Duplicate from rohan13/coursera-qa-bot

.gitattributes

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+*.7z filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.arrow filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.bin filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.bz2 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.ckpt filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.ftz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.gz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.h5 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.joblib filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.lfs.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.mlmodel filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.model filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.msgpack filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.npy filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.npz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.onnx filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.ot filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.parquet filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.pb filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.pickle filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.pkl filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.pt filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.pth filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.rar filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.safetensors filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.tar.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.tflite filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.tgz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.wasm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.xz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
+*.index filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text

.gitignore

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+# Byte-compiled / optimized / DLL files
+__pycache__/
+*.py[cod]
+*$py.class
+
+# C extensions
+*.so
+
+# Distribution / packaging
+.Python
+build/
+develop-eggs/
+dist/
+downloads/
+eggs/
+.eggs/
+lib/
+lib64/
+parts/
+sdist/
+var/
+wheels/
+pip-wheel-metadata/
+share/python-wheels/
+*.egg-info/
+.installed.cfg
+*.egg
+MANIFEST
+
+# PyInstaller
+#  Usually these files are written by a python script from a template
+#  before PyInstaller builds the exe, so as to inject date/other infos into it.
+*.manifest
+*.spec
+
+# Installer logs
+pip-log.txt
+pip-delete-this-directory.txt
+
+# Unit test / coverage reports
+htmlcov/
+.tox/
+.nox/
+.coverage
+.coverage.*
+.cache
+nosetests.xml
+coverage.xml
+*.cover
+*.py,cover
+.hypothesis/
+.pytest_cache/
+
+# Translations
+*.mo
+*.pot
+
+# Django stuff:
+*.log
+local_settings.py
+db.sqlite3
+db.sqlite3-journal
+
+# Flask stuff:
+instance/
+.webassets-cache
+
+# Scrapy stuff:
+.scrapy
+
+# Sphinx documentation
+docs/_build/
+
+# PyBuilder
+target/
+
+# Jupyter Notebook
+.ipynb_checkpoints
+
+# IPython
+profile_default/
+ipython_config.py
+
+# pyenv
+.python-version
+
+# pipenv
+#   According to pypa/pipenv#598, it is recommended to include Pipfile.lock in version control.
+#   However, in case of collaboration, if having platform-specific dependencies or dependencies
+#   having no cross-platform support, pipenv may install dependencies that don't work, or not
+#   install all needed dependencies.
+#Pipfile.lock
+
+# PEP 582; used by e.g. github.com/David-OConnor/pyflow
+__pypackages__/
+
+# Celery stuff
+celerybeat-schedule
+celerybeat.pid
+
+# SageMath parsed files
+*.sage.py
+
+# Environments
+.env
+.venv
+env/
+venv/
+ENV/
+env.bak/
+venv.bak/
+
+# Spyder project settings
+.spyderproject
+.spyproject
+
+# Rope project settings
+.ropeproject
+
+# mkdocs documentation
+/site
+
+# mypy
+.mypy_cache/
+.dmypy.json
+dmypy.json
+
+# Pyre type checker
+.pyre/

README.md

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+---
+title: Coursera Qa Bot
+emoji: 👁
+colorFrom: blue
+colorTo: red
+sdk: gradio
+sdk_version: 3.28.3
+app_file: app.py
+pinned: false
+duplicated_from: rohan13/coursera-qa-bot
+---
+
+To reuse this bot for various data stores, just replace the files in the **docs** folder to the custom datasource containing txt/html files and start the app.
+Voila! You have your conversational + QA bot generating answering based on new vectorstore with memory!

app.py

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+import gradio as gr
+from main import index, run
+from gtts import gTTS
+import os, time
+
+from transformers import pipeline
+
+p = pipeline("automatic-speech-recognition")
+
+"""Use text to call chat method from main.py"""
+
+models = ["GPT-3.5", "Flan UL2", "Flan T5"]
+
+def add_text(history, text, model):
+    print("Question asked: " + text)
+    response = run_model(text, model)
+    history = history + [(text, response)]
+    print(history)
+    return history, ""
+
+
+def run_model(text, model):
+    start_time = time.time()
+    print("start time:" + str(start_time))
+    response = run(text, model)
+    end_time = time.time()
+    # If response contains string `SOURCES:`, then add a \n before `SOURCES`
+    if "SOURCES:" in response:
+        response = response.replace("SOURCES:", "\nSOURCES:")
+        # response = response + "\n\n" + "Time taken: " + str(end_time - start_time)
+    print(response)
+    print("Time taken: " + str(end_time - start_time))
+    return response
+
+
+
+def get_output(history, audio, model):
+
+    txt = p(audio)["text"]
+    # history.append(( (audio, ) , txt))
+    audio_path = 'response.wav'
+    response = run_model(txt, model)
+    # Remove all text from SOURCES: to the end of the string
+    trimmed_response = response.split("SOURCES:")[0]
+    myobj = gTTS(text=trimmed_response, lang='en', slow=False)
+    myobj.save(audio_path)
+    # split audio by / and keep the last element
+    # audio = audio.split("/")[-1]
+    # audio = audio + ".wav"
+    history.append(( (audio, ) , (audio_path, )))
+    print(history)
+    return history
+
+def set_model(history, model):
+    print("Model selected: " + model)
+    history = get_first_message(history)
+    index(model)
+    return history
+
+
+def get_first_message(history):
+    history = [(None,
+                'Learn about <a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/3d-printing-revolution/home">3D printing Revolution</a> course with referred sources. Try out the new voice to voice Q&A on the course! ')]
+    return history
+
+
+def bot(history):
+    return history
+
+with gr.Blocks() as demo:
+
+    chatbot = gr.Chatbot(get_first_message([]), elem_id="chatbot").style(height=600)
+
+    with gr.Row():
+        # Create radio button to select model
+        radio = gr.Radio(models, label="Choose a model", value="GPT-3.5", type="value")
+    with gr.Row():
+        with gr.Column(scale=0.75):
+            txt = gr.Textbox(
+                label="Coursera Voice Q&A Bot",
+                placeholder="Enter text and press enter, or upload an image", lines=1
+            ).style(container=False)
+
+        with gr.Column(scale=0.25):
+            audio = gr.Audio(source="microphone", type="filepath").style(container=False)
+
+    txt.submit(add_text, [chatbot, txt, radio], [chatbot, txt], postprocess=False).then(
+        bot, chatbot, chatbot
+    )
+
+    audio.change(fn=get_output, inputs=[chatbot, audio, radio], outputs=[chatbot]).then(
+        bot, chatbot, chatbot
+    )
+
+    radio.change(fn=set_model, inputs=[chatbot, radio], outputs=[chatbot]).then(bot, chatbot, chatbot)
+
+    audio.change(lambda:None, None, audio)
+
+    set_model(chatbot, radio.value)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    demo.queue()
+    demo.queue(concurrency_count=5)
+    demo.launch(debug=True)

docs/01_course-orientation/01_about-the-course/01_introduction-to-the-3d-printing-specialization.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] Hi, I'm Aric Rindfleisch, the John N Jones professor of marketing
+at the University of Illinois. I'm also the executive director
+of the Illinois MakerLab, the world's first and only 3D
+printing lab in the business world. Like most people, you've probably
+heard about 3D printing and its potential revolutionary impact. However, you probably
+don't own a 3D printer and you've never seen an object
+actually 3D printed. Thus for you and for most people, 3D printing remains
+more of a concept then a reality. This specialization is designed
+to make 3D printing a reality. By giving you the knowledge,
+skills, and tools to use this revolutionary new technology
+to turn your ideas into objects. Our team combines both academic and
+industry experts, who will teach you what 3D printing is,
+how 3D printers work and how to design your own
+3D printable objects. In addition, learners who sign up for
+our core certificates found access to discounts on 3D software,
+hardware, and printing services. Our specialization will begin with a
+course called the 3D printing revolution. In this brief course, I'll provide an
+overview of the 3D printing ecosystem and take a look at its
+revolutionary potential. This course will also provide snapshots
+into what you will learn in the other courses in our specialization. >> Thank you Aric. Hi, I'm Vishal Sachdev. I'm a faculty member at
+the University of Illinois. I'm also director of
+the Illinois MakerLab. And I will be teaching the second
+course in the specialization 3D printing applications. So in this course we will examine how
+3D printing technology is being used across a variety of industry applications
+including aerospace, manufacturing, and even medicine. In addition, we will also discuss
+how 3D printing is enabling a growing number of people like you,
+to become entrepreneurs or simply make objects that you
+wouldn't be able to buy in a store. This course will give you an idea
+of how to use this technology to enhance your own life and
+meet your career goals. >> Thanks Vishal. Hi, my name's Jeff Smith. I'm an education program manager for Autodesk, which is one of the world's
+leading suppliers of 3D design software. I will be teaching the third course in
+this specialization, 3D printing software. In this course we will examine
+the capabilities of 3D design programs and teach you how to use both basic and
+advanced 3D software. The idea here is to create
+designs that you can print. In addition, we will explore how you can
+create objects using low cost 3D scanners. Some of which are free and
+installed directly on your smartphone. Thus, this course will
+provide you the skills that you need to turn your
+ideas into real objects. >> Hi, I'm Matt Griffin. I'm the Director of Community for Ultimaker, one of the world's leading
+manufacturers of desktop 3D printers. I'll be teaching the fourth course in this
+specialization, 3D printing hardware. In this course, we will take a in depth
+look at how desktop 3D printers work, how they are made, and how you can use
+them to turn your ideas into objects. In addition, we will also examine the
+types of materials that can be 3D printed. At the end of the course you
+should have a solid understanding of what desktop 3D printers can do and
+what you can accomplish with them. >> Thank you. I'm Jeff Ginger, I'm the director of
+the Champaign-Urbana Community FabLab. Our lab was filled with all kinds of
+different digital manufacturing and media production tools,
+including 3D printers. We teach people how to use
+these tools to create objects. I'll be teaching the capstone
+course in this specialization. In this capstone,
+you use the knowledge, skills, and tools that you gained from the prior
+courses in this specialization to conceptualize, design, and
+create a unique 3D printed object. In addition, you'll have the opportunity
+to print this object through our network of 3D printing service providers. In fact, you can even use these
+providers to share and market or sell this object if you would like. Thus, this capstone will integrate the
+material that you've learned in the prior courses and allow you to put
+your learning into action. >> Thanks Jeff. As you can see, this specialization provides an in
+depth exploration of 3D printing. But it will also give you the knowledge,
+skills, and tools that you'll need to
+turn your ideas into objects. I hope you'll decide to join
+us on this learning adventure. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

docs/01_course-orientation/01_about-the-course/02_welcome-to-the-3d-printing-revolution.en.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+[MUSIC] >> Welcome to The 3D Printing Revolution. This first course in our
+3D printing specialization will provide an overview
+of what 3D printing is and why so many people believe that it
+will revolutionize our economy. [MUSIC] My name is Eric Rindfleisch. I'm a John M Jones Professor of
+Marketing at the University of Illinois. I'm also the co-founder and Executive
+Director of the Illinois MakerLab. The world's first 3D printing
+lab in the business school. I built my first 3D printer in 2010 and
+have been actively engaged in 3D printing, education and research since that time. These experiences have convinced me
+that 3D printing is a revolutionary technology that will dramatically
+change our economy by allowing individuals to turn
+their ideas into objects. Like most people,
+you've probably heard about 3D printing, but not really sure what 3D printing is or
+why it matters to you. This course will help answer these
+questions by demonstrating how 3D printers work, show you what type of things
+they can make and how you can benefit, both as a consumer, but also as
+a creator from this new technology. This short course consists of two modules. In our first module, week one,
+we'll discuss 3D printing. >> I think 3D printing is very accessible,
+very easy to understand how to use and the best part about it is there's not
+a lot of prior knowledge that you need, because it's additively
+building the parts. >> We've seen 3D printing being
+used differently than maybe we did two years ago. Where before,
+it was pure prototyping we're seeing now with material science advances, attempts
+that attacking real large problems. >> So when we looked around and said,
+what are the critical technologies that we're going to need to be able to help
+our clients understand for the future? Additive manufacturing 3D
+printing was clearly one of them. >> This module provided an overview
+of the 3D printing ecosystem, including as hardware,
+software and materials and it provided an actual demonstration of the
+3D printing process from start to finish. In our second module, week two,
+we'll examine the revolution. >> You're taking something that's really
+always been very inaccessible and it is accessible. I mean, it's not easy yet, but we can
+very easily see that it will be easy. And that's a game changer, because that's
+going to let you build a manufacturing infrastructure that's going to look very,
+very different than what we have now. >> Now, we're seeing software developers
+connecting with the manufacturing process and making the software tools. Autodesk is a great example of this. They have their Pier 9 facility and
+they're working with designers, and incorporating that, and we like to think we're doing
+the same thing with our processes. We share our pilot materials and programs
+with our community and take that feedback and try to improve to make it ideal for
+how people really are using this. >> Right now, most 3D printers print
+in relatively passive materials as the technology expands to
+printing in active materials. Materials that conduct electricity. Materials that can sense, can move,
+can compute, can store power. If you can print in a dozen
+base materials simultaneously, the combinations of those materials
+that you can use to create objects in 3D that will be called metamaterials
+is far greater than just 12 and it's a power of 12, and that's in
+the exponential nature of this technology. >> In this course, we take a look at
+3D printing's revolutionary potential across a variety of industries, including
+fashion, retailing and manufacturing. And also, take a look at cutting edge
+developments in 3D printing technology. For example, both of these topics using
+a variety of learning approaches, including readings, video lectures,
+hands on exercises and interviews. The variety of key players in the 3D
+printing domain from both industry and also academia. By engaging in these various
+learning activities, you'll increase your appreciation for
+what 3D printing is and how it's going to
+revolutionize our economy. First, 3D printing is a new, low-cost, desktop technology that can
+be used by just about anyone. Second, this technology allows us to
+easily turn our ideas into objects and gives consumers the power to be creators. Third, 3D printing also blurs the divide
+between the physical and the digital and makes it easy to remix and
+customize physical objects. Fourth, by changing both the roles of
+consumers and the nature of objects, 3D printing will revolutionize our
+economy and change the way we live. Finally, this course will
+provide a firm foundation for the remaining courses
+in our specialization. And hopefully, will capture interest
+in learning more about 3D printing by enrolling in these courses. Are you ready to be apart of this new and
+exciting revolution? Great, lets begin. [MUSIC]

docs/01_course-orientation/01_about-the-course/03_syllabus_instructions.html

@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<co-content>
+ <h1 level="1">
+  3D Printing Revolution Syllabus
+ </h1>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Course Description
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  3D printing is exploding in popularity. Many people believe it will revolutionize our economy in many ways. In the coming years, 3D printing will change the way we live and alter the relation between firms and customers. In this course, we will explore this technology and examine its revolutionary impact. You will learn how 3D printers work, the type of things they can make, and how you can use this technology as an entrepreneur, business person, and consumer. We'll employ a variety of learning techniques, including video lectures, case studies, and interviews with 3D printing experts. Our learning approach will be highly interactive; you will have the opportunity to engage in a variety of hands-on activities and imagine a 3D printable object that you can make. I hope you will join us in this exploration.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Course Goals and Objectives
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to:
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Obtain a rich understanding of 3D printing, including how it works and what you can make.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Explain the revolutionary advantages of 3D printing and the exciting future of this technology.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Examine several real-world examples and interviews by experts in the field to see 3D printing in action.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Obtain free digital designs that you can turn into 3D printed objects.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Textbook and Readings
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  There is no required textbook used in this course. We suggest
+  <a href="http://ow.ly/aZmC300gg1C">
+   <em>
+    3D Printing Will Rock the World
+   </em>
+  </a>
+  by John Hornick (2015), but it is not required for this course.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Course Outline
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  This course consists of two modules that focus on the revolution that has come from 3D printing technology.
+ </p>
+ <h3 level="3">
+  Module 1: What Is 3D Printing?
+ </h3>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Key Concepts:
+  </strong>
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    3D Printing Insights
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    History of 3D Printing
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    How 3D Printing Works
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    3D Printing Software and Hardware
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    3D Printing Materials, Designs, and Applications
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <h3 level="3">
+  Module 2: Why Is It Revolutionary?
+ </h3>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Key Concepts:
+  </strong>
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Why 3D Printing is Special
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    How 3D Printing Will Change Business
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    The Future of 3D Printing
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Revolutionary Insights
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Elements of This Course
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  The course is comprised of the following elements:
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     Lecture Videos.
+    </strong>
+    In each module the concepts you need to know will be presented through a collection of short video lectures. You may stream these videos for playback within your browser by clicking on their titles or by downloading the videos. You may also download the slides that go along with the videos.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     In-Video Questions
+    </strong>
+    . Some lecture videos have questions associated with them to help verify your understanding of the topics. These questions will automatically appear while watching the video if you stream the video through your browser. These questions do not contribute toward your final score in the class.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     Practice Quizzes.
+    </strong>
+    Each module will include 1 practice quiz, intended for you to assess your understanding of the topics. You will be allowed unlimited attempts at each practice quiz. Each attempt may present a different selection of questions to you. There is no time limit on how long you take to complete each attempt at the quiz. These quizzes do not contribute toward your final score in the class.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     Module Quizzes
+    </strong>
+    . Each module will include 1 for-credit quiz. You will be allowed 3 attempts per every 8 hours at each quiz. There is no time limit on how long you take to complete each attempt at the quiz. Each attempt may present a different selection of questions to you. Your highest score will be used when calculating your final score in the class.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     Peer Reviewed Assignments.
+    </strong>
+    Each module will include 1 peer reviewed exercise. You can attempt these assignments multiple times. Your highest score will be used when calculating your final score in the class.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  How to Pass This Course
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  To qualify for a Course Certificate, simply start verifying your coursework at the beginning of the course and pay the fee. Coursera
+  <a href="https://learner.coursera.help/hc/en-us/articles/201523175-Financial-Aid">
+   Financial Aid
+  </a>
+  is available to offset the registration cost for learners with demonstrated economic needs. If you have questions about Course Certificates,
+  <a href="https://learner.coursera.help/hc/en-us/categories/200144339-Signature-Track-Verified-Certificates">
+   please see the help topics here
+  </a>
+  .
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   If you choose not to pay the fee
+  </strong>
+  , you can still audit the course. You will still be able to view all videos, submit practice quizzes, and view required assessments. Auditing does not include the option to submit required assessments. As such, you will not be able to earn a grade or a Course Certificate.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   The following table explains the breakdown for what is required in order to pass the class and qualify for a Course Certificate. You must pass each and every required activity in order to pass this course.
+  </strong>
+ </p>
+ <table columns="5" rows="5">
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Activity
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Required?
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Number per module
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Estimated time per module
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      % required to pass
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Lecture Videos
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     Yes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     10–15
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     2 hours
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     N/A
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Practice Quizzes
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     No
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     1
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     0.25 hours
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     N/A
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Module Quizzes
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     Yes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     1
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     0.5 hours
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     80%
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Peer Reviewed Assignments
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     Yes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     1
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     1 hour
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     70%
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+ </table>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Getting and Giving Help
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  You can get/give help via the following means:
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Use the
+    <strong>
+     <a href="https://courserahelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/">
+      Learner Help Center
+     </a>
+    </strong>
+    to find information regarding specific technical problems. For example, technical problems would include error messages, difficulty submitting assignments, or problems with video playback. If you cannot find an answer in the documentation, you can also report your problem to the Coursera staff by clicking on the
+    <strong>
+     Contact Us!
+    </strong>
+    link available on each topic's page within the Learner Help Center.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Use the
+    <strong>
+     <a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/3d-printing-revolution/forum/raF9OPHjEeWTdBIkpCpI1Q/discussions?sort=lastActivityAtDesc&amp;page=1">
+      Course Suggestions
+     </a>
+    </strong>
+    forum to report errors in lecture video content, assignment questions and answers, assignment grading, text and links on course pages, or the content of other course materials. University of Illinois staff and Community Mentors will monitor this forum and respond to issues.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+  Note: Due to the large number of learners enrolled in this course, I am not able to answer emails sent directly to my account. Rather, all questions should be reported as described above.
+ </p>
+</co-content>
+<style>
+ body {
+    padding: 50px 85px 50px 85px;
+}
+
+table th, table td {
+    border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
+    padding: 5px 20px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+input {
+    margin: 10px;
+}
+}
+th {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+td, th {
+    display: table-cell;
+    vertical-align: inherit;
+}
+img {
+    height: auto;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+pre {
+    display: block;
+    margin: 20px;
+    background: #424242;
+    color: #fff;
+    font-size: 13px;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
+    padding: 9.5px;
+    margin: 0 0 10px;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+</style>
+<script async="" src="https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML" type="text/javascript">
+</script>
+<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+ MathJax.Hub.Config({
+    tex2jax: {
+      inlineMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ['$','$'] ],
+      displayMath: [ ["\\[","\\]"] ],
+      processEscapes: true
+    }
+  });
+</script>

docs/01_course-orientation/01_about-the-course/04_about-the-discussion-forums_instructions.html

@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<co-content>
+ <h1 level="1">
+  About the Discussion Forums
+ </h1>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Expectations
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  With the large number of learners in this course, no one is expected to read every post made within the discussion forums. Rather, read those that seem interesting to you and reply when you can further the conversation. Above all, you are expected to remain civil and treat all other learners with respect. Failure to do so will result in your removal from the course.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Helpful Tools
+ </h2>
+ <h3 level="3">
+  Searching for Posts
+ </h3>
+ <p>
+  You can search for a post by using the
+  <strong>
+   search box
+  </strong>
+  at the top of any individual forum or the
+  <strong>
+   All Course Discussions
+  </strong>
+  page. It may be helpful to see if your topic or question has already been covered before posting. If so, you can reply to that thread instead of starting a new one. You can also click on someone's name in the forums (including your own) to see all of the posts that have been made by that person.
+ </p>
+ <h3 level="3">
+  Upvoting Posts
+ </h3>
+ <p>
+  When you view any post, you will see an
+  <strong>
+   Upvote
+  </strong>
+  button under each post. Click the button to draw attention to thoughtful, interesting, or helpful posts. In the course feedback forums, upvoting will ensure that important questions get addressed. The upvoting system is the best way elevate the best posts to be seen by other learners and University of Illinois staff.
+ </p>
+ <h3 level="3">
+  Reporting Inappropriate Posts
+ </h3>
+ <p>
+  Please report any posts that are abusive, offensive, that infringe upon copyright, or that otherwise violate
+  <a href="https://learner.coursera.help/hc/en-us/articles/201223999-Honor-Code-Plagiarism">
+   Coursera’s Honor Code
+  </a>
+  by using the
+  <strong>
+   Report this
+  </strong>
+  option found under the menu arrow to the right of each post.
+ </p>
+ <h3 level="3">
+  Following
+ </h3>
+ <p>
+  If you find a particular thread to be interesting to you, click the
+  <strong>
+   Follow
+  </strong>
+  button under the original post of that thread page to receive email notifications when new posts are made.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Improving Your Posts
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  The forums are your chance to interact with thousands of like-minded individuals on these topics. Getting their attention is one way to do well in this course. In any social interaction, certain rules of etiquette are expected and contribute to more enjoyable and productive communication. The following are tips for interacting in this course via the forums, adapted from guidelines originally compiled by AHA! and Chuq Von Rospach &amp; Gene Spafford:
+ </p>
+ <ol bullettype="numbers">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Search the other posts to see if your topic is already covered. If it is, reply to that thread instead of starting a new one.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Post in the most appropriate forum for your topic, and do not post the same thing in multiple forums.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Use a meaningful title for your thread.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Be civil. If you disagree, explain your position with respect and refrain from any and all personal attacks.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Stay on topic. In particular, don’t change the subject in the middle of an existing thread – just start a new topic.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Make sure you’re understood, even by non-native English speakers. Try to write full sentences, and avoid text-message abbreviations or slang. Be careful when you use humor and sarcasm as these messages are easy to misinterpret.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    If asking a question, provide as much information as possible, what you’ve already considered, what you’ve already read, etc.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Cite appropriate references when using someone else’s ideas, thoughts, or words.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Do not use a forum to promote your product, service, or business.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Do not post personal information about other posters in the forum.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Ignore spammers and report them.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ol>
+ <p>
+  For more details, refer to Coursera's
+  <a href="https://learner.coursera.help/hc/en-us/articles/201532585-Code-of-Conduct">
+   <strong>
+    Code of Conduct
+   </strong>
+  </a>
+  .
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ </p>
+</co-content>
+<style>
+ body {
+    padding: 50px 85px 50px 85px;
+}
+
+table th, table td {
+    border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
+    padding: 5px 20px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+input {
+    margin: 10px;
+}
+}
+th {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+td, th {
+    display: table-cell;
+    vertical-align: inherit;
+}
+img {
+    height: auto;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+pre {
+    display: block;
+    margin: 20px;
+    background: #424242;
+    color: #fff;
+    font-size: 13px;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
+    padding: 9.5px;
+    margin: 0 0 10px;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+</style>
+<script async="" src="https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML" type="text/javascript">
+</script>
+<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+ MathJax.Hub.Config({
+    tex2jax: {
+      inlineMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ['$','$'] ],
+      displayMath: [ ["\\[","\\]"] ],
+      processEscapes: true
+    }
+  });
+</script>

docs/01_course-orientation/01_about-the-course/05_glossary_instructions.html

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<co-content>
+ <h1 level="1">
+  Glossary
+ </h1>
+ <p>
+  Here you will find a description of some of the key concepts, organizations, and technologies that we discuss in this course. If you would like us to add a description of something that we may have missed, please make a suggestion in our discussion forum.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  E
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Economies of scale.
+  </strong>
+  Economies of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to size, output, or scale of operation, with cost per unit of output generally decreasing with increasing scale as fixed costs are spread out over more units of output. (Source:
+  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale">
+   Wikipedia
+  </a>
+  )
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  F
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM).
+  </strong>
+  A common 3D printing technique that creates objects by melting filament and extruding it through a small nozzle that moves in three dimensions.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Fusion360.
+  </strong>
+  An advanced 3D modeling software used for creating 3D printable designs.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  H
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Hackerspace.
+  </strong>
+  A place in which people with an interest in making things can gather to work on projects while sharing ideas, equipment, and knowledge. (Source:
+  <a href="https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&amp;ion=1&amp;espv=2&amp;ie=UTF-8#q=hackerspaces">
+   Google Definitions
+  </a>
+  )
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  M
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   MakerBot.
+  </strong>
+  One of the first desktop 3D printer manufacturers located in Brooklyn, NY. Its product line includes the Cupcake and Replicator 3D Printers.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Maker’s Marks.
+  </strong>
+  As a new experimental method developed by researchers at Stanford and the University of California, Maker’s Marks allows users to easily create 3D designs by using a combination of modeling clay and stickers.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  P
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   PrintrBot.
+  </strong>
+  PrintrBot is a 3D printer company aimed at home users through its small size factor, low cost, and ease of assembly. (Source:
+  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printrbot">
+   Wikipedia
+  </a>
+  )
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  S
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Selective Laser Sintering (SLS).
+  </strong>
+  A 3D printing technology that uses high intensity light to sinter a powdered material.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Soli.
+  </strong>
+  A Google project that will let users easily create 3D objects by moving their finger in space.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Stereolithography (SLA).
+  </strong>
+  A 3D printing technology which makes objects by using a high intensity light or a laser to harden a plastic resin.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  T
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Thingiverse.
+  </strong>
+  Founded by MakerBot in 2008, Thingiverse is a free online repository of 3D design files that can be downloaded and created on a 3D printer.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   TinkerCad.
+  </strong>
+  The most accessible 3D modeling software that can create 3D printable designs.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Thermoplastic.
+  </strong>
+  Thermoplastic is a plastic, 3D printable material that becomes pliable or moldable above a specific temperature and solidifies upon cooling. (Source:
+  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoplastic">
+   Wikipedia
+  </a>
+  )
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  U
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Ultimaker.
+  </strong>
+  A 3D printer manufacturer with headquarters in Geldermalsen, Netherlands, Ultimaker started out as an open-source printer company, and its current product line includes the Ultimaker 2+, Ultimaker 2, and the Ultimaker Original. (Source:
+  <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimaker">
+   Wikipedia
+  </a>
+  )
+ </p>
+</co-content>
+<style>
+ body {
+    padding: 50px 85px 50px 85px;
+}
+
+table th, table td {
+    border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
+    padding: 5px 20px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+input {
+    margin: 10px;
+}
+}
+th {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+td, th {
+    display: table-cell;
+    vertical-align: inherit;
+}
+img {
+    height: auto;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+pre {
+    display: block;
+    margin: 20px;
+    background: #424242;
+    color: #fff;
+    font-size: 13px;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
+    padding: 9.5px;
+    margin: 0 0 10px;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+</style>
+<script async="" src="https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML" type="text/javascript">
+</script>
+<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+ MathJax.Hub.Config({
+    tex2jax: {
+      inlineMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ['$','$'] ],
+      displayMath: [ ["\\[","\\]"] ],
+      processEscapes: true
+    }
+  });
+</script>

docs/01_course-orientation/01_about-the-course/06_learner-stories_instructions.html

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<co-content>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Here are a few stories from some of the Learners in The 3D Printing Revolution. I wanted to share them to give you a feel for what  people are learning in this course. Please share yours as well!
+  </strong>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  When I came to learn about this course, I immediately enrolled. I am really interested in 3d printing and I have also  published a few research papers. This course help me learn more about the 3D printing services which I  was not aware of.  I give 10/10 to this  course. It was amazing and I am enrolling for the next.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Thank you Aric! I enjoyed your class very much. All the content was very  easy to understand and follow. I love the fact that I can pick up the  materials on my phone or table through the app! Is very convenient.  Before this class I had no idea 3D printing had been around for so long,  I thought it was newer, it's amazing to see all the different  applications it can be used for.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Thank you so much for introducing me to the world of 3D printing in the  course "The 3D Printing Revolution."  The course was fascinating and  inspirational. Looking forward to the next course.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  I loved this course and teacher. He is very good at explain things. I really enjoyed this course.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  I'd like to express my gratitude and appreciation to you, for helping me  getting started in the 3D printing world. Honestly, I took this course  out of curiosity, because I wanted to know how 3D printing work, now  after completing this course I feel that I have a solid base of  knowledge about this technology, I loved the most about this course is  your ability to deliver us with a wide range of expertise and interviews  with the pioneers of the 3D printing world. That helped me to widen my  views on the topic.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  This was a great intro to 3D Printing! I'm really looking forward to the  rest of the courses and especially the Software course.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  This course has helped me understand about what 3D printing is and how  it can change the world completely in the near future. I especially  loved the different interviews that Aric did with the experts in this  course. It has helped me realize the tremendous potential this  technology holds and as Aric says that It can revolutionize our economy  and the way we do business.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  This course really helped me to start more searching about 3D printing.  It gave me a lot of information, especially about other people's  experience with 3D printing and how they turned their ideas into real  products designed specially for a particular person. That's what I like  most about 3D printing, CUSTOMIZATION.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  This course was like a small journey for me. You visited all those  places, people and companies.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  I am so happy to be one of your students. I have finished this course and I feel that I am sailing in the 3d printing industry because your course  opened my eyes to take action in  this industry revolution.
+ </p>
+</co-content>
+<style>
+ body {
+    padding: 50px 85px 50px 85px;
+}
+
+table th, table td {
+    border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
+    padding: 5px 20px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+input {
+    margin: 10px;
+}
+}
+th {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+td, th {
+    display: table-cell;
+    vertical-align: inherit;
+}
+img {
+    height: auto;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+pre {
+    display: block;
+    margin: 20px;
+    background: #424242;
+    color: #fff;
+    font-size: 13px;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
+    padding: 9.5px;
+    margin: 0 0 10px;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+</style>
+<script async="" src="https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML" type="text/javascript">
+</script>
+<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+ MathJax.Hub.Config({
+    tex2jax: {
+      inlineMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ['$','$'] ],
+      displayMath: [ ["\\[","\\]"] ],
+      processEscapes: true
+    }
+  });
+</script>

docs/01_course-orientation/02_about-your-classmates/01_updating-your-profile_instructions.html

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<co-content>
+ <h1 level="1">
+  Updating Your Profile
+ </h1>
+ <p>
+  Please consider
+  <a href="https://www.coursera.org/account/profile">
+   updating your profile
+  </a>
+  , which can also be accessed by clicking the
+  <strong>
+   Profile
+  </strong>
+  link in the menu that appears when you click on the arrow next to your initials at the top-right corner of this screen. When people find you in the forums, they can click on your name to view your complete profile and get to know you better!
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ </p>
+</co-content>
+<style>
+ body {
+    padding: 50px 85px 50px 85px;
+}
+
+table th, table td {
+    border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
+    padding: 5px 20px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+input {
+    margin: 10px;
+}
+}
+th {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+td, th {
+    display: table-cell;
+    vertical-align: inherit;
+}
+img {
+    height: auto;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+pre {
+    display: block;
+    margin: 20px;
+    background: #424242;
+    color: #fff;
+    font-size: 13px;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
+    padding: 9.5px;
+    margin: 0 0 10px;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+</style>
+<script async="" src="https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML" type="text/javascript">
+</script>
+<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+ MathJax.Hub.Config({
+    tex2jax: {
+      inlineMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ['$','$'] ],
+      displayMath: [ ["\\[","\\]"] ],
+      processEscapes: true
+    }
+  });
+</script>

docs/01_course-orientation/02_about-your-classmates/02_social-media_instructions.html

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<co-content>
+ <h1 level="1">
+  Social Media
+ </h1>
+ <p>
+  Learning takes place not only through course instruction but also through quality interaction with your peers. Research suggests that participating in a learning community around your interests and passions helps you stay motivated to learn. Thus, we encourage you to use our various social media platforms to connect with thousands of your peers from across the world. Learn from others, network, create study groups, discuss interesting course topics, and share your own perspectives about this topic. You can even set up or get notified about physical meetups on so that you can enhance your learning by interacting face-to-face with others who share your interests. The more active these communities are, the more value they will bring to all of us. So, we hope that you take a leading role in keeping these communities active and of value to all of us, so please join your preferred platform and share your ideas!
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Connect to your classmates via the following social media sites related to our 3D Printing courses. Use the hashtags #ideas2objects and #3dprinting
+  </strong>
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <a href="https://www.facebook.com/3DPrintingProfs/">
+     Facebook : 3DPrintingProfs
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <a href="https://twitter.com/search?q=%403dprintingprofs&amp;src=typd">
+     Twitter @3dprintingprofs
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/communities/111409425820133958228">
+     Google+
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/groups/8501008/profile">
+     LinkedIn
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/3dprintingprofs/">
+     Pinterest
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   You may also be interested in the following social media sites:
+  </strong>
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <a href="https://www.facebook.com/illinois.edu">
+     University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign on Facebook
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <a href="https://twitter.com/Illinois_Alma">
+     @Illinois_Alma on Twitter
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <a href="https://twitter.com/uiucbusiness">
+     @Illinois Business on Twitter
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <a href="https://twitter.com/UIMakerLab">
+     @Illinois MakerLab on Twitter
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Coursera">
+     Coursera on Facebook
+    </a>
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+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <a href="https://twitter.com/coursera">
+     @Coursera on Twitter
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+  If you find another social media page or community related to this course, feel share it in our discussion forums.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   NOTE: Please do not post links to copyrighted materials in the Coursera discussion forums or on social networks. Doing so is a violation of the
+   <a href="https://www.coursera.org/about/termsDknlfPe-5xKJJaHWl4j6kveY2GjKiZxK_vd-JDIN3-6piB5w.2PhI_l8TrILDNPPI-v-VPg.kOLGdmfhbhzCbGM3-lv_j477mwb9Ffuxi5xhEac6Biqu1NvspELKPGjNRjoAzuv8LasLtq22lxzrgdd9C8Y4JQ4gHm7FuRqTL4rlby3Pb_N4mpVXMkT83a3Ob_0QWVHv7LiZghGDTwCWYxU4lMfZpfsqsm7PoQ7HfKUFvHwgUIbOGox3ZZgJtBE2t-TDkbegcktpcn6k2VqZZ0WYvQTad7oijs5WHJLfL7EYiUGb01udFqMaOLIPP1msztyo496GDNUgBSvsJcPfHE20dluqe5_KzaSoXzKxXdiW12DjKJk_XDNc14mf41U17h5HgMXg">
+    Coursera Terms of Service
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+   .
+  </strong>
+ </p>
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+<style>
+ body {
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+    display: table-cell;
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+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+pre {
+    display: block;
+    margin: 20px;
+    background: #424242;
+    color: #fff;
+    font-size: 13px;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
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+}
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+    }
+  });
+</script>

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/01_module-1-overview/01_module-1-overview_instructions.html

@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<co-content>
+ <h1 level="1">
+  Module 1: What Is 3D Printing?
+ </h1>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Overview
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  In this module, you will learn what 3D printing is, how 3D printers work, and the type of objects you can make using this revolutionary new technology.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Time
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  This module should take
+  <strong>
+   approximately 3.25 hours
+  </strong>
+  of dedicated time to complete, with its videos and assignments.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Reading
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  3DPrinting.com. (n.d.).
+  <a href="http://3dprinting.com/what-is-3d-printing/">
+   What is 3D printing?
+  </a>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Feel free to find other readings or resources and share them with others in our discussion forums.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Lessons
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  The lessons for this module are listed below (with assignments in bold italics):
+ </p>
+ <table columns="2" rows="7">
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Lesson Title
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Estimated Time Required
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     3D Printing Insights
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     60 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      <em>
+       What Would You Make? Exercise
+      </em>
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     30 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     3D Printing: Facts &amp; Concepts
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     30 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      <em>
+       Module 1 Practice Quiz
+      </em>
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     15 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     More 3D Printing Insights
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     45 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      <em>
+       Module 1 Quiz
+      </em>
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     15 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+ </table>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Goals and Objectives
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Understand what 3D printing is.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Explain how 3D printing works.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Describe the types of things you can make with a 3D printer.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Key Phrases/Concepts
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  Keep your eyes open for the following key terms or phrases as you interact with the lectures and complete the activities. For definitions of the terms, please see the
+  <strong>
+   <a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/3d-printing-revolution/supplement/515pX/glossary">
+    Glossary
+   </a>
+  </strong>
+  .
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Fusion360
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Hackerspace
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    MakerBot
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    PrintrBot
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Stereolithography (SLA)
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Thingiverse
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    TinkerCad
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Thermoplastic
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Ultimaker
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Getting and Giving Help
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  You can get/give help via the following means:
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Use the
+    <strong>
+     <a href="https://courserahelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/">
+      Learner Help Center
+     </a>
+    </strong>
+    to find information regarding specific technical problems. For example, technical problems would include error messages, difficulty submitting assignments, or problems with video playback. If you cannot find an answer in the documentation, you can also report your problem to the Coursera staff by clicking on the
+    <strong>
+     Contact Us!
+    </strong>
+    link available on each topic's page within the Learner Help Center.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Use the
+    <strong>
+     <a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/3d-printing-revolution/forum/raF9OPHjEeWTdBIkpCpI1Q/discussions?sort=lastActivityAtDesc&amp;page=1">
+      Course Suggestions
+     </a>
+    </strong>
+    forum to report errors in lecture video content, assignment questions and answers, assignment grading, text and links on course pages, or the content of other course materials. University of Illinois staff and community TAs will monitor this forum and respond to issues.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+ </p>
+</co-content>
+<style>
+ body {
+    padding: 50px 85px 50px 85px;
+}
+
+table th, table td {
+    border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
+    padding: 5px 20px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+input {
+    margin: 10px;
+}
+}
+th {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+td, th {
+    display: table-cell;
+    vertical-align: inherit;
+}
+img {
+    height: auto;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+pre {
+    display: block;
+    margin: 20px;
+    background: #424242;
+    color: #fff;
+    font-size: 13px;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
+    padding: 9.5px;
+    margin: 0 0 10px;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+</style>
+<script async="" src="https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML" type="text/javascript">
+</script>
+<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+ MathJax.Hub.Config({
+    tex2jax: {
+      inlineMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ['$','$'] ],
+      displayMath: [ ["\\[","\\]"] ],
+      processEscapes: true
+    }
+  });
+</script>

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/02_3d-printing-insights/01_views-on-3d-printing-champaign-new-york.en.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+[MUSIC] Let's begin our exploration of 3D printing
+by getting out of the classroom and going to the street. We're going to go to two public libraries,
+the New York Public Library in New York City and the Champaign Public
+Library here in Champaign, Illinois to find out what real people think and
+feel, About 3D printing technology. I think you'll find their
+answers to be quite interesting. Come on, let's go. It's a bit cold out there,
+so I better bundle up. All right, we're off. Have you ever heard of a 3D printing. >> Yes, I have. >> No, no, not exactly. >> Never.
+>> Never. >> I've heard of it, yes. >> I've seen some stuff on the news. >> From Internet I guess and
+actually seen in the retail stores they have the units on display,
+so, my kids have it in school. >> I'm actually an industrial
+designer major. So we have MakerBot in my studios. >> I mean I've seen it on Facebook and
+stuff. >> Can you tell us what you know? >> I know it's pretty cool. I don't know much about it though. >> It uses plastic in
+order to make 3D objects. >> It's been programmed to follow
+instructions that will print out actual physical material. >> It codes it to print going
+up in three dimensions. >> Have you ever seen a 3D
+printer make something? >> I have, and it's interesting. It's a little bit slow. >> No, only on the Internet
+unfortunately [LAUGH]. >> No, not operating, just the end result. >> I've only seen one thing in person made
+out of that and somebody had a little miniature little Tardis,
+the little flying thing from Doctor Who. >> Yeah,
+I've seen them like make weapons, toys. I've heard like they tried to
+make like houses or whatever. That's what I've heard, but
+I don't know if it's true or not. >> It's true.
+>> Do you have any idea how a 3D printer works? >> I don't and I've always been
+amazed by the whole concept since printing always seemed to me
+like a 2 dimensional venture. >> No. >> sort of. >> The cartridges are sort of like
+a little plastic sort of thread, it looks like thread. >> Do you own a 3D printer? No. >> No. >> Can say I do actually. >> I do not own a 3D printer. >> It's too expensive right now. So I'm waiting for the right price. >> They seem kind of a little out there,
+you know, in terms of price. >> We actually have an item that
+was printed on a 3D printer. >> Can you guess what it s? >> A phone case. >> This is pretty neat. >> Yeah.
+>> Pretty neat. How do you do it? I mean, I don't, this is what I don't get. How do you take a computer and
+make something solid? >> This came out of a printer? >> That came out of a printer. >> I can't believe it. >> How much do you think that
+would cost to make that case? >> Five bucks? >> 25 cents. >> It's gotta be $5 a unit. >> 5 cents.
+>> 5 cents. >> A quarter. >> $20? 20? >> Close. Actually, 50 cents. >> 50 cents, really? That's [LAUGH] okay. >> $300 for this? >> Close, actually. It's about 50 cents. >> 50 cents for this? [LAUGH]
+>> 75 cents. >> Close.
+50 cents. How does that sound? >> That sounds pretty amazing actually. >> 10 bucks? >> 50 cents. >> Okay.
+>> You think it's more than 5 dollars? >> Yeah, I would think so for it. >> Actually, it's 50 cents. >> Really! Well I'm impressed by that. >> If you had a 3D printer and
+you could make anything. What would you make? >> Could I make it give me a tummy tuck. [LAUGH]
+>> Probably something decorative for the wall maybe. >> The first thing that pops to mind
+is an old 1950s refrigerator just for the heck of it. >> A house. >> I don't know maybe some holders for
+my sport memorabilia and coin collection. >> A replicator like in Star Trek where
+you could tell whatever food you wanted would be pretty awesome. >> I would make a printer that
+would destroy all 3D printers. >> How do you think 3D printing will
+impact our lives in the future? >> 3D printing you can 3D print
+a lot of different thing. It would definitely make more things,
+more affordable for people. >> I think it's one of those
+things that my children will say, well my mother lived through the computer
+and a 3D printing and it's just awesome. >> I think I read last week they were
+talking about printing organs and human tissue. And so
+it has a lot more wide-ranging impacts. >> If we can go from 2D to 3D, that's
+going to mean we're going to be able to do things at home that we otherwise would
+have to fabricate in factories and other places. So it's going to have
+economic implications. It's going to affect the job market. People who used to do things in
+factories might be out of work, frankly. Have you ever heard of
+the Illinois Makerlab. >> The Illinois what? >> No.
+>> No. >> No. >> No.
+>> I have not. >> No I have not. >> No. >> Never. >> I have not. >> I've heard about it, I've never
+actually been there but I've seen kids and people interested in those
+things can go over there and use that material which is a pretty
+cool resource for the area. [MUSIC]

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/02_3d-printing-insights/02_my-3d-printing-story-aric-rindfleisch.en.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+[MUSIC] Today, I'm in front of Bascom Hall, here at the University of
+Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin. You may be wondering, what is
+an University of Illinois professor doing here at the University of Wisconsin? Well, before I joined
+the Illinois faculty, I was a member of the faculty here at
+the University of Wisconsin for ten years. As part of my duties, I taught a course
+called New Product Development. At the end of this course, students would give presentations
+about innovative new products. Well, there was one presentation that
+changed my outlook on innovation forever. That was a student presentation
+in the fall of 2008, which the students brought forward this
+new technology called 3D printing. Like most of the students in the room, I
+had never heard of this technology before, and it really fascinated me. So since then, I was determined to learn
+all that I could about 3D printing. And about 18 months later,
+I purchased my first 3D printing kit. Let me show it to you. This here is the MakerBot Cupcake,
+the world's first desktop 3D printer. Now back in 2010,
+these machines came as a kit. I'm not an engineer,
+I'm a marketing professor. So it was quite a task to build this. This came in a flat box with hundreds
+of screws, you can see parts, moving pulleys, gears, and all sorts
+of things that I didn't understand. So I sought the help
+of a number of people. First of all, I sought the help
+of my teenage son, Justin. So Justin and I, in the course of about
+two weeks, put this printer together. We got it to turn on, we got their gears
+to work, we got the motors to run. But we had a number of problems. First of all, we couldn't get the printer
+hot enough to melt the plastic, so we couldn't make the objects. So, I went to New York City to visit
+MakerBot to see if they could help. They did. So once we got the plastic to melt,
+we had a second problem. The plastic did melt, but
+the objects didn't look very good. The edges were rough, they were droopy. It didn't look like
+a high-quality piece of work. I realized at that time,
+I actually needed an engineer. Fortunately, at the same time, I had
+recently read an article about a young engineering graduate from the University
+of Wisconsin Madison named Chris Meyer, that established a hacker
+space called Sector 67. So I give Chris a call. Supposedly, this place had 3D printers. So I let Chris borrow my printer. He had it for about six months, and by the end of that
+time, he got it running very smoothly. Now since that time, I've been interacting
+with the hacker space community. There are many of them
+all across the country. And they do 3D printing and all sorts
+of digital manufacturing that help individuals like me turn
+their ideas into objects. So what I'd like to do next is actually
+take a walk down to this hacker space, talk to Chris, find out more
+about 3D printing, hacker spaces, and the maker movement. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/02_3d-printing-insights/03_tour-of-sector67-chris-meyer.en.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+[MUSIC] Hi. We're here at Sector 67 in Madison,
+Wisconsin. We're here to talk with Chris Meyer,
+the founder of Sector 67, and the guy who got me started
+on my 3D printing journey. Let's go see if we can find Chris. [MUSIC] Is Chris here? >> Hey Eric.
+>> Chris. >> Great to see you. >> Yeah, good to see you too. >> It's been a long time. Thanks for
+taking the time to meet with us. >> No, thanks for coming on,
+great to see you. >> Can you show us around? >> Yeah, absolutely. So this is Sector 67, we've made
+no effort in making it look fancy. Basically, at any time of any day there's
+a lot of different people in here, working on all kinds
+of different projects. Here we can check out all the shops, and
+you get a chance to see what's here. >> That's a great sign. >> Yeah, our sign actually is sort of
+representative of all the different workspaces. So, S is made in the machine shop. The E is all knit on a computer
+controlled knitting machine. The 6 giant circuit board sota
+kind of like our electronic shop. The seven is made on the laser cutter,
+the laser engraver. And the O is actually all 3D printed. And the R is made in the wood shop. So these sort of show the different
+workshops that we've got. And that's kind of what I'll
+show you this afternoon. So there's a welding shop in here. And we've got a bunch of cutters,
+and grinders, and sand blasters and welders and welders. And the different stock folks use for different products as they're
+building metal things. So we need all these tools just to be
+able to build anything out of metal. That's one of the challenges
+with traditional manufacturing, is you need a lot of equipment to be
+able to build things and make stuff. >> And what kind of training
+do you need to have to be able to operate this machinery? >> That's one of the challenges
+with regular manufacturing, is you gotta come in. And rather than just sitting down and
+getting started making things we gotta come in and go through how to keep
+your eyes safe, keep your hands and fingers safe, keep yourself shielded from
+all the ultra-violet light, the smoke, the fumes, the particulate. All kinds of things
+coming off the equipment. And then after that we can start in
+on how to actually use the tools and head back out this way. >> All right.
+>> kind of make a big loop around >> Probably one of the most important things in this shop here is the failure
+horn and the good job bell. Both to celebrate both things. So you know if you do a good job
+you gotta give it a ring and if you don't do such a good
+job you get the fail horn. >> And which one is used more often? >> Usually the good job bell but the
+failure horn gets rung once in a while. Okay.
+>> So this is a laser cutter and a laser engraver. This machine is able to
+make really cool stuff. >> So what does a laser cutter do? It takes a piece of material? >> Yeah, so
+you've got to start off with, yeah. And this again is another disadvantage
+of subtractive technology, is this actually came
+out of this piece here. >> So
+this is a piece of wood that was cut. Using a laser in that machine? >> Yeah, exactly. So this is a beam of light that comes
+through, is focused on a very small spot and is able to cut out, in this case,
+particle board or wood. The advantage here is,
+this is really fast. So you can put a sheet of material in
+here and in a matter of minutes or seconds have your pieces versus
+printing which is a little bit slower. You're going to take many hours to
+print something that's this size. So that's one of the advantages
+of this machine. >> So this is faster than a 3D printer? >> Exactly. >> What's the disadvantage
+compared to a 3D printer? >> Assembly. So once this comes out of the machine,
+if you want a 3D object, you've gotta go through and
+put it all together. So this thing is an injection molder and
+the plastic comes in, right into this hopper. >> Do you put the plastic inside here? >> Yep.
+And then this piston pushes it down out this opening. And it goes right into this. You can see this is a mold plate here for
+our Sector 67 poker chip. You end up with these pellets
+getting pushed into a mold chamber, taking the shape of the mold but
+in a very quick fashion, curing, and then being pushed out of the mold. So every 17 seconds,
+this small machine can make a poker chip. Unlike 3D printing where this would
+take about 20 to 25 minutes to print the part this size. So the advantage to injection molding,
+it's very fast. A disadvantage is it's the same part,
+over and over. >> And
+this is how most plastic things are made. >> Yeah, 99% of plastic objects
+you've ever interacted with, they're probably made
+in an injection molder. >> So there's a wood shop back here, and these guys are actually working on
+making some dust stands for monitors. This is probably America's number one
+past time, is woodworking and carpentry. >> So this would be another example
+of subtractive manufacturing? >> Yep, so
+this is all subtractive manufacturing, so we've got to have a lot of stock laying
+around, and have a lot of different tools to remove material from that
+to get our final form of our part. The advantage here though is that
+we can quickly make large parts, because we can start from a big piece and
+we can remove pieces from it, and end up with a big piece quickly. >> Also, this looks quite dangerous. >> Yeah.
+[LAUGH] Woodworking is certainly hazardous. You'll meet more than a few carpenters
+who've had some issues with cutting tools before. So back here, we've got our 3D printing
+lab, though we've got a whole pile of printers on the wall here,
+starting up from the very top. That's a Reprap,
+it's a 3D printable 3D printer. These are cupcake model printers which
+are the first generation maker bots all the way down to the third
+generation maker bot. And then a variety of other machines that
+are available like the Slollsbot printer and a bunch of other clones of essentially
+this generation of open source technology. So the rest of the room,
+we've got a number of sewing machines and embroidering machines. Back here there's an electronics lab. So we've got a bunch of
+electronics work benches and a computer lab kind of down
+the center of the room. We use this space for
+education, for teaching. So we teach classes back here. We got a projector setup and a screen. And then we've got a number of work
+stations so folks can learn 3D modeling, 3D design, anything like that. And kind of directly behind
+us is a machine shop. So this is sort of where a lot
+of manufacturing came from. Originally, I've made
+a rough casting of a part. And then you come back here, you use one
+of these machines to finish work and make it smooth, clean it all up,
+get it together. >> I think that's probably one of the
+revolutionary aspects of 3D printing is, a machine like this,
+due to the size and the cost, it wouldn't be accessible
+to the average person. >> Yeah, exactly. And that's where a workshop like this,
+you got a hacker space her with a lot of the tools that
+are in-feasible to own in your own home. But the catch is you don't need them
+that often, and often you can get away with using plastic or wooden parts
+as opposed to making metal parts. And then in the very back here there is
+an office space or a business incubator. So this is where businesses come in. They're able to rent a desk and they're able to work here to
+get their idea up and running. And so we've got a number of office users back here where they've
+got their own workspace. So essentially, we kind of made
+a big roof around Sector 67. We got a chance to see all
+the different workshops that are here, all the different
+workspaces that are here. And talk a little bit about where 3D
+printing came from from my perspective and sort of where it's headed. So it's great to see you. >> Thank you for your time. >> Absolutely.
+Thanks very much for coming out. >> Come on down the lab any time you like. >> Absolutely.
+Thank you. >> Great thank you. [MUSIC]

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/02_3d-printing-insights/04_3d-printing-the-maker-movement-hackerspaces-chris-meyer.en.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+[MUSIC] >> Chris, thanks for joining us today. >> Yeah, absolutely. Thanks for having me. >> Thanks for your help in helping
+me launch my 3D printing adventure. I couldn't have done it without you. >> Yeah, thank you. [SOUND] So the idea of the hackerspace is
+that you bring people together who have interests and maybe dissimilar backgrounds
+or similar backgrounds or similar experiences or very different experiences,
+and you bring them under one space. It's just like a gym club for
+people that like to build stuff. And so you can come in,
+you can use the tools, you can use the equipment, you can get
+training, you can get instructions. Meet up with like minded people and
+work on projects together. Now the thing a lot of people neglect
+is that it's not all about the tools, it's all about the people. So the people that you can bring together
+are the most important asset, and the tools are a secondary asset. Sector 67 got started about five
+years ago, which makes us one of the earlier hackerspaces in the US,
+and one of the first in Wisconsin. But when I graduated with a master's
+degree in mechanical engineering, I rented a building,
+the building that we're in now. And I hoped that it would work out. I signed a personal guarantee
+on a one-year lease, and I hope people would show up and use it. [SOUND] When I was a kid, I used to go
+run over to my neighbor's house, and my neighbor had a welder. He had a car lift. He had an acetylene torch. He had all the necessary tools to
+be able to work on a car and so that was my sort of
+primordial hackerspace, further then that is really
+thinking in terms of a farm. So farmers are the earliest
+hackerspace operators. Those are the folks who ran
+to their neighbors and said, hey you've got the tool that I need or can you come down help me with fixing my
+tractor, get my equipment working again. This has been around forever, this idea
+of sharing tools and ideas and resources. It just hasn't been done in inner
+city areas or downtown areas, and I think that's really the biggest
+difference with the hackerspace and what's been done in the past. [SOUND] In the past five years we've
+had a little over 500 members. And having folks come and
+go is a healthy thing, so at any one time we've got about
+100 members who are active. Our membership's all month to month, so
+people can join for a month, they join for a year, or do whatever they like to do in
+terms of what timing works out for them. But we've had just as many people who have
+no formal training in anything as there are people who've got a PhD in physics and
+maybe a Master's in engineering. And I'd say that's the underlying
+theme with the people that are here is that everybody likes to build things. I think what it really comes down to,
+though, is having somebody around
+you to egg you on. I think that's what
+a hackerspace really exists for, is to draw together people who go
+I've never done this before and somebody else looks at them and goes,
+yeah, I had to do that last week, here's what I did and here's what
+worked out well and here's what didn't. And I think that's the differing
+element between reading online and being on a forum. And being in an environment with
+a bunch of people who are working on things together. Is that you get the true, you bump elbows with somebody who's doing
+something totally different than you. One of the members is really
+into taking USGS survey data and then compiling it into something that's
+either 3D printable or routable. This company's called My Square Foot,
+but he makes these brilliant maps and routes them into a piece of wood. This one's been milled out of
+a piece of pine on the CNC router. But you can just as easily
+print one of these off. We've got another member who
+worked here who's actually making frying pans in the shape of the state. She's got all the US states
+all made out of cast iron and they're usable frying pans so you can
+use them as a wall decoration as well. One of the members built a penny
+farthing which is an old-time bike with a giant front wheel. This is a laser-cut wooden hat and one of our members has a patent on
+this tab and slot construction system. There's no glue and no screws
+holding this together on the top and it's essential just held
+together under it's own tension. This is bending plywood and
+then it's been laser cut and laser engraved so
+that's how it's been cut out of the wood. >> Very cool.
+[NOISE] >> I think 3D printing about five years ago really picked up. There was a patent that expired and
+allowed a lot of innovation in the area. We started off with RepRaps,
+which were 3D-printable 3D printers and those are still around. Those spawned MakerBot
+out of NYC Resistor, a hackerspace in New York just like
+this one where MakerBot got its start. And then we've seen from then many many
+many different companies entering this arena and starting to construct and
+manufacture their own machines, and there's a number of those
+machines in this room. And yeah,
+I think it's a really commonplace tool. It's a very accessible,
+very easy to understand how to use. And the best part about it is there's not
+a lot of prior knowledge that you need. Because it's additively
+building the parts. The 3D printer you're just hitting print. The platform's starting off
+empty as a blank slate and then building up your part
+layer by layer by layer. Behind us on the back wall there, there is a whole bunch of 3D printers
+that are used to print off these stamps. So these are a company
+called Snowshoe Stamp, these are emulating the points of
+contact of your fingers on the screen. And so
+when you push this up against your screen, your phone can register where
+these contact points were, and it's an authentic means of validating
+that you've been to a location. If you wanted to go to a coffee shop and
+say, yep, I've been to the counter, I bought a coffee, you can stamp your
+phone on this and it'll authenticate that you were at that particular location
+interfacing with this particular stamp. The challenge is though is that
+every stamp needs to be unique. 3D printing right now is really one of
+the only viable processes to make these. They're able to make hundreds and
+hundreds and hundreds of these stamps on 3D printers. And they're not able to make many
+thousands in short order but there still able to make every
+single one of these be unique. For this company 3D printing was
+crucial to them getting started. And they actually got
+started here at Sector 67. I think you see a lot of entrepreneurs and a lot of start ups using 3D printers
+as a manufacturing approach. And I think that's going to continue
+to happen more and more often. As the printers keep coming down in price,
+it becomes more feasible to have a dozen of them or two dozen of
+them on a wall or on a shelf and be able to work those machines nearly
+around the clock making your parts. So I think with 3D printing you're
+going to see many different technologies come into play in the future. So right now FDM technology, where you're laying down material like
+a hot glue gun does is really commonplace but SLA and SLS are two different other
+manufacturing approaches that yield a lot higher detail and a lot better
+approach to manufacturing parts. And those printers are going to
+become more and more popular. But I think second to that, you've still got traditional
+subtractive manufacturing technologies. There's actually a maker of CNC milling
+machines just north of us in Waunakee called Tormach. And Tormach makes CNC mill and those mills
+are doing subtractive manufacturing. And so when you do subtractive
+manufacturing you're putting in a block of metal or a block of steel or
+whatever you want to make it out of and you're removing material. These guys are building
+desktop personal CNC machines. They're nearly the size of a 3D printer. But they're able to make
+metal parts directly. And they're making the software and technologies much,
+much easier to approach. And I think that's going to be
+another place things are going to go as people are going to start to realize
+that through software solutions, and just educational solutions, you can teach
+people how to use a lot of these machines that were difficult previously, and
+are becoming easier, and easier to use. I think the future is still going to
+be a big blend of these things. Really, 3D printing has enabled anybody
+to start manufacturing their own products on their desk. The catch is it's limited to what
+they can consume as an end consumer. But the idea of a 3D printer though is
+that every end consumer could own one of these machines. So now it falls into
+the hands of designers. To be able to design parts that are
+manufacturable on a printer to be used at home, and, I think, as the technologies
+continue to improve, and, as we'll see, over the next five years, these
+technologies are going to become more, and more advanced, and more, and more easy to use, which has really
+been the key innovation to date. And we're seeing a lot of
+start ups embrace that and build their products within the confines
+of what the printer can make. And I think that will continue to permeate
+larger manufacturers and larger companies. But the reality will become you can
+make more and more customized things. I would say 3D printing has definitely
+been a revolution over the past five years and
+going to be going forward from there. We're going to see more and
+more technologies evolve and more and more openness around these things. And I think that's really the revolution,
+is this idea of being open to making things yourself, and
+the idea of designing things yourself and figuring out how to go about doing
+that is really the next step. [SOUND] I guess my advice for 3D printing
+would be number one, don't just go out and buy a machine for yourself. First, look in to the community and
+find out if someone also already has one, that you could go meet with them or
+talk with them or interact with them and find out what their experience has been, because the whole point of a hackerspace
+is bringing people together. The opportunity for the two of you to
+learn together is a lot more valuable than individuals working in their
+homes on their own projects. On hackerspaces.org they list all
+these spaces all around the world. So you can go on there and check it out
+and see what's out there and there might be one right around the corner from you,
+you just haven't heard about it yet. There's a website called Hackaday. Hackaday shares different projects. It's essentially a project blog. So anyone can contribute
+a project to that. It'll get featured on the main page and
+people then talk about it in this huge community around that website
+of just people making projects. If you're interested in looking
+more into what we're up to, you can go to sector67.org. And, we've got a lot of information on
+products that are up there, the tools and equipment that are here. And, if you're ever in Madison we
+do tours every Friday from 1:00 to 7:00 on the hour. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

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+[MUSIC] [NOISE] Hi,
+I'm here in a New York City taxi, we're on our way to
+meet with Matt Griffin. I first met Matt back in 2010 when I build
+my First 3D printer, a MakerBot Cupcake. Since that time, Matt has moved
+onto a variety of other jobs and has recently begun as the new community
+manager for Ultimaker, the Desktop 3D printer that we'll be featuring in the
+hardware segment of this specialization. Matt, thanks for meeting with us today. >> Great, glad to meet with you. >> Let's start from the beginning,
+how you got interested in 3D printing. >> I had been working in film and theater producing and
+insulation art and that sort of thing. I started going over to NYC Resistor
+in Brooklyn and I saw the first prototype of the MakerBots and started
+thinking about what might be possible. At that time, I was focused on
+like stop motion animation and puppetry and installation art,
+like what I could do if I had a 3D printer because I didn't have money
+to get one and I wanted to use one. >> The only other route was to go pitch in
+to help put together the kits at MakerBot, because they were just
+starting out as a business. They had no employees yet. I made a short video of the first
+high school classroom that had a 3D printer in the curriculum. It was Liz Aaron's class
+over at Saint Ann's, in Brooklyn, and the students who
+had adopted it, like a class pet, were doing such incredible work with
+it and helping each other to use it. I was kind of all in, and
+was lucky employee 13 at MakerBot and was basically there all the way up to
+launch of the Replicator2 in Wired. NYC Resistor is a hacker space, one of the early ones that was
+popular in the United States. It was bringing the model
+over from Europe. It was a natural place for
+3D printing to be fostered because the width and style of making these
+early 3D desktop printers was to find the simplest solution for
+these little Cartesian machines. That would allow them to use
+at hand parts, make things using a laser cutter to frame out machines
+and platforms and those kinds of elements. In the early days,
+the machines were much tougher to use so you could be really happy to make just
+a pulley that spins, like that was great compared with today where
+the level of ambition is much higher. The early days, it was sort of
+the excitement of saying okay, I need exactly this thing,
+it's very simple. But instead of going to buy it,
+we could use some free software, or affordable software, and
+work our way towards these ideas. Getting feedback from other
+people who are also similarly trying to solve these problems and then
+see the tangible results in front of us. If you could race to try things and then
+it wasn't that upsetting if it didn't work out because you're only using
+like a dollar worth of plastic. MakerBot came out of the RepRap movement. There had been 3D printers for 20 years,
+I guess at this point, maybe 25 years. People who were working in engineering or
+manufacturing, they knew about them and they had a certain place in
+the tool chain for prototyping. The RepRap movement emerged out of
+the idea, what if we find a cheaper way to solve the problem of making these
+machines that have been around using as few specialized parts as possible so
+that more people can make them? So, the efforts you go into solving your
+machine can then be replicated by another, which then shaped into replicating itself. They were using like threaded rod and
+as many 3D printed parts as possible. The goal then became we want to make something like
+a dedicated machine to make these parts. We're not as concerned about
+the self-replication part of this, which had been instrumental in spreading
+the word that this might be possible. MakerBot was essentially the first
+company to get a lot of attention for being able to offer
+a machine that would work without you having to have
+another 3D printer to produce it. The U.S. launch of Ultimaker happened
+at an event that I was helping to throw at MakerBot at in Brooklyn, BotoCon0. >> Okay. >> I had known about Erik de Bruijn,
+one of the three founders of Ultimaker because he was another
+one of the core RepRap people. In fact, he was the first one to
+successfully produce a working Darwin. The first of the breed of RepRap that
+people were making in the world and nobody other than Adrian Bowyer,
+the founder of this movement,
+had managed to make one that worked. He had that kind of cred, if you will. I knew about him. I knew about his interest. He came to speak in
+the event we were doing and I have been following
+their work the whole time. I think that these
+machines are fantastic and I love how they keep the spirit,
+the value of community alive. Ultimaker is still an open-source hardware
+platform and there's an opportunity to introduce more people and more types
+of communities to these machines. They're setting up a North American
+branch, and I'm the director of community. [SOUND] Desktop 3D printers
+are pretty affordable, pretty safe ways to produce
+something that you need right then to go from a digital
+file to a physical object. While there are other ways to do this
+sort of thing, the close connection of having a computer controlled tool and
+producing parts in a hard plastic that can be used for so many different things
+means that you can use a desktop 3D printer as a general tool to solve
+a huge range of problems and needs. One of the things that's new, as far as
+far as the experience of a designer or engineer using a desktop 3D printer
+is that the process of creation becomes one that closely ties the digital
+design with the physical world. The objects that you're
+making end up being these digital objects where you can kind of keep
+thinking and sketching anywhere you are, making contributions towards
+what you're trying to get, regardless of what kind
+of project you're making. You can basically use a tool like
+this to think in the real world and be able to show other people
+what you mean by something by allowing them to encounter it. I think this is a fantastic opportunity
+for people who are curious and want to learn more about the world. At this point, in the highly accelerated
+story of desktop 3D printing, we've gone from being excited that it even works to
+being really picky about how it works. In my opinion, the story is shifting
+now from the kind of hype that floated around the idea of having
+a machine that can produce something for you to a more specific understanding
+of what you can use these tools for with the excitement being located
+in what you actually do with it. I really think that this is actually
+a more exciting time in 3D printing than the last couple of years. I have been seeing more and more projects,
+where instead of the need for every element of it to be 3D printed and
+going through extreme efforts to solve any sort of problem with the tool you have
+at hand, that people are now using a 3D printer in a context where they have other
+tools and other ways to solve things. I'm seeing more clever solutions
+using a 3D printer when people are faced with, I want to produce
+the outer shell with this material. Maybe I have this already done, but
+I need it to attach to this thing and there's not really an off
+the shelf solution for that, so I'm going to solve this right now by
+measuring and 3D printing a solution. That coupled with all of the new
+materials, that geometrically increases the capability of
+a machine like a desktop 3D printer. And all of the excellent
+3D printing services, including 3D hubs where you have a crowd sourced opportunity to work with other
+individuals using machines like this. You're seeing more interesting problems
+solved because the focus is shifting from like 3D printing is great, to I really
+want to solve these problems in robotics, in design, in fashion, in construction. And these tools are helping
+me do more than I could if I was only
+using traditional tools. [SOUND] The question of whether
+a desktop 3D printer really is or should be a consumer product,
+it comes up all the time. To some degree, there are many people
+I know who never really will have an interest in designing and printing
+their own objects, which is totally fine. But there is a couple of interesting
+opportunities as you see more and more places, like universities and
+local community centers, for people to have access to 3D printers
+when they need them, even if they wouldn't think of themselves as somebody
+really that focused on 3D printing. [SOUND] Right now,
+there are more resources going online for 3D printing than ever before. In particular, a huge range of
+tutorials created by individual users, as well as the companies producing
+software tools and hardware tools. You can go online and find videos and tutorials for almost every
+problem you might encounter and to couple that with asking questions and
+downloading completed projects from Thingiverse,
+YouMagine, MyMiniFactory. Places where the people
+sharing those parts have battle tested them and might even respond
+to your questions if you're wondering like how this specific feature was produce. And that seems to be a key way to pick up the technical tools for how to do this kind of work and so
+I would say that resource is fantastic but what you want to make sure you're
+exploring as well is the design thinking. And you getting more of a sense of how
+what you're working on might fit into a creative process going from
+a concept to final piece. For that, taking advantage of classes
+at local schools and after school programs and universities
+that are really helping you to see not just how to solve something
+with the specific machine. [SOUND] Ultimaker has an incredibly
+warm and inviting community. You can go to ultimaker.com to see the
+site and learn about the recent products, but you want to make sure to go on into
+the forums and go to YouMagine and see all these exciting projects that people
+are doing and then sharing with the world. >> Thank you for your time, Matt. >> Yeah, thank you. >> Great job. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/02_3d-printing-insights/06_what-would-you-make-exercise-overview.en.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+[MUSIC] Hi, welcome to my office. If you're like me,
+when you need a product, you typically don't think about making it,
+instead you buy it from a store. Now, typically, store bought items
+work pretty well for most of us, but sometimes they don't. Let me give you one example. I have a really big head. This is the largest hat size I could find. And as you can see,
+it's still a bit tight. Now although I have a large head,
+I have really tiny ears. So this product,
+these off the shelf Apple earbuds, which may work well for you,
+don't work very well for me. They're hard to put in, as you can see,
+and they fall out really easily. The problem is, this, and
+other mass produced items, are made for large groups, large segments,
+not for individual consumers. Also, mass produced items
+are typically made in a faraway place by someone that we don't know,
+with a process that we haven't seen. As a result, most of us are pretty far
+removed from the actual making process. Thus, this first exercise, is to get you
+familiar with the making process, or at least thinking about making things by
+stimulating your imagination as a maker. Now imagination is the most important
+part of the 3D printing process, because if you can't imagine it,
+you can't make it. In this exercise I'd like
+you to do three things. First of all, using the camera
+in your computer, or laptop, or on your phone, talking about the video
+camera to make a short video. In this video, I'd like to you
+to answer a number of questions. First of all, tell us a bit about
+yourself, your name, where you're from. Second, give us an idea of something
+that you would like to 3D print. And third,
+tell us why you'd like to 3D print that. Finally, please post this video and
+keep it short, about a minute or so, post it on the course webpage at
+the exercise portion of the course. Your video submission will be
+peer reviewed by other learners. And likewise, you'll have a chance to peer review
+the submissions made by your colleagues. And if you continue with
+the rest of the specialization, you actually develop the skills,
+knowledge, and have access to the tools to actually
+turn this idea into a real object. That's it,
+I look forward to seeing your submissions. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/02_3d-printing-insights/07_what-would-you-make-exercise_peer_assignment_instructions.html

@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<co-content>
+ <p>
+  This first exercise is designed to get you to think about making. By doing this, I am hoping to stimulate your imagination. Being able to imagine yourself as a maker is the most important aspect of the entire 3D printing process because in order to make something, you first need to imagine it.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   This assignment will require you to use a video camera.
+  </strong>
+  You can just use a web camera on your computer, but other methods are also acceptable.
+ </p>
+ <ol bullettype="numbers">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Access your video camera (on your computer, laptop, or phone) and record a video of yourself.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Tell us your name and where you are from.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Tell us what you would like to make using 3D printing technology.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Tell us why you want to make this.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Record and post your video by following the instructions below, then post the URL of your video on the
+    <strong>
+     My submission
+    </strong>
+    tab.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ol>
+ <p>
+  You may save a draft of your work as you go, and you can come back later to continue working on your draft. When you are finished working, click the
+  <strong>
+   Preview
+  </strong>
+  button, verify your identity, and then click
+  <strong>
+   Submit for review
+  </strong>
+  to submit the assignment.
+ </p>
+</co-content>
+<h3 level="3">
+ Review criteria
+</h3>
+<co-content>
+ <p>
+  You are required to evaluate the submissions of
+  <strong>
+   at least THREE
+  </strong>
+  of your peers based on the instructions and rubric provided. You may begin giving feedback to other students as soon as you submit your assignment; click the
+  <strong>
+   Review classmates
+  </strong>
+  tab to begin. Feel free to provide additional reviews beyond the three required!
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Every submission will need to include the following:
+ </p>
+ <ol bullettype="numbers">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Your name
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    What you would make
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Why you want to make this
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ol>
+ <p>
+  Each of the three parts of the submission (see above) will be graded on the following scale:
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     0 points:
+    </strong>
+    Does not provide the required information
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     1 point:
+    </strong>
+    Provides the required information
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Note:
+  </strong>
+  To pass this assignment, you need a total score of
+  <strong>
+   3 points
+  </strong>
+  .
+ </p>
+</co-content>
+<h3 level="3">
+ How to Record and Post Your Video
+</h3>
+<co-content>
+ <p>
+  The steps below describe how to record, upload, and submit
+your video for this exercise.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  If you would like to keep your video private and visible
+only to other learners in this course, pay special attention to steps 7 and 8. If
+not, we plan to showcase some Learner stories on our social media platforms and
+on
+  <a href="http://www.3dprintingprofs.com/">
+   our
+website
+  </a>
+  .
+ </p>
+ <ol bullettype="numbers">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Record
+     your short video introduction using a computer camera, cell phone camera,
+     or any other recording device that will allow you to save a digital video
+     to your computer. If you are using a cell phone, record the video holding the longer side of the phone parallel to the ground(landscape mode).
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Save
+     your video to your computer.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Go
+     to
+    <a href="http://youtube.com/">
+     http://youtube.com
+    </a>
+    and
+     create an account, if you don't already have one. If you do not wish to be
+     identified, create a new account with a pseudonym. (Note: for those users
+     who cannot access YouTube, there are a number of other video sites that
+     will work for this assignment, such as
+    <a href="http://www.tudou.com/">
+     ToDou
+    </a>
+    or
+    <a href="http://www.youku.com/">
+     Youku
+    </a>
+    in China. However, the rest of these
+     instructions are specific to YouTube.)
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Sign
+     in, and then click on the Upload button at the top of the page.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Click
+     on the "Select files to upload" in the middle of the screen and
+     then locate and click on your video to upload it.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Go to
+     your "Video Manager" page.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Select
+     the video you want to make “unlisted”. Click the "Edit" button
+     to access the video's settings.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Go to
+     the Privacy section of the page. There you'll see the option to mark your
+     video as "unlisted", "public", or "private."
+     Select "unlisted". By selecting "unlisted," your video
+     will be hosted by YouTube but cannot be found by searching on YouTube;
+     however, it will be accessible on Coursera once you embed a link.
+    <strong>
+     Be sure not to selecting
+     "private", as that will prevent your classmates from seeing and
+     reviewing your video.
+    </strong>
+    If you have problems with setting your video as
+     "unlisted,”, see YouTube's
+    <a href="http://www.google.com/support/youtube/bin/answer.py?answer=181547&amp;hl=en">
+     help page.
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Click
+     the "Save Changes" button. Once you've done this, your video
+     will be an "unlisted" video. This is available only to people in
+     this class. Please respect the privacy of others; do not share other
+     people's URLs unless you have their written permission!
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     Copy
+     the URL from your video and paste it into the URL field of the My
+     submission tab.
+    </strong>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    (optional) If you would like to share your story with other learners on social media, use the URL and visit any of our
+    <a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/3d-printing-revolution/supplement/1vga3/social-media">
+     social media websites and share.
+    </a>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Give
+     your project a title and click on the Save or Preview button at the bottom
+     of the page.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ol>
+ <p>
+  If you have trouble with platforms other than YouTube,
+please look at the support pages for the individual platform or post a message in
+the
+  <a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/3d-printing-revolution/forum/raF9OPHjEeWTdBIkpCpI1Q/discussions/tVKNsfgmEeWTnRIwzGCJxQ">
+   discussion
+thread
+  </a>
+  setup for video troubleshooting.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Please remember, the assignment should be in English to make
+it easier for your peer reviewer (who might be from any country in the world)
+to grade.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Have fun!
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ </p>
+</co-content>
+<style>
+ body {
+    padding: 50px 85px 50px 85px;
+}
+
+table th, table td {
+    border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
+    padding: 5px 20px;
+    text-align: left;
+}
+input {
+    margin: 10px;
+}
+}
+th {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+td, th {
+    display: table-cell;
+    vertical-align: inherit;
+}
+img {
+    height: auto;
+    max-width: 100%;
+}
+pre {
+    display: block;
+    margin: 20px;
+    background: #424242;
+    color: #fff;
+    font-size: 13px;
+    white-space: pre-wrap;
+    padding: 9.5px;
+    margin: 0 0 10px;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+</style>
+<script async="" src="https://cdn.mathjax.org/mathjax/latest/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML" type="text/javascript">
+</script>
+<script type="text/x-mathjax-config">
+ MathJax.Hub.Config({
+    tex2jax: {
+      inlineMath: [ ['$$','$$'], ['$','$'] ],
+      displayMath: [ ["\\[","\\]"] ],
+      processEscapes: true
+    }
+  });
+</script>

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/03_3d-printing-facts-concepts/01_history-of-3d-printing.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] Hi, in this video my goal is to
+provide an overview of 3D printing. In particular, we'll examine how 3D
+printing began, how printers work, the things they make,
+where these things come from, and the type of materials
+that they're made from. We"ll also discuss how you can get
+access to a 3D printer for yourself. You may be surprised to learn that 3D
+printers have existed for about 30 years. The first 3D printer was created by
+a fellow named Chuck Hall back in 1986. Chuck came up with the idea for 3D
+printing while using a ultraviolet light to harden paint that he was
+putting on a coffee table. Using this experience as inspiration,
+Chuck went on to invent a process for making 3D printed objects using
+a focused beam of ultraviolet light to harden thin levels of a resin
+in a successive manner. He called this process stereo lithography,
+and it's still a main 3D
+printing technology today. Chuck also invented a number of other
+important aspects of the 3D printing process, including the STL file,
+which is the dominant file format for nearly all 3D printed designs. We'll talk more about STLs
+a bit later in this course. He also founded one of the world's
+leading 3D printing companies, a company called 3D Systems. And since the mid-1980s, a number of
+other 3D printing technologies have been developed and a variety of new
+firms have entered the marketplace. The basic technology is not new. However, until recently, 3D printers
+were very large and quite expensive. These printers were typically the size of
+a refrigerator and cost $100,000 or more. Thus, these machines were mainly used
+by large firms for creating prototypes. Then something happened a few years ago. The patents for several types of 3D
+printing technologies began to expire. As a result, a number of new firms, mostly small startups,
+began to enter the 3D printing market. The most notable new entrant was a company
+called MakerBot, which was founded in Brooklyn in 2009 and was the first firm
+to sell an affordable desktop printer. In fact,
+I have one right here in front of me. This is MakerBot's first machine, called
+the Cupcake, this was their first model. My son and I built this machine back
+in 2010, and it still works and really formed the foundation for
+the democratization of 3D printing. Since 2009, a number of new firms
+have entered the desktop 3D printer market including Formlabs,
+Printrbot, and Ultimaker. And you'll be learning a lot more about
+Ultimaker during the course of this specialization. As a result of these new entrance, the size of a 3D printer has shrunk
+from a refrigerator to a microwave. And the price has fallen from
+$100,000 to $2,000 or even less. As a result, the number of 3D
+printers is quickly expanding, and this tool is rapidly
+becoming democratized. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/03_3d-printing-facts-concepts/02_how-3d-printers-work.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] Now that we've discussed
+the history of desktop 3D printing, let's examine how these printers work. The most existing manufacturing
+technologies, such as CNC machining, create objects by starting with
+a large block of material and using a tool to cut pieces away until
+you're left with the object that you want. In contrast, 3D printing is
+an additive manufacturing process. Instead of subtracting away from
+an existing piece of material, 3D printing starts with a blank slate and
+then adds materials to it. This additive process is
+driven by a microcontroller, which guides a set of motors that moves
+a print head in three dimensions. The movement of this print head is guided
+by a digital design file which is read by the printer's motherboard. As the print head moves, it softens or hardens material in an additive manner
+from either the bottom up or the top down. Although all 3D printers imply
+additive process are actually several different types of 3D
+printing technologies. The additional resources page will
+describe these various technologies in more detail. So, I'll just focus on the three types
+of 3D printing that are currently or will soon be affordable for
+the desktop user. The first is the process known as SLA or
+Stereo Lithography. Now this was the first 3D printing
+technology, and SLA creates objects by using a beam of high intensity light,
+such as a laser, to harden a soft resin. Let me give you a demonstration. So I have this laser pointer,
+and to simulate resin, I have a container filled with dish soap. So essentially,
+the SLA technology works by shining this laser on the resin in a successive
+manner until an object is built. SLA creates small objects that
+have really high resolution that prints as low as
+25 microns per layer. However, these objects
+are not very strong. So SLA's a good technology for
+making jewelry or small display objects
+such as chess pieces. A good example of a desktop SLA
+printer that's currently available is the Formlabs printer
+which cost around $3,000. The second technology is a technology
+known us SLS, Selective Laser Sintering. Now this technology has
+some similarities to SLA, both use a high intensity of light. However, instead of hardening a resin, SLS printer uses light to
+center a powdered material. Let me demonstrate. So again, I have our laser pointer,
+and instead of having resin, we have a container filled with,
+in this case, powdered sugar. We imagine this could be anything,
+powdered metal, for example. And using the laser, which we'll move
+over the powdered material left and right, up and down, and then a print
+bed will move it or move it down. You'll have a 3D printed object. SLS printers create objects that
+have both extremely high resolution, as low as 10 microns per layer,
+but are also very strong. These printers are capable of also making
+objects from a wide array of materials, including metals. So SLS is a good technology for creating precision objects that need to be
+strong and durable such as airplane parts. At this point, there are really
+no true desktop SLS printers, the closest thing is the blueprinter. This printer employs SLS for plastics,
+but won't currently print metals. The blueprinter costs about $30,000. It's a bit higher than most desktop
+printers, so it's not quite home ready. However, many experts believe
+that a lower cost version of an SLS printer is
+only a few years away. The third and final example is FDM,
+Fused Deposition Modeling. FDM is, by far, the most common
+form of desktop 3D printing today. Now FDM, which is what the Ultimaker is,
+creates objects by melting filament and extruding it through a small nozzle
+that moves in three dimensions. Let me demonstrate with
+this spool of twine. So imagine this is the filament,
+this twine and the printer is melting it and
+layering it in a successive manner. FDM printers are capable of making
+moderately-sized plastic objects that have good but not great resolution. Typically, these printers print about
+as low as 100 microns per layer. That's about it. So at this time,
+this is a good technology for making objects that have to be fairly
+strong but don't have to look perfect, such as replacement knobs for an old
+appliance or homemade toys, for example. The Ultimaker is a good example of
+a portable desktop printer which costs, again, about $2,500. [MUSIC]

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/03_3d-printing-facts-concepts/03_materials-costs.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] Now, let's take a look at the materials
+that are used to create 3D printed objects. Although there are many different
+types of 3D technologies, nearly all 3D printers
+work in one of two ways. They either take a soft material and
+make it hard, or take a hard material and make it soft. Thus, just about any material that can be
+hardened or softened can be 3D printed, including plastic, metal,
+carbon fiber and even chocolate. At present, the vast majority of desktop
+3D printers are FDM machines such as the Ultimaker, that create objects
+by softening a strand of thermoplastic. There are currently two major types
+of thermoplastics, ABS and PLA. ABS stands for
+acrylonitrile butadiene styrene or something like that, and
+is made from petroleum. The second type of thermoplastic is
+PLA which stands for polylactic acid. This is made from corn. Both ABS and PLA are very strong and
+share a number of properties. For example, they have the same melting
+point, come in a variety of colors, and both are used by large manufacturers
+to make a variety of products. For example, if you've brought Legos,
+Legos have been made with ABS plastic. Our 3D printing and hardware course will
+dive into more details about the pros and cons of each of these
+different types of plastics. Of the two, we recommend PLA. This is the material that we use for
+nearly all of our printing. And when you melt it,
+it actually smells like waffles, so has a pleasant side effect. One of the limitations of both ABS and
+PLA is their stiffness. Both are quite hard and don't bend easily. For example,
+this smartphone case was made using PLA. As you can see, it's not very flexible. So in recent years, a variety of different types of flexible
+plastic filaments have emerged. In fact, I have one right here. Here in white,
+this is a flexible filament. And as you can see, it bends quite easily. So this sort of material is really good
+for making things that need to flex, such as a shoe or a ball. In addition to hard and soft plastics,
+a number of mixed polymer materials are starting to appear,
+such as this wood-based polymer. This gnome is printed in a polymer that
+is 60% plastic and 40% wood byproduct. And as it melts,
+the plastic is melted away and you're left with the wooden product. In addition, there is concrete polymers
+and polymers that look like bronze. The range of materials that can be heated
+up and melted through an FDM printer, such as this, will continue to
+increase in the coming years. So the capabilities of the machines
+will be quickly expanding. One of the frequent questions that
+those new to 3D printing often ask is, how much does this material cost? Well, what would you think that
+a roll of PLA or ABS would cost? This is a kilogram. Well, in actuality, the cost of this material is much
+cheaper than most people think. A kilogram of thermoplastic typically runs
+for about $20 US, which is $0.02 a gram. As a point of reference,
+a typical smartphone case such as the one I have here,
+weighs between 20 to 25 grams. Thus, you can print a case for
+your phone for less than $0.50, which is a lot less than you
+would pay if you bought one. Thus, 3D printing objects is typically a
+lot cheaper than buying them from a store. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/03_3d-printing-facts-concepts/04_where-designs-come-from.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] Now let's take a look at
+where designs come from. Regardless of the specific process or type of materials all 3D printers
+start with a digital design and this digital design forms the base for
+the object to be printed. These designs could be obtained in three
+different ways, the first way is modeling. Most 3D designs are made using a 3D
+modeling software such as Tinkercad, Google SketchUp or Autodesk Fusion. Although these programs
+are getting easier all the time, if you haven't used them before
+there's a bit of a learning curve. Tinkercad is the most
+accessible program and its basic functions can be
+learned in about an hour or less. In fact, we use Tinkercad in our lab
+to train kids as young as ten years old how to create 3D printable designs. So if they can do it,
+you can do it as well. The 3D software portion of our
+specialization will guide you through both Tinkercad as well as a more advanced
+modelling software called Fusion 360. This class will be taught by
+Jeff Smith who works for Autodesk so again this training directly
+from the firm that markets and owns both of these two software programs. The Illinois I that I have here in front
+of me is a good example of something that will be created using
+a digital modeling program. The second way in which you can get
+3D designs is through scanning. So we say that 3D printing allows
+you to turn your ideas into objects, well scanning allows you to
+turn your objects into ideas. So, what a 3D scanner allows you
+to do is to make a 3D photocopy of a person or an object. These 3D scanners have been around for
+awhile but until recently they were quite expensive, today you can buy
+3D scanners for $500 or less. Let me show you an example,
+this is a 3D scanner called the Structure Sensor and
+it's mounted on an iPad, and the scanner itself is about $500 US. And simply you just scan using your iPad,
+it's really quite easy. In addition to buying a 3D scanner
+you can also download for free, or for very low cost,
+an app on your smartphone. For example, Autodesk has a program for free called 123D Catch,
+it's an app you can download and it takes a series of photographs
+in which you can scan an object. Let me show you an example,
+this object here is a scan that was made of the head of Mars
+using a smartphone app. And this is a statue, a replica of
+a statue that sits in the Art Institute in Chicago, as you can see this
+scan is quite detailed. We'll explore scanning in more detail
+during our 3D printing software class. The third way in which you can get a 3D
+design if you don't own a scanner or if you don't know a 3D modeling
+program is simply download the design. Today there are a number of websites
+which you can go in and find 3D designs such as GrabCAD, Youmagine,
+or my favorite, Thingiverse. These design files are usually free or
+very low cost, for example, thingiverse contains hundreds of thousands
+of digital designs all of which are free, thus if you can download a file,
+you can create 3D printed objects. For example, this model of
+the Eifel Tower is a great example of the types of designs you can
+find free on Thingiverse. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/03_3d-printing-facts-concepts/05_where-to-find-3d-printers.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] Now let's talk about where
+you can find a 3D printer. Hopefully, by now you're intrigued enough
+to want to try 3D printing for yourself. That's great, the only problem is that to
+try, you'll need access to a 3D printer. Fortunately you have a number
+of different options. First of all, you could buy a 3D printer. Although there are a variety different
+printers that you could purchase, we recommend that you
+start with FDM printer. This is the safest and least expensive
+form of 3D printing hardware. If you're on a tight budget, we recommend
+taking a look at the Printrbot. That's printrbot.com and
+printrbot has a number of printers you can purchase for
+as low as $300. If you have a bit more money to spend,
+we recommend the Ultimaker printer, which we use in our lab. And this typically retails for
+about $2500 US. However, since Ultimaker is a partner
+in specialization, certified learners will be able to purchase this
+printer at a discounted price. There's also a wide ranfe of options
+between the Printrbot and the Ultimaker. Our additional resource page
+includes links to several good 3D printer reviews to aid
+you in your purchase decision. Now if you're not quite ready to buy
+your own 3D printer, that's okay, there's still a variety of ways you can
+try out this technology for yourself. If you're connecting with the university,
+you should check to see if your school has a 3D printing lab, many of them
+do, and let me give you a few examples. In the US the University of Arizona,
+the University of Tennessee, the University of Utah have all set up
+3D printing labs quite recently, and students, faculty and
+staff can use them at a very low cost. If you're not connected
+with the university, you can perhaps find a 3-D printer
+at your local public library. For example, the Harold Washington Library in downtown
+Chicago has a great maker's space filled with several 3-D printers that anyone
+can try just by having a library card. In addition to libraries, hacker spaces
+are a great place to find 3-D printers, and also learn more about
+the growing maker movement. There are thousands of hacker
+spaces around the world, you could easily find one near
+you by browsing hackerspaces.org, in fact Maker Bot grew out of a hacker
+space in Brooklyn known as NYC resistor. Other great examples of hacker spaces
+include the Electro Lab in Renece France. Makers in Mumbai India and my favorite,
+Sector 67 in Madison Wisconsin. Although hacker spaces typically
+charge members a monthly fee, most are happy to give you
+a free tour of their facilities. Now if you don't have a university,
+library or a hacker space with a printer close to you, don't worry,
+you still have a few options. You might be able to find somebody
+who owns a 3D printer and is living close by,
+by browsing the website 3Dhubs.com. If this doesn't work, you can access a 3D printer remotely
+using a variety of 3D printing providers. They're located on the web, including
+3Dhubs Voodoo manufacturing and shapeways, we have information and links to all these
+providers as well as some offers for discounted printing through them
+on our additional resources page. [MUSIC]

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+[MUSIC] Now, let's take a look at applications. How 3D printers are being used. The next course in our specialization
+will delve in more detail on this topic. So just wanted to give
+you a few examples here. At present, 3D printers are being
+used by many firms, not only for prototyping objects, but
+also for manufacturing them. For example, General Electric uses 3D
+printing to make thousands of parts for its jet engines. Also, Nike is working on
+making 3D printed shoes. And Loco Motors, a car company,
+recently 3D printed an actual car. In the US, most hearing aids and
+dental implants are 3D printed. And several universities and firms are working on technologies that may
+some day produced 3D printed human organs. For example,
+the University of Louisville recently announced that they hope to 3D
+print a human heart by 2023. We'll discuss this and
+several other 3D printing applications, in the second week of our course. Although, most desktop 3D printers will
+never make a car or a human heart, there are still lots of amazing things
+that could be made using low cost, desktop 3D printing technology. Provide some stories of what our
+students who come to our lab are using this technology
+to make everyday. We'll discuss this in
+the second week of our course. If you complete the specialization,
+you will be able to design and create things that you probably
+haven't even begun to imagine yet. That help guide you into how to think
+about the things that you can make using a 3D printer, please take a look at this
+3D typology which I developed a couple years ago with one of our doctoral
+students as a way of thinking about, what these tools can make. So my doctoral student and
+I examined 500 different objects that had been posted on the website,
+thingiverse.com. And we tried to classify these
+objects using a typology. So what you see here is the typology. It has two axis resulting
+in four categories. The first axis,
+the horizontal axis, is the type of product whether it's a new product or
+an existing product. The second axis,
+the vertical axis, is the degree to which the product is a standalone
+object that just works by itself. Or a component or
+a piece of a larger object. So we combine these two axis
+we have these four archetypes. So going from the top left,
+we have creations and what you see here is a grading dice. And this is a dice that has
+different grades, A, B, C and D and also a couple others. And this is an example
+of a new object that you wouldn't be able to buy in a store. And it works by itself,
+you just toss a dice so it's standalone. Moving to the right, we have the next
+category which are substitutes and they are simply objects that
+you could buy in a store. Instead of buying in a store, you would
+print it on your desktop, for example. So here we're showing a whistle. So for example, although you could buy a
+whistle in the store, if you were coaching your son's soccer game and
+it was 6 AM and the store was closed and you needed a whistle, printing it would
+be a convenient way to obtain it. The next category down to the right
+is something we call replacements. And what you see here on the right is
+this knob on the right was 3D printed for an old stove. And so, lots of things that
+we have something breaks and it's hard to find a replacement object. And now if you have a digital design or if you want to sketch the object in
+a 3D modeling program such as SketchUp, or perhaps even scan the broken piece,
+you can now print a replacement object. And the final category on the bottom left
+is something that we call solutions. And what you see here is
+a solution to a problem of trying to integrate two
+different toy systems. So this is called a duplo
+brio connector and the bottom it connects
+with Lego duplo blocks. And on the top across the top
+is the brio train track. So this connector allows you to
+integrate this two different but in compatible toy systems,
+so those are solutions. So we develop this classification and then
+we randomly picked 500 different objects on Thingiverse, and then independently
+my student and I each try to classify these 500 objects into 1
+of these 4 different boxes. So what do you think we found? Which category had the most objects? Well, let's take a look at that. So as you see here in this next slide that
+by far and away the biggest category, over half of these objects,
+work creations, and you see the percentages for
+the other three categories? And this is interesting because
+we have to think of 3D printer as creating existing products,
+and some individuals will say, why would I want to make my own whistle
+when I can buy within the store, well perhaps you couldn't
+if the store was an open? But that's really missing the point,
+the key point here is that 3D printing allows us to create new objects
+that have never been seen before. So the fact that the majority
+of these objects, 51% are creations is really interesting. This suggests that people
+are using 3D printers to create new-to-the-world products
+that have never existed before, and this is really the magic of 3D printing. I hope this typology has been
+useful in helping you think about the sort of things you can
+make with a 3D printer. As you can see, 3D printers can make
+a variety of objects, both those that have already existed as well as those that
+have never ever been made before. The possibilities are endless and the use of this technology is
+as broad as your imagination. I hope this overview of 3D printing has
+provided you with a better understanding of how you can put your imagination into
+action, and turn your ideas into objects. [MUSIC]

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+[MUSIC] Hi.
+I'm joined by Danny Lohan. Danny is a graduate student here
+at the University of Illinois, and was one of the first gurus we found
+on the online MakerLab back in 2013. Danny knows more about 3D printing
+than just about anybody that I know. I thought he'd be a great ambassador
+in terms of showing us how to turn your ideas into objects. We go through three steps. First of all, how to take an idea and
+create it using a 3D modeling program. In this case, Dan will be demonstrating
+very quickly a program called Fusion 360. >> That's right. >> Second, how to prepare that digital
+file for printing on a 3D printer. And finally, how to actually take
+that file, put it on a printer, and come out with a finished object. Danny, what are you going to
+show us how to make today? >> Today, I think we will go
+through making a jet airplane. The reason I choose this object is
+because the software, Fusion 360, makes it really easy to
+model parts such as this. >> Danny,
+what's the first step in this process? How do you go from an idea
+to an object like this? >> The first step is to choose
+the appropriate software and as I mentioned,
+today we're going to use Fusion 360. >> Fusion 360 is an Autodesk product. >> That's right. >> It's one of the most advanced
+modelling programs out there. >> That's right. >> We're actually, if you stick around
+with the rest of the specialization, in the software portion, the software
+course of our 3D printer specialization, you actually get the hands-on
+instruction by Jeff Smith who works for Autodesk and is a Fusion 360 ambassador. You should be able to, by the end of that course, learn how
+to make things like this, right Danny? >> That's right. >> Go ahead and take us through the steps. >> Sure. The first thing we're going to have
+to do is open the software package. This is the icon for Fusion 360. If we click on that,
+it'll start opening the software. Now what's unique to this software
+is it's actually cloud-based. >> What does that mean? >> That means you'll need some internet
+connection to login to the software and through that connection and your account, all your part files will be saved online
+>> Are there advantages to being online? Could you share your files with people
+working in other parts of the world? >> That's right. Fusion 360 makes it easy to collaborate
+with people around the world or locally when working on a part file. >> Okay.
+Now what do we have here, Dan? Looks like we have a topographical
+map without anything on it. >> This is the user interface for
+Fusion 360. The reason I'm using Fusion 360 to design
+this airplane is that Fusion 360 doesn't work like traditional CAD programs,
+where you have parametric modeling. It actually uses something
+called T-splines. You can think about it like sculpting. We can start with a block of material,
+say clay, and we can pull and morph it until we get a shape like
+the airplane in just a few minutes. I'll show you a quick example. If we create this tool,
+we enter the form environment. In the form environment,
+we can input objects and modify those basically free form. Here we have an object. One thing you would need to do is define
+how many faces and edges are in this part. You can do that with
+the dialogue box presented. >> Now what's a face and what's an edge? >> An edge is represented by the line and four lines connected together
+usually represent a face. Beyond the creation tool, we can use the
+modified tool which has a wide assortment of modifications we can use to change the
+shape and sculpt this into an airplane. We can directly pull, push, and modify this object with
+simple clicks of a button. Once we have our desired faces
+selected by clicking the alt button, we can extrude this face
+by selecting one of this outer rim of icons,
+we can resize the objects or faces. This way, we can increase the size
+of our object by molding it. In order to create the wings, we can
+select one of the surfaces or more and use the extrude function
+to pull that surface out, resize it and reposition it. We can do the same on the other side for
+the second surface. By doing similar procedures, we can repeat this on all the surfaces to create
+different features on the airplane. >> Are there any tests in
+Fusion 360 to let you know that the actual design can be 3D printed? >> What's really nice about Fusion 360 is
+if you create this whole model in the form environment, it is guaranteed to be
+watertight and ready for printing. You do not have to take additional steps,
+like you might with other software, to make sure that you
+can 3D print your part. >> What is watertight,
+what does that mean? >> Watertight means that
+there is a closed surface. You can imagine dropping
+this airplane in water, water would not go inside the airplane. >> And to print an object,
+it should be watertight, correct? >> That's right. >> Why don't you go ahead and take us
+through the steps in terms of moving from this finished 3D model in a Fusion
+360 to the next step in the process, which is preparing the design file for
+printing. >> What you need to do is go into the file
+menu, and click the 3D print button. >> A 3D print menu item. >> That's right.
+>> Makes it easy. >> From here, we can select the object,
+make any modifications you might want to it regarding resolution and
+output it directly to a STL file. >> Now STL is the PDF of 3D printing,
+right? >> That's right. >> Other programs besides Fusion
+360 such as Tinker CAD or Google Sketch Up, for example,
+will also produce STL files. >> That's right. And that's the output when you take that
+STL, and the next step is to prepare that in a 3D, it's called a slicing program,
+which prepares the file for printing. >> That's right. >> The reason we do that
+is because these programs, even though Fusion 360 was designed with
+3D printers in mind but these programs are creating 2D images that are not ready
+for actual three dimensional printing. In essence, what they're lacking is the command instructions that tell
+the printer, the print head, where to go. >> Right. >> How do we take that STL file and
+put that into the slicing program? >> Sure. Each 3D printer comes with its own slicing
+software, so the Ultimaker specifically, uses a software called Cura, and
+we can open Cura by clicking this icon. >> You can download Cura for free? >> That's right. Slicing is the essential step between
+your 3D part file and a 3D printed file. What slicing software does is it
+takes the part file you have, and it will cut it into
+a large number of layers. You can imagine taking a slice with
+a chef's knife of your 3D part. >> Okay. >> On each of those layers, it will trace
+the path that this end effector takes to draw the part on each layer. By successfully drawing each layer,
+eventually, the printer will print the part. This is basically making the recipe or
+cookbook for this particular print file. >> Okay.
+That's a great description. >> We can open the airplane file and
+it places it on the build plate, the area on the bottom is
+called the build plate. As long as your file
+fits within these bounds, it should be able to
+print by the Ultimaker. When the object is imported,
+it might have the wrong orientation, we can change the orientation by selecting
+the object and clicking the rotate button. There's a lot of customization
+when using Cura. One thing you might
+note right off the bat, is it shows the amount of time that
+it will take to print the part. >> Okay. >> What's important here is if
+you adjust the, say resolution, make it higher fidelity,
+it will increase the time. But you can do certain things such as
+increasing the amount of material inside the part, so adding an infill,
+making it partly hollow, and this will decrease the time
+it takes to print. You can adjust the settings based on
+what you need to get a print that's reasonable in time. Another thing we can do is change
+the size of the object we want to print. If you click the object,
+there is a scale button. Right now, we have 100% scale,
+so it's one. If we resize the object to say half scale, we will notice that the time is
+significantly reduced for print. >> Danny, while this is working,
+what are some of the main considerations that someone has to keep in
+mind when engaged in this slicing process? What are the typical things that are
+adjusted besides the size of the design? >> The number one thing I
+would consider is whether or not your product needs support material. For example, this airplane has wings and
+you can see that these wings are not touching the plate, so
+the 3D printer can't print in thin air. In order for
+it to actually make this part, you have to include some material
+under it so that it can print on top. What the printer actually does is instead
+of creating a solid support structure, it makes a very loosely meshed support
+structure so that it's easy to peel off. >> I just take that off
+with some pliers or a file. >> Right. In the basic tab, you can see that
+there's an option for support type and you can put support structure
+wherever you want and whatever form. >> Where would you put the support for
+something like this? >> For this,
+I would put supports everywhere, since there are a lot of locations that
+have some overhang or floating material. >> With 3D printing,
+we can make object completely solid or completely hollow, or anything in between. Should we talk a bit about that infill? >> Since this a display piece and nothing structural, we can actually
+remove a lot of the material inside. Inside the basic menu,
+there's an option for fill density. Right now, it starts at ten for default, that means 10% of this
+object will be filled with material. >> So 90% of it will be hollow. >> That's right. We can change the setting to speed up or
+slow down the print, depending on what your need is. As I mentioned, since it's only aesthetic, we can drop this down to 5% and
+print it that way. >> It sounds like the infill consideration
+is influenced by two factors. One, the amount of time that you have. >> Right.
+>> If you're pressed for time, perhaps you make an object
+a bit more hollow. >> Right.
+>> And second is what you plan
+to do with the object. >> Right.
+>> Is it just sitting on your desktop and people are looking at it,
+then it can basically be a hollow object. >> Right.
+>> Versus if it's a bracket that's holding something heavy, you may want something
+that is a bit more solid inside. >> That's right. >> Are there other considerations? How about actually you mentioned
+the resolution of the print? >> Sure,
+one way you can change the quality of the print is through
+the basic menu again. You have several options,
+the first of which is the layer height and that's going to describe the amount the
+print head moves up between each layer. >> Okay. >> If you decrease this height, you'll
+get a higher resolution on the z-axis. >> What's the typical resolution level? >> That depends on the type of printer. >> Typically, in the MakerLab, we print most of our objects at
+a layer height of around 250 microns. What that means is that four
+layers equals one millimeter, or in other words, each layer's only
+a quarter of a millimeter thick. As a point of reference, the width of
+a sheet of paper is about 100 microns. The UItimaker, as well as the Makerbot, will print something as fine
+as a width sheet of paper. But typically, we don't do that because
+the parts that we use look pretty good actually at 250 microns and
+we don't want to stick around for days to have the object print. Anything else we need to do, Danny, before
+we actually start the printing process? >> No, at this point, we can go ahead and
+select this button to save the tool path. It'll actually save it directly
+to our SD card, in which case, we can use that to print it. >> It's saved, and you're going to
+take the card and do what with it? >> Once we have the part on the card, we
+can take it and plug it into the printer, in which case, the printer's going to read
+the part from the card and begin printing. >> Both the Ultimaker as well
+as the MakerBot use an SD card to read the file to print. >> That's right. [MUSIC] Here's our jet airplane. Nice job, Danny. >> Thank you.
+>> It looks great. >> What we're going to have to do is
+remove this airplane from the platform and remove the support material. What we'll have left is
+the fighter jet on its own. >> Here it is, Danny. What do you think?
+>> I think it looks good. >> Great job. Danny just took us through the steps on
+how you can turn your ideas into objects using 3D printing technology,
+in this case, to make a plastic airplane. In other parts of this course,
+you'll see lots of other examples of people using this technology to
+revolutionize the economy, all the way from making 3D printed earbuds to making
+prosthetics for children around the world. Hope you stick around
+to see these videos and learn more about this
+fascinating new technology. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

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+[MUSIC] Hi, I'm here in Youngstown, Ohio at the National Additive
+Manufacturing Innovation Institute, also known as America Makes,
+which is a lot easier to say. America Makes is a really
+interesting operation. It began in 2012, started by the Obama
+Administration as way to reinvigorate American manufacturing using 3D printing
+and atom manufacturing technology. Now America used to be a country
+that made lots of things. I grew up in a factory town. My grandfather made ball bearings for
+45 years. My grandmother worked in
+a clothespin factory. But over the past 15, 20, 25 years,
+you see increasingly less and less made by American companies. So America Makes is designed to
+reinvigorate this manufacturing ethos. It's a unique public and private
+partnership, again, founded by the U.S. Government. But you'll see filmed
+machines donated by large and small 3D printing companies, such as
+MakerBot, Stratysys, and 3D Systems. I'm here today to talk to
+you about Mark Cotteleer. Mark is a consultant for Deloitte. In fact, he's their specialist on
+3D printing item manufacturing. He's going to talk about
+the difference between the two and how what you're learning here in this
+course, about desktop 3D printing, can be applied to much broader manufacturing
+techniques at a factory scale. Let's go find Mark, and
+learn about additive manufacturing. Come on. Well Mark, thank you for
+taking the time to be with us today. >> It's good to be here Eric. >> Can you start off by telling us
+a bit about your 3D printing story? How you became interested
+in this technology? >> So I've been involved in 3D printing or
+additive manufacturing, you'll hear me call it
+additive manufacturing, at an industrial scale for
+about three years now. And Deloitte is one of the largest
+professional services firms in the world. We have a very advanced technology
+practice where we help our clients understand how to take both manufacturing
+and information technologies and deploy them in pursuit of
+value inside their businesses. And when we looked around and said what
+are the critical technologies that we're going to need to be able to help
+our clients understand for the future. Additive manufacturing,
+3D printing was clearly one of them. Additive manufacturing
+is not a new technology. The original process, stereolithography,
+was invented over 30 years ago. The technology used to be
+referred to as rapid prototyping. What we're seeing now
+is a bit of a breakout. The technologies have advanced to
+a point where the economics and the quality is sufficient to actually
+move into final part production. We have done quite a bit
+of work in aerospace and defense and in military applications. Trying to understand how additive
+manufacturing can be used to either enhance sustainment,
+that is the ability of planes to fly, of equipment to run very rapidly. We're looking at supply
+chain applications, so how do we manage what we call
+long tail inventory applications? So maybe I have parts that
+I have to serve clients for products that might be decades old. And if someone orders that part,
+maybe the toolings not available, maybe the supplier's gone out of business,
+maybe I don't even have a design for it, and I need a way to manufacture it. So we're working with clients to
+understand how can I rapidly produce parts in a lot size of one in order
+to service that customer. We're working with clients to help them
+conceptualize how they can create entirely new products. By using the design capabilities
+that are enabled by additive manufacturing to either simplify
+the number of components that go in. So I can produce all as one piece instead
+of having to assemble multiple individual subcomponents. Or maybe I can redesign to take
+weight out using lattices, or taking nonessential material out of
+different parts of the component in order to reduce weight, or increase performance. Or we're seeing applications where we're
+enabling entirely new business models. Lots of really new exciting application
+areas for this particular technology. We're just getting started. Deloitte has its history in
+things like auditing and tax. But we are in fact one of the largest
+consulting firms in the world, and one of the most respected. We have leading practices in analytics,
+in supply chain and manufacturing operations, in lots of
+different areas, it might surprise you. So people should check
+out what all we're doing. We are interested in this space, both from
+the perspective of the technology itself, so how is it that we
+deploy these machines? But it's also important to
+recognize that these machines exist within what we refer to
+as the digital thread. That is,
+in order to allow this machine to work, we need an entire technology
+infrastructure built around it. We'll help a company design its
+additive manufacturing strategy. We'll help a company figure out
+what components are appropriate for being manufactured using
+additive manufacturing. We'll help them choose the equipment. We'll help them identify other
+partners they want to work with, what is the software, how does that
+digital thread all go together. And we'll help them secure it
+by using our cyber security services to actually make sure
+that nobody can hack into it. Which, if you think about it,
+can be a pretty big deal. And then we'll also help with
+the workforce transformation. So we have a big human capital practice that does all the change management
+around helping people understand how the change of this technology
+is going to impact their business. When we talk about the digital revolution, we have to extend even beyond
+additive manufacturing into, you could call it industry 4.0,
+you could call it smart manufacturing. You could call it the future
+of manufacturing. It goes back to this notion of the digital
+thread and to what we like to talk about as the physical to digital
+to physical transition. So we all live in a physical world,
+we interact with physical objects. But so much of the enablement of
+that world has become digital. That is, we use information technology in
+order to make ourselves more effective, more efficient,
+in order to improve our quality of life. And so, as manufacturers,
+as service providers, companies need to understand how to draw
+off information from the physical world. That could be about the state of
+the products that they produce. It could be about the demands that
+customers have for those products. And that maybe the individual
+customizations that they are looking for to make it personable to them,
+as individuals. The manufacturers need to be able to draw
+off all that information using sensors or other technologies. They need to be able to apply advanced
+analytics and other computing systems in order to make better decisions about
+what and where they want to produce. And then they need to actually
+transition back into the physical world. This is where additive manufacturing comes
+in, to produce the products that have the fit and form and performance that
+are required by customers today. And so all of these information and
+operations technologies have to work together in this overarching
+digital thread in order for a company to be successful
+in the 21st century. With additive manufacturing,
+that may include the ability to, eventually at least, mix materials, embed
+sensors so that we continue that virtuous cycle of going from the physical
+world to the digital world. To the physical world, to the digital
+world, to the physical world, to the digital world, on and on, always
+improving and serving our customer better. The difference very often is one
+of scale and precision when you look at the difference between say
+a desktop and industrial scale. So we have some of the models that you
+produce, and you've been working with this airplane model that you're
+producing using a desktop printer. That is a fused filament process
+that we often refer to as FDM, fused deposition modeling. This is a similar object made through
+a fused filament process as well, they look very similar. And the main distinction that you're
+going to find here between the desktop and the industrial scale is one of size. You can produce a much bigger part and
+one of precision. So you're going to see a much finer
+gradations depending on which of the machines you're using. Now these fused filament processes
+are getting better and better everyday. We also have other technologies. So you've talked about SLS in your class,
+selective laser sintering. That's another process of
+additive manufacturing that is available at the industrial scale. This is the same object, same file,
+we just sent it to a different machine, that is produced out of another polymer or
+plastic material. In SLS, we're aiming a laser into a powder
+bed, again manufacturing layer by layer. And what you'll notice here, the obvious difference in the color,
+different materials. And so you've got different
+material capabilities, different mechanical
+characteristics between them. You'll also see some
+differences in precision. So this process, you can get to
+an even finer surface level. It's a powder-based system. That surface finish is determined by
+literally the grain size of the powder. We've also got one here. This is a selective laser
+melting process where we're actually producing
+out of stainless steel. Again, it's a powder bed process. Again, we're going layer by layer. And so the big differences are between
+what you are seeing on your desktop and what you are seeing in the industrial
+application is really one of the size of the process. The precision of the process, the variety
+of materials that you're able to use. Certainly the design principle. So, your students will perhaps be
+learning to design objects using a fused filament process. The learning of those design principles,
+of how to design for additive manufacturing, will be applicable
+in a variety of different spaces. Now it's important to recognize
+that different additive processes will yield different capabilities, and different opportunities to
+expand the design envelope. So what they're really learning here is
+that baseline, that foundation that's going to allow them to get a head
+start on the rest of the world. They're also going to
+learn to conceptualize the capabilities of
+additive manufacturing. So that when they get to that company or
+when they turn to their business and say hey, here's how additive manufacturing
+can really play a role in our broader manufacturing context. They're going to be much better prepared
+to have ideas about how to move that company forward using these technologies. The additive manufacturing space
+compared to conventional manufacturing, is still relatively small. But the important thing is
+that it's growing very fast. Additive manufacturing is not a panacea. It's not going to change everything. But it's going to change some things
+in really, very important ways. Additive manufacturing technologies offer
+the promise of addressing some really troubling, really challenging product
+design and supply chain issues. The market is growing at
+almost 30% per year and that's been sustained
+over quite a long time. So we're looking at a market that is
+growing by billions of dollars every year. There are academic studies
+that show that there can in fact be a return on investment for
+a home printer today. More likely than that, I think,
+is we are going to see a dipole model emerge sometime
+in the next five to ten years. Where your local big box retailer,
+or maybe your local hardware store, will begin to deploy these
+kinds of technologies. So when something goes wrong in your home,
+or when you have a product
+that you want to download. Perhaps you download and buy it,
+purchase a design from a service. You will send that over to your local
+shop and they will manufacture it for you, very much as America Makes did for
+these objects for us today. And then sometime,
+maybe not in the next five to ten years, we'll see that actually penetrate
+the home in a significant way. At Deloitte we have produced
+an online course, a MOOC. Go to www.dupress.com/3d-opportunity. We've got many perspectives that we'll
+look at individual dimensions of the additive manufacturing questions. And then we also have our online course, which is very similar to
+the course you're doing here. It's about three hours,
+a certificate credit. That they can walk through each
+of the seven ASTM processes for additive manufacturing. As well as a framework for understanding how additive
+manufacturing applies to the business. It's won awards, we've had lots of users. And we'd invite everybody to participate. Additive manufacturing, the universe
+of possibility is very broad and it's easy to get intimidated trying to
+figure out, what am I going to do first? Just get started, particularly again
+if you're a business that manufactures things, because your competitors
+are getting started. And this is an area where you want to
+learn and build capabilities over time. So, that you skill
+yourself as an individual. And so that you deliver those
+capabilities to your business, so that it can succeed in the long term. >> Don't be afraid to fail. >> Don't be afraid to fail. No. >> Well great job Marc, thank you so much. >> Thank you,
+it was a pleasure being here. >> Thank you. [MUSIC]

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+[MUSIC] For me, one of the cool things about
+3D Printing is that the possibilities are almost endless. So, what I'm going to do
+here is take this airplane which Danny Low had designed and
+that we printed on our desktop 3D printer. I'm hear with Rodrigo who is
+the factory manager at America Makes. And, I sent him the design. The STO file for this airplane. And, he actually took that design that
+we emailed and he going to print it out. In fact, he has printed it on
+this expensive [CROSSTALK] >> Very Expensive machine. >> Laser printer. >> Yes,
+it's a selective laser melting burner. I know you talked about selective
+laser sintering on your class. Selective laser melting refers
+to a very similar machine. It just has normally a higher-end laser,
+more power all of it. And you can print miles on it. So we printed it out on this machine
+with very little changes to the design. And actually build all
+the file inside of this. >> Let's see what comes out of the oven. >> So you can actually see
+the cake of powder down there. >> [SOUND] There we have it, airplane made out of metal. >> Mm-hm. >> Thank you, great job. >> You're welcome. [MUSIC]

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+[MUSIC] Hi, we're here somewhere in Brooklyn,
+New York. We're here to talk to Aaron Roy. Aaron's the Head of Strategy and
+Operations for a new company called 3DPrinterOS. Essentially, they're providing
+the operating system that enables 3D printers to work together. And for Also, you'll be able to use
+them in a more efficient manner. it's a really interesting concept and
+a great company. I think you'll enjoy hearing from Aaron. Well, Aaron, thank you for
+sitting down with us today. >> My pleasure. >> Could you tell us a bit about how
+you got interested in the 3D printing? >> I had the chance to see
+a 3D printer in action. It was about three to four years ago. I was drawn to it like a moth to a flame. I feel like I stared at it for
+about 45 minutes, trying to wrap my head around the fact that a physical object
+is being created out of thin air. And from there I just dived in head first. The first thing I did was I read
+Fabricated by Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman I think. It absolutely got me on this path
+of thinking I couldn't get out of. It was just absolutely set into wanting
+to explore additive manufacturing. Another thing I then discovered was,
+Makers by Chris Anderson. Back to back those books put me in
+spot where 3D printing I had to get my hands on it. So actually what I did was I
+started volunteering like crazy. I volunteered at the 3D print show,
+with Maker Fair New York and with a Fab lab in Newport,
+Road Island, Fab lab Newport. This gave me the chance to actually touch
+machines, to get hands-on experience with some different types of 3D printers,
+and I've never looked back since [LAUGH]. [MUSIC] At 3DPrinterOS what we've done is we've
+built the world's first operating system for 3D printing. Operating system is a very
+vague world in so many ways. 3D printing right now,
+there's hundreds of different machines. All of them have very machine specific,
+very fragmented, very complicated workflows. For a school or an enterprise to bring in
+3D printing and have to relearn or reteach admins on workflow every single time, it's
+just very difficult and very frustrating. We really set out to unify
+those different things. Put a platform together that can
+connect across different systems. And, not only that, deliver better
+results than machine specific hardware. By focusing only on software, we've been
+able to explore a lot of the problems that played the 3D printer
+workload in general. What we've realized is a lot
+of groups in today's world, actually have 3D printers,
+but what to do with those, the training that goes into using them,
+the ability to track statistics. Measure all [INAUDIBLE] 3D
+printing investment, and share that access, it wasn't really there. So we've really, really,
+focused on providing whole solutions. You know, asking what are the problems of
+a business and then trying to solve those. But really the big thing for us is working with different
+educational institutions we've realized schools might have printers, but maybe 5,
+10, students had access to two printers. To us that was very frustrating because
+they have these great machines but they're not using them. We built our software to kind of flip flop
+them where we could take two machines, share those to twenty users,
+a hundred users, a thousand users, an infinite amount. And put data behind it for an admin to be
+able to say we have two thousand hours of printing across a hundred different
+machines over the past three months. Puts them in a position where they
+can really grow their program. On the Enterprise side, we've been able to grow our software
+around clients such as Jabil Circuit. They're the third largest contract
+manufacturer in the world. Over $18 billion in revenue per year. We were able to go in there, work with their engineers,
+who have had five, $1 million machines. But really only 5 to 10 people using them,
+and instead bring in desktop FDM machines and be able to get 18 or
+20 or 50 engineers with access. because at the end of the day, more
+utilization means faster prototyping and more measurable results. [MUSIC] We've seen 3D printing being used
+differently than maybe we did two years ago. Where before it was pure prototyping,
+we're seeing now, with material science advances,
+attempts at attacking real large problems. One thing that I know a lot of groups are
+working on is the access to materials such as PEEK and materials that can be
+really disruptive manufacturing wise. Not just prototype materials. PEEK has similar tensile properties
+to a material such as aluminum. This, as it becomes more prevalent
+in the desktop 3D printing world, we think can really change the way that
+3D printers are used in an enterprise or an education or even a desktop realm. Because one of the biggest complaints
+we sometimes hear is well, you can only make things in plastic. As desktop 3D printing can move into other
+types of materials and that changes. Even a year ago today printing
+in blended PRAs the copper, the brass fills, the gold fills,
+the bamboo fills, that wasn't here. That wasn't really a possibility. And a year from today I'm really intrigued
+to see where the materials are again. Those advances push
+the whole industry forward. So 3DPrinterOS is one of the biggest areas
+of focus for us as well as education, and you know we've had the chance to work with
+some of the leading institutions in the US and around the world on how
+they're using 3D printing. One of those in particular,
+Duke University has really focused on enabling
+access beyond your standard groups. So instead of focusing on just
+engineers or just designers. They've tried to open up 3D printing
+to a broader of their student body. This is allowing people to not just
+work in 3D but start thinking in 3D. Which as a shift in mindset, really allows
+the industry to be more widely adopted. You have 500 students who've had exposure
+to 3D printing is a lot different than just 10 engineering students. Thinking how we can design for additive
+manufacturing is a completely different mindset in some ways than subtractive. With 3D printing,
+we're adding from the ground up. We can build innovative shapes and
+curves and objects. It's a whole different way
+of design thought, and the more people who think that way,
+the more innovation, the more cutting edge breakthroughs
+we'll see in this field. [MUSIC] The 3D printing ecosystem today is, I would describe it in some
+ways as like a Holy Trinity. We have material, research, and science. Then we have hardware research in science,
+and then we have software. Hopefully tying these
+different pieces together. That ecosystem,
+at some points we see limitations because as hardware needs to advance, it also
+needs software to unleash that power. And as far as we can
+push on the hardware and software side, we need great materials
+to really complete that picture. I was reading just before you
+guys got here today about full color 3D printing and what would
+that take on an FDM printer, and I'm really interested to see,
+you know what groups of e3D and what material scientists can do
+to crack those types of problems. At the same point, you know for standard desktop 3D printing
+we still have a lot of work to do. In regards to making sure
+printers all have WIFI and making sure printers are reliable. That they're user friendly,
+that they're easy to use. And on the software side, you know the
+problems we're working on tackling are, how can we make slicing better? How can we be more
+predictable in print times? How can we make networking printers
+together and making them easy for large groups to access simpler and
+put data really behind that? A fourth problem that's part of the
+ecosystem, that needs to be tackled, and I know is being addressed. Is design, you know,
+A the access to great design content, 3D printable content, but
+B optimization of existing content. So many files that are created are not
+necessarily ready for 3D printing. In the tackling of that problem and
+making them more available and more accessible, will also be able to
+push forward all three other fronts. In my dream world in five years from
+today we'd see hardware be at a point where it's an easy work flow no
+matter what machine was adopted. We'd see it at a point where
+an enterprise can bring in hopefully 3D printing in the same way
+they approach a modern PC. It's something that's a tool in
+the belt of the manufacturing workflow. Same thing in education. 3D printing can be something
+that is taught with regularity, not something that's an elective we
+look at with interest and intrigue. 3D printing should be part of
+the regular conversation because its potential to upset the $12
+trillion manufacturing is very real. So in five years I do see
+it making real progress on those fronts same thing
+from a material side. I think in one year, we'll see advances in materials that
+we never even thought possible. Whether that's the printing of metal on
+desktop in a safe and efficient manner, or it's the breakthrough new
+materials that can be 3D printed that weren't possible through
+some other manufacturing method. That can be used in a desktop environment
+to change the way we approach manufacturing. And from a software side, you know
+there's work to be done but I think as the computing power inside the machine
+gets better, we can build better software, better firmware that you know that
+unleashes even more of that power. [MUSIC] It took a while for
+PCs to make it in every home. I think there's a lot of work that would
+have to be done on the design optimization side to get a 3D printer in every home. Because even if the machine was easy
+to use, even if the software was super simple, even if the materials were
+incredible, we have to have great content. I think teaching the ability to make great
+content, unlocking the access to great content we have available today,
+that's another issue in itself. So, I hope in 10 years I feel more
+optimistic about that possibility. [MUSIC] If I were to recommend to someone just
+starting out on 3D printing relation where they should begin that journey, I would
+start with, first off get it front of it. 3D printing is like seeing is believing. Find a class, find a meetup,
+find a FamLab, find anything you can to put
+yourself in front of a printer. You have to see it to really
+appreciate its power. Number 2, look at the great resources
+online, obviously the Coursera, the different components. There's a lot of resources becoming
+available online on the topic. Number 3, I'm biased, but I will pitch
+that Hod Lipson, Melba Kurman book, it's a little older now, but Fabricated,
+really for me, highlighted the potential of the industry and besides that go
+to the conferences, go to the shows. There's a lot of ones
+that have free admission. Seeing this stuff in action, meeting the people in it,
+still a really small industry. You could join today,
+you could join a year from today and really make a huge
+difference in 3D printing. This is a ground level industry. Really, you can make a monstrous
+difference even today. >> So,
+we're at the beginning of the revolution? >> I think that we're at the very
+beginning of the revolution. I think we need more people within it. I think we need great minds in it and
+I think we need people who really want to tackle and take on and
+solve some of these larger scale issues. For an industry that's poised to take off,
+there are few and far between where you see the ground level and can reach out and
+touch it this is that industry. The manufacturing industry is a $12
+trillion market, and really 3D printing, the ability to take one pound in and
+put one pound out, only use what material is there and create from that, it
+has such unlimited disruptive potential. I would say, please join us [LAUGH]
+>> I agree. [MUSIC] >> Please visit us at 3DPrinterOS.com,
+there's a wealth of information and resources on what we're going,
+some of our goals and initiatives for this year out there. We also teach classes in New York, in person, more information can be
+found on our website or at learn3D.nyc. That's a free class in New York where we
+try to teach at Brooklyn Public Library. Agin, put the printers in front of people. Let them see it, let them interact. And we also do webinars. Same thing on that same site. Feel free to join us on a free
+webinar as well, on 3D printing. [MUSIC]

docs/02_module-1-what-is-3d-printing/05_optional-content/01_like-this-course-learn-more-with-the-imba-optional.en.txt

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+[SOUND] The University of Illinois
+was formed about 150 years ago with a land grant mission
+to democratize education. The iMBA is a testament to that mission. We are about access to education. We are looking for talented people
+around the world across a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds and
+demographic characteristics to constitute our classes because we believe
+the heterogenite background heterogenite talented people will be fantastic for
+the IMBA. Not only in terms of our visibility but also in terms of enhancing
+experiences of our students. And so what we have is we
+are providing the opportunity to people around the world,
+talented people around the world, to complete a high quality MBA
+education for about $20,000. So if you are talented, and
+if you're eager to grow, then we want you to be a part of
+the University of Illinois family.

docs/03_module-2-why-is-it-revolutionary/01_module-2-information/01_module-2-overview_instructions.html

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+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<co-content>
+ <h1 level="1">
+  Module 2: Why Is It Revolutionary?
+ </h1>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Overview
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  In this module, you will learn what is special about 3D printing and how this technology will change the business world and revolutionize our economy.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Time
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  This module should take
+  <strong>
+   approximately 3.25 hours
+  </strong>
+  of dedicated time to complete, with its videos and assignments.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Reading
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  Garcia, M (2015).
+  <a href="http://time.com/3761716/keep-3d-printing-revolutionary/">
+   How to keep 3D printing revolutionary
+  </a>
+  .
+  <em>
+   Time
+  </em>
+  .
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Feel free to find other readings or resources and share them in the forums.
+ </p>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Lessons
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  The lessons for this module are listed below (with assignments in bold italics):
+ </p>
+ <table columns="2" rows="7">
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Lesson Title
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      Estimated Time Required
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     An Early Look at the Coming Revolution
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     30 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     The 3D Printing Revolution: Facts &amp; Concepts
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     30 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      <em>
+       Module 2 Practice Quiz
+      </em>
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     15 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      <em>
+       Remixing Products Exercise
+      </em>
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     40 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     The Revolutionaries
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     60 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     <strong>
+      <em>
+       Module 2 Quiz
+      </em>
+     </strong>
+    </p>
+   </td>
+   <td>
+    <p>
+     15 minutes
+    </p>
+   </td>
+  </tr>
+ </table>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Goals and Objectives
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Describe the revolutionary advantages of 3D printing.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Understand how 3D printing is being used to change the way in which products are made and sold.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Key Phrases/Concepts
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  Keep your eyes open for the following key terms or phrases as you interact with the lectures and complete the activities. For definitions of the terms, please see the
+  <strong>
+   <a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/3d-printing-revolution/supplement/515pX/glossary">
+    Glossary
+   </a>
+  </strong>
+  .
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Economics of scale
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Maker’s Marks
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Soli
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <h2 level="2">
+  Getting and Giving Help
+ </h2>
+ <p>
+  You can get/give help via the following means:
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Use the
+    <strong>
+     <a href="https://courserahelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/">
+      Learner Help Center
+     </a>
+    </strong>
+    to find information regarding specific technical problems. For example, technical problems would include error messages, difficulty submitting assignments, or problems with video playback. If you cannot find an answer in the documentation, you can also report your problem to the Coursera staff by clicking on the
+    <strong>
+     Contact Us!
+    </strong>
+    link available on each topic's page within the Learner Help Center.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Use the
+    <strong>
+     <a href="https://www.coursera.org/learn/3d-printing-revolution/forum/raF9OPHjEeWTdBIkpCpI1Q/discussions?sort=lastActivityAtDesc&amp;page=1">
+      Course Suggestions
+     </a>
+    </strong>
+    forum to report errors in lecture video content, assignment questions and answers, assignment grading, text and links on course pages, or the content of other course materials. University of Illinois staff and community TAs will monitor this forum and respond to issues.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ </p>
+</co-content>
+<style>
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+
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+pre {
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docs/03_module-2-why-is-it-revolutionary/02_an-early-look-at-the-coming-revolution/01_tour-of-the-illinois-makerlab-vishal-sachdev.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] Hi. I'm sitting outside of
+the Illinois MakerLab, the world's first 3D printing
+lab in a business school. I'll talk a bit more about why
+we're here in just a moment. At this point, we've finished
+the first week of our course. We've looked at what 3D printing is. And how 3D printers work. Now in the second week we're
+transitioning to how this technology revolutionizes our economy and
+the way we live. By allowing individuals, you and
+me, to turn ideas into objects. So I thought taking a tour of the lab
+would be a good place to start. Because over the past three years our
+lab has helped thousands of individuals turn their ideas into objects. Also, we'll have a chance to
+meet the lab director, Dr. Vishal Sachdev,
+who in addition to running the MakerLab is also teaching the second course in the
+specialization, 3D Printing Applications. Let's go inside, take a look at the lab,
+talk to Vishal, please join me. Hi Vishal. >> Hey Erick, how are you doing? >> Very good. Good to see you. >> Good to see you too. >> Long time no see. >> Yep. >> So you're the Director
+of the Illinois MakerLab. >> Yes.
+>> Can you say a bit more about what you do? In this room? >> I'm a faculty here and
+I'm also director so the first thing is helpin running the lab. So we are an open access lab that is
+available to students, faculty, staff members and also community members who
+come In here and turn ideas into objects. >> And we're open about what,
+30 hours a week? >> Regular semester is
+about 30 hours a week. We're open summers as well. >> And Vishal and I co-found the lab
+about roughly three years ago. >> Three years ago, yeah. >> And over that time we have
+done a lot of 3D printing. >> The good part is that we've been able
+to put this facility out, of course, in a business school so the first question that people
+ask is why in a business school? But the fun part is that once
+you have this kind of a place, the ideas that people come up
+with are absolutely amazing, and we get to witness all of that, and we'll
+share some of those examples, as well. >> When we began this three years ago,
+3D printing wasn't nearly as popular as today, so we really had no idea how this
+lab would be used, or who would use it. And we found we sort of recently reflected
+back and added up the impact of our lab. We've seen, what,
+21,000 hours of printing? >> Yes.
+>> Thousands of users, and by my estimate, somewhere in the neighborhood of
+400 kilograms of plastic filament that our users have turned into objects. >> I think another thing that we've
+been able to achieve is that we've attracted folks from bioengineering,
+from architecture, from design, small business owners from the community
+who come in here and say can you help us. And our students, so we are faculty,
+but students from the lab, and you'll get to meet some of them, our gurus in
+>> Some of the other but really we are just
+making this possible and they get all the real
+helping students get started. And also they are designers as well, so we've done some interesting
+projects with other clients as well. >> So we have a range of use cases,
+and we'll have individuals Such as engineering students who
+know quite a bit about 3D printing. >> Yep.
+>> Will come in with their file on an SD card. >> Yep. >> Perhaps already sliced and prepared for
+printing and just put it off and walk away. >> Yeah.
+>> Come back and pick it up. All the way to individuals
+of perhaps our age- >> [LAUGH] >> Who are less technologically savvy and perhaps have never really heard much
+about 3D printing, but they have an idea. >> Yeah.
+And say I have idea for a cookie cutter. >> Yeah.
+>> Could you turn that into an object for me? And we have our gurus,
+our students who design this. >> And will print it and people walk away
+with an actual physical object that was a short time before just a concept? >> So I would say 90% of
+the work we focus on is on getting students in here
+experience with printing. The charges are pretty low. The cost of failure is very low. And, we do workshops virtually
+every day during regular semesters. And of course, we have two full
+semester length courses as well. And we hope that this course that
+we are putting online makes more of you get into making digitally. So Vishal, let's talk a little bit about
+what we discussed what happens in the lab. Can we talk a bit about some
+of the things that we made and the tools that we have to help
+our users make these objects? >> So we have, if you can see this is
+one of the Ultimaker extended printers. >> Yeah this is the big one. >> This is the big one. >> Extended as you can see we
+>> We use it to make really big things like this-
+>> [LAUGH] Yeah, to make a robot. >> This giant ultimaker robot. So we have now two of our
+benefactor's Ultimaker. We have a collection of around,
+what's it, 16? >> 16 printers. >> 16 printers, and we'll have in the I believe the fourth
+course in the specialization. Actually, Matt Griffin and Ultimaker
+will be going into details about how these printers are made and how they work,
+what type of materials that they print on. >> If we can have a look at some of the
+other examples that students have printed. Chess board right next to the printer
+as well that's a nice thing that our gurus made over summer It's another
+interesting that students in my class in Spring 15 worked
+on was a project which is for enable the future organization where they
+look for volunteers who have 3D printers. So spare capacity and who want to help
+out to create hands that can help our children with a defect where
+they don't have fingers from birth. These low cost hands that can be made for
+about 20, $25 are a great way to put this kind of technology to
+action for some social good as well. We'll have some more examples here,
+and we can have a look at the in sort of our main workflow where
+we have all the printers set up. >> So this is the main printer,
+the UltaMaker 2, so the workhorse, we have a dozen
+printers here on the work station. >> We have some of the small ones as well. >> The prints over here on the SD card. So actually all of these objects that
+you see began as we discussed earlier, a digital file. And we have the smaller, the-
+>> The Ultamaker to go >> Which is a smaller, cuter version of the Ultamaker and
+portable. >> Much more portable, yes. >> Comes with a nice carrying
+case that you can take with you. What do students do here
+Vishal with the computers? What do they use them for? >> So here is when you need to,
+students are free to come in and actually model here as well. So they have Tinkercad or
+Fusion 360 or even Autodesk inventor. So they might sit here and
+create the part, but many times students
+would walk in with a file. And they need to get it from let's say the .stl format into .gcode
+that the printers use. So converting that, aligning that,
+slicing that all happens on the computers. >> Okay. >> So you can see on the wall we have
+several of the products that students made here. And we'll, so
+this is an interesting project. [CROSSTALK] This is the cookie cutter. >> [CROSSTALK] that we mentioned earlier. >> Yes. >> Can you tell us this story
+about how this came to be and- >> Sure. Actually this, the lady who,
+she went to Japan and she found a cookie cutter
+that she really liked, but she wasn't able to buy more of
+that once they started breaking. So one of our designers here, Scott, was
+able to essentially recreate the design digitally and then print out perhaps
+three iterations of the cookie cutter. For example, the original cookie cutter
+didn't have such a thick handle, but the user said I need
+something bulkier to hold onto. And for perhaps a little under, in terms
+of design cost maybe about $25 extra. Now she has a digital design that
+she can print as many copies for pretty cheaply or perhaps make
+some more changes if she finds, hey this is a doesn't work so
+well let me try and tweak something. >> So she has a backup copy,
+>> She has a backup, we can Show some of the things
+that students made in the lab. >> Okay.
+>> So this is another example of a candleholder. So these are the three spaces
+where you can put up a candle. So you can essentially
+customize this any design. If it's a holiday or
+some holiday relevant to you, you can make your own
+candleholders as well. >> Great, and
+this was one of our learners. >> Yeah, one of our learners made that. Another good example of we are again
+highlighting the scope versus scale and ideas and
+again turning an idea into object. One of the community members
+here who have business where they are selling software essentially for
+3D cameras. So they have,
+they also buy some 3D cameras and give that as demo units
+to their customers. But the challenge they were
+facing was that this camera, they are external and we need to put
+them on, either a laptop or a desktop. >> So, these are cameras for
+the like the Microsoft Connect. >> Yeah, so it's just a small camera. >> About this big. >> Yeah.
+And they go on top of a laptop. >> Or a desktop. >> Or a desktop, but
+there's no easy way to connect it. >> Yeah, so you just gotta find something
+to hold it on top of the screen. So initially they had
+a design already developed that would sit on top of a laptop. And they needed a small run, so
+they didn't want to go again and get a big run made, so we made some
+about a hundred pieces of these for them to give to their clients. So this was a case in which if I
+recall correctly, that our client was getting many of these piece
+injection molded from China. >> Yes. >> But they only needed a few of them and it would be too expensive using
+traditional manufacturing. And so they came to us and said, could
+you run a small batch, a hundred or so. Actually, in this case,
+the fellow had the digital design- >> He had the design, yes. >> And he just came in and printed it. So it was orginal factory. So this was the original design. And what do you have there? >> These were meant for laptop screens and
+they work great for laptops, but he then had to give these cameras for
+Somebody who was using these on desk tops. And desk top screens are not so
+uniform at the back but you have all different kinds of shapes so
+it doesn't sit easily so we [CROSSTALK] >> That wouldn't work? >> That wouldn't work. So we again looked at three or
+four different kind of desk top screens. And again, our gurus here
+designed actually two variants. This is one of them. So this has a different shaped
+back which is not as curved so it can handle a straighter
+back on the desktop screen. And also can handle desktop screens
+where there is some other kind of other contours of the back. >> So this was a version of this. >> Yes, and we actually made two versions
+of this, one for a particular kind of desktop, one a little smaller, and
+the time it took is like half an hour. It took us twice this. But this technology is
+going to become genetic and not so high tech maybe in a few years. But what the platform allows you to do is give you the capabilities
+saying yes I can. And earlier you wouldn't think about it. So that shift that happens is what we
+hope our learners will also see is that you can do it now. And it's possible and
+it's possible to do it for one, five, ten, 50 pieces without
+setting up a manufacturing unit. >> So, in addition to enabling
+this I can do it mentality, we're also enabling someone
+without the resources. >> True. >> So we can have a poor college student,
+for example, can come in and use a lab like this with some
+knowledge of 3D printing, and use of a free or low cost 3D
+design program like Tinkercad And some might be in
+the manufacturing business. >> Absolutely. >> It's that easy and
+it's that inexpensive. >> Well actually, even if we look
+at this in a business school. So some of the firms which are the
+consulting firms, like Deloitte, and Ernst & Young. And all of these are looking at how this
+technology can then change supply chains, can impact marketing, can impact pricing,
+can impact in how you manage an inventory. So they need people who
+understand what this can do and how this can change manufacturing. So that's only from in
+terms of managing a firm. But if you look at from a perspective
+of actually, from research and design or innovation. We have people who are saying, we need students who understand how
+this changes the design process as well. >> So what you're saying, Vishal, is that
+this technology is good not only for entrepreneurs or individuals who want
+Halloween costumes or cookie cutters. But also for folks who want to
+upgrade their skills For employment. >> Absolutely. >> And saying that we're seeing
+an increased number of companies. I know some of the companies we've dealt
+with, Walmart, British Petroleum, Deloitte to name a few, Granger, are interested in
+>> In individuals who understand both
+business and the 3D printing. >> Yeah, yeah
+>> Any other stories you'd like to share with us? >> I think just to leave the our learners
+with a message of what they will see in my course as well. >> Sure.
+>> So, some of the concepts you talked about in terms of scale versus scope and
+sustainability and complexity, or the ability to print complex
+design without the need to assemble. We'll dealt a little bit more into that
+and look at some case studies in detail. I will focus a little bit more also on. So what you'll get some skills and
+these software, and the hardware module. But we also wanted to make you aware
+of what the ecosystem is to go from and idea to an object. So we'll talk about some case
+studies where 3D printing is now in your neighborhood. Talk about case studies with UPS and
+3D Hubs, and finally before you start learning about software, we'll
+talk about the design thinking process. So, you'll learn what is all possible
+in course, you see some more case case studies and some more potential of
+3D printing applied to different context. But before you start learning the skills, we'll give you a framework on design
+thinking which helps you go from identifying a problem to
+actually making a prototype. And then software and
+then you learn how the hardware works and then you come in the Capstone where you
+will apply all what you have learned in to an actual project you work on. >> That was really great,
+thank you so much for you time. >> Thank you. >> And before we leave, I just want to point out that if you ever
+find yourself in Champaign or Illinois. Please feel free to stop by our lab. We're open to everyone. We look forward to seeing you in
+the rest of this weeks lessons, and hopefully Vishal will also see
+you in his class down the road. >> Thank you
+>> Great, thank you [MUSIC]

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+[MUSIC] Hi, at this point you probably have a good
+understanding of what 3D printing is and how 3D printers work. You've also seen our MakerLab. What we'd like to do now is show you
+some of the people who use our lab, the gurus, the students, and
+our general walk-in customers. Each of these folks have it, their own individual story of how
+they turned their ideas into objects. Let them tell you that story. >> Hi, I'm Cameron. I'm from Chicago, and
+I'm studying engineering mechanics. >> Hi, my name is Arielle. I'm from Cape Coral, Florida and
+I'm studying entrepreneurship. >> Hi, my name is Scott, and
+I'm from Southern Illinois, and I'm studying aerospace engineering. >> You guys ready? >> Yep.
+>> Let's get started. [SOUND] Hi Cameron. >> Hi Eric. >> Thanks for joining us today. >> Not a problem. >> Could you tell us
+your 3D printing story? How did you become interested
+in this technology? >> Through one of my organizations
+on campus, Makers UIUC, I had the idea of getting a team
+together and working on a project where we could scan people from head to toe and
+build 3D-printed models of them. And so that was where I really started
+getting involved in 3D printing. And I started doing some research, I started using the modeling software
+that I learned as an engineering student. And we worked on that project, and I got a lot of experience
+working with 3D printers. [SOUND] So I've made all sort of things,
+from fixing little objects around my house to different objects that
+I've made for my design classes. One of my favorite projects was this
+product, which is a prototype for a detachable roller skate. So there are two pieces, and
+the bottom piece attaches to the wheels of a roller skate and
+the top piece would attach to your shoe. And so you could attach and
+detach them whenever you wanted to, and you could walk around or
+skate around campus. I printed this out. It went through probably 10 or
+11 iterations. It's made up of four different parts. My team and I kept printing model after model until we
+got something that was semi-functional. [SOUND] Each piece that we have, the two
+main pieces and these two locking hinges. The only part of this that isn't 3D
+printed is two little pieces of paper clip that are connecting the objects together. >> Is that just a regular paper clip? >> Yep, yeah, just something I
+grabbed off my desk to make it fit. [SOUND] I'd like to continue working
+on it, continue making better models. The fit isn't exactly perfect right now,
+as most projects are with 3D printing. You have to keep working at it,
+so I'd like to keep building it, actually get it on a skate. We designed it so that it could be used
+with pretty much all the skates that are out on the market right now. So we'd like to start using it, and maybe even developing it into a small
+business if it really worked that well. [SOUND] It was probably about $5 or
+6 total in materials, which really isn't that much. A lot of it is hollow inside, so it's just really the structure around
+it that is what you can see here. >> So even affordable for
+a college student. >> Definitely, definitely. That was our goal. [SOUND] It's a really exciting experience,
+because it's not like you're going into a store and you see
+something that that's something I want. That'll work for my needs,
+and you go get it. It's something that you have a need for,
+and then you have the ability to
+create exactly what you want. You have all this customization, and you get to have 100% input
+on what you're creating. And that really gives you a lot of power
+to develop some really great things. And watching those products come to life,
+watching an idea that you had in the back of your head just print out in front of
+you, it's a really, really cool feeling. [SOUND] I think it's a really
+awesome opportunity that anybody taking this course has. It's a very new technology
+that's coming out, and not a lot of people know about it. And the more that you're
+learning about it now, the more exciting it'll be as
+the technology improves in the future. So I'd definitely be excited about the
+opportunity that you have right now, and take full advantage of it. [SOUND]
+>> Well hi, Arielle. >> Hi. >> Thanks for joining us. >> Anytime. >> Could you tell us a bit about your 3D
+printing story, how you became interested? >> So I became interested in
+3D printing through a course that I took at the University of Illinois,
+in the College of Business. It was taught by Vischal. And so this course was just
+an introduction to 3D printing. I knew nothing about 3D printing
+before I took the class. So I learned everything I know from there. And that's just how I got started. [SOUND] I had no training
+in engineering or design whatsoever before
+I took this course,. And I'm starting to kind of dabble in both
+of them, and I really, really enjoy it. It's just a really nice change and
+mix up from my typical business classes. So it was just something that I
+thought would be a good hobby. But it kind of turned into something
+that I want to pursue as a career now. [SOUND] We had an assignment in class
+to bring an object to get scanned. And I'm on the racing wheelchair team
+here at the University of Illinois. And we use these really special gloves
+that we make by hand in order to propel our racing wheelchairs. So I thought it would be interesting
+to try and scan a glove, because it has really complex geometries that are matched
+to each individual racer's hands. So I thought it was a really
+interesting concept, and something that I would like to try. So I was able to scan it and then print the very first racing wheelchair
+glove here at University of Illinois. It worked really well, surprisingly. I wasn't really expecting it to
+be extremely durable or anything, because of the material. But it turns out that it's very,
+very durable. And now four or five people on
+my team are able to use them for marathons that they push and
+during practice. And it's been very successful,
+which is pretty surprising. [SOUND] So we make the gloves by hand. And so then when I went into the lab and I used the 3D scanner to scan
+the glove that I had already made. Then I took that scan file and cleaned
+it up in a program called Geomagic. And then I was able to export it and then print it on a MakerBot in the
+printing lab at University of Illinois. This glove is really, really incredible
+because it's so much cheaper than the gloves that we were previously making
+by hand, and it's also so much lighter. And so the original gloves
+would cost about $350 to make. And then these gloves cost about $4 to
+make, which is an incredible price drop. The part that's most important for
+functionality for my team is the weight. The original glove
+weighed about 174 grams. This one weighs only about 70. So we also were able to cut the weight by
+more than 50%, which has greatly impacted speed and turnover for our stroke,
+for how we push our racing wheelchair. And it's also decreased injury,
+because the less weight that it is, the less stress it puts on
+our tendons in our wrist. [SOUND] I am working with other
+people on my wheelchair racing team. And so I'm teaching them how to use
+the software and how to use the printers, just so that way, after I leave they'll
+be able to continue doing this and making gloves for all the wheelchair
+racers here at Illinois in the future. So I would love to be able to take
+scans of people's hands from all around the world, and
+then have them send me that scan. And I could produce a customized glove and be able to ship it to
+them across the globe. [SOUND] I think 3D printing is really
+revolutionary because it places a ton of power with the consumer. And so no longer do we have to
+rely on manufacturing units and large corporations in order to get the
+kind of products that we need at home and any use, for sports, for
+home use, for education. And so now we can just
+create these objects on own, which I think is incredible,
+because there's so much potential there. And there's just so
+many things that you can do. [SOUND] When I first introduce
+people to 3D printing, I usually lead them to Thingiverse and
+let them just explore. Because when they start exploring on
+Thingiverse and see all of the different creations that other people have made,
+I think that kind of lights a little spark of creativity in them and
+inspiration in them. And so then they kind of think of ideas
+that they would like to produce or that they would like to make. And then I kind of start
+them on basic software, just using the MakerBot desktop interface,
+and then using Meshmixer, or programs like that, just because they're
+very good introductory programs. And any advice I have
+would be just to try it. Because a lot of people get intimidated
+and they're like, I could never do that. It sounds very complicated. But it's definitely not, coming from someone who knew nothing
+about engineering at all before. And now it's a passion of mine,
+I would say. It's definitely really, really doable. [SOUND]
+>> Hi, Scott. >> Hi.
+>> Thanks for joining us today. Can you tell us a bit about
+your 3D printing story, how you became interested
+in this technology? >> So I began using the 3D printers
+because I was trying to be creative. And I didn't want to buy a phone case for
+my iPhone. I didn't want to spend $40, $50 on
+one that was just going to wear out. I wanted to be a little bit more creative. So I visited MakerLab one day. And I actually had my own design that
+I had modeled using a CAD software. And I printed it out at MakerLab, and
+I paid for it, and it didn't fit. I went back to the computer lab and
+I remodeled it, adjusted a little bit. I went back to MakerLab and
+I printed it out, and it didn't fit. But I went back to the computer lab and I adjusted a little bit more,
+and then this third time it fit. And it wasn't the perfect fit, but it fit. And after a couple more iterations,
+I was able to get a perfect fit. And at that point,
+I started to put my own designs into it. And I was the guy who had the 3D-printed
+phone case with a bunch of different cool designs. [SOUND] I've made all sorts of stuff. And a lot of stuff is for either broken
+belongings that I have that I want to extend the product life of,
+or things for my friends. And just one example is,
+here I've got my calculator. And it's a pretty expensive calculator. And at one point I lost the back to it. I tried doing all sorts of stuff, but
+the batteries kept falling out, and there's nothing to do. So one day I thought,
+well, why not 3D print one? So I went to my friend and I asked to
+borrow his back to his calculator, and I was able to
+replicate it using a ruler. And just a couple iterations,
+about three iterations, and I was able to replace
+the back to my calculator. And now my batteries
+don't fall out anymore. [SOUND] I could have bought
+one from Texas Instruments, but I would rather not do that. Because it feels really good, and
+it's really, really cool to do things yourself and to build things yourself and
+to just have power as a consumer. And that's what I think is the biggest
+pro of 3D printing at this point in time. A lot of stuff, there's a lot of marketing
+towards building your own things or DIY projects. But I think the biggest thing,
+in my opinion, is being able to fix your things
+without having to buy new things. And especially if you have sentimental
+value towards the things that you have, your belongings,
+you want to repair them yourself. And actually,
+it creates even more sentimental value. And so I've noticed,
+as I work at the MakerLab as a guru, whenever clients come in and they're able to fix their belongings with
+either 3D models that they find online, something that I've modeled for them, or
+something that they've modeled themselves, they always have a smile on
+their face when they walk out. Because they know that they've
+made an accomplishment and they've fixed something themselves,
+something that they care about. And now they care about it
+even more because of it. [SOUND] There are three
+aspects to my job at MakerLab. The first one is open hours. So during open hours, people can come into
+the lab and they can print themselves. And I'm there to help them print and
+guide them along the way. And a lot of times, they come in with
+their own models that they've designed by themselves, or they just print from models
+they find online on various websites. And so my biggest role in that aspect
+is just working with the printers, using the technology. And the second aspect of my job is
+the modeling services that I do. So clients will come in oftentimes with
+either designs they have on paper, or just ideas, or
+a broken something from home. And they say, can you help me with this? Can you model this for me? And so of course I can. And so I take their designs home, or if they don't have designs
+then I think it up myself. And I bring it back to the lab and
+I print it, and we see if it works. And if it works, that's great. And if it doesn't work,
+we try again, and we meet and we figure out how we can make it
+work better, and we do iterations. And that's one of the biggest powers
+of 3D printing, is the ability to do iterations quickly, and
+do rapid prototyping for things like that. The third aspect to my job as
+a guru at Illinois MakerLab is the workshops that I do. In these workshops,
+we teach how to model, so from basic to advanced modeling softwares. We teach people how to 3D scan. And we teach people how to use
+the printers, and how the printers work. [SOUND] For people who are just starting
+out with the 3D printing technology and they're using design softwares,
+I would suggest to just start tinkering. Tinker at home,
+a lot of the software is free online. And anything from Autodesk,
+if you're a student, is free. There are 3D printers everywhere,
+at universities, at libraries, at schools. Just start building things. And eventually, if you're not inspired
+initially by something you found online, you'll soon realize something that
+you always wanted to build, or something that you've
+always wanted to make, or something that has broken at home
+that you've always wanted to fix. And it'll become a hobby, it'll become a pastime, and
+you'll get pretty good at it from that. >> As you just heard from these three
+stories: from Arielle, from Scott, and from Cameron, 3D printing is easy,
+empowering, and enables you to make things
+you couldn't buy in a store. I hope these three learner stories
+help you find your own personal learner story and inspire you
+to turn your ideas into objects. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

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+[MUSIC] Hi, in this video, my goal is to examine the revolutionary
+potential of 3D printing. In particular, we'll take a look at
+what's special about this technology, and how 3D printing will
+change the way we live. In addition, we'll take a look at some earlier
+examples of this revolution in progress. And where 3D printing is
+headed in the future. One of my favorite quotes about 3D
+printing came from Neil Gershenfeld. Neil's a professor at MIT, founder for
+the Center of Bits and Atoms. And he said about almost
+10 years ago that, 20 years from now we will have Star Trek
+replicators that can make anything. This quote nicely illustrates the
+revolutionary potential of 3D printing. Although professional Gershenfeld's
+prediction may seem a bit hard to believe, he's not alone. Over the past three years, Jeff Bezos,
+Jeffery Immelt, and President Barack Obama have identified 3D printing as
+a revolutionary new technology. And in fact, according to several leading
+media sources including Wired Magazine, The Economist, and the New York Times,
+3D printing will lead to a new industrial revolution and
+dramatically change our economy. Our additional resources page contains
+links to a number of books and articles about the 3D printing revolution. In particular, I recommend this book. Makers, by Chris Anderson. Chris was the former editor and chief of
+Wired magazine, which writes a lot about 3D printing and the maker movement and
+this is one of the first, one of the best books,
+about the maker movement more broadly, but also how 3D printing
+will change our economy. I recommend it highly. Now let's take a look at what's
+special about 3D printing. 3D printing has a number of advantages compared to traditional
+manufacturing techniques. I'd like to focus on four of them. The first advantage is Sustainability. 3D printing is a very sustainable
+manufacturing approach in contrast to traditional subtractive manufacturing
+techniques such as laser cutting or lathing, 3D printing produces
+very little material waste. On average a 3D printed product
+such as this uses about 90% less material than an object made
+using subtractive manufacturing and thus the material costs of
+3D printing are quite low. Second advantage is Self Assembly. Traditional manufacturing techniques have
+a tough time making complex products. Usually, complex products
+are composed of multiple parts, have to be made separately, and
+then assembled together, often by hand. In contrast, 3D printing allows
+us to create complex objects that come out of
+the printer self-assembled. Let me show you a couple of examples. I'm holding here some
+3D printed chain mail, and this chain mail came out of
+a desktop printer already assembled. So all these different
+parts of the chain mail were put together while
+being made by the printer. There's another way to make something
+like this using traditional manufacturing techniques. A second example is this
+assembled gears and this gear piece has a number of gears that
+turn, as you can see and this, again, came out of the printer self
+assembled just like this. A third example is General Electric,
+GE, which makes airplane jets. Here's an example of a fuel
+injection device for a large jet engine that used to be
+made with 26 separate components. [UNKOWN] prints this as one single piece
+using advanced 3D printing technology. There's no other manufacturing process
+capable of making these kinds of objects without some form of
+post production assembly. A third advantage of 3D
+printing is Digitization. 3D printers create products
+from digital files. So this technology blurs the divide
+between the digital and the physical. A digital object is no
+different than a digital song. It can be shipped electronically,
+downloaded, and printed locally. So eliminates the cost,
+financial, temporal and environmental of shipping
+of physical product. A fourth advantage is Scope over Scale,
+traditional manufacture techniques such as injection molding had the advantage
+of economies and scale. In essence as the number of units produced
+increases, their average cost decreases. Now the notion of economy as a scale is
+one of the foundations of modern economic thought and a key reason why most of the things that
+we own are mass produced by big companies. 3D printing throws this concept out
+the window because 3D printers start with a blank slate, there are no set up costs. As a result it's just as easy
+to make 100 different objects as it is to make 100 identical objects. So there are no more economies
+of scale in 3D printing. Instead, 3D printing provides economies
+of scope, by providing a way to make many different objects at a cost that's
+much lower than traditional manufacturing. Economies of scope actually
+favor smaller firms and individual manufacturers,
+because these smaller firms and individuals have lower overall fixed
+cost compared to a large company. So 3D printing allows a small startup to
+easily compete with a large corporation. Due to these four features,
+3D printing is a democratizing technology. It allows nearly anyone
+to become a manufacturer by lowering the cost of entry. No need to start a company or
+own a factory. All you need is an idea,
+some knowledge of 3D design software and access to a 3D printer. Our specialization is designed to help
+you with all three of those things. [MUSIC]

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+[MUSIC] Now let's take a look at how 3D
+printing will change business. As we just discussed, 3D printing
+is a revolutionary technology that has several advantages over
+traditional manufacturing. Due to these advantages,
+we believe that 3D printing will fundamentally change
+business as we know it. A good way to think about
+the potential impact of 3D printing is to visualize the digital
+music revolution. When I was in college, a long time ago, music was a physical good,
+on CDs such as this. Now this physical CD was usually created
+by a large recording company and purchased at a physical store. However, the computer turned this
+physical good into a digital file, that can be created by just about anyone
+with access to digital editing tools, and easily downloaded for
+less than a dollar. 3D printing will have a similar impact, on
+a variety of traditional, physical goods. With this new technology, nearly any
+product can be digitized and downloaded. So objects will become things
+delivered on your desktop. This changes everything. For example, with 3D printing you
+can now download replacement parts rather than having to order
+them from the manufacturer. So manufacturers no longer have to
+keep these parts in inventory and logistics companies, like UPS,
+no longer have to physically ship them. In addition, if a part doesn't fit, a
+customer will be easily able to modify it. So we are now able to remix objects
+just as easily as we remix music. So 3D printing has the potential to
+change both the nature of objects as well as the role of consumers. In essence, 3D printing turns objects into
+downloads and consumers into creators. This is a fundamental shift compared to how traditional
+objects are made and distributed. So let's take a closer look at each
+of these two important changes. First of all, objects are becoming
+downloads and the ability to download objects is a revolutionary change in
+how physical goods are delivered. Typically, the place where
+an object is made is far away from where it's actually used. For example, most of the things that I use
+here in Champaign Illinois are made far away in China. So they have to be physically
+shipped over long distances, which takes both time and money. 3D printing changes this equation by
+allowing objects to be downloaded just as easily as we now download a song. So objects are just a click away and
+distance is no longer a barrier. A nice example, is this wrench. This wrench was printed by an astronaut
+living on the international space station. So it's certainly much easier and
+faster and cheaper than having to physically
+ship this wrench from earth to space. Like we used to have to do. The second thing that it changes is us,
+the role of consumers. With 3D printing consumers
+become creators. If you're like me, most of the things
+that you own were bought in a store and made by a big company. As a result,
+we typically don't have the skills or the tools to make the things we need. So we're largely consumers and
+not creators. 3D printing changes this
+by making it quite easy for any of us to make the things we need. This is a revolutionary concept and makes
+us less dependant upon big companies. So we are now able to create products
+that no company would ever make. Let me give you an example,
+I'm holding in my hand a 20 sided dice. If you are like me and played Dungeon's
+and Dragons in high school or if you now play, you know what this is. It's simply a dice with 20 sides, and
+each side has a number from 1 to 20.. And this is rolled and
+has important part of the game. Now if you look closely at this dice, what you'll see that in
+addition having numbers. It also has braille, so it has both
+visual numbers and braille numbers. Now, no company would probably
+create a braille 20 sided dice. Because the number of blind Dungeons and
+Dragons players is probably quite small, in order to be economical, there's no economies of scale
+to produce something like this. So this dice was produced by an individual
+who was playing Dungeons and Dragons and had a blind friend
+who also wanted to play. And so he simply took this dice, remixed
+it by putting some braille on it and uploaded on Thingiverse. So this dice is a great example
+of how consumers empowered with 3D printing technology can create
+objects that no firm would ever make. If you take the rest of the specialization
+you'll learn how to be empowered as a consumer creator yourself [MUSIC] [SOUND]

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+[MUSIC] Now, let's take a look at
+the future of 3D printing. Making predictions is always dangerous. As Yogi Berra once said,
+it's tough to make predictions, especially about the future. None the less, I'll give it a try. At present, the stock prices for
+leading 3D printing manufacturers such as 3D systems and
+Stratasys have been in sharp decline. And several commentators are suggesting that 3D printing's reality
+hasn't matched its hype. Although these commentators
+may be partially right, we believe the future of 3D
+printing is actually quite bright. In particular,
+we believe there are three key trends that suggest that 3D printing's
+best days are yet to come. The first trend is explosion
+of 3D hardware manufacturers. Up until the year 2009,
+the 3D printing industry was controlled by two firms,
+3D Systems, and Stratasys. Since then, the number of 3D printing
+manufacturers have exploded. There are now over 300 companies,
+making 3D printers and the number keeps on increasing. In addition, the technology that these
+printers employ is quickly evolving. One of my favorites is the Mcor printer. Now this printer is made by the McCormick
+brothers out of Scotland and it has a very interesting technique. This printer uses remote standard
+desktop printer paper and it has a feeding mechanism that
+feeds in one piece at a time. As far as it's print head it
+has three separate components. First, it has a very sharp tiny
+razor that cuts each sheet of paper. Second, it has a coloring
+device that colors the paper. And then it finally applies a glue to
+adhere one piece of paper to another. And it keeps on repeating until you
+have a 3D printed paper object, which can be finished with a varnish and
+hardened. So, this is a really interesting
+example about subtractive as well add in manufacture in a single unit. Another interesting example
+is the new Voxel printer. This printer was designed and
+created by Jennifer Lewis, who is a material science professor. She used to be at
+the University of Illinois. She's now at Harvard University. And this machine has 2 print heads. One print head extrudes plastic
+like a standard FDM machine and the second print head extrudes a special
+conductive ink that Jennifer created. So it has these two different
+print heads that allow you to do some really fascinating things. This explosion in the number
+of 3D hardware manufacturers, suggests that this is
+an industry in its infancy. As a point of comparison there
+are over 1 billion personal computers in the world and
+less than 500,000 3D printers. So we have a long ways to go. And we're still in the very early stages
+with substantial growth in the future. The second trend is the advances
+in 3D printing materials. As you can see from the example of
+the voxel printer, the types and capabilities of materials that can
+be 3D printed is quickly growing. In addition to being able to print
+material that conducts electricity, researchers are working on a material that
+actually allows the 3D print a battery. Now, once we are able to 3D print
+batteries of conductive ink we're only a short ways away from being
+able to print electronic devices. Other examples of advanced 3D printing
+materials include liquid metal like the terminator, and graphene. Graphene is 200 times stronger than
+steel and it conducts electricity. A great book that goes into
+the future of these materials, is this book by Hod Lipson
+called Fabricated. In this book, Hod talks about,
+not just 3D printing, but something he calls 4D printing, in which
+a 3D printed device will have advanced materials that actually
+will change over time. Our 3D printing and hardware course,
+we discuss these advances in both 3D hardware and
+materials in much more detail. The third trend is developments
+in 3D modeling software. There are also reported
+advances happening in terms of the software that
+we use to create 3D objects. At present, 3D modeling software
+requires the user to obtain a fairly high degree of
+technical knowledge. In order to create usable 3D designs. However, new software is emerging
+that is much more intuitive. For example, Google is working on
+a new project called Soli that will allow us to create 3D objects
+simply by moving our finger in space. Another interesting example is
+a new method called Maker's Marks, which is being developed by
+researchers at Stanford University. In the University of California. Now, this method allows
+users to create 3D designs by using a combination of
+modeling clay and stickers. It's quite interesting. The article that explains this technique
+can be found in our additional resources page. And our 3D printing software course, we discuss developments in 3D
+software in much greater detail. In order to give you some perspective, on
+where we stand now in terms of the stages of 3D printing technology,
+let me tell you a bit of a personal story. Back in 1982,
+when I was playing Dungeons and Dragons, one of my friends,
+Atsuo Yoshida had purchased, or his parents bought him,
+a new Apple II computer. Now, this computer was actually
+a predecessor to the famous Mac by a couple years,
+and it was a computer. You had a monitor on top of it,
+actual floppy disc, and I think we had four K of RAM
+which is unbelievably small. And we would use this computer to create
+random number generators that we'd be using for our Dungeons and Dragons game. So after one night of playing Dungeons and Dragons and using ASUS new Apple II
+computer, my grandmother picked me up. And I was raised by grandparents who
+were living on social security and I got back home and
+I told my grandmother I need a computer. Has one, I need to have one as well and
+she said, well how much do they cost? Well, about $2000. So, what could I do with it? Well, you can store your recipes on it. And she said to me, well,
+I don't have a recipe storage problem. So as a result, as you can imagine,
+we didn't buy that computer. Now, if we fast forward to today,
+if I was that same young man today. And I said to my grandmother, I need a
+computer, it would pretty easy to justify what I need it for,
+because they can do so many things. I need to do my homework, to connect
+with my friends and simply live my life. So, where we are now with
+current 3D printing technology, is where we were back then 1982,
+with a desktop personal computer. In effect, although we're making all
+these cool things like rhinoceroses An iPhone cases, and dice. That these are simply just recipes. To think about how far we've gone
+from personal computers since 1982, imagine the fast the potential
+the treaty prating holds in the future. I hope this brief discussion
+derives you with the new insights into the revolutionary
+potential of 3D printing and stimulates your interest in learning
+more about this amazing technology. There are many videos in
+this portion of the course. We'll have interviews with several
+leading 3D printing experts and entrepreneurs, who are currently
+leading this new revolution. I think you'll find their stories to
+be both fascinating and also inspired. Looking into the future, I'd like to share
+with you this quote from William Gibson, who's a famous science fiction writer and somebody who thinks
+often about the future. As a result,
+about 10 years ago he was asked by Fortune magazine to offer some
+thoughts about the future. And here's what he said. He said, the future is already here. It's just not evenly distributed. And that's where we
+stand with 3D printing. 3D printers are already here, but
+most people haven't seen them and haven't used them. So, by taking part of this specialization,
+learn about 3D printing, the future will already be here for you. [MUSIC]

docs/03_module-2-why-is-it-revolutionary/03_the-3d-printing-revolution-facts-concepts/04_remixing-products-exercise-overview.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] Hi. As we discussed, 3D printing blurs the dividing line
+between the digital and the physical. As a result, with 3D printing
+technology we can easily customize and remix physical products. For many of us, this is a radical idea. Because physical products are typically
+made to have a specific form and are really hard to modify. Let me give an example. In addition to having small ears,
+I also have small hands. As a result, this product, the iPhone 6
+Plus, is really hard for me to grasp. So, I have this case, but
+it easily slips out of my hand. This would be nice if I could take
+a physical case like this and modify it to have hand grips. It would fit in my fingers more easily. Now, with 3D printing we can actually
+make this customization a reality. So, the purpose of this second exercise
+is to give you some experience remixing physical products
+in a digital form. So the purpose of this exercise is to take
+you through remixing to give you a better insight into the revolutionary
+potential of 3D printing. To do this exercise we're going to
+be using the Thingiverse website with a product called
+the Thingiverse customizer. Let me show you how that's done. To begin this exercise,
+you first need to go to Thingiverse.com. Thingiverse is really an iTunes store for objects which you can download
+thousands of designs made by others. You see on the upper right
+hand portion of the webpage, you can sign in if you have an account
+already, or create a new account. As you see we have an account already for
+our lab, that's what came up. If you don't have an account,
+simply click create account and you could enter in
+the appropriate information. It's pretty fast and easy, I'm just going
+to sign in to our maker lab account. Once you do that, if you go under
+the create portion of the web page, you'll see a pull down menu item for
+customize a thing. So click on that, and
+now you're into the customizer. And if you move down this page you'll
+see a number of customizable objects. You can pick any one of those. You can scroll down and more will appear. If you hit this blue menu option, you can see more, and
+also there is a search menu box. So I'm actually interested
+in customizing a wrench. You may be often in that situation where
+you're trying to fix something, and you have a wrench but
+it's not the right size for the job. This customizer can solve that
+problem by allowing you to create the specific size wrench for
+the job that you're facing. So I'm going to type in wrench into
+the menu bar and see what comes up. And we see here a number
+of customizable options. Let me click on this one. Customizable wrench by gr0b,
+that was the creator. And show you how this works. So you'll see an image of the starting
+wrench, of the starting design. This was a design that was uploaded by
+the designer that you can customize. To customize you will see this
+blue menu bar, Open in Customizer, just click on that. And then for each one of these there will
+be a number of either pull down menus or boxes which you type certain
+values to customize your thing. And as you customize, the blue image
+should change in a response to the values that you enter, or
+the menus that you pull down. So here with this wrench you can actually
+put in a message, such as your name, I'm going to type in my name,
+Aric's wrench, and you see that appears. You can also change the font. Let's see, they have basic,
+futuristic, and fancy. Let's try futuristic,
+see what that looks like. See the font changes. You can also change the size of
+the wrench itself, the nut size. And this is in millimeters. So, the starting value
+here is ten millimeters. Let me make it a bit bigger,
+make this a 12 millimeter wrench. You can also control
+the thickness of the wrench. How thick it is, if it's thin or fat. I'm going to make it a bit thicker so
+it's a bit stronger. So moving from a five millimeter
+height to same eight millimeter. And that gets a bit thicker. And finally, the length of the tool. Do you want something that's short? More compact? Or, or
+longer to hold in your hand more easily? It's now a length of ten. I'm going to increase that by pulling
+on this slider, moving that to 15. That looks a little bit too big,
+maybe move it back down. So how does 12 look? And that's the beauty of the customizer,
+you can easily change as you go. So, once I've modified
+my customize template to suit my needs and you're happy with what
+you have, just click on the bottom right. There's a create thing menu box,
+click on that. And you can actually give it a name. So I'm going to type Aric Wrench. And you'll see this box,
+Publish New Thing. You have an account, your design will be published under your
+name under your account on Thingiverse. So you'll be a published
+Thingiverse author. Please keep that clicked, because that's essential to our exercise,
+and create thing once again. You can actually go to your queue and wait as your product becomes
+processed on the cloud. So, as you can see here,
+the remixed object has been completed, and we have a picture of the object, and we have a unique thing number on the top
+in the URL that signifies this creation. And this would be uploaded
+onto your Thingiverse page since you have an account. Just like my wrench was uploaded
+to our maker lab Thingiverse page. Now let me tell you how
+to complete the exercise. It's very simple, first go to the exercise
+portion of the second week of the course. You see a number of entry boxes, and
+simply enter the required information. It will ask for three things. First of all, the object number,
+you can find that in the URL. So for example, this object,
+this wrench I created is object 1155912. Just enter that number into the box so we can actually see what you created
+by going there on the Thingiverse page. Second, please tell us why you
+picked that item to customize, what was your reason for
+picking that particular item. And finally please discuss
+briefly how this remixing experience made you feel,
+and what you think about it. Do you feel differently about 3D printing,
+for example, after going
+through this exercise. And once you do that,
+you're finished with your portion. What will happen next is your submission
+will be peer-reviewed by your fellow learners. And likewise you'll have
+the opportunity to offer comments and review of submissions
+made by your colleagues. In addition,
+if you happen to own a 3D printer, you can actually print out
+this customized design. We've already discussed how
+to do that in this course. If you don't have a 3D printer,
+you can look for one locally using 3Dhubs.com which lists the network
+of printers around the globe. You can also work through Shapeways,
+one of our course partners, and get your object printed in a variety
+of 3D printable materials. That's it,
+I look forward to seeing your submission. [MUSIC] As I mentioned, you could actually
+3D print your customized design. So we did just that. Here it is, my customized, 3D printed, Aric's Wrench, live in person. Now I just need something to tighten. [MUSIC] [MUSIC] [SOUND]

docs/03_module-2-why-is-it-revolutionary/03_the-3d-printing-revolution-facts-concepts/05_remixing-products-exercise_peer_assignment_instructions.html

@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+<meta charset="utf-8"/>
+<co-content>
+ <p>
+  The goal of this second exercise is to give you some experience remixing objects. In essence, a digital iPhone case is really not much different than a digital iTunes song. So, now you can remix objects just as easily as you can remix music. My hope is by engaging in this remixing activity, you will gain a firsthand understanding of the revolutionary potential of 3D printing.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  To engage in this remixing exercise, we will be using
+  <strong>
+   Thingiverse
+  </strong>
+  . As we discussed earlier, Thingiverse is essentially an iTunes store for objects. However, in addition to downloading designs made by others, you can also remix many of these designs using its Customizer feature.
+ </p>
+ <ol bullettype="numbers">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Open
+    <a href="https://www.thingiverse.com/">
+     Thingiverse
+    </a>
+    and create an account if you do not already have one.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Find a Customizable design that you would like to remix (you can easily find customizable designs under the "Create" menu bar.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Click on this object.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Once it is open, click on the  "Open in Customizer" to the right of the image.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    The design will show up with some menu which will allow you to change parameters for the design. This is 'Remixing'
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Once you are done, hit the blue "Create Thing" button on the top right of the image.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Save and
+    <strong>
+     publish
+    </strong>
+    your remixed design on Thingiverse.
+    <strong>
+     (Note: It may take up to 24 hours before your Thing is published).
+    </strong>
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    On the
+    <strong>
+     My submission
+    </strong>
+    tab, record the Thing number for your remixed design, state why you picked this design to remix, and briefly discuss your thoughts and feeling about this remixing process.
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ol>
+ <p>
+  You may save a draft of your work as you go, and you can come back later to continue working on your draft. When you are finished working, click the
+  <strong>
+   Preview
+  </strong>
+  button, verify your identity, and then click
+  <strong>
+   Submit for review
+  </strong>
+  to submit the assignment.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ </p>
+</co-content>
+<h3 level="3">
+ Review criteria
+</h3>
+<co-content>
+ <p>
+  You are required to evaluate the submissions of
+  <strong>
+   at least THREE
+  </strong>
+  of your peers based on the instructions and rubric provided. You may begin giving feedback to other students as soon as you submit your assignment; click the
+  <strong>
+   Review classmates
+  </strong>
+  tab to begin. Feel free to provide additional reviews beyond the three required!
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Every submission will need to include the following.
+ </p>
+ <ol bullettype="numbers">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    The thing number for your remixed design
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Why you picked this design to be remixed
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    Your thoughts about the remixing process
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ol>
+ <p>
+  Each part of the submission will be graded on the following scale:
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   The Thing number for your remixed design
+  </strong>
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     0 points:
+    </strong>
+    Does not provide the required information
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     1 point:
+    </strong>
+    Provides the required information
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Why you picked this design to be remixed
+  </strong>
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     0 points:
+    </strong>
+    Does not provide the required information or does not answer the question
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     1 points:
+    </strong>
+    Answers the question but has less than 25 words
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     2 points:
+    </strong>
+    Answers the question and has 25 words or more
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+ <p>
+  <strong>
+   Your thoughts about the remixing process
+  </strong>
+ </p>
+ <ul bullettype="bullets">
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     0 points:
+    </strong>
+    Does not provide the required information or does not answer the question
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     1 point:
+    </strong>
+    Answers the question but has less than 25 words
+   </p>
+  </li>
+  <li>
+   <p>
+    <strong>
+     2 points:
+    </strong>
+    Answers the question and has 25 words or more
+   </p>
+  </li>
+ </ul>
+</co-content>
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+</script>

docs/03_module-2-why-is-it-revolutionary/04_the-revolutionaries/01_voodoo-manufacturing-max-friefeld.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] We're here in Brooklyn, New York to visit a brand new
+company called Voodoo Manufacturing. Don't worry, we're not in any danger. This is good voodoo, not bad voodoo. In essence, this company is a new
+startup that has a whole series, over 100 desktop 3D printers,
+that they use to help both companies and individuals turn their ideas into objects. We'll be meeting with
+the co-founder Max Friefeld. Let's go see if we can find Max. Hi, Max. >> Hi, Eric. >> Thanks for meeting with us today. >> No problem. Tell us a bit about how you began
+in this 3D printing domain? What's your 3D printing story? >> The first time I used a 3D printer
+was in high school, actually, and that's around the time I figured
+out I wanted to be an engineer. And so I was taking an elective
+course with a high school teacher whose name was Mr. Carpenter. And he was an engineer
+at Northrop Grumman, which was near where I
+went to high school. So we had a 3D printer, and
+I was printing brackets for robots that we were making
+as a part of this class. The 3D printer we had was
+a Stratasys Dimension. So it's like a $25,000 machine. And at that time, 3D printing was
+just this magical, unaccessible, engineer's technology. Little did I know at the time,
+but just a few years after that, MakerBot was going to come out
+with their first 3D printer. Voodoo Manufacturing, we've been
+around for about six months now. I met two of my cofounders
+when I was in college. And then we started a 3D
+printing software company that we ended up selling to MakerBot. After MakerBot bought our first company,
+which was called Layer by Layer, we worked there for about 12 months. And during that time, I was put in
+charge of a piece of software called the innovation center management platform. It's like a manufacturing,
+like, process management tool. When you have one printer on your desk, it's really easy to plug it into your
+computer or run it off an SD card. But the minute you start getting to 10,
+20, 30 printers in a room, managing what they're all doing and who's print is on
+which printer is actually very difficult. And so we built a piece of
+software to help with that. All the printers are connected over USB,
+and they're networked. It goes into one cloud-based basically web
+site where you can view all the printer statuses, start prints, move jobs between
+printers, and track all the statistics. So we built that software
+while we were at MakerBot, and that's how we kind of got
+introduced to this idea of lots of 3D printers in a room
+used as a manufacturing center. In May of this year, we spun out
+Voodoo Manufacturing from MakerBot. We have a partnership with MakerBot. We bought 127 Replicator 2s,
+Replicators, and Z18s, and
+built this factory here in Brooklyn. There's a world record for the largest number of printers in
+a room at any given point in time. But this is the largest
+factory of 3D printers. What we find ourselves constantly focusing
+on is how to remove the startup costs that go into manufacturing. When you start an injection mold,
+you have to get a mold made. You have to pay for all this
+changeover time as they remove and replace plates in a giant molding machine. There are no economies of scale. On the reverse side of that,
+there's no $2,000 startup cost. The first one costs as much
+as the 1,000th one to make. Once you get to a high enough volume,
+everything should be cheaper. That's a great notion when you're
+supplying hundreds of thousands of parts to customers and clients. But when you’re trying to get off
+the ground and you just have a prototype, it’s very prohibitive, because you can't
+get started without these huge costs. We're calling it bridging the gap. We're trying to bridge the gap between
+a prototype and mass production. Mass production being whatever it is for
+your product. 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 100,000. It takes a lot to get to
+that 100,000 number, and we want to make that as easy as possible. We have a few different types of clients,
+I'll maybe pair down two categories. The first one is like an advertising,
+marketing type customer. They'll come to us with an idea for
+a new marketing campaign. And the campaign hinges on
+this one physical product. Maybe let's just say it's
+like a big golden trophy, and it's totally custom, and
+they want it to have their brand on it. How do you get this made? They have no idea. So they reach out to us. We work with them and then we essentially
+design and build this trophy from scratch. And we'll have it gold plated and
+everything for them. And it's more cost effective than any
+other option that they would have had. There's no other way for them to
+get that thing made except with us. The other type of customer that we
+work with is like a hardware startup. Just image the average Kickstarter
+company making a new hardware product. We work with a company called
+BotFactory for example. And BotFactory makes
+a digital circuit printer. On your desk, just like a 3D printer,
+you can print circuits and connect your integrated circuits to your
+resisters to your capacitors to your LEDs. Right there, each of one of these circuit
+printers has ten brackets that we print. So they're printing 30,
+40 of these printers a month, and it just doesn't make sense to go for
+injection molding yet. I think without a question, 3D printing is
+going to enable anyone to basically make things that they couldn't make before. So the democratization of
+manufacturing is here to stay. Whether or not manufacturing is going to
+be something that's really distributed to be totally localized I think has yet
+to be seen. I think of it more like
+the United States versus China, really. It's more of like a country level scale. The advantage of the service that
+we provide is that it's fast. And that's something that you can't
+overcome when you're developing with somebody who is a week away
+on a boat or something like that. So that's going to keep it localized,
+I guess, is the speed and the importance of that speed when
+you're developing a new product. Our clients, often,
+they've heard of 3D printing and they found our name because of that and
+then they reach out, really they're looking to us
+to tell them what's possible. And we have this amazing
+stable of designers that all actually worked at MakerBot
+in a former career. And they will sculpt any
+design out of nothing. I mean, they're artists, actually. We usually give, once we get started,
+it's about a week for design including all the iterations. And then we can do up to 10,000 parts for
+a project in two weeks. We try to keep everything
+in less than a month. With 127 printers, each printer
+can make however many parts a day, getting you to 10,000
+actually isn't that hard. >> And
+this could be a profitable business? >> Absolutely.
+We've been profitable for the past three months. When I think about that, I try to imagine in 2010 what I
+would have said about 3D printing. I think a lot of the energy that
+went into the home 3D printing revolution I would say starting in
+the late 2000s has transitioned into something closer to
+what we're doing today. If you look at a company like MakerBot or
+Ultimaker, they're really focused on education, they're focused on engineers,
+and trained people. It still takes a lot of
+work to use a 3D printer. It's not click of a button,
+make me some tennis shoes. The biggest, most important
+applications of 3D printing today, and what I see on the horizon
+are all about using 3D printing to solve a manufacturing problem that
+just, like, wasn't solvable before. So if you look at Boeing, they're making
+end-use parts that they're putting on airplanes, and
+they're printed out of titanium. And this is a very expensive process,
+but because they're lighter, more efficient brackets and parts, it pays
+for itself over the lifetime of a plane. So that is just straight up economic reasoning behind using 3D printing
+instead of traditional manufacturing. For us, the same thing applies
+to low-volume manufacturing. We make plastic parts, something
+that would be injection molded, but you don't have the volumes to
+justify those upfront costs. By the time it makes it into everyone's
+daily routine, the technology's going to be so different that I can even imagine it
+functioning somewhere in your life, but you're not really using it that way. It's just like your microwave. You don't care how the microwave works. It just heats up your food. A 3D printer, maybe it makes a product
+that you'd otherwise buy, or maybe it makes a piece for
+something that repairs itself and automatically gets put in place. I don't think, people don't buy things
+enough like can be 3D printed today for you to buy a 3D printer. I think we're maybe like 50 years out from
+the day when the average thing I buy can be 3D printed. When we started, we had a metric
+ton of filament for MakerBot. That's what we started with. We've been slowly working
+our way through it. But we print about 500
+spools a month of plastic. >> And this is PLA? >> PLA, yeah. We have 30 plus colors
+in stock at all times. So we have about 100 3D printers in here. And right now we're just finishing
+up a bunch of prints for e-NABLE, which is a foundation started out
+of Rochester that prints functional prosthetic hands for children born missing
+fingers, missing parts of their hands. It's a great foundation. We're donating 150 hands for
+Autodesk University in early December. >> Wow, that's great. >> Yeah, so these are 100 limited
+edition statutes of Blue, the velociraptor from Jurassic World. Just released on DVD in October. it came out over the summer. And they gave these to the top 100
+super fans for Jurassic World, and then forbade us for making any more. So. I mean, when I started, I just started
+following all the 3D printing blogs and I still read the exact
+same ones every day. 3Ders.org is a pretty basic one. 3D printing industry is another great one. You'll see three or four stories every day
+that give you a link to a company that's doing something interesting
+built on 3D printing. And you just quickly learn how
+much is going on all the time, how fast everything is moving. It's just incredible, that's the best
+way to find out what's going on. For us at Voodoo Manufacturing,
+we're all makers, I guess, and we're really interested in working
+with and learning from other makers. And If you are interested
+in what we're doing or you have ideas or questions, I really
+just want you to reach out and say hi. All of our customers start
+with a phone call and we just love talking about 3D printing. >> And where can our learners
+go to contact you and find out more about
+Voodoo Manufacturing in particular? >> Just go to voodoomfg.com, and
+you can find everything there. >> Okay. Well, thank you for your time. >> Thank you, Eric. [MUSIC]

docs/03_module-2-why-is-it-revolutionary/04_the-revolutionaries/02_normal-nikki-kaufman.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] Hi, we're in the Chelsea section of
+New York City, in downtown Manhattan. And I'm standing in an incredible
+new store called normal. And what is Normal? Well, this is Normal. You see behind me,
+this is Normal's current product line. They use 3D printed technology
+to make custom made earbuds. Made just for your individual ear. So we're going to be talking with
+Nikki Kaufman, Nikki is the founder and CEO of Normal. Talk about 3D printing, talk about Normal,
+how it got started, and actually do a demonstration
+in which a normal play will hopefully scan my ear and work on
+making me some custom-made earbuds. So come on back. Let's talk to Nikki. Hi, Nikki. >> Hi, how are you? >> Good.
+Thanks for meeting with us today. >> Thank you for having me here. >> Can we begin by having you
+tell us your 3D printing story? >> I've been an athlete all my life and
+I've never had earphones that fit. It's a normal problem that
+many of us experience, and I was a founding team member at
+the consumer products company, Quirky, where I was exposed to manufacturing and
+production and 3D printing. And during my time there,
+I got to thinking, can we solve this issue of ill fitting
+earphones in an accessible way? Because the process before Normal,
+actually you could get custom earphones, but the way you would have to do it was
+a very cumbersome, inaccessible process. But I got to thinking, can we do this
+in a more scalable way via 3D printing? And I started prototyping it in my
+apartment at the time, on a maker bot, and realized very quickly that I
+could go from just a photo to a customer fitting product. And that is when I launched Normal. [SOUND] 3D printing allows us to make
+a custom fitting product very quickly and very accessibly for
+both the consumer and the business. In other words, we can make Normals in
+under three hours at a price point, again, that makes sense for the consumer. They're $199. It's a premium product. But also something where it makes
+sense for us as a scalable business. In fact,
+it really is true mass customization. [SOUND] Mass customization actually has
+been around for quite some time, but it's traditionally very slow,
+expensive and near impossible to scale. So we're super proud of creating
+mass customization at scale in an accessible way. So we are actually the only company that's mass producing a consumer
+good via 3D printing. You can actually order Normals from
+anywhere in the world, anywhere, by downloading the mobile app, or you can come here to our factory, that's
+also our store, and also our headquarters. But no matter where in the world you
+place your order we make it here, and again we can make them
+in under three hours. [SOUND] You download the mobile app and
+it prompts you to grab a quarter or any coin because all we need is
+a reference object for scale. So you hold the coin here,
+you put your phone in front of you, and it talks you through taking
+a couple of ear selfies. So you tilt your head and the camera
+takes a few photos of your ear, and then you get to customize your Normals. So you choose one of seven different
+colors for the 3D printed part, as well as one of two colors for
+the custom carrying case. In fact, it's not just the head phones
+that are customized for you but the cases, as well. So we laser etch your name or
+your nickname onto the case and then it actually pops up for
+easy cable management. And we laser cut the negative
+of your Normals. So only your normals will fit
+in your ears or in your case. Basically you submit your order
+through the app or in our store. It pings our backend, and we basically
+do a little manipulation of that photo to turn it into the 3D
+file that then gets printed. So it takes a couple of minutes. It's mostly automated. There's a little bit of
+engineering work on our end. It gets sent to one of the printers,
+depending on where in the world it's going, when the customer needs it by,
+what color it is. We built this whole backend factory
+that dispatches it appropriately. It gets printed,
+which takes about an hour. And then, after it's printed,
+there's a little bit of post-processing. We clean it. So we remove the support material. We sand it down, and what I mean by that
+is we actually sand down the B-side, the part that goes in your ear. But we leave the stepping from 3D print on the A-side because we like to
+celebrate the fact that it's 3D printed. But the part that touches you,
+we want to be super, super smooth. So after we sand it down,
+we give it a coat of soft touch paint. So it doesn't change the color, but
+it just makes it soft to the touch. That dries. We audio test it, we put it in its
+carrying case, and put it in this box and then we ship it out to you. So that whole thing end to end
+again the hour for 3D printing and then about two hours or
+just there under for some post processing. [SOUND] So right now the printers
+that line the perimeter of our store are Stratasys machines,
+it's the Fortus 250 we have 10 of them. The reason why we print in
+the Fortus 250 is a few things. Number one, they print in AVS which we
+know how plastic interacts with the skin. A lot of earphones are actually AVS. And they print at factory quality,
+premium quality scale. They're super easy to operate. You don't see failures,
+they'll run overnight. They literally, with the price
+of a it's super, super simple. And again, when you're running a product
+that's using 3D printing at scale, these are absolutely
+the right printers for us. My hope really that someone soon
+could come into this store and for one is, it's 3D printed and
+then theres no post processing. So you could do it in an hour. Or it's 3D printed and takes 10 minutes
+and then they walk out the door with it. So we're not there yet but I hope to be. [SOUND] I like to describe
+Normal as a consumer brand. A lot of people mention the word
+Omnichannel when they talk about what we do because there is a physical component,
+there's also a mobile commerce component. The part that I think is
+super interesting and compelling is the fact that
+you can do the whole thing. End to end, one to one right here. because I think part of
+what makes Normal so powerful is that it's all in one location. And that was really important for
+me when we were launching Normal, to do everything all at once. I hope there's lots of other people
+working on 3D printing of consumer goods. I can tell you that at Normal,
+we are working on other things. We believe Normal to be a platform for
+customization. Customers and consumers, we want
+things that are built for us and for our bodies, and there's a lot of areas of the body that we could imagine
+could benefit from a custom fit. When we launched Normal,
+we called it Normal. And we don't mention
+headphones in the title. We're leaving it open to
+further product development. [SOUND] I cannot share what's next. Though I can tell you that
+we just launched today, two limited edition holiday partnerships. One with Rebecca Menkoff where we're
+making, actually, rose gold normals. And the way that works is that we 3D print
+in castable resin rather than the ABS and then we cast that out in
+actually 14 carat rose gold. And we're launching
+another limited edition version of Normals with Nike that's
+a custom color way for their Runner. [SOUND] I think they'll
+definitely be different machines. I hope again that it's a point where
+you can walk into a factory and walk out with a product. I hope that's far sooner than five years. In the last six months, I've realized something quite
+interesting about the product. I don't think that people necessarily
+buy it because it's 3D printed. I think people buy Normals because
+they're the best-fitting and best-sounding headphones. So it's very cool and
+it's very cool technology and it's fascinating to be able to educate. But at least right now, and it might be
+because not many people are using it for mass, I don't know that it
+hasn't gotten there yet. Like a lot of consumers they
+don't even know what that means. So it's a bit interesting, I think. I hope that there's more brands
+that are using 3D printing so that that does become a very
+important conversation. [SOUND] It's a super
+important piece of the story. When you walk in here the fact
+is that 30% of the people buy. And that's really, really high,
+given that we sell one item. And I do truly believe
+it's because we show them. We show them the process. We show them, we let them in. They understand it. A large majority of the folks that have
+walked in here have never seen a 3D printer before. We do a lot of events at night,
+both to get in athletes and do 3D printing meetups and everything, retail everything to get folks into
+the space, to get them expose what we do. [SOUND] So our website is nrml.com. So it's normal without the vowels. You can follow us on social
+media we're @normalears. And then, again, you can download
+the apps in the iTunes store or the Google Play Store. Just search for normal and
+it will pop right up, and lastly, if you're ever in Manhattan,
+please come visit us in Chelsea. It's 22nd Street between 6th and 7th and we'd love to have you at our factory and
+store. [SOUND] Keep making and stay in touch. I'm happy to be a resource to all of you. You can contact me directly,
+[email protected], and thanks for including me in your course. >> Thank you for your time. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

docs/03_module-2-why-is-it-revolutionary/04_the-revolutionaries/03_shapeways-lauren-slowik.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] Hi. We're here in Long Island City, New York
+to visit a company called Shapeways. Shapeways was initially a spinoff of
+Philips Electronics in the Netherlands. They now have a branch
+here in New York and it's the world's largest
+provider of 3D printed products. In essence,
+if you send Shapeways your idea, they'll print you a 3D product in
+a variety of different materials. We're here to meet with Lauren Slowik. Lauren is a design evangelist, will give
+us a tour of the Shapeways facility and talk a bit about what Shapeways does and how they can help you turn
+your ideas into objects. Let's go see if we can find her Some things being printed. Finally, the entrance. Let's go see if we can find Lauren. I'm looking for Lauren. Lauren. >> Hey.
+>> Nice to see you, thanks for joining us. We appreciate you taking your time. >> Of course. I was in graduate school
+from 2011 to 2013. Around the time MakerBot
+was making a big splash, they were based in Brooklyn, I'm in New
+York, so it was this hometown excitement. The school had gotten a few of them and at the same time, the Microsoft Kinect
+sensor became available, and I started writing code to create a 3D
+scanning clothing sizing software. So I started on the other end, I started by working with the real world
+and bringing it into the computer. A natural evolution to that was
+now I've got this 3D data in my computer and now I understand
+I can get it back out there and that's when I knew I had to
+get my hands on a 3D printer. I was fortunate enough to get a MakerBot
+2x, which has a heated bed and can use ABS, and so I ended up doing
+my graduate thesis research on how to teach a novice to use 3D
+printing and the novice was myself. I taught myself how to 3D model and
+I've been doing it ever since. It's kind of what I'm doing right now,
+it's 3D printing and its capabilities touch on so
+many different industries and so many different capabilities that my job is
+to kind of stand at the intersection of all of those and
+point people in the right direction. If you are a business person and
+you want to use 3D printing for prototyping, I can point
+you to resources that way. I work in Shapeways between teams and also with educators outside and also just
+people who are motivated to find out more about how they can use the exciting
+potential and help them realize that. Shapeways is the world's
+largest 3D printing service and marketplace and community. We started as a startup incubator at
+Philips Royal in Holland, in Eindhoven, and after a year there, we spun out
+as our own company, that was in 2008. We have a factory in Eindhoven and
+a factory here in New York City. We have two internal facilities and then we also use partner
+facilities all over the world. We offer printing services in
+over 50 different materials and finishes, including precious metals,
+porcelain, steel, plastics, high-detail acrylic, you name it, and
+we're always exploring new stuff. You should check out our pilot materials
+page, it's really interesting. We have a DMLS aluminum
+on there right now, as well as interlocking metals and
+some other new types of plastic. A big part of our mission and
+our service is including our community in the development of new processes and
+new materials, and really just giving people access to
+stuff that was really only accessible by high-end R&D departments
+from big corporations. Now we're giving access to that to just
+about anyone and that's what's the most fun, it's democratizing innovation and
+using the advantages of software platforms and connected spaces
+to give people that access. If you have a browser and
+an Internet connection, you're connected to advanced manufacturing
+factories all over the world. [SOUND] The starting point is
+they need a water type model. I'm sure you guys will cover that in the
+class but you need to use any kind of 3D modelling software to generate a model
+that is watertight and you can then create an account on Shapeways.com and
+upload that watertight model. It will go through some automated
+checks to make sure that it can successfully be printed. Once you place the order,
+we also have engineers and staff here who will manually
+inspect the model and the design and help you get it
+through the manufacturing process. Then it goes through several different
+steps depending on the material, polishing, finishing, at least ten people
+touch your model before it actually gets to you and then we ship it to
+you wherever you are in the world. If you're printing in our basic
+introductory nylon material, which we do the most printing of,
+white strong flexible nylon, we call it, that can take anywhere between
+five to six business days, from the time you submit the order
+until you receive it in the mail. The process is essentially the same. You're building up an object from
+the bottom up, layer by layer. What's different is the materials and
+how that material is fused together. With the large nylon centering machines
+that we use here in the facility, it's a powder material that
+started of in a flat bed and then the laser inside the machine is
+the precision element that creates layers. It does the same movement as an FTM
+extrusion head but rather than extruding material, it's a laser beam that
+melts the nylon to the previous layer. It's called selective laser centering. The advantages to that process over
+something like FDM, fused deposition, is that there's no support
+structure to remove after the fact. You can get away with sometimes even more
+complex form factors than you might be able to do on a desktop printer. I'm a huge fan of desktop printers, and those are indispensable for prototyping
+and getting those first ideas out. They make you a more confident designer,
+and so having access to them is absolutely important
+when you're learning how to do this stuff. We like to say is that we are making
+products, not just prints. These are finished goods,
+these are things that you can go and sell, we have our whole
+marketplace feature and they can go right from the factory,
+right to your end user. The Shapeways marketplace is essentially
+a space on the site where you as a user can begin to make your design available
+for sale, directly from Shapeways. We use our factory to
+become your factory and you can end up selling your products
+directly to your consumers from the site. Once you start an account,
+you have the option to open a shop and you can make your products available
+in any number of materials that it will successfully print in. Essentially, people can purchase directly
+from the Shapeways marketplace and you as the designer set the mark up. There's a base cost for producing an
+object, which is the price that you'll see as a maker on the site, and
+then you as the designer can say I want to make 20% more on this iPhone case and
+that price will adjust automatically. At the end of every month,
+you'll get paid. We have a huge reach on our social media,
+we do marketing. We've got a really great
+Christmas gift guide. We work with our community to help
+them become better designers and help them get exposure where they need. The software is becoming easier to use, the materials are becoming
+more consumer ready. When you compare it to traditional
+manufacturing, you can do some things that were previously thought to be
+somewhat almost impossible. Complex form factors and mass customization that would
+almost price themselves out of normal manufacturing suddenly
+become almost cheap in comparison. It enables this new style of design and
+then of course, just the fact that it democratizes
+access to manufacturing. When you try to do
+traditional manufacturing, you have make it worth the factory's
+while to produce your object, which usually means a minimum
+order of 10,000 or something. And then you as the designer or product
+maker have to cross your fingers and say, god, I hope I nailed this product,
+and 10,000 people actually want this. Instead, with 3D printing,
+you have a couple of different advantages. One, you can update your design as you
+learn more about what's working and what isn't because it's a model
+that exists in a software format. And two, you can do on-demand
+manufacturing, and this is a huge advantage for new designers because they
+don't have to have that minimum order. In five years, I'd like to think that we're going to see some huge improvements
+in consumer design software. Never before have the 3D modeling
+softwares that are out there been pushed to design directly for something
+that's going to exist in the real world. Most of the softwares
+we're using are either for 3D animation and computer graphics,
+developing a product for engineering that will ultimately be
+realized with a different process. Now we're seeing software
+developers connecting with the manufacturing process and
+making the software tools. Autodesk is a great example of this. They have their Pier 9 facility, and
+they're working with designers and incorporating that and we like to think we're doing
+the same thing with our processes. We share our pilot materials and programs
+with our community and take that feedback and try to improve to make it ideal for
+how people really are using this. A big change that we're going to see
+is the machines and the materials being from the ground up developed and designed
+with that type of use case in mind. The machines that we're all using now
+were created for rapid prototyping, which is great but they definitely have
+some limitations that when it comes to consumer products,
+people are expecting quality and lasting stuff that sometimes prototyping materials
+were never developed with that in mind. If you're not sick of my voice and
+face, I have a couple of free videos on our Shapeways YouTube channel,
+so YouTube.com/Shapeways. We have also partnered with
+a couple other platforms, so there's lots of resources, if you Google
+Shapeways tutorials, they'll be out there. I love instructables. If you're looking for project-based learning that can
+incorporate not just 3D modeling and printing but also other types of
+tinkering, that's a really great resource. If you're getting started and you're
+thinking about doing your very first project, one of the best resources
+is Shapeways.com/Materials because we go into deep guidelines
+about how each material behaves. How big you can go, how small you
+can go with those materials and those will often heavily influence the way
+that you start designing your objects. If you already know you want to make
+homewares or a piece of jewelry, that usually indicates you're going to use
+a particular type of material and knowing how the product is going to end up is
+a great place to start with your design. [SOUND] Understand that it's a process. 3D printing has been billed as this
+kind of push button, like a microwave, you put it in, ding, and it's done and
+that's really not how it works. Largely for two reasons, one,
+when you add a third dimension, you exponentially add other
+considerations when you're designing. Also, the industry is learning
+along with you at the moment. The machines are getting better, the
+software is getting better all the time, and oftentimes,
+you have to find your own way. Don't give up, I know it's going to be
+tricky to get that first product out but you'll be so proud of yourself and
+you'll learn a ton about how to design for the next time. >> Thank you so much. >> You're welcome. [MUSIC] [MUSIC] [SOUND]

docs/03_module-2-why-is-it-revolutionary/04_the-revolutionaries/04_3d-fashion-francis-bitonti.en.txt

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+[MUSIC] Hi, we're here in
+Brooklyn New York once again. We're here today to talk
+with Francis Bitonti. Francis is world famous for being one of the first people to print
+a dress using 3D printing technology. We've talked to Francis about this dress, about the cool projects that he's working
+on now in that 3D printing domain. Let's go see if we can find him. Come on in. Well, good morning, Francis. Thank you for
+taking the time to meet with us today. >> Yeah, my pleasure. Great meeting with you. >> Can you tell us a bit
+about your 3D printing story, how you became interested
+in this technology? >> Sure, so I started as an architect. I was an architect that was displaced. I was working as an industrial designer
+at the time, and we were using it for prototyping. And, it was just sort of one of these like
+a-ha moments when we got a prototype back. Like it had similar mechanical
+structural properties to what we were getting out of injection molding,
+but I got it without tooling. I got it really fast, and we're able to do
+things that I couldn't do through molding. So I just became really,
+really fascinated with it after that, and I had this kind of dream in my head
+that it could be a manufacturing tool. I still consider what I do pretty
+close to industrial design. The way that we have to think about
+projects is much closer to how an industrial designer might think than
+a fashion designer because we're not really working with fabrics. We're making things soft, but a lot of materials we start with
+are not in the realm of textiles. We learn textiles, but I don't think
+like the kinds of materials and what we end up with in the assembly
+process has very much to do with what fashion designers deal with. So I'm reluctant to kind of call myself
+that, like most of what we work on gets on someone's body, so
+it's fashion in that respect. But from a materials
+design sort of standpoint, I would consider the expertise
+of the studio to be more chores industrial design. I don't think it was
+the first 3D printed dress. It was one of the first
+that was articulated and flexible, and it had lot of features
+that were unique at the time. But I don't think it was the actual first. >> One of the first. >> It was one of the first. Yes, definitely,
+definitely one of the first. >> Well,
+it's not something that we see everyday? >> No. [LAUGH]. >> Most of us don't have one in
+their wardrobe I would imagine. >> I don't think so, no,
+that was an expensive dress. [LAUGH] It's very similar to how
+you would design a dress normally. I think the big difference
+is with 3D printing, you're tasked with designing
+your own material. Like on that dress, we had a design on
+these little articulated joints, and then we had to come up
+with a way to manage, I think there was like 3,000 unique
+articulated joints in there. So like we started in a very,
+very small scale and then we made methods for
+applying that to something larger. >> So,
+all of those 3,000 pieces were 3D printed? >> Yes. >> How long did that take? >> The printing wasn't that long. I think they printed the whole
+dress in about two days. >> Really? That's amazing. >> It took longer to kind of polish it,
+to glue crystals on, then it did the printing, yeah. A lot. I think this is probably one of the things
+that needs to be resolved in the industry the most. We've got a lot of CAD packages. And I think the reason for that is they're
+all kind of good at something else, and we've sort of cobbled together work flows
+that make sense for what we're doing. There's a gap right now, and a lot of
+the software that you would use for the industrial designer's
+mind is in the past. They're designed for like machining. With 3D printing, you're dealing
+with parts that are low volume, high surface area. When you're machining stuff, you usually
+get low surface area, high volume, because you're given like standard box of
+material and a lot of it is obstructive. So the tools are designed for that,
+and I don't really think we have much out there right now on the way
+of designing tools that are, I think that make sense the way in additive,
+you would design for an additive process. It's a lot of thermoplastics, yeah, that's
+the kind of majority of what we work with. I'd see a distant future
+with organic materials, but I don't know if I see it
+in the very near future. We've been putting a lot of energy
+in looking at elastomeric materials, things like that. Because we were looking at it like
+cellular structures, like assembling lots of small, rigid components, and
+I think that's inherently limited. So I think on the wearable
+technology side, it's an advantage to that because
+if you're dealing with polymers, you can have invented electronics,
+sensors, things like that. I think there's a multimaterial
+proposition there, and as an advantage to having elastic
+materials that can address the body. So I think that's going to
+be a huge value add for 3D printing on the fashion textiles front. On the other side, I think we've
+been seeing a lot of shoes, and that makes a lot of sense because we
+are working with plastics right now. I think midsoles, outsoles, insoles,
+all that stuff, their complex geometry, the sizing, size is complicated. It's never really been solved. Well, I think the way we make shoes has
+been, it's made customization difficult. It's a million dollar, well,
+more than a million dollar question. I guess, like the things I could say for
+sure is that you're going to have an increase in the amount of desktop
+technologies that are available. I definitely see things going like
+smaller, faster, cheaper already, inspite of I think what a lot of
+the public has seen as a frustration, like it's not doing that. It absolutely is, I think this hardware
+gets there a lot slower in software. And I think within five years,
+you'll completely see that happening. I think they'll be an incentive to start
+selling files or maybe print it home for certain things. The print-at-home thing is still very
+questionable to me in what role that might play in someone's house. I don't think it's going to be like
+the replicator from Star Trek. I think it be like something
+you'd have in your tool shop. I think the cost of machines and
+materials is coming down. They're going to get more competitive. And it's going to open up
+a lot of opportunities, but it's hard to pinpoint exactly what. Scanning's only as good as the tools,
+you have to analyze the scan. It's a lot of data, and I find we
+don't really use scanning all that much without working with someone who
+has some software to process that scan. Like we've done a lot of work with shoes
+recently, and there's this kind of idea, I'm going to scan my foot and
+then use the foot to build the model. There's a relationship between
+the form of the product and the thing that goes on your body, and
+it's not a one-to-one relationship. So like we really need software to
+process scans in a meaningful way. I think that if you have been involved
+with working with the kinds of materials that 3D printers can and
+the kinds of things you can get out of it, it's mind-blowing right away because
+you're not offering industrial scale, these machines are really small. They're basically portable. You're taking something that's really
+always been very inaccessible, and it is accessible. I mean, it's not easy yet, but we can
+very easily see that it will be easy. And that's the gamechanger, because that's
+going to let you build a manufacturing infrastructure that's going to look very,
+very different than what we have now. Takes a long time to get
+hardware to market, and you see this a lot when
+you look at startups. Like software startups,
+you'll hear about funding, and then boom, they're on the market. And then a hardware comes out, and it's usually a year later
+before that product ships. All right, so you're already starting
+at this much slower rate of evolution, and there were a lot of patents that I
+think prevented healthy competition, especially around things like materials,
+that really kind of kept costs super high and sort of kept in this realm
+of being exclusive to prototyping. That happened with FDM, there's a lot
+of stuff going on with FDM, and I find FDM really exciting right now. And it's been in
+the public domain a while. We've had a chance to let people iterate
+and innovate, and now it's mature. As we're starting to see a lot of these
+patents run out, you're going to see that same thing happen, and I think
+the rate of innovation will increase. Our website is a good place,
+social media, we post a lot. Actually, social media is
+probably better than the website. I don't update the website that much. >> And the social media site,
+what would our learners type in to find. >> Just my name, Francis Bitonti,
+Twitter, Facebook. >> Thank you for your time. >> Cool, thanks a lot. >> Really appreciate it. [MUSIC]

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+[MUSIC] Hi. I'm standing here in front of
+the Material Science building, here in the insuring quad of
+the University of Illinois campus. We're here today to talk
+to Professor Paul Braun. Paul's a professor of material science and
+engineering here at the University of Illinois, and it's famous for being part
+of the team that 3D printed a battery. Now this battery doesn't
+look anything like this, but it performs a similar function. We're going to talk to Paul about
+this battery, about 3D printing, and how this technology will
+change our lives forever. Please join me. Hello Paul, thanks for
+meeting with us today. >> My pleasure, thank you. >> Could you tell us a bit about yourself. >> I've been at the University of
+Illinois since 1999 as a, on the faculty. Although, I actually was here from
+1993-1998 as a graduate student and before that was at Cornell. After finishing my PhD at Illinois, then
+I went to Bell Labs for a year, which is really when my work transformed from
+things that would say more fundamental chemistry to thinking a lot more about
+the technological impact of materials. And then, obviously, came back here
+a year after that, where I've been, since I joined as an assistant professor. [SOUND] So my home department is
+material science and engineering, and then I have a in chemistry, and we do
+some work in the Beckman Institute and the MRL and
+a number of the other labs on campus. Everything is made of something, and so material science is what
+can you make things out of? How can you improve
+the properties of materials? It could be, how do I make stronger
+glass for say, a smartphone? How do I make faster computer chips,
+more efficient light bulbs, better materials for
+doing drug deliveries? You can really think about
+materials science as the applied aspects of the chemistry and
+physics. Where maybe we don't care as
+much about the fundamentals, we still pay attention to them. But, how can we make these building
+blocks that impact the world? [SOUND] 3D printing, the way that
+we think about it, is very broad, in how can I three dimensionally
+structure materials, in what we would call deterministic ways. And so, some of our work on batteries,
+we start by doing electroplating. And so, we electroplate nickel. So, a very simple metal. These are easy to electroplate. But we electroplate that using
+a very complicated polymer, that when we expose the light
+generates some 3D super. Structure. It's akin to a lost-wax process. But then some people will directly print
+much more complicated materials to start with, and so using print heads that can
+extrude out materials that can withstand very high temperatures, or
+that may cause cells to grow in certain ways if you want the three dimensionally
+print scaffold for a human organ. [SOUND] We've been really excited by
+this idea of 3D printing of a battery, and we realized if you zoom in
+on the inside of a battery, really what you have is,
+you have three important things. You have something that
+can carry the electrons, because batteries have
+to have electricity. You have something that can hold
+onto the energy storage material, so somehow a battery stores
+energy through chemistry. So that's in a material. And typically today, it uses lithium ions. So I have to have some way to
+move these lithium ions around. And so what you need is, you need a three
+dimensional structure that can conduct electricity, hold onto the active
+energy storage material, and provide a really good way to move the ions between
+the plus and minus sides of the electrode. And so
+conventionally when people make a battery, they do it by casting and
+they get a random assortment of materials. And sometimes you have good networks and
+sometimes don't, and so the performance varies. But instead, if you could really build it
+much the way you think of a city where you have super highways and local roads and
+places for the buildings. And so, you'd define the architecture
+to give you really efficient eye on transport, really efficient electron
+transport and put the energy storage stuff just where you want it,
+you can go into new performance metrics. Maybe really high power or
+better energy, fast charging. So we started doing this in large form
+batteries and this is something we've taken really far and now we have a start
+up company working on that, but then, we said, wouldn't it be really interesting
+if you could make small batteries that you could print and maybe put them
+directly on a silicon a computer chip. And so, we had to think about
+new paradigms in materials, because normal battery materials
+use high temperatures. Grow some processes that aren't
+compatible with computer chips. So we realized, we needed a way to
+be able to 3D print the positive and negative terminals directly
+onto some substrate. We were able to do this
+using optical patterning. So taking this light sensitive polymer. Exposing it with light. When you expose it
+multiple beams of light, the way that the light interacts,
+creates a 3D pattern in the polymer. We then dissolve a way the polymer of that
+hasn't reacted with the light, and so that leave behind what
+looks to be like a sponge. We take that sponge and
+then we do electroplating, the same way people use to
+put chrome on a bumper. We put it in solution and
+we fill all the pores with metal, so this is where the electrons can go. Then we remove the polymer,
+which was the house initially. And now,
+we do a second electroplating process, and a third electroplating process. One grows the positive
+side of the battery, one grows the minus side of the battery. And you end up then with fingers
+of positive and negative, if you look down on the battery like this. So now they're really close together, which means you can move
+the electrons fast. They have lots of pores which
+helps you move the electrons, but they're all connected with metal. So using that, we were able to make a battery which
+was only a few millimeters on the side. So something like a tenth
+of an inch on the side. And about five times
+thinner than a human hair. And this battery could generate enough
+power to light up an LED and flash an LED. [SOUND] This is not going to replace say,
+a laptop battery. Where we think is that,
+if we can move power down to the chip, now you could have a really small chip. Maybe a little bigger
+than a grain of rice, and then that would have its own battery
+built, right in with that chip. Which means, if you took that grain
+of rice sized object, and you say, sprinkled it around and
+each one had a little radio transmitter or a little blinking light on it,
+you could power those wherever they are, without attaching any wires
+off to the outside world. You're not going to have a lot of power,
+this is batteries. Power is proportional to volume, so you
+want a lot of power you get a big battery. You're not going to drive a car
+on a tiny little battery. But if you make a battery small,
+and you still want a lot of power, you need this 3D structure, so
+you can move ions and electrons quickly. And so, that gives you the ability
+to pulse out, and send information. So you could have this just sitting
+all around and then, once a day, it would send just a little burst of
+information that is only possible, because that micro battery's
+sitting right by the computer chip. [SOUND] We'll take the applications
+really in two space. One is the idea of
+three-dimensionally structuring or 3D printing of the internal
+components of a battery. You know, we see that applying at sort
+of all [INAUDIBLE] scale, so even for sale a large car battery,
+if you can control the internal structure, that may give you the ability to
+charge the car in say 5 minutes, because now you provide really fast
+ways that the ions can move and the electrons can move and
+you can put power in to that. And the other regime is when
+the batteries get very small. And here, we can really push
+the performance metrics to the absolute, because we then control every detail
+of the three-dimensional structure. And the applications in that space
+are things like, small pills that you might swallow, that have enough power
+to be able to transmit a radio signal. Out, or potentially deliver energy
+in the body, to do some therapeutic. And, you can make that
+a much smaller device, because the battery can still give
+you a lot of power when it's small. There's the idea of basically,
+the sensors everywhere, so instead of walking around a building and saying, I'll
+pick the five places I want to sensor, I make them so small that
+they're basically just the dust. And so
+you can sprinkle them where you'd like and they can transmit until the battery dies,
+and if they're small and environmentally friendly, you can sweep
+them up, and maybe they just rust and disappear, so they turn right back into
+the iron that's mined out of the earth. Those are just a list of
+possible applications. [SOUND] I think you really will be able
+to think about changing the design space of products, where today,
+if you have a battery-powered product, you generally have to size
+it to fit the battery. The microelectronics have
+really been miniaturized but the batteries haven't been
+equivalently miniaturized. So now,
+instead of the device overall function and shape being limited by
+the size of the battery. Now, the battery scales
+with the electronics. We think if you're going to build
+miniaturized electronic devices, the best place to put the power,
+is to put it right on the chip. [SOUND] If I think about
+the work in Batteries and other, like why would you want to print this? First of all, there's, of course,
+the customization aspect. When you make one cell phone for
+the masses, you have to limit function in exchange for
+mass production. Can we give ourselves this diversity of
+customization and retain the function. Because I don't think anyone's going to
+a really kludgy cell phone which is four times bigger, just so
+it has an extra axes of an accelerometer. But maybe they would be very interested if
+the cell phone was designed to be certain shape that fit on their body or
+in their clothes in a certain way. And that's not what the next person has,
+so I think it's customization for function will be the,
+where we can really get legs. Customization for aesthetics is fun,
+but maybe not give us the legs we need. To find out more about what we're doing, a great place to start is
+just my department webpage. So at University of Illinois, the Material Science department
+has a webpage that lists faculty. I give a number of talks that
+are sometimes more public interest oriented and
+some of these can be found on the web. Then I also have a startup company
+working on batteries named Xerion, and they have a webpage that talks about
+some of that technology evolution. For detailed inquiries,
+people often reach out directly. [SOUND] What I really
+enjoyed is that this field is one that nobody is an expert. That it's a new area, it's a growing area. People have made contributions
+coming in from everything, from really hardcore physics
+through the chemistry through design and engineering. And I think it's really the diversity and the open-endedness of the field that
+allows really the human imagination to sort of run wild, and
+then reduce it to a tangible object. And that's different than most areas of
+engineering, where you go to a catalog and you can pick out this gear and
+this gear and that. And if they don't fit,
+you are out of luck. I think it really opens up
+the human imagination and how we can make the things the world uses. >> Thank you so much. >> Hey, thank you.
+>> You did a great job. [MUSIC] [SOUND]

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+[MUSIC] Hi.
+I am here at the campus of Columbia University,
+one of the world's greatest universities. We're here to speak with Hod Lipson. Hod recently moved to Columbia after
+spending many years at Cornell University, one of my Alma maters. Hod is one of the leading academics
+in the domain of 3D printing and one of the first to bring 3D
+printing to the desktop level. Also he's the author of this book,
+Fabricated. It's one of the best books on
+the topic of 3D printing, and in this book Hod lays out a very ambitious
+agenda about the future of 3D printing. So we're here to talk with Hod about his
+book, about the future of 3D printing and what it means for all of us. Come on, let's see if we can find Hod. Hi Hod. >> Hi. >> Thank you for meeting with us today. >> My pleasure. >> Could you tell us first of all how
+you get started with 3D printing? What's your 3D printing story? >> I first saw it around
+1989 actually in college. And I thought that manufacturing
+is instantly obsolete, but there's no more conventional
+manufacturings going to take over. But that didn't happen. 30 years later,
+technology is still in its infancy, but for me, it was fascinating to see
+how we can use this technology to make things that we
+can't make any other way. I got started with actually working
+with 3D printing first as a user. We were making robots and we were making robots that were
+designed automatically by software and the robots were basically impossible to
+make using conventional processes, but the availability of 3D printer that
+was back in 99 allowed us to make these robots that basically unleashing
+the potential of design automation, in a way that was not possible before. We reached the limits of 3D
+printing at the time very quickly, and we started to try to
+expand the technology itself. Back in the early 2000s when we started
+working and developing 3D printers and we really wanted to work with printing
+multiple materials at the same time. And of course multiple materials to
+the printers were not available. We had to develop our own 3D printer
+to do that and we developed what we called then the Fab@Home which was our own
+custom-made 3D printer that worked with multiple materials but very quickly
+realized that the industry was stuck in this vicious cycle of
+expensive machines and narrow markets. And I think that the entire industry of
+additive manufacturing was so handicapped. So we decided to open-source the
+technology, create some kind of platform that anybody could use to, basically
+anybody could make their own 3D printer. At the same time, in parallel, the RepRap appeared as another open-source
+printer from the University of Bath in the UK with very much the same kind
+of idea of democratizing the access. So, that happened around 2005, 2006. There were hundreds of
+these printers made. And we can only know that indirectly
+because it's open source. Within two or three years,
+the MakerBot printer came out. The MakerBot basically borrowed a lot of
+design elements from the Fab@Home and from the RepRap. They're all in the original machine,
+which basically made history, and really democratized the technology. The big corporations in the area at
+the time and still are, are fairly open to this idea of these opened sourced printers
+that sometimes infringe on their patents. Nevertheless they allow these
+consumer scale printers to grow, understanding that that
+consumer skill market eventually leads to growth
+of the entire field. And I think that was a wise understanding,
+and that sort of harmony actually works and
+still exists to a large extent. [SOUND] A lot of people ask,
+is 3D printing hype? Is it a fad that's going to go away or
+is it here to stay as a real revolution? And I'm really a strong believer that
+not only is it a big revolution, but we haven't seen most of it yet. We've only seen the tip of the iceberg. Part of it is this expansion in materials. Right now, most 3D printers print
+in relatively passive materials. You have plastic, some print in metal. Maybe ceramics. But these are sort of single materials,
+they're fairly passive materials. But as the technology expands
+to printing in active materials, materials that conduct electricity, materials that can sense, can move,
+can compute, can store power. If you can print in a dozen base materials
+simultaneously the combinations of those materials, you can use
+to create objects in 3D, what we call metamaterials,
+is far greater than just 12. It's a power of 12. That's just, in the exponential
+nature of this technology. The design space, the things that we
+can make expand so dramatically that anything we make today from these passive
+materials will pale in comparison. And so that's why I think
+that we really are just at the beginning of what is a long journey
+in this ability to create object with multiple materials with
+active materials really. Moving from passive parts
+to active systems and that's, I know the design
+space is vast and unexplored. [SOUND] So
+let me start by explaining voxels. A voxel is a like a pixel-
+>> Pixels. >> But in 3D. So a pixel is a square. >> Yup.
+>> In 2D, a voxel is a volumetric pixel. It's a sort of a lego brick if
+you like that's very small so if you think about it everything
+you're watching on a screen right now is made out of small pixels, but
+it looks to you continuous and analogue but in fact its made out of
+lots of discrete building blocks. So imagine a world where three
+dimensional objects are not continuous objects made out of metal or
+clay or plastic, but they're actually made out of lots and
+lots of tiny voxels, tiny LEGO bricks, if you like,
+that are assembled using a 3D printer. So then the 3D printer, instead of
+printing with continuous materials, which is what most 3D printers print
+today, therefore they're analog, in my opinion,
+digital 3D printer would actually print with pixels, with voxels,
+with three dimensional building blocks. So it would have a lot of voxels in its
+disposal, voxels of different types. They will look more like powders. The voxels are the size
+of a grain of sand. And these voxels will be quickly
+stapled together to create a three-dimensional object. So what are the advantages
+of this approach? The first is that you can combine many,
+many different functionalities. You can have hard voxels,
+soft voxels, conductive voxels, long conductive transistor voxels. Web server voxels. Whatever you need so you can have a huge
+variety of basic building blocks from which you can make 3D,
+3 dimensional objects. You can literally print a cell phone or
+a laptop. But the other advantage is that
+you can recycle things completely. You can take your laptop. Sort it back into voxels and
+print it into something else. So I think in the long term, this of
+course is not a way to make everything. I don't know if you'd
+make a chair this way. But when you're talking about
+things that involve electronic, we're moving from passive to
+active systems I think inevitably we'll shift to printing with voxels rather
+than printing with continuous materials. The term for this entire field
+is called digital materials, a term coined by Neil Gershenfeld from
+the Center of Bits and Atoms at MIT. And that's in this way
+of thinking about matter as composed of bits, voxels,
+rather than continuous. A 3D printer that works with digital
+materials, we call it a rapid assembler. It's really, you can think about
+it more as an assembler because it staples together all
+these building blocks. Actually, I have one of them here. This is a printer, a rapid assembler,
+that Jonathan Hiller made a couple of years ago, and it assembles these
+spheres into three dimensional objects. And you can see this is a very Low
+resolution voxel assembler, if you like. There's only 10,000 voxel here. But in the future as these voxels become
+smaller and the printers become faster, you can imagine an assemble that can
+assemble millions of these units together. [SOUND] We've already
+printed a loud speaker. >> Really? >> A working loud speaker,
+100% 3D printed. >> The whole thing. >> The whole thing. The coils, the wires, the holes,
+the magnet, the whole thing and the shell, the membrane is
+all 3D printed and it works. You know,
+it's not a great loud speaker, but it is the first 100% 3D printed
+consumer electronic device. And I think we'll see more and
+more of that happening. And our dream, a milestone here
+in our lab is to print a robot that will walk out of the printer,
+batteries included. >> Is that something that would
+happen in our lifetime, do you think? >> I keep thinking it's
+going to happen next year, but it seems to be a little bit more
+difficult than meets the eye. We've printed already all the components,
+the muscles, the batteries, all the different things. But the trick is to print it
+all together in one shot, and that seems to be still beyond
+the capability of any printer today. But I think you know, it's not
+beyond the realm of what's possible. And again, when printers can do all that
+together you know, all bets are off. [SOUND] I think we'll all
+have a printer in our home. I should say I'm in
+the minority in thinking this, most experts would argue that
+you can order anything online, it will be printed on
+industrial scale printer, and brought to you with a driverless pod,
+24 hours later. But I think there's, that's true but
+there's one type of printer that everybody would need in their home
+because they'll need to use it right away. And that's a food printer. >> Food printer.
+>> So food printing is one of
+the things we're working on now. I think it's one of these,
+beyond plastic, metal, and ceramics there's bio-printing, which is
+very interesting for biology and medicine. But food printing is this idea that
+basically a printer assembles food for you and cooks it in line,
+in a data driven way. So based on your biometrics,
+on your needs, you can get the food that has
+the right level of calcium, sugar, protein, vitamins, whatever you
+need that day, in a data driven way. So again it's not a, it's not about
+to replace your entire kitchen but I think it's something
+that many people will want in their kitchen very much the same
+way they have an espresso machine. [SOUND] So of course our book, Fabricated, talks about sort of the future of
+the technology in a very high level. And when we wrote the book back in 2013, we tried to make sure that it
+stays relevant for a long time. We didn't talk so much about the specific
+printers available at that time, but more about this long term
+future which we've been discussing. But beyond that,
+the resources change every minute and you just search for the latest and
+greatest and you'll see it. There are books and resources on how
+to use this printer and that printer. The online courses that help you train. There's a lot to learn about not
+just how to use a printer but how to design for 3D printing. How to take advantage of 3D
+printer in design thinking., I think that's a big thing to learn. And, of course, the ultimate thing
+about new business models are enabled, and frankly, there's nowhere to
+learn that but to experiment. [SOUND] So our labs can be
+found at creativemachines.org, where we look at machines that create and
+machines that are created. >> Okay, great job. Thank you. >> Okay. [MUSIC]

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+[MUSIC] This concludes our course on
+the 3D printing revolution. I hope that you learned some new concepts,
+acquired some new tools, and heard some new stories. More importantly, I hope that this course enhanced your
+understanding of how 3D printing works. And why this technology
+revolutionized our economy. To wrap up, here are four key
+lessons from this course. First, 3D printing is a new
+low cost desktop technology that can be used by nearly anyone. Second, this technology allows us to
+easily turn our ideas into objects and gives consumers the power to be creators. Third, 3D printing also blurs the divide
+between the physical and the digital. It makes it easy to remix and
+customize physical products. Fourth and finally by changing both the
+roles of consumers the nature of objects, 3D printing will
+revolutionize our economy. And change the way we live. There are many courses
+in our specialization. We'll explore the 3D printing
+ecosystem in more detail. The next course,
+3D printing applications will examine how 3D printing is being used by large firms,
+entrepreneurs and individuals to turn their ideas into objects and
+to do things they couldn't do before. Thank you for
+being part of our course community. I hope you enjoy the rest
+of our specialization. [MUSIC]

docs/04_course-conclusion/01_course-wrap-up-whats-next/02_congratulations_instructions.html

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+ <p>
+  Congratulations on completing the course! At
+  <a href="https://giesbusiness.illinois.edu/" title="Gies Colllege of Business website">
+   Gies College of Business
+  </a>
+  , one of our strategic priorities is to democratize education.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  Through our online degree programs, we're committed to creating life-changing access to a business education through a powerful, engaging online experience. Gies faculty experts engage with students from around the world, face-to-face in a digital classroom.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+  We invite you to learn more about our digital classroom and five ways you can access our online degree programs:
+  <a href="https://giesbusiness.illinois.edu/graduate-hub/online/" title="Online Degree Programs website">
+   https://giesbusiness.illinois.edu/graduate-hub/online/
+  </a>
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docs/04_course-conclusion/01_course-wrap-up-whats-next/03_gies-online-programs.en.txt

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+At Gies College of Business,
+one of our strategic priorities is to democratize education,
+we do that by delivering our IMBA, IMSA executive education and
+business minor online. That is not business as usual and it's
+certainly not the online education of old, we put our very best faculty
+in the online space. They actively engage with students from
+around the world face to face in a digital classroom, faculty and students collaborating together infuse
+these programs with the personal attention that enable students to
+reach their full potential. >> The IMBA program through the Gies
+College of Business is so incredibly innovative, the ability and accessibility
+to reach a whole new audience of students. And let them learn on their own
+time has been phenomenal and being able to collaborate with
+people across the globe and to learn from top notch professors
+has been completely revolutionary. >> When you're interacting and teaching
+in a live session, you can kind of see the students environment and while I'm
+teaching here at night and Champagne, it's day time, wherever they
+are in the world, some of them. And so it's sort of slapped you in the
+face immediately that there's a completely different perspective. >> You might think, it's more removed, its
+more distant but in fact, my experience in an online class has actually been
+surprisingly intimate and connected. In a classroom setting you might have 50,
+60 or more students in a room at one time. And so I'm scanning around,
+looking at at people, but in an online, I'm looking at one place and
+the students looking right back at me and that's surprisingly a direct experience. >> I was shocked at how
+much it felt as good or better than when I was sitting in
+class in my undergraduate days. Everyone has their cameras on, on their
+computers, there's a chat feature so you can also type in a question and the professor can answer
+your question that way. >> I think the cool thing is that you
+can truly participate from whatever you are the system work on your desktop,
+on your cell phone. >> We were traveling in the middle
+of nowhere, back from Indiana and on the Wi-Fi, still on my iPad,
+I was able to connect through Zoom with classmates in Dubai and Tokyo and
+California all at the same time. Even being in a remote place on the go,
+the accessibility and the exposure that I was
+able to get was phenomenal. Getting my NBA makes me feel
+empowered because I don't need to, stop being myself. I don't need to stop working,
+I don't need stop being a mother, I don't need to stop having my life and
+that is everything. >> Our online programs are designed to
+be career curated learning experiences. Our leading edge course
+material is structured the way that professionals apply
+these concepts every day. Leadership, communication and critical thinking skills are built into
+the core empowering our students to put their purpose into practice
+at the highest level. >> One of the most impactful
+things is just your ability to take the skills that we deliver and
+take them back to work on Monday. I've heard a couple of stories where
+students have talked about the skills that they were able to build over a couple
+of weeks and then they were able to immediately bring that skill set back into
+their job and make an immediate impact. I would recommend Gies,
+IMBA program for anyone, this is both, If you're starting questioning your
+career to, if you're a professional and you want to hone your skill,
+this is it, this is the place to be. >> At Gies College of Business we are
+truly revolutionizing how online education is delivered, this isn't just a few PowerPoint
+slides and a reading assignment. Our faculty and students thrive in this
+one of a kind global classroom, relevant, timely discussions about current
+topics from around the world. Keep content fresh and exciting, the next
+generation of business leaders will come from all corners of the world and
+now they converge here at Gies Business. [MUSIC]