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@ ` "Description of a material with an elastic modulus of approximately 3 kPa, which might relate to biological tissues like toe pads of frogs and other amphibians.""Force used by tree frogs to climb small diameter structures, aiding in climbing with their digits.""Supporting an argument suggesting toe pads are better developed for friction than adhesion based on observed data.""Means by which tree frogs climb on flat surfaces using only adhesive forces.""The study involves research on how climbing animals, like tree frogs, adhere to surfaces and applying these principles in artificial materials.""The team of authors is associated with the publication in Advanced Functional Materials, suggesting that the paper has undergone peer review and was accepted for publication by this reputable scientific journal.""An Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) indenter used for measuring the mechanical properties of materials, such as elasticity.""Aino T.'s research is focused on the high deformability of adhesive toe pads in White's tree frog, specifically through light and electron microscopic analyses.")|("entity""Affects CNT forest applications, influencing adhesion forces based on height-to-side length ratio of pillars.""This system is comprised of 24 separate 3D force plates to study single limb forces in climbing animals on a quasi-cylindrical tower.") ("entity""Karl Autumn authored multiple works related to gecko adhesion, including explanations on structure, function, and applications.""W. J.P. Barnes co-authored the work by Endlein on wet adhesion and has expertise in this area.""Author Berg is associated with the publication 'Use of biomimetic hexagonal surface texture in friction against lubricated skin', indicating expertise or contribution to research in this field.""Bhushan B is associated with Sun J's research and the field of nanotechnology.""Bioinspiration refers to the process of drawing ideas or innovations from natural phenomena for technological applications.""Biomimetics is a specialized field focused on understanding and applying principles derived directly from nature in order to address intricate human challenges. This discipline involves meticulously studying the functional aspects of various organisms' natural systems to generate innovative solutions for engineering issues, including the development of novel materials and devices that emulate biological mechanisms."5"A significant role for capillary forces in maintaining close contact between pad and ground.""Chen et al.'s team is involved in the research that examines different patterns of micro and nanostructures for understanding wet adhesion mechanics, as published in journals such as Phil.Trans.R.Soc.A.")"Shows shear adhesion of approximately 100 N cm−2, significantly higher than gecko foot-hairs.""The authors who have studied the adhesion ability of tree frogs to various rough surfaces in their natural habitat.")|("entity""Nathaniel Crawford contributed research on self-cleaning mechanisms in tree frog toe pads without the need for grooming, as seen in J. Exp. Biol.""DROTLEF ET AL." is a team led by Sam Rivera dedicated to conducting extensive research and publishing findings related to cell structures and their adhesive capabilities. This organization has also undertaken studies involving the exploration of adhesion forces under varying velocities on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, demonstrating comprehensive expertise in this field of study."Affects pull-off forces and elastic energy dissipation during contact surface interaction.""The term effective elastic modulus refers to the material's resistance to deformation, affecting adhesive force predictions.""E eff allows CNT forests to maximize contacts, increasing adhesion force.""Developers of a simple procedure to measure adhesive forces generated by tree frogs.""Tobias Endlein contributed a study on wet adhesion in tree frogs which was part of an encyclopedia on nanotechnology.""The document contains equation 2.1, which simplifies to FL = −4 πRγ .") ("entity""The outermost layer of a toe pad structure that has been measured to have an elastic modulus significantly higher than internal layers.""Hinders CNT forest applications due to complexity and durability issues."The entity referred to throughout these descriptions is the research group named FEDERLE ET AL. This team is known for their work in uncovering scientific findings related to frog mucus properties, specifically focusing on adhesion mechanisms that occur when interacting with various surfaces. Their research activities are centered around water frogs and their unique toe pad structures, indicating an extensive investigation into the biological properties of these creatures."This refers to a graphical representation or diagram, likely used in academic literature.""In this context, 'First Contact' refers to Sam Rivera's team understanding new forms of adhesion from studying natural structures such as those found in epithelial cells and nanopillars.""Illustrate adhesion dependence on pillar AR, showing potential reduction of force at high ARs due to pillar bending and clustering.""The necessity of close contact for the manifestation of other adhesive actions, as suggested by the study.""Materials or devices that replicate aspects of geckos' adhesion mechanisms, often focusing on van der Waals forces.""Geckos are used in biomimetics studies for their unique abilities related to adhesion which inspire various material developments.""A is a co-author in the publication 'Microfluidic adhesion induced by subsurface microstructures' published in Science in 2007.") ("entity""Wilfred R Hansen, alongside Autumn K, provided evidence for self-cleaning in gecko setae as reported in Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.""Equation (2.4) is used as a comparison point for discussing the extension of adhesive force equations to soft, elastic materials like tree frog toe pads.""Sun Hu alongside Lopez S and Niewiarowski PH co-authored a paper on dynamic self-cleaning in gecko setae through digital hyperextension.""Equation (2.9) describes this force, which involves a term with viscosity and radius of the sphere.""Increase observed in the distance between pad and ground as an outcome of the said procedure.""Layers close to sub-dermal lymph spaces and a capillary network, which are much softer and pliable compared to the external surface of the pad.""Sam Rivera's work involves complex biological concepts, specifically focusing on the intricate designs of cells and nanopillars as they relate to adhesion.""The image produced by interference reflection microscopy which helps in estimating the thickness of fluid layer.")"Structures that provide rigidity and strength to various biological tissues including toe pads and other skin components in amphibians.""The team of authors includes contributors from various institutions who together have published a paper on 'Highly permeable skin patch with conductive hierarchical architectures inspired by amphibians and octopi for omnidirectionally enhanced wet adhesion', showcasing collaborative research effort.""Refers to one aspect of how adhesive forces are explained mathematically in relation to geometry and elasticity.""The text discusses how with increasing radius (r), adhesive forces may change from length scaling to area scaling.""Longjian Xue contributed research on bioinspired adhesives through tree frog toe pad mimics.""Co-author with Hu S, Lopez contributed to research on dynamic self-cleaning mechanisms in gecko setae.""Values measured using miniature force plates for tree frog toe pads.""Dr. Meng F is a researcher who contributed to the study on biomimetics for new smart adhesives based on tree frog adhesion properties.") ("entity""micro-bulges refer to the structures on pillar tops that contribute to increased friction forces.""A test subject used in studying adhesion, with forces resisting slip being measured during tests.""Co-author with Barthlott W, Neinhuis C contributed to the study of purity and contamination issues related to biological surfaces.""Participated alongside Hu S and Lopez S in the study of dynamic self-cleaning processes in gecko setae.""This organization operates on the web, contributing to scientific publications and research dissemination.""ORGANIZATION" is described as both a scientific institution responsible for disseminating research through journals like 'Phil.Trans.RoyalSoc.A' and a publishing entity focused on scholarly materials, encompassing research in various engineering sciences. This versatile organization serves dual roles; it operates as a conduit for the advancement of knowledge by sharing significant scientific discoveries (as evidenced by 'Phil.Trans.RoyalSoc.A') while also contributing to academic discourse through the publication of articles related to diverse engineering fields.
In essence, "ORGANIZATION" is positioned at the crossroads of scientific research and publishing. It plays a pivotal role in scholarly communication by serving as a publisher for cutting-edge studies across engineering sciences. Through its journals, it facilitates access to knowledge generated from laboratory experiments and fieldwork, promoting collaboration and further advancements in science and technology. Its involvement in both the publication process and dissemination of research indicates a commitment to supporting the scientific community through comprehensive coverage that spans theoretical foundations and practical applications."Show a decrease in E eff with an increase in AR leading to higher contact and pull-off forces.""Polydimethylsiloxane that can be used in microstructures to improve mechanical properties and enhance adhesion.""Structured formations made of multiple pillars that mimic natural systems like geckos' toe pads or tree frogs' adhesive mechanisms.""Has relatively low modulus, used widely for structured adhesives due to ease of handling and commercial availability.""A procedure conducted to study effects on fluid layer thickness under a pad using interference reflection microscopy.""This refers to a specific type of microchannel base bio-inspired patch that is being developed.") ("entity""Diminished adhesion due to changes from viscosity-dependent hydrodynamic forces and van der Waals forces.""A species of gliding frog mentioned in the study, used for calculating adhesive and friction forces.""Sam Rivera is recognized as a constituent of an undesignated organization engaged in the exploration and study of biological phenomena, particularly focusing on understanding the adhesive functionalities present in natural environments.""Samuel DS contributes to research on metamorphosis and maturation in hylid tree frogs at the Journal of Zoology.") ("entity""An experiment involving recording forces exerted by a single pad during horizontal pull.""Conventionally described as smooth, but may actually display complex structural features enhancing adhesion.""Evidence that toe pads can generate static friction, indicating contact between structures on toe pads and the surface.""Research focuses on the toe pads of this species as a source for developing new biomimetically inspired reversible adhesives.")
("entity""Built using PDMS micropillar arrays, showing remarkable decrease in effective modulus compared to flat surfaces.""The recent study referred to in the text discusses the forces of adhesion in biological systems.""Components also contributing to climbing abilities alongside adhesion and adduction forces.""Sun & Bhushan are likely the authors of a recent review, suggesting they have expertise in biomimetics and adhesion mechanisms.""Sun J worked on nanomanufacturing bioinspired surfaces as presented in Tribol. Int.""Structures potentially involved in creating contact with the force plate during toe pad experiments.""Tree frog adhesion refers to the adhesive capabilities displayed by tree frogs, which is a topic under study with respect to physical principles and forces.")"These are specific areas of study that focus on replicating biological features from tree frogs to design artificial adhesives and devices.""Typically exhibit small pillar height and channel width, likely for maximizing adhesive strength.""The species being discussed is a gliding frog that resides in trees and uses its toe pads for attachment"|>2) ("entity""Tree frogs, a species known for their remarkable wet adhesion properties and capable of climbing using both adhesion and adduction forces on smaller structures, refer to animals whose unique toe pad structure inspires materials development. Unlike geckos, while they also provide inspiration due to their adhesive capabilities, the mechanism in tree frogs is described as more complex.""Tree frogs and bush-crickets refer to specific animal species which exhibit certain biological features and adhesive mechanisms.")
("entity""Tulchinsky & Gat introduced the concept of 'temporary adhesion' by considering only viscous flow and ignoring inertial and capillary effects.""Force responsible for the adhesion capabilities in gecko-inspired materials, enabling simple pillar structure design and construction.""Viscosity of the fluid is several orders of magnitude greater for silicone oil than tree frog mucus, affecting applicability of the viscous-poroelastic adhesion concept.""Referred to as Stefan adhesion, these forces resist plate separation due to fluid flow dynamics.""Concept introduced by Tulchinsky & Gat based on elastic deformation and viscous flow interactions."6"W. Jon P. Barnes collaborated in the development of bioinspired adhesive materials and friction-generating devices based on biomimetic principles.""The development team of miniature force plates used in measuring friction and adhesive forces on frog toe pads.") ("entity""Zeng Xia, together with Hu S et al., explored digital hyperextension mechanisms for self-cleaning in geckos.""Xue L contributed to research on bioinspired orientation-dependent friction as well as effective elastic modulus of structured adhesives.")|("entity" A g G c v f
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