diff --git "a/examples/Unzc731iCUY_transcript.json" "b/examples/Unzc731iCUY_transcript.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/examples/Unzc731iCUY_transcript.json" @@ -0,0 +1,4666 @@ +[ + { + "start": 19.22, + "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: The Uniform\nCode of Military Justice" + }, + { + "start": 23.84, + "text": "specifies court martial for\nany officer who sends a soldier" + }, + { + "start": 27.53, + "text": "into battle without a weapon." + }, + { + "start": 30.62, + "text": "There ought to be a similar\nprotection for students" + }, + { + "start": 32.995, + "text": "because students\nshouldn't go out" + }, + { + "start": 34.37, + "text": "into life without the\nability to communicate," + }, + { + "start": 38.07, + "text": "and that's because\nyour success in life" + }, + { + "start": 40.34, + "text": "will be determined largely\nby your ability to speak," + }, + { + "start": 43.76, + "text": "your ability to write, and\nthe quality of your ideas," + }, + { + "start": 47.84, + "text": "in that order." + }, + { + "start": 50.84, + "text": "I know that I can be\nsuccessful in this" + }, + { + "start": 52.67, + "text": "because the quality\nof communication," + }, + { + "start": 57.05, + "text": "your speaking, your\nwriting, is largely" + }, + { + "start": 59.45, + "text": "determined by this formula." + }, + { + "start": 61.88, + "text": "It's a matter of how\nmuch knowledge you have," + }, + { + "start": 65.15, + "text": "how much you practice\nwith that knowledge," + }, + { + "start": 67.67, + "text": "and your inherent\ntalent, and notice" + }, + { + "start": 70.1, + "text": "that the T is very small." + }, + { + "start": 72.23, + "text": "What really matters\nis what you know." + }, + { + "start": 75.86, + "text": "This point came to me suddenly\na few decades ago when" + }, + { + "start": 79.97, + "text": "I was skiing at Sun Valley." + }, + { + "start": 82.61, + "text": "I had heard that it was\nCelebrity Weekend, and one" + }, + { + "start": 85.43, + "text": "of the celebrities\nwas Mary Lou Retton," + }, + { + "start": 90.8, + "text": "famous Olympic gymnast,\nperfect 10s in the vault." + }, + { + "start": 95.48, + "text": "And I heard that she\nwas a novice at skiing," + }, + { + "start": 98.51, + "text": "so when the opportune\nmoment arrived," + }, + { + "start": 100.07, + "text": "I looked over on\nthe novice slope" + }, + { + "start": 102.47, + "text": "and saw this young woman who,\nwhen she became unbalanced," + }, + { + "start": 106.27, + "text": "went like that." + }, + { + "start": 108.35, + "text": "And I said that's got to be her." + }, + { + "start": 110.33, + "text": "That must be the gymnast." + }, + { + "start": 113.57, + "text": "But then, it occurred to\nme, I'm a much better skier" + }, + { + "start": 116.21, + "text": "than she is, and she's an\nOlympic athlete-- not only" + }, + { + "start": 118.82, + "text": "an ordinary Olympic\nathlete, an outstanding one." + }, + { + "start": 123.23, + "text": "And I was a better skier because\nI had the K, and I had the P," + }, + { + "start": 128.12, + "text": "and all she had\nwas the T. So you" + }, + { + "start": 130.729, + "text": "can get a lot better\nthan people who" + }, + { + "start": 132.86, + "text": "may have inherent\ntalents if you have" + }, + { + "start": 135.14, + "text": "the right amount of knowledge." + }, + { + "start": 137.46, + "text": "So that's what my objective is\ntoday, and here's my promise." + }, + { + "start": 140.96, + "text": "Today, you will\nsee some examples" + }, + { + "start": 144.83, + "text": "of what you can put in your\narmamentarium of speaking" + }, + { + "start": 148.4, + "text": "techniques, and it\nwill be the case" + }, + { + "start": 152.81, + "text": "that some one of those examples,\nsome heuristic, some technique," + }, + { + "start": 157.64, + "text": "maybe only one, will make--" + }, + { + "start": 160.04, + "text": "will be the one that\ngets you the job." + }, + { + "start": 163.05, + "text": "And so this is a very\nnon-linear process." + }, + { + "start": 165.6, + "text": "You never know when\nit's going to happen," + }, + { + "start": 167.752, + "text": "but that is my promise." + }, + { + "start": 168.71, + "text": "By the end of the\nnext 60 minutes," + }, + { + "start": 172.35, + "text": "you'll have been exposed to\na lot of ideas, some of which" + }, + { + "start": 175.49, + "text": "you'll incorporate into\nyour own repertoire," + }, + { + "start": 178.18, + "text": "and they will ensure that you\nget the maximum opportunity" + }, + { + "start": 183.08, + "text": "to have your ideas\nvalued and accepted" + }, + { + "start": 189.41, + "text": "by the people you speak with." + }, + { + "start": 191.9, + "text": "Now, in order to\ndo that, we have" + }, + { + "start": 194.3, + "text": "to have a rule of\nengagement, and that" + }, + { + "start": 197.15, + "text": "is no laptops, no cell phones." + }, + { + "start": 202.71, + "text": "So if you could\nclose those, I'll" + }, + { + "start": 204.6, + "text": "start up as soon as you're done." + }, + { + "start": 207.3, + "text": "Some people ask why that\nis a rule of engagement," + }, + { + "start": 211.8, + "text": "and the answer\nis, we humans only" + }, + { + "start": 214.83, + "text": "have one language processor." + }, + { + "start": 216.99, + "text": "And if your language\nprocessor is enga--" + }, + { + "start": 218.76, + "text": "could you shut the\nlaptop, please?" + }, + { + "start": 220.59, + "text": "If your language processor\nis engaged browsing the web" + }, + { + "start": 224.85, + "text": "or reading your email,\nyou're distracted." + }, + { + "start": 228.03, + "text": "And worse yet, you distract\nall of the people around you." + }, + { + "start": 230.88, + "text": "Studies have shown that." + }, + { + "start": 232.57, + "text": "And worse yet, if I see a\nopen laptop somewhere back" + }, + { + "start": 236.16, + "text": "there or up here, it drives\nme nuts, and I do a worse job." + }, + { + "start": 242.47, + "text": "And so that ensures\nthat all of your friends" + }, + { + "start": 244.71, + "text": "who are paying attention\ndon't get the performance" + }, + { + "start": 248.52, + "text": "that they came to have." + }, + { + "start": 251.23, + "text": "So that's it for preamble." + }, + { + "start": 253.83, + "text": "Let's get started." + }, + { + "start": 256.62, + "text": "First thing we talk about,\nof course, is how to start." + }, + { + "start": 265.47, + "text": "Some people think\nthe right thing to do" + }, + { + "start": 268.74, + "text": "is to start a talk with a joke." + }, + { + "start": 279.53, + "text": "I don't recommend\nit, and the reason" + }, + { + "start": 284.3, + "text": "is that, in the\nbeginning of a talk," + }, + { + "start": 286.82, + "text": "people are still putting\ntheir laptops away." + }, + { + "start": 289.42, + "text": "They're becoming adjusted\nto your speaking parameters," + }, + { + "start": 292.25, + "text": "to your vocal parameters, and\nthey're not ready for a joke." + }, + { + "start": 298.67, + "text": "So it doesn't work very well." + }, + { + "start": 300.09, + "text": "They usually fall flat." + }, + { + "start": 302.42, + "text": "What you want to do instead is\nstart with empowerment promise." + }, + { + "start": 309.56, + "text": "You want to tell\npeople what they're" + }, + { + "start": 311.06, + "text": "going to know at\nthe end of the hour" + }, + { + "start": 313.66, + "text": "that they didn't know at\nthe beginning of the hour." + }, + { + "start": 316.56, + "text": "It's an empowerment promise." + }, + { + "start": 317.808, + "text": "It's the reason for being here." + }, + { + "start": 321.66, + "text": "What would be an example?" + }, + { + "start": 322.91, + "text": "Oh, I see." + }, + { + "start": 324.23, + "text": "At the end of this 60\nminutes, you will know things" + }, + { + "start": 328.82, + "text": "about speaking you\ndon't know now," + }, + { + "start": 330.952, + "text": "and something among\nthose things you know" + }, + { + "start": 332.66, + "text": "will make a difference\nin your life." + }, + { + "start": 334.31, + "text": "Yeah, that's an\nempowerment promise," + }, + { + "start": 336.2, + "text": "so that's the best way to start." + }, + { + "start": 338.96, + "text": "So now that I've talked a\nlittle bit about how to start," + }, + { + "start": 341.54, + "text": "what I want to do is give you\nsome samples of heuristics" + }, + { + "start": 344.9, + "text": "that are always on my\nmind when I give a talk," + }, + { + "start": 348.97, + "text": "and first of these heuristics is\nthat it's a good idea to cycle" + }, + { + "start": 353.185, + "text": "on the subject." + }, + { + "start": 356.48, + "text": "Go around it." + }, + { + "start": 357.98, + "text": "Go round it again." + }, + { + "start": 359.36, + "text": "Go round it again." + }, + { + "start": 361.25, + "text": "Some people say, tell him\nwhat you want to tell him." + }, + { + "start": 365.9, + "text": "Tell him again, and then\ntell him a third time," + }, + { + "start": 368.69, + "text": "as if people\nweren't intelligent." + }, + { + "start": 371.9, + "text": "But the point is--" + }, + { + "start": 372.83, + "text": "the reason is-- well, there\nare many reasons, one of which" + }, + { + "start": 376.19, + "text": "is, at any given\nmoment, about 20% of you" + }, + { + "start": 379.34, + "text": "will be fogged out no\nmatter what the lecture is." + }, + { + "start": 382.03, + "text": "So if you want to ensure that\nthe probability that everybody" + }, + { + "start": 384.53, + "text": "gets it is high, you need\nto say it three times." + }, + { + "start": 389.12, + "text": "So cycling is one of\nthe things that I always" + }, + { + "start": 391.25, + "text": "think about when I give a talk." + }, + { + "start": 393.5, + "text": "Another thing I think about\nis, in explaining my idea," + }, + { + "start": 398.19, + "text": "I want to build a fence around\nit so that it's not confused" + }, + { + "start": 405.59, + "text": "with somebody else's idea." + }, + { + "start": 408.03, + "text": "So if you were from Mars,\nand I was teaching you" + }, + { + "start": 410.9, + "text": "about what an arch is,\nI might say to you," + }, + { + "start": 413.51, + "text": "well, that's an arch." + }, + { + "start": 415.333, + "text": "And that's not to be confused\nwith some other things" + }, + { + "start": 417.5, + "text": "that other people\nmight think is--" + }, + { + "start": 418.97, + "text": "this is not an arch." + }, + { + "start": 422.6, + "text": "That's not an arch." + }, + { + "start": 424.01, + "text": "I'm building a\nfence around my idea" + }, + { + "start": 425.78, + "text": "so that it can be distinguished\nfrom somebody else's idea." + }, + { + "start": 429.02, + "text": "So in a more technical\nsense, I might say, well," + }, + { + "start": 432.33, + "text": "my algorithm might similar--" + }, + { + "start": 433.99, + "text": "might seem similar\nto Jones's algorithm," + }, + { + "start": 435.74, + "text": "except his is exponential,\nand mine's linear." + }, + { + "start": 438.285, + "text": "That's putting a\nfence around your idea" + }, + { + "start": 439.91, + "text": "so that people can not\nbe confused about how it" + }, + { + "start": 442.998, + "text": "might relate to something else." + }, + { + "start": 446.96, + "text": "The third thing on\nthis list of samples" + }, + { + "start": 450.23, + "text": "is the idea of\nverbal punctuation." + }, + { + "start": 464.78, + "text": "And the idea here is\nthat, because people" + }, + { + "start": 468.05, + "text": "will occasionally fog out and\nneed to get back on the bus," + }, + { + "start": 472.73, + "text": "you need to provide some\nlandmark places where" + }, + { + "start": 476.21, + "text": "you're announcing that it's\na good time to get back on." + }, + { + "start": 480.26, + "text": "So I might, in this\ntalk, say something" + }, + { + "start": 482.48, + "text": "about this being my outline." + }, + { + "start": 485.84, + "text": "The first thing we're going to\ndo is talk about how to start." + }, + { + "start": 489.03, + "text": "Then we're going to deal\nwith these four samples," + }, + { + "start": 491.48, + "text": "and among these\nfour samples, I've" + }, + { + "start": 493.88, + "text": "talked about the first\nidea-- that's cycling." + }, + { + "start": 496.55, + "text": "The second idea,\nbuilding-- and now," + }, + { + "start": 498.2, + "text": "the third idea is\nverbal punctuation." + }, + { + "start": 502.04, + "text": "So I'm enumerating\nand providing numbers." + }, + { + "start": 504.77, + "text": "I'm giving you a sense that\nthere's a seam in the talk," + }, + { + "start": 508.04, + "text": "and you can get back on." + }, + { + "start": 513.299, + "text": "So now, we're on a roll,\nand since we're on a roll," + }, + { + "start": 518.13, + "text": "can you guess what fourth\nidea might be here--" + }, + { + "start": 522.27, + "text": "an idea that helps people\nget back on the bus?" + }, + { + "start": 528.8, + "text": "AUDIENCE: Ask a question." + }, + { + "start": 531.405, + "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: Yes?" + }, + { + "start": 532.28, + "text": "AUDIENCE: Ask a question." + }, + { + "start": 533.322, + "text": "[INAUDIBLE]" + }, + { + "start": 533.86, + "text": "PATRICK WINSTON:\nAsk a question, yes." + }, + { + "start": 535.57, + "text": "Thank you." + }, + { + "start": 538.22, + "text": "So ask a question." + }, + { + "start": 545.42, + "text": "And so I will ask a question--\nhow much dead air can there be?" + }, + { + "start": 549.03, + "text": "How long can I pause?" + }, + { + "start": 551.01, + "text": "I counted seven seconds." + }, + { + "start": 553.08, + "text": "It seemed like an eternity to\nme to wait and not say anything" + }, + { + "start": 556.3, + "text": "for seven seconds, but that's\nthe standard amount of time" + }, + { + "start": 559.74, + "text": "you can wait for an answer." + }, + { + "start": 560.91, + "text": "And of course, the question\nhas to be carefully chosen." + }, + { + "start": 563.7, + "text": "It can't be too obvious\nbecause then people" + }, + { + "start": 565.62, + "text": "will be embarrassed to say\nit, but the answers can't" + }, + { + "start": 568.41, + "text": "be too hard because then nobody\nwill have anything to say." + }, + { + "start": 572.58, + "text": "So here are some\nsample heuristics" + }, + { + "start": 574.8, + "text": "you can put in\nyour armamentarium" + }, + { + "start": 577.11, + "text": "and build up your repertoire\nof ideas about presentation." + }, + { + "start": 583.46, + "text": "And now, if this\npersuades you that there" + }, + { + "start": 587.34, + "text": "is something to know,\nthat there is knowledge," + }, + { + "start": 592.62, + "text": "then I've already succeeded\nbecause what I want to convince" + }, + { + "start": 595.5, + "text": "you of, is if you watch the\nspeakers you admire and feel" + }, + { + "start": 599.16, + "text": "are effective,\nand ask yourselves" + }, + { + "start": 601.14, + "text": "why they're successful,\nthen you can" + }, + { + "start": 603.03, + "text": "build up your own\npersonal repertoire" + }, + { + "start": 606.0, + "text": "and develop your\nown personal style." + }, + { + "start": 608.01, + "text": "And that's my\nfundamental objective," + }, + { + "start": 610.83, + "text": "and the rest of this\ntalk is about some" + }, + { + "start": 612.9, + "text": "of the things that are\nin my armamentarium" + }, + { + "start": 615.18, + "text": "that I think are effective." + }, + { + "start": 617.55, + "text": "So next thing on\nour agenda, as we" + }, + { + "start": 620.28, + "text": "start to discuss\nthese other things," + }, + { + "start": 622.83, + "text": "is a discussion\nof time and place." + }, + { + "start": 625.17, + "text": "So what do you think is a\ngood time to have a lecture?" + }, + { + "start": 630.612, + "text": "11 AM?" + }, + { + "start": 631.66, + "text": "Yeah." + }, + { + "start": 638.28, + "text": "And the reason is most people\nat MIT are awake by then," + }, + { + "start": 644.67, + "text": "and hardly anyone has\ngone back to sleep." + }, + { + "start": 648.17, + "text": "It's not right after a meal." + }, + { + "start": 650.1, + "text": "People aren't fatigued\nfrom this or that." + }, + { + "start": 652.56, + "text": "It's a great time\nto have a lecture." + }, + { + "start": 654.97, + "text": "So that brings me, next,\nto the question of what" + }, + { + "start": 656.97, + "text": "about the place?" + }, + { + "start": 658.546, + "text": "And the most important\nthing about the place" + }, + { + "start": 661.44, + "text": "is that it be well lit." + }, + { + "start": 669.32, + "text": "This room is well lit." + }, + { + "start": 671.99, + "text": "Problem with other kinds\nof rooms is that we humans," + }, + { + "start": 676.37, + "text": "whenever the lights\ngo down, or whenever" + }, + { + "start": 678.74, + "text": "the room is dimly\nlighted, it signals" + }, + { + "start": 681.41, + "text": "that we should go to sleep." + }, + { + "start": 683.35, + "text": "So whenever I go\nsomewhere to give a talk," + }, + { + "start": 685.1, + "text": "even today, the\nfirst thing I do when" + }, + { + "start": 687.44, + "text": "I speak to the\naudio-visual people" + }, + { + "start": 689.22, + "text": "is say, keep the lights full up." + }, + { + "start": 694.4, + "text": "Oh, they might reply, people\nwill see the slides better" + }, + { + "start": 699.0, + "text": "if we turn the lights\noff, and then I reply," + }, + { + "start": 702.61, + "text": "it's extremely hard to see\nslides through closed eyelids." + }, + { + "start": 710.35, + "text": "What else can you\nsay about the place?" + }, + { + "start": 713.07, + "text": "Well, the place\nshould be cased, and I" + }, + { + "start": 718.71, + "text": "mean that in a colloquial\nsense, of like if you're" + }, + { + "start": 721.68, + "text": "robbing a bank, you\nwould go to the bank" + }, + { + "start": 725.52, + "text": "some occasions before\nto see what it's like," + }, + { + "start": 728.4, + "text": "so there are no surprises\nwhen you do your robbery." + }, + { + "start": 733.17, + "text": "So whenever I go\nsomewhere to speak," + }, + { + "start": 735.75, + "text": "the first thing I ask my host\nto do is to take me to the place" + }, + { + "start": 738.6, + "text": "where I'll be speaking so that\nif there are any weirdnesses," + }, + { + "start": 742.32, + "text": "I'll be able to deal with it." + }, + { + "start": 746.52, + "text": "Sometimes, it might\nrequire some intervention." + }, + { + "start": 749.01, + "text": "Sometimes, it just might\nrequire me to understand" + }, + { + "start": 751.8, + "text": "what the challenges are." + }, + { + "start": 753.66, + "text": "So when I came\nhere this morning," + }, + { + "start": 756.96, + "text": "I did what I typically do." + }, + { + "start": 759.203, + "text": "I imagined that\nall the seats were" + }, + { + "start": 760.62, + "text": "filled with disinterested\nfarm animals," + }, + { + "start": 764.34, + "text": "and that way, I knew that,\nno matter how bad it was," + }, + { + "start": 766.83, + "text": "it wouldn't be as bad as that." + }, + { + "start": 771.46, + "text": "So finally, it should\nbe reasonably--" + }, + { + "start": 775.54, + "text": "it should be\nreasonably populated." + }, + { + "start": 783.95, + "text": "It should be the case that--" + }, + { + "start": 787.34, + "text": "if there were 10\npeople in this hall," + }, + { + "start": 789.37, + "text": "everyone would be\nwondering, what's" + }, + { + "start": 791.05, + "text": "going on that's so much more\ninteresting that nobody's here." + }, + { + "start": 794.23, + "text": "So you want to get a\nright sized place that's--" + }, + { + "start": 797.055, + "text": "doesn't have to\nbe packed, but it" + }, + { + "start": 798.43, + "text": "has to be more than half full." + }, + { + "start": 800.95, + "text": "So those are some thoughts\nabout a time and place." + }, + { + "start": 804.55, + "text": "Next thing I want to\ntalk about is a subject" + }, + { + "start": 807.64, + "text": "of boards and props and slides." + }, + { + "start": 818.23, + "text": "Well, these are the\ntools of the trade." + }, + { + "start": 821.23, + "text": "I believe that this is the\nright tool for speaking" + }, + { + "start": 829.42, + "text": "when your purpose is informing." + }, + { + "start": 832.33, + "text": "The slides are good when\nyour purpose is exposing," + }, + { + "start": 836.29, + "text": "but this is what I use when I'm\ninforming, teaching, lecturing," + }, + { + "start": 840.61, + "text": "and there's several\nreasons why I use it." + }, + { + "start": 842.44, + "text": "For one thing, when\nyou use the board," + }, + { + "start": 844.48, + "text": "you have a graphic quality." + }, + { + "start": 850.49, + "text": "It's the case that, when\nyou have a board, then" + }, + { + "start": 854.44, + "text": "you can easily exploit the\nfact that you can use graphics" + }, + { + "start": 859.99, + "text": "in your presentation." + }, + { + "start": 862.668, + "text": "So that's the graphic quality\nthat I like, and the next thing" + }, + { + "start": 865.21, + "text": "I like is the speed property." + }, + { + "start": 870.31, + "text": "The speed with which you\nwrite on the blackboard" + }, + { + "start": 872.44, + "text": "is approximately the speed at\nwhich people can absorb ideas." + }, + { + "start": 876.22, + "text": "If you go flipping\nthrough a bunch of slides," + }, + { + "start": 879.04, + "text": "nobody can go that fast." + }, + { + "start": 884.03, + "text": "Finally, one great\nproperty of a board" + }, + { + "start": 887.26, + "text": "is that it can be a target." + }, + { + "start": 893.83, + "text": "Many people who are\nnovices at speaking" + }, + { + "start": 899.2, + "text": "find themselves suddenly\naware of their hands." + }, + { + "start": 904.0, + "text": "It's as if their hands were\nprivate parts that shouldn't" + }, + { + "start": 906.37, + "text": "be exposed in public, so right\naway, they go into the pockets," + }, + { + "start": 910.82, + "text": "and this is considered insulting\nin some parts of the world." + }, + { + "start": 914.29, + "text": "Or alternatively,\nmaybe the hands" + }, + { + "start": 916.12, + "text": "will go in back like this." + }, + { + "start": 919.69, + "text": "I was once in a convent\nin Serbia, and my host--" + }, + { + "start": 927.82, + "text": "as soon as we entered,\na nun came up to us" + }, + { + "start": 930.37, + "text": "and offered us a refreshment." + }, + { + "start": 932.26, + "text": "And I was about to\nsay, no, thank you," + }, + { + "start": 933.98, + "text": "and he said, eat\nthat stuff or die." + }, + { + "start": 938.41, + "text": "It's a question of local\ncustom and politeness." + }, + { + "start": 942.37, + "text": "But then before\nanything happened there," + }, + { + "start": 946.15, + "text": "the nun pulled my\nhands out like this" + }, + { + "start": 949.36, + "text": "because it was extraordinarily\ninsulting in that culture" + }, + { + "start": 952.33, + "text": "to have your hands\nbehind your back." + }, + { + "start": 954.88, + "text": "So why is that?" + }, + { + "start": 956.08, + "text": "Well, it's usually\nsupposed that that's" + }, + { + "start": 959.21, + "text": "that it has to do with whether\nyou're concealing a weapon." + }, + { + "start": 962.17, + "text": "So if your hands are in your\npockets or behind your back," + }, + { + "start": 965.86, + "text": "then it looks like you\nmight have a weapon," + }, + { + "start": 969.81, + "text": "and that's what I\nmean by the virtue--" + }, + { + "start": 972.01, + "text": "one of these virtues\nof the board." + }, + { + "start": 973.583, + "text": "Now, you have something\nto do with your hands." + }, + { + "start": 975.5, + "text": "You can point out the stuff." + }, + { + "start": 980.15, + "text": "I was once watching Seymour\nPapert give a lecture," + }, + { + "start": 982.31, + "text": "and I thought it was terrific." + }, + { + "start": 984.11, + "text": "So I went a second time--" + }, + { + "start": 985.85, + "text": "first time to absorb\nthe content, second time" + }, + { + "start": 988.17, + "text": "to note style." + }, + { + "start": 989.88, + "text": "And what I discovered is\nthat Papert was constantly" + }, + { + "start": 992.09, + "text": "pointing at the board." + }, + { + "start": 993.568, + "text": "And then I thought\nabout it a little while," + }, + { + "start": 995.36, + "text": "and I noted that none of\nthe stuff he was pointing to" + }, + { + "start": 998.638, + "text": "had anything to do with\nwhat he was saying." + }, + { + "start": 1003.19, + "text": "Nevertheless, it was\nan effective technique." + }, + { + "start": 1009.2, + "text": "So that's just a little\nbit about the virtue" + }, + { + "start": 1012.07, + "text": "of blackboards." + }, + { + "start": 1013.26, + "text": "Now, I want to talk about props." + }, + { + "start": 1016.85, + "text": "The custodians of\nknowledge about props" + }, + { + "start": 1019.82, + "text": "are the playwrights." + }, + { + "start": 1021.89, + "text": "Many decades ago, I saw\na play by Henrik Ibsen." + }, + { + "start": 1025.73, + "text": "It was Hedda Gabler." + }, + { + "start": 1027.589, + "text": "I remember vaguely that it was\nabout a woman in an unhappy" + }, + { + "start": 1031.67, + "text": "marriage, and her husband was in\ncompetition for an academic job" + }, + { + "start": 1036.349, + "text": "with somebody else." + }, + { + "start": 1037.599, + "text": "And he was going to lose\npartly because he was boring," + }, + { + "start": 1040.91, + "text": "and partly because the\ncompetitor had just" + }, + { + "start": 1043.22, + "text": "written a magnificent book." + }, + { + "start": 1045.65, + "text": "By the way, this\nis back in the days" + }, + { + "start": 1047.15, + "text": "before there were copying\nmachines and computers." + }, + { + "start": 1050.71, + "text": "Anyhow, as the play opens,\nthere's a potbellied stove," + }, + { + "start": 1063.59, + "text": "and in the beginning\nof the play," + }, + { + "start": 1067.0, + "text": "the potbelly stove,\nwith its open door," + }, + { + "start": 1070.13, + "text": "just has some slightly\nglowing embers." + }, + { + "start": 1074.33, + "text": "But the potbellied\nstove is always there," + }, + { + "start": 1077.0, + "text": "and as tension\nmounts in the play," + }, + { + "start": 1079.64, + "text": "and you see this\nmanuscript, this" + }, + { + "start": 1081.17, + "text": "prop that Ibsen so artfully\nused, you just know" + }, + { + "start": 1086.21, + "text": "that something's\ngoing to happen," + }, + { + "start": 1088.52, + "text": "because as the play goes on,\nthe fire gets bigger and hotter" + }, + { + "start": 1093.89, + "text": "and finally all\nconsuming, and you just" + }, + { + "start": 1095.75, + "text": "know that that manuscript is\ngoing to go into that fire." + }, + { + "start": 1101.21, + "text": "This memorable thing is what\nI remember about the play." + }, + { + "start": 1106.07, + "text": "So playwrights have got\nthis all figured out," + }, + { + "start": 1109.59, + "text": "but on the other hand,\nthey're not the only people" + }, + { + "start": 1111.86, + "text": "who can use props." + }, + { + "start": 1114.38, + "text": "Here's an example of\nthe use of a prop, also" + }, + { + "start": 1118.01, + "text": "due to Seymour Papert." + }, + { + "start": 1119.75, + "text": "He was talking about how\nit's important to look" + }, + { + "start": 1122.54, + "text": "at the problem in the\nright way, and here's" + }, + { + "start": 1125.26, + "text": "an example that not only teaches\nthat, but makes it possible" + }, + { + "start": 1130.015, + "text": "for you to embarrass\nyour friends" + }, + { + "start": 1131.39, + "text": "in mechanical engineering." + }, + { + "start": 1133.19, + "text": "So here's what you do." + }, + { + "start": 1135.11, + "text": "Take a bicycle wheel, and\nyou start it spinning." + }, + { + "start": 1138.14, + "text": "And then you put some\ntorque on the axle," + }, + { + "start": 1142.01, + "text": "or equivalently, you\nblow on the edge." + }, + { + "start": 1146.24, + "text": "And the issue is,\ndoes it go that way," + }, + { + "start": 1149.57, + "text": "or does it go that way?" + }, + { + "start": 1152.79, + "text": "Now, the mechanical engineers\nwill immediately say, oh, yes," + }, + { + "start": 1156.59, + "text": "I see-- right hand screw wheel." + }, + { + "start": 1158.25, + "text": "And they'll put their\nfingers in this position," + }, + { + "start": 1160.97, + "text": "but forget exactly how\nto align their fingers" + }, + { + "start": 1164.09, + "text": "with the various\naspects of the problem." + }, + { + "start": 1167.87, + "text": "And so it's usually the\ncase that they get it right" + }, + { + "start": 1170.42, + "text": "with about a 50% probability." + }, + { + "start": 1174.26, + "text": "So their very fancy\neducation gets them up" + }, + { + "start": 1178.67, + "text": "to the point where they're\nequivalent to flipping a coin." + }, + { + "start": 1183.06, + "text": "But it doesn't\nhave to be that way" + }, + { + "start": 1185.72, + "text": "because you can think about the\nproblem a little differently." + }, + { + "start": 1189.03, + "text": "So here's what you do." + }, + { + "start": 1190.98, + "text": "You take some duct\ntape, and you put it" + }, + { + "start": 1194.08, + "text": "around the part of\nthe wheel like that." + }, + { + "start": 1197.45, + "text": "And now, you start to think\nabout, not the whole wheel," + }, + { + "start": 1200.25, + "text": "but just a little piece that's\nunderneath the duct tape." + }, + { + "start": 1203.92, + "text": "So here, that piece comes\nrolling over the top," + }, + { + "start": 1206.72, + "text": "and at this point, you blow\non it with a puff of air." + }, + { + "start": 1209.455, + "text": "Forgetting about the\nrest of the wheel," + }, + { + "start": 1211.08, + "text": "what happens to that\nlittle piece that's" + }, + { + "start": 1212.747, + "text": "under the duct tape?" + }, + { + "start": 1213.655, + "text": "It must want to go\nthat way because you" + }, + { + "start": 1215.28, + "text": "banged on it like that." + }, + { + "start": 1217.04, + "text": "It's already going\ndown like that." + }, + { + "start": 1219.42, + "text": "And what about the next piece?" + }, + { + "start": 1220.91, + "text": "Same thing." + }, + { + "start": 1221.83, + "text": "Next piece?" + }, + { + "start": 1222.33, + "text": "Same thing." + }, + { + "start": 1223.2, + "text": "So the only thing\nthat can happen" + }, + { + "start": 1225.62, + "text": "is that the wheel\ngoes over like that." + }, + { + "start": 1228.09, + "text": "And so now, you'll\nnever wonder again" + }, + { + "start": 1230.37, + "text": "because you're thinking about\nthe problem in the right way," + }, + { + "start": 1233.0, + "text": "and it's demonstrated\nby the use of a prop." + }, + { + "start": 1238.703, + "text": "You can try this\nafter we're done." + }, + { + "start": 1244.69, + "text": "Another example I\nlike to remember" + }, + { + "start": 1247.98, + "text": "is one from when\nI was taking 8.01." + }, + { + "start": 1250.88, + "text": "Alan Lazarus was the\ninstructor at the time," + }, + { + "start": 1253.96, + "text": "and he was talking about the\nconservation of energy, kinetic" + }, + { + "start": 1257.22, + "text": "and potential." + }, + { + "start": 1259.45, + "text": "And there was a long wire in\na ceiling in 26-100 attached" + }, + { + "start": 1264.42, + "text": "to a much bigger\nsteel ball, but one--" + }, + { + "start": 1267.8, + "text": "not one like this." + }, + { + "start": 1269.27, + "text": "And Lazarus took the ball up\nagainst the wall like this." + }, + { + "start": 1275.1, + "text": "He put his head flat against\nthe wall to steady himself," + }, + { + "start": 1279.21, + "text": "and then he let go,\nand the pendulum" + }, + { + "start": 1282.39, + "text": "takes many seconds\nto go over and back," + }, + { + "start": 1285.75, + "text": "and then gently\nkisses Lazarus's nose." + }, + { + "start": 1291.3, + "text": "And so you have many\nseconds to think," + }, + { + "start": 1293.7, + "text": "this guy really believes in\nthe conservation of energy." + }, + { + "start": 1303.27, + "text": "Do not try this at home." + }, + { + "start": 1306.6, + "text": "The problem is that, the\nfirst time you do this," + }, + { + "start": 1310.18, + "text": "you may not just let go." + }, + { + "start": 1311.82, + "text": "There's a natural\nhuman tendency to push." + }, + { + "start": 1321.51, + "text": "So that's a little bit\non a subject of props." + }, + { + "start": 1344.612, + "text": "It's interesting." + }, + { + "start": 1345.32, + "text": "Whenever surveys are taken,\nstudents always say more chalk," + }, + { + "start": 1349.81, + "text": "less PowerPoint." + }, + { + "start": 1351.8, + "text": "And why would that be?" + }, + { + "start": 1354.23, + "text": "Props are also very effective." + }, + { + "start": 1357.08, + "text": "Why would that be?" + }, + { + "start": 1359.42, + "text": "I'll give you my lunatic\nfringe view on this." + }, + { + "start": 1362.87, + "text": "It has to do with what I would\ncall empathetic mirroring." + }, + { + "start": 1382.35, + "text": "When you're sitting up there\nwatching me write on the board," + }, + { + "start": 1385.02, + "text": "all those little mirror neurons\nin your head, I believe," + }, + { + "start": 1388.95, + "text": "become actuated, and\nyou can feel yourself" + }, + { + "start": 1391.56, + "text": "writing on the blackboard." + }, + { + "start": 1393.06, + "text": "And even more so, when I talk\nabout this steel ball going" + }, + { + "start": 1398.56, + "text": "that way and this way,\nyou can feel the ball" + }, + { + "start": 1402.27, + "text": "as if you were me, and you\ncan't do that with a slide." + }, + { + "start": 1406.38, + "text": "You can't do it with a picture." + }, + { + "start": 1408.19, + "text": "You need to see it in\nthe physical world." + }, + { + "start": 1411.82, + "text": "That's why I think that--" + }, + { + "start": 1414.09, + "text": "oh, yes, of course, it's--" + }, + { + "start": 1415.803, + "text": "there are speed\nquestions involved, too," + }, + { + "start": 1417.47, + "text": "that have to be separated out." + }, + { + "start": 1419.64, + "text": "But I think the\nempathetic mirroring" + }, + { + "start": 1421.14, + "text": "is why props and the use of a\nblackboard are so effective." + }, + { + "start": 1427.89, + "text": "Well, let's see-- oh, yes,\nthere is one more thing" + }, + { + "start": 1433.99, + "text": "by way of the\ntools, and that has" + }, + { + "start": 1437.1, + "text": "to do with the use of slides." + }, + { + "start": 1442.26, + "text": "I repeat, I think they're\nfor exposing ideas," + }, + { + "start": 1445.14, + "text": "not for teaching ideas, but\nthat's what we do in a job talk" + }, + { + "start": 1448.44, + "text": "or conference talk--" + }, + { + "start": 1451.23, + "text": "expose ideas." + }, + { + "start": 1452.13, + "text": "We don't teach them." + }, + { + "start": 1454.09, + "text": "So let me tell you a little\nbit about my views on that." + }, + { + "start": 1460.51, + "text": "I remember, once, I was in\nTerminal A at Logan Airport." + }, + { + "start": 1469.06, + "text": "I'd just come back from a\nreally miserable conference," + }, + { + "start": 1473.24, + "text": "and the flight was\nreally horrible." + }, + { + "start": 1475.155, + "text": "It was one of those that feels\nlike an unbalanced washing" + }, + { + "start": 1477.53, + "text": "machine." + }, + { + "start": 1479.095, + "text": "And for the only\ntime in my life," + }, + { + "start": 1480.47, + "text": "I decided to stop on my way to\nmy car and have a cup of coffee" + }, + { + "start": 1486.62, + "text": "and relax a little bit." + }, + { + "start": 1488.56, + "text": "And as I was there for a few\nminutes, someone came up to me" + }, + { + "start": 1491.45, + "text": "and said, are you\nProfessor Winston?" + }, + { + "start": 1494.69, + "text": "I think so, I said." + }, + { + "start": 1497.808, + "text": "I don't know." + }, + { + "start": 1498.35, + "text": "I guess I was\ntrying to be funny." + }, + { + "start": 1500.57, + "text": "In any event, he said,\nI'm on my way to Europe" + }, + { + "start": 1502.7, + "text": "to give a job talk." + }, + { + "start": 1504.32, + "text": "Would you mine\ncritiquing my slides?" + }, + { + "start": 1507.44, + "text": "Not at all, I said." + }, + { + "start": 1508.61, + "text": "You have too many, and\nthey have too many words." + }, + { + "start": 1512.75, + "text": "How did you know, he\nsaid, thinking perhaps I" + }, + { + "start": 1515.28, + "text": "had seen a talk of his before." + }, + { + "start": 1517.79, + "text": "I hadn't." + }, + { + "start": 1519.8, + "text": "My reply was, because\nit's always true." + }, + { + "start": 1522.77, + "text": "There are always too many\nslides, always too many words." + }, + { + "start": 1526.31, + "text": "So let me show you some extreme\nexamples of how not to use" + }, + { + "start": 1529.725, + "text": "slides." + }, + { + "start": 1534.11, + "text": "Well, for this demonstration,\nI need to be way over here" + }, + { + "start": 1542.27, + "text": "and when I get over here, then\nI can start to say things like," + }, + { + "start": 1548.51, + "text": "one of the things you shouldn't\ndo is read your transparencies." + }, + { + "start": 1551.342, + "text": "People in your audience\nknow how to read," + }, + { + "start": 1553.05, + "text": "and reading will\njust annoy them." + }, + { + "start": 1555.41, + "text": "Also, you should\nbe sure that you" + }, + { + "start": 1556.94, + "text": "have only a few words\non each transparency," + }, + { + "start": 1559.7, + "text": "and that the words\nare easy to read." + }, + { + "start": 1562.16, + "text": "And I hope I'm driving\nyou crazy because I'm" + }, + { + "start": 1565.31, + "text": "committing all kinds of\ncrimes, the first of which" + }, + { + "start": 1568.55, + "text": "is that there are too\nmany words on the slide." + }, + { + "start": 1572.54, + "text": "Second of which is,\nI'm way over there," + }, + { + "start": 1574.63, + "text": "and the slide's way over there." + }, + { + "start": 1576.56, + "text": "So you get into this\ntennis match feeling" + }, + { + "start": 1580.07, + "text": "of shifting back and\nforth between the slide" + }, + { + "start": 1583.7, + "text": "and the speaker." + }, + { + "start": 1584.6, + "text": "You want the slides to\nbe condiments to what" + }, + { + "start": 1586.79, + "text": "you're saying, not the main\nevent or the opposite way" + }, + { + "start": 1589.73, + "text": "around." + }, + { + "start": 1591.15, + "text": "So how can we fix this?" + }, + { + "start": 1593.42, + "text": "Step number one is to get\nrid of the background junk." + }, + { + "start": 1597.86, + "text": "That's always distraction." + }, + { + "start": 1600.56, + "text": "Step number two is to\nget rid of the words." + }, + { + "start": 1603.59, + "text": "When I reduced the\nwords to these," + }, + { + "start": 1606.32, + "text": "then everything I\nread a previous time," + }, + { + "start": 1610.21, + "text": "I'm not licensed to say,\nbecause it's not on the slide." + }, + { + "start": 1613.27, + "text": "I'm not reading\nmy slides anymore," + }, + { + "start": 1615.09, + "text": "but I'm saying what was\nwritten on the slides" + }, + { + "start": 1618.37, + "text": "in a previous example." + }, + { + "start": 1622.01, + "text": "So what else can we\ndo to simplify this?" + }, + { + "start": 1625.31, + "text": "Well, we can get\nrid of the logos." + }, + { + "start": 1627.76, + "text": "We don't need them." + }, + { + "start": 1630.75, + "text": "Simplification." + }, + { + "start": 1633.03, + "text": "What else can we do?" + }, + { + "start": 1635.4, + "text": "Get rid of the title." + }, + { + "start": 1637.41, + "text": "Now, I want to talk to you\nabout some rules for slide" + }, + { + "start": 1640.24, + "text": "preparation." + }, + { + "start": 1641.25, + "text": "I'm telling you the title." + }, + { + "start": 1642.84, + "text": "It doesn't have to be up there." + }, + { + "start": 1644.88, + "text": "By reducing the number\nof words on the slide," + }, + { + "start": 1647.37, + "text": "I'm allowing you to pay\nmore attention to me" + }, + { + "start": 1649.35, + "text": "and less to what's\nwritten on the slide." + }, + { + "start": 1652.295, + "text": "I mentioned it before--\nwe-- have only one language" + }, + { + "start": 1654.42, + "text": "processor, and we can\neither use it to read stuff" + }, + { + "start": 1658.14, + "text": "or to listen to the speaker." + }, + { + "start": 1660.17, + "text": "And so if we have too\nmany words on the slide," + }, + { + "start": 1663.24, + "text": "it forces people in the\naudience to read this stuff" + }, + { + "start": 1665.7, + "text": "and not listen." + }, + { + "start": 1669.27, + "text": "A student of mine did an\nexperiment a few years ago." + }, + { + "start": 1672.57, + "text": "He taught some students some\nweb-based programming ideas." + }, + { + "start": 1680.13, + "text": "Half the information was on\nslides, he said the other half," + }, + { + "start": 1684.58, + "text": "and then for a control\ngroup, he reversed it." + }, + { + "start": 1687.63, + "text": "And the question was,\nwhat did the subjects--" + }, + { + "start": 1690.96, + "text": "that is to say, freshmen\nat his fraternity--" + }, + { + "start": 1693.24, + "text": "what did the subjects\nremember best, what he said," + }, + { + "start": 1698.04, + "text": "or what they read on the slide?" + }, + { + "start": 1701.26, + "text": "And the answer is, what\nthey read on the slide." + }, + { + "start": 1706.432, + "text": "When their slides have\na lot of material on it," + }, + { + "start": 1708.39, + "text": "they don't pay attention\nto the speaker." + }, + { + "start": 1710.11, + "text": "In fact, in the after action\nreport, one of the subjects" + }, + { + "start": 1713.19, + "text": "said, I wish you\nhadn't talked so much." + }, + { + "start": 1716.1, + "text": "It was distracting." + }, + { + "start": 1721.0, + "text": "Well, the last item\nis eliminate clutter." + }, + { + "start": 1724.12, + "text": "Here's some clutter." + }, + { + "start": 1726.23, + "text": "No reason even\nfor those bullets." + }, + { + "start": 1729.71, + "text": "So the too many words\nproblem is a consequence" + }, + { + "start": 1731.78, + "text": "of a crime Microsoft\nhas committed" + }, + { + "start": 1735.41, + "text": "by allowing you to use\nfonts that are too small." + }, + { + "start": 1739.35, + "text": "So you should all have\na sample slide like this" + }, + { + "start": 1743.57, + "text": "that you can use to determine\nwhat the minimum font" + }, + { + "start": 1746.24, + "text": "size is that's easily legible." + }, + { + "start": 1749.48, + "text": "[INAUDIBLE],, what do\nyou think of those?" + }, + { + "start": 1754.745, + "text": "AUDIENCE: Which size is right?" + }, + { + "start": 1756.212, + "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: What's that?" + }, + { + "start": 1757.19, + "text": "AUDIENCE: Did you ask\nme what size is right?" + }, + { + "start": 1759.023, + "text": "PATRICK WINSTON:\nYeah, minimum, maybe." + }, + { + "start": 1761.56, + "text": "AUDIENCE: 40 or 50." + }, + { + "start": 1762.77, + "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: Yeah,\nhe says 40 or 50." + }, + { + "start": 1764.99, + "text": "I think that's about right." + }, + { + "start": 1767.05, + "text": "35 is beginning to get\ntoo small, not necessarily" + }, + { + "start": 1769.73, + "text": "because you can't read it,\nbut because you're probably" + }, + { + "start": 1772.917, + "text": "using it to get too\nmany words on the slide." + }, + { + "start": 1777.38, + "text": "What other crimes do we have?" + }, + { + "start": 1779.94, + "text": "Well, we have the\nlaser pointer crime." + }, + { + "start": 1783.755, + "text": "And for that-- in\nthe old days, when" + }, + { + "start": 1786.89, + "text": "we didn't have laser\npointers, we used wooden ones," + }, + { + "start": 1789.12, + "text": "and people would go waving\nthese things around." + }, + { + "start": 1792.59, + "text": "And pretty soon it became almost\nlike a baton twirling contest," + }, + { + "start": 1799.45, + "text": "so here's what I\nrecommended in the old days" + }, + { + "start": 1802.4, + "text": "for dealing with\nthis kind of pointer." + }, + { + "start": 1808.97, + "text": "This is an example\nof use of a prop." + }, + { + "start": 1814.07, + "text": "Jim Glass up there saw this\ntalk about 20 years ago," + }, + { + "start": 1817.09, + "text": "and said, oh, yeah,\nI remember that talk." + }, + { + "start": 1819.38, + "text": "That's the one where\nyou broke the pointer." + }, + { + "start": 1823.25, + "text": "It's amazing how\nprops tend to be" + }, + { + "start": 1825.2, + "text": "the things that are remembered." + }, + { + "start": 1827.48, + "text": "Well, now, we don't have\nphysical pointers anymore." + }, + { + "start": 1832.215, + "text": "We've got laser pointers." + }, + { + "start": 1835.88, + "text": "It's a wonder more people aren't\ndriven into epileptic fits" + }, + { + "start": 1839.09, + "text": "over this sort of stuff." + }, + { + "start": 1841.19, + "text": "Well, here's what\ntends to happen." + }, + { + "start": 1843.848, + "text": "Look at that." + }, + { + "start": 1844.39, + "text": "It's a lovely recursive picture,\nand I can become part of it" + }, + { + "start": 1849.17, + "text": "by putting that laser beam\nright on the back of my head" + }, + { + "start": 1852.026, + "text": "up there." + }, + { + "start": 1856.1, + "text": "Then what do you see?" + }, + { + "start": 1858.72, + "text": "You see the back of my head." + }, + { + "start": 1861.44, + "text": "I have no eye contact,\nno engagement, nothing." + }, + { + "start": 1864.83, + "text": "I was sitting with a student\nwatching a talk one day," + }, + { + "start": 1868.3, + "text": "and she said, you know\nwhat, we could all leave," + }, + { + "start": 1871.79, + "text": "and he wouldn't know." + }, + { + "start": 1876.065, + "text": "So what happens when\nyou use a laser pointer?" + }, + { + "start": 1877.94, + "text": "You can't use a laser pointer\nwithout turning your head" + }, + { + "start": 1881.09, + "text": "and pointing it at something,\nand when you do that," + }, + { + "start": 1885.05, + "text": "you lose contact\nwith the audience." + }, + { + "start": 1887.57, + "text": "You don't want to do it." + }, + { + "start": 1889.59, + "text": "So what do you do if you\nneed to identify something" + }, + { + "start": 1892.705, + "text": "in your image,\nand you don't want" + }, + { + "start": 1894.08, + "text": "to point at it with a laser?" + }, + { + "start": 1895.28, + "text": "This is what you do." + }, + { + "start": 1896.84, + "text": "Put a little arrow\non there and say," + }, + { + "start": 1898.34, + "text": "now, look at that guy at\nthe end of arrow number one." + }, + { + "start": 1901.73, + "text": "You don't need to have\nlaser pointer to do that." + }, + { + "start": 1908.933, + "text": "The too-heavy\ncrime-- when people" + }, + { + "start": 1912.48, + "text": "ask me to review\na presentation, I" + }, + { + "start": 1915.37, + "text": "ask them to print it out\nand lay it out on a table." + }, + { + "start": 1921.06, + "text": "When they do that, it's easy\nto see whether the talk is" + }, + { + "start": 1924.45, + "text": "too heavy, too much\ntext, not enough air, not" + }, + { + "start": 1928.74, + "text": "enough white space,\nnot enough imagery." + }, + { + "start": 1932.95, + "text": "This is a good example\nof such a talk--" + }, + { + "start": 1936.54, + "text": "way too heavy." + }, + { + "start": 1939.3, + "text": "The presenter has taken\nadvantage of a small font sizes" + }, + { + "start": 1942.982, + "text": "to get as much on the\nslide as he wanted." + }, + { + "start": 1947.6, + "text": "Lots of other crimes here,\nbut the too-heavy-- the fact" + }, + { + "start": 1951.08, + "text": "that it's too heavy is what\nI wanted to illustrate." + }, + { + "start": 1953.8, + "text": "So here, by contrast,\nanother talk--" + }, + { + "start": 1956.75, + "text": "one I gave a few years ago." + }, + { + "start": 1957.89, + "text": "It's not-- it wasn't a\ndeeply technical talk," + }, + { + "start": 1961.52, + "text": "but I show it to you\nbecause there's air in it." + }, + { + "start": 1966.8, + "text": "It's mostly pictures of things." + }, + { + "start": 1969.11, + "text": "There are three or four\nslides that have text on them," + }, + { + "start": 1972.93, + "text": "but when I come to those, I give\nthe audience time to read them." + }, + { + "start": 1976.282, + "text": "And they're there\nbecause they might have" + }, + { + "start": 1977.99, + "text": "some historical significance." + }, + { + "start": 1980.613, + "text": "The first slide with\na lot of text on it" + }, + { + "start": 1982.28, + "text": "is an extraction from the 1957--" + }, + { + "start": 1986.12, + "text": "from the proposal for the 1957\nAI conference at Dartmouth." + }, + { + "start": 1990.83, + "text": "Extraordinarily\ninteresting event," + }, + { + "start": 1993.19, + "text": "and that historical\nextraction from the proposal" + }, + { + "start": 1997.79, + "text": "helps drive that point home." + }, + { + "start": 2000.96, + "text": "What else have we got here?" + }, + { + "start": 2003.08, + "text": "Oh, yeah, your vocabulary\nword for the day." + }, + { + "start": 2005.68, + "text": "This is an hapax legomenon." + }, + { + "start": 2008.77, + "text": "What that means is, this\nis the kind of slide" + }, + { + "start": 2011.17, + "text": "you can get away with exactly\nonce in your presentation." + }, + { + "start": 2016.54, + "text": "This is a slide that got\nsome currency some years" + }, + { + "start": 2018.91, + "text": "ago because it shows the\ncomplexity of governing" + }, + { + "start": 2023.5, + "text": "in Afghanistan by showing\nhow impossibly complex it is." + }, + { + "start": 2029.64, + "text": "It's something you in the\naudience can't understand," + }, + { + "start": 2032.48, + "text": "and that's the point, but\nyou can't have many of these." + }, + { + "start": 2035.92, + "text": "You can have one per work,\none per presentation," + }, + { + "start": 2038.59, + "text": "one per paper, one per book." + }, + { + "start": 2040.78, + "text": "That's what hapax legomenon is,\nand this is an example of it." + }, + { + "start": 2046.725, + "text": "Well, I've shown\nyou some crimes." + }, + { + "start": 2048.1, + "text": "So you might be asking, do\nthese crimes actually occur?" + }, + { + "start": 2052.739, + "text": "So they do." + }, + { + "start": 2056.861, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 2061.775, + "text": "There's the hands in\nthe pockets crime." + }, + { + "start": 2066.54, + "text": "There's a crime and time\nand place selection here." + }, + { + "start": 2072.21, + "text": "This is how you get\nto the Bartos Theater." + }, + { + "start": 2075.837, + "text": "First thing you do is\nyou get on these steps" + }, + { + "start": 2077.67, + "text": "over at the Media Lab, then you\ncross this large open space," + }, + { + "start": 2084.12, + "text": "then you turn right\ndown this corridor." + }, + { + "start": 2085.92, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 2087.201, + "text": "At this point,\nwhenever I go in there," + }, + { + "start": 2088.86, + "text": "I wonder if there are torture\nimplements around the corner." + }, + { + "start": 2091.962, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 2092.462, + "text": "And then when you\nget in there, you" + }, + { + "start": 2094.53, + "text": "get into this\ndark, gloomy place." + }, + { + "start": 2097.68, + "text": "So it's well named when they\ncall it the Bartos Theater" + }, + { + "start": 2100.418, + "text": "because it's a place where\nyou can watch a movie," + }, + { + "start": 2102.46, + "text": "but it's not a place\nwhere you can give a talk." + }, + { + "start": 2107.33, + "text": "Now, on a subject\nof does it happen," + }, + { + "start": 2110.7, + "text": "here's a talk I attended\na while back in Stata." + }, + { + "start": 2114.87, + "text": "Notice that the speaker is\nfar away from the slides." + }, + { + "start": 2119.15, + "text": "Speaker's using a laser pointer." + }, + { + "start": 2122.75, + "text": "And you say to me, well,\nwhat's happening here?" + }, + { + "start": 2126.11, + "text": "It's, by the way,\nthe 80th - 80th!" + }, + { + "start": 2129.5, + "text": "slide of the presentation." + }, + { + "start": 2131.46, + "text": "Notice that it extends\nwith the words," + }, + { + "start": 2133.32, + "text": "this is the first of\n10 conclusions slides." + }, + { + "start": 2135.81, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 2137.96, + "text": "So what's the audience reaction?" + }, + { + "start": 2141.74, + "text": "That's the sponsor\nof the meeting." + }, + { + "start": 2143.572, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 2144.84, + "text": "He's reading his email." + }, + { + "start": 2147.32, + "text": "This is the co-sponsor\nof the meeting." + }, + { + "start": 2150.24, + "text": "He's examining the lunch menu." + }, + { + "start": 2152.012, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 2154.552, + "text": "What about this person?" + }, + { + "start": 2158.83, + "text": "This person looks like\nhe's paying attention," + }, + { + "start": 2162.25, + "text": "but just because\nit's a still picture." + }, + { + "start": 2164.863, + "text": "If you were to see a\nvideo, what you would see" + }, + { + "start": 2166.78, + "text": "is something like this [YAWNS]." + }, + { + "start": 2170.555, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 2174.35, + "text": "So yeah, it does happen." + }, + { + "start": 2177.96, + "text": "Well, now, that's a\nquick review of tools." + }, + { + "start": 2183.08, + "text": "Now, I want to talk\nabout some special cases." + }, + { + "start": 2190.3, + "text": "We could talk a little\nbit about the informing" + }, + { + "start": 2192.83, + "text": "or to say another way,\ndoing what I'm doing now." + }, + { + "start": 2198.01, + "text": "But I'll just say a\nfew words about that." + }, + { + "start": 2200.36, + "text": "In that kind of\npresentation, you" + }, + { + "start": 2202.34, + "text": "want to start with a promise\nlike I did for this hour" + }, + { + "start": 2206.87, + "text": "that we're going through now." + }, + { + "start": 2208.255, + "text": "And then it comes\nto the question" + }, + { + "start": 2209.63, + "text": "of how do you inspire people?" + }, + { + "start": 2212.888, + "text": "I've given this talk\nfor a long time," + }, + { + "start": 2214.43, + "text": "and a few years ago,\nour department chairman" + }, + { + "start": 2218.3, + "text": "said, would you please give\nthis talk to a new faculty," + }, + { + "start": 2222.26, + "text": "and be sure to emphasize what\nit takes to inspire students." + }, + { + "start": 2226.732, + "text": "And strangely, I hadn't thought\nabout that question before." + }, + { + "start": 2229.19, + "text": "So I started a survey." + }, + { + "start": 2231.29, + "text": "I'd talked to some of my\nincoming freshmen advisees," + }, + { + "start": 2234.49, + "text": "and I talked to senior\nfaculty and everything" + }, + { + "start": 2237.29, + "text": "in between about how\nthey've been inspired." + }, + { + "start": 2241.52, + "text": "What I found from\nthe incoming freshmen" + }, + { + "start": 2243.963, + "text": "is that they were inspired by\nsome high school teacher who" + }, + { + "start": 2246.38, + "text": "told them they could do it." + }, + { + "start": 2249.05, + "text": "What I found in\nthe senior faculty," + }, + { + "start": 2252.14, + "text": "they were inspired\nby someone who" + }, + { + "start": 2255.28, + "text": "helped them see a\nproblem in a new way." + }, + { + "start": 2258.31, + "text": "And what I saw from everyone\nis that they were inspired when" + }, + { + "start": 2264.05, + "text": "someone exhibited passion\nabout what they were doing," + }, + { + "start": 2269.68, + "text": "exhibited passion about\nwhat they were doing." + }, + { + "start": 2272.92, + "text": "So that's one way\nto be inspiring." + }, + { + "start": 2277.72, + "text": "It's easy for me because I\ndo artificial intelligence." + }, + { + "start": 2283.31, + "text": "And how can you\nnot be interested" + }, + { + "start": 2286.03, + "text": "in artificial intelligence?" + }, + { + "start": 2287.23, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 2288.04, + "text": "I mean, if you're not interested\nin artificial intelligence," + }, + { + "start": 2290.842, + "text": "you're probably not interested\nin interesting things." + }, + { + "start": 2295.63, + "text": "So when I'm lecturing in my\nAI class, it's natural for me" + }, + { + "start": 2300.64, + "text": "to talk about what\nI think is cool" + }, + { + "start": 2303.55, + "text": "and how exciting\nsome new idea is." + }, + { + "start": 2307.32, + "text": "So that's the kind of\nexpression of passion" + }, + { + "start": 2311.08, + "text": "that makes a difference\nwhile informing with respect" + }, + { + "start": 2314.95, + "text": "to this question of inspiring." + }, + { + "start": 2319.96, + "text": "Oh, yeah and of course,\nduring this promise phase," + }, + { + "start": 2323.54, + "text": "you can also express\nhow cool stuff is." + }, + { + "start": 2327.07, + "text": "Let me give you an example of\na lecture that starts this way." + }, + { + "start": 2330.67, + "text": "I'm talking about\nresource allocation." + }, + { + "start": 2333.06, + "text": "It's the same sort of stuff\nyou would think of when your--" + }, + { + "start": 2335.76, + "text": "it's the same sort\nof ideas you would" + }, + { + "start": 2337.302, + "text": "need if you're allocating\naircraft to a flight schedule" + }, + { + "start": 2341.29, + "text": "or trying to schedule a\nfactory or something like that." + }, + { + "start": 2344.0, + "text": "But the example\nis putting colors" + }, + { + "start": 2346.06, + "text": "on the states in\nthe United States" + }, + { + "start": 2348.76, + "text": "without any bordering states\nhaving the same color." + }, + { + "start": 2351.38, + "text": "So here it goes." + }, + { + "start": 2355.39, + "text": "This is what I show at the\nbeginning of the class." + }, + { + "start": 2358.6, + "text": "This is a way of\ndoing that coloring." + }, + { + "start": 2361.52, + "text": "And you might say, well, why\ndon't we wait till it finishes?" + }, + { + "start": 2365.44, + "text": "Would you like to do that?" + }, + { + "start": 2367.19, + "text": "No?" + }, + { + "start": 2369.283, + "text": "Well, we're not going\nto wait till it finishes" + }, + { + "start": 2371.2, + "text": "because the sun will have\nexploded and consumed the earth" + }, + { + "start": 2373.99, + "text": "before this program finishes." + }, + { + "start": 2375.43, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 2376.96, + "text": "But with a slight adjustment\nto how the program works, which" + }, + { + "start": 2381.52, + "text": "I tell my students you will\nunderstand in the next 50" + }, + { + "start": 2384.07, + "text": "minutes, this is what you get." + }, + { + "start": 2389.85, + "text": "Isn't that cool?" + }, + { + "start": 2393.41, + "text": "You got to be\namazed by stuff that" + }, + { + "start": 2395.16, + "text": "takes a computation from\nlonger than the lifetime" + }, + { + "start": 2397.83, + "text": "of the solar system\ninto a few seconds." + }, + { + "start": 2400.92, + "text": "So that's what I mean by\nproviding a promise upfront" + }, + { + "start": 2405.757, + "text": "and expressing some\npassion about what" + }, + { + "start": 2407.34, + "text": "you're talking about." + }, + { + "start": 2410.4, + "text": "Well, the last item\nin this little block" + }, + { + "start": 2412.08, + "text": "here is it has to\ndo with what people" + }, + { + "start": 2415.11, + "text": "think that they do it at MIT." + }, + { + "start": 2416.64, + "text": "You ask faculty what the\nmost important purpose is," + }, + { + "start": 2419.88, + "text": "and they'll say, well, the\nmost important thing I do" + }, + { + "start": 2423.48, + "text": "is teach people how to think." + }, + { + "start": 2426.06, + "text": "And then you say\noh, that's great." + }, + { + "start": 2429.09, + "text": "How do you teach\npeople how to think?" + }, + { + "start": 2432.03, + "text": "Blank stare." + }, + { + "start": 2435.25, + "text": "No one can quite\nrespond to that part," + }, + { + "start": 2438.04, + "text": "that natural next question." + }, + { + "start": 2440.693, + "text": "So how do you teach\npeople how to think?" + }, + { + "start": 2442.36, + "text": "Well, I believe that we\nare storytelling animals." + }, + { + "start": 2448.84, + "text": "And that we start\ndeveloping our story," + }, + { + "start": 2452.518, + "text": "understanding and\nmanipulating skills" + }, + { + "start": 2454.06, + "text": "with fairy tales in\nchildhood and continue on" + }, + { + "start": 2457.81, + "text": "through professional schools\nlike law, business, medicine," + }, + { + "start": 2462.49, + "text": "everything." + }, + { + "start": 2463.87, + "text": "And we continue doing\nthat throughout life." + }, + { + "start": 2466.69, + "text": "So if that is what\nthinking is all about." + }, + { + "start": 2469.87, + "text": "And we want to teach\npeople how to think," + }, + { + "start": 2471.73, + "text": "you provide them with the\nstories they need to know," + }, + { + "start": 2474.49, + "text": "the questions they need to\nask about those stories," + }, + { + "start": 2477.07, + "text": "mechanisms for\nanalyzing those stories," + }, + { + "start": 2479.35, + "text": "ways of putting\nstories together," + }, + { + "start": 2480.89, + "text": "ways of evaluating how\nreliable a story is." + }, + { + "start": 2484.76, + "text": "And that's what I think you\nneed to do when you teach people" + }, + { + "start": 2488.08, + "text": "how to think." + }, + { + "start": 2489.77, + "text": "But that's all about education." + }, + { + "start": 2491.92, + "text": "And many of you here\nare not necessarily" + }, + { + "start": 2495.79, + "text": "for that, but rather\nfor this part," + }, + { + "start": 2499.87, + "text": "for persuading, which breaks\ndown into several categories," + }, + { + "start": 2503.41, + "text": "oral exams, not shown,\nshop talks, getting famous." + }, + { + "start": 2508.21, + "text": "I won't say much about oral\nexams other than the fact" + }, + { + "start": 2511.72, + "text": "that they used to be a lot\nscarier than they are today." + }, + { + "start": 2514.93, + "text": "In the old days,\nreading the literature" + }, + { + "start": 2519.28, + "text": "in a foreign language\nwas a part of that." + }, + { + "start": 2521.41, + "text": "And there was a\nhigh failure rate." + }, + { + "start": 2524.35, + "text": "And when you look back\non those failures," + }, + { + "start": 2528.79, + "text": "the most usual reason for\npeople failing an oral exam" + }, + { + "start": 2532.54, + "text": "is failure to situate and\na failure to practice." + }, + { + "start": 2537.46, + "text": "By situate, I mean,\nit's important to talk" + }, + { + "start": 2540.43, + "text": "about your research in context." + }, + { + "start": 2542.68, + "text": "This is a problem that's being\npursued all over the world." + }, + { + "start": 2545.53, + "text": "There hasn't been any progress\nbefore me in the past 30 years." + }, + { + "start": 2550.45, + "text": "Everyone is looking\nfor a solution" + }, + { + "start": 2552.16, + "text": "because it will\nhave impact on so" + }, + { + "start": 2553.84, + "text": "many other things, such\nsituating and time and place" + }, + { + "start": 2557.38, + "text": "and feel." + }, + { + "start": 2558.86, + "text": "And then as far as\npractice is concerned, yes," + }, + { + "start": 2561.97, + "text": "practice is important." + }, + { + "start": 2563.53, + "text": "But that doesn't mean showing\nyour slides to the people" + }, + { + "start": 2568.09, + "text": "you share an with." + }, + { + "start": 2570.37, + "text": "The problem with that is that if\npeople know what you're doing," + }, + { + "start": 2574.023, + "text": "they will hallucinate\nthat there's" + }, + { + "start": 2575.44, + "text": "material in your\npresentation that isn't there" + }, + { + "start": 2577.48, + "text": "if it isn't there." + }, + { + "start": 2579.748, + "text": "A variation on the\nscene, by the way," + }, + { + "start": 2581.29, + "text": "is your faculty supervisor\nis not a very good person" + }, + { + "start": 2586.33, + "text": "to help you debug a talk\nbecause they, in fact, know" + }, + { + "start": 2589.3, + "text": "what you're doing." + }, + { + "start": 2590.2, + "text": "And they will, in\nfact, hallucinate" + }, + { + "start": 2591.94, + "text": "there's material in your\npresentation that isn't there." + }, + { + "start": 2594.818, + "text": "So you need to get together\nwith some friends who" + }, + { + "start": 2596.86, + "text": "don't know what you're\ndoing and have them--" + }, + { + "start": 2600.18, + "text": "well, you start the\npractice session by saying," + }, + { + "start": 2603.76, + "text": "if you can't make me cry,\nI won't value as a friend" + }, + { + "start": 2607.33, + "text": "anymore." + }, + { + "start": 2607.84, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 2608.98, + "text": "And then when you get to\nthe faculty on a oral exam," + }, + { + "start": 2613.6, + "text": "it will be easy." + }, + { + "start": 2615.35, + "text": "You see, difficulty--\nthe amount of flak" + }, + { + "start": 2619.0, + "text": "you'll get from somebody\nis proportional to age." + }, + { + "start": 2621.99, + "text": "The older somebody\nis, the more they" + }, + { + "start": 2625.39, + "text": "understand where they\nare in the world." + }, + { + "start": 2627.16, + "text": "But the young people are\ntrying to show the old people" + }, + { + "start": 2629.47, + "text": "how smart they are, so\nit's subtly vicious." + }, + { + "start": 2632.122, + "text": "So whenever you\nhave an opportunity" + }, + { + "start": 2633.58, + "text": "to have an examining\ncommittee that's" + }, + { + "start": 2635.14, + "text": "full of people with gray\nhair, that's what you want." + }, + { + "start": 2639.49, + "text": "Well, that's just a word\nor two about something" + }, + { + "start": 2641.5, + "text": "I haven't listed here." + }, + { + "start": 2642.46, + "text": "Let's get into the\nsubject of job talks." + }, + { + "start": 2645.61, + "text": "So I was sitting in a bar\nmany years ago in San Diego." + }, + { + "start": 2654.23, + "text": "I was a member of the\nNavy Science Board," + }, + { + "start": 2656.68, + "text": "and I was sitting with a couple\nof my colleagues on the board" + }, + { + "start": 2661.42, + "text": "Delores Etter from the\nUniversity of Colorado." + }, + { + "start": 2664.91, + "text": "She made me so jealous I could\nspit because she'd written 21" + }, + { + "start": 2667.96, + "text": "books, and I'd only written 17." + }, + { + "start": 2670.66, + "text": "And then the other\none was Bill Weldon" + }, + { + "start": 2675.13, + "text": "from the University of Texas." + }, + { + "start": 2678.23, + "text": "He was an electromagnetism\nguy, and he" + }, + { + "start": 2681.28, + "text": "knew how to use rail guns to\ndrive steel rods through tank" + }, + { + "start": 2685.03, + "text": "armor." + }, + { + "start": 2685.66, + "text": "These were interesting people." + }, + { + "start": 2687.59, + "text": "So I said, what do you look\nfor in a faculty candidate?" + }, + { + "start": 2693.88, + "text": "And within one\nmicrosecond, Delores" + }, + { + "start": 2698.0, + "text": "said, they have\nto show us they've" + }, + { + "start": 2700.27, + "text": "got some kind of vision, quickly\nfollowed by Bill who said," + }, + { + "start": 2705.94, + "text": "they have to show us that\nthey've done something." + }, + { + "start": 2715.16, + "text": "Oh, that sounds good, I said." + }, + { + "start": 2718.55, + "text": "And then I said\nto them, how long" + }, + { + "start": 2720.56, + "text": "does a candidate have to\nestablish these two things?" + }, + { + "start": 2724.64, + "text": "What do you think?" + }, + { + "start": 2726.85, + "text": "Well, compare your\nanswer to theirs." + }, + { + "start": 2733.97, + "text": "Five minutes." + }, + { + "start": 2736.803, + "text": "So if you haven't\nexpressed your vision," + }, + { + "start": 2738.47, + "text": "if you haven't told people that\nyou've done something in five" + }, + { + "start": 2742.85, + "text": "minutes, you've already lost." + }, + { + "start": 2745.88, + "text": "So you have to be\nable to do that." + }, + { + "start": 2747.63, + "text": "And let me just mention a couple\nof things in that connection." + }, + { + "start": 2751.25, + "text": "Here, the vision is\nin part, a problem" + }, + { + "start": 2754.19, + "text": "that somebody cares about and\nsomething new in your approach." + }, + { + "start": 2766.35, + "text": "So the problem is\nunderstanding the nature" + }, + { + "start": 2768.56, + "text": "of human intelligence." + }, + { + "start": 2770.48, + "text": "And the approach\nis asking questions" + }, + { + "start": 2772.64, + "text": "about what makes us\ndifferent from chimpanzees" + }, + { + "start": 2776.51, + "text": "and Neanderthals." + }, + { + "start": 2778.13, + "text": "Is it merely a\nmatter of quantity," + }, + { + "start": 2779.72, + "text": "or we're just a little bit\nsmarter in some continuous way?" + }, + { + "start": 2783.32, + "text": "Or do we have something\nthat's fundamentally different" + }, + { + "start": 2786.49, + "text": "that chimpanzees don't have\nand Neanderthals either?" + }, + { + "start": 2790.55, + "text": "And the answer is yes, we\ndo have something different." + }, + { + "start": 2794.63, + "text": "We are symbolic creatures." + }, + { + "start": 2796.9, + "text": "And because we're\nsymbolic creatures," + }, + { + "start": 2799.55, + "text": "we can build\nsymbolic descriptions" + }, + { + "start": 2804.56, + "text": "of relations and events." + }, + { + "start": 2806.33, + "text": "We can string them\ntogether and make stories." + }, + { + "start": 2808.835, + "text": "And because we can make stories,\nthat's what makes us different." + }, + { + "start": 2811.76, + "text": "So that's my stump speech." + }, + { + "start": 2814.19, + "text": "That's how I start\nmost of my talks" + }, + { + "start": 2816.56, + "text": "on my own personal research." + }, + { + "start": 2819.26, + "text": "How do you express the notion\nthat you've done something?" + }, + { + "start": 2824.99, + "text": "By listing the steps that need\nto be taken in order to achieve" + }, + { + "start": 2830.24, + "text": "the solution to that problem." + }, + { + "start": 2832.602, + "text": "You don't have to have\ndone all of those steps." + }, + { + "start": 2834.56, + "text": "But you can say here's\nwhat needs to be done." + }, + { + "start": 2838.37, + "text": "An example, here's\nwhat needs to be done." + }, + { + "start": 2840.66, + "text": "We need to specify\nsome behavior." + }, + { + "start": 2843.26, + "text": "We need to enumerate\nthe constraints that" + }, + { + "start": 2845.84, + "text": "make it possible to\ndeal with that behavior." + }, + { + "start": 2848.69, + "text": "We have to implement a system\nbecause we're engineers," + }, + { + "start": 2851.03, + "text": "and we don't think that\nwe've understood something" + }, + { + "start": 2853.19, + "text": "unless we can build it." + }, + { + "start": 2855.333, + "text": "And we've built such\na system, and we're" + }, + { + "start": 2857.0, + "text": "about to demonstrate\nit to you today." + }, + { + "start": 2858.542, + "text": "That would be an example of\nenumerating a series of steps" + }, + { + "start": 2862.04, + "text": "needed to realize the vision." + }, + { + "start": 2865.29, + "text": "So then blah, blah, blah,\nblah, blah, blah, blah, blah." + }, + { + "start": 2869.28, + "text": "And then you conclude by--" + }, + { + "start": 2871.25, + "text": "you conclude by enumerating\nyour contributions." + }, + { + "start": 2881.11, + "text": "It's kind of mirror\nof these steps." + }, + { + "start": 2883.93, + "text": "And it helps to establish\nthat you've done something." + }, + { + "start": 2886.61, + "text": "So that's a kind of\ngeneral purpose framework" + }, + { + "start": 2888.73, + "text": "for doing a technical talk." + }, + { + "start": 2892.18, + "text": "Now, only a few more\nthings left to do today." + }, + { + "start": 2896.93, + "text": "Getting famous is the\nnext item on our agenda" + }, + { + "start": 2899.36, + "text": "because once you've\ngot the job, you" + }, + { + "start": 2900.92, + "text": "need to think a\nlittle bit about how" + }, + { + "start": 2902.42, + "text": "you're going to be\nrecognized for what you do." + }, + { + "start": 2905.79, + "text": "So oh, first of all, why should\nyou care about getting famous?" + }, + { + "start": 2918.14, + "text": "I thought about\nthis in connection" + }, + { + "start": 2920.36, + "text": "with a fundraising\nevent I attended" + }, + { + "start": 2924.92, + "text": "once, a fundraising\nevent for raising money" + }, + { + "start": 2929.92, + "text": "to save Venice from going under\nwater and having all of its art" + }, + { + "start": 2932.68, + "text": "destroyed." + }, + { + "start": 2933.82, + "text": "Anyway, I was sitting here,\nand JC was sitting here." + }, + { + "start": 2940.21, + "text": "That was Julia, the\nlate Julia Child." + }, + { + "start": 2948.19, + "text": "And as the evening wore\non, more and more people" + }, + { + "start": 2950.95, + "text": "would come up and ask Julia\nto autograph something" + }, + { + "start": 2954.76, + "text": "or express a feeling that\nshe had changed their life." + }, + { + "start": 2959.59, + "text": "And it just happened\nover and over again." + }, + { + "start": 2963.38, + "text": "So eventually, I turned to\nJulia, and I said, Ms. Child," + }, + { + "start": 2967.81, + "text": "is it fun to be famous?" + }, + { + "start": 2970.157, + "text": "And she thought about\nit for a second." + }, + { + "start": 2971.74, + "text": "And she said, you\nget used to it." + }, + { + "start": 2974.752, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 2975.9, + "text": "But you know what occured to me?" + }, + { + "start": 2978.07, + "text": "You never get used\nto being ignored." + }, + { + "start": 2981.59, + "text": "So it's-- here's a\nway to think about it." + }, + { + "start": 2985.24, + "text": "Your ideas are\nlike your children." + }, + { + "start": 2987.1, + "text": "And you don't want them to\ngo into the world in rags." + }, + { + "start": 2990.37, + "text": "So what you want\nto do is to be sure" + }, + { + "start": 2991.87, + "text": "that you have these\ntechniques, these mechanisms," + }, + { + "start": 2995.39, + "text": "these thoughts about how to\npresent ideas that you have so" + }, + { + "start": 2998.47, + "text": "that they're recognized for\nthe value that is in them." + }, + { + "start": 3002.28, + "text": "So that's why it's a legitimate\nthing to concern yourself" + }, + { + "start": 3005.37, + "text": "with packaging." + }, + { + "start": 3008.01, + "text": "Now, how do you get remembered?" + }, + { + "start": 3011.07, + "text": "Well, there's something I\nlike to call Winston's star." + }, + { + "start": 3014.72, + "text": "And every one of the items\nI'm about to articulate starts" + }, + { + "start": 3020.13, + "text": "with an S. So if you want\nyour presentation ideas" + }, + { + "start": 3024.51, + "text": "to be remembered, one of\nthe things you need to do" + }, + { + "start": 3027.24, + "text": "is to make sure that you have\nsome kind of symbol associated" + }, + { + "start": 3032.82, + "text": "with your work." + }, + { + "start": 3034.59, + "text": "So this arch example is\nactually from my PhD thesis" + }, + { + "start": 3037.98, + "text": "many, many years ago." + }, + { + "start": 3039.78, + "text": "And in the course of\nmy work at that time," + }, + { + "start": 3045.0, + "text": "this work on arch learning\nbecame mildly famous," + }, + { + "start": 3047.82, + "text": "and I didn't know why." + }, + { + "start": 3049.77, + "text": "It was only many years\nlater that I realized" + }, + { + "start": 3051.63, + "text": "that that work accidentally\nhad all of the elements" + }, + { + "start": 3054.66, + "text": "on this star." + }, + { + "start": 3056.22, + "text": "So the first element is that\nthere was a kind of symbol." + }, + { + "start": 3059.91, + "text": "It's the arch itself." + }, + { + "start": 3065.51, + "text": "Next thing you need is\nsome kind of slogan," + }, + { + "start": 3070.48, + "text": "a kind of phrase that\nprovides a handle on the work." + }, + { + "start": 3073.74, + "text": "And in this case, the phrase\nwas one shot learning." + }, + { + "start": 3080.12, + "text": "And it was one shot\nbecause the program I wrote" + }, + { + "start": 3083.34, + "text": "learned something definite\nfrom every example that" + }, + { + "start": 3087.03, + "text": "was presented to us." + }, + { + "start": 3088.86, + "text": "So in going from a model\nbased on this configuration" + }, + { + "start": 3092.97, + "text": "to something that isn't an arch\nbase on that configuration," + }, + { + "start": 3095.94, + "text": "the program learned that\nit has to be on top," + }, + { + "start": 3098.64, + "text": "one shot learning." + }, + { + "start": 3101.49, + "text": "So that's a symbol, slogan." + }, + { + "start": 3105.21, + "text": "And now we need a surprise." + }, + { + "start": 3111.33, + "text": "Yeah, the surprise is you\ndon't need a million examples" + }, + { + "start": 3114.29, + "text": "of something to learn." + }, + { + "start": 3115.91, + "text": "You can do it with\none example if you're" + }, + { + "start": 3118.01, + "text": "smart enough to make use of\nthat example appropriately." + }, + { + "start": 3122.18, + "text": "So that was the surprise." + }, + { + "start": 3123.23, + "text": "You can learn something\ndefinite from each example." + }, + { + "start": 3127.16, + "text": "Next item was a salient idea." + }, + { + "start": 3133.28, + "text": "Now, when I say salient\nidea, I don't mean important." + }, + { + "start": 3136.785, + "text": "What I mean is an\nidea that sticks out." + }, + { + "start": 3141.26, + "text": "Some theses, funnily enough,\nhave too many good ideas," + }, + { + "start": 3144.08, + "text": "and you don't know what it's all\nabout because which one is it?" + }, + { + "start": 3147.11, + "text": "So you need an idea\nthat sticks out." + }, + { + "start": 3149.29, + "text": "And the idea that stuck out here\nwas the notion of a near miss." + }, + { + "start": 3159.28, + "text": "You see, this is not an arch,\nbut it doesn't miss by much." + }, + { + "start": 3163.65, + "text": "So it's a near miss." + }, + { + "start": 3165.49, + "text": "And finally, you need\nto tell the story" + }, + { + "start": 3170.92, + "text": "of how you did it, how it\nworks, why it's important." + }, + { + "start": 3176.16, + "text": "So that's a bit on how to\nnot so much get famous," + }, + { + "start": 3181.72, + "text": "but how to ensure that\nyour work is recognized." + }, + { + "start": 3186.24, + "text": "Well, we're almost\nfinished because now we're" + }, + { + "start": 3188.89, + "text": "down to this last item,\nwhich is how to stop." + }, + { + "start": 3193.47, + "text": "And when we come\nto that, there's" + }, + { + "start": 3194.998, + "text": "a question of all right,\nwell, what is the final slide?" + }, + { + "start": 3202.412, + "text": "And what are the final words?" + }, + { + "start": 3210.61, + "text": "So for the final\nslide, let me give you" + }, + { + "start": 3212.83, + "text": "some examples of possibilities." + }, + { + "start": 3217.588, + "text": "How about this one?" + }, + { + "start": 3222.15, + "text": "Well, you might see that\nslide and think to yourself," + }, + { + "start": 3230.61, + "text": "there are 1,000 faculty at MIT." + }, + { + "start": 3233.73, + "text": "Nice piece of work,\nbut not so much," + }, + { + "start": 3235.77, + "text": "but it's only a tiny piece of\nwork if you divide by 1,000." + }, + { + "start": 3241.05, + "text": "So when you show a whole\ngigantic list of collaborators" + }, + { + "start": 3243.81, + "text": "at the end of a talk,\nit's a kind of let down" + }, + { + "start": 3247.38, + "text": "because it suggests\nthat nobody knows." + }, + { + "start": 3249.15, + "text": "Well, did you do\nanything significant?" + }, + { + "start": 3252.65, + "text": "Now, you've got to recognize\nyour collaborators, right?" + }, + { + "start": 3255.18, + "text": "So where do you do that?" + }, + { + "start": 3256.97, + "text": "Not on the last slide,\non the first slide." + }, + { + "start": 3259.877, + "text": "All this was on the first slide." + }, + { + "start": 3261.21, + "text": "These are the\ncollaborators, so you don't" + }, + { + "start": 3263.263, + "text": "want to put them at the end." + }, + { + "start": 3264.43, + "text": "You don't want a\nslide like this." + }, + { + "start": 3268.29, + "text": "How about this one?" + }, + { + "start": 3271.06, + "text": "This is the worst possible\nway to end a talk." + }, + { + "start": 3273.05, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 3274.7, + "text": "Because this slide can be\nup there for 20 minutes." + }, + { + "start": 3279.41, + "text": "I've seen it happen." + }, + { + "start": 3280.66, + "text": "It squanders real estate." + }, + { + "start": 3283.82, + "text": "It squanders an opportunity\nto tell people who you are." + }, + { + "start": 3287.42, + "text": "It's just--" + }, + { + "start": 3291.777, + "text": "What about this one?" + }, + { + "start": 3296.78, + "text": "I often see it." + }, + { + "start": 3297.8, + "text": "I never see anybody\nwrite it down." + }, + { + "start": 3301.3, + "text": "Also, it wastes opportunity." + }, + { + "start": 3306.58, + "text": "Oh my God, even worse." + }, + { + "start": 3314.97, + "text": "All of these lines\ndo nothing for you." + }, + { + "start": 3318.18, + "text": "They waste an opportunity\nfor you to tell people--" + }, + { + "start": 3321.84, + "text": "to leave people with what you--" + }, + { + "start": 3323.73, + "text": "with who you are." + }, + { + "start": 3326.36, + "text": "Well, what about this?" + }, + { + "start": 3329.0, + "text": "Is this a good one?" + }, + { + "start": 3331.45, + "text": "It might seem so at first,\nbut here's the problem." + }, + { + "start": 3338.34, + "text": "If you say these\nare my conclusions," + }, + { + "start": 3341.04, + "text": "these are perfectly\nlegitimate conclusions" + }, + { + "start": 3342.96, + "text": "that nobody cares about." + }, + { + "start": 3344.91, + "text": "What they care about\nis what you have done." + }, + { + "start": 3347.557, + "text": "And that's why your\nfinal slide should" + }, + { + "start": 3349.14, + "text": "have this label, contributions." + }, + { + "start": 3353.46, + "text": "It's a mirror of what I said\nover there about how job talks" + }, + { + "start": 3356.51, + "text": "ought to be like a sandwich." + }, + { + "start": 3357.83, + "text": "And the final slide,\nthe one that's" + }, + { + "start": 3359.46, + "text": "up there while people are\nasking questions and filing out," + }, + { + "start": 3362.24, + "text": "it ought to be the one that\nhas your contributions on it." + }, + { + "start": 3365.47, + "text": "Here's an example from\nmy own stump speech." + }, + { + "start": 3369.14, + "text": "Yeah, this is what\nI talk about a lot." + }, + { + "start": 3373.02, + "text": "Yes, here are the things\nthat I typically demonstrate." + }, + { + "start": 3381.16, + "text": "And I wait for\npeople to read it." + }, + { + "start": 3383.146, + "text": "And the final element there is\nthis is what we get out of it," + }, + { + "start": 3387.616, + "text": "so that's an example of\na contribution slide." + }, + { + "start": 3392.78, + "text": "All right, now, what\nabout the other part?" + }, + { + "start": 3397.67, + "text": "You got your final\nslide up there." + }, + { + "start": 3399.74, + "text": "It's a contribution slide." + }, + { + "start": 3401.15, + "text": "Somehow you have to tell\npeople you're finished." + }, + { + "start": 3404.43, + "text": "So let's see it, check\nout a few possibilities." + }, + { + "start": 3410.14, + "text": "One thing you could\ndo in the final words" + }, + { + "start": 3414.7, + "text": "is you could tell a joke." + }, + { + "start": 3419.84, + "text": "It's OK." + }, + { + "start": 3422.232, + "text": "By the time you're done,\npeople have adjusted themselves" + }, + { + "start": 3424.565, + "text": "to your voice parameters." + }, + { + "start": 3425.728, + "text": "They're ready for a joke." + }, + { + "start": 3430.04, + "text": "I was sitting in another bar,\nthis time in Austin, Texas" + }, + { + "start": 3433.01, + "text": "with a colleague of\nmine named Doug Lenat." + }, + { + "start": 3436.31, + "text": "And Doug's a fantastic speaker." + }, + { + "start": 3438.88, + "text": "And so I said to\nDoug, Doug, you're" + }, + { + "start": 3441.92, + "text": "a fantastic speaker,\nwhat's your secret?" + }, + { + "start": 3444.86, + "text": "And he said, oh, I always\nfinish with a joke," + }, + { + "start": 3449.44, + "text": "and that way, people think\nthey've had fun the whole time." + }, + { + "start": 3452.12, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 3455.48, + "text": "So yeah, a joke will\nwork down there." + }, + { + "start": 3459.54, + "text": "How about this one?" + }, + { + "start": 3470.77, + "text": "Thank you." + }, + { + "start": 3474.03, + "text": "I don't recommend it." + }, + { + "start": 3475.65, + "text": "It's a weak move." + }, + { + "start": 3478.41, + "text": "You will not go to\nhell if you conclude" + }, + { + "start": 3480.33, + "text": "your talk by saying thank\nyou, but it's a weak move," + }, + { + "start": 3482.73, + "text": "and here's why." + }, + { + "start": 3484.88, + "text": "When you say thank you, even\nworse, thank you for listening," + }, + { + "start": 3488.46, + "text": "it suggests that\neverybody has stayed" + }, + { + "start": 3490.35, + "text": "that long out of politeness and\nthat they had a profound desire" + }, + { + "start": 3494.31, + "text": "to be somewhere else." + }, + { + "start": 3495.632, + "text": "But they're so polite,\nthey stuck it out." + }, + { + "start": 3497.34, + "text": "And that's what you're\nthanking them for." + }, + { + "start": 3500.43, + "text": "So once wild\napplause has started," + }, + { + "start": 3501.99, + "text": "you can mouth a thank\nyou, and there's" + }, + { + "start": 3504.24, + "text": "nothing wrong with that." + }, + { + "start": 3505.38, + "text": "But the last thing you do\nshould not be saying thank you." + }, + { + "start": 3509.992, + "text": "Now, you say to me, well,\ndoesn't everybody say" + }, + { + "start": 3511.95, + "text": "thank you?" + }, + { + "start": 3513.57, + "text": "Well, what everybody does is\nnot necessarily the right thing." + }, + { + "start": 3517.8, + "text": "And I like to illustrate\nhow some talks can" + }, + { + "start": 3520.11, + "text": "end without saying thank you." + }, + { + "start": 3521.58, + "text": "I like to draw from\npolitical speeches," + }, + { + "start": 3525.21, + "text": "but the ones that I've heard\nrecently aren't so good, so--" + }, + { + "start": 3527.956, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 3530.24, + "text": "So I'm going to have to\ngo go back a little bit." + }, + { + "start": 3535.5, + "text": "So here is Governor Christie." + }, + { + "start": 3537.01, + "text": "He gave the Republican\nkeynote address one year." + }, + { + "start": 3543.68, + "text": "This is the end of his talk." + }, + { + "start": 3545.04, + "text": "Let's see what he does." + }, + { + "start": 3547.214, + "text": "[APPLAUSE]" + }, + { + "start": 3548.966, + "text": "CHRIS CHRISTIE: And together,\neverybody, together." + }, + { + "start": 3551.92, + "text": "We will stand up once again\nfor American greatness" + }, + { + "start": 3556.06, + "text": "for our children\nand grandchildren." + }, + { + "start": 3558.19, + "text": "God bless you, and\nGod bless America." + }, + { + "start": 3560.583, + "text": "[APPLAUSE]" + }, + { + "start": 3563.241, + "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: So that's a\nclassic benediction ending." + }, + { + "start": 3567.26, + "text": "God bless you,\nGod bless America." + }, + { + "start": 3570.62, + "text": "Now, I don't want to\nbe partisan about this." + }, + { + "start": 3572.61, + "text": "So I think I'd better switch\nto the keynote address" + }, + { + "start": 3575.57, + "text": "in the Democratic Convention." + }, + { + "start": 3578.84, + "text": "It was delivered that year\nby Bill Clinton, who knows" + }, + { + "start": 3582.05, + "text": "something about how to speak." + }, + { + "start": 3585.01, + "text": "[APPLAUSE]" + }, + { + "start": 3586.38, + "text": "BILL CLINTON: If that\nis what you want," + }, + { + "start": 3588.94, + "text": "if that is what you\nbelieve, you must vote," + }, + { + "start": 3592.3, + "text": "and you must re-elect\nPresident Barack Obama." + }, + { + "start": 3597.046, + "text": "God bless you, and\nGod bless America." + }, + { + "start": 3598.588, + "text": "[APPLAUSE]" + }, + { + "start": 3600.061, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 3609.39, + "text": "PATRICK WINSTON:\nNow, watch this." + }, + { + "start": 3611.41, + "text": "Let's go back a little\nbit and redo it." + }, + { + "start": 3613.297, + "text": "What I want you to see\nis that at one point," + }, + { + "start": 3615.13, + "text": "he seems to be almost pressing\nhis lips together, forcing" + }, + { + "start": 3618.43, + "text": "himself not to say thank you." + }, + { + "start": 3620.315, + "text": "Then there's another place\nwhere he does a little salute." + }, + { + "start": 3622.69, + "text": "So watch for those\nthis time around." + }, + { + "start": 3624.784, + "text": "[APPLAUSE]" + }, + { + "start": 3625.65, + "text": "BILL CLINTON: If that\nis what you want," + }, + { + "start": 3628.21, + "text": "if that is what you\nbelieve, you must vote," + }, + { + "start": 3631.47, + "text": "and you must re-elect\nPresident Barack Obama." + }, + { + "start": 3636.31, + "text": "God bless you., and\nGod bless America." + }, + { + "start": 3638.47, + "text": "[APPLAUSE]" + }, + { + "start": 3639.625, + "text": "PATRICK WINSTON: That's\nwhere he's pursing his lips." + }, + { + "start": 3642.208, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 3643.186, + "text": "There's the salute." + }, + { + "start": 3645.142, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 3649.455, + "text": "Yeah, I think\nthat's pretty good." + }, + { + "start": 3650.83, + "text": "Now, what are we gonna\ntake away from this?" + }, + { + "start": 3652.64, + "text": "Well, I suppose I could conclude\nthis talk by saying God bless" + }, + { + "start": 3657.91, + "text": "you, and God bless the\nMassachusetts Institute" + }, + { + "start": 3660.96, + "text": "of Technology, but it\nmight not work so well." + }, + { + "start": 3664.732, + "text": "But what you can\nget out of this is" + }, + { + "start": 3666.19, + "text": "you don't have to say thank you." + }, + { + "start": 3668.11, + "text": "There are other\nthings you can do." + }, + { + "start": 3669.85, + "text": "And it's interesting that over\ntime, people figure this out," + }, + { + "start": 3673.06, + "text": "and there's some stock\nways of ending things." + }, + { + "start": 3675.73, + "text": "So in the Catholic church,\nand the good old Latin mass," + }, + { + "start": 3681.18, + "text": "it ended with ite\nmissa est, which" + }, + { + "start": 3687.99, + "text": "translates approximately\nto OK, the mass is over," + }, + { + "start": 3691.38, + "text": "you can go home now." + }, + { + "start": 3692.718, + "text": "[LAUGHTER]" + }, + { + "start": 3694.47, + "text": "And of course, at\nmusical concerts," + }, + { + "start": 3697.44, + "text": "you know that it's time to clap\nnot at the end of the song," + }, + { + "start": 3702.23, + "text": "but rather when the conductor\ngoes over and shakes hands" + }, + { + "start": 3705.81, + "text": "with the concert master." + }, + { + "start": 3707.28, + "text": "Those are conventions that tell\nyou that the event is over." + }, + { + "start": 3713.47, + "text": "So those are all\npossibilities for here." + }, + { + "start": 3718.5, + "text": "But one more\npossibility, and that" + }, + { + "start": 3720.18, + "text": "is that you can\nsalute the audience." + }, + { + "start": 3727.32, + "text": "And by that, I mean,\nyou can say something" + }, + { + "start": 3729.07, + "text": "about how much you value\nyour time at a place." + }, + { + "start": 3733.06, + "text": "So I could say, well, it's\nbeen great fun being here." + }, + { + "start": 3740.0, + "text": "It's been fascinating to see\nwhat you folks are doing here" + }, + { + "start": 3742.78, + "text": "at MIT." + }, + { + "start": 3744.19, + "text": "I've been much\nstimulated and provoked" + }, + { + "start": 3747.535, + "text": "by the kinds of questions\nyou've been asking," + }, + { + "start": 3749.41, + "text": "it's been really great." + }, + { + "start": 3750.8, + "text": "And I look forward\nto coming back" + }, + { + "start": 3753.38, + "text": "on many occasions in the future." + }, + { + "start": 3755.21, + "text": "So that salutes the audience." + }, + { + "start": 3756.693, + "text": "You can do that." + }, + { + "start": 3760.67, + "text": "Well, there it is." + }, + { + "start": 3762.52, + "text": "You know what?" + }, + { + "start": 3765.26, + "text": "I'm glad you're here." + }, + { + "start": 3766.94, + "text": "And the reason is\nby being here, I" + }, + { + "start": 3768.83, + "text": "think you have demonstrated\nan understanding" + }, + { + "start": 3771.59, + "text": "that how you present and how\nyou package your ideas is" + }, + { + "start": 3774.77, + "text": "an important thing." + }, + { + "start": 3776.51, + "text": "And I salute you for that." + }, + { + "start": 3778.013, + "text": "[LAUGHTER] And I suggest that\nyou come back again and bring" + }, + { + "start": 3783.5, + "text": "your friends." + }, + { + "start": 3785.99, + "text": "[APPLAUSE]" + } +] \ No newline at end of file