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Attackers can design adaptive attacks to try to bypass BEYOND when the attacker knows all the parameters of the model
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and the detection strategy. For an SSL model with a feature extractor
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the classification branch can be formulated as
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To attack effectively, the adversary must deceive the target model while guaranteeing the label consistency and representation similarity of the SSL model.
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where
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and the linear augmentation function
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Note that we guarantee the generated neighbors are fixed each time by fixing the random seed. The adaptive adversaries perform attacks on the following objective function:
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where
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Attackers can design adaptive attacks to try to bypass BEYOND when the attacker knows all the parameters of the model
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and the detection strategy. For an SSL model with a feature extractor $f$, a projector $h$, and a classification head $g$,
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the classification branch can be formulated as $\mathbb{C} = f\circ g$ and the representation branch as $\mathbb{R} = f\circ h$.
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To attack effectively, the adversary must deceive the target model while guaranteeing the label consistency and representation similarity of the SSL model.
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where $\mathcal{S}$ represents cosine similarity, $k$ represents the number of generated neighbors,
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and the linear augmentation function $W(x)=W(x,p);~p\sim P$ randomly samples $p$ from the parameter distribution $P$ to generate different neighbors.
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Note that we guarantee the generated neighbors are fixed each time by fixing the random seed. The adaptive adversaries perform attacks on the following objective function:
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where $\mathcal{L}_C$ indicates classifier's loss function, $y_t$ is the targeted class, and $\alpha$ refers to a hyperparameter.
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