bibliography.bib

@misc{refinedweb,
      title={The RefinedWeb Dataset for Falcon LLM: Outperforming Curated Corpora with Web Data, and Web Data Only},
      author={Guilherme Penedo and Quentin Malartic and Daniel Hesslow and Ruxandra Cojocaru and Alessandro Cappelli and Hamza Alobeidli and Baptiste Pannier and Ebtesam Almazrouei and Julien Launay},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2306.01116},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@article{redpajama-v1,
  author = {Together Computer},
  title = {RedPajama-Data: An Open Source Recipe to Reproduce LLaMA training dataset},
  month = {April},
  year = 2023,
  url = {https://github.com/togethercomputer/RedPajama-Data/tree/rp_v1}
}
@article{peS2o,
    author = {Luca Soldaini and Kyle Lo},
    year = 2023,
    title = {{peS2o (Pretraining Efficiently on S2ORC) Dataset}},
    institution = {{Allen Institute for AI}},
    note = {ODC-By, \url{https://github.com/allenai/pes2o}}
}
@article{redpajama-v2,
  author = {Together Computer},
  title = {RedPajama-Data-v2: an Open Dataset with 30 Trillion Tokens for Training Large Language Models},
  month = {October},
  year = 2023,
  url = {https://github.com/togethercomputer/RedPajama-Data}
}
@article{dolma,
  title = {Dolma: an Open Corpus of Three Trillion Tokens for Language Model Pretraining Research},
  author={
    Luca Soldaini and Rodney Kinney and Akshita Bhagia and Dustin Schwenk and David Atkinson and
    Russell Authur and Ben Bogin and Khyathi Chandu and Jennifer Dumas and Yanai Elazar and
    Valentin Hofmann and Ananya Harsh Jha and Sachin Kumar and Li Lucy and Xinxi Lyu and
    Nathan Lambert and Ian Magnusson and Jacob Morrison and Niklas Muennighoff and Aakanksha Naik and
    Crystal Nam and Matthew E. Peters and Abhilasha Ravichander and Kyle Richardson and Zejiang Shen and
    Emma Strubell and Nishant Subramani and Oyvind Tafjord and Pete Walsh and Luke Zettlemoyer and
    Noah A. Smith and Hannaneh Hajishirzi and Iz Beltagy and Dirk Groeneveld and Jesse Dodge and Kyle Lo
  },
  year = {2024},
  journal={arXiv preprint},
}
@article{fineweb,
  author = {Guilherme Penedo and Hynek Kydlíček and Loubna Ben Allal and Anton Lozhkov and Colin Raffel and Leandro Werra and Thomas Wolf},
  title = {🍷 FineWeb: decanting the web for the finest text data at scale},
  month = {May},
  year = 2024,
  url = {https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceFW/blogpost-fineweb-v1},
}
@misc{cerebras2023slimpajama,
  author = {Soboleva, Daria and Al-Khateeb, Faisal and Myers, Robert and Steeves, Jacob R and Hestness, Joel and Dey, Nolan},
  title = {SlimPajama: A 627B token cleaned and deduplicated version of RedPajama},
  month = {June},
  year = 2023,
  url = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/cerebras/SlimPajama-627B},
}
@article{thepile,
  title={The {P}ile: An 800{GB} dataset of diverse text for language modeling},
  author={Gao, Leo and Biderman, Stella and Black, Sid and Golding, Laurence and Hoppe, Travis and Foster, Charles and Phang, Jason and He, Horace and Thite, Anish and Nabeshima, Noa and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.00027},
  year={2020}
}
@misc{c4,
      title={Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer},
      author={Colin Raffel and Noam Shazeer and Adam Roberts and Katherine Lee and Sharan Narang and Michael Matena and Yanqi Zhou and Wei Li and Peter J. Liu},
      year={2023},
      eprint={1910.10683},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG}
}
@article{dclm,
  author       = {Jeffrey Li and
                  Alex Fang and
                  Georgios Smyrnis and
                  Maor Ivgi and
                  Matt Jordan and
                  Samir Yitzhak Gadre and
                  Hritik Bansal and
                  Etash Kumar Guha and
                  Sedrick Keh and
                  Kushal Arora and
                  Saurabh Garg and
                  Rui Xin and
                  Niklas Muennighoff and
                  Reinhard Heckel and
                  Jean Mercat and
                  Mayee Chen and
                  Suchin Gururangan and
                  Mitchell Wortsman and
                  Alon Albalak and
                  Yonatan Bitton and
                  Marianna Nezhurina and
                  Amro Abbas and
                  Cheng{-}Yu Hsieh and
                  Dhruba Ghosh and
                  Josh Gardner and
                  Maciej Kilian and
                  Hanlin Zhang and
                  Rulin Shao and
                  Sarah M. Pratt and
                  Sunny Sanyal and
                  Gabriel Ilharco and
                  Giannis Daras and
                  Kalyani Marathe and
                  Aaron Gokaslan and
                  Jieyu Zhang and
                  Khyathi Raghavi Chandu and
                  Thao Nguyen and
                  Igor Vasiljevic and
                  Sham M. Kakade and
                  Shuran Song and
                  Sujay Sanghavi and
                  Fartash Faghri and
                  Sewoong Oh and
                  Luke Zettlemoyer and
                  Kyle Lo and
                  Alaaeldin El{-}Nouby and
                  Hadi Pouransari and
                  Alexander Toshev and
                  Stephanie Wang and
                  Dirk Groeneveld and
                  Luca Soldaini and
                  Pang Wei Koh and
                  Jenia Jitsev and
                  Thomas Kollar and
                  Alexandros G. Dimakis and
                  Yair Carmon and
                  Achal Dave and
                  Ludwig Schmidt and
                  Vaishaal Shankar},
  title        = {DataComp-LM: In search of the next generation of training sets for
                  language models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2406.11794},
  year         = {2024},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2406.11794},
  doi          = {10.48550/ARXIV.2406.11794},
  eprinttype    = {arXiv},
  eprint       = {2406.11794},
  timestamp    = {Mon, 02 Sep 2024 16:44:37 +0200},
  biburl       = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2406-11794.bib},
  bibsource    = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{gopher,
  author       = {Jack W. Rae and
                  Sebastian Borgeaud and
                  Trevor Cai and
                  Katie Millican and
                  Jordan Hoffmann and
                  H. Francis Song and
                  John Aslanides and
                  Sarah Henderson and
                  Roman Ring and
                  Susannah Young and
                  Eliza Rutherford and
                  Tom Hennigan and
                  Jacob Menick and
                  Albin Cassirer and
                  Richard Powell and
                  George van den Driessche and
                  Lisa Anne Hendricks and
                  Maribeth Rauh and
                  Po{-}Sen Huang and
                  Amelia Glaese and
                  Johannes Welbl and
                  Sumanth Dathathri and
                  Saffron Huang and
                  Jonathan Uesato and
                  John Mellor and
                  Irina Higgins and
                  Antonia Creswell and
                  Nat McAleese and
                  Amy Wu and
                  Erich Elsen and
                  Siddhant M. Jayakumar and
                  Elena Buchatskaya and
                  David Budden and
                  Esme Sutherland and
                  Karen Simonyan and
                  Michela Paganini and
                  Laurent Sifre and
                  Lena Martens and
                  Xiang Lorraine Li and
                  Adhiguna Kuncoro and
                  Aida Nematzadeh and
                  Elena Gribovskaya and
                  Domenic Donato and
                  Angeliki Lazaridou and
                  Arthur Mensch and
                  Jean{-}Baptiste Lespiau and
                  Maria Tsimpoukelli and
                  Nikolai Grigorev and
                  Doug Fritz and
                  Thibault Sottiaux and
                  Mantas Pajarskas and
                  Toby Pohlen and
                  Zhitao Gong and
                  Daniel Toyama and
                  Cyprien de Masson d'Autume and
                  Yujia Li and
                  Tayfun Terzi and
                  Vladimir Mikulik and
                  Igor Babuschkin and
                  Aidan Clark and
                  Diego de Las Casas and
                  Aurelia Guy and
                  Chris Jones and
                  James Bradbury and
                  Matthew J. Johnson and
                  Blake A. Hechtman and
                  Laura Weidinger and
                  Iason Gabriel and
                  William Isaac and
                  Edward Lockhart and
                  Simon Osindero and
                  Laura Rimell and
                  Chris Dyer and
                  Oriol Vinyals and
                  Kareem Ayoub and
                  Jeff Stanway and
                  Lorrayne Bennett and
                  Demis Hassabis and
                  Koray Kavukcuoglu and
                  Geoffrey Irving},
  title        = {Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis {\&} Insights from
                  Training Gopher},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2112.11446},
  year         = {2021},
  url          = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.11446},
  eprinttype    = {arXiv},
  eprint       = {2112.11446},
  timestamp    = {Sat, 02 Dec 2023 13:23:51 +0100},
  biburl       = {https://dblp.org/rec/journals/corr/abs-2112-11446.bib},
  bibsource    = {dblp computer science bibliography, https://dblp.org}
}
@article{radford2019language,
  title={Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners},
  author={Radford, Alec and Wu, Jeff and Child, Rewon and Luan, David and Amodei, Dario and Sutskever, Ilya},
  year={2019}
}
@inproceedings{barbaresi-2021-trafilatura,
  title = {Trafilatura: A Web Scraping Library and Command-Line Tool for Text Discovery and Extraction},
  author = "Barbaresi, Adrien",
  booktitle = "Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations",
  pages = "122--131",
  publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
  url = "https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-demo.15",
  year = 2021,
}
@article{joulin2016fasttext,
  title={FastText.zip: Compressing text classification models},
  author={Joulin, Armand and Grave, Edouard and Bojanowski, Piotr and Douze, Matthijs and J{\'e}gou, H{\'e}rve and Mikolov, Tomas},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.03651},
  year={2016}
}
@article{joulin2016bag,
  title={Bag of Tricks for Efficient Text Classification},
  author={Joulin, Armand and Grave, Edouard and Bojanowski, Piotr and Mikolov, Tomas},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1607.01759},
  year={2016}
}
@misc{penedo2024datatrove,
  author = {Penedo, Guilherme and Kydlíček, Hynek and Cappelli, Alessandro and Sasko, Mario and Wolf, Thomas},
  title = {DataTrove: large scale data processing},
  year = {2024},
  publisher = {GitHub},
  journal = {GitHub repository},
  url = {https://github.com/huggingface/datatrove}
}
@misc{chiang2024chatbot,
      title={Chatbot Arena: An Open Platform for Evaluating LLMs by Human Preference},
      author={Wei-Lin Chiang and Lianmin Zheng and Ying Sheng and Anastasios Nikolas Angelopoulos and Tianle Li and Dacheng Li and Hao Zhang and Banghua Zhu and Michael Jordan and Joseph E. Gonzalez and Ion Stoica},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2403.04132},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI}
}
@misc{rae2022scaling,
      title={Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher},
      author={Jack W. Rae and Sebastian Borgeaud and Trevor Cai and Katie Millican and Jordan Hoffmann and Francis Song and John Aslanides and Sarah Henderson and Roman Ring and Susannah Young and Eliza Rutherford and Tom Hennigan and Jacob Menick and Albin Cassirer and Richard Powell and George van den Driessche and Lisa Anne Hendricks and Maribeth Rauh and Po-Sen Huang and Amelia Glaese and Johannes Welbl and Sumanth Dathathri and Saffron Huang and Jonathan Uesato and John Mellor and Irina Higgins and Antonia Creswell and Nat McAleese and Amy Wu and Erich Elsen and Siddhant Jayakumar and Elena Buchatskaya and David Budden and Esme Sutherland and Karen Simonyan and Michela Paganini and Laurent Sifre and Lena Martens and Xiang Lorraine Li and Adhiguna Kuncoro and Aida Nematzadeh and Elena Gribovskaya and Domenic Donato and Angeliki Lazaridou and Arthur Mensch and Jean-Baptiste Lespiau and Maria Tsimpoukelli and Nikolai Grigorev and Doug Fritz and Thibault Sottiaux and Mantas Pajarskas and Toby Pohlen and Zhitao Gong and Daniel Toyama and Cyprien de Masson d'Autume and Yujia Li and Tayfun Terzi and Vladimir Mikulik and Igor Babuschkin and Aidan Clark and Diego de Las Casas and Aurelia Guy and Chris Jones and James Bradbury and Matthew Johnson and Blake Hechtman and Laura Weidinger and Iason Gabriel and William Isaac and Ed Lockhart and Simon Osindero and Laura Rimell and Chris Dyer and Oriol Vinyals and Kareem Ayoub and Jeff Stanway and Lorrayne Bennett and Demis Hassabis and Koray Kavukcuoglu and Geoffrey Irving},
      year={2022},
      eprint={2112.11446},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{lee2022deduplicating,
      title={Deduplicating Training Data Makes Language Models Better},
      author={Katherine Lee and Daphne Ippolito and Andrew Nystrom and Chiyuan Zhang and Douglas Eck and Chris Callison-Burch and Nicholas Carlini},
      year={2022},
      eprint={2107.06499},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{carlini2023quantifying,
      title={Quantifying Memorization Across Neural Language Models},
      author={Nicholas Carlini and Daphne Ippolito and Matthew Jagielski and Katherine Lee and Florian Tramer and Chiyuan Zhang},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2202.07646},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG}
}
@misc{touvron2023llama,
      title={LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models},
      author={Hugo Touvron and Thibaut Lavril and Gautier Izacard and Xavier Martinet and Marie-Anne Lachaux and Timothée Lacroix and Baptiste Rozière and Naman Goyal and Eric Hambro and Faisal Azhar and Aurelien Rodriguez and Armand Joulin and Edouard Grave and Guillaume Lample},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2302.13971},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@article{jaccard1912distribution,
  title={The distribution of the flora in the alpine zone. 1},
  author={Jaccard, Paul},
  journal={New phytologist},
  volume={11},
  number={2},
  pages={37--50},
  year={1912},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}
@misc{albalak2024survey,
      title={A Survey on Data Selection for Language Models},
      author={Alon Albalak and Yanai Elazar and Sang Michael Xie and Shayne Longpre and Nathan Lambert and Xinyi Wang and Niklas Muennighoff and Bairu Hou and Liangming Pan and Haewon Jeong and Colin Raffel and Shiyu Chang and Tatsunori Hashimoto and William Yang Wang},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2402.16827},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{longpre2023pretrainers,
      title={A Pretrainer's Guide to Training Data: Measuring the Effects of Data Age, Domain Coverage, Quality, & Toxicity},
      author={Shayne Longpre and Gregory Yauney and Emily Reif and Katherine Lee and Adam Roberts and Barret Zoph and Denny Zhou and Jason Wei and Kevin Robinson and David Mimno and Daphne Ippolito},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2305.13169},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{wenzek2019ccnet,
      title={CCNet: Extracting High Quality Monolingual Datasets from Web Crawl Data},
      author={Guillaume Wenzek and Marie-Anne Lachaux and Alexis Conneau and Vishrav Chaudhary and Francisco Guzmán and Armand Joulin and Edouard Grave},
      year={2019},
      eprint={1911.00359},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{soldaini2024dolma,
      title={Dolma: an Open Corpus of Three Trillion Tokens for Language Model Pretraining Research},
      author={Luca Soldaini and Rodney Kinney and Akshita Bhagia and Dustin Schwenk and David Atkinson and Russell Authur and Ben Bogin and Khyathi Chandu and Jennifer Dumas and Yanai Elazar and Valentin Hofmann and Ananya Harsh Jha and Sachin Kumar and Li Lucy and Xinxi Lyu and Nathan Lambert and Ian Magnusson and Jacob Morrison and Niklas Muennighoff and Aakanksha Naik and Crystal Nam and Matthew E. Peters and Abhilasha Ravichander and Kyle Richardson and Zejiang Shen and Emma Strubell and Nishant Subramani and Oyvind Tafjord and Pete Walsh and Luke Zettlemoyer and Noah A. Smith and Hannaneh Hajishirzi and Iz Beltagy and Dirk Groeneveld and Jesse Dodge and Kyle Lo},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2402.00159},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{ouyang2022training,
      title={Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback},
      author={Long Ouyang and Jeff Wu and Xu Jiang and Diogo Almeida and Carroll L. Wainwright and Pamela Mishkin and Chong Zhang and Sandhini Agarwal and Katarina Slama and Alex Ray and John Schulman and Jacob Hilton and Fraser Kelton and Luke Miller and Maddie Simens and Amanda Askell and Peter Welinder and Paul Christiano and Jan Leike and Ryan Lowe},
      year={2022},
      eprint={2203.02155},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{hoffmann2022training,
      title={Training Compute-Optimal Large Language Models},
      author={Jordan Hoffmann and Sebastian Borgeaud and Arthur Mensch and Elena Buchatskaya and Trevor Cai and Eliza Rutherford and Diego de Las Casas and Lisa Anne Hendricks and Johannes Welbl and Aidan Clark and Tom Hennigan and Eric Noland and Katie Millican and George van den Driessche and Bogdan Damoc and Aurelia Guy and Simon Osindero and Karen Simonyan and Erich Elsen and Jack W. Rae and Oriol Vinyals and Laurent Sifre},
      year={2022},
      eprint={2203.15556},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{muennighoff2023scaling,
      title={Scaling Data-Constrained Language Models},
      author={Niklas Muennighoff and Alexander M. Rush and Boaz Barak and Teven Le Scao and Aleksandra Piktus and Nouamane Tazi and Sampo Pyysalo and Thomas Wolf and Colin Raffel},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2305.16264},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{hernandez2022scaling,
      title={Scaling Laws and Interpretability of Learning from Repeated Data},
      author={Danny Hernandez and Tom Brown and Tom Conerly and Nova DasSarma and Dawn Drain and Sheer El-Showk and Nelson Elhage and Zac Hatfield-Dodds and Tom Henighan and Tristan Hume and Scott Johnston and Ben Mann and Chris Olah and Catherine Olsson and Dario Amodei and Nicholas Joseph and Jared Kaplan and Sam McCandlish},
      year={2022},
      eprint={2205.10487},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG}
}
@article{llama3modelcard,

title={Llama 3 Model Card},

author={AI@Meta},

year={2024},

url = {https://github.com/meta-llama/llama3/blob/main/MODEL_CARD.md}

}
@misc{jiang2024mixtral,
      title={Mixtral of Experts},
      author={Albert Q. Jiang and Alexandre Sablayrolles and Antoine Roux and Arthur Mensch and Blanche Savary and Chris Bamford and Devendra Singh Chaplot and Diego de las Casas and Emma Bou Hanna and Florian Bressand and Gianna Lengyel and Guillaume Bour and Guillaume Lample and Lélio Renard Lavaud and Lucile Saulnier and Marie-Anne Lachaux and Pierre Stock and Sandeep Subramanian and Sophia Yang and Szymon Antoniak and Teven Le Scao and Théophile Gervet and Thibaut Lavril and Thomas Wang and Timothée Lacroix and William El Sayed},
      year={2024},
      eprint={2401.04088},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.LG}
}
@article{yuan2024self,
  title={Self-rewarding language models},
  author={Yuan, Weizhe and Pang, Richard Yuanzhe and Cho, Kyunghyun and Sukhbaatar, Sainbayar and Xu, Jing and Weston, Jason},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2401.10020},
  year={2024}
}
@article{verga2024replacing,
  title={Replacing Judges with Juries: Evaluating LLM Generations with a Panel of Diverse Models},
  author={Verga, Pat and Hofstatter, Sebastian and Althammer, Sophia and Su, Yixuan and Piktus, Aleksandra and Arkhangorodsky, Arkady and Xu, Minjie and White, Naomi and Lewis, Patrick},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.18796},
  year={2024}
}
@article{abdin2024phi,
  title={Phi-3 technical report: A highly capable language model locally on your phone},
  author={Abdin, Marah and Jacobs, Sam Ade and Awan, Ammar Ahmad and Aneja, Jyoti and Awadallah, Ahmed and Awadalla, Hany and Bach, Nguyen and Bahree, Amit and Bakhtiari, Arash and Behl, Harkirat and others},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.14219},
  year={2024}
}
@misc{meta2024responsible,
  title = {Our responsible approach to Meta AI and Meta Llama 3},
  author = {Meta},
  year = {2024},
  url = {https://ai.meta.com/blog/meta-llama-3-meta-ai-responsibility/},
  note = {Accessed: 2024-05-31}
}
@inproceedings{talmor-etal-2019-commonsenseqa,
    title = "CommonsenseQA: A Question Answering Challenge Targeting Commonsense Knowledge",
    author = "Talmor, Alon  and
      Herzig, Jonathan  and
      Lourie, Nicholas  and
      Berant, Jonathan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North {A}merican Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers)",
    month = jun,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Minneapolis, Minnesota",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/N19-1421",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/N19-1421",
    pages = "4149--4158",
    archivePrefix = "arXiv",
    eprint        = "1811.00937",
    primaryClass  = "cs",
}
@inproceedings{zellers-etal-2019-hellaswag,
    title = "HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?",
    author = "Zellers, Rowan  and
      Holtzman, Ari  and
      Bisk, Yonatan  and
      Farhadi, Ali  and
      Choi, Yejin",
    editor = "Korhonen, Anna  and
      Traum, David  and
      M{\`a}rquez, Llu{\'\i}s",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics",
    month = jul,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/P19-1472",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/P19-1472",
    pages = "4791--4800",
    abstract = "Recent work by Zellers et al. (2018) introduced a new task of commonsense natural language inference: given an event description such as {``}A woman sits at a piano,{''} a machine must select the most likely followup: {``}She sets her fingers on the keys.{''} With the introduction of BERT, near human-level performance was reached. Does this mean that machines can perform human level commonsense inference? In this paper, we show that commonsense inference still proves difficult for even state-of-the-art models, by presenting HellaSwag, a new challenge dataset. Though its questions are trivial for humans ({\textgreater}95{\%} accuracy), state-of-the-art models struggle ({\textless}48{\%}). We achieve this via Adversarial Filtering (AF), a data collection paradigm wherein a series of discriminators iteratively select an adversarial set of machine-generated wrong answers. AF proves to be surprisingly robust. The key insight is to scale up the length and complexity of the dataset examples towards a critical {`}Goldilocks{'} zone wherein generated text is ridiculous to humans, yet often misclassified by state-of-the-art models. Our construction of HellaSwag, and its resulting difficulty, sheds light on the inner workings of deep pretrained models. More broadly, it suggests a new path forward for NLP research, in which benchmarks co-evolve with the evolving state-of-the-art in an adversarial way, so as to present ever-harder challenges.",
}
@inproceedings{OpenBookQA2018,
 title={Can a Suit of Armor Conduct Electricity? A New Dataset for Open Book Question Answering},
 author={Todor Mihaylov and Peter Clark and Tushar Khot and Ashish Sabharwal},
 booktitle={EMNLP},
 year={2018}
}
@misc{bisk2019piqa,
      title={PIQA: Reasoning about Physical Commonsense in Natural Language},
      author={Yonatan Bisk and Rowan Zellers and Ronan Le Bras and Jianfeng Gao and Yejin Choi},
      year={2019},
      eprint={1911.11641},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{sap2019socialiqa,
      title={SocialIQA: Commonsense Reasoning about Social Interactions},
      author={Maarten Sap and Hannah Rashkin and Derek Chen and Ronan LeBras and Yejin Choi},
      year={2019},
      eprint={1904.09728},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{sakaguchi2019winogrande,
      title={WinoGrande: An Adversarial Winograd Schema Challenge at Scale},
      author={Keisuke Sakaguchi and Ronan Le Bras and Chandra Bhagavatula and Yejin Choi},
      year={2019},
      eprint={1907.10641},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@misc{clark2018think,
      title={Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge},
      author={Peter Clark and Isaac Cowhey and Oren Etzioni and Tushar Khot and Ashish Sabharwal and Carissa Schoenick and Oyvind Tafjord},
      year={2018},
      eprint={1803.05457},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI}
}
@misc{hendrycks2021measuring,
      title={Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding},
      author={Dan Hendrycks and Collin Burns and Steven Basart and Andy Zou and Mantas Mazeika and Dawn Song and Jacob Steinhardt},
      year={2021},
      eprint={2009.03300},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CY}
}
@misc{mitchell2023measuring,
      title={Measuring Data},
      author={Margaret Mitchell and Alexandra Sasha Luccioni and Nathan Lambert and Marissa Gerchick and Angelina McMillan-Major and Ezinwanne Ozoani and Nazneen Rajani and Tristan Thrush and Yacine Jernite and Douwe Kiela},
      year={2023},
      eprint={2212.05129},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.AI}
}
@INPROCEEDINGS{6785473,
  author={Kardes, Hakan and Agrawal, Siddharth and Xin Wang and Ang Sun},
  booktitle={2014 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC)},
  title={CCF: Fast and scalable connected component computation in MapReduce},
  year={2014},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={994-998},
  keywords={Couplings;Databases;Data mining;Algorithm design and analysis;Social network services;Feature extraction;Cleaning;Transitive Closure;Connected Components;Large Scale Graphs;Hadoop;MapReduce},
  doi={10.1109/ICCNC.2014.6785473}}