### Question: Describe the physical and economic landscape of the jurisdiction as outlined in the plan. Include the name of the planning jurisdiction, its location, population, demographics, and average income. Include major geographic features such as mountains, rivers, deserts, and coastline, as well as any key infrastructure like airports or seaports. Highlight details about the local climate, including any mentions of aridity or water challenges. Additionally, summarize the city’s energy production (oil, gas, renewables) and natural resources, and provide information about industries and economic drivers that are crucial to the region.
**Answer:**
**Planning Jurisdiction: Jacksonville**

- **Location:** Jacksonville, Florida
- **Population:** The city’s population is nearly one million today, with projections to grow to 1.6 million residents by 2070. "If trends continue, Jacksonville will grow to 1.6 million residents by 2070."
- **Demographics and Average Income:** The plan does not specify detailed demographics or average income. However, it emphasizes the city's growth and diverse neighborhoods.

**Major Geographic Features:**
- **Rivers/Coastline:** Jacksonville's economic and physical landscape is significantly shaped by the St. Johns River and the Atlantic Ocean. "Leveraging the St. Johns River and the Atlantic Ocean has been core to Jacksonville’s economy since the earliest known settlements."
- **Coastline:** The city's proximity to these water bodies influences its industrial and economic activities.

**Infrastructure:**
- **Seaports:** Jacksonville hosts JAXPORT, Florida's largest container port and one of the country’s largest vehicle-handling ports. "JAXPORT is Florida’s largest container port and one of the country’s largest vehicle-handling ports."
- **Airports and Other Key Infrastructure:** Specific mentions of airports or other key infrastructure are not detailed in the provided excerpts.

**Local Climate:**
- **Climate Characteristics:** The plan discusses climate change impacts such as flooding and sea-level rise but does not explicitly describe the local climate in terms of aridity or water challenges. "While the location of the riverfront is a key advantage for these industries, their location also puts them at risk of rising sea levels and increasing storms."

**Energy Production and Natural Resources:**
- **Energy:** The plan includes mentions of oil, gas, and power generation as part of the industrial uses along the riverfront. "In addition to the industry at JAXPORT, other industrial uses along the riverfront include oil and gas, power generation, and cruise terminals."
- **Natural Resources:** Specific natural resources are not extensively detailed in the provided excerpts.

**Industries and Economic Drivers:**
- **Key Industries:** The industrial riverfront is an economic opportunity for Jacksonville, with significant investments in terminals, cranes, equipment, and infrastructure improvements. "The industrial waterfront is an economic opportunity for the city as businesses invest in upgraded terminals, cranes and equipment, harbor improvements, modernization, and utility and infrastructure upgrades."
- **Economic Drivers:** The diverse industrial business sector, deep-water ports, and the presence of logistics and transportation businesses are crucial economic drivers. "One of Jacksonville’s economic advantages is its diverse industrial business sector and the presence of deep-water ports."

### Question: To what extent does the plan address resilience, mitigation, and adaptation? After providing a brief summary of how it addresses each component, classify the plan as a whole as one of the following: mitigation dedicated, adaptation/resilience dedicated, mitigation only climate action plan, mitigation primary climate action plan, equal mitigation and adaptation climate action plan, or sustainable/green plan.
**Answer:**
**Resilience**

The plan addresses resilience extensively, emphasizing the development of a Climate Action Plan that aligns with Jacksonville’s resilience goals. It highlights the importance of addressing large-scale contributors to climate change, such as greenhouse gas emissions, to reduce climate risks and strengthen resilience. The plan includes actions like retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency, which would also reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The resilience strategy is built around multiple adaptation approaches, focusing on systems, sites, and people to increase Jacksonville’s resilience to climate impacts. Resilience actions are organized to work across neighborhoods, landscapes, and regions, with a vision to proactively adapt, foster healthy communities, and expand opportunities for residents. Key resilience approaches include guiding development to low-risk areas, redesigning infrastructure, and fortifying critical city systems against future threats. 

**Mitigation**

The plan incorporates elements of climate mitigation, primarily through actions that would reduce greenhouse gas emissions. For example, the Climate Action Plan aims to inventory emissions and develop priority actions to reduce them. Actions like retrofitting buildings for energy efficiency and implementing resilient standards for construction are highlighted as ways to minimize emissions. The plan also mentions the potential for securing federal funding to implement climate actions, which would include mitigation efforts.

**Adaptation**

Adaptation is a core focus of the plan, with specific adaptation actions and approaches detailed. The plan outlines strategies to alter or retrofit buildings to adapt to heat and manage water, redesign infrastructure to reduce urban heat, and enhance open spaces to manage water and discourage development in high-risk flood areas. It emphasizes preparing for future climate threats by improving city systems' response during emergencies and includes the development of an Urban Forest Management Plan to manage climate-adaptive tree species.

**Classification**

The plan can be classified as an **adaptation/resilience dedicated** plan. While it includes elements of mitigation, the primary focus is on building resilience and adapting to climate impacts through comprehensive strategies tailored to Jacksonville’s unique conditions and vulnerabilities.

### Question: Does the plan describe a scenario of climate change the planning jurisdiction will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation? If so, please summarize any such scenario.
**Answer:**
Yes, the plan describes scenarios of climate change that the planning jurisdiction will face and for which it is planning climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation.

### **Scenario Overview**

- **Population Growth and Development Patterns:** 
  - "If population trends continue, Jacksonville will see more than 685,000 additional residents by 2070, increasing the total population to upwards of 1.6 million." The plan considers the impact of different development patterns on climate risks, highlighting that continued expansion into rural areas would result in "Contemporary Suburbs" dominating the landscape, requiring "significant investment in new roads and other infrastructure," and increasing vulnerability to climate threats (see the Evolving Challenges chapter).

- **Urban Core Focus:**
  - Another scenario explores focusing growth in the urban core, which currently has a lower density. This scenario suggests that moving 50% of new residents to the urban core could increase the population density significantly, potentially preserving "more than 200 square miles of undeveloped land in the Rural Mosaic."

- **Climate Change Impacts:** 
  - The plan states that "the Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, resulting in widespread and growing impacts." Without significant GHG mitigation, temperature increases could be as high as 9°F (5°C) by the end of the century, leading to "rising sea levels and increased extreme weather events."

- **Risks and Vulnerabilities:** 
  - The plan includes a geographic assessment of risks and vulnerabilities associated with four climate threats—flooding, heat, high winds, and wildfires. It also evaluates how these threats overlap with social stressors like poverty and food insecurity.

These scenarios guide the planning jurisdiction in developing climate policies for resilience, mitigation, and adaptation, focusing on strategic infill development, updating land development regulations, and ensuring climate action plans align with resilience goals.

### Question: What climate hazards does the plan identify as presenting climate risks for the planning jurisdiction? For each identified climate hazard, summarize the plan’s description of: 1. The climate hazard. 2. The climate risks it poses to the planning jurisdiction. 3. Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard.Generate a numbered list of every hazard identified in the plan. Make the list as long as necessary to accomodate every single hazard.
**Answer:**
1. **Hurricane**
   - **Description:** Hurricanes are sudden, extreme events that pose significant risks to communities.
   - **Climate Risks:** Hurricanes may exacerbate existing vulnerabilities by causing infrastructure failure, power outages, and hazardous materials incidents. They can lead to widespread damage and disruption in the community.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with aging infrastructure, economically disadvantaged communities, and those reliant on unreliable transportation are particularly vulnerable.

2. **Flooding**
   - **Description:** Flooding encompasses both chronic flooding and acute events, such as those caused by hurricanes or heavy rainfall.
   - **Climate Risks:** Flooding can lead to property damage, displacement, and loss of life. It also poses risks to critical infrastructure and disrupts services.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities in floodplains and those with inadequate drainage systems face higher vulnerability. Residential properties and critical facilities are at significant risk.

3. **Extreme Heat**
   - **Description:** Extreme heat refers to prolonged periods of excessively high temperatures.
   - **Climate Risks:** Extreme heat can result in health issues, such as heatstroke, especially in vulnerable populations. It also stresses the energy grid and water supply.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations with limited access to cooling, such as those in poverty or without reliable transportation, are particularly vulnerable.

4. **High Winds**
   - **Description:** High winds, often associated with storms, can cause significant damage.
   - **Climate Risks:** They threaten infrastructure, cause property damage, and pose risks to personal safety.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with poorly maintained infrastructure and those in exposed locations are more vulnerable to high winds.

5. **Wildfire**
   - **Description:** Wildfires are uncontrolled fires that can spread rapidly and cause extensive damage.
   - **Climate Risks:** They pose risks to life, property, and the environment. Wildfires can lead to air quality issues and health hazards.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities near forested or undeveloped land are more vulnerable to wildfires.

6. **Tornado**
   - **Description:** Tornadoes are violent windstorms characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud.
   - **Climate Risks:** Tornadoes can cause catastrophic damage to buildings and infrastructure, and pose significant safety risks.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations in mobile homes or poorly constructed buildings are especially vulnerable.

7. **Extreme Cold**
   - **Description:** Extreme cold events involve unusually low temperatures that can last for extended periods.
   - **Climate Risks:** They can lead to health issues such as hypothermia and frostbite, and disrupt services like transportation and energy supply.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations without adequate heating or shelter are particularly at risk.

8. **Pandemic**
   - **Description:** Pandemics are widespread outbreaks of infectious diseases.
   - **Climate Risks:** They can disrupt healthcare services, cause economic downturns, and exacerbate existing vulnerabilities.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities with limited healthcare access and those already facing social inequalities are more vulnerable.

9. **Infrastructure Failure**
   - **Description:** Infrastructure failure refers to the breakdown of critical systems such as transportation, water supply, and energy.
   - **Climate Risks:** It can lead to widespread disruption of services and pose safety risks.
   - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities reliant on aging or poorly maintained infrastructure are more at risk.

10. **Power Outage**
    - **Description:** Power outages involve the loss of electrical power over an area.
    - **Climate Risks:** They can disrupt daily life and services, and pose safety risks, especially during extreme weather.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Areas with unreliable power supply and those dependent on electronic medical devices are vulnerable.

11. **Supply Chain Disruption**
    - **Description:** Disruptions in the supply chain can affect the availability of goods and services.
    - **Climate Risks:** They can lead to shortages of essential items and economic losses.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Populations dependent on external supplies, such as food and medication, are particularly vulnerable.

12. **Cyber Threat**
    - **Description:** Cyber threats involve attacks on digital infrastructure and data systems.
    - **Climate Risks:** They can compromise critical infrastructure, leading to disruptions in services.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Organizations and entities reliant on digital infrastructure are at risk.

13. **Hazardous Materials Incident**
    - **Description:** Incidents involving the release of hazardous substances can pose significant health and environmental risks.
    - **Climate Risks:** They can lead to contamination and pose immediate safety hazards.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities near industrial areas or transportation routes for hazardous materials are particularly vulnerable.

14. **Sea Level Rise**
    - **Description:** Rising sea levels due to climate change threaten coastal areas.
    - **Climate Risks:** It leads to increased flooding, saltwater intrusion, and coastal erosion.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal communities and properties are at significant risk.

15. **Coastal Erosion**
    - **Description:** Coastal erosion involves the loss of land along coastlines due to natural processes and human activities.
    - **Climate Risks:** It threatens coastal infrastructure and ecosystems.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Properties and communities along the coast are highly vulnerable.

16. **Saltwater Intrusion**
    - **Description:** Saltwater intrusion occurs when saltwater encroaches into freshwater aquifers and surface water bodies.
    - **Climate Risks:** It can contaminate drinking water supplies and agricultural resources.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Coastal regions dependent on groundwater are particularly at risk.

17. **Groundwater Threats**
    - **Description:** Threats to groundwater include contamination and depletion.
    - **Climate Risks:** They can lead to water shortages and quality issues.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Communities reliant on groundwater for drinking and agriculture are vulnerable.

18. **Urban Heat Island Effect**
    - **Description:** The urban heat island effect refers to higher temperatures in urban areas compared to surrounding rural areas.
    - **Climate Risks:** It exacerbates heat-related health issues and increases energy demand.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Urban populations, especially those without access to cooling, are more vulnerable.

19. **Drought**
    - **Description:** Droughts involve prolonged periods of low precipitation leading to water shortages.
    - **Climate Risks:** They impact water supply, agriculture, and ecosystems.
    - **Vulnerable Areas/Populations:** Regions reliant on consistent water supply and agriculture are particularly at risk.

### Question: What resilience options are identified in the plan? For each option, summarize: 1. The specific climate threat it addresses; 2. Details on cost, timeframe, and location, including any references found in tables, charts, or images that might contain this data; 3. Other important attributes, such as economic, environmental, or infrastructural considerations.
**Answer:**
**Resilience Options Identified in the Plan**

1. **Resilience Option: Incorporate resilience considerations into future land use planning.**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding, Sea Level Rise, Chronic Flooding, Housing Instability
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
     - **Timeframe:** Immediate (2025), Short-Term (2030), Medium-Term (2035), Long-Term (2050)
     - **Relative Cost:** $ (10,000s), $$ (100,000s), $$$ (1,000,000s), $$$$ (10,000,000s)
     - **Location:** Citywide, with a focus on areas at lower risk of flooding and well-connected to infrastructure.
   - **Other Attributes:** 
     - Promotes infill development to reduce urban sprawl and protect open spaces.
     - Supports increased density in areas with existing infrastructure.
     - Aims to reduce travel distances, enable diverse modes of transportation, and make multi-unit housing accessible.

2. **Resilience Option: Manage publicly owned bulkhead heights and set height standards for privately owned bulkheads.**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Flooding, Sea Level Rise
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
     - **Relative Cost:** Medium-Term implementation with significant financial investment ($$$$)
   - **Other Attributes:**
     - Ensures technical and financial feasibility of shoreline protection.
     - Supports long-term ecosystem service benefits through nature-based solutions.

3. **Resilience Option: Improve digital security of critical assets and infrastructure from cyberattacks.**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Cyber Threat
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
     - **Timeframe:** Short-Term
     - **Relative Cost:** $$ (100,000s)
   - **Other Attributes:**
     - Strengthens infrastructure resilience by enhancing digital security measures.

4. **Resilience Option: Strengthen emergency response and evacuation plans.**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Hurricanes, Extreme Heat, Freeze Events
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
     - **Timeframe:** Immediate
     - **Relative Cost:** $ (10,000s)
   - **Other Attributes:**
     - Refines hurricane evacuation zones and automates flood alert signage.
     - Creates plans for extreme weather events to enhance community safety.

5. **Resilience Option: Strengthen Jacksonville’s lifelines and supply chains.**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Supply Chain Disruption
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
     - **Timeframe:** Short-Term
     - **Relative Cost:** $ (10,000s)
   - **Other Attributes:**
     - Ensures adequate resource stockpiles through partnerships with critical service providers.
     - Maintains commerce through partnerships with port and agencies.

6. **Resilience Option: Expand retrofit programs for residential and commercial buildings.**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme Heat, Storm Fortification, Flooding
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
     - **Medium-Term implementation with significant investment ($$$$)**
   - **Other Attributes:**
     - Leverages federal funding for community awareness on floodproofing, heat, and energy upgrades.
     - Partners with building owners for large-scale retrofits like green roofs.

7. **Resilience Option: Implement resilient standards and codes for construction.**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** High Winds, Flooding
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
     - **Medium-Term implementation with moderate cost ($$$)**
   - **Other Attributes:**
     - Promotes building resilience standards and compliance with Florida Building Code.
     - Develops design standards for riverfront properties to accommodate flooding.

8. **Resilience Option: Conduct research and analyses to identify suitable waterfront edges for natural and nature-based solutions.**

   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Shoreline Erosion
   - **Cost, Timeframe, and Location:**
     - **Long-Term implementation with substantial investment ($$$$)**
   - **Other Attributes:**
     - Utilizes a data-driven approach to prioritize stabilization solutions like oyster reefs and salt marsh restoration.
     - Supports hybrid gray-green infrastructure where hardening is necessary.

These resilience options collectively aim to enhance Jacksonville's ability to manage climate threats while considering economic, environmental, and infrastructural factors.

### Question: What mitigation options does the plan identify? For each identified mitigation option, summarize the information provided in the plan regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes.
**Answer:**
The plan identifies several **mitigation options**. Here is a summary of the information provided regarding cost, timing, location, and other important attributes:

1. **Expand Retrofit Programs for Residential and Commercial Buildings**  
   - **Cost:** $$$ (1,000,000s)  
   - **Timing:** Medium-Term (2035)  
   - **Location:** Not specifically mentioned  
   - **Attributes:** The plan aims to improve building energy performance, storm fortification, cooling, and stormwater detention. Specific sub-actions include leveraging federal funding to improve community awareness of upgrades and partnering with downtown building owners for larger-scale retrofits like green roofs and shading.  
   - **Implementation Partners:** JEA, CDCs, LISC, SJRWM, Parks, DIA, HOAs, Academia  
   - **Potential Funding Mechanisms:** CIP  

2. **Implement Resilient Standards and Codes for Existing and New Construction**  
   - **Cost:** $$ (100,000s)  
   - **Timing:** Medium-Term (2035)  
   - **Location:** Not specifically mentioned  
   - **Attributes:** This includes identifying and promoting standards that improve building and roof resilience to high winds, increasing compliance with Florida Building Code standards, and developing design standards for riverfront properties to accommodate flooding.  
   - **Implementation Partners:** Parks, Public Works, Tree Commission, Greenscape  
   - **Potential Funding Mechanisms:** CIP  

3. **Update Public Works Design Standards to Account for Climate Change Impacts**  
   - **Cost:** $$ (100,000s)  
   - **Timing:** Immediate (2025)  
   - **Location:** Not specifically mentioned  
   - **Attributes:** This involves aligning infrastructure specifications and updating details and specifications for street designs, incorporating green infrastructure into drainage specifications.  
   - **Implementation Partners:** Public Works, JEA, Subdivision Standards and Policy Advisory Committee, Context Sensitive Streets Committee  
   - **Potential Funding Mechanisms:** Resilience Office  

4. **Increase and Safeguard the Supply of Affordable Housing in Low-Risk and Well-Connected Neighborhoods**  
   - **Cost:** $$$ (1,000,000s)  
   - **Timing:** Short-Term (2030)  
   - **Location:** Low-risk areas  
   - **Attributes:** The plan includes expanding property acquisitions and affordable housing development, and safeguarding affordable housing by securing heirs’ property rights.  
   - **Implementation Partners:** JCLT, LISC, CDCs  
   - **Potential Funding Mechanisms:** CIP  

These options focus on increasing building resilience, updating infrastructure standards, and ensuring housing availability in low-risk areas, all aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing the city's ability to withstand climate impacts.

### Question: What mitigation options does the plan identify? For each identified mitigation option, summarize the information provided in the plan regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes.
**Answer:**
The plan outlines several mitigation options with associated costs, timeframes, and other attributes:

1. **Expand Retrofit Programs for Residential and Commercial Buildings:**
   - **Cost:** $$$ (1,000,000s)
   - **Timeframe:** Medium-Term (2035)
   - **Attributes:** The plan aims to improve building energy performance, storm fortification, cooling, and stormwater detention. It includes leveraging federal funding to improve community awareness of floodproofing and energy upgrades. (*Accommodate 21*)

2. **Implement Resilient Standards and Codes for Construction:**
   - **Cost:** $$ (100,000s)
   - **Timeframe:** Medium-Term (2035)
   - **Attributes:** Focuses on promoting standards for building resilience to high winds and increasing compliance with Florida Building Code standards, particularly on retrofits. (*Accommodate 22*)

3. **Develop a Green Infrastructure Program:**
   - **Cost:** $$ (100,000s)
   - **Timeframe:** Medium-Term (2035)
   - **Attributes:** Based on stormwater science and data to enhance resilience. (*Transform 9*)

4. **Update Public Works Design Standards:**
   - **Cost:** $$ (100,000s)
   - **Timeframe:** Immediate (2025)
   - **Attributes:** Aligns infrastructure specifications to support resilient infrastructure development and incorporates green infrastructure features. (*Transform 5*)

5. **Expand Jacksonville’s Tree Canopy:**
   - **Cost:** $$ (100,000s)
   - **Timeframe:** Medium-Term (2035)
   - **Attributes:** Involves planting climate-adaptive trees and developing an Urban Forest Management Plan. (*Transform 10*)

6. **Support Water and Energy Utilities:**
   - **Cost:** $ (10,000s)
   - **Timeframe:** Immediate (2025)
   - **Attributes:** Ensures utilities can meet future demands and improve energy resilience in neighborhoods. (*Transform 11*)

These options are part of broader strategies to enhance resilience and address climate change impacts through infrastructure improvements, policy changes, and community engagement.

### Question: What adaptation options does the plan identify? For each identified adaptation option, summarize: 1. The climate threat it is addressing. 2. Information provided in the plan regarding cost, timeframe, location, and other important attributes.
**Answer:**
Based on the content provided from the plan, the following adaptation options are identified:

1. **Expand Retrofit Programs for Buildings**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Heat, Storms, and Water Management
   - **Attributes:** 
     - **Location:** Parcel level
     - **Actions Include:** Improve building energy performance, storm fortification, cooling, and stormwater detention (Adaptation Actions | Systems Resilient Jacksonville).
  
2. **Implement Resilient Standards and Codes for Construction**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General Resilience to Climate Threats
   - **Attributes:**
     - **Actions Include:** Establish standards for existing and new construction to enhance resilience (Adaptation Actions | Systems Resilient Jacksonville).

3. **Maximize Resilience of City-Owned Buildings**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General Resilience to Climate Threats
   - **Attributes:**
     - **Location:** City-owned buildings and assets (Adaptation Actions | Systems Resilient Jacksonville).

4. **Invest in Stormwater Management Capacity in Parks**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Stormwater Management and Urban Heat
   - **Attributes:**
     - **Location:** Existing parks
     - **Actions Include:** Increase stormwater management capacity and reduce urban heat (Adaptation Actions | Systems Resilient Jacksonville).

5. **Repurpose Vacant Land for Resilience Goals**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** General Resilience
   - **Attributes:**
     - **Actions Include:** Use vacant land to support resilience goals (Adaptation Actions | Systems Resilient Jacksonville).

6. **Retrofit Parking Lots and Impervious Surfaces**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban Heat and Stormwater Management
   - **Attributes:**
     - **Actions Include:** Reduce urban heat and increase stormwater infiltration and storage (Adaptation Actions | Systems Resilient Jacksonville).

7. **Harden Vulnerable Critical Assets**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Hazard Mitigation
   - **Attributes:**
     - **Actions Include:** Mitigate damage from hazards and ensure continuity of operations (Adaptation Actions | Systems Resilient Jacksonville).

8. **Develop Urban Forest Management Plan**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Air Quality, Stormwater, and Urban Heat
   - **Attributes:**
     - **Actions Include:** Guide management and care of urban forests to increase benefits from trees (Adaptation Actions | Systems Resilient Jacksonville).

9. **Plant Climate-Adaptive Trees**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Urban Heat and Ecosystem Value
   - **Attributes:**
     - **Actions Include:** Increase shade and ecosystem value, select species tolerant to changing climate conditions (Adaptation Actions | Systems Resilient Jacksonville).

For each option, the specific costs and timeframes are generally categorized as immediate (2025), short-term (2030), medium-term (2035), or long-term (2050) with relative cost estimates ranging from $ (10,000s) to $$$$ (10,000,000s).

### Question: What climate policies does the plan identify to advance climate justice? For each climate policy, summarize: 1. The climate threat it is addressing. 2. Areas or populations with the most climate vulnerability to the identified climate hazard.
**Answer:**
The plan identifies several climate policies to advance climate justice. Here are the details:

1. **Urban Heat Islands & Equity**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat and urban heat islands.
   - **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** The plan highlights that lower-income communities and communities of color are disproportionately exposed to urban heat islands. This is due to historic discriminatory housing and land use practices, such as redlining, which resulted in these communities having fewer trees and more pavement compared to wealthier and predominantly White neighborhoods. *"Research across hundreds of U.S. cities shows that lower-income communities and communities of color are disproportionately exposed to urban heat islands."* (Extreme Heat)

2. **Cooling Strategies in Historically Marginalized Communities**
   - **Climate Threat Addressed:** Extreme heat.
   - **Areas or Populations with Most Climate Vulnerability:** The plan emphasizes an equitable approach that prioritizes investments in historically marginalized communities to reduce disparities in urban heat islands. It notes that historically redlined communities were found to be significantly hotter than other areas. *"As Jacksonville works to advance cooling strategies like planting more trees, an equitable approach that prioritizes investments in historically marginalized communities can begin to reduce these disparities in urban heat islands."* (Extreme Heat)

### Question: Identify any potential unforeseen maladaptive climate policies. For each identified climate policy, summarize: 1. The climate threat it is addressing. 2. The resilience, mitigation, or adaptation option that the climate policy proposes. 3. Why it may cause inadvertent maladaption.
**Answer:**
**1. Climate Policy: Fortify City-owned assets, such as evacuation roads and bridges.**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:**
  - The policy is addressing multiple climate threats including high wind events, storm surge, and extreme heat events. These threats could potentially compromise critical infrastructure such as evacuation roads and bridges.

- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:**
  - The policy proposes fortifying city-owned assets as a resilience option to mitigate damage from hazards and ensure continuity of operations. This includes measures such as flood-proofing, elevating, or other hardening methods.

- **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
  - Fortification of infrastructure can be expensive and time-consuming, and if not prioritized correctly, it may divert resources from other essential resilience measures. This focus on hardening infrastructure could lead to neglecting softer, more adaptive approaches that might be more effective in the long term. Additionally, if fortification measures are not based on the best available data and fail to consider the full range of future climate conditions, they may not provide the intended protection, leading to maladaptation.

**2. Climate Policy: Develop design guidelines for climate-adaptive and low-impact new subdivisions, neighborhoods, and planned developments.**

- **Climate Threat Addressed:**
  - The policy addresses threats such as flooding, sea level rise, chronic flooding, and the urban heat island effect.

- **Resilience, Mitigation, or Adaptation Option:**
  - This is an adaptation option aimed at reducing vulnerability to flooding and heat hazards. It involves developing new guidelines for tree cover, impervious surface coverage, resilient materials, and maximum floor area ratios.

- **Why it May Cause Inadvertent Maladaptation:**
  - While the intention is to create climate-adaptive new developments, these guidelines might inadvertently lead to maladaptation if they are not flexible enough to accommodate future changes in climate conditions. For example, rigid guidelines could result in developments that are not easily adaptable to unforeseen climate impacts, potentially leading to increased vulnerability over time. Additionally, if these guidelines are not implemented evenly or equitably, they could exacerbate social inequalities, leaving some communities more vulnerable than others.

### Question: In what ways does the plan measure the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option? List any specific metrics used, such as reductions in CO2 emissions, improvements in air quality, or other quantifiable impacts. Identify the exact units (e.g., tons, percentages, index values) mentioned in the plan for tracking these outcomes. Additionally, outline any concrete goals or targets set for each option, including deadlines or specific numerical objectives.
**Answer:**
The provided document does not specify exact metrics, units, or concrete goals for measuring the success or failure of each adaptation, resilience, and mitigation option. However, it does outline various plans and strategies that imply the establishment of goals and evaluation criteria. Here are some related details mentioned in the document:

- **Urban Forest Management Plan:** The plan highlights the potential benefits of trees, such as improving air quality and reducing energy needed to cool buildings, but does not specify metrics or units for these impacts.

- **Vision Zero Action Plan:** This plan aims to eliminate all traffic fatalities and serious injuries by 2035. It requires identifying recommended countermeasures, policies, actionable items, a prioritized “high-injury” corridor network, and measurable short- and long-term performance targets. However, specific metrics or units are not detailed.

- **Climate Action Plans:** These plans will inventory greenhouse gas emissions in the Jacksonville region and develop priority actions to reduce them, but specific metrics or units for tracking emission reductions are not mentioned.

The document emphasizes the importance of collaboration, planning, and monitoring but lacks specific quantifiable metrics or deadlines for tracking the outcomes of the plans and actions.

### Question: Generate a table that summarizes the following features from the document: Location/City Name, Population, Threats Identified, Measures Identified
**Answer:**
| **Feature**       | **Details**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
|-------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| **Location/City Name** | Jacksonville                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| **Population**    | "Jacksonville is a city that is constantly evolving and is poised to adapt again to meet future challenges. The city’s population has grown to over ten times what it was a century ago to nearly one million people today. If trends continue, Jacksonville will grow to 1.6 million residents by 2070." (Executive Summary) |
| **Threats Identified** | - Flooding  - Heat  - High Winds  - Wildfires  - Sea Level Rise  - Chronic Flooding  - Coastal Erosion  - Saltwater Intrusion  - Groundwater Threats  - Urban Heat Island Effect  - Drought  - Aging Infrastructure  - Economic Downturn  - Poverty  - Social Inequality  - Lack of Reliable Transportation  - Housing Instability  - Food Insecurity  - Lack of Healthcare  - Chronic and Infectious Disease  - Social Isolation (Evolving Challenges) |
| **Measures Identified** | - Develop a geographic assessment of exposure, vulnerability, and risks associated with climate threats. - Identify resilience opportunities for each Development Type. - Implement actions across Systems, Sites, and People. - Enhance resilience by guiding safe and connected new development to areas of low risk. - Transform infrastructure design and maintenance. - Conserve open space and discourage development in high flood risk areas. - Fortify critical city systems and improve emergency response. - Retrofit vulnerable buildings and environments. - Relocate assets in areas with repetitive flooding and streamline residential buyout programs. - Strengthen citywide response to extreme heat, improve housing, and community cohesion. - Invest in youth, job creation, and business development. (Adaptation Actions, Place-Based Strategies) |