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</head> |
|
<body class="manpage"> |
|
<div id="header"> |
|
<h1>git-commit(1) Manual Page</h1> |
|
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<p>git-commit - Record changes to the repository</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div id="content"> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="verseblock"> |
|
<pre class="content"><em>git commit</em> [-a | --interactive | --patch] [-s] [-v] [-u<mode>] [--amend] |
|
[--dry-run] [(-c | -C | --squash) <commit> | --fixup [(amend|reword):]<commit>)] |
|
[-F <file> | -m <msg>] [--reset-author] [--allow-empty] |
|
[--allow-empty-message] [--no-verify] [-e] [--author=<author>] |
|
[--date=<date>] [--cleanup=<mode>] [--[no-]status] |
|
[-i | -o] [--pathspec-from-file=<file> [--pathspec-file-nul]] |
|
[(--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>])…​] [-S[<keyid>]] |
|
[--] [<pathspec>…​]</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Create a new commit containing the current contents of the index and |
|
the given log message describing the changes. The new commit is a |
|
direct child of HEAD, usually the tip of the current branch, and the |
|
branch is updated to point to it (unless no branch is associated with |
|
the working tree, in which case HEAD is "detached" as described in |
|
<a href="git-checkout.html">git-checkout(1)</a>).</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The content to be committed can be specified in several ways:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="olist arabic"> |
|
<ol class="arabic"> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>by using <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> to incrementally "add" changes to the |
|
index before using the <em>commit</em> command (Note: even modified files |
|
must be "added");</p> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>by using <a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a> to remove files from the working tree |
|
and the index, again before using the <em>commit</em> command;</p> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>by listing files as arguments to the <em>commit</em> command |
|
(without --interactive or --patch switch), in which |
|
case the commit will ignore changes staged in the index, and instead |
|
record the current content of the listed files (which must already |
|
be known to Git);</p> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>by using the -a switch with the <em>commit</em> command to automatically |
|
"add" changes from all known files (i.e. all files that are already |
|
listed in the index) and to automatically "rm" files in the index |
|
that have been removed from the working tree, and then perform the |
|
actual commit;</p> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>by using the --interactive or --patch switches with the <em>commit</em> command |
|
to decide one by one which files or hunks should be part of the commit |
|
in addition to contents in the index, |
|
before finalizing the operation. See the “Interactive Mode” section of |
|
<a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> to learn how to operate these modes.</p> |
|
</li> |
|
</ol> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The <code>--dry-run</code> option can be used to obtain a |
|
summary of what is included by any of the above for the next |
|
commit by giving the same set of parameters (options and paths).</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>If you make a commit and then find a mistake immediately after |
|
that, you can recover from it with <em>git reset</em>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="dlist"> |
|
<dl> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-a</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Tell the command to automatically stage files that have |
|
been modified and deleted, but new files you have not |
|
told Git about are not affected.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-p</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--patch</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Use the interactive patch selection interface to choose |
|
which changes to commit. See <a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a> for |
|
details.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-C <commit></dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--reuse-message=<commit></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Take an existing commit object, and reuse the log message |
|
and the authorship information (including the timestamp) |
|
when creating the commit.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-c <commit></dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--reedit-message=<commit></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Like <em>-C</em>, but with <code>-c</code> the editor is invoked, so that |
|
the user can further edit the commit message.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--fixup=[(amend|reword):]<commit></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Create a new commit which "fixes up" <code><commit></code> when applied with |
|
<code>git rebase --autosquash</code>. Plain <code>--fixup=<commit></code> creates a |
|
"fixup!" commit which changes the content of <code><commit></code> but leaves |
|
its log message untouched. <code>--fixup=amend:<commit></code> is similar but |
|
creates an "amend!" commit which also replaces the log message of |
|
<code><commit></code> with the log message of the "amend!" commit. |
|
<code>--fixup=reword:<commit></code> creates an "amend!" commit which |
|
replaces the log message of <code><commit></code> with its own log message |
|
but makes no changes to the content of <code><commit></code>.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The commit created by plain <code>--fixup=<commit></code> has a subject |
|
composed of "fixup!" followed by the subject line from <commit>, |
|
and is recognized specially by <code>git rebase --autosquash</code>. The <code>-m</code> |
|
option may be used to supplement the log message of the created |
|
commit, but the additional commentary will be thrown away once the |
|
"fixup!" commit is squashed into <code><commit></code> by |
|
<code>git rebase --autosquash</code>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The commit created by <code>--fixup=amend:<commit></code> is similar but its |
|
subject is instead prefixed with "amend!". The log message of |
|
<commit> is copied into the log message of the "amend!" commit and |
|
opened in an editor so it can be refined. When <code>git rebase |
|
--autosquash</code> squashes the "amend!" commit into <code><commit></code>, the |
|
log message of <code><commit></code> is replaced by the refined log message |
|
from the "amend!" commit. It is an error for the "amend!" commit’s |
|
log message to be empty unless <code>--allow-empty-message</code> is |
|
specified.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p><code>--fixup=reword:<commit></code> is shorthand for <code>--fixup=amend:<commit> |
|
--only</code>. It creates an "amend!" commit with only a log message |
|
(ignoring any changes staged in the index). When squashed by <code>git |
|
rebase --autosquash</code>, it replaces the log message of <code><commit></code> |
|
without making any other changes.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Neither "fixup!" nor "amend!" commits change authorship of |
|
<code><commit></code> when applied by <code>git rebase --autosquash</code>. |
|
See <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> for details.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--squash=<commit></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Construct a commit message for use with <code>rebase --autosquash</code>. |
|
The commit message subject line is taken from the specified |
|
commit with a prefix of "squash! ". Can be used with additional |
|
commit message options (<code>-m</code>/<code>-c</code>/<code>-C</code>/<code>-F</code>). See |
|
<a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a> for details.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--reset-author</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When used with -C/-c/--amend options, or when committing after a |
|
conflicting cherry-pick, declare that the authorship of the |
|
resulting commit now belongs to the committer. This also renews |
|
the author timestamp.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--short</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When doing a dry-run, give the output in the short-format. See |
|
<a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> for details. Implies <code>--dry-run</code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--branch</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Show the branch and tracking info even in short-format.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--porcelain</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When doing a dry-run, give the output in a porcelain-ready |
|
format. See <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> for details. Implies |
|
<code>--dry-run</code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--long</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When doing a dry-run, give the output in the long-format. |
|
Implies <code>--dry-run</code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-z</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--null</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When showing <code>short</code> or <code>porcelain</code> status output, print the |
|
filename verbatim and terminate the entries with NUL, instead of LF. |
|
If no format is given, implies the <code>--porcelain</code> output format. |
|
Without the <code>-z</code> option, filenames with "unusual" characters are |
|
quoted as explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code> |
|
(see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-F <file></dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--file=<file></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Take the commit message from the given file. Use <em>-</em> to |
|
read the message from the standard input.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--author=<author></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Override the commit author. Specify an explicit author using the |
|
standard <code>A U Thor <[email protected]></code> format. Otherwise <author> |
|
is assumed to be a pattern and is used to search for an existing |
|
commit by that author (i.e. rev-list --all -i --author=<author>); |
|
the commit author is then copied from the first such commit found.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--date=<date></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Override the author date used in the commit.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-m <msg></dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--message=<msg></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Use the given <msg> as the commit message. |
|
If multiple <code>-m</code> options are given, their values are |
|
concatenated as separate paragraphs.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The <code>-m</code> option is mutually exclusive with <code>-c</code>, <code>-C</code>, and <code>-F</code>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-t <file></dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--template=<file></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When editing the commit message, start the editor with the |
|
contents in the given file. The <code>commit.template</code> configuration |
|
variable is often used to give this option implicitly to the |
|
command. This mechanism can be used by projects that want to |
|
guide participants with some hints on what to write in the message |
|
in what order. If the user exits the editor without editing the |
|
message, the commit is aborted. This has no effect when a message |
|
is given by other means, e.g. with the <code>-m</code> or <code>-F</code> options.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-s</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--signoff</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-signoff</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Add a <code>Signed-off-by</code> trailer by the committer at the end of the commit |
|
log message. The meaning of a signoff depends on the project |
|
to which you’re committing. For example, it may certify that |
|
the committer has the rights to submit the work under the |
|
project’s license or agrees to some contributor representation, |
|
such as a Developer Certificate of Origin. |
|
(See <a href="http://developercertificate.org" class="bare">http://developercertificate.org</a> for the one used by the |
|
Linux kernel and Git projects.) Consult the documentation or |
|
leadership of the project to which you’re contributing to |
|
understand how the signoffs are used in that project.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The --no-signoff option can be used to countermand an earlier --signoff |
|
option on the command line.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--trailer <token>[(=|:)<value>]</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Specify a (<token>, <value>) pair that should be applied as a |
|
trailer. (e.g. <code>git commit --trailer "Signed-off-by:C O Mitter \ |
|
<[email protected]>" --trailer "Helped-by:C O Mitter \ |
|
<[email protected]>"</code> will add the "Signed-off-by" trailer |
|
and the "Helped-by" trailer to the commit message.) |
|
The <code>trailer.*</code> configuration variables |
|
(<a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>) can be used to define if |
|
a duplicated trailer is omitted, where in the run of trailers |
|
each trailer would appear, and other details.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-n</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--[no-]verify</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>By default, the pre-commit and commit-msg hooks are run. |
|
When any of <code>--no-verify</code> or <code>-n</code> is given, these are bypassed. |
|
See also <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--allow-empty</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Usually recording a commit that has the exact same tree as its |
|
sole parent commit is a mistake, and the command prevents you |
|
from making such a commit. This option bypasses the safety, and |
|
is primarily for use by foreign SCM interface scripts.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--allow-empty-message</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Like --allow-empty this command is primarily for use by foreign |
|
SCM interface scripts. It allows you to create a commit with an |
|
empty commit message without using plumbing commands like |
|
<a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--cleanup=<mode></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>This option determines how the supplied commit message should be |
|
cleaned up before committing. The <em><mode></em> can be <code>strip</code>, |
|
<code>whitespace</code>, <code>verbatim</code>, <code>scissors</code> or <code>default</code>.</p> |
|
<div class="openblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<div class="dlist"> |
|
<dl> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">strip</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Strip leading and trailing empty lines, trailing whitespace, |
|
commentary and collapse consecutive empty lines.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">whitespace</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Same as <code>strip</code> except #commentary is not removed.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">verbatim</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Do not change the message at all.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">scissors</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Same as <code>whitespace</code> except that everything from (and including) |
|
the line found below is truncated, if the message is to be edited. |
|
"<code>#</code>" can be customized with core.commentChar.</p> |
|
<div class="literalblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre># ------------------------ >8 ------------------------</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">default</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Same as <code>strip</code> if the message is to be edited. |
|
Otherwise <code>whitespace</code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
</dl> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The default can be changed by the <code>commit.cleanup</code> configuration |
|
variable (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>).</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-e</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--edit</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>The message taken from file with <code>-F</code>, command line with |
|
<code>-m</code>, and from commit object with <code>-C</code> are usually used as |
|
the commit log message unmodified. This option lets you |
|
further edit the message taken from these sources.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-edit</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Use the selected commit message without launching an editor. |
|
For example, <code>git commit --amend --no-edit</code> amends a commit |
|
without changing its commit message.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--amend</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Replace the tip of the current branch by creating a new |
|
commit. The recorded tree is prepared as usual (including |
|
the effect of the <code>-i</code> and <code>-o</code> options and explicit |
|
pathspec), and the message from the original commit is used |
|
as the starting point, instead of an empty message, when no |
|
other message is specified from the command line via options |
|
such as <code>-m</code>, <code>-F</code>, <code>-c</code>, etc. The new commit has the same |
|
parents and author as the current one (the <code>--reset-author</code> |
|
option can countermand this).</p> |
|
<div class="openblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>It is a rough equivalent for:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre> $ git reset --soft HEAD^ |
|
$ ... do something else to come up with the right tree ... |
|
$ git commit -c ORIG_HEAD</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>but can be used to amend a merge commit.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>You should understand the implications of rewriting history if you |
|
amend a commit that has already been published. (See the "RECOVERING |
|
FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in <a href="git-rebase.html">git-rebase(1)</a>.)</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-post-rewrite</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Bypass the post-rewrite hook.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-i</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--include</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Before making a commit out of staged contents so far, |
|
stage the contents of paths given on the command line |
|
as well. This is usually not what you want unless you |
|
are concluding a conflicted merge.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-o</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--only</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Make a commit by taking the updated working tree contents |
|
of the paths specified on the |
|
command line, disregarding any contents that have been |
|
staged for other paths. This is the default mode of operation of |
|
<em>git commit</em> if any paths are given on the command line, |
|
in which case this option can be omitted. |
|
If this option is specified together with <code>--amend</code>, then |
|
no paths need to be specified, which can be used to amend |
|
the last commit without committing changes that have |
|
already been staged. If used together with <code>--allow-empty</code> |
|
paths are also not required, and an empty commit will be created.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--pathspec-from-file=<file></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Pathspec is passed in <code><file></code> instead of commandline args. If |
|
<code><file></code> is exactly <code>-</code> then standard input is used. Pathspec |
|
elements are separated by LF or CR/LF. Pathspec elements can be |
|
quoted as explained for the configuration variable <code>core.quotePath</code> |
|
(see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). See also <code>--pathspec-file-nul</code> and |
|
global <code>--literal-pathspecs</code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--pathspec-file-nul</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Only meaningful with <code>--pathspec-from-file</code>. Pathspec elements are |
|
separated with NUL character and all other characters are taken |
|
literally (including newlines and quotes).</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-u[<mode>]</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--untracked-files[=<mode>]</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Show untracked files.</p> |
|
<div class="openblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The mode parameter is optional (defaults to <em>all</em>), and is used to |
|
specify the handling of untracked files; when -u is not used, the |
|
default is <em>normal</em>, i.e. show untracked files and directories.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The possible options are:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="ulist"> |
|
<ul> |
|
<li> |
|
<p><em>no</em> - Show no untracked files</p> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p><em>normal</em> - Shows untracked files and directories</p> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p><em>all</em> - Also shows individual files in untracked directories.</p> |
|
</li> |
|
</ul> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles |
|
configuration variable documented in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-v</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--verbose</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what |
|
would be committed at the bottom of the commit message |
|
template to help the user describe the commit by reminding |
|
what changes the commit has. |
|
Note that this diff output doesn’t have its |
|
lines prefixed with <em>#</em>. This diff will not be a part |
|
of the commit message. See the <code>commit.verbose</code> configuration |
|
variable in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>If specified twice, show in addition the unified diff between |
|
what would be committed and the worktree files, i.e. the unstaged |
|
changes to tracked files.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-q</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--quiet</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Suppress commit summary message.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--dry-run</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Do not create a commit, but show a list of paths that are |
|
to be committed, paths with local changes that will be left |
|
uncommitted and paths that are untracked.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--status</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Include the output of <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> in the commit |
|
message template when using an editor to prepare the commit |
|
message. Defaults to on, but can be used to override |
|
configuration variable commit.status.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-status</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Do not include the output of <a href="git-status.html">git-status(1)</a> in the |
|
commit message template when using an editor to prepare the |
|
default commit message.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">-S[<keyid>]</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--gpg-sign[=<keyid>]</dt> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-gpg-sign</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and |
|
defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be |
|
stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code> is useful to |
|
countermand both <code>commit.gpgSign</code> configuration variable, and |
|
earlier <code>--gpg-sign</code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">--</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Do not interpret any more arguments as options.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><pathspec>…​</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>When pathspec is given on the command line, commit the contents of |
|
the files that match the pathspec without recording the changes |
|
already added to the index. The contents of these files are also |
|
staged for the next commit on top of what have been staged before.</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>For more details, see the <em>pathspec</em> entry in <a href="gitglossary.html">gitglossary(7)</a>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
</dl> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_examples">EXAMPLES</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in |
|
your working tree are temporarily stored to a staging area |
|
called the "index" with <em>git add</em>. A file can be |
|
reverted back, only in the index but not in the working tree, |
|
to that of the last commit with <code>git restore --staged <file></code>, |
|
which effectively reverts <em>git add</em> and prevents the changes to |
|
this file from participating in the next commit. After building |
|
the state to be committed incrementally with these commands, |
|
<code>git commit</code> (without any pathname parameter) is used to record what |
|
has been staged so far. This is the most basic form of the |
|
command. An example:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ edit hello.c |
|
$ git rm goodbye.c |
|
$ git add hello.c |
|
$ git commit</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Instead of staging files after each individual change, you can |
|
tell <code>git commit</code> to notice the changes to the files whose |
|
contents are tracked in |
|
your working tree and do corresponding <code>git add</code> and <code>git rm</code> |
|
for you. That is, this example does the same as the earlier |
|
example if there is no other change in your working tree:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ edit hello.c |
|
$ rm goodbye.c |
|
$ git commit -a</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The command <code>git commit -a</code> first looks at your working tree, |
|
notices that you have modified hello.c and removed goodbye.c, |
|
and performs necessary <code>git add</code> and <code>git rm</code> for you.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>After staging changes to many files, you can alter the order the |
|
changes are recorded in, by giving pathnames to <code>git commit</code>. |
|
When pathnames are given, the command makes a commit that |
|
only records the changes made to the named paths:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ edit hello.c hello.h |
|
$ git add hello.c hello.h |
|
$ edit Makefile |
|
$ git commit Makefile</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>This makes a commit that records the modification to <code>Makefile</code>. |
|
The changes staged for <code>hello.c</code> and <code>hello.h</code> are not included |
|
in the resulting commit. However, their changes are not lost — they are still staged and merely held back. After the above |
|
sequence, if you do:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git commit</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>this second commit would record the changes to <code>hello.c</code> and |
|
<code>hello.h</code> as expected.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>After a merge (initiated by <em>git merge</em> or <em>git pull</em>) stops |
|
because of conflicts, cleanly merged |
|
paths are already staged to be committed for you, and paths that |
|
conflicted are left in unmerged state. You would have to first |
|
check which paths are conflicting with <em>git status</em> |
|
and after fixing them manually in your working tree, you would |
|
stage the result as usual with <em>git add</em>:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git status | grep unmerged |
|
unmerged: hello.c |
|
$ edit hello.c |
|
$ git add hello.c</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>After resolving conflicts and staging the result, <code>git ls-files -u</code> |
|
would stop mentioning the conflicted path. When you are done, |
|
run <code>git commit</code> to finally record the merge:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>$ git commit</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>As with the case to record your own changes, you can use <code>-a</code> |
|
option to save typing. One difference is that during a merge |
|
resolution, you cannot use <code>git commit</code> with pathnames to |
|
alter the order the changes are committed, because the merge |
|
should be recorded as a single commit. In fact, the command |
|
refuses to run when given pathnames (but see <code>-i</code> option).</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_commit_information">COMMIT INFORMATION</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Author and committer information is taken from the following environment |
|
variables, if set:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="literalblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>GIT_AUTHOR_NAME |
|
GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL |
|
GIT_AUTHOR_DATE |
|
GIT_COMMITTER_NAME |
|
GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL |
|
GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>(nb "<", ">" and "\n"s are stripped)</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The author and committer names are by convention some form of a personal name |
|
(that is, the name by which other humans refer to you), although Git does not |
|
enforce or require any particular form. Arbitrary Unicode may be used, subject |
|
to the constraints listed above. This name has no effect on authentication; for |
|
that, see the <code>credential.username</code> variable in <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>In case (some of) these environment variables are not set, the information |
|
is taken from the configuration items <code>user.name</code> and <code>user.email</code>, or, if not |
|
present, the environment variable EMAIL, or, if that is not set, |
|
system user name and the hostname used for outgoing mail (taken |
|
from <code>/etc/mailname</code> and falling back to the fully qualified hostname when |
|
that file does not exist).</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The <code>author.name</code> and <code>committer.name</code> and their corresponding email options |
|
override <code>user.name</code> and <code>user.email</code> if set and are overridden themselves by |
|
the environment variables.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The typical usage is to set just the <code>user.name</code> and <code>user.email</code> variables; |
|
the other options are provided for more complex use cases.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code> and <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code> environment variables |
|
support the following date formats:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="dlist"> |
|
<dl> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">Git internal format</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>It is <code><unix-timestamp> <time-zone-offset></code>, where |
|
<code><unix-timestamp></code> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch. |
|
<code><time-zone-offset></code> is a positive or negative offset from UTC. |
|
For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is <code>+0100</code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">RFC 2822</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example |
|
<code>Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200</code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">ISO 8601</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example |
|
<code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>. The parser accepts a space instead of the |
|
<code>T</code> character as well. Fractional parts of a second will be ignored, |
|
for example <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13.019</code> will be treated as |
|
<code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>.</p> |
|
<div class="admonitionblock note"> |
|
<table> |
|
<tr> |
|
<td class="icon"> |
|
<div class="title">Note</div> |
|
</td> |
|
<td class="content"> |
|
In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats: |
|
<code>YYYY.MM.DD</code>, <code>MM/DD/YYYY</code> and <code>DD.MM.YYYY</code>. |
|
</td> |
|
</tr> |
|
</table> |
|
</div> |
|
</dd> |
|
</dl> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>In addition to recognizing all date formats above, the <code>--date</code> option |
|
will also try to make sense of other, more human-centric date formats, |
|
such as relative dates like "yesterday" or "last Friday at noon".</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_discussion">DISCUSSION</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Though not required, it’s a good idea to begin the commit message |
|
with a single short (less than 50 character) line summarizing the |
|
change, followed by a blank line and then a more thorough description. |
|
The text up to the first blank line in a commit message is treated |
|
as the commit title, and that title is used throughout Git. |
|
For example, <a href="git-format-patch.html">git-format-patch(1)</a> turns a commit into email, and it uses |
|
the title on the Subject line and the rest of the commit in the body.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="ulist"> |
|
<ul> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences |
|
of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core |
|
level.</p> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This |
|
applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as |
|
path names in command line arguments, environment variables |
|
and config files (<code>.git/config</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>), |
|
<a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>, <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> and |
|
<a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).</p> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as |
|
sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding |
|
conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using |
|
non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file |
|
systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However, |
|
repositories created on such systems will not work properly on |
|
UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa. |
|
Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to |
|
be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p>Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other |
|
extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes |
|
ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but <em>not</em> UTF-16/32, |
|
EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5, |
|
EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).</p> |
|
</li> |
|
</ul> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded |
|
in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to |
|
force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular |
|
project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git |
|
does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in |
|
mind.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="olist arabic"> |
|
<ol class="arabic"> |
|
<li> |
|
<p><em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issues |
|
a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look |
|
like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your |
|
project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to |
|
have <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:</p> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>[i18n] |
|
commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value |
|
of <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in its <code>encoding</code> header. This is to |
|
help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header |
|
implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</li> |
|
<li> |
|
<p><em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the |
|
<code>encoding</code> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the |
|
log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can |
|
specify the desired output encoding with |
|
<code>i18n.logOutputEncoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:</p> |
|
<div class="listingblock"> |
|
<div class="content"> |
|
<pre>[i18n] |
|
logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of |
|
<code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> is used instead.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</li> |
|
</ol> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log |
|
message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit |
|
object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a |
|
reversible operation.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_environment_and_configuration_variables">ENVIRONMENT AND CONFIGURATION VARIABLES</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>The editor used to edit the commit log message will be chosen from the |
|
<code>GIT_EDITOR</code> environment variable, the core.editor configuration variable, the |
|
<code>VISUAL</code> environment variable, or the <code>EDITOR</code> environment variable (in that |
|
order). See <a href="git-var.html">git-var(1)</a> for details.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Everything above this line in this section isn’t included from the |
|
<a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a> documentation. The content that follows is the |
|
same as what’s found there:</p> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="dlist"> |
|
<dl> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">commit.cleanup</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>This setting overrides the default of the <code>--cleanup</code> option in |
|
<code>git commit</code>. See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> for details. Changing the |
|
default can be useful when you always want to keep lines that begin |
|
with comment character <code>#</code> in your log message, in which case you |
|
would do <code>git config commit.cleanup whitespace</code> (note that you will |
|
have to remove the help lines that begin with <code>#</code> in the commit log |
|
template yourself, if you do this).</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">commit.gpgSign</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>A boolean to specify whether all commits should be GPG signed. |
|
Use of this option when doing operations such as rebase can |
|
result in a large number of commits being signed. It may be |
|
convenient to use an agent to avoid typing your GPG passphrase |
|
several times.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">commit.status</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>A boolean to enable/disable inclusion of status information in the |
|
commit message template when using an editor to prepare the commit |
|
message. Defaults to true.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">commit.template</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>Specify the pathname of a file to use as the template for |
|
new commit messages.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1">commit.verbose</dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>A boolean or int to specify the level of verbose with <code>git commit</code>. |
|
See <a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
</dl> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_hooks">HOOKS</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>This command can run <code>commit-msg</code>, <code>prepare-commit-msg</code>, <code>pre-commit</code>, |
|
<code>post-commit</code> and <code>post-rewrite</code> hooks. See <a href="githooks.html">githooks(5)</a> for more |
|
information.</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_files">FILES</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="dlist"> |
|
<dl> |
|
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>$GIT_DIR/COMMIT_EDITMSG</code></dt> |
|
<dd> |
|
<p>This file contains the commit message of a commit in progress. |
|
If <code>git commit</code> exits due to an error before creating a commit, |
|
any commit message that has been provided by the user (e.g., in |
|
an editor session) will be available in this file, but will be |
|
overwritten by the next invocation of <code>git commit</code>.</p> |
|
</dd> |
|
</dl> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p><a href="git-add.html">git-add(1)</a>, |
|
<a href="git-rm.html">git-rm(1)</a>, |
|
<a href="git-mv.html">git-mv(1)</a>, |
|
<a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a>, |
|
<a href="git-commit-tree.html">git-commit-tree(1)</a></p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div class="sect1"> |
|
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2> |
|
<div class="sectionbody"> |
|
<div class="paragraph"> |
|
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
<div id="footer"> |
|
<div id="footer-text"> |
|
Last updated 2023-04-19 05:40:20 UTC |
|
</div> |
|
</div> |
|
</body> |
|
</html> |
