sympathetic activity,[8,9] and improves the sense of general well-being.[10] + +Stress and college student + +Stress affects college students’ physical, mental, social, and intellectual health. College student will not always possess the necessary stress management skills and coping strategies. Physical activity is one coping strategy that is perhaps underutilized by many college students.[11] Many systematic reviews and different studies on effects on yoga for stress management in college students revealed positive effects of yoga (as a mind-body intervention) on stress reduction in college student.[12,13,14] + +Physiological effects of yoga in college students + +Yoga holds potential as a self-empowering, nonpharmacological method for enhancing stress management, and wellness in college students.[15] It was reported that Pranayama training decreases sympathetic activity, resulting in mental relaxation and decreased autonomic arousal thereby, decreasing force fluctuations during isometric contraction. This was reflected as improvement in hand grip strength and endurance in medical students.[16] In one study aimed at investigating the effect of integrated yoga on autonomic parameters and psychological well-being during both pre- and post-phases of menstrual cycle in healthy young female controls, it was observed that there was a significant alteration of autonomic functions and psychological status in premenstrual phase when compared with postmenstrual phase in young healthy females. In addition, it was revealed that regular practice of yoga has beneficial effects on both phases of menstrual cycle by bringing parasympathetic dominance and psychological well-being probably by balancing neuro-endocrinal axis.[17] + +Psychological effects of yoga in college students + +It was observed that Suryanamaskara, a yogic practice was effective in leading to relaxation dispositions such as physical relaxation, mental quiet, at ease/peace, rested and refreshed, strength and awareness and joy and reduces sleepiness, somatic stress, worry and negative emotion at a dispositional level.[18] Yogic practices play an important role in enhancing emotional sensitivity,[19] sustained attention,[20] mental performance,[21] and balance personality trait[22] among students, thus paving the way for their academic excellence. Yoga also reduces perceived stress and negative affects in college students thereby improving psychological well-being in them. + +Suggested evidence-based yoga therapy protocol for college students + +Based on clinical management and psychophysiological effects of yoga in college students, the suggested evidence-based yoga therapy for college students may include following yogic practices: [11,13,16,17,18,23,24] + +Starting Prayer + +Kapalbhati Kriya (frontal brain cleansing), Agnisar Kriya (activating the digestive fire) + +Hands in and out breathing, hands stretch breathing, ankle stretch breathing + +Jogging, forward and backward bending, side bending, twisting + +Surya namaskara (salutations to the sun practice) +Tadasan (palm tree pose), Vrikshasana (tree pose), Padahastasan (hand to foot pose), Ardha Chakrasana (half wheel pose), Bhujangasana (cobra pose), Shalabhasana (locust pose) + +Quick Relaxation Technique + +Nadi Shuddhi Pranayama (psychic network purification), Sheetali Pranayama (cooling breath), Seetkari Pranayama (hissing breath), Bhramari Pranayama (humming bee breath) + +Om Meditation + +Closing Prayer. + +Summary + +The present review study suggests that yoga has positive effects on psychophysiological level that leads to increased academic performance in college student. Further research on the relationship between yoga practice and college students is warranted to confirm the efficacy of yoga and to include it in the syllabus of the college student. + +Financial support and sponsorship + +Nil. + +Conflicts of interest + +There are no conflicts of interest. + +References + +1. Keating XD, Guan J, Piñero JC, Bridges DM. A meta-analysis of college students’ physical activity behaviors. J Am Coll Health. 2005;54:116–25. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] + +2. Whitehead JR, Corbin CB. Youth fitness testing: The effect of percentile-based evaluative feedback on intrinsic motivation. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1991;62:225–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] + +3. Berger BG, Owen DR. Mood alteration with yoga and swimming: Aerobic exercise may not be necessary. Percept Mot Skills. 1992;75:1331–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] + +4. Cruz SY, Fabián C, Pagán I, Ríos JL, González AM, Betancourt J, et al. 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[PubMed] [Google Scholar] + + +Articles from Journal of Education and Health Promotion are provided here courtesy of Wolters Kluwer --Medknow Publications diff --git a/subfolder_0/Rehabilitation in orphan children Role of evidence-based yoga conv.txt b/subfolder_0/Rehabilitation in orphan children Role of evidence-based yoga conv.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4fc8b9b3722652ad139ad69c0694c6da9529c7ed --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Rehabilitation in orphan children Role of evidence-based yoga conv.txt @@ -0,0 +1,193 @@ +[PDF Purchased from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Sunday, February 12, 2017]abce + + + +Review ARticle + + + +Rehabilitation in orphan children: Role of evidence-based yoga +Shambhu Dayal Sharma1, Subramanya Pailoor1, Sham Ganpat Tikhe2 + +1Department of Yoga and Management, Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana (S-VYASA) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, 2Department of Yoga Education, Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New Delhi, India + + +Abstract More than 153 million children worldwide have been orphaned by the loss of one or both parents and millions more have been abandoned. There is a strong association between child health measures and the health +of their primary caregivers. Poor caregiver health is a strong signal for poor health of orphan children. The strategies to support orphan children may include taking steps to ensure food security, foster gender equality, and prevent and treat traumatic events. Yoga, a feasible and acceptable activity with self-reported benefits to child’s mental and physical health, may play effective role in the rehabilitation of orphaned children. + +Key Words: Caregivers, health, orphan children, rehabilitation, yoga + + +Address for correspondence: +Dr. Sham Ganpat Tikhe, Assistant Professor, Department of Yoga Education, Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga, New Delhi - 110 001, India. +E-mail: rudranath29@gmail.com + + +INTRODUCTION + +Orphan children (OC) are not actively consulted and encouraged to participate in helping to solve the problems they are affectedby. Moreover, there isa lack of coordination between caregiver organizations, leading to ineffective and ineficient service provision for this particular vulnerable group (Earnshaw, Njongwe, English, & Worku, 2009). Africa is most often referenced when discussing the orphan burden whereas Asian countries are caring for 71.5 million orphans (UNICEF, 2011). In Asia, high mortality among young parents from conditions such as malaria, tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), pregnancy complications, violence and accidental deaths, and natural disasters are responsible for the large and increasing number of OC (Hosegood et al., 2007; UNICEF, 2008; World Health Organization, 2011). Similarly, it was reported that OC had significantly higher scores than non-OC on individual items in the Beck Youth Depression Inventory that are regarded + +Access this article online +Quick Response Code: +Website: +www.ym-kdham.in + + +DOI: +10.4103/0044-0507.195454 + +as particularly “sensitive” to the possible presence of a depressive disorder, i.e., vegetative symptoms, feelings of hopelessness, and suicidal ideation (Atwine, Cantor-Graae, & Bajunirwe, 2005). Furthermore, OC were found to suffer greater psychological distress than non-OC (Makame, Ani, & Grantham-McGregor, 2002). + +General consideration +In general, it has been observed that OC are not receiving adequate food or balanced diets. In addition, they had dificulties in accessing health facilities. The condition of education assistance is also limited, and abuse may generally not get reported for fear of reprisal. OC may generally rely on family and community networks for assistance, however, the strain experienced due to offering assistance meant that the assistance may not be consistent. Some OC also may rely on non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for food donations, however, many + + +This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non‑commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. + +For reprints contact: reprints@medknow.com + +How to cite this article: Sharma SD, Pailoor S, Tikhe SG. Rehabilitation in orphan children: Role of evidence-based yoga. Yoga Mīmāmsā 2015;47:3-5. +· + + +© 2015 Yoga Mīmāmsā | Published by Wolters Kluwer - Medknow 3 +[PDF Purchased from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Sunday, February 12, 2017]abce + + +Sharma, et al.: Yoga for rehabilitation in orphan children + + +of the OC might be unaware of the services offered by these organizations. + +Care givers and care giving linked with household and community characteristics +The death of the last parent has a profound effect on survivors, and therefore, OC are often coping with grief, loss, and awareness that their lives are forever changed (McDaniel & Clark, 2009). Furthermore, in the case of OC with HIV/AIDS, families play central roles in caring, and there are two family resources essential for supporting children, i.e., time and money. However, it is observed that parents have less time for their OC, and these children experience greater health and academic problems (Heymann & Kidman, 2009). Communities are playing an important role in helping OC families by providing adequate childcare and financial support. Unfortunately, while communities commonly offer informal assistance, the value of such support may not be adequate to match the magnitude of the need. Research shows that OC are vulnerable to experiencing multiple traumatic events and suffer poor self-regulation leading to emotional and behavioral dificulties and trauma-related disorders (Eisenberg et al., 2005; Whetten, Ostermann, Whetten, O’Donnell, & Thielman, 2011). + +Yoga: An innovative approach +In order to alleviate the burden of mental illness affecting vulnerable children, development of an evidence-based effective and feasible therapeutic intervention is needed. Yoga is a feasible and acceptable activity with self-reported benefits to the child’s mental and physical health. The OC with trauma-related distress showed improvements in symptoms after participation in an 8-week yoga program as compared to controls (Culver, Whetten, Boyd, & O’Donnell, 2015). Further, when children are orphaned they are at a higher risk for experiencing the potentially traumatic events due to lack of adequate adult protection (Ahmad et al., 2005). Suryanamaskara training, a part of yoga, enhances selective attention among OC and may be useful for their academic performance (Devi, Ganpat, Kumar, & Ramarao, 2015). Based on previous literary and experiential review research in yoga, suggested evidence-based yoga program for effective rehabilitation in OCmay include following yoga practices (yogic rehabilitation module for orphan children) (Culver et al., 2015; Devi et al., 2015; Saraswati, 2005): + +Shithilikarana Vyayama (loosening and stretching practices) +• Supta Pawanmuktasana (leg lock pose) (Saraswati, 2005) • Suryanamaskara(salutationstothesun)(Deviet al.,2015). + +Asana (postures) (Culver et al., 2015; Saraswati, 2005) • Ardhakati Chakrasana (the half wheel pose) +• Shashankasana (hare pose)/Yoga Mudra (attitude of psychic union) + +4 + +• Ushtrasana (camel pose) +• Bhujangasana (cobra pose) • Shalabhasana (locust pose) +• Viparitakarani Asana (inverted pose) • Sarvangasana (shoulder stand pose) • Matsyasana (fish pose) +• Ardha Shirshasana (half headstand pose)/Shirshasana (headstand pose) +• Shavasana (corpse pose). + +Pranayama (breathing practices) (Saraswati, 2005) +• Nadi Shodhana Pranayama (psychic network purification). + +Dharana and Dhyana (concentration and meditation practices) (Culver et al., 2015) +• OM Meditation (OM chanting). + +Kriya (cleansing practices) (Saraswati, 2005) • Jala Neti (nasal cleansing with water). + +CONCLUSION + +It may be suggested that the communities may strengthen the capacityof OC families byimplementingaffordable quality childcare for 0–6 year olds, after-school programming for older children and youth, supportive care for ill children and parents, microlending to enhance earnings, training to increase access to quality jobs, decent working conditions, social insurance for the informal sector, and income and food transfers when families are unable to make ends meet (Heymann & Kidman, 2009). Policy makers and health economists may establish family-based clinics in which both OC and their caregivers can receive treatment (Thielman, Ostermann, Whetten, Whetten, & O’Donnell, 2012). The link between traumatic events and poor OC health draws further attention to the need for sustainable social services to address the causes and consequences of trauma for OC (Whetten et al., 2011). Similarly, as food insecurity correlates with poor health (Caballero, 2002; Cook et al., 2004), policy to add adequate nutrition for children during their formative years need to be taken into consideration. In addition, large-scale randomized trials are needed to validate the eficacy of yoga for rehabilitation in OC. + +Acknowledgement +Authors acknowledge Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana University, Bengaluru for kind support to carry out this work. + +Financial support and sponsorship Nil. + +Conflicts of interest +There are no conflicts of interest. + +Yoga Mīmāmsā | Vol 47 | Issue 1 & 2 | Jan-Dec 2015 +[PDF Purchased from http://www.ym-kdham.in on Sunday, February 12, 2017]abce + + +Sharma, et al.: Yoga for rehabilitation in orphan children + + +REFERENCES + +Ahmad, A., Qahar, J., Siddiq, A., Majeed, A., Rasheed, J., & Jabar, F., …von Knorring, A. L. (2005). A 2-year follow-up of orphans’ competence, socio-emotional problems and post-traumatic stress symptoms in traditional foster care and orphanages in Iraqi Kurdistan. Child Care Health and Development, 31(2), 203-215. +Atwine, B., Cantor-Graae, E., & Bajunirwe, F. (2005). Psychological distress among AIDS orphans in rural Uganda. Social Science & Medicine, 61(3), 555-564. +Caballero, B. (2002). Global patterns of child health: The role of nutrition. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 46(Suppl. 1), 3-7. +Cook, J. T., Frank, D. A., Berkowitz, C., Black, M. M., Casey, P. H., & Cutts, D. B., … Nord, M. (2004). Food insecurity is associated with adverse health outcomes among human infants and toddlers. The Journal of Nutrition, 134(6), 1432-1438. +Culver, K. A., Whetten, K., Boyd, D. L., & O’Donnell, K. (2015). Yoga to reduce trauma-related distress and emotional and behavioral dificulties among children living in orphanages in Haiti: A pilot study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 21(9), 539-545. +Devi, T. M., Ganpat, T. S., Kumar, S., & Ramarao, N. H. (2015). Surya namaskara training for enhancing selective attention in orphan boys: A randomized control study. Saudi Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(1), 37. +Earnshaw, S., Njongwe, P., English, B., & Worku, Z. (2009). The health and living conditions of children in child-headed households in Siteki, Swaziland. East African Journal of Public Health, 6(1), 95-101. +Eisenberg, N., Sadovsky, A., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R. A., Losoya, S. H., & Valiente, C., … Shepard, S. A. (2005). The relations of problem behavior status to children’s negative emotionality, effortful + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Yoga Mīmāmsā | Vol 47 | Issue 1 & 2 | Jan-Dec 2015 + +control, and impulsivity: Concurrent relations and prediction of change. Developmental Psychology, 41(1), 193-211. +Heymann, J., & Kidman, R. (2009). HIV/AIDS, declining family resources and the community safety net. AIDS Care, 21(S1), 34-42. +Hosegood, V., Floyd, S., Marston, M., Hill, C., McGrath, N., & Isingo, R., … Zaba, B. (2007). The effects of high HIV prevalence on orphan-hood and living arrangements of children in Malawi, Tanzania, and South Africa. Population Studies, 61(3), 327-336. +Makame, V., Ani, C., & Grantham-McGregor, S. (2002). Psychological well-being of orphans in Dar El Salaam, Tanzania. Acta Paediatrica, 91(4), 459-465. +McDaniel, J. G., & Clark, P. G. (2009). The new adultorphan: Issues and considerations for health care professionals.Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 35(12), 44-49. +Saraswati, S. (2005). Asana, Prānāyāma, Mudrā, Bandha (pp. 525, 528, 539). Bihar: Yoga Publication Trust. +₊ +Thielman, N., Ostermann, J., Whetten, K., Whetten, R., & O’Donnell, K. (2012). Correlates of poor health among orphans and abandoned children in less wealthy countries: The importance of caregiver health. PloS One, 7(6), e38109. +UNICEF. (2008). The state of the world’s children 2009: Maternal and newborn health (Vol. 9). UNICEF. +UNICEF. (2011).The state of the world’s children 2011-executive summary: Adolescence an age of opportunity. UNICEF. +Whetten, K., Ostermann, J., Whetten, R., O’Donnell, K., & Thielman, N. (2011). More than the loss of a parent: Potentially traumatic events among orphaned and abandoned children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(2), 174-182. +World Health Organization. (2011). World health statistics: WHO report 2011. World Health Organization. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +5 diff --git a/subfolder_0/Review of Ragas and its Rasas in Indian music and its possible applications in therapy_unlocked.txt b/subfolder_0/Review of Ragas and its Rasas in Indian music and its possible applications in therapy_unlocked.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..41f44795d93d0c61f56cf569d7c111163e13a97e --- /dev/null +++ b/subfolder_0/Review of Ragas and its Rasas in Indian music and its possible applications in therapy_unlocked.txt @@ -0,0 +1,991 @@ +(3) Rejoicing for the happiness of others or transpersonal +happiness, (4) Neutrality or non‑judgmental mindset +towards the wicked. +Emotional healing is possible through understanding +the metaphysical aspect of one’s being. The science +of metaphysics[1] has emerged since the advent of +psychoanalysis. Freud discovered that the body and +the psyche are irrevocably linked. Researchers in the +field such as, Fritz Perls and Louise Hay have greatly +contributed to the revival of the body of information +that constitutes metaphysical science. +When illness or disease is indicated, the body is +communicating to us that our way of thinking (although +unconscious) is out of harmony with what is beneficial +to our being. Illness indicates the need to change our +core belief system and tells us that we have reached our +physical and psychological limits. Illness is thus a gift +whose purpose is to bring back equilibrium in our being. +The physical body does not create illness because the +physical body can do nothing by itself. What maintains +life is our Ātma.[2] +INTRODUCTION +Emotional healing is to ward off the negative feelings of +criticism, anger, guilt and resentment and replace them +with positive mental thought patterns of love, compassion, +pleasantness and calmness. This is in line with the +Pataïjali Yoga Sütra [1:33]. +mEÚI ké[a muidtaepe]a[ao pu{yapu{yiv;ya[a< Éavnt> icTtàsadnm! ॥३३॥ +The fourfold attitude as described in the above sutra, life’s +vicissitudes and in all relationships is conducive to peace +of mind. It also enables one to overcome the distractions of +the mind. They are: (1) Friendliness toward those who are +pleasantly disposed to oneself (friends), (2) Compassion +for the sorrowful and when one is in a painful condition, +Review of Rāgās and its Rasās in Indian music and its +possible applications in therapy +Nagarajan Karuna, Thaiyar M Srinivasan1, Nagendra HR +Directorate of Distance Education, 1Division of Physical Sciences, SVYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India +Address for Correspondence: Mrs. Karuna Nagarajan, +No. 19, Eknath Bhavan, Gavipuram Circle, Kempegowdanagar, +Bengaluru ‑ 560 019, Karnataka, India. +E‑mail: karuna.nag6@gmail.com +Access this article online +Website: +www.ijoyppp.org +Quick Response Code +DOI: +10.4103/2347-5633.123288 +Review Article +The imbalances between our outlook toward life and insight cause stress. This could most of the times +result in psychosomatic ailments. By modification of our innermost attitude, we can bring peace, satisfaction +and comfort irrespective of the external environment. There are many systems of healing for countering +perceived stress, which helps to manage stress as well as its impact on the systems of the body. In this +paper, an attempt is made to review the Indian Rāgās and the interwoven agreeable rasās (aesthetic +mood) in them. The willful submission to the notes of the music and the willingness to release the negative +thought patterns may be helpful in healing physically. Based on many research made on the metaphysical +causation of disease, we have attempted to list particular melody or rāgās depicting a particular aesthetic +mood, which could help to heal a particular disease. +Key words: Indian music, metaphysical cause, Rāgas, Rasās +ABSTRACT +21 +International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 1  Jan-Jun-2013 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Karuna, et al.: Indian music in therapy +International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 1  Jan-Jun-2013 +22 +The thought patterns that cause most diseases in the body +are criticism, anger, resentment and guilt. It is so much +easier to release these negative thinking patterns with love, +peace, joy and self‑approval when we are healthy than try +to dig them out when we are in a state of panic and under +the threat of surgeon’s knife. When we can truly live from +the loving space of the heart, approving ourselves and +trusting the Divine power to provide for us, then peace +and joy will fill our lives and illness and uncomfortable +feelings will cease to be in our experience [Table 1].[3] +Äyurveda says, misuse of the powers and faculties of the +“mind‑body” (manas and śareera) results in ill‑effects. +Excessive indulgence, self‑mortification, forceful repression +of natural urges, excessive fear, grief, anger, jealousy, +excessive craving, self‑conceit and deluded thinking will +all have their harmful effects on a person in the long run +and can cause illness. Thus 'Prajnäparadha' or erroneous +judgment or lack of discernment is at the root of all illness +directly or indirectly.[4] +Many studies report how the emotional memories reach +the parts of the brain that control the hormonal stress +response and how such emotions can ultimately affect the +workings of the immune system and thus affect illnesses +as disparate as arthritis and cancer. We are also beginning +to piece together how signals from the immune system can +affect the brain and the emotional and physical responses +it controls: The molecular basis of feeling sick. These +questions can now be answered at a level of detail that +will offer new treatments for disease and new ways of +interacting with the stresses in our environment that we +cannot control.[5] +Stress‑induced mechanisms, partially captured through +violence and social circumstances, may be a critical +explanatory link in furthering our understanding of +the social disparities in asthma.[6] When examined the +effects of brief psychological stressors on cardiovascular, +neuro‑endocrine and cellular immune response in 22 older +women to investigate the common effects of stress across +systems, results revealed that psychological stressors +heightened cardiac sympathetic activation, elevated +plasma catecholamine concentrations and affected the +cellular immune response.[7] +In the context of positive social interactions and emotions, +one neuro‑peptide system containing oxytocin, has +emerged as a common regulatory element. Oxytocin +coordinates both the causes and effects of positive social +interactions. During social interactions, oxytocin can be +released by sensory stimuli perceived as positive, including +touch, warmth and odors. The consequences of positive +social interactions, such as reduced sympathoadrenal +activity and enhanced parasympathetic‑vagal activity +also may be mediated by oxytocin. Because the release of +oxytocin can become conditioned to emotional states and +mental images, the actions of this peptide may provide +an additional explanation for the long‑term benefits of +positive experiences.[8] +Negative thoughts and emotions must be allowed sufficient +inner expression for their origin to be properly analyzed. +It is the very analysis, which emphasises the witenessing +factor, that may dissolve them. Just as the thoughts will +dissapppear when we look at them from a distance in +meditation, emotions will disappear when we fearlessly +challenge their very nature and origin. This can be done +through music experience.[9] +Musical exercises aid in organizing one’s thought +processes and help in overcoming one’s inhibition and +restrictions. The creative process of music takes over one’s +mind and emotion and leads to the feeling of wholeness +and completeness with the universe, physical, moral +and intellectual. It helps in overcoming all forms of +inadequacies or frustrations in life.[10] +EMOTIONS AND INDIAN MUSIC +Music can evoke a wide variety of strong emotions, +including joy, sadness, fear and peacefulness or tranquility +and people cite emotional impact and regulation as two +of the main reasons why they listen to music. Music can +produce feelings of intense pleasure or euphoria in the +listener sometimes experienced as thrills or chills down the +spine. Musical pleasure is closely related to the intensity +of emotional arousal.[11] +The concept of “Rasa” is the most important and significant +contribution of the Indian mind to aesthetics. The study +of aesthetics deals with the realization of beauty in art, +its appreciation or enjoyment and awareness of joy that +accompanies an experience of beauty. In other words, the +main function of rasa is to create a state of perfect beatitude +where mind becomes serene and tranquil and susceptible +to perpetual bliss (akhanda änanda).[12] +Rasa is realized when an emotion is awakened in such a +manner that it has none of its cognitive tendencies and it +is experienced in an impersonal contemplative mood. Rasa +is realization of the ultimate truth, the fruition of aesthetic +experience. The ultimate realization comes only “after the +limitations of the egocentric attitude are transcended and +all separate existence is merged in the unity of harmony +realized.”[13] +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Karuna, et al.: Indian music in therapy +23 +International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 1  Jan-Jun-2013 +The basis of rasa is an emotional state (bhäva) or feeling; +the seat of emotion is mind or psyche. Indian poetics have +classified and anatomized the different layers of mind. +It gives a detailed account of emotional state  (bhäva), +dominant state  (sthäyi bhäva), determinants  (vibhäva), +consequents  (anubhäva) and transitory state  (sanchäri +bhäva). These various bhävas are ultimately crystallized +into one final rasa. Bhävas are the mental states caused +by particular circumstances or happening. Both rasa and +bhäva are complementary to each other. In rasa theory, +bhäva has been used in a broad sense to include such +emotional states as feeling  (anubhüti), mood  (manaù +sthitiù), sentiment (bhävana) and impulse (våtti or ävega). +In other words, bhäva in rasa theory is a broad term and it +is used in the sense of emotional tendencies (bhävätmaka +pravåtti).[13] +According to the Nätyaçästra  (dramaturgy) of Bharata  + +(2nd century BCE‑2nd century CE), “rasa (literally, flavor and +relish) is the seed and fruit of the arts.” The arts generate +and consolidate moods, sentiments and emotions (rasa), +freed from the fluctuations of fleeting desires and impulses, +focus and diffuse these in the minds and hearts of the +people. The consolidation and evocation of rasa, then, +represent the function of all fine arts. This is the central +conception in India since Bharata, Nätyaçästra first +expounded the doctrine of rasa with its eight categories, +viz., love or happiness, gaiety or humor, compassion, fury, +valor, awesomeness, loathsomeness, and wonder. From the +third or fourth century onward silence or tranquility was +not only added as the ninth category, but considered as the +supreme rasa [Table 2].[12] +This ninth rasa is the culmination of all other rasäs and is +one of transcendental quality. All Indian arts, including +music, attempts at transcendence and is thus are of unique +quality; every rasa has a corresponding method and a path +leading a person on to experience the reality as defined in +Indian philosophies. +Love, joy, courage, calmness, wonder are desirable +Rasäs whereas anger, fear, sadness, disgust are not +desirable. When a disagreeable rasa catches up for a +long period, the biochemical environment created in our +body is difficult to get rid of and may lead to disease. +Maintaining an agreeable rasa over a long period will +stabilize our body, keeping it healthy and facilitating in +curing disease.[9] +The central objective of classical Indian art is to create +rasa in listeners in order to communicate or suggest a +kind of knowledge that cannot be expressed in words. +The knowledge of Rasäs is manifested inside the listener +which makes it powerful, leading to real knowledge of +truth through intuitive understanding. Thus art becomes a +means for educating and healing people emotionally. Rasa +is a bio‑energy that is partly physical and partly mental. it +is an important link between body and mind that affects +our thoughts and emotions.[9] +INDIAN RÄGAS +Rāga is the sequence of selected notes (swarās) that lend an +appropriate mood or emotion in a selective combination. +Depending upon its nature, a rāga could induce or intensify +joy or sorrow violence or peace and it is this quality, which +forms the basis for therapeutic application. By activating +emotions and controlling brain wave patterns, rāgās could +be used as a powerful tool for alleviating the most common +ailments of the modern society such as blood pressure, +depression, sleep disorders, stress etc.[10] +Representations of rāgas bring divine thoughts and sense of +transcendental beauty. However, at the transactional level, +the form of Indian music is psychologically interwoven +with the units of emotion and feelings and when they +are efficiently handled by a dedicated artist at the time of +rendering the rägas, they appear as living with different +sensations and feelings such as sorrow and pleasure, +astonishment, fear etc.[10] +In ancient times men used to imitate the sounds of birds +and animals; for example, śadja sa from Peacock, ṛsabha ri +from Bullock, gāndhāra ga from Goat, madhyama ma from +Jackal, pancama pa from Cuckoo, dhaivata dha from and +niśada ni from Elephant. They expressed their innermost +feelings to the Supreme or to Mother Nature with their own +tunes and words. Initially, it was through the medium of +a single note and simple rhythms. with time, their music +gradually evolved further with notes having grace and +emotional sentiments.[14] +Çruti is conceived both as a “musical interval” which make +up the notes of the octave and as a pitch position. The +seven svaräs have innumerable number of śrutis, many +of which are difficult to identify except in an emotional +or in a psychological sense. This accommodation of çrutis +intensifies the bhäva in a räga which assumes immense +significance in Indian system of music. The Indian svarä +accommodates its semitones, harmonics etc.,  (called +anusvaräs) to express themselves at appropriate places, but +also glorifies their presence as sine qua non for determining +a räga.[10] +The seven tones or notes or svaräs are divided into 22 +microtones or çrutis. Each of the note or swara either +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +lowered or raised in pitch, are known as komal or tévra +respectively. In fact komal or tévra gives indication of +the postion of a note – either higher or lower than its +original position. Çadja and Païcama are two steady notes +having no distrotion or displacement. Åçabha, Gändhara, +Madhyama, Dhaivata and Niçäda are accepted as having +two forms as stated above, namely, one high and one low. +Now, we have total of 12 notes.[14] +To summarize, the term räga in the musical sense came +to be used when it was found that a group of notes +having specific frequencies roused a particular feeling. +With the background of çruti the emotional effect of a +räga was clearly perceived and this marks an important +landmark in the history of Indian music. Scientifically, +the pair of notes bearing the frequency ratios 1:2 or 2:3 +or 3:4 (a note and its octave; a note and its Païcama; +and a note and its Çuddha Madhyama respectively +when sounded together, give a pleasing efffect. Like +wise, the notes, komal Åçabha and komal Gändhara +have a tinge of pathos. According to an established +concept of Carnatic music the emotional effect of a +räga is dependent upon the frequencies of the notes +that enter into its formation as also its Jéva svaräs and +nyäsa svaräs. The jéva svara is the index to the rasa +of a räga. The rasa of a raga changes with the shift in +emphasis on notes. Jéva svara is given that name, the +word “Jéva” meaning “life”, because that svara defines +the “soul” of the räga. Nyäsa svarä is the ending note or +svara one can settle on either by ending a composition, +or a phrase. +While expounding the räga, the Jéva svara is played +or sung more than all other svaräs, except the ädhära +çruti çadja or sa. In Hindustani music the Jéva svara is +addressed as vädi or sonant note which is the note of +primary importance. In most cases it is also the note most +frequently used. Thus it helps in evoking the Rasa to its +fullest, acting like a beacon to show the path. Different +notes determined as vädi notes can express different +emotions at various times of the day and night. A vädi +note is often addressed as the king. +For the proper enjoyment of the rasa of a räga or a song in +that raga the atmosphere of the place should be saturated +with the çruti notes of the tänpura or other drone. The +tempo or speed of a musical composition in applied music +are generally in consonance with its rasa. Pieces in raudra +rasa and véra rasa are normally sung in dåta laya or quick +tempo. Pathetic pieces generally in viÿambita laya or slow +speed. Factors like pitch, intensity, timbre, massiveness, +form, grace, language, rythm are also contributory factors +in establishing the rasa. Nevertheless it is the intention of +the performer to bring out a particular bhäva or emotion +through the rendition which finally determines the rasa +that is to be expressed.[15] +In one of the studies, it is shown that the meaning of +music may be derived in part from the understanding +that every note reflects an intentional act, which +signals personal relevance to the artist representing a +communication between the creator and the perceiver +of the music.[16] +Bhatkhande, keeping in view the ancient theory of rasa, has +designated only four types of rasa – Çåìgära, çänta, Vérya +and Karuëa, as the most important of all nine varieites of +Table  1: Some common ailments, probable metaphysical cause and replacement of new thought patterns[3] +Disease +Probable cause +New thought pattern +Arthritis +Feeling unloved; criticism; bitterness; feeling not good +enough +I choose to love and approve of myself; I see others with love +Anxiety +Not trusting the flow and process of life +I love and approve of myself and I trust the process of life. I am +safe +Bronchitis +Inflamed family environment; arguments and yelling; +sometimes silent +I declare peace and harmony within me and around me. All is +well +Back pain +Back represents the support of life +I know that life always support me‑courage +Diabetes +Longing for what might have been; deep sorrow; no +sweetness left +This moment is filled with joy. I now choose to experience the +sweetness of life‑love +Cancer +Deep hurt; longstanding resentment; carrying hatreds +I lovingly forgive and release all of the past. I choose to fill my +world with joy. I love and approve of myself +Hypertension +Longstanding emotional problems; volcano within +I joyously release the past. I am at peace +Insomnia +Fear; not trusting the process of life. Guilt +I lovingly release the day slip into peaceful sleep, knowing +tomorrow will take care itself +Knee problem +Stubborn ego and pride; inability to bend; fear; +inflexibility +Forgiveness, compassion, understanding, I bend and flow with +ease. All is well +Atherosclerosis +Clogging the channels of joy. Fear of accepting joy +I choose to love life. My channels of joy are wide open. It is safe +to receive +Chronic +diseases +A refusal to change. Fear of the future. Not feeling +safe +I am willing to change and grow. I now create safe, new few +futures +Karuna, et al.: Indian music in therapy +International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 1  Jan-Jun-2013 +24 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Rasäs. Bhatkhande classified the existing Rägas according +to the çhuddha and komal svaräs used and consequently +the paritcular Rasäs or moods they were able to create. +He has suggested a general rule of rasäs and rägas which +needs further research [Table 3].[17] +Śṛṁgāra means both love and beauty or the aesthetic +sentiment associated with them. In the broader sense +śṛṁgāra is the mood in which we concentrate on creating a +lovely atmosphere, on friends and family, on good manners +and romance, on art culture and decoration, on dressing +attractively and behaving nicely, on beauty and joy. A master +of śṛṁgāra rasa is a master of aesthetic sense, able to bring +out the beauty and harmony that is present in everything.[9] +Calmness or çänta is attained through meditation practices +combined with keeping a balance between needs and +desires. When we focus on what we truly need then the +Table  2: Rasa and the related emotions with their +meaning[9] +Rasa +Meaning +Related emotions +Çåìgära +Love +Beauty, aesthetic, sentiments, devotion +Häsya +Joy +Humor, laughter, sarcasm +Karuëa +Sadness +Compassion, pity, sympathy +Raudra +Anger +Violence, irritation stress +Vérya +Courage +Heroism, determination, courage +Bhayänaka +Fear +Terror, anxiety, nervousness, worry +Bhébhatsa +Disgust +Depression, dissatisfaction, depression +Adbhuta +Wonder +Curiosity, astonishment, mystery +Çänta +Calmness +Peace relaxation, rest +Table  3: Thät and the Svaräs used and the aesthetic +mood or rasa created[17] +Thät or meÿa +Svaräs used +Rasa created +Kalyän, Biläval Khämäj +Ri, Dha Teevra +Śṛṁgāra +Bhairav, Pürvi and Märva +Ri, Dha Komal +Çänta and +Karuëa +Käphi, Asäveri, Bhairavi and +Todi +Ga, Ni Komal +Véra +Table  4: Correlation of Rāgās, Rasās and some common Ailments +Hindustāni +Thāt +Svarās +Used +Rasa +Created +Popular Rāgās in +the Thāt +Corresponding +caranātic melās +Svarās Used +Rasa +Created +Popular Derivative +Rāgās +Common +Ailments +which may +be treated +Bhairava +Thāt +Ri, +Dha +Komal +Çänta and +Karuëa +Bhairava, Rämkali, +Jogiya +Mäyamäÿ‑ava +Govÿa +Çuddha +Åiçabha (R1) +Çuddha +Dhaivatha (D1) +Çänta and +Karuëa +Bovli, Govÿa, Säveri, +Malahari, Lalitha, +Nädanämakriya +Hypertension +Kalyän +Thāt +Ri, +Dha +Teevra +Çrm +. ga +- + + +ra +Yaman, Kedär, +Bhüpäli, Cäyanät, +Hindoÿ, Ùamér, +Yaman Kalyäë, +Govra Säraìg +Kalyäëi +Catuùrçruti +Åçabha (R2) +Catuùrçruti +Dhaivata (D2) +s +' + +rm +. ga +- + + +ra +Mohana Kalyäëi, +Yamuna Kalyäëi, Yeman, +Säraìga, Säraìga +Tharaëgiëi, Hamér +Kalyäëi, Candrakäntha +Diabetes +Märva +Thāt +Ri, +Dha +Komal +Çänta and +Karuëa +Märva, Püriya, Lalith, +Sohani +Gamanaçrama +Çuddha +Åçabha (R1) +Catuùrçruti +Dhaivatha (Ò2) +Çänta and +Karuëa +Haàsa Nändi, Pürvi +Kalyäëi, Gamaka Kriya, +Sohini, Padma Kalyäëi +Knee +problems/ +bronchitis +Biläval +Thāt +Ri, +Dha +Teevra +s +' + +rm +. ga +- + + +ra +Çuddh Biläval, Alhiya +Biläval, Deçkar, +Behäg, Durga, +Çaìkar +Çankaräbharaëa +Catuùrçruti +Åçabha (R2) +Caturçruti Dhaivata +(D2) +s +' + +rm +. ga +- + + +ra +Ärabhi, Athäëa, +Baìgäÿa, +Behäg, Begada, +Bilaharidevagändhäri, +Haàsadvani, Mänd, +Nilämbari, Janaraïjani, +Çudh Säveri +Arthritis +Khämäj +Thāt +Ri, +Dha +Teevra +s +' + +rm +. ga +- + + +ra +Khämäj Deç, Tiläìg, +Janjhoti, Jaijaivanti +Harikämbhoji +Catuùrçruti +Åçabha (R2) +Caturçruti +Dhaivata (D2) +s +' + +rm +. ga +- + + +ra +Ändolika, Balahaàsa, +Bahudäri, Deç, Kämboji, +Käpinäräyaëi, Jog, +Kedära Govÿa, Mohana +Sahana, Çäma, Yadukula +Kämboji +Cancer +Käphi Thāt Ga, +Ni +Komal +Veera +rasa +Käphi, Peelu, Megh +Malhär, Çuddh +Säraìga, Bägeçvari, +Bhémphalasri, +Meeya Ki Malhär, +Brindäbani Säraìg +Karaharapriya +Sädhäraëa +Gändhara, (G2) +Kaiçiki +Niçädha (N2) +Veera rasa Asäveri, Bägeçri, Sri, +Äbheri, Äbhogi, +Brindävani, Brindävana +Säraëga, Huseni, Durga +Mukhäri, Madhymävati, +Réthi Govÿa, Darbäri, +Çivaraïjani, Sriraïjani +Atherosclerosis +Asäveri +Thāt +Ga, +Ni +Komal +Veera +rasa +Gändhari, Adäna, +Sindh, Bhairavi, +Jaunpuri +Natabhairavi +Sädhäraëa +Gändhara, (G2) +Kaiçiki +Niçädha (N2) +Veera +Rasa +Änand Bhiravi, Amåtha +Varçiëi, Bhiravi Hindoÿa, +Hindoÿa Vasantha, +Jayantha Sri, Säramathi, +Çudha Dhanyäsi +Anxiety +Contd... +Karuna, et al.: Indian music in therapy +25 +International Journal of Yoga - Philosophy, Psychology and Parapsychology  Vol. 1  Jan-Jun-2013 +[Downloaded free from http://www.ijoyppp.org on Friday, July 29, 2016, IP: 14.139.155.82] +Table  4: Contd... +Hindustāni +Thāt +Svarās +used +Rasa +created +Popular Rāgās in +the Thāt +Corresponding +caranātic melās +Svarās used +Rasa +created +Popular derivative +Rāgās +Common +ailments +which may +be treated +Bhairavi +Thāt +Ga, +Ni +Komal +Veera +rasa +Bhairavi, Mälkauns, +Säveri, Basantha, +Mukhäri, Dhanaçré, +Bhopäli, Todi +Hanuma Todi +Sädhäraëa +Gändhara (G2) +Kaiçiki +Niçädha (N2) +Veera rasa Dhanyäsi, Janatodi, +Asäveri, Ghaëöa +Ëagävaraÿi +Back pain +Todi Thāt +Ga, +Ni +Komal +Veera +rasa +Todi, Lakñmi Todi, +Bhäduri Todi, +Gurjari, Multäni +Çubhapantuvaräÿi Sädhäraëa +Gändhara (G2) +Käkaÿi +Niçädha (N3) +Veera rasa Çubhapantuvaräÿi +Chronic +disease +Pürvi Thāt +Ri, +Dha +Komal +Çänta and +Karuëa +Püriya, dhanaçré, +deepak manohar, +çré, hans näräyaëi, +govri, basanth, +kumäri +Kämavardhini +Çuddha +Åiçabha (R1) +Çuddha +Dhaivatha (D1) +Çänta and +Karuëa +Puriya Dhanaçree, +Deepakam, Gamaka +Priya +Insomnia +winds of desire do not create any ripples on the surface +of the mind.[9] +Vérya or courage is the rasa of fearlessness, self assurance, +determination, heroism, valor, concentration, and perfect +control of body and mind. Pure Vérya is fearlessness in +every sense of the word. When this mood is present the +personality is firmly in charge, directing body, mind and +intellect without error or hesitation.[9] +Karuëa or true compassion involves the recognition +that the suffering of others (as well as their joy) is also +our own. If we can feel sorry for others without feeling +any superiority, we may expreince highest Karuëa. True +compassion is without descrimination and can be felt for +humans as well as for animals, plants, or even for enemies. +It makes us a kind person, extending loving kindness to +every being we meet.[9] +When a particular rasa is depicted in a raga it touches +our heart. Every art is an expression of happiness. Hence +Taittiréya Upaniñad states‑rsae vE s>, rsm! ýevaym! lBXva Aan