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<title>git-checkout(1)</title> |
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</head> |
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<body class="manpage"> |
|
<div id="header"> |
|
<h1>git-checkout(1) Manual Page</h1> |
|
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<p>git-checkout - Switch branches or restore working tree files</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div id="content"> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="verseblock"> |
|
<pre class="content"><em>git checkout</em> [-q] [-f] [-m] [<branch>] |
|
<em>git checkout</em> [-q] [-f] [-m] --detach [<branch>] |
|
<em>git checkout</em> [-q] [-f] [-m] [--detach] <commit> |
|
<em>git checkout</em> [-q] [-f] [-m] [[-b|-B|--orphan] <new-branch>] [<start-point>] |
|
<em>git checkout</em> [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>…​ |
|
<em>git checkout</em> [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul] |
|
<em>git checkout</em> (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>…​]</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Updates files in the working tree to match the version in the index |
|
or the specified tree. If no pathspec was given, <em>git checkout</em> will |
|
also update <code>HEAD</code> to set the specified branch as the current |
|
branch.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="dlist"> |
|
<dl> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>git checkout</em> [<branch>]</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>To prepare for working on <code><branch></code>, switch to it by updating |
|
the index and the files in the working tree, and by pointing |
|
<code>HEAD</code> at the branch. Local modifications to the files in the |
|
working tree are kept, so that they can be committed to the |
|
<code><branch></code>.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>If <code><branch></code> is not found but there does exist a tracking branch in |
|
exactly one remote (call it <code><remote></code>) with a matching name and |
|
<code>--no-guess</code> is not specified, treat as equivalent to</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch></pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>You could omit <code><branch></code>, in which case the command degenerates to |
|
"check out the current branch", which is a glorified no-op with |
|
rather expensive side-effects to show only the tracking information, |
|
if exists, for the current branch.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>git checkout</em> -b|-B <new-branch> [<start-point>]</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Specifying <code>-b</code> causes a new branch to be created as if |
|
<a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> were called and then checked out. In |
|
this case you can use the <code>--track</code> or <code>--no-track</code> options, |
|
which will be passed to <em>git branch</em>. As a convenience, |
|
<code>--track</code> without <code>-b</code> implies branch creation; see the |
|
description of <code>--track</code> below.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>If <code>-B</code> is given, <code><new-branch></code> is created if it doesn’t exist; otherwise, it |
|
is reset. This is the transactional equivalent of</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git branch -f <branch> [<start-point>] |
|
$ git checkout <branch></pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>that is to say, the branch is not reset/created unless "git checkout" is |
|
successful.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>git checkout</em> --detach [<branch>]</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>git checkout</em> [--detach] <commit></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Prepare to work on top of <code><commit></code>, by detaching <code>HEAD</code> at it |
|
(see "DETACHED HEAD" section), and updating the index and the |
|
files in the working tree. Local modifications to the files |
|
in the working tree are kept, so that the resulting working |
|
tree will be the state recorded in the commit plus the local |
|
modifications.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>When the <code><commit></code> argument is a branch name, the <code>--detach</code> option can |
|
be used to detach <code>HEAD</code> at the tip of the branch (<code>git checkout |
|
<branch></code> would check out that branch without detaching <code>HEAD</code>).</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Omitting <code><branch></code> detaches <code>HEAD</code> at the tip of the current branch.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>git checkout</em> [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] [--] <pathspec>…​</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>git checkout</em> [-f|--ours|--theirs|-m|--conflict=<style>] [<tree-ish>] --pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Overwrite the contents of the files that match the pathspec. |
|
When the <code><tree-ish></code> (most often a commit) is not given, |
|
overwrite working tree with the contents in the index. |
|
When the <code><tree-ish></code> is given, overwrite both the index and |
|
the working tree with the contents at the <code><tree-ish></code>.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The index may contain unmerged entries because of a previous failed merge. |
|
By default, if you try to check out such an entry from the index, the |
|
checkout operation will fail and nothing will be checked out. |
|
Using <code>-f</code> will ignore these unmerged entries. The contents from a |
|
specific side of the merge can be checked out of the index by |
|
using <code>--ours</code> or <code>--theirs</code>. With <code>-m</code>, changes made to the working tree |
|
file can be discarded to re-create the original conflicted merge result.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><em>git checkout</em> (-p|--patch) [<tree-ish>] [--] [<pathspec>…​]</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>This is similar to the previous mode, but lets you use the |
|
interactive interface to show the "diff" output and choose which |
|
hunks to use in the result. See below for the description of |
|
<code>--patch</code> option.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
</dl> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="dlist"> |
|
<dl> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Quiet, suppress feedback messages.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--progress</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-progress</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Progress status is reported on the standard error stream |
|
by default when it is attached to a terminal, unless <code>--quiet</code> |
|
is specified. This flag enables progress reporting even if not |
|
attached to a terminal, regardless of <code>--quiet</code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-f</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--force</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When switching branches, proceed even if the index or the |
|
working tree differs from <code>HEAD</code>, and even if there are untracked |
|
files in the way. This is used to throw away local changes and |
|
any untracked files or directories that are in the way.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>When checking out paths from the index, do not fail upon unmerged |
|
entries; instead, unmerged entries are ignored.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--ours</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--theirs</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When checking out paths from the index, check out stage #2 |
|
(<em>ours</em>) or #3 (<em>theirs</em>) for unmerged paths.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Note that during <code>git rebase</code> and <code>git pull --rebase</code>, <em>ours</em> and |
|
<em>theirs</em> may appear swapped; <code>--ours</code> gives the version from the |
|
branch the changes are rebased onto, while <code>--theirs</code> gives the |
|
version from the branch that holds your work that is being rebased.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>This is because <code>rebase</code> is used in a workflow that treats the |
|
history at the remote as the shared canonical one, and treats the |
|
work done on the branch you are rebasing as the third-party work to |
|
be integrated, and you are temporarily assuming the role of the |
|
keeper of the canonical history during the rebase. As the keeper of |
|
the canonical history, you need to view the history from the remote |
|
as <code>ours</code> (i.e. "our shared canonical history"), while what you did |
|
on your side branch as <code>theirs</code> (i.e. "one contributor’s work on top |
|
of it").</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-b <new-branch></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Create a new branch named <code><new-branch></code>, start it at |
|
<code><start-point></code>, and check the resulting branch out; |
|
see <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> for details.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-B <new-branch></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Creates the branch <code><new-branch></code>, start it at <code><start-point></code>; |
|
if it already exists, then reset it to <code><start-point></code>. And then |
|
check the resulting branch out. This is equivalent to running |
|
"git branch" with "-f" followed by "git checkout" of that branch; |
|
see <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> for details.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-t</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--track[=(direct|inherit)]</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When creating a new branch, set up "upstream" configuration. See |
|
"--track" in <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> for details.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>If no <code>-b</code> option is given, the name of the new branch will be |
|
derived from the remote-tracking branch, by looking at the local part of |
|
the refspec configured for the corresponding remote, and then stripping |
|
the initial part up to the "*". |
|
This would tell us to use <code>hack</code> as the local branch when branching |
|
off of <code>origin/hack</code> (or <code>remotes/origin/hack</code>, or even |
|
<code>refs/remotes/origin/hack</code>). If the given name has no slash, or the above |
|
guessing results in an empty name, the guessing is aborted. You can |
|
explicitly give a name with <code>-b</code> in such a case.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-track</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Do not set up "upstream" configuration, even if the |
|
<code>branch.autoSetupMerge</code> configuration variable is true.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--guess</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-guess</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>If <code><branch></code> is not found but there does exist a tracking |
|
branch in exactly one remote (call it <code><remote></code>) with a |
|
matching name, treat as equivalent to</p> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout -b <branch> --track <remote>/<branch></pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>If the branch exists in multiple remotes and one of them is named by |
|
the <code>checkout.defaultRemote</code> configuration variable, we’ll use that |
|
one for the purposes of disambiguation, even if the <code><branch></code> isn’t |
|
unique across all remotes. Set it to |
|
e.g. <code>checkout.defaultRemote=origin</code> to always checkout remote |
|
branches from there if <code><branch></code> is ambiguous but exists on the |
|
<em>origin</em> remote. See also <code>checkout.defaultRemote</code> in |
|
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p><code>--guess</code> is the default behavior. Use <code>--no-guess</code> to disable it.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The default behavior can be set via the <code>checkout.guess</code> configuration |
|
variable.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-l</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Create the new branch’s reflog; see <a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> for |
|
details.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-d</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--detach</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Rather than checking out a branch to work on it, check out a |
|
commit for inspection and discardable experiments. |
|
This is the default behavior of <code>git checkout <commit></code> when |
|
<code><commit></code> is not a branch name. See the "DETACHED HEAD" section |
|
below for details.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--orphan <new-branch></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Create a new <em>orphan</em> branch, named <code><new-branch></code>, started from |
|
<code><start-point></code> and switch to it. The first commit made on this |
|
new branch will have no parents and it will be the root of a new |
|
history totally disconnected from all the other branches and |
|
commits.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The index and the working tree are adjusted as if you had previously run |
|
<code>git checkout <start-point></code>. This allows you to start a new history |
|
that records a set of paths similar to <code><start-point></code> by easily running |
|
<code>git commit -a</code> to make the root commit.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>This can be useful when you want to publish the tree from a commit |
|
without exposing its full history. You might want to do this to publish |
|
an open source branch of a project whose current tree is "clean", but |
|
whose full history contains proprietary or otherwise encumbered bits of |
|
code.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>If you want to start a disconnected history that records a set of paths |
|
that is totally different from the one of <code><start-point></code>, then you should |
|
clear the index and the working tree right after creating the orphan |
|
branch by running <code>git rm -rf .</code> from the top level of the working tree. |
|
Afterwards you will be ready to prepare your new files, repopulating the |
|
working tree, by copying them from elsewhere, extracting a tarball, etc.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-skip-worktree-bits</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>In sparse checkout mode, <code>git checkout -- <paths></code> would |
|
update only entries matched by <code><paths></code> and sparse patterns |
|
in <code>$GIT_DIR/info/sparse-checkout</code>. This option ignores |
|
the sparse patterns and adds back any files in <code><paths></code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-m</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--merge</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When switching branches, |
|
if you have local modifications to one or more files that |
|
are different between the current branch and the branch to |
|
which you are switching, the command refuses to switch |
|
branches in order to preserve your modifications in context. |
|
However, with this option, a three-way merge between the current |
|
branch, your working tree contents, and the new branch |
|
is done, and you will be on the new branch.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>When a merge conflict happens, the index entries for conflicting |
|
paths are left unmerged, and you need to resolve the conflicts |
|
and mark the resolved paths with <code>git add</code> (or <code>git rm</code> if the merge |
|
should result in deletion of the path).</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>When checking out paths from the index, this option lets you recreate |
|
the conflicted merge in the specified paths.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>When switching branches with <code>--merge</code>, staged changes may be lost.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--conflict=<style></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>The same as <code>--merge</code> option above, but changes the way the |
|
conflicting hunks are presented, overriding the |
|
<code>merge.conflictStyle</code> configuration variable. Possible values are |
|
"merge" (default), "diff3", and "zdiff3".</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-p</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--patch</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Interactively select hunks in the difference between the |
|
<code><tree-ish></code> (or the index, if unspecified) and the working |
|
tree. The chosen hunks are then applied in reverse to the |
|
working tree (and if a <code><tree-ish></code> was specified, the index).</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>This means that you can use <code>git checkout -p</code> to selectively discard |
|
edits from your current working tree. See the “Interactive Mode” |
|
section of <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> to learn how to operate the <code>--patch</code> mode.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Note that this option uses the no overlay mode by default (see also |
|
<code>--overlay</code>), and currently doesn’t support overlay mode.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--ignore-other-worktrees</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p><code>git checkout</code> refuses when the wanted ref is already checked |
|
out by another worktree. This option makes it check the ref |
|
out anyway. In other words, the ref can be held by more than one |
|
worktree.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--overwrite-ignore</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-overwrite-ignore</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Silently overwrite ignored files when switching branches. This |
|
is the default behavior. Use <code>--no-overwrite-ignore</code> to abort |
|
the operation when the new branch contains ignored files.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--recurse-submodules</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-recurse-submodules</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Using <code>--recurse-submodules</code> will update the content of all active |
|
submodules according to the commit recorded in the superproject. If |
|
local modifications in a submodule would be overwritten the checkout |
|
will fail unless <code>-f</code> is used. If nothing (or <code>--no-recurse-submodules</code>) |
|
is used, submodules working trees will not be updated. |
|
Just like <a href="git-submodule.html">git-submodule(1)</a>, this will detach <code>HEAD</code> of the |
|
submodule.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--overlay</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-overlay</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>In the default overlay mode, <code>git checkout</code> never |
|
removes files from the index or the working tree. When |
|
specifying <code>--no-overlay</code>, files that appear in the index and |
|
working tree, but not in <code><tree-ish></code> are removed, to make them |
|
match <code><tree-ish></code> exactly.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--pathspec-from-file=<file></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Pathspec is passed in <code><file></code> instead of commandline args. If |
|
<code><file></code> is exactly <code>-</code> then standard input is used. Pathspec |
|
elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be |
|
quoted as explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code> |
|
(see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). See also <code>--pathspec-file-nul</code> and |
|
global <code>--literal-pathspecs</code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--pathspec-file-nul</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Only meaningful with <code>--pathspec-from-file</code>. Pathspec elements are |
|
separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken |
|
literally (including newlines and quotes).</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><branch></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Branch to checkout; if it refers to a branch (i.e., a name that, |
|
when prepended with "refs/heads/", is a valid ref), then that |
|
branch is checked out. Otherwise, if it refers to a valid |
|
commit, your <code>HEAD</code> becomes "detached" and you are no longer on |
|
any branch (see below for details).</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>You can use the <code>@{-N}</code> syntax to refer to the N-th last |
|
branch/commit checked out using "git checkout" operation. You may |
|
also specify <code>-</code> which is synonymous to <code>@{-1}</code>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>As a special case, you may use <code>A...B</code> as a shortcut for the |
|
merge base of <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> if there is exactly one merge base. You can |
|
leave out at most one of <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, in which case it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><new-branch></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Name for the new branch.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><start-point></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>The name of a commit at which to start the new branch; see |
|
<a href="git-branch.html">git-branch(1)</a> for details. Defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>As a special case, you may use <code>"A...B"</code> as a shortcut for the |
|
merge base of <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> if there is exactly one merge base. You can |
|
leave out at most one of <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, in which case it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><tree-ish></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Tree to checkout from (when paths are given). If not specified, |
|
the index will be used.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>As a special case, you may use <code>"A...B"</code> as a shortcut for the |
|
merge base of <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> if there is exactly one merge base. You can |
|
leave out at most one of <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, in which case it defaults to <code>HEAD</code>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Do not interpret any more arguments as options.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><pathspec>…​</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Limits the paths affected by the operation.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>For more details, see the <em>pathspec</em> entry in <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
</dl> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_detached_head">DETACHED HEAD</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p><code>HEAD</code> normally refers to a named branch (e.g. <code>master</code>). Meanwhile, each |
|
branch refers to a specific commit. Let’s look at a repo with three |
|
commits, one of them tagged, and with branch <code>master</code> checked out:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre> HEAD (refers to branch 'master') |
|
| |
|
v |
|
a---b---c branch 'master' (refers to commit 'c') |
|
^ |
|
| |
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>When a commit is created in this state, the branch is updated to refer to |
|
the new commit. Specifically, <em>git commit</em> creates a new commit <code>d</code>, whose |
|
parent is commit <code>c</code>, and then updates branch <code>master</code> to refer to new |
|
commit <code>d</code>. <code>HEAD</code> still refers to branch <code>master</code> and so indirectly now refers |
|
to commit <code>d</code>:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ edit; git add; git commit |
|
|
|
HEAD (refers to branch 'master') |
|
| |
|
v |
|
a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') |
|
^ |
|
| |
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>It is sometimes useful to be able to checkout a commit that is not at |
|
the tip of any named branch, or even to create a new commit that is not |
|
referenced by a named branch. Let’s look at what happens when we |
|
checkout commit <code>b</code> (here we show two ways this may be done):</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout v2.0 # or |
|
$ git checkout master^^ |
|
|
|
HEAD (refers to commit 'b') |
|
| |
|
v |
|
a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') |
|
^ |
|
| |
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Notice that regardless of which checkout command we use, <code>HEAD</code> now refers |
|
directly to commit <code>b</code>. This is known as being in detached <code>HEAD</code> state. |
|
It means simply that <code>HEAD</code> refers to a specific commit, as opposed to |
|
referring to a named branch. Let’s see what happens when we create a commit:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ edit; git add; git commit |
|
|
|
HEAD (refers to commit 'e') |
|
| |
|
v |
|
e |
|
/ |
|
a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') |
|
^ |
|
| |
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>There is now a new commit <code>e</code>, but it is referenced only by <code>HEAD</code>. We can |
|
of course add yet another commit in this state:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ edit; git add; git commit |
|
|
|
HEAD (refers to commit 'f') |
|
| |
|
v |
|
e---f |
|
/ |
|
a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') |
|
^ |
|
| |
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>In fact, we can perform all the normal Git operations. But, let’s look |
|
at what happens when we then checkout <code>master</code>:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout master |
|
|
|
HEAD (refers to branch 'master') |
|
e---f | |
|
/ v |
|
a---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd') |
|
^ |
|
| |
|
tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b')</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>It is important to realize that at this point nothing refers to commit |
|
<code>f</code>. Eventually commit <code>f</code> (and by extension commit <code>e</code>) will be deleted |
|
by the routine Git garbage collection process, unless we create a reference |
|
before that happens. If we have not yet moved away from commit <code>f</code>, |
|
any of these will create a reference to it:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout -b foo # or "git switch -c foo" <b class="conum">(1)</b> |
|
$ git branch foo <b class="conum">(2)</b> |
|
$ git tag foo <b class="conum">(3)</b></pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="colist arabic"> |
|
<ol> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>creates a new branch <code>foo</code>, which refers to commit <code>f</code>, and then |
|
updates <code>HEAD</code> to refer to branch <code>foo</code>. In other words, we’ll no longer |
|
be in detached <code>HEAD</code> state after this command.</p> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>similarly creates a new branch <code>foo</code>, which refers to commit <code>f</code>, |
|
but leaves <code>HEAD</code> detached.</p> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>creates a new tag <code>foo</code>, which refers to commit <code>f</code>, |
|
leaving <code>HEAD</code> detached.</p> |
|
</li> |
|
</ol> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>If we have moved away from commit <code>f</code>, then we must first recover its object |
|
name (typically by using git reflog), and then we can create a reference to |
|
it. For example, to see the last two commits to which <code>HEAD</code> referred, we |
|
can use either of these commands:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git reflog -2 HEAD # or |
|
$ git log -g -2 HEAD</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_argument_disambiguation">ARGUMENT DISAMBIGUATION</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>When there is only one argument given and it is not <code>--</code> (e.g. <code>git |
|
checkout abc</code>), and when the argument is both a valid <code><tree-ish></code> |
|
(e.g. a branch <code>abc</code> exists) and a valid <code><pathspec></code> (e.g. a file |
|
or a directory whose name is "abc" exists), Git would usually ask |
|
you to disambiguate. Because checking out a branch is so common an |
|
operation, however, <code>git checkout abc</code> takes "abc" as a <code><tree-ish></code> |
|
in such a situation. Use <code>git checkout -- <pathspec></code> if you want |
|
to checkout these paths out of the index.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="olist arabic"> |
|
<ol class="arabic"> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>The following sequence checks out the <code>master</code> branch, reverts |
|
the <code>Makefile</code> to two revisions back, deletes <code>hello.c</code> by |
|
mistake, and gets it back from the index.</p> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout master <b class="conum">(1)</b> |
|
$ git checkout master~2 Makefile <b class="conum">(2)</b> |
|
$ rm -f hello.c |
|
$ git checkout hello.c <b class="conum">(3)</b></pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="colist arabic"> |
|
<ol> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>switch branch</p> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>take a file out of another commit</p> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>restore <code>hello.c</code> from the index</p> |
|
</li> |
|
</ol> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>If you want to check out <em>all</em> C source files out of the index, |
|
you can say</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout -- '*.c'</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Note the quotes around <code>*.c</code>. The file <code>hello.c</code> will also be |
|
checked out, even though it is no longer in the working tree, |
|
because the file globbing is used to match entries in the index |
|
(not in the working tree by the shell).</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>If you have an unfortunate branch that is named <code>hello.c</code>, this |
|
step would be confused as an instruction to switch to that branch. |
|
You should instead write:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout -- hello.c</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>After working in the wrong branch, switching to the correct |
|
branch would be done using:</p> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout mytopic</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>However, your "wrong" branch and correct <code>mytopic</code> branch may |
|
differ in files that you have modified locally, in which case |
|
the above checkout would fail like this:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout mytopic |
|
error: You have local changes to 'frotz'; not switching branches.</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>You can give the <code>-m</code> flag to the command, which would try a |
|
three-way merge:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout -m mytopic |
|
Auto-merging frotz</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>After this three-way merge, the local modifications are <em>not</em> |
|
registered in your index file, so <code>git diff</code> would show you what |
|
changes you made since the tip of the new branch.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>When a merge conflict happens during switching branches with |
|
the <code>-m</code> option, you would see something like this:</p> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git checkout -m mytopic |
|
Auto-merging frotz |
|
ERROR: Merge conflict in frotz |
|
fatal: merge program failed</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>At this point, <code>git diff</code> shows the changes cleanly merged as in |
|
the previous example, as well as the changes in the conflicted |
|
files. Edit and resolve the conflict and mark it resolved with |
|
<code>git add</code> as usual:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ edit frotz |
|
$ git add frotz</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</li> |
|
</ol> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_configuration">CONFIGURATION</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Everything below this line in this section is selectively included |
|
from the <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> documentation. The content is the same |
|
as what’s found there:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="dlist"> |
|
<dl> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">checkout.defaultRemote</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When you run <code>git checkout <something></code> |
|
or <code>git switch <something></code> and only have one |
|
remote, it may implicitly fall back on checking out and |
|
tracking e.g. <code>origin/<something></code>. This stops working as soon |
|
as you have more than one remote with a <code><something></code> |
|
reference. This setting allows for setting the name of a |
|
preferred remote that should always win when it comes to |
|
disambiguation. The typical use-case is to set this to |
|
<code>origin</code>.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Currently this is used by <a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a> and |
|
<a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a> when <code>git checkout <something></code> |
|
or <code>git switch <something></code> |
|
will checkout the <code><something></code> branch on another remote, |
|
and by <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a> when <code>git worktree add</code> refers to a |
|
remote branch. This setting might be used for other checkout-like |
|
commands or functionality in the future.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">checkout.guess</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Provides the default value for the <code>--guess</code> or <code>--no-guess</code> |
|
option in <code>git checkout</code> and <code>git switch</code>. See |
|
<a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a> and <a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">checkout.workers</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>The number of parallel workers to use when updating the working tree. |
|
The default is one, i.e. sequential execution. If set to a value less |
|
than one, Git will use as many workers as the number of logical cores |
|
available. This setting and <code>checkout.thresholdForParallelism</code> affect |
|
all commands that perform checkout. E.g. checkout, clone, reset, |
|
sparse-checkout, etc.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Note: parallel checkout usually delivers better performance for repositories |
|
located on SSDs or over NFS. For repositories on spinning disks and/or machines |
|
with a small number of cores, the default sequential checkout often performs |
|
better. The size and compression level of a repository might also influence how |
|
well the parallel version performs.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">checkout.thresholdForParallelism</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When running parallel checkout with a small number of files, the cost |
|
of subprocess spawning and inter-process communication might outweigh |
|
the parallelization gains. This setting allows to define the minimum |
|
number of files for which parallel checkout should be attempted. The |
|
default is 100.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
</dl> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p><a href="git-switch.html">git-switch(1)</a>, |
|
<a href="git-restore.html">git-restore(1)</a></p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div id="footer"> |
|
<div id="footer-text"> |
|
Last updated 2023-04-19 05:40:20 UTC |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</body> |
|
</html> |
